Question: What is a nasal cannula device for home oxygen therapy?

Answer: This is a soft plastic tube with two small prongs at one end. They go in your nose, and the tube rests over your ears to hold it in place. The other end connects to your oxygen supply. The nasal cannula delivers steady oxygen. It can dry your nose out a little.


Question: What is a transtracheal catheter for home oxygen therapy?

Answer: This is a soft plastic tube with two small prongs at one end. They go in your nose, and the tube rests over your ears to hold it in place. The other end connects to your oxygen supply. You can't see the catheter if your shirt is buttoned to the top. Another advantage is that you need a smaller oxygen flow since it goes directly into your airway. But it has several drawbacks. One is that the opening in your neck could get infected.


Question: What are some safety tips for home oxygen therapy?

Answer: Always follow these safety tips around oxygen: Never smoke, and don't let others light up near you. Keep away from open flames, such as matches, cigarette lighters, and burning tobacco. Stay 5 feet away from heat sources. That includes gas stoves, candles, lighted fireplaces, and electric or gas heaters. Don't use flammable products like cleaning fluid, paint thinner, and aerosol sprays. Keep oxygen containers upright. That also goes for petroleum-based creams and ointments like Vaseline on your face or upper chest. Have a fire extinguisher close by. Let your fire department know that you have oxygen in your home.


Question: What do you need to know about home oxygen therapy?

Answer: That can leave you short of breath and cause problems with your heart, brain, and other parts of your body. Oxygen therapy can help. It's a way to get extra oxygen for you to breathe. Oxygen is a prescription medication. If you have the plug-in kind, you'll need a backup source of oxygen in case the power goes out. You will also need a way to breathe in the oxygen.


Question: How does hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia affect sleep?

Answer: Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Both hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) can affect sleep in those with diabetes. Hypoglycemia may occur when you have not eaten for many hours, such as overnight, or if you take too much insulin or other medications. Hyperglycemia occurs when the sugar level rises above normal. This may happen after eating too many calories, missing medication, or having an illness. Emotional stress can also cause your blood sugar to rise.


Question: What are some links between sleep and type 2 diabetes?

Answer: People who have poor sleep habits are at greater risk for becoming overweight or obese and developing type 2 diabetes, according to several studies. Chronic sleep deprivation may lead to insulin resistance, which can result in high blood sugar and diabetes. Some studies show that chronic sleep deprivation can affect hormones that control appetite.


Question: What are medications that treat insomnia?

Answer: There are also several medications that treat insomnia, including: Over the counter drugs such as antihistamines including diphenhydramine (such as Benadryl). These drugs should be used short term and in conjunction with changes in sleep habits. Medications used to treat sleep problems such as eszopiclone ( Lunesta), suvorexant ( Belsomra), zaleplon ( Sonata), and zolpidem ( Ambien). Benzodiazepines are an older type of prescription medicine that cause sedation, muscle relaxation, and can lower anxiety levels. Benzodiazepines that were commonly used for the treatment of insomnia include alprazolam ( Xanax), diazepam ( Valium), estazolam ( Pro Som), flurazepam ( Dalmane, Dalmadorm), lorazepam ( Ativan), temazepam ( Restoril), and triazolam ( Halcion) Antidepressants such as nefazodone ( Serzone) and very low doses of doxepin (silenor).


Question: How does obesity affect sleep?

Answer: Obesity Obesity, or too much body fat, is often associated with snoring, sleep apnea, and sleep disturbance. Obesity increases the risk of sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, and stroke.


Question: What is restless legs syndrome?

Answer: Restless Legs Syndrome Restless legs syndrome is a specific sleep disorder that causes an intense, often irresistible urge to move your legs. This sleep disorder is often accompanied by other sensations in the legs such as tingling, pulling, or pain, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep.


Question: What is obesity and what are its risks for sleep?

Answer: Obesity Obesity, or too much body fat, is often associated with snoring, sleep apnea, and sleep disturbance. Obesity increases the risk of sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, and stroke.


Question: What are some treatments for peripheral neuropathy related to type 2 diabetes and sleep?

Answer: Peripheral Neuropathy To treat the pain of peripheral neuropathy, your doctor may prescribe simple pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen, antidepressants such as amitriptyline, or anticonvulsants such as gabapentin ( Gralise, Neurontin), tiagabine ( Gabitril) or topiramate ( Topamax). Other treatments include carbamazepine ( Carbatrol, Tegretol), pregabalin ( Lyrica), lidocaine injections, or creams such as capsaicin.


Question: How is peripheral neuropathy treated?

Answer: Peripheral Neuropathy To treat the pain of peripheral neuropathy, your doctor may prescribe simple pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen, antidepressants such as amitriptyline, or anticonvulsants such as gabapentin ( Gralise, Neurontin), tiagabine ( Gabitril) or topiramate ( Topamax). Other treatments include carbamazepine ( Carbatrol, Tegretol), pregabalin ( Lyrica), lidocaine injections, or creams such as capsaicin.


Question: Can diabetes affect sleep?

Answer: Some people with diabetes get too much sleep, while others have problems getting enough sleep. According to the National Sleep Foundation, 63% of American adults do not get enough sleep needed for good health, safety, and optimum performance. There are several causes of sleep problems for people with type 2 diabetes, including obstructive sleep apnea, pain or discomfort, restless legs syndrome, the need to go to the bathroom, and other problems associated with type 2 diabetes. Your doctor will ask you about your sleep patterns, including whether you have trouble falling or staying asleep, are sleepy during the day, have difficulty breathing while asleep (including snoring), have pain in your legs, or move or kick your legs while sleeping.


Question: How are sleep problems diagnosed?

Answer: People who have diabetes often have poor sleep habits, including difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. The results of the sleep study can help your doctor make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe an effective and safe treatment. There are several treatments for sleep problems in people with diabetes, depending on the condition: Sleep Apnea If you are diagnosed with sleep apnea, your doctor may suggest that you lose weight to help you breathe more easily.


Question: How does sleep apnea affect the body?

Answer: Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea involves pauses in breathing during sleep. Sleep apnea results in low oxygen levels in the blood because the blockages prevent air from getting to the lungs. The low oxygen levels also affect brain and heart function. Researchers have found a possible link between sleep apnea and the development of diabetes and insulin resistance (the inability of the body to use insulin).


Question: If you feel better, can you stop inotropic therapy medication?

Answer: Even if you feel well, do not discontinue your inotropic therapy medication from your intravenous catheter line or from your infusion pump without consulting your doctor. If you are discharged from the hospital with an inotropic medication, a home health nurse will provide specific directions on how to care for your intravenous site, catheter, and infusion pump.


Question: Can physical therapy help manage pain?

Answer: Sometimes pain relief can be accomplished through physical therapy. Physical therapy ( PT) involves treatments that focus on prevention and management of injuries or disabilities. PT helps to relieve pain, promote healing, and restore function and movement. PT is practiced by a professionally trained physical therapist. A physical therapist is a specialist skilled and educated specifically in evaluation and conservative management, including rehabilitation, of orthopaedic, neurologic, and cardiovascular conditions.. A therapist may focus on decreasing pain with either passive or active therapy.


Question: What should you keep in mind if you get physical therapy?

Answer: Examples of passive physical therapy include: Manual therapies Heat/ice packs Electrical stimulation, including TENS units Ultrasound Dry needling Cupping Examples of active physical therapy include: Movement based activities, including stretching and range of motion exercises Specific strengthening exercises Pain relief exercises Low-impact aerobic conditioning An important aspect to keep in mind about physical therapy and pain relief is that each individual may respond differently to therapy. People have different types of bodies, different patterns of movement, and different habits. Physical therapists and their trained staff can monitor each individual and attempt to correct improper habits and movement patterns.


Question: What are examples of active physical therapy?

Answer: Examples of passive physical therapy include: Manual therapies Heat/ice packs Electrical stimulation, including TENS units Ultrasound Dry needling Cupping Examples of active physical therapy include: Movement based activities, including stretching and range of motion exercises Specific strengthening exercises Pain relief exercises Low-impact aerobic conditioning An important aspect to keep in mind about physical therapy and pain relief is that each individual may respond differently to therapy.


Question: How do you treat ascites?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe âwater pills,â also called diuretics, to help flush the extra fluid from your body. Two of the most common diuretics are: Furosemide ( Lasix) Spironolactone ( Aldactone) They both help your kidneys remove more sodium and water. If change in diet and prescription diuretics aren't effective, or your symptoms are severe, your doctor may have to use paracentesis to remove large amounts of excess fluid through a needle inserted into your abdomen. This procedure must be combined with a low-salt, low-liquid diet, otherwise the fluid will simply come back. If these treatments don't work, you may need a surgery to place a shunt in your liver or replace it altogether.


Question: What is ascites?

Answer: You may want to talk to your doctor about ascites, a condition caused by severe liver disease. It causes excess fluid to build up in your abdomen, making your belly swell and protrude.


Question: What shots other than the flu shot should I get to avoid getting ill if I am diabetic?

Answer: Yet people with diabetes are about three times more likely to die from flu and pneumonia.


Question: What can I eat if I am diabetic and have the flu?

Answer: Stick with foods from your regular meal plan. Eat about 15 grams of carbs every hour or so, like a slice of toast, 3/4 cup of frozen yogurt, or 1 cup of soup.


Question: What are symptoms of the flu?

Answer: They usually come on quickly and may include: Fever (usually high) Severe aches and pains in the joints and muscles and around the eyes Weakness Warm, flushed skin and red, watery eyes Headache Dry cough Sore throat and runny nose For in-depth information, see Flu Symptoms: What You Might Feel.


Question: How often should I check my blood sugar if I am diabetic and have the flu?

Answer: You'll need to check often while you're sick. Because you're ill and feel awful anyway, you may not notice changes in your blood sugar levels. Take a reading at least every 3 to 4 hours. Call your doctor about any major changes right away.


Question: What should you know if you have diabetes and the flu?

Answer: When you have diabetes, do your best to avoid getting the flu, or influenza. Everyone has a chance of catching this viral infection, but people with diabetes have a harder time fighting it off. The flu can put added stress in your body, which can affect your blood sugar levels and raise the chance of serious health complications.


Question: In addition to the flu shot, how can I avoid getting sick if I have diabetes?

Answer: When you have diabetes, do your best to avoid getting the flu, or influenza.


Question: What is the best way to stay hydrated while I have the flu if I am diabetic?

Answer: Some people get nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea with the flu. To make sure you get enough fluids, sip liquids throughout the day. Aim for 1 cup every hour. Choose sugar-free drinks -- tea, water, sugar-free ginger ale -- if your blood sugar is running high. If your blood sugar is low, try something that has about 15 grams of carbs: 1/4 cup of grape juice or 1 cup of a sports drink, for example.


Question: Should I still check my ketones if I am diabetic and have the flu?

Answer: Check your ketones, if you have type 1 diabetes. If they get too high, you might have diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA), which can cause a coma or even death. High ketones are another reason to call your doctor.


Question: Why should people with diabetes be extra careful about preventing the flu?

Answer: When you have diabetes, do your best to avoid getting the flu, or influenza. Everyone has a chance of catching this viral infection, but people with diabetes have a harder time fighting it off. The flu can put added stress in your body, which can affect your blood sugar levels and raise the chance of serious health complications.


Question: How often should you check your blood sugar if you have diabetes and the flu?

Answer: Because you're ill and feel awful anyway, you may not notice changes in your blood sugar levels. Take a reading at least every 3 to 4 hours. Call your doctor about any major changes right away. You may need to adjust your insulin. Check your ketones, if you have type 1 diabetes. If they get too high, you might have diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA), which can cause a coma or even death. High ketones are another reason to call your doctor.


Question: What else can you do to stay well if you have diabetes and the flu?

Answer: According to the ADA, only 1 out of every 3 people with diabetes ever gets this shot. Yet people with diabetes are about three times more likely to die from flu and pneumonia.


Question: What can you eat if you have diabetes and the flu?

Answer: You may feel really crummy and not hungry or thirsty at all. Still, you have to eat to keep your blood sugar levels steady. Stick with foods from your regular meal plan. Eat about 15 grams of carbs every hour or so, like a slice of toast, 3/4 cup of frozen yogurt, or 1 cup of soup.


Question: Should I get the flu shot if I have diabetes?

Answer: Check your ketones, if you have type 1 diabetes. Your best strategy is to keep the flu away in the first place. Get a yearly shot or nasal vaccine. The best time for people with diabetes to get vaccinated is September. Ask family members, co-workers, and close friends to get the vaccine, too. You're less likely to get flu if those around you don't have it.


Question: Which medications are safe if you have diabetes and the flu?

Answer: You can take some over-the-counter medications to ease your symptoms. This often includes liquid cold and flu drugs, cough drops, and liquid cough medicines. Look for sugar-free products instead.


Question: Which flu medications are safe for diabetics to take?

Answer: You can take some over-the-counter medications to ease your symptoms. This often includes liquid cold and flu drugs, cough drops, and liquid cough medicines. Look for sugar-free products instead.


Question: What are some less common food allergy triggers?

Answer: Eight things cause about 90% of food allergy reactions: Milk (mostly in children) Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts, like walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, brazil nuts, and pecans Soy Wheat Fish (mostly in adults) Shellfish (mostly in adults) Almost any food can trigger an allergy, though. Less common ones include: Corn Gelatin Meat -- beef, chicken, mutton, and pork Seeds, often sesame, sunflower, and poppy Spices, such as caraway, coriander, garlic, and mustard An allergic reaction can happen within minutes of eating, or it may happen hours later.


Question: What are mild symptoms from common food allergy triggers?

Answer: Less common ones include: Corn Gelatin Meat -- beef, chicken, mutton, and pork Seeds, often sesame, sunflower, and poppy Spices, such as caraway, coriander, garlic, and mustard An allergic reaction can happen within minutes of eating, or it may happen hours later. Mild symptoms can be hard to tie to specific foods. You could get: Red, swollen, dry, or itchy skin rash (hives or eczema) Runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, or a slight, dry cough Itchy, watery, red eyes Itchy mouth or inside your ear Funny taste in your mouth Upset stomach, cramps, throwing up, or diarrhea Most often, peanuts, nuts, fish, and shellfish cause severe reactions, although any food can.


Question: What are common food allergy triggers?

Answer: Eight things cause about 90% of food allergy reactions: Milk (mostly in children) Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts, like walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, brazil nuts, and pecans Soy Wheat Fish (mostly in adults) Shellfish (mostly in adults) Almost any food can trigger an allergy, though.


Question: What should I put in a safe deposit box if a loved one has Alzheimer's?

Answer: Fill a safe deposit box. Here's what should go in it: Birth certificate Blank checks Car title Deeds (real estate, personal property, burial plot) Driver's license Family trees or genealogy records Health insurance cards Insurance policies and cards Legal documents List of bank accounts List of credit, debit, and ATM numbers List of type and model of medical equipment Marriage certificate Medical records Medicare card Military service serial numbers Organ donor card Passport Personal property inventory Social Security card Stock certificates Putting all these ducks in a row is a big responsibility, so tackle it a piece at a time.


Question: What financial information will I need if a loved one has Alzheimer's?

Answer: A list of numbers you'll need to hunt down include: Account numbers Bank balances Investment holdings Insurance policies and payouts Total assets Outstanding debts Ongoing expenses You'll need to plan for the cost of care, pay bills, arrange benefit claims, make investment decisions, and prepare tax returns.


Question: How can I help a loved one who has Alzheimer's manage their finances?

Answer: A list of numbers you'll need to hunt down include: Account numbers Bank balances Investment holdings Insurance policies and payouts Total assets Outstanding debts Ongoing expenses You'll need to plan for the cost of care, pay bills, arrange benefit claims, make investment decisions, and prepare tax returns. These can be touchy issues, since the person with Alzheimer's has to hand over control and fully trust your judgment. And money can be a great divider of families. Your loved one can sign over durable power of attorney, giving you the right to make financial choices on their behalf. You can also hire a trusted third party: a CPA, family banker, estate planning attorney, or financial planner. Don't forget to put this in the computer file and thumb drive. The data should include who has Power of Attorney, along with any advance directive or living will.


Question: What do I need to know about my loved one's medical records if they have Alzheimer's?

Answer: Trace a day in your loved one's life. Watch for what they can and can't do for themselves. The names of all their doctors (primary care and specialists)? If they have allergies? Past illnesses, surgeries, treatments, and test results? You'll need your loved one's permission to get their health records, which are protected by HIPAA privacy rules. And you'll want to sign a health care proxy to legally make medical decisions for them when they're no longer able. Now that everything is computerized, you will want to create a file on your computer with all this information. It is a good idea to back up the file on a flash or thumb drive that you can carry in case you have to go to the emergency room.


Question: How do I know what I can do to help a loved one with Alzheimer's?

Answer: Trace a day in your loved one's life. Watch for what they can and can't do for themselves. Determine how well they do the following things: Make meals and eat Bathe, groom, and use the restroom Dress themselves Walk and move around Pay bills and manage money Drive or navigate public transit Take their medications Do household chores 3.


Question: What legal information will I need to help a loved one with Alzheimer's?

Answer: As the decision maker, you'll need to have an action plan in place. The names of all their doctors (primary care and specialists)? If they have allergies? And you'll want to sign a health care proxy to legally make medical decisions for them when they're no longer able. It's important to have clear instructions and decide who will put their affairs in order.


Question: How can you help plan for the future for someone with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Here's a checklist of things to consider. Keep a record of facts and figures. Practical information is key, but so are sentimental things. All of their health conditions? The names of all their doctors (primary care and specialists)? If they have allergies? If not, it's time to build a big file. You'll need your loved one's permission to get their health records, which are protected by HIPAA privacy rules. And you'll want to sign a health care proxy to legally make medical decisions for them when they're no longer able. Track their finances. A list of numbers you'll need to hunt down include: Account numbers Bank balances Investment holdings Insurance policies and payouts Total assets Outstanding debts Ongoing expenses You'll need to plan for the cost of care, pay bills, arrange benefit claims, make investment decisions, and prepare tax returns. It's important to have clear instructions and decide who will put their affairs in order.


Question: Should I talk to my doctor before I take Tysabri to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You'll need to stay at your doctor's office for about an hour after you get the drug to make sure the reaction doesn't happen.


Question: How do I take Tysabri?

Answer: It keeps the white blood cells of the immune system from entering the brain and spinal cord, which doctors think plays an important role in the damaging effects of MS. You'll go to your doctor's office to get the drug through a vein. That will take about an hour every 4 weeks.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about the side effects of Tysabri for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Talk with your doctor about these side effects and whether Tysabri would be a good option for you. Together you can weigh the risks and benefits and decide if you should take the drug.


Question: What are serious side effects from Tysabri for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: After the FDA first approved Tysabri, the drug's manufacturer took it off the market due to reports of a rare but serious brain infection called PML (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy). The company introduced a program that requires everyone taking the medicine to register and to follow up every so often in order to find any possible cases of PML as soon as possible. With these safety programs in place, the drug went back on the market. Your risk for PML goes up with the number of doses you take. It's also higher for people who've taken drugs that turn down their immune systems before they use Tysabri. Because of this risk, doctors usually recommend Tysabri only for people who've tried other MS treatments that haven't worked.


Question: How do I take Tysabri for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It keeps the white blood cells of the immune system from entering the brain and spinal cord, which doctors think plays an important role in the damaging effects of MS. You'll go to your doctor's office to get the drug through a vein. That will take about an hour every 4 weeks.


Question: What are the side effects of Tysabri?

Answer: The most common ones are: Infections Headache Fatigue Depression Joint pain Menstrual problems It's possible for some people to have an allergic reaction to Tysabri. Symptoms include hives, itching, breathing problems, chest pain, nausea, flushing, dizziness, and rash. You'll need to stay at your doctor's office for about an hour after you get the drug to make sure the reaction doesn't happen.


Question: Are there serious side effects of Tysabri?

Answer: It keeps the white blood cells of the immune system from entering the brain and spinal cord, which doctors think plays an important role in the damaging effects of MS. You'll go to your doctor's office to get the drug through a vein. The most common ones are: Infections Headache Fatigue Depression Joint pain Menstrual problems It's possible for some people to have an allergic reaction to Tysabri. With these safety programs in place, the drug went back on the market. Your risk for PML goes up with the number of doses you take. It's also higher for people who've taken drugs that turn down their immune systems before they use Tysabri. Because of this risk, doctors usually recommend Tysabri only for people who've tried other MS treatments that haven't worked. Besides PML and allergic reactions, other serious side effects include liver damage and serious infections.


Question: What is Tysabri and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It makes flares happen less often and keeps physical disabilities from getting worse quickly. Because of this risk, doctors usually recommend Tysabri only for people who've tried other MS treatments that haven't worked.


Question: When do signs of a concussion start?

Answer: Concussions can be tricky to diagnose. Though you may have a visible cut or bruise on your head, you can't actually see a concussion. Signs may not appear for days or weeks after the injury. Some symptoms last for just seconds; others may linger.


Question: What is grade 3 of a concussion like?

Answer: Some symptoms last for just seconds; others may linger.


Question: What happens to your brain after a concussion?

Answer: Your brain doesn't function normally. If you've suffered a concussion, vision may be disturbed, you may lose equilibrium, or you may fall unconscious. In short, the brain is confused.


Question: How can you guard yourself against repeat concussions?

Answer: Guard against repeat concussions. Repeat concussions cause cumulative effects on the brain. Successive concussions can have devastating consequences, including brain swelling, permanent brain damage, long-term disabilities, or even death. Don't return to normal activities if you still have symptoms. Get a doctor's clearance so you can return to work or play with confidence.


Question: How can you prevent a concussion by wearing a protective equipment?

Answer: By its very nature, a concussion is unexpected, so it is tough to prevent. But there are several common-sense precautions you can take to lessen the possibility of traumatic brain injury. Wear protective equipment. Participation in high-contact, high-risk sports such as football, hockey, boxing, and soccer can increase the likelihood of a concussion. Skateboarding, snowboarding, horseback riding, and roller blading are also a threat to your brain's health. Wearing headgear, padding, and mouth and eye guards can help safeguard against traumatic head injuries. Wearing a bike helmet can lower the risk of traumatic head injury by 85%. Ensure that the equipment is properly fitted, well maintained, and worn consistently.


Question: What is grade 2 of a concussion like?

Answer: There is no loss of consciousness.


Question: What are the 3 grades of a concussion?

Answer: Any of these could be a sign of traumatic brain injury: confusion or feeling dazed clumsiness slurred speech nausea or vomiting headache balance problems or dizziness blurred vision sensitivity to light sensitivity to noise sluggishness ringing in ears behavior or personality changes concentration difficulties memory loss Concussions are graded as mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), or severe (grade 3), depending on such factors as loss of consciousness, amnesia, and loss of equilibrium.


Question: How often do people get concussions?

Answer: Concussions are fairly common. Some estimates say a mild brain trauma is sustained every 21 seconds in the U. S. But it's important to recognize the signs of a concussion so you can take the proper steps to treat the injury.


Question: What is grade 1 of a concussion like?

Answer: There is no loss of consciousness. With a grade 2 concussion, there is no loss of consciousness but symptoms last longer than 15 minutes.


Question: How common are concussions?

Answer: According to the CDC, between 2001 and 2009, an estimated 173,285 people under age 19 were treated in hospital emergency rooms for concussions related to sports and recreation activities. Other causes include car and bicycle accidents, work-related injuries, falls, and fighting. How can you tell if you have had a concussion? Is it always serious? And what should you do if you have a concussion? Here are answers to some important questions about concussions.


Question: What are symptoms of a concussion?

Answer: There are some common physical, mental, and emotional symptoms a person may display following a concussion. Any of these could be a sign of traumatic brain injury: confusion or feeling dazed clumsiness slurred speech nausea or vomiting headache balance problems or dizziness blurred vision sensitivity to light sensitivity to noise sluggishness ringing in ears behavior or personality changes concentration difficulties memory loss Concussions are graded as mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), or severe (grade 3), depending on such factors as loss of consciousness, amnesia, and loss of equilibrium.


Question: Should you seek medication attention about a concussion?

Answer: And what should you do if you have a concussion? Most people with concussions fully recover with appropriate treatment. But because a concussion can be serious, safeguarding yourself is important. Here are a few steps to take: Seek medical attention. A health care professional can decide how serious the concussion is and whether you require treatment. If you have suffered a grade 1 or grade 2 concussion, wait until symptoms are gone before returning to normal activities. That could take several minutes, hours, days, or even a week.


Question: What is recovery like for a concussion?

Answer: A doctor will ask how the head injury happened and discuss the symptoms. Aspirin-free medications may be prescribed and you will be advised to take it easy. Experts recommend follow-up medical attention within 24 to 72 hours if symptoms worsen.


Question: How long should you take a break after getting a concussion?

Answer: Here are a few steps to take: Seek medical attention. If you have sustained a grade 3 concussion, see a doctor immediately for observation and treatment. Definitely do not resume play the same day. Athletes and children should be closely monitored by coaches upon resuming play. If you resume play too soon, you risk a greater chance of having a second concussion, which can compound the damage. The American Academy of Neurology has issued guidelines about resuming activities after a concussion. By its very nature, a concussion is unexpected, so it is tough to prevent.


Question: How effective is a cervical cap in preventing pregnancy?

Answer: Estimates vary, but the CDC says that of 100 women who use the cap, about 12 will accidentally get pregnant in a typical year. It's less effective if you've had a baby by vaginal birth. And you need to follow the instructions exactly for it to work right.


Question: How do I use a cervical cap?

Answer: The woman coats the inside of the cap with spermicide, and inserts it into her vagina and up to her cervix before sex. The cap blocks the cervix and the spermicide kills the sperm. You must keep the cap in place for at least 6 hours after sex. During that time, if you have sex again, you don't need to reapply the spermicide. But you should check that the cap is still in place. The woman uses her fingers to take the cap out. It's important to do that within 48 hours (2 days) after having sex. If you leave it in, there's a chance you could get a staph infection that gets out of control and becomes toxic shock syndrome, which needs immediate medical care.


Question: Where do I get a cervical cap?

Answer: But you should check that the cap is still in place. It's important to do that within 48 hours (2 days) after having sex. And you need to follow the instructions exactly for it to work right.


Question: What is a cervical cap?

Answer: It fits snugly over the cervix (where the uterus opens into the vagina). It's designed to block sperm from reaching the woman's egg. That's why it's called a âbarrierâ method of birth control. The woman uses her fingers to take the cap out.


Question: What causes a kidney cyst?

Answer: One or more may form within the kidneys. The size of these cysts may also increase with age and may double over 10 years. Simple kidney cysts usually do not cause symptoms.


Question: How is a kidney cyst treated?

Answer: Simple kidney cysts usually do not cause symptoms. If your cyst does not cause symptoms or complications, you do not need treatment. However, in the rare case that you have symptoms, you may need treatment. Scarring down the space within the cyst is called sclerosis. Your doctor may recommend surgery that entails general anesthesia and a large incision. During the procedure, the surgeon would insert a thin, lighted viewing tube called a laparoscope and other instruments to drain the fluid from the cyst and remove or burn its outer wall to keep it from reforming.


Question: When is surgery recommended to treat a kidney cyst?

Answer: Your doctor may simply watch your cysts to make sure they don't cause any problems. During the procedure, the surgeon would insert a thin, lighted viewing tube called a laparoscope and other instruments to drain the fluid from the cyst and remove or burn its outer wall to keep it from reforming. You may need to stay in the hospital for one or two days following the surgery.


Question: What are the symptoms of a kidney cyst?

Answer: Simple kidney cysts most often do not cause harm. In most cases, a doctor finds them during an ultrasound or computerized tomography ( CT) scan done for another reason. However, simple kidney cysts may: Cause pain in your side, back, or upper abdomen if they enlarge and press on other organs Bleed Become infected, causing fever, chills, or other signs of infection Impair kidney function (rare) Simple kidney cysts have been associated with high blood pressure, but it is unclear what the relationship is between the two. If your cyst does not cause symptoms or complications, you do not need treatment.


Question: What is a kidney cyst?

Answer: Simple cysts are the most common type of kidney cyst. They are not the same thing as polycystic kidney disease, which is a progressive disease that can lead to kidney failure. Simple kidney cysts most often do not cause harm. Being male is a risk factor, however, as is age: Almost half of all people age 50 or older have one or more simple cysts in the kidneys. Simple kidney cysts usually do not cause symptoms.


Question: How are tooth sealants applied?

Answer: The application steps are as follows: First, the teeth that are to be sealed are thoroughly cleaned. Each tooth is then dried and cotton or another absorbent material is put around the tooth to keep it dry. Sometimes, an etching solution is put on the chewing surfaces of the teeth to roughen them up, which helps the sealant bond to the teeth. Other sealants do not require this step. The teeth are then rinsed and dried. Sealant is then painted onto the tooth enamel, where it bonds directly to the tooth and hardens. Sometimes, a special curing light is used to help the sealant harden.


Question: Why do I need tooth sealants?

Answer: Although thorough brushing and flossing can remove food particles and plaque from smooth surfaces of teeth, they cannot always get into all the nooks and crannies of the back teeth to remove the food and plaque. Sealants protect these vulnerable areas from tooth decay by "sealing out" plaque and food.


Question: What are tooth sealants?

Answer: The painted on liquid sealant quickly bonds into the depressions and grooves of the teeth, forming a protective shield over the enamel of each tooth. Sometimes, an etching solution is put on the chewing surfaces of the teeth to roughen them up, which helps the sealant bond to the teeth.


Question: When do I know that my alcohol use is a problem?

Answer: But if you turn to alcohol to get you through the day, or if it causes trouble in your relationships, at work, in your social life, or with how you think and feel, you have a more serious problem. Alcohol abuse and depression are both serious problems that you shouldn't ignore. If you think you have a problem with either, talk to your doctor or psychologist.


Question: Howare drinking and depression linked?

Answer: The question is, does regular drinking lead to depression, or are depressed people more likely to drink too much? Both are possible. Nearly one-third of people with major depression also have an alcohol problem. Often, the depression comes first. Research shows that depressed kids are more likely to have problems with alcohol a few years down the road. Also, teens who've had a bout of major depression are twice as likely to start drinking as those who haven't.


Question: How can I treat my alcohol use and depression?

Answer: People who are depressed and drink too much have more frequent and severe episodes of depression, and are more likely to think about suicide. But if you turn to alcohol to get you through the day, or if it causes trouble in your relationships, at work, in your social life, or with how you think and feel, you have a more serious problem. Your doctor will probably treat both conditions together. You can also get help from Alcoholics Anonymous or an alcohol treatment center in your area.


Question: What are the benefits of weight loss if I have diabetes?

Answer: Carrying some extra pounds? If you're overweight, no matter how heavy you are, you can slash your blood sugar if you slim down. Even losing 10 or 15 pounds has health perks. Weight loss can: Lower blood sugar Reduce blood pressure Improve cholesterol levels Lighten the stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet Give you more energy and let you breathe easier Check with your doctor before you start a weight loss plan.


Question: What should I do if I have diabetes and struggle to get enough sleep at night?

Answer: If you have a hard time falling or staying asleep, ask your doctor about some ways to get better rest. She can help you figure out why you're losing sleep. If a medical problem is keeping you awake, she can recommend some treatments that can help, like medications for neuropathy or a breathing machine for sleep apnea.


Question: What should I do if my blood sugar levels are off and I have diabetes?

Answer: Make a plan with your doctor for what you need to do when your levels are too high or too low. Also, ask when you should call him if they're too far off-target.


Question: How should I keep track of my blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: Keep a record of your readings. You can write them down in a notebook, track them in an app, or rely on the memory feature of your glucose monitor. They'll help you see trends and spot any problems. And they'll help your doctor, too, so bring them with you to your next appointment.


Question: How can apps and software programs help with diabetes?

Answer: From smartphone apps to insulin pumps, a host of gadgets can help you manage this disease. For instance, more and more sophisticated apps and software programs let people with diabetes who use regular glucose meters track and analyze blood sugar trends. You can download and store data from your meter onto a computer, and then view charts that show how often your levels were within normal ranges, as well as above or below normal.


Question: What are tips to get better rest at night for people diabetes?

Answer: You can also: Practice relaxation techniques or breathing exercises right before bed. Get regular exercise, but try to finish your workout at least 3 hours before you hit the sack. Don't smoke or drink caffeine or alcohol in the evening. Get up and do something else outside your bedroom when you can't sleep. Don't go back to bed until you're drowsy.


Question: Can I control my blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: Knowledge is power when it comes to your blood sugar. If you find your levels aren't where they should be, you can take steps to get them back on track. So be sure to check regularly.


Question: When should I check my blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: Ask your doctor when you should check your blood sugar -- like before meals, after a workout, at bedtime, or when you think they're low.


Question: What should you do before starting a weight loss plan for your diabetes?

Answer: Weight loss can: Lower blood sugar Reduce blood pressure Improve cholesterol levels Lighten the stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet Give you more energy and let you breathe easier Check with your doctor before you start a weight loss plan. Then, talk with a diabetes educator or nutritionist to figure out some healthy changes that you can stick with for a lifetime. A better diet and exercise routine can be a big help. But if those habits haven't worked for you, ask your doctor if weight loss medications or surgery might be a good option.


Question: What can you do to manage your sleep and diabetes?

Answer: If you have a hard time falling or staying asleep, ask your doctor about some ways to get better rest. She can help you figure out why you're losing sleep. If a medical problem is keeping you awake, she can recommend some treatments that can help, like medications for neuropathy or a breathing machine for sleep apnea. You can also: Practice relaxation techniques or breathing exercises right before bed. Get regular exercise, but try to finish your workout at least 3 hours before you hit the sack. Don't smoke or drink caffeine or alcohol in the evening. Get up and do something else outside your bedroom when you can't sleep. Don't go back to bed until you're drowsy.


Question: Where on my body should I test my blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: But some newer machines can get a sample from other places on your body, like your upper arm or thigh.


Question: What should I do before starting a weight loss plan if I have diabetes?

Answer: Weight loss can: Lower blood sugar Reduce blood pressure Improve cholesterol levels Lighten the stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet Give you more energy and let you breathe easier Check with your doctor before you start a weight loss plan. Then, talk with a diabetes educator or nutritionist to figure out some healthy changes that you can stick with for a lifetime. A better diet and exercise routine can be a big help. But if those habits haven't worked for you, ask your doctor if weight loss medications or surgery might be a good option.


Question: How can watching your weight help with diabetes?

Answer: Weight loss can: Lower blood sugar Reduce blood pressure Improve cholesterol levels Lighten the stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet Give you more energy and let you breathe easier Check with your doctor before you start a weight loss plan.


Question: What high-tech tools are available to help you care for your diabetes?

Answer: For instance, more and more sophisticated apps and software programs let people with diabetes who use regular glucose meters track and analyze blood sugar trends. You can download and store data from your meter onto a computer, and then view charts that show how often your levels were within normal ranges, as well as above or below normal. Also, "combination tools" let you keep tabs on your blood sugar and get insulin through the insulin pump -- all in one piece of equipment. A continuous glucose monitor is a device your doctor can attach to your skin that will measure blood sugar every few minutes for several days. That can help you find the best ways to adjust your diet, exercise, and diabetes medication for optimal control.


Question: Can supplements and natural treatments help in controlling blood sugar?

Answer: Not getting enough rest is a struggle for anyone, but it might be an even bigger issue for someone with diabetes: Poor ZZZs may mean worse blood-sugar control, some research shows. And it's not just about the amount of sleep you get -- the quality of it can make a difference when it comes to improving blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. Get regular exercise, but try to finish your workout at least 3 hours before you hit the sack.


Question: Can you care for type 2 diabetes at home?

Answer: They help you to manage your disease just like you manage other parts of your life, like work, household chores, and the family budget. And they can help you feel in control of your health. Most meters need you to prick your fingertip to test your blood. There are also many natural methods you can try to help control diabetes.


Question: How does sleep affect diabetes?

Answer: And it's not just about the amount of sleep you get -- the quality of it can make a difference when it comes to improving blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. Some might help control your blood sugar, but others can be harmful for people with the condition.


Question: What can help with the anxiety and sadness that can come with alopecia areata?

Answer: Support groups are out there to help you deal with the psychological effects of the condition. Remember, even if you lose all your hair, it could grow back. And if it doesn't, there are all kinds of great options if want to cover your hair loss. If you notice sudden hair loss, always check with a doctor. There can be a lot of other reasons for it besides alopecia areata.


Question: Which type of doctor treats  alopecia areata?

Answer: If you think you do have alopocia areata, you may want to see a dermatologist.


Question: Which treatments can help alopecia areata?

Answer: If you have it, there are several things to try: Corticosteroids. These are anti-inflammatory drugs that are prescribed for autoimmune diseases. Chemicals are applied to the scalp to produce an allergic reaction. If it works, this reaction is actually what makes the hair grow back. This treatment, which is put on the scalp, is already used for pattern baldness. Other treatments for alopecia areata include medications that are sometimes used for other autoimmune disorders. Wear wigs, hats, or scarves. Reduce stress.


Question: What is high-functioning autism?

Answer: It's an informal one some people use when they talk about people with an autism spectrum disorder who can speak, read, write, and handle basic life skills like eating and getting dressed. They may live independently, and are a lot like anyone else.


Question: Is high-functioning autism part of the autism spectrum?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } For a long time, however, only people with very severe symptoms were diagnosed with autism. Starting in the 1990s, milder forms were recognized, including high-functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome, which share many of the same symptoms. Then in 2013, the American Psychiatric Association grouped the autism-related disorders into one term: autism spectrum disorder, or ASD.


Question: What does high-functioning autism look like?

Answer: Like all people on the autism spectrum, people who are high functioning have a hard time with social interaction and communication. They don't naturally read social cues and might find it difficult to make friends. They can get so stressed by a social situation that they shut down. People on the spectrum who are high-functioning can also be very devoted to routine and order. They might have repetitive and restrictive habits that seem odd to others. Some do very well in school, while others get overwhelmed and can't concentrate. Some can hold a job, and others find that really hard to do. It all depends on the person and the situation.


Question: What are the concerns about using isotretinoin for acne?

Answer: Many teens and their parents are concerned about the possible psychological effects of isotretinoin. What's the connection? Experts say that there have been a number of people using isotretinoin who had severe depression and attempted suicide. But no one knows whether the medicine was really the cause. The fact is that depression is more common in people with acne, regardless of the treatment. Parents, if you notice that your son or daughter is having mood swings, seeming down or angry, or losing interest in friends or the things that he or she usually enjoys, schedule an appointment with the doctor.


Question: How can topical antibiotics help with treating acne?

Answer: These acne medicines can kill some of the bacteria on the skin and reduce redness and inflammation. Examples of antibiotics include clindamycin ( Cleocin T, Clinda- Derm) and erythromycin ( Dapsone gel, Erythrocin).


Question: What are the side effects of topical treatments for acne?

Answer: Some prescription creams include two or more active ingredients. The typical side effects from these treatments are mild and confined to the skin. They include stinging, redness, irritation, and peeling. Retinoid creams can make skin more sensitive to sunlight. So when using these treatments, it's important to limit sun exposure, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., and apply sunscreen regularly. Protect exposed skin with a long-sleeved shirt, pants, and a large-brimmed hat. Make sure not to get any topical retinoids in your mouth, nose, or eyes.


Question: How do medications work in treating acne?

Answer: Acne medications help by interrupting this process in different ways. Some over-the-counter and prescription acne creams help by unplugging the follicles. Others, such as antibiotics, kill the bacteria that move into the follicles. The pill isotretinoin reduces oil production, unplugs the follicles, and targets inflammation and acne-causing bacteria. There is no best acne treatment. Some people do fine using one acne product, although many need a combination to control their teen acne.


Question: What are the side effects of oral antibiotics for acne?

Answer: The side effects of oral antibiotics depend on the medication, but they can cause problems like upset stomach, dizziness, skin color changes, and sun sensitivity. Tetracycline ( Sumycin) can yellow the teeth and affect bone formation, so it's not recommended for children under 14 or pregnant women. However, the newly approved tetracycline derivative sarecycline ( Almirall, Seysara) can be used in children from age 9 and above and you can take it once daily Doxycycline ( Acticlate, Monodox, Vibra- Tabs, Vibramycin) and minocycline ( Dynacin, Minocin) are also not recommended for children under 14 or pregnant women.


Question: How can isotretinoin help with treating acne?

Answer: It's used for severe or moderate acne that can't be controlled with other treatments. It reduces the amount of oil made by glands in the skin. It also curbs inflammation and reduces clogged hair follicles. Taking it for several months, once or twice a day, can clear most cases of acne. The fact is that depression is more common in people with acne, regardless of the treatment.


Question: How can topical treatments help with acne?

Answer: Topical treatments for teenage acne come in different forms, including creams, lotions, foams, gels and pads. Some types include: Topical antibiotics. For moderate to severe cases, a dermatologist might recommend prescription acne medications taken by mouth instead of -- or in addition to -- topical treatments. It's used for severe or moderate acne that can't be controlled with other treatments.


Question: How can topical retinoids help with treating acne?

Answer: Examples include adapalene ( Differin), tazarotene ( Tazorac), and tretinoin ( Avita, Retin- A), and Other topical medicines. Retinoid creams can make skin more sensitive to sunlight. Work with a doctor.


Question: How can medications cause cirrhosis?

Answer: You get damage to your liver over a long period of time.


Question: How can bile duct disease or damage cause cirrhosis?

Answer: The most common things that raise your odds for cirrhosis are: Heavy drinking due to alcohol addiction Obesity, which raises your chances of conditions that lead to cirrhosis A long-term hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection Conditions that can lead to cirrhosis include: Cystic fibrosis Diseases that make it hard for your body to process sugars Too much iron buildup in your body Wilson's disease, where too much copper is stored in the liver Autoimmune diseases that cause your body to attack liver cells Blockage of the bile duct, which carries digestive enzymes from your liver into the intestines Certain genetic digestive disorders Some infections, including syphilis and brucellosis Bad reactions to certain medications Since you might not feel symptoms right away, you may not find out that you have cirrhosis until you get a routine checkup.


Question: How does cirrhosis develop?

Answer: It usually happens over a long period of time because of infection or alcohol addiction. When too much scar tissue builds up, the organ can't work right. The goal is to protect the healthy tissue you have left. If your cirrhosis is severe, you may need a liver transplant.


Question: What problems can I get from cirrhosis?

Answer: When too much scar tissue builds up, the organ can't work right. But as time goes on, and the damage to your liver gets worse, you may notice things like: Fatigue and weakness Lack of appetite and weight loss Nausea You could also bleed or bruise easily and have swelling in your legs or belly. You may also notice changes in your skin, such as: Jaundice (when your skin and eyes turn yellow) Intense itching Spider web-like blood vessels in your skin Redness in the palms of your hands or whitening of your nails You could have some changes to the way you think, such as problems with concentration or memory. You get damage to your liver over a long period of time. If your doctor says you have decompensated cirrhosis, your liver is badly scarred and isn't working right. If you have a severe fluid buildup, you may need to get it drained. They can lessen bleeding inside your body that's caused by swollen and burst blood vessels. Your doctor may also suggest medications to lessen a buildup of toxins, if that's a problem for you.


Question: What are the stages of cirrhosis?

Answer: When too much scar tissue builds up, the organ can't work right. You may not have any symptoms at first. The most common things that raise your odds for cirrhosis are: Heavy drinking due to alcohol addiction Obesity, which raises your chances of conditions that lead to cirrhosis A long-term hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection Conditions that can lead to cirrhosis include: Cystic fibrosis Diseases that make it hard for your body to process sugars Too much iron buildup in your body Wilson's disease, where too much copper is stored in the liver Autoimmune diseases that cause your body to attack liver cells Blockage of the bile duct, which carries digestive enzymes from your liver into the intestines Certain genetic digestive disorders Some infections, including syphilis and brucellosis Bad reactions to certain medications Since you might not feel symptoms right away, you may not find out that you have cirrhosis until you get a routine checkup. Stages. If your cirrhosis is severe, you may need a liver transplant.


Question: How can nonalcoholic fatty liver disease cause cirrhosis?

Answer: Blood pressure medications. If you drink alcohol, it's important to be moderate.


Question: How does alcohol use cause cirrhosis?

Answer: The most common things that raise your odds for cirrhosis are: Heavy drinking due to alcohol addiction Obesity, which raises your chances of conditions that lead to cirrhosis A long-term hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection Conditions that can lead to cirrhosis include: Cystic fibrosis Diseases that make it hard for your body to process sugars Too much iron buildup in your body Wilson's disease, where too much copper is stored in the liver Autoimmune diseases that cause your body to attack liver cells Blockage of the bile duct, which carries digestive enzymes from your liver into the intestines Certain genetic digestive disorders Some infections, including syphilis and brucellosis Bad reactions to certain medications Since you might not feel symptoms right away, you may not find out that you have cirrhosis until you get a routine checkup. And if you have inflammation in your liver, steroids can help. If you're a man, don't have more than two drinks a day.


Question: Can deep vein thrombosis (DVT) make my legs swell?

Answer: Deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) and thrombophlebitis: If you have DVT, it means there's a blood clot in a vein in your leg. It could break off and travel to your lung. When that happens, it's called a pulmonary embolism, and it can be life-threatening. In thrombophlebitis, also called superficial thrombophlebitis, clots form closer to the surface of the skin and aren't likely to break off.


Question: How can you tell if varicose veins are causing your legs to swell?

Answer: Varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency: You get these conditions when the valves inside your leg veins don't keep the blood flowing up toward your heart. Instead, it backs up and collects in pools, causing bluish clusters of varicose veins on your skin. Sometimes, they can make your legs swell. Some other symptoms might include: Pain after sitting or standing for a long time Changes in skin color -- you might see clumps of red or purple veins, or the skin on your lower legs might look brown Dry, irritated, cracked skin Sores Achy legs Learn more about symptoms of varicose veins.


Question: How can you tell if a sprain or a broken bone is causing your legs to swell?

Answer: If you twist your ankle or break a bone, you'll likely get some swelling. It's your body's natural reaction to the injury. It moves fluid and white blood cells into the area and releases chemicals that help you heal.


Question: Should I call my doctor if my medication is causing my legs to swell?

Answer: The medications most likely to cause swollen legs include: Heart medicines called calcium channel blockers are often to blame: Amlodipine ( Norvasc) Nifedipine ( Adalat CC, Afeditab CR, Nifediac CC, Nifedical XL, Procardia) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like: Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen Celecoxib ( Celebrex) Certain diabetes drugs, including metformin Hormone medications containing estrogen or progesterone Some antidepressants Call your doctor if you take any of these drugs and get swollen lower limbs.


Question: What home remedies can help reduce swelling in my legs?

Answer: On long car rides, switch positions and stop for breaks as often as you can.


Question: Are the first symptoms of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) puffy legs?

Answer: One of the first symptoms of DVT or thrombophlebitis is one swollen leg (especially the calf), as blood pools in the area. Check with your doctor right away if you have swelling in one leg or any of these other symptoms: Leg pain, tenderness, or cramping Skin that's tinged red or blue Skin that feels warm Learn more about blood clots in veins.


Question: Can congestive heart failure make my legs swell?

Answer: Several things can lead to extra fluid, or edema, in one leg, or both: Congestive heart failure: This happens when your heart is too weak to pump all the blood your body needs. It leads to fluid buildup, especially in your legs. Other symptoms of congestive heart failure: Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Tiredness Cough Learn more about heart failure symptoms.


Question: Can preeclampsia make my legs swell?

Answer: If you notice these other symptoms as well, let your doctor know because it might mean you have a serious condition called preeclampsia: Severe swelling, especially around your eyes Bad headache Vision changes, like blurriness or sensitivity to light If, during the last trimester or soon after delivery, you have swollen legs and shortness of breath, talk to your doctor about a condition called peripartum cardiomyopathy, a type of heart failure related to pregnancy.


Question: Is my medication making my legs swell?

Answer: Sometimes, swelling can be an unwelcome side effect of prescription drugs. The medications most likely to cause swollen legs include: Heart medicines called calcium channel blockers are often to blame: Amlodipine ( Norvasc) Nifedipine ( Adalat CC, Afeditab CR, Nifediac CC, Nifedical XL, Procardia) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like: Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen Celecoxib ( Celebrex) Certain diabetes drugs, including metformin Hormone medications containing estrogen or progesterone Some antidepressants Call your doctor if you take any of these drugs and get swollen lower limbs.


Question: Can long-term kidney disease make my legs swell?

Answer: Long-term kidney disease happens when your kidneys don't work the way they should. Instead of filtering water and waste material from your blood, fluid gathers in your body, which causes swelling in your arms and legs. You may also notice symptoms like these: Fatigue Shortness of breath Nausea Too much thirst Bruising and bleeding Acute kidney failure -- when your kidneys suddenly stop working -- can also cause swollen legs, ankles, and feet.


Question: Can varicose veins make my legs swell?

Answer: Varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency: You get these conditions when the valves inside your leg veins don't keep the blood flowing up toward your heart. Instead, it backs up and collects in pools, causing bluish clusters of varicose veins on your skin. Sometimes, they can make your legs swell. Some other symptoms might include: Pain after sitting or standing for a long time Changes in skin color -- you might see clumps of red or purple veins, or the skin on your lower legs might look brown Dry, irritated, cracked skin Sores Achy legs Learn more about symptoms of varicose veins.


Question: How can you tell if congestive heart failure is causing your legs to swell?

Answer: Several things can lead to extra fluid, or edema, in one leg, or both: Congestive heart failure: This happens when your heart is too weak to pump all the blood your body needs. It leads to fluid buildup, especially in your legs. Other symptoms of congestive heart failure: Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Tiredness Cough Learn more about heart failure symptoms.


Question: How can you tell if medications are causing your legs to swell?

Answer: Sometimes, swelling can be an unwelcome side effect of prescription drugs. The medications most likely to cause swollen legs include: Heart medicines called calcium channel blockers are often to blame: Amlodipine ( Norvasc) Nifedipine ( Adalat CC, Afeditab CR, Nifediac CC, Nifedical XL, Procardia) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like: Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen Celecoxib ( Celebrex) Certain diabetes drugs, including metformin Hormone medications containing estrogen or progesterone Some antidepressants Call your doctor if you take any of these drugs and get swollen lower limbs.


Question: Why might my legs be swollen?

Answer: But it may also be a sign that you're overweight or don't get enough exercise, or of more serious medical conditions.


Question: How can you tell if long-term kidney disease is causing your legs to swell?

Answer: Long-term kidney disease happens when your kidneys don't work the way they should. Instead of filtering water and waste material from your blood, fluid gathers in your body, which causes swelling in your arms and legs.


Question: What causes my legs to swell?

Answer: Your legs swell for two main reasons: Fluid buildup (edema): It happens when the tissues or blood vessels in your legs hold more fluid than they should. This can happen if you simply spend a long day on your feet or sit for too long. But it may also be a sign that you're overweight or don't get enough exercise, or of more serious medical conditions. Inflammation: It happens when the tissues in your legs get irritated and swollen. It's a natural response if you break a bone or tear a tendon or ligament, but it also may be a sign of a more serious inflammatory illness, like arthritis.


Question: Can leg swelling be a sign of something serious?

Answer: But since leg swelling can be a sign of something serious, don't ignore it. If you notice other symptoms, especially leg pain, shortness of breath, or extreme fatigue, call your doctor right away.


Question: Can pregnancy make my legs swell?

Answer: By the third trimester, your growing baby puts pressure on the veins in your legs. This slows the circulation of your blood and causes fluid to build up. The result: mild swelling.


Question: How can you tell if deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and thrombophlebitis is causing your legs to swell?

Answer: Deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) and thrombophlebitis: If you have DVT, it means there's a blood clot in a vein in your leg. It could break off and travel to your lung. When that happens, it's called a pulmonary embolism, and it can be life-threatening. In thrombophlebitis, also called superficial thrombophlebitis, clots form closer to the surface of the skin and aren't likely to break off. One of the first symptoms of DVT or thrombophlebitis is one swollen leg (especially the calf), as blood pools in the area. Check with your doctor right away if you have swelling in one leg or any of these other symptoms: Leg pain, tenderness, or cramping Skin that's tinged red or blue Skin that feels warm Learn more about blood clots in veins.


Question: What can you do about swollen legs?

Answer: On long car rides, switch positions and stop for breaks as often as you can. But since leg swelling can be a sign of something serious, don't ignore it. If you notice other symptoms, especially leg pain, shortness of breath, or extreme fatigue, call your doctor right away.


Question: How can you tell if pregnancy is causing your legs to swell?

Answer: Varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency: You get these conditions when the valves inside your leg veins don't keep the blood flowing up toward your heart. Instead of filtering water and waste material from your blood, fluid gathers in your body, which causes swelling in your arms and legs. The result: mild swelling. If you notice these other symptoms as well, let your doctor know because it might mean you have a serious condition called preeclampsia: Severe swelling, especially around your eyes Bad headache Vision changes, like blurriness or sensitivity to light If, during the last trimester or soon after delivery, you have swollen legs and shortness of breath, talk to your doctor about a condition called peripartum cardiomyopathy, a type of heart failure related to pregnancy.


Question: How effective is tubal ligation?

Answer: Tubal ligation is almost -- but not quite -- 100% effective. There is a slight risk of becoming pregnant after tubal ligation. That can happen if the tubes grow back together, which is very rare.


Question: Can you get your tubes untied in tubal ligation?

Answer: But it's major surgery that requires a couple of days in a hospital. There is a good chance that you might not be able to get it reversed. It depends on what method of tubal ligation you got, how long ago that was, and whether your tubes are too damaged to undo it. Reversing a tubal ligation increases your likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy when compared to patients who have not had previous tubal surgery. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg is in the fallopian tube instead of in the uterus. It is a life-threatening condition.


Question: Does tubal ligation protect against STDs?

Answer: The procedure is just about preventing pregnancy. Male condoms provide the best protection from most sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs), including HIV.


Question: How is a fine-needle aspiration biopsy used to diagnose non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy takes cells from an abnormal growth or the fluid in your lungs.


Question: How is an endoscopic ultrasound used to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Endoscopic ultrasound is like the endobronchial ultrasound, but your doctor puts the endoscope down your throat into the esophagus.


Question: Is it important to take care of myself if I have lung cancer?

Answer: As you follow your treatment plan, pay attention to any changes you feel. Tell your doctor how you're doing, both physically and emotionally.


Question: How can you take care of yourself during treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: As you follow your treatment plan, pay attention to any changes you feel. Tell your doctor how you're doing, both physically and emotionally. Some days, your appetite may not be great. But you'll need to eat well to keep your strength and energy up. Try to eat several small meals throughout the day instead of a few large ones. If you have trouble breathing, oxygen from a tank may help. So can practicing relaxation techniques, like meditation, listening to music, or picturing yourself in a peaceful place. Complementary treatments, including gentle massage and aromatherapy, may put you more at ease. Talk to your doctor about what you can do when you're tired, in pain, or breathless. Finding out that you have cancer is very hard to deal with. You may be afraid, angry, or sad. Strong emotions are normal. A support group or a counselor who works with people who have cancer could help you work through your feelings. Look online or in your community, or ask your doctor for suggestions and about other professionals who can help support you -- perhaps social workers, nurses, clergy, or other doctors.


Question: What causes non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes this disease. Many people who get it have smoked or been around smoke. Other things that make lung cancer more likely are: Radon, a radioactive gas found naturally in soil and rocks Asbestos Mineral and metal dust Air pollution Radiation treatment to your chest or breast HIV/ AIDS It can also run in families.


Question: Will doctors examine the inside of the lungs to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor may want to look inside your lungs and chest using a thin, flexible tube with a light and tiny camera. He may also take samples of tissue, including from nearby lymph nodes, to check for cancer cells.


Question: How is laser and photodynamic therapy used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: This technique uses a special laser light to "turn on" special drugs that cancer cells have absorbed. This kills them and helps avoid damage to healthy tissue.


Question: How is a sputum cytology used to diagnose non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Sputum cytology is a lab test that checks the mucus you cough up for cancer cells.


Question: How can clinical trials help with non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Scientists are studying new ways to treat cancer. Check the National Cancer Institute's web site and ask your doctor if a clinical trial would be a good fit for you, what you should consider, and how to sign up.


Question: What should I do to manage my emotional wellbeing while dealing with lung cancer?

Answer: Finding out that you have cancer is very hard to deal with. You may be afraid, angry, or sad. Strong emotions are normal. A support group or a counselor who works with people who have cancer could help you work through your feelings. Look online or in your community, or ask your doctor for suggestions and about other professionals who can help support you -- perhaps social workers, nurses, clergy, or other doctors.


Question: How is radiation used to treat lung cancer?

Answer: It can kill cancer cells that remain after surgery. It also treats certain cancers that your doctor can't get rid of with surgery. The radiation comes either from a high-energy beam aimed at the cancer from outside of your body using a special machine, or from a radioactive substance put inside your body in or near the cancer.


Question: What tests are used to examine your lungs and chest when diagnosing non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor may want to look inside your lungs and chest using a thin, flexible tube with a light and tiny camera. He may also take samples of tissue, including from nearby lymph nodes, to check for cancer cells. He can do this a few different ways: Bronchoscopy goes through your nose or mouth and into your lungs. Endobronchial ultrasounduses bronchoscopy with an ultrasound placed at the tip of the tube to look at lymph nodes and other structures. Endoscopic ultrasound is like the endobronchial ultrasound, but your doctor puts the endoscope down your throat into the esophagus. Thoracoscopy uses a few small cuts along your side to look at the outside of your lung and the tissue around it. Mediastinoscopy makes a small cut just above your breastbone, in the space between your lungs.


Question: What should I expect if I am diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: If it's caught early enough, your cancer may be curable. Even if it's not, your treatment should help you live longer and feel better. Throughout your treatment, you can make choices about what's best for you.


Question: How are fine-needle aspiration biopsies used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy takes cells from an abnormal growth or the fluid in your lungs.


Question: What do the stages of non-small-cell lung cancer mean?

Answer: Based on what your doctor finds, he'll assign a stage, describing where the cancer is. That will help your medical team figure out the best treatment for you. You'll want to know what each stage means: Occult stage: " Occult" means "hidden." Cancer cells are in lung fluid or sputum, but the doctor can't find where the cancer is in your lungs. Stage 0: Cancer cells are in the lining of your airways. Stage I: A small tumor is in only one lung. The cancer hasn't spread to lymph nodes. Stage II: A larger tumor is in one lung, or the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: Cancer in one lung has spread to farther lymph nodes or into nearby structures. Stage IV: Cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid around the lungs, or to other parts of the body, such as the brain and liver.


Question: What should you expect if you have non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: If it's caught early enough, your cancer may be curable. Even if it's not, your treatment should help you live longer and feel better. Throughout your treatment, you can make choices about what's best for you.


Question: What are the stages of lung cancer?

Answer: You'll want to know what each stage means: Occult stage: " Occult" means "hidden." Cancer cells are in lung fluid or sputum, but the doctor can't find where the cancer is in your lungs. Stage 0: Cancer cells are in the lining of your airways. Stage I: A small tumor is in only one lung. The cancer hasn't spread to lymph nodes. Stage II: A larger tumor is in one lung, or the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: Cancer in one lung has spread to farther lymph nodes or into nearby structures. Stage IV: Cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid around the lungs, or to other parts of the body, such as the brain and liver.


Question: What are the causes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes this disease. Many people who get it have smoked or been around smoke. Other things that make lung cancer more likely are: Radon, a radioactive gas found naturally in soil and rocks Asbestos Mineral and metal dust Air pollution Radiation treatment to your chest or breast HIV/ AIDS It can also run in families.


Question: What does the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer depend on?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest a combination of treatments, depending on what kind of cancer you have and where it is.


Question: Where can you get support for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: The Lung Cancer Alliance can help you find other people and families near you who have also faced this disease. Their support can make it easier to live with NSCLC.


Question: How is sputum cytology used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Sputum cytology is a lab test that checks the mucus you cough up for cancer cells.


Question: How is a mediastinoscopy used to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor might put it in your spinal fluid, a specific organ, or a space inside your body to target cancer cells in that area.


Question: Where can I get my support in dealing with lung cancer?

Answer: The Lung Cancer Alliance can help you find other people and families near you who have also faced this disease. Their support can make it easier to live with NSCLC.


Question: Who is most likely to get non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: People who smoke or who breathe a lot of smoke are most likely to get NSCLC. Many of them are over 65.


Question: How is surgery used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Surgery. If you're in an early stage, your doctor will probably recommend surgery to take out the cancer. You could have a part or all of your lung removed. Other types of surgery destroy cancer cells by freezing them or using a heated probe or needle.


Question: What should you let your doctor know when getting treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Let your doctor know if you have any pain or shortness of breath. There are treatments for that so you can feel better.


Question: How is radiation used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: It can kill cancer cells that remain after surgery. It also treats certain cancers that your doctor can't get rid of with surgery. The radiation comes either from a high-energy beam aimed at the cancer from outside of your body using a special machine, or from a radioactive substance put inside your body in or near the cancer.


Question: How is a thoracoscopy used to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Endobronchial ultrasounduses bronchoscopy with an ultrasound placed at the tip of the tube to look at lymph nodes and other structures.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat lung cancer?

Answer: Whether you get it as pills or with a needle in a vein or muscle, the drugs travel throughout your body to kill the cancer. Your doctor might put it in your spinal fluid, a specific organ, or a space inside your body to target cancer cells in that area. You could get chemo before surgery to make a tumor smaller, after surgery, or both, or even if you don't have surgery.


Question: What are the symptoms of non-small-cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body?

Answer: Like other types of lung cancer, symptoms can include: Coughing that lasts or gets worse Chest pain that often hurts more when you cough, laugh, or take deep breaths Hoarseness or voice changes Harsh, raspy sounds when you breathe Wheezing Weight loss, little appetite Coughing up blood or mucus Shortness of breath Feeling weak or tired Lasting lung problems, like bronchitis or pneumonia If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, you may have: Bone pain Headache Dizziness or balance problems Numbness or weakness in an arm or leg Yellow skin or eyes First, your doctor will talk with you and ask questions like: When did you first notice problems?


Question: What are common symptoms when non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) spreads to other parts of the body?

Answer: Like other types of lung cancer, symptoms can include: Coughing that lasts or gets worse Chest pain that often hurts more when you cough, laugh, or take deep breaths Hoarseness or voice changes Harsh, raspy sounds when you breathe Wheezing Weight loss, little appetite Coughing up blood or mucus Shortness of breath Feeling weak or tired Lasting lung problems, like bronchitis or pneumonia If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, you may have: Bone pain Headache Dizziness or balance problems Numbness or weakness in an arm or leg Yellow skin or eyes First, your doctor will talk with you and ask questions like: When did you first notice problems?


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Whether you get it as pills or with a needle in a vein or muscle, the drugs travel throughout your body to kill the cancer. Your doctor might put it in your spinal fluid, a specific organ, or a space inside your body to target cancer cells in that area. You could get chemo before surgery to make a tumor smaller, after surgery, or both, or even if you don't have surgery.


Question: What should I do if lung cancer affects my ability to breathe?

Answer: If you have trouble breathing, oxygen from a tank may help. So can practicing relaxation techniques, like meditation, listening to music, or picturing yourself in a peaceful place. Complementary treatments, including gentle massage and aromatherapy, may put you more at ease. Talk to your doctor about what you can do when you're tired, in pain, or breathless.


Question: Will lung cancer affect my appetite?

Answer: Some days, your appetite may not be great. But you'll need to eat well to keep your strength and energy up. Try to eat several small meals throughout the day instead of a few large ones.


Question: Will my doctor assign a stage to my lung cancer?

Answer: That will help your medical team figure out the best treatment for you. Your doctor may suggest a combination of treatments, depending on what kind of cancer you have and where it is.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: You may want to start by asking your doctor: How serious is my lung cancer? Has it spread, where to, and what does that mean? What are my cancer treatment options? How well do they work? What are the side effects? What other treatments might I need to feel OK? Will I have to stop working while having treatment? What happens if the cancer continues to spread? Have you treated anyone else with this type of lung cancer? Can I take part in clinical trials? How can I find out about that? Is there a medical center that takes care of my kind of cancer regularly that I could go to? Finding out that you have cancer is very hard to deal with.


Question: How is non-small-cell lung cancer treated?

Answer: Their goal is to stay ahead of the symptoms and make you as comfortable as possible. Your doctor may suggest a combination of treatments, depending on what kind of cancer you have and where it is. Because of how they work, they usually harm normal cells less than radiation and chemo.


Question: Where can you get emotional support for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: You may feel more comfortable getting a second opinion before deciding on your treatment plan. Look online or in your community, or ask your doctor for suggestions and about other professionals who can help support you -- perhaps social workers, nurses, clergy, or other doctors.


Question: Should other people come to my appointments with my lung cancer doctor?

Answer: You may feel more comfortable getting a second opinion before deciding on your treatment plan. Look online or in your community, or ask your doctor for suggestions and about other professionals who can help support you -- perhaps social workers, nurses, clergy, or other doctors.


Question: How is targeted therapy used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor might put it in your spinal fluid, a specific organ, or a space inside your body to target cancer cells in that area. Because of how they work, they usually harm normal cells less than radiation and chemo.


Question: What are common symptoms of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?

Answer: Or you might mistake them for another illness, such as pneumonia or a collapsed lung. Like other types of lung cancer, symptoms can include: Coughing that lasts or gets worse Chest pain that often hurts more when you cough, laugh, or take deep breaths Hoarseness or voice changes Harsh, raspy sounds when you breathe Wheezing Weight loss, little appetite Coughing up blood or mucus Shortness of breath Feeling weak or tired Lasting lung problems, like bronchitis or pneumonia If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, you may have: Bone pain Headache Dizziness or balance problems Numbness or weakness in an arm or leg Yellow skin or eyes First, your doctor will talk with you and ask questions like: When did you first notice problems? If it's caught early enough, your cancer may be curable.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about my lung cancer?

Answer: You may want to start by asking your doctor: How serious is my lung cancer? Has it spread, where to, and what does that mean? What are my cancer treatment options? How well do they work? What are the side effects? What other treatments might I need to feel OK? Will I have to stop working while having treatment? What happens if the cancer continues to spread? Have you treated anyone else with this type of lung cancer? Can I take part in clinical trials? How can I find out about that? Is there a medical center that takes care of my kind of cancer regularly that I could go to? Finding out that you have cancer is very hard to deal with.


Question: My child has hemophilia A. What precautions should they take when theyâre active?

Answer: Just take some precautions: Your child should wear kneepads, elbow pads, and helmets during any activities if they're doing something that might make them fall. Use safety straps in car seats, strollers, and high chairs. Check your home and yard for hazards, like furniture or play equipment with sharp corners. Teach your child about their hemophilia. Let them know when and how to get help so they feel confident, not scared.


Question: I have hemophilia A. What can I do to take care of myself?

Answer: What's your family's medical history? Keep up with your treatment, follow your doctor's advice, and do these four things: Handle injuries correctly. Clean small cuts, scrapes, and injuries. Tell all your health care professionals that you have (or your child has) hemophilia. Exercise makes them stronger, which makes injuries less likely.


Question: What are the symptoms of hemophilia A?

Answer: Hemophilia A can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how little you have of factor VIII. Mild hemophilia A. If you're in this group, you may only notice bleeding after a serious injury. In addition to bleeding after an injury, you may also have frequent episodes of bleeding, often into the joints and muscles, without being able to figure out a specific cause.


Question: Whereâs the best place to get hemophilia A treatment?

Answer: The best place to go for treatment is a federally funded hemophilia treatment center ( HTC). You'll work with a team of specialists, such as surgeons, dentists, physical therapists, and social workers who focus on the blood disorder. The goal of treatment is to give you the factor VIII your body doesn't make. That's called replacement therapy. It's not a cure, but it does help control your hemophilia. But there's a 20% to 30% chance your body will reject it. In that case, your doctors may try different sources for factor VIII, or try different amounts.


Question: Whoâs most likely to get hemophilia A?

Answer: Hemophilia A usually runs in families, but about one-third of people with the disease don't have a family history of it. Most women with the troublesome gene are carriers and have no symptoms, but they can pass it to their sons.


Question: How can I know if my child has hemophilia?

Answer: It's rare, but if you have a head bump -- even if it's minor -- and you have any of these symptoms, call your doctor: Prolonged headache Throwing up Sleepiness/tiredness Sudden weakness or problems walking Double vision If you have a family history of hemophilia and are pregnant, tests can tell if your baby has the disease. There are risks though, so you'll want to talk to your doctor about testing. In children, doctors usually diagnose severe cases in the first year of a baby's life. Does your child bruise easily or bleed for longer than normal from small injuries? Make an appointment with your child's doctor. They can tell if it's hemophilia. Once a baby starts moving, crawling, and bumping into things, you may notice raised bruises, especially on places like the stomach, chest, back, and bottom.


Question: Where can I get support for hemophilia?

Answer: And if you're a woman, you'll learn if you're a carrier. The best place to go for treatment is a federally funded hemophilia treatment center ( HTC). The federal government pays for a network of more than 140 hemophilia treatment centers where you can get treatment, education, and other resources you need.


Question: What are questions I can ask my doctor about hemophilia?

Answer: If you or your child is diagnosed with hemophilia, you'll probably have a lot of questions for your doctor, including: How often will you need to visit the doctor? How long is too long to bleed from a small cut? Are some symptoms more serious than others? What are they? Are there over-the-counter medicines you should or shouldn't use? How do you keep your child safe? What can you expect as your child gets older? How do you connect with other families that have kids with this condition? What are the chances your other children will have hemophilia?


Question: Does keeping a whitening solution on your teeth longer make your teeth whiter?

Answer: Generally, the longer you keep a stronger solution on your teeth, the whiter your teeth become. However, the higher the percentage of peroxide in the whitening solution, the shorter it should be applied to the teeth. Keeping the gel on longer will dehydrate the tooth and increase tooth sensitivity.


Question: Are there foods and drinks I should avoid if I want to keep my teeth white?

Answer: Also, avoid acidic and tannin-rich foods and beverages such as: Black teas and coffee White and red wine Sports drinks Carbonated beverages (dark and light-colored sodas) Berries and other strongly-colored foods Sauces (soy, tomato, curries) Tooth bleaching can make teeth temporarily sensitive -- or be uncomfortable for people who already have sensitive teeth.


Question: What happens in a thyroid stimulating hormone test?

Answer: The TSH test involves simply drawing some blood from your body. The blood will then be analyzed in a lab. This test can be performed at any time during the day. No preparation is needed (such as overnight fasting). You shouldn't feel any pain beyond a small prick from the needle in your arm. You may have some slight bruising. In general, there is no need to stop taking your medicine(s) before having your TSH level checked. However, it is important to let the doctor know what medications you are taking as some drugs can affect thyroid function. For example, thyroid function must be monitored if you are taking lithium. While taking lithium, there is a high chance that your thyroid might stop functioning correctly. It's recommended that you have a TSH level test before starting this medicine. If your levels are normal, then you can have your levels checked every 6 to 12 months, as recommended by your doctor. If your thyroid function becomes abnormal, you should be treated.


Question: What do high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone mean?

Answer: TSH levels typically fall between 0.4 and 4.0 milliunits per liter (m U/ L), according to the American Thyroid Association. Ranges between laboratories will vary with the upper limit being between 4 to 5. If your level is higher than this, chances are you have an underactive thyroid. In general, T3 and T4 levels increase in pregnancy and TSH levels decrease.


Question: What do low levels of thyroid stimulating hormone mean?

Answer: This could be caused by: Graves' disease (your body's immune system attacks the thyroid) Too much iodine in your body Too much thyroid hormone medication Too much of a natural supplement that contains the thyroid hormone If you're on medications like steroids, dopamine, or opioid painkillers (like morphine), you could get a lower-than-normal reading. Taking biotin ( B vitamin supplements) also can falsely give lower TSH levels. The TSH test usually isn't the only one used to diagnose thyroid disorders. Other tests, like the free T3, the free T4, the reverse T3, and the anti- TPO antibody, are often used too when determining whether you need thyroid treatment or not.


Question: What is a thyroid stimulating hormone test?

Answer: A TSH test is done to find out if your thyroid gland is working the way it should. It can tell you if it's overactive (hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism). The test can also detect a thyroid disorder before you have any symptoms. If untreated, a thyroid disorder can cause health problems. This gland tells your thyroid to make and release the thyroid hormones into your blood.


Question: What is one of the most dangerous aspects of hypertension?

Answer: In fact, nearly one-third of people who have high blood pressure don't know it. The only way to know if your blood pressure is high is through regular checkups. This is especially important if you have a close relative who has high blood pressure. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for,including: Severe headache Fatigue or confusion Vision problems Chest pain Difficulty breathing Irregular heartbeat Blood in the urine Pounding in your chest, neck, or ears If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis that could lead to a heart attack or stroke.


Question: What are symptoms to look out for regarding high blood pressure?

Answer: This is especially important if you have a close relative who has high blood pressure. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for,including: Severe headache Fatigue or confusion Vision problems Chest pain Difficulty breathing Irregular heartbeat Blood in the urine Pounding in your chest, neck, or ears If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis that could lead to a heart attack or stroke.


Question: What is the definition of emphysema?

Answer: This and chronic bronchitis are the two main types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD), the third-leading cause of death in the United States. These conditions are called âobstructiveâ because it's as though something is blocking the smooth flow of air in and out of the lungs.


Question: What are the top two causes of emphysema

Answer: Most of the time, tobacco is the main culprit. AAT deficiency: Alpha-1 antitrypsin ( AAT) is a natural protein that circulates in human blood. If you have AAT deficiency, your normal white blood cells will damage your lungs. The harm is even worse if you smoke. Over time, most people with severe AAT deficiency develop emphysema.


Question: What are the different types of echinacea?

Answer: It's important to note that there are different species of echinacea, such as Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea angustifolia.


Question: What are risks of echinacea?

Answer: Although rarely, echinacea can cause allergic reactions. Some can be serious. If you have asthma or an allergy to certain plants and flowers -- like ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, or daisies -- be cautious when using echinacea. Taking echinacea by injection is dangerous. Check with a doctor before using echinacea if you have an autoimmune disease like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, or if you have HIV.


Question: What are natural food sources of echinacea?

Answer: There is no standard dose of echinacea.


Question: What are side effects of echinacea?

Answer: When taken at normal doses, echinacea causes few side effects. Some people have reported symptoms like upset stomach, headache, sore throat, drowsiness, and rash.


Question: How can echinacea interact with other drugs?

Answer: If you take any drugs regularly -- particularly drugs that suppress the immune system -- talk to your doctor before you start using echinacea supplements. There is also some concern that echinacea could cause liver problems in people who are also taking certain painkillers (like Tylenol), antidepressants, blood thinners, sedatives, and other drugs.


Question: Can echinacea help with a cold?

Answer: Studies have had mixed results. So far, evidence suggests that echinacea may prevent the common cold. It also might help as a treatment. Some studies, many of them small, have found that taking echinacea may reduce the length of a cold and the severity of its symptoms. However, two large clinical trials found no benefits at all.


Question: Is a persistent cough a sign that you may need a change in your heart failure treatment?

Answer: Persistent cough An ongoing wheeze or cough that brings up white or slightly blood-colored mucus can be another symptom of fluid building up in your lungs. Call the doctor if you notice it.


Question: How does diabetes affect your foot health?

Answer: It makes them more likely to get ulcers and infections.


Question: What are shoe inserts?

Answer: Shoe inserts can help with foot problems like flat arches and foot and leg pain. They provide extra support for different parts of your feet, like your heel, arch, or ball of the foot. You can get them over-the-counter. They're different from custom orthotics, which are prescribed by a doctor and designed for your feet.


Question: What causes my feet to stink?

Answer: The two main culprits are sweating of the feet and your shoes. When your sweat mingles with the bacteria in your shoes and socks, it creates an odor.