Question: What bone marrow tests might you get to help diagnose myelofibrosis?

Answer: They include: Bone marrow aspiration: The doctor uses a needle to remove a small sample of your bone marrow. Bone marrow biopsy: With a different needle, he removes a tiny piece of bone filled with marrow. He'll probably take it from your hip. The numbers and types of cells in the marrow will help him decide if you have myelofibrosis.


Question: How is myelofibrosis diagnosed?

Answer: Because every case is different, a physical exam, blood tests, and other tests are all key to help figure out if you have the disease. He'll test a sample of your blood for signs of anemia. The numbers and types of cells in the marrow will help him decide if you have myelofibrosis.


Question: How can gene tests help in the diagnosis of myelofibrosis?

Answer: They may call them mutations. They're often seen with myelofibrosis. An MRI can look for changes in bone marrow that can be signs of myelofibrosis.


Question: What can I do if I'm anxious as a caregiver?

Answer: You may have a long list of concerns: â What if I'm not around when something goes wrong? What if I make a mistake?â Anxiety happens when we feel out of control. It's also a warning to pay attention and tend to your own needs. What you can do: Try to avoid focusing too much on what ifs. Keep your attention on things you can control, like making a backup plan for when you can't be around.


Question: Where can I find a support group for caregivers?

Answer: Accept your experience. Schedule them in, if you can. And you can share tips with other caregivers.


Question: What are some things I can do to take care of my physical health if I'm a caregiver?

Answer: If you feel like you're not doing enough, imagine if you weren't there -- look at the difference you make every day. Remember, tending to yourself means you'll be a better caregiver. Try to: Eat healthy Exercise 30 minutes a day Get enough sleep Keep your own doctor's appointments Meditate or do yoga Focus on the positive.


Question: Who can I talk to about my caregiver stress?

Answer: If family or friends can't buy you time, check with a faith-based or community group. Talk to friends or family who give you positive support. A therapist can be a great help, too.


Question: How does it help me to accept my feelings when I'm a caregiver?

Answer: Emotions just arise whether you want them to or not. You can't control them. And the only thing they say about you is that you're human. The key is to let them be there and try not to act on them. See if you can understand what triggers a feeling. It may guide you to a solution.


Question: How can I keep up with my social life if I'm a caregiver?

Answer: Also, exercise and social activities are great ways to handle sadness and depression. And keep up with hobbies, community groups, and activities that bring you joy and meaning. If family or friends can't buy you time, check with a faith-based or community group. For example, maybe you feel: A sense of purpose in your life Closer to your loved one Fulfilled in giving back to someone you love Good about yourself Pleased to model caregiving for your children so they might do the same someday Satisfied knowing that your loved one gets great care


Question: What conditions can be treated with L-tryptophan supplements?

Answer: Early research in people hints that L-tryptophan supplements may be helpful for: Obstructive sleep apnea Seasonal affective disorder ( SAD) L-tryptophan is found in meats such as turkey and chicken.


Question: Can premenstrual syndrome be treated by L-tryptophan?

Answer: Some women take L-tryptophan supplements to try to ease mood swings due to premenstrual syndrome ( PMS), also called premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD). The theory is that these conditions may be linked to a problem with serotonin processing in the body, and that L-tryptophan could help that. However, there is little evidence to show this really works.


Question: What are the side effects of taking L-tryptophan?

Answer: Side effects of L-tryptophan may include: Blurred vision Dizziness Drowsiness and fatigue Head twitching Hives Nausea Loss of muscle coordination and muscle stiffness Strong, pounding heart beat (palpitations) Sweating Tremor L-tryptophan can interfere with many different medicines.


Question: Why do people take L-tryptophan?

Answer: Some women take L-tryptophan supplements to try to ease mood swings due to premenstrual syndrome ( PMS), also called premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD).


Question: What are symptoms of serotonin syndrome linked to L-tryptophan?

Answer: Do not take L-tryptophan if you are on antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs), MAO inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants and atypical antidepressants.. Doing so may lead to a life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome. Symptoms of serotonin syndrome are: Extreme anxiety Easily startled Rapid heart beats Delirium Severe muscle spasms Increased body temperature L-tryptophan supplements should be used with caution in pregnant women.


Question: What is L-tryptophan?

Answer: Serotonin helps control your mood and sleep. The theory is that these conditions may be linked to a problem with serotonin processing in the body, and that L-tryptophan could help that.


Question: Can L-tryptophan help with some mental health disorders?

Answer: Some people take L-tryptophan supplements to try to help them sleep. There is limited research to back these claims and studies show mixed results in supporting these claims. The supplements have since been re-introduced to the U. S. market.


Question: How is a radioactive seed implant performed to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: The procedure is performed as follows: After general or spinal anesthesia, the legs are elevated and padded very carefully. The ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum and is used to take pictures of the prostate. The probe remains in place throughout the procedure. The radioactive seeds are loaded into the designated number of needles. In a specific order, each needle is inserted through the skin in the perineum (the area between the base of the scrotum and the anus) and into the prostate using continuous ultrasound guidance. Once accurate needle placement is confirmed, the seeds in that needle are released. This process is continued until all of the radioactive seeds have been implanted. No surgical incision or cutting is necessary. For HDR, once the needle or catheter placements are confirmed, they are filled with a radioactive material. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed. The urologist inserts a tube with a camera called a cystoscope through the penis and into the bladder. If he or she detects any loose radioactive seeds within the urethra or bladder, they are removed. If some blood is in the urine, the urologist may place a catheter into the bladder for a short period of time to ensure proper drainage. All patients are instructed how to drain urine from the bladder, if necessary.


Question: What happens before a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?

Answer: A transrectal ultrasound is done to provide the radiation oncologist with specific details about your case. Newer techniques using a CAT scan or MRI may be used to guide the proper placement of the implants. This information is used to custom-design the treatment plan for you. Another option is for the ultrasound and treatment plan to be done at the same time as the radioactive seeds are implanted.


Question: What are the side effects of radioactive seed implants for prostate cancer?

Answer: Urinary symptoms are the most common. These include frequent urination and a need to get to the bathroom quickly. Some men have a burning with urination and, in a few cases, an inability to empty the bladder completely. These symptoms can usually be managed with medicine, and they improve over time. Temporary self-catheterization may be necessary to help drain the bladder. Urinary incontinence from brachytherapy is rare. The risk may be somewhat increased in patients who have undergone a previous surgical procedure to remove a part of the prostate called a TURP (transurethral resection of the prostate). A doctor can minimize this risk by doing a careful prostate ultrasound before the procedure to determine how much prostate tissue is still present to implant the seeds. Rectal bleeding occurs in less than 1% of patients. Diarrhea is rare. The impotence rate at five years after the procedure is about 25% using brachytherapy alone. If hormone therapy is added, the impotence rate rises depending on the duration of the hormonal treatment.


Question: What are the results from a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?

Answer: Results from this treatment approach show that in patients with similar types of prostate cancer, brachytherapy alone or in combination with external beam radiation therapy appears as effective as a radical prostatectomy and regular external radiation therapy.


Question: What happens during a radioactive seed implant for prostate cancer?

Answer: A radiation oncologist and urologist perform the procedure. Both physicians are actively involved in all aspects of the implantation, from the planning to the post-operative care. During the procedure, the urologist provides ultrasound guidance and the radiation oncologist places the radioactive seeds. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed. Urinary symptoms are the most common.


Question: What are radioactive seed implants?

Answer: Brachytherapy, or internal radiation therapy, are also terms used to describe this procedure. There are two types of prostate brachytherapy: permanent and temporary. Results from this treatment approach show that in patients with similar types of prostate cancer, brachytherapy alone or in combination with external beam radiation therapy appears as effective as a radical prostatectomy and regular external radiation therapy.


Question: How is a temporary (high dose rate) brachytherapy done to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: With this technique, hollow needles or hollow catheters are placed into the prostate gland, which are then filled with radioactive material (iridium-192 or cesium 137) for 5-15 minutes. After a period of minutes both the needles and the radioactive material are removed.


Question: Who can get radioactive seed implants to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Radioactive seed implants are a form of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Therefore, the best candidates for these procedures are patients who have a cancer that is contained within the prostate and is not very aggressive. Rectal bleeding occurs in less than 1% of patients.


Question: How is a permanent (low dose rate) brachytherapy done to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Anywhere from 40 to 100 seeds are commonly implanted. The implants remain in place permanently, and become biologically inert (no longer useful) after a period of months. This technique allows a high dose of radiation to be delivered to the prostate with limited damage to surrounding tissues. With this technique, hollow needles or hollow catheters are placed into the prostate gland, which are then filled with radioactive material (iridium-192 or cesium 137) for 5-15 minutes. Another option is for the ultrasound and treatment plan to be done at the same time as the radioactive seeds are implanted.


Question: Does sunlight affect eczema?

Answer: Know how the sun affects you. Sunlight can be a salve for eczema. In fact, people with severe cases can benefit from ultraviolet ray treatments. But others find that sunlight is a trigger. If you're one of them, shield yourself with clothes and a hat.


Question: How can I avoid indoor allergens to ease eczema symptoms?

Answer: Sweating dries out your skin, and the salt in sweat can sting and irritate it. Wear layers, and take them off and put them on as needed to stay comfortable.


Question: Are summer weather and sweat bad for eczema?

Answer: Hot, cold, humid, and dry -- any type of weather can cause an eczema flare-up in some people. Others find that the hot weather triggers prickly heat and a frenzy of scratching. To ease symptoms, try these tips: Don't get too sweaty. Sweating dries out your skin, and the salt in sweat can sting and irritate it. So try to stay cool. Take it easy on hot days and stick to indoor activities. Use air conditioning or a fan if you need one.


Question: Why should you avoid hot water for showers or baths if you have eczema?

Answer: If you're outside more in the warmer months and huddled under a blanket in the winter, you'll be exposed to different eczema triggers in different seasons. Hot water can trigger symptoms, especially if you're changing temperatures quickly -- like coming inside from shoveling snow and hopping into a hot bath.


Question: What is gastroparesis?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Gastroparesis is a condition in which your stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal fashion. It can be caused by damage to the vagus nerve, which regulates the digestive system. A damaged vagus nerve prevents the muscles in the stomach and intestine from functioning, preventing food from moving through the digestive system properly. Often, the cause of gastroparesis is unknown.


Question: How is gastroparesis diagnosed using ultrasound?

Answer: Ultrasound : This is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of body organs. Your doctor may use ultrasound to eliminate other diseases.


Question: What medications can you use for gastroparesis?

Answer: Some patients may benefit from medications, including: Reglan (metoclopramide): You take this drug before eating and it causes the stomach muscles to contract and move food along. Reglan also decreases the incidence of vomiting and nausea. Side effects include diarrhea, drowsiness, anxiety, and, rarely, a serious neurological disorder. Erythromycin: This is an antibiotic that also causes stomach contractions and helps move food out. Side effects include diarrhea and development of resistant bacteria from prolonged exposure to the antibiotic. Antiemetics: These are drugs that help control nausea.


Question: What is the treatment for gastroparesis?

Answer: This means that treatment usually doesn't cure the disease. But there are steps you can take to manage and control the condition.


Question: What causes gastroparesis?

Answer: However, the causes of gastroparesis can include: Uncontrolled diabetes Gastric surgery with injury to the vagus nerve Medications such as narcotics and some antidepressants Parkinson's disease Multiple sclerosis Rare conditions such as: amyloidosis (deposits of protein fibers in tissues and organs) and scleroderma (a connective tissue disorder that affects the skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, and internal organs) There are many symptoms of gastroparesis, including: Heartburn or GERD Nausea Vomiting undigested food Feeling full quickly when eating Abdominal bloating Poor appetite and weight loss Poor blood sugar control Some of the complications of gastroparesis include: Food that stays in the stomach too long can ferment, which can lead to the growth of bacteria.


Question: What are other treatment options for gastroparesis?

Answer: Bezoars can cause obstructions in the stomach that keep food from passing into the small intestine. This can relax the valve, keeping it open for a longer period of time to allow the stomach to empty. Another treatment option is intravenous or parenteral nutrition. This is a feeding method in which nutrients go directly into the bloodstream through a catheter placed into a vein in your chest. Parenteral nutrition is intended to be a temporary measure for a severe case of gastroparesis.


Question: Are there warning signs of panic attacks?

Answer: The physical changes may start about an hour before an attack. In one study, people with panic disorder wore devices that tracked their heart activity, sweating, and breathing. The results showed lower-than-normal levels of carbon dioxide, a sign of rapid, deep breathing that can leave you breathless, as early as about 45 minutes before the panic attack.


Question: What happens in my brain during a panic attack?

Answer: These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. It's possible that the parts of the brain that are tied to fear become more active during an episode. One recent study found that people with panic disorder had lots of activity in a part of their brains tied to the âfight or flightâ response. Other studies have found possible links between panic disorder and the chemicals in your brain. The condition may also be linked to an imbalance in serotonin levels, which can affect your moods.


Question: What should you do if you have a panic attack?

Answer: These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. To get through a panic attack, try to take control of your breathing first. Find a place where you can sit or be comfortable. Concentrate on making your breath slow and even. Try to inhale through your nose for 4 seconds, hold it for 2 seconds, then exhale through your mouth for 6 seconds. Tell yourself that you're not in danger and that the attack will pass. If you're not sure if you're having a panic attack, it's a good idea to go to the hospital to rule out any other health problems. Panic disorder is one of the most treatable types of anxiety disorders. Medication and a type of talk therapy called cognitive behavioral therapy can help. See your doctor if you have panic attacks often.


Question: What happens inside my body during a panic attack?

Answer: These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. Your body's âfight or flightâ response is behind these intense physical symptoms. Normally when you encounter a threat -- whether it's a grizzly bear or a swerving car -- your nervous system springs into action. The hormone adrenaline floods into your bloodstream, putting your body on high alert. Your heartbeat quickens, which sends more blood to your muscles. Your breathing becomes fast and shallow, so you can take in more oxygen. Your blood sugar spikes. Your senses get sharper. All of these changes -- which happen in an instant -- give you the energy you need to confront a dangerous situation or get out of harm's way quickly. With random panic attacks, your body goes on alert for no reason.


Question: What does a panic attack feel like?

Answer: You can't catch your breath. You feel consumed by fear and may even think you're dying -- even though you're really in no danger. This is what it feels like to have a panic attack. These episodes of extreme fear often happen without warning. You may have one or more panic attacks during your life, or you may never have one. Your body's âfight or flightâ response is behind these intense physical symptoms.


Question: How is rosacea linked to dry eye?

Answer: Rosacea is a common skin disease that causes rosy patches on your skin and dry or oily spots, usually on the face. There's a related condition called ocular rosacea that can cause dry eye. Rosacea and ocular rosacea seem to be linked to autoimmune disorders, which happen when the immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- kicks into overdrive and attacks different parts of your body. Ocular rosacea may also be related to mites that live on your eyelashes or bacteria from the skin that end up on your eyelid.


Question: How can ocular rosacea affect your eyes?

Answer: There's a related condition called ocular rosacea that can cause dry eye. They're located on the rim of your upper and lower eyelids -- the spot where they meet when your eyes close. These glands make the oily surface layer on the eyes, which keeps them moist and prevents tears from drying up. Ocular rosacea may also damage the lacrimal gland, which makes tears. As with ocular rosacea and blepharitis, pruritus may involve problems with the glands on the eyelids.


Question: How can blepharitis affect your eyes?

Answer: There's a related condition called ocular rosacea that can cause dry eye. When you have blepharitis, your eyelids become inflamed or swollen. Blepharitis that's on the inside of your eyelid (the part that touches the eyeball) is called posterior blepharitis. Blepharitis that affects the place where your lashes attach to the eyelid, called anterior blepharitis, can be caused by scalp or eyebrow dandruff. As with ocular rosacea and blepharitis, pruritus may involve problems with the glands on the eyelids.


Question: How can pruritus cause dry eye?

Answer: Rosacea, blepharitis, and pruritus on the eyelids or near the eye are some of the skin conditions that are linked to dry eye. Pruritus is the medical term for itching. Various skin problems can cause it. Besides feeling itchy, you may get swelling of the area around your eyelid or scales on your eyelids. As with ocular rosacea and blepharitis, pruritus may involve problems with the glands on the eyelids. The itchiness may stop at night, possibly because closed eyelids keep the oily film made by the glands in place, which prevents your tears from drying up.


Question: When do I need a tooth extraction for periodontal (gum) disease?

Answer: If periodontal disease -- an infection of the tissues and bones that surround and support the teeth -- have caused loosening of the teeth, it may be necessary to the pull the tooth or teeth.


Question: What happens before a tooth extraction?

Answer: Dentists and oral surgeons (dentists with special training to perform surgery) perform tooth extractions. Before pulling the tooth, your dentist will give you an injection of a local anesthetic to numb the area where the tooth will be removed. In some instances, your dentist may use a strong general anesthetic. This will prevent pain throughout your body and make you sleep through the procedure.


Question: What does recovery after a tooth extraction entail?

Answer: You should also call your dentist if you experience any of the following: Signs of infection, including fever and chills Nausea or vomiting Redness, swelling, or excessive discharge from the affected area Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting The initial healing period usually takes about one to two weeks. New bone and gum tissue will grow into the gap. Over time, however, having a tooth (or teeth) missing can cause the remaining teeth to shift, affecting your bite and making it difficult to chew. For that reason, your dentist may advise replacing the missing tooth or teeth with an implant, fixed bridge, or denture.


Question: When should you call the dentist about a tooth extraction?

Answer: It is normal to feel some pain after the anesthesia wears off. For 24 hours after having a tooth pulled, you should also expect some swelling and residual bleeding. However, if either bleeding or pain is still severe more than four hours after your tooth is pulled, you should call your dentist. You should also call your dentist if you experience any of the following: Signs of infection, including fever and chills Nausea or vomiting Redness, swelling, or excessive discharge from the affected area Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting The initial healing period usually takes about one to two weeks.


Question: When do I need a tooth extraction to avoid infection?

Answer: If your immune system is compromised (for example, if you are receiving chemotherapy or are having an organ transplant), even the risk of infection in a particular tooth may be reason enough to pull the tooth.


Question: When do I need a tooth extraction for an infection?

Answer: Infection. If periodontal disease -- an infection of the tissues and bones that surround and support the teeth -- have caused loosening of the teeth, it may be necessary to the pull the tooth or teeth.


Question: What should I tell your dentist before I have a tooth pulled?

Answer: Having a tooth pulled in adulthood is sometimes necessary. Risk of infection. If you have a condition that puts you at high risk for developing a severe infection, you may need to take antibiotics before and after the extraction. Before having a tooth pulled, let your dentist know your complete medical history, the medications and supplements you take, and if you have one of the following: Damaged or man-made heart valves Congenital heart defect Impaired immune system Liver disease (cirrhosis) Artificial joint, such as a hip replacement History of bacterial endocarditis Following an extraction, your dentist will send you home to recover.


Question: What are examples of questions your doctor might ask you when screening for depression?

Answer: When you take this test, you will be asked to answer two questions: During the past month, have you been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? During the past month, have you been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things?


Question: What central nervous system illnesses can lead to depression?

Answer: Many central nervous system illnesses and injuries can also lead to depression. For example, depression might be associated with any of the following conditions: Central nervous system tumors Head trauma Multiple sclerosis Stroke Syphilis Various cancers (pancreas, prostate, breast) Corticosteroid medications such as prednisone, which people take for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or asthma, are also associated with depression.


Question: What is the goal of a physical exam  when diagnosing depression?

Answer: Again, the goal with a physical exam is usually to rule out another medical cause for depression. Other endocrine disorders associated with depression include hyperthyroidism -- caused by an overactive thyroid -- and Cushing's disease -- a disorder of the adrenal gland.


Question: What depression screening instruments  measure the severity of depression?

Answer: Your doctor can usually tell if you have depression by asking you specific questions and doing a physical exam. Examples include: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 ( PHQ-9) -- a 9-item self-administered diagnostic screening and severity tool based on current diagnostic criteria for major depression Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI), -- a 21-question multiple-choice self-report that measures the severity of depression symptoms and feelings Zung Self- Rating Depression Scale -- a short survey that measures the level of depression, ranging from normal to severely depressed Center for Epidemiologic Studies- Depression Scale ( CES- D) -- an instrument that allows patients to evaluate their feelings, behavior, and outlook from the previous week Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression ( HRSD), also known as the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HDRS) or abbreviated to HAM- D -- a multiple choice questionnaire that doctors may use to rate the severity of a patient's depression When you take a test or inventory, you may feel uncomfortable responding honestly to questions or statements that are made.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose depression?

Answer: In most cases, the doctor will do a physical exam and ask for specific lab tests to make sure your depression symptoms aren't related to a condition such as thyroid disease, vitamin D deficiency, or another medical problem. If your symptoms are related to another serious illness, treating that illness may also help ease the depression. Your doctor can usually tell if you have depression by asking you specific questions and doing a physical exam.


Question: How can lumbar puncture (spinal tap) help in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Lumbar Puncture ( Spinal Tap) This test uses a needle to remove a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF), the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The CSF is examined under a microscope to see if it contains leukemia cells.


Question: What gene tests can help diagnose acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. These tests look for immature or abnormal cells in your blood and bone marrow: Blood tests Bone marrow tests Lumbar puncture Imaging tests Gene tests Blood Tests During a blood test, your doctor uses a needle to take a sample of blood from a vein in your arm. Gene Tests There are several forms of AML. Your doctor can find out which one you have by looking for gene changes in a sample of your blood or bone marrow. These tests include: Cytogenetic analysis looks for chromosome changes in your cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization ( FISH) looks for abnormal chromosomes in your cells using special dyes that attach to certain parts of the chromosome. Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) uses chemicals to find changes in genes.


Question: How can peripheral blood smear help in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Peripheral blood smear.


Question: How can bone marrow test help in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Bone Marrow Test To confirm that you have AML, you'll also need a bone marrow test. The doctor will place a needle into a bone -- usually near your hip -- and remove a little bit of fluid or a small piece of bone. The sample will go to a lab for testing. A doctor called a pathologist will look at your cells under a microscope. If 20% or more of the blood cells in your bone marrow are immature, you may be diagnosed with AML.


Question: How can complete blood count (CBC) help in the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: AML affects immature blood cells called stem cells that grow into white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. This test checks how many white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets you have. With AML, you may have more white blood cells and fewer red blood cells and platelets than normal.


Question: What is palliative care for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease?

Answer: At any point in your life with lung disease, ask your doctor about palliative care to help you feel more comfortable. Palliative care is any treatment that helps to ease symptoms or just make you feel better. You may need oxygen therapy to help you breathe more easily, take meds for your upset stomach, or see a counselor to deal with stress.


Question: Which antibiotics are used to treat mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease?

Answer: Doctors treat mycobacterium avium complex ( MAC) disease, the most common NTM lung infection, with a combination of three antibiotics: Either azithromycin and clarithromycin Ethambutol Rifampin If you have more severe MAC disease that results from cavities in your lungs, your doctor may try rifabutin instead of rifampin.


Question: Do people get surgery for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease?

Answer: Antibiotics alone may not clear up your infection or ease your symptoms. Some people also need surgery to take out damaged lung tissue.


Question: How will your doctor decide which antibiotic to use for mild nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease?

Answer: Your doctor will decide which antibiotic to try first based on: The exact type of bacteria that caused your infection and how it reacts to different drugs Your age Your symptoms Your overall health Other medications you take How severe your disease seems to be Most people with an NTM lung infection start with a combination of antibiotics that they take three times a week. You may have to change medications if the bacteria become resistant to your doctor's first choice, but she has several options to choose from.


Question: How can surgery help treat nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease?

Answer: Clinical trials are underway for a new type of drug to treat MAC-related NTM lung disease. Antibiotics alone may not clear up your infection or ease your symptoms. Some people also need surgery to take out damaged lung tissue. Surgery along with antibiotics can clear up an NTM lung infection in many people.


Question: How can you prevent nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease?

Answer: Clinical trials are underway for a new type of drug to treat MAC-related NTM lung disease. These bacteria are often found in water or moist places, so take these easy steps: Avoid hot tubs or spas. If you have a hot tub, make sure it's outside your house.


Question: What are some complementary treatments for nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease?

Answer: Others require ongoing treatments to keep their disease under control. You'll need to take antibiotics. Clinical trials are underway for a new type of drug to treat MAC-related NTM lung disease. There are other things you can try to ease your symptoms and help clear up your infection. Talk to your doctor first if you'd like to try any of these therapies: Nebulized hypertonic saline: A machine called a nebulizer sprays sterile, salty water into your airways to help clear mucus from your lungs. High-frequency chest wall oscillation: This device loosens mucus in your lungs. Physical therapy Huff cough, a technique to clear out the gunk You can also: Get some aerobic exercise.


Question: What can you expect with treatment for mild nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease?

Answer: You'll cough up some mucus and she'll send it to a lab for tests. You can stop taking the meds when the results have come back negative for a year. To treat it, you'll probably take azithromycin or clarithromycin to start. If they don't help, the doctor will switch you to ethambutol with or without rifabutin.


Question: How can palliative care help with  nontuberculous mycobacterial  (NTM) lung disease?

Answer: Clinical trials are underway for a new type of drug to treat MAC-related NTM lung disease. Lung disease symptoms and the treatments for them may make you feel awful at times. At any point in your life with lung disease, ask your doctor about palliative care to help you feel more comfortable. Palliative care is any treatment that helps to ease symptoms or just make you feel better. You may need oxygen therapy to help you breathe more easily, take meds for your upset stomach, or see a counselor to deal with stress.


Question: What are feeding questions you can ask at your baby's 12-month checkup?

Answer: Is it OK if my baby won't eat sometimes? Can I introduce whole milk now? When do I need to wean my baby from a bottle?


Question: What happens during your baby's 12 month checkup?

Answer: Check your baby's weight, length, and head circumference Perform a physical exam of your baby Possibly give your baby vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, or another (booster) shot of a vaccine your baby has already had Recommend a flu shot if it's fall or winter Is your baby pulling up?


Question: What should your baby's doctor do at your baby's 12 month checkup?

Answer: Check your baby's weight, length, and head circumference Perform a physical exam of your baby Possibly give your baby vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, or another (booster) shot of a vaccine your baby has already had Recommend a flu shot if it's fall or winter Is your baby pulling up? Standing? Walking? What and how many words can your baby say? Does your baby point at things and use both hands when playing?


Question: What are feeding tips for your 12-month-old baby?

Answer: Check your baby's weight, length, and head circumference Perform a physical exam of your baby Possibly give your baby vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, or another (booster) shot of a vaccine your baby has already had Recommend a flu shot if it's fall or winter Is your baby pulling up? When do I need to wean my baby from a bottle? Your baby may be pickier and less interested in food. This is a good time to grow his taste buds. Remember, baby may not like a particular food on the first try. But keep trying! Giving fruit is ALWAYS better than juice. Limit juice to ½ cup a day. Water is even better. Unless your baby's doctor suggests 2%, your baby should start drinking whole milk now because he needs the fat for growth. What are good toys for babies at this age? Your baby will need to be in a rear-facing car seat until age 2.


Question: What are baby development tips?

Answer: Remember, baby may not like a particular food on the first try. Make time to read, play, and talk to your baby each day. When you're with baby, say the names of things to help his language skills. Pull toys, blocks for stacking and building, and balls are good for this age. TV or media is not a good idea. Try putting on music instead. Make sure your home is baby-proofed for the safety of your mobile or nearly mobile baby. Your baby will need to be in a rear-facing car seat until age 2. Never leave baby alone in the car.


Question: What are feeding tips for your 12 month baby?

Answer: Check your baby's weight, length, and head circumference Perform a physical exam of your baby Possibly give your baby vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, or another (booster) shot of a vaccine your baby has already had Recommend a flu shot if it's fall or winter Is your baby pulling up? Remember, baby may not like a particular food on the first try. But keep trying! Giving fruit is ALWAYS better than juice. Limit juice to ½ cup a day. Water is even better. Unless your baby's doctor suggests 2%, your baby should start drinking whole milk now because he needs the fat for growth. If you are weaning your baby from the bottle, wean gradually, first at mealtimes and finally before bed. Putting just water in baby's bottle may help with weaning.


Question: What causes circadian rhythm disorders?

Answer: Circadian rhythm disorders can be caused by many factors, including: Shift work Pregnancy Time zone changes Medications Changes in routine such as staying up late or sleeping in Medical problems including Alzheimer's or Parkinson disease Mental health problems Menopause Jet Lag or Rapid Time Zone Change Syndrome: This syndrome consists of symptoms that include excessive sleepiness and a lack of daytime alertness in people who travel across time zones.


Question: How long does it take for birth control pills to work?

Answer: I just started taking the birth control pill. Can I can stop using contraception? It can take time for the hormones in the pill to work.


Question: If I don't have a condom, can I use plastic wrap or a balloon?

Answer: Plastic wrap, balloons, and other materials don't work. They don't fit and can fall off. They also break easily. Condoms are designed to stay on during sex, and they've been tested to make sure they work.


Question: Can a woman get pregnant the first time she has sex?

Answer: Can I get pregnant if it's my first time having sex?


Question: Can breastfeeding help with birth control?

Answer: Can I get pregnant if I'm already pregnant? I'm breastfeeding.


Question: Are certain sex positions effective birth control?

Answer: Even if the man removes his penis before he ejaculates, sperm in the pre-ejaculate can still get the woman pregnant. This may be caused by ejaculation near the vagina. You'll get pregnant anytime sperm fertilizes an egg, whether or not there's an orgasm involved. Some people think that certain positions, such as standing up, keep sperm from entering the vagina.


Question: Can douching keep me from getting pregnant?

Answer: This is called the rhythm method. Even if it seems like the ejaculate would fall out of your body, enough of the sperm could enter and can lead to pregnancy.


Question: How does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for overactive bladder (OAB) work?

Answer: They include: Bruises or bleeding where the needle is inserted Tingling or mild pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS). This procedure strengthens the muscles that control urination. Your doctor places thin wires inside your vagina, if you're female, or in your bottom, if you're male. It delivers pulses of electricity that stimulate your bladder muscles to make them stronger. Studies show that electrical stimulation works better than fake stimulation (placebo) or Kegel exercises to relieve OAB symptoms. It's not clear whether one type of stimulation works better or is safer than another.


Question: What is electrical stimulation for overactive bladder (OAB)?

Answer: Electrical stimulation may give you better control over the muscles in your bladder, a sac-shaped organ that holds your urine. Your doctor may recommend it if medicine, pelvic exercise, and other lifestyle changes haven't worked for you. It might take some trial and error to find the right treatment for your OAB.


Question: How does percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for overactive bladder (OAB) work?

Answer: One requires surgery. Sacral nerve stimulation ( SNS). The wire connects to a battery-powered device called a stimulator that you wear outside your body. A stimulator on the outside of your body sends electrical impulses through the needle to the nerve, and on to other nerves in your spine that control your bladder. Each PTNS treatment takes about 30 minutes. Usually, you'll have 12 sessions, once a week. You might need more sessions to keep seeing results.


Question: What physical problems can cause Ganser syndrome?

Answer: Another factor that may contribute to Ganser syndrome is a desire to avoid responsibility or an unpleasant situation. There are also physical problems that may cause the symptoms of Ganser syndrome.


Question: How is Ganser syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: In addition, doctors must rule out any possible physical problems, such as stroke or head injury, as the cause of the symptoms before considering a diagnosis of Ganser syndrome. If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interviews and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a factitious disorder. The doctor bases his or her diagnosis on the exclusion of actual physical or mental illness and his or her observation of the patient's attitude and behavior. It is difficult to predict whether and when symptoms of Ganser syndrome are likely to go away.


Question: How common is Ganser syndrome, and can it be prevented?

Answer: Ganser syndrome is very rare. It is more common in men than in women and most often occurs in the late teens and early adult years. There is no known way to prevent this condition.


Question: How is Ganser syndrome treated?

Answer: There are also physical problems that may cause the symptoms of Ganser syndrome. For people with histrionic personality disorder, their self-esteem depends on the approval of others and does not arise from a true feeling of self-worth. If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Medication usually is not used, unless the person also suffers from depression, anxiety, or psychosis.


Question: How does a doctor diagnose Tietze syndrome?

Answer: Because there is no special test for Tietze syndrome, doctors usually want to know about your symptoms. Your doctor will probably do a physical exam which could involve pressing on your chest. He may also order tests to rule out other things. These tests might include X-rays, an ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), a biopsy, or an electrocardiogram to see the electrical activity in your heart.


Question: What is Tietze syndrome?

Answer: Usually the second or third ribs are most affected. Tietz syndrome is congenital, or present from birth, and is also rare.


Question: What causes Tietze syndrome?

Answer: Sometimes Tietze syndrome happens as a result of having other things, such as psoriatic arthritis. Coughing, sneezing, exercise or other physical activity, breathing deeply, laughing, wearing a seatbelt, hugging someone, or even just lying down might make the pain worse.


Question: Who is more likely to get hyponatremia?

Answer: But at any age, you're more likely to get it if you have a condition like kidney disease, SIADH, or heart failure. It can also happen if you take the drugs that make the condition more likely. If you drink too much water when you do something that's physically very hard -- like a marathon -- you may be more likely to develop hyponatremia.


Question: What is a rebound headache?

Answer: If you take headache medicine too often, it can backfire. Your pain can come on stronger and more often. Doctors call this a "rebound" or "medication overuse" headache.


Question: What are the side effects of a migraine, aside from head pain?

Answer: Migraine can have many triggers, including: Stress Foods such as alcohol, aged cheese, and processed meats Caffeine (either from too much or from withdrawal) Menstruation Tension or fatigue Skipped meals Changes in your sleep patterns Besides head pain, migraine can make you sensitive to light, noise, and smells. You may have "auras," which means you have blurred vision or see spots, dots, or wavy lines. You may also have nausea and fatigue.


Question: What is the treatment for a rebound headache?

Answer: You'll need to work with your doctor to find the right treatment. Often, you just have to cut back on the medicine you take.


Question: What are the triggers of a migraine headache?

Answer: Migraine can have many triggers, including: Stress Foods such as alcohol, aged cheese, and processed meats Caffeine (either from too much or from withdrawal) Menstruation Tension or fatigue Skipped meals Changes in your sleep patterns Besides head pain, migraine can make you sensitive to light, noise, and smells.


Question: What are the triggers of a tension headache?

Answer: Triggers can include: Stress Trouble sleeping Neck pain Hunger Alcohol Caffeine Jaw or dental problems These headaches aren't typically made worse by physical activity, light, smells, or sounds. And they usually don't come with nausea and vomiting.


Question: What should someone do if they want to stop their headache pain?

Answer: To find the fix that works for you, you first need to know what type of headache you have.


Question: What are rebound or medication overuse headaches?

Answer: If you take headache medicine too often, it can backfire. Your pain can come on stronger and more often. Doctors call this a "rebound" or "medication overuse" headache. You'll need to work with your doctor to find the right treatment. Often, you just have to cut back on the medicine you take.


Question: How often does someone get tension headaches?

Answer: Triggers can include: Stress Trouble sleeping Neck pain Hunger Alcohol Caffeine Jaw or dental problems These headaches aren't typically made worse by physical activity, light, smells, or sounds. And they usually don't come with nausea and vomiting. Yours are "episodic" if you get them fewer than 15 days a month. They're "chronic" if you get them more often than that.


Question: What triggers migraines?

Answer: Migraine can have many triggers, including: Stress Foods such as alcohol, aged cheese, and processed meats Caffeine (either from too much or from withdrawal) Menstruation Tension or fatigue Skipped meals Changes in your sleep patterns Besides head pain, migraine can make you sensitive to light, noise, and smells. You may have "auras," which means you have blurred vision or see spots, dots, or wavy lines. You may also have nausea and fatigue.


Question: What causes a sinus headache?

Answer: These result from sinus congestion and inflammation, typically from a cold, the flu, or allergies such as hay fever.


Question: Why do mild to moderate headaches start?

Answer: Some people find that it strikes after an infection, flu-like illness, surgery, or stressful event. The pain tends to be moderate, but for some people, it's severe. And it's often hard to treat. Symptoms can vary widely. Some are like tension headaches. Others share symptoms of migraine, such as nausea or sensitivity to light. Call your doctor if your headache won't go away or if it's severe. Doctors call this a "rebound" or "medication overuse" headache.


Question: What causes a new daily persistent headache?

Answer: Some people find that it strikes after an infection, flu-like illness, surgery, or stressful event. Doctors call this a "rebound" or "medication overuse" headache.


Question: Where is the pain during a migraine headache?

Answer: It can throb and get worse with physical activity. If you get one of these, you'll usually feel pain on both sides of your head or neck, not just on one side. The pain tends to be moderate, but for some people, it's severe. They're not all alike.


Question: Does weather cause a sinus headache?

Answer: And they usually don't come with nausea and vomiting. Cold and damp weather can make it hurt more, too.


Question: How do you correct your vision?

Answer: They're practical, affordable, and safe. Contact lenses are good if you have an active lifestyle or don't like wearing eyeglasses. They work the same way as glasses but stay in place when you're on the move. Plus you can wear sunglasses with them, which helps if you spend a lot of time outside. There are many different brands, colors, and materials, so get yours fitted by an eye health pro. Corrective surgery changes the way your eye bends light. You don't get it done for looks. You do it because it helps you depend less on glasses or contacts. You may not need to correct your vision at all after it.


Question: What does visual acuity mean?

Answer: This checks your central vision -- how you make out the fine details of objects.


Question: What vision care does health insurance cover?

Answer: Most vision health insurance plans cover some or all costs of nonmedical-related vision care. Check with your provider to figure out what's covered. If you don't have vision health insurance, some doctors will set up a payment plan you can afford. If you have a medical eye problem, your regular health insurance will usually cover treatment.


Question: How often should I see an eye doctor?

Answer: Go right away if you have sudden vision loss, eye pain, or irritation. Your doctor can find most eye diseases during a routine exam. Many can be treated with success when you start early. If you have health problems, like diabetes, you may need to go to the eye doctor more often to keep tabs on any complications.


Question: How is visual acuity tested?

Answer: It's easy -- you'll read an eye chart. Simple tests, like the " Random E Test," can determine the visual acuity of infants or nonreaders.


Question: How does your health insurance cover eye health?

Answer: Most vision health insurance plans cover some or all costs of nonmedical-related vision care. Check with your provider to figure out what's covered. If you don't have vision health insurance, some doctors will set up a payment plan you can afford. If you have a medical eye problem, your regular health insurance will usually cover treatment.


Question: How is your vision tested?

Answer: To keep your eyes in good shape, it's important to see an eye doctor at least once every couple of years as an adult. Simple tests, like the " Random E Test," can determine the visual acuity of infants or nonreaders.


Question: When do you get corrective vision surgery?

Answer: Corrective surgery changes the way your eye bends light. You may not need to correct your vision at all after it.


Question: What are early signs of hearing loss in children?

Answer: Unless your child was diagnosed with hearing loss at birth, you'll probably be the first person to notice if he has trouble picking up on sounds. Some early signs of a problem include: No reaction to loud noises No response to your voice Your child makes simple sounds that taper off A child with otitis media may also: Pull or rub an ear Be constantly cranky for no clear reason Stop paying attention Have little energy Not understand directions Often ask for the TV or radio to be louder Have a fever Have ear pain If you notice these symptoms in your child, talk with his doctor.


Question: How can watchful waiting help in treating otitis media in children?

Answer: The condition often goes away on its own, so sometimes the first treatment is simply to watch for changes.


Question: What are symptoms of otitis media in children with hearing loss?

Answer: Some early signs of a problem include: No reaction to loud noises No response to your voice Your child makes simple sounds that taper off A child with otitis media may also: Pull or rub an ear Be constantly cranky for no clear reason Stop paying attention Have little energy Not understand directions Often ask for the TV or radio to be louder Have a fever Have ear pain If you notice these symptoms in your child, talk with his doctor.


Question: How can problems at birth cause hearing loss in children?

Answer: Some children are born with hearing problems. Most of the time, they're tied to a child's genes. Other times, it happens during pregnancy or from prenatal care. Hearing loss can also happen when a pregnant woman has a medical condition like diabetes or preeclampsia. A baby born prematurely is at higher risk, too.


Question: How can implants help children with hearing loss?

Answer: They're usually only for children with serious hearing problems after hearing aids haven't helped. Many other devices can help children with hearing loss.


Question: How can otitis media cause hearing loss in children?

Answer: If you understand more about the condition, you can get your child the help he needs so he can learn, play, and keep up with other kids his age. The causes of hearing loss in children include: Otitis media. Some early signs of a problem include: No reaction to loud noises No response to your voice Your child makes simple sounds that taper off A child with otitis media may also: Pull or rub an ear Be constantly cranky for no clear reason Stop paying attention Have little energy Not understand directions Often ask for the TV or radio to be louder Have a fever Have ear pain If you notice these symptoms in your child, talk with his doctor. Ear tubes.


Question: How can ear tubes help in treating children with otitis media?

Answer: Fluid builds up behind the eardrum and can get infected. Your pediatrician may prescribe antibiotics or other meds for your child. If the problem doesn't go away and seems to be affecting your child's hearing, your pediatrician may suggest your child get these tubes. Your child will need minor surgery to get the ear tubes put in. In a hospital, he'll get medicine so he'll be asleep during the operation, but he should be able to go home when it's over.


Question: How can illness or injury cause hearing loss in children?

Answer: Head injuries, very loud noises, and some medications can also cause hearing loss. Some children with hearing loss feel isolated from other kids their age.


Question: What are sleepwalking symptoms?

Answer: Sleepwalking episodes can range from quiet walking about to agitated running or attempts to "escape." Other characteristics of sleepwalking include: A wide, glassy stare as the person quietly roams the house Slow responses to questions; if the sleepwalker is returned to bed without exchanging words, he or she usually won't remember the event upon awakening. Embarassment, especially among older children, who may awaken more easily at the end of an episode Sleepwalking is not associated with previous sleep problems, sleeping alone in a room or with others, fear of the dark, or anger outbursts. Some studies suggest that children who sleepwalk may have been more restless sleepers when they were ages 4 to 5, and more restless with more frequent awakenings during the first year of life.


Question: Is sleepwalking linked to other sleep problems?

Answer: Embarassment, especially among older children, who may awaken more easily at the end of an episode Sleepwalking is not associated with previous sleep problems, sleeping alone in a room or with others, fear of the dark, or anger outbursts. Some studies suggest that children who sleepwalk may have been more restless sleepers when they were ages 4 to 5, and more restless with more frequent awakenings during the first year of life.


Question: What are the symptoms of fatigue related to rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Symptoms: Fatigue, morning stiffness, joint pain, inflamed joints Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), a type of inflammatory arthritis, is another cause of excessive fatigue.


Question: What should you do if you are fatigued and are depressed or have anxiety?

Answer: Anxiety symptoms may include: agitation difficulty sleeping excessive worrying feeling "on alert" most of the time feeling of impending doom nervousness If you are depressed or have regular symptoms of anxiety, talk to your doctor and get a physical exam. If there is no physical cause for the depression or anxiety, your doctor may prescribe medication. Or your doctor may refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist for a psychological evaluation.


Question: How can you tell if you have sleep apnea related to fatigue?

Answer: Talk with your doctor about a sleep study (polysomnogram) to determine if you have sleep apnea.


Question: What medications can be used to treat mild rheumatoid arthritis related to fatigue?

Answer: Medications that may be used early in mild RA include: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Other drugs used in more serious forms of RA include the anti-cytokine therapies (anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents), as well as injections and other forms of treatment.


Question: How is an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) diagnosed relative to fatigue?

Answer: Blood tests known as T3 and T4 will detect thyroid hormones. If these hormones are low, synthetic hormones (medication) can bring you up to speed and you should begin to feel better fairly rapidly.


Question: What are the symptoms of fatigue from heart disease?

Answer: Symptoms: Fatigue with an activity that should be easy If you find yourself becoming exhausted after an activity that used to be easy -- for example, walking up the steps -- it may be time to talk to your doctor about the possibility of heart disease.


Question: What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes related to fatigue?

Answer: Treatment for type 2 diabetes may include: losing excess weight increasing physical activity maintaining strict blood glucose control taking diabetes medications (insulin or other drugs) eating a low glycemic index carbohydrate diet, or, though controversial, a low-carbohydrate diet Other lifestyle measures are important in staying well with type 2 diabetes. They include smoking cessation, blood pressure control, and reduction in cholesterol.


Question: What are the symptoms of fatigue related to type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms: Extreme fatigue, increased thirst and hunger, increased urination, unusual weight loss The incidence of type 2 diabetes is escalating in children and adults in the U. S. If you have symptoms of type 2 diabetes, call your doctor and ask to be tested.


Question: What can you do to reduce fatigue related to allergic rhinitis?

Answer: One way to reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis -- including fatigue -- is to take steps to avoid the offending allergen. In addition, proper medication can help with symptoms. Drugs that might help include: Nasal steroids Oral antihistamines Nasal antihistamines Leukotriene modifiers Mast cell stabilizers Allergy shots -- immunotherapy -- may help in severe cases. This treatment involves weekly shots of increasingly higher solutions of the offending allergens. Allergy shots take time to be effective and are usually administered over a period of three to five years.


Question: How is anemia diagnosed?

Answer: To confirm a diagnosis of anemia, your doctor will give you a blood test.


Question: What are the symptoms of fatigue from an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism)?

Answer: Symptoms: Extreme fatigue, sluggishness, feeling run down, depression, cold intolerance, weight gain The problem may be a slow or underactive thyroid.


Question: What are the symptoms of fatigue related to anemia?

Answer: Symptoms: Fatigue, dizziness, feeling cold, irritability Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U. S. It affects more than 3 million Americans.


Question: What are the symptoms of anxiety related to fatigue?

Answer: Anxiety symptoms may include: agitation difficulty sleeping excessive worrying feeling "on alert" most of the time feeling of impending doom nervousness If you are depressed or have regular symptoms of anxiety, talk to your doctor and get a physical exam.


Question: What are the symptoms of fatigue related to depression and anxiety?

Answer: Symptoms: Sadness, feeling hopeless, worthless, and helpless, fatigue Sometimes, depression or anxiety is at the root of chronic fatigue.


Question: How common is an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) related to fatigue?

Answer: According to the American Thyroid Foundation, approximately 17% of all women will have a thyroid disorder by age 60. And most won't know it. The most common cause is an autoimmune disorder known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Hashimoto's stops the gland from making enough thyroid hormones for the body to work the way it should. The result is hypothyroidism, or a slow metabolism.


Question: How is sleep apnea related to fatigue treated?

Answer: Drugs that might help include: Nasal steroids Oral antihistamines Nasal antihistamines Leukotriene modifiers Mast cell stabilizers Allergy shots -- immunotherapy -- may help in severe cases. If there is no physical cause for the depression or anxiety, your doctor may prescribe medication. The surgeon will remove tissues that are blocking the airways.


Question: What are the symptoms of fatigue related to fibromyalgia?

Answer: It's similar to how you feel when you have the flu or have missed a lot of sleep. Symptoms: Chronic fatigue, deep muscle pain, painful tender points, sleep problems, anxiety, depression Fibromyalgia is one of the more common causes of chronic fatigue and musculoskeletal pain, especially in women. Your sleep may be interrupted by frequent waking. Yet, you may not remember any sleep disruptions the next day. Some people with fibromyalgia live in a constant 'fibro fog' -- a hazy, mental feeling that makes it difficult to concentrate. Lose weight if you are overweight, and if you smoke, stop.


Question: How are food allergies and intolerances treated related to fatigue?

Answer: One way to reduce symptoms of allergic rhinitis -- including fatigue -- is to take steps to avoid the offending allergen. You can also talk to your doctor about a food allergy test -- or invest in a home test such as ALCAT -- which may help you identify the offending foods. Talk with your doctor about a sleep study (polysomnogram) to determine if you have sleep apnea.


Question: What is sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea occurs when the upper airway becomes completely or partially blocked, interrupting regular breathing for short periods of time -- which then wakes you up. It can cause severe daytime sleepiness. If left untreated, severe sleep apnea may be associated with high blood pressure and the risk of stroke and heart attack.


Question: How does pregnancy affect sleep?

Answer: Pregnancy and Sleep Women often experience sleepless nights and daytime fatigue in the first and third trimesters of their pregnancy. During the first trimester, frequent trips to the bathroom and morning sickness may disrupt sleep. Later in pregnancy, vivid dreams and physical discomfort may prevent deep sleep.


Question: What are night terrors?

Answer: Night Terrors and Sleepwalking Both night terrors and sleepwalking arise during NREM sleep and occur most often in children between the ages of 3 and 5 years old. A night terror can be dramatic: Your child may wake up screaming, but unable to explain the fear. Sometimes children who have night terrors remember a frightening image, but often they remember nothing.


Question: How can snoring cause sleep problems?

Answer: Snoring Many adults snore. The noise is produced when the air you inhale rattles over the relaxed tissues of the throat. Snoring can be a problem simply because of the noise it causes. It may also be a marker of a more serious sleep problem called sleep apnea.


Question: What causes restless legs syndrome?

Answer: Restless Legs Syndrome There are many possible causes of restless legs syndrome, including kidney failure, nerve disorders, vitamin and iron deficiencies, pregnancy, and some medications (such as antidepressants). Recent studies have shown a strong genetic link and researchers have been able to isolate a gene that may be responsible for at least 40% of all cases of the disorder.


Question: What causes nightmares and night terrors?

Answer: Nightmares and Night Terrors Nightmares can be triggered by a frightening or stressful event, a fever or illness, or use of some medications or alcohol. Night terrors are most common in pre-school children, but they also can affect adults who are experiencing emotional or psychological problems.


Question: What is a circadian rhythm disorder?

Answer: Circadian Rhythm Disorders Typically, people sleep at night -- thanks not only to the conventions of the 9-to-5 workday, but also to the close interaction between our natural sleep and alertness rhythms, which are driven by an internal "clock." This clock is a small part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. Abnormalities related to this clock are called circadian rhythm disorders ("circa" means "about," and "dies" means "day"). Circadian rhythm disorders include jet lag, adjustments to shift work, delayed sleep phase syndrome (you fall asleep and wake up too late), and advanced sleep phase syndrome (you fall asleep and wake up too early).


Question: Can age affect sleep?

Answer: Insomnia People who have insomnia don't feel as if they get enough sleep at night. Restless legs syndrome is a common problem among middle-aged and older adults.


Question: What causes insomnia?

Answer: Circadian Rhythm Disorders Typically, people sleep at night -- thanks not only to the conventions of the 9-to-5 workday, but also to the close interaction between our natural sleep and alertness rhythms, which are driven by an internal "clock." Short-term insomnia may also be caused by an illness, a stressful event, or drinking too much coffee, for example. Many medications have insomnia as a side effect. Long-term insomnia may be caused by stress, depression, or anxiety. People who abuse alcohol or drugs often suffer from insomnia.


Question: What happens if you have a sleep problem?

Answer: When you're repeatedly interrupted and can't cycle normally through these types and stages of sleep, you may feel tired, fatigued, and have trouble concentrating and paying attention while you're awake. This clock is a small part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.


Question: What does restless legs syndrome feel like?

Answer: They feel an urge to move their legs and feet to get temporary relief, often with excessive, rhythmic, or cyclic leg movements during sleep. Restless legs syndrome is a common problem among middle-aged and older adults. Other women who are pregnant complain that vivid dreams prevent them from getting restful sleep.


Question: What skin problems may be treated with sea buckthorn?

Answer: Though not proven in human clinical trials, people say they take sea buckthorn specifically to try to: Treat stomach or intestinal problems Improve blood pressure or blood cholesterol Prevent or manage blood vessel or heart disease Complement cancer treatment Boost immunity and prevent infections Treat obesity Improve symptoms of cirrhosis Improve eyesight or dry eyes Treat respiratory problems such as asthma, colds, and pneumonia People also use sea buckthorn as a sunscreen or cosmetic, and for a variety of skin problems such as: Radiation damage Exanthemata, a skin rash usually found in children Bedsores, burns, or cuts Acne, dermatitis, or dry skin There isn't enough evidence to confirm that sea buckthorn works for most of these health problems.


Question: Why do people take sea buckthorn?

Answer: Though not proven in human clinical trials, people say they take sea buckthorn specifically to try to: Treat stomach or intestinal problems Improve blood pressure or blood cholesterol Prevent or manage blood vessel or heart disease Complement cancer treatment Boost immunity and prevent infections Treat obesity Improve symptoms of cirrhosis Improve eyesight or dry eyes Treat respiratory problems such as asthma, colds, and pneumonia People also use sea buckthorn as a sunscreen or cosmetic, and for a variety of skin problems such as: Radiation damage Exanthemata, a skin rash usually found in children Bedsores, burns, or cuts Acne, dermatitis, or dry skin There isn't enough evidence to confirm that sea buckthorn works for most of these health problems.


Question: What is sea buckthorn?

Answer: It contains many medicinal compounds, as well as nutrients that include: Vitamins Amino acids Fatty acids Minerals The leaves, flowers, seeds, and berries of sea buckthorn are used in teas, oils, or concentrates for a wide variety of health issues. For hundreds of years, sea buckthorn has been used in Russia and China for its medical and nutritional qualities.


Question: What conditions may be treated with sea buckthorn?

Answer: Though not proven in human clinical trials, people say they take sea buckthorn specifically to try to: Treat stomach or intestinal problems Improve blood pressure or blood cholesterol Prevent or manage blood vessel or heart disease Complement cancer treatment Boost immunity and prevent infections Treat obesity Improve symptoms of cirrhosis Improve eyesight or dry eyes Treat respiratory problems such as asthma, colds, and pneumonia People also use sea buckthorn as a sunscreen or cosmetic, and for a variety of skin problems such as: Radiation damage Exanthemata, a skin rash usually found in children Bedsores, burns, or cuts Acne, dermatitis, or dry skin There isn't enough evidence to confirm that sea buckthorn works for most of these health problems. But there is some limited research showing it might be helpful for: Dry eyes Atopic dermatitis In animal studies, sea buckthorn has also shown some promise in slowing the growth of tumors and ulcers.


Question: Who should avoid using sea buckthorn?

Answer: Avoid using sea buckthorn if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. There is not enough information to prove its safety. The FDA does not regulate supplements. Be sure to tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications, foods, or other herbs and supplements. He or she can let you know if the supplement might raise your risks.


Question: Where can you get sea buckthorn?

Answer: It contains many medicinal compounds, as well as nutrients that include: Vitamins Amino acids Fatty acids Minerals The leaves, flowers, seeds, and berries of sea buckthorn are used in teas, oils, or concentrates for a wide variety of health issues. Sea buckthorn fruit or fruit juice can be found in certain jellies, juices, purees, sauces, drinks, and liquors. People do not usually eat the berries raw because they are acidic. The amount of sea buckthorn used in food is typically much less than that used for medicinal purposes.


Question: What are side effects of sea buckthorn?

Answer: It contains many medicinal compounds, as well as nutrients that include: Vitamins Amino acids Fatty acids Minerals The leaves, flowers, seeds, and berries of sea buckthorn are used in teas, oils, or concentrates for a wide variety of health issues. But there is some limited research showing it might be helpful for: Dry eyes Atopic dermatitis In animal studies, sea buckthorn has also shown some promise in slowing the growth of tumors and ulcers. The amount of sea buckthorn used in food is typically much less than that used for medicinal purposes. Side effects. In some people who had high blood pressure, swelling, headache, dizziness and palpitations were noted. When used on the skin to treat burns, it sometimes caused a rash. It may also cause low blood sugar in people with diabetes who take medication to lower blood sugar.


Question: What is sea buckthorn and why do people use it?

Answer: It contains many medicinal compounds, as well as nutrients that include: Vitamins Amino acids Fatty acids Minerals The leaves, flowers, seeds, and berries of sea buckthorn are used in teas, oils, or concentrates for a wide variety of health issues. Sea buckthorn is thought to remove free radicals -- molecules that can damage cells. Though not proven in human clinical trials, people say they take sea buckthorn specifically to try to: Treat stomach or intestinal problems Improve blood pressure or blood cholesterol Prevent or manage blood vessel or heart disease Complement cancer treatment Boost immunity and prevent infections Treat obesity Improve symptoms of cirrhosis Improve eyesight or dry eyes Treat respiratory problems such as asthma, colds, and pneumonia People also use sea buckthorn as a sunscreen or cosmetic, and for a variety of skin problems such as: Radiation damage Exanthemata, a skin rash usually found in children Bedsores, burns, or cuts Acne, dermatitis, or dry skin There isn't enough evidence to confirm that sea buckthorn works for most of these health problems. But there is some limited research showing it might be helpful for: Dry eyes Atopic dermatitis In animal studies, sea buckthorn has also shown some promise in slowing the growth of tumors and ulcers.


Question: How does sea buckthorn interact with other drugs?

Answer: Combining sea buckthorn with blood-thinning drugs or supplements could raise your risk of bleeding. Sea buckthorn may also interfere with certain medicines that treat gastrointestinal conditions, heart rhythm problems, cancer, or autoimmune diseases. He or she can let you know if the supplement might raise your risks.


Question: What's the best dose for sea buckthorn?

Answer: Optimal doses of sea buckthorn have not been set for any condition. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely. This makes it very hard to set a standard dose. He or she can let you know if the supplement might raise your risks.


Question: What is adult-onset Still's disease?

Answer: Adult Still's develops most often in people before age 45, but can first occur in later years as well. The cause of Still's is unknown and there are no known risk factors. Corticosteroids are used for systemic disease that affects several parts of the body.


Question: What is the treatment for adult-onset Still's disease?

Answer: Early treatment for adult-onset Still's disease is aimed at controlling symptoms of arthritis with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs). With a firm diagnosis of adult-onset Still's disease, you may require corticosteroids, such as prednisone, if your disease is severe or doesn't respond to NSAIDs. Because of potential serious side effects, though, you can't use them for a very long time. If you have a chronic case of Still's, you may need medications to suppress your immune system and to control arthritis and other symptoms.


Question: How is adult-onset Still's disease diagnosed?

Answer: Before confirming your diagnosis, your doctor will need to rule out other problems. A medical history and physical exam are often the first steps. You may need a variety of blood tests to check for inflammation, changes in blood cell counts, iron levels, and liver enzymes, for example. Imaging tests check for inflammation or enlargement of certain organs. The course of the disease is difficult to predict. With a firm diagnosis of adult-onset Still's disease, you may require corticosteroids, such as prednisone, if your disease is severe or doesn't respond to NSAIDs.


Question: How can I better manage adult-onset Still's disease?

Answer: For example, symptoms may come and go. Before confirming your diagnosis, your doctor will need to rule out other problems. This may help you minimize the number of "bad" days you have. Also, remember that this disease comes in cycles. Don't stop taking your medications during times when you're feeling better unless you've discussed this ahead of time with your doctor.


Question: How do most bedwetting alarms work?

Answer: Although the basics of the alarms are the same -- a sensor in the underwear or pajamas detects moisture and triggers an alarm -- there are some slight differences among models. In most models, a wire runs from the sensor to an audible alarm, which is attached with Velcro to the shoulder of the child's pajamas. The alarm is loud enough to awaken the child and a parent, who can lead to the child to the bathroom and make sure he changes his underwear before going back to sleep. Adolescents, however, may prefer a wireless bed-wetting alarm that vibrates when it senses moisture. Because it is wireless and silent, only the wearer is aware when the alarm goes off.


Question: How effective are bed-wetting alarms?

Answer: Although bed-wetting alarms require time to work, they are a highly effective bed-wetting treatment when children and parents are willing to make the commitment to using them consistently. Be sure to check with your child's doctor to determine if a bed-wetting alarm is the appropriate intervention for your child.


Question: What are bed-wetting alarms?

Answer: With bed-wetting alarms, a special moisture sensor placed in the child's pajamas triggers a bell or buzzer to go off at the start of urination. The alarm is designed to awaken the child so he or she can get to the toilet and finish urinating. In the first few weeks of use, however, it is usually a parent who is awakened by the alarm and wakes the child to use the bathroom. Although bed-wetting alarms require time to work, they are a highly effective bed-wetting treatment when children and parents are willing to make the commitment to using them consistently.


Question: How expensive are bed-wetting alarms?

Answer: Bed-wetting alarms are among the most effective and safest bed-wetting treatments. They range in price from about $50 to more than $150. You don't need a prescription to get a bed-wetting alarm.


Question: Why do people 50 and older need a cholesterol screening?

Answer: Cholesterol screening: Heart disease is one of the top causes of death in the U. S. One of its main risk factors is high cholesterol. After you turn 20, you should start getting your cholesterol tested at least once every 4 to 6 years. A simple blood test shows your levels and risk for heart disease. As you age, your risk for heart disease goes up. If you're in your 50s, it's important to keep getting screened.


Question: Why do people 50 and older need a bone mineral density scan?

Answer: Bone mineral density scan: This checks your risk for osteoporosis, a condition that weakens your bones. It's recommended for all women at age 65. If you're at high risk, your doctor may want you to do it earlier. This screening also may help men ages 70 and older.


Question: How often should women 50 and older get screened for breast cancer?

Answer: Mammogram: Experts agree that this is the best way to find breast cancer early. There's some debate about how often you should get one. The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force says all women between ages 50 and 74 should have a mammogram every 2 years. The American Cancer Society says if you're over 40, you should get one each year. Talk with your doctor to determine the best schedule for you, based on your family history and other reasons.


Question: Why do people 50 and older need a blood pressure check?

Answer: Blood pressure check: High blood pressure can cause a heart attack, a stroke, eye problems and kidney problems without you even knowing your blood pressure is high. That's why it's important to get your blood pressure checked, even if you don't think you have a problem. If your blood pressure is lower than 120/80, at least once every 2 years is usually fine. If it's higher, your doctor probably will want to check it more often.


Question: Why do people 50 and older need colon cancer screening?

Answer: Colon cancer screening: Colon cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths in the U. S. When you turn 50, your chance of getting it goes up. So unless you're at above-average risk, your doctor will probably recommend screenings once you reach that half-century mark.


Question: What might you do if you need to lose weight quickly if you are obese?

Answer: If you need to lose weight quickly to protect your health, you may consider going on a very low-calorie diet if your doctor decides it's safe for you. People aren't supposed to stay on this diet for a long time because it lacks some of the nutrients the body needs. Such diets should be done only with careful medical supervision.


Question: What are the types of mitral valve regurgitation?

Answer: There are two kinds: chronic (which means ongoing) or acute (which means sudden onset). A chronic case develops slowly, and you may not even notice symptoms at first. Signs of the condition slowly get worse over time. An acute case comes on quickly and can be life-threatening. Your doctor will want to take fast action.


Question: What are the complications of mitral valve regurgitation?

Answer: You may feel tired and out of breath if you have mitral regurgitation. You might have fluid collecting in your legs and feet. This is called edema. It can also cause high blood pressure and a buildup of fluid in your lungs. If it's left untreated and gets worse, regurgitation could lead to heart failure, stroke, or blood clots because the heart can't pump enough blood to your body.


Question: What kinds of medications treat mitral valve regurgitation?

Answer: But it can treat many of the symptoms regurgitation causes and can be used if the leakage isn't too bad. Depending on what's going on in your body, your doctor may put you or a loved one on the following: Diuretics that help reduce the buildup of fluids in the body and swelling in the legs and feet Blood thinners to prevent with clots Beta blockers that help control your heart rate Hypertension drugs to keep your blood pressure stable Sometimes, lifestyle changes and medications aren't enough.


Question: How do eating habits contribute to yeast infections?

Answer: While some people believe certain foods or diets promote the growth of yeast and lead to recurrent infections, there's not enough research to support that theory. According to the studies that have been done, a strict diet doesn't seem to be helpful in terms of preventing them.


Question: How does a blood clot begin?

Answer: The process begins whenever flowing blood comes into contact with specific substances in your skin or in blood vessel walls. When they touch, it usually means the skin or blood vessel wall is broken.


Question: How does tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) affect the clotting process?

Answer: Apixaban ( Eliquis) Dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Edoxaban ( Savaysa) Heparin Rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) Warfarin ( Coumadin) Clot-dissolving drugs such as altplase, streptokinase, and tenecteplase activate the protein that breaks down the fibrin strands. Sometimes doctors prescribe it as a treatment for heart attack or stroke.


Question: What causes blood clots?

Answer: Waxy cholesterol plaques that form in arteries have these things inside, too. If the plaque breaks open, they'll start the clotting process. Most heart attacks and strokes happen when a plaque in your heart or brain suddenly bursts. Blood clots can also form when your blood doesn't flow properly. If it pools in your blood vessels or heart, the platelets are more likely to stick together. Atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) are two conditions where slowly moving blood can cause clotting problems.


Question: How do blood thinners affect the clotting process?

Answer: Aspirin Clopidogrel ( Plavix) Dipyridamole ( Persantine) Prasugrel ( Effient) Ticagrelor ( Brilinta) Ticlopidine ( Ticlid) Medicines called blood thinnersmake it hard for your body to make clotting factors, or they prevent proteins in the clot-forming process from working. Apixaban ( Eliquis) Dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Edoxaban ( Savaysa) Heparin Rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) Warfarin ( Coumadin) Clot-dissolving drugs such as altplase, streptokinase, and tenecteplase activate the protein that breaks down the fibrin strands.


Question: How does blood clot?

Answer: Platelets form a plug. Tiny bits in your blood called platelets get "turned on" by triggers released when a blood vessel is damaged. They stick to the walls in the area and each other, changing shape to form a plug that fills in the broken part to stop blood from leaking out. When activated, platelets also release chemicals to attract more platelets and other cells, and to set off the next step. The clot grows. Proteins in your blood called clotting factors signal each other to cause a rapid chain reaction. It ends with a dissolved substance in your blood turning into long strands of fibrin. These get tangled up with the platelets in the plug to create a net that traps even more platelets and cells. The clot becomes much tougher and more durable. Reactions stop its growth. Other proteins offset extra clotting factor proteins so the clot doesn't spread farther than it needs to. Your body slowly breaks it down. As the damaged tissue heals, you don't need the clot any more. The tough fibrin strands dissolve, and your blood takes back the platelets and cells of the clot.


Question: How can you track heartburn triggers?

Answer: Heartburn can limit your menu choices, interrupt your sleep, and interfere with your daily activities. Keeping tabs on what you eat and when you eat will help your doctor determine what's causing your symptoms. Then together, you can figure out how to prevent them. You can track heartburn triggers by keeping a heartburn diary. Make sure you include notes about portion size -- and be honest! If you have pain after eating a certain food, write that down, too.


Question: What can help with heartburn?

Answer: what the pain feels like what makes it feel better Remember, understanding your heartburn triggers and learning how to avoid them can help you dodge the discomfort of heartburn. An episode of heartburn every now and then is usually nothing to worry about. But call your doctor if you have heartburn frequently of if severe heartburn that interferes with your daily activities.


Question: What can you do to prevent heartburn after meals?

Answer: Eat five or six small meals each day, instead of several large meals. Don't eat before bedtime. Allow 2 hours to digest your food before lying down. This allows time for the food to pass out of the stomach and into the small intestine, rather than having it back up into the esophagus. Lying down makes digestion difficult and makes heartburn more likely.


Question: What information should you keep track of for your heartburn?

Answer: Your diary should include the following information for each day: what you eat and drink, and when time and type of exercise medicines you take and the time you take them if you have pain, and if so, when your pain started (for example, did the heartburn happen after you ate breakfast or took an aspirin?)


Question: What food and drinks trigger heartburn?

Answer: A number of foods and drinks can cause the LES to relax. Food and drinks that commonly trigger heartburn include: alcohol, particularly red wine black pepper, garlic, raw onions, and other spicy foods chocolate citrus fruits and products, such as lemons, oranges and orange juice coffee and caffeinated drinks, including tea and soda peppermint tomatoes However, unless these foods are causing you heartburn you don't have to avoid them.


Question: What should you do if medicines are causing your heartburn?

Answer: But call your doctor if you have heartburn frequently of if severe heartburn that interferes with your daily activities.


Question: What are other types of medications that can lead to heartburn?

Answer: A number of foods and drinks can cause the LES to relax. They include: An asthma medicine called theophylline, taken by mouth Sedatives Narcotic painkillers Progesterone, a hormone found in some birth control pills Medicines for Parkinson's disease Tricyclic antidepressants Certain supplements such as iron and potassium Chemotherapy drugs and a class of osteoporosis medicines called bisphosphates can injure the lining of the esophagus and make heartburn more likely. Taking your osteoporosis medicine with a big glass of water and avoiding lying down for 30 minutes to an hour helps to prevent problems.


Question: How can exercises trigger heartburn?

Answer: This allows time for the food to pass out of the stomach and into the small intestine, rather than having it back up into the esophagus. Keep in mind that leg lifts also work the abdominal muscles and may aggravate heartburn symptoms too. Activities such as headstands and yoga moves like downward dog can reverse the natural flow of stomach contents and may trigger heartburn. Jarring exercises, such as jogging or aerobics, can slosh stomach contents around and upward if you have a weak LES. But never exercise on a full stomach. Doing so increases abdominal pressure, which makes heartburn more likely. Food takes several hours to digest so it really is a matter of what works for you. Most experts recommend waiting about two hours after eating before working out.


Question: What medications can trigger heartburn?

Answer: Heartburn is no reason not to exercise. But regular use of aspirin or a popular class of painkillers called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) may irritate the esophagus. NSAIDs include ibuprofen, naproxen, and prescription Cox-2 inhibitors such as Celebrex. These drugs are often used to treat arthritis. Several different types of blood pressure medicines can also cause heartburn. Many blood pressure and heart disease medicines, including calcium channel blockers and nitrates, relax the LES muscle, making it easy for your stomach acids to retreat backwards. Always tell your doctor if a new prescription or over-the-counter medicine gives you heartburn or makes your heartburn worse.


Question: Do environmental factors play a role in Crohn's disease?

Answer: Environmental factors may help trigger Crohn's disease. Also, it should be noted that because a potential trigger is linked or associated to a condition does not mean that it causes it. Associated environmental factors may include any of the following: Substances from something you've eaten Microbes such as bacteria or viruses Cigarette smoke Other substances that are yet unknown Environmental factors may contribute to Crohn's disease in one of these two ways: They may trigger an immune system response.


Question: Who is most likely to have Crohn's disease?

Answer: Brothers, sisters, children, and parents of persons with IBD, including Crohn's disease, are slightly more likely to develop the disease themselves. About 10% to 20% of people with Crohn's disease have at least one other family member who also has the disease. The condition is more common in certain ethnic groups, such as Jews, and is more prevalent in Caucasians.


Question: What do scientists think causes Crohn's disease?

Answer: Scientists believe that Crohn's disease is caused by a combination of these factors: Immune system problems Genetics Environmental factors How might each of these factors contribute to Crohn's disease?


Question: What can I do to control Crohn's disease?

Answer: The factors involved in causing Crohn's disease are complex. Scientists continue to seek more information about the causes -- in hopes of finding better ways to diagnose, treat, and perhaps even cure this frustrating and painful disease. In the meantime, understanding current theories about the causes of Crohn's disease can help you work with your doctor to explore how various treatments might work to control this condition.


Question: Is Crohn's disease passed genetically?

Answer: Scientists have identified a gene associated with Crohn's disease. This gene helps the body decide how to react to certain microbes. If the gene has changed or mutated in some way, your body's reaction to microbes may also be different from the normal reaction. Over time, IBD or Crohn's disease may develop. People with Crohn's disease have this mutated gene twice as often as people who do not have the disease.


Question: How does the immune system work?

Answer: Usually, cells of the immune system defend the body from harmful microbes -- bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other foreign substances -- that have entered it. This immune system response causes inflammation. Inflammation subsides. If the gene has changed or mutated in some way, your body's reaction to microbes may also be different from the normal reaction.


Question: How does the immune system in a person with Crohn's disease work?

Answer: This immune system response causes inflammation. For some reason, though, people with Crohn's disease have an immune system that reacts inappropriately. The immune system may be defending the body against helpful microbes by mistake.


Question: How are leg cramps prevented?

Answer: Here are some simple things you can do: Stretch during the day and before bed. Focus on your calf and foot muscles. Drink plenty of water. Move around during the day to exercise your feet and legs. Wear comfortable, supportive shoes. Sleep under loose covers, especially if you sleep on your back.


Question: How serious are leg cramps?

Answer: Other things can raise the likelihood of leg cramps, including: Diabetes Parkinson's disease Alcoholism Low blood sugar Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism Imbalances in chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium Flat feet Certain medications can also cause leg cramps.


Question: What should you do if you get leg cramps?

Answer: These include: High blood pressure drugs Statins to treat high cholesterol Medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) Next time a leg cramp strikes, try any of these: Stretch the muscle. Stand on the cramped leg. Massage the muscle. Flex your foot. Grab your toes and pull them toward you. Ice the cramp. Take a warm bath.


Question: What medications can cause leg cramps?

Answer: Other things can raise the likelihood of leg cramps, including: Diabetes Parkinson's disease Alcoholism Low blood sugar Some hormone disorders, such as hypothyroidism Imbalances in chemicals in your body, such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium Flat feet Certain medications can also cause leg cramps. These include: High blood pressure drugs Statins to treat high cholesterol Medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) Next time a leg cramp strikes, try any of these: Stretch the muscle.


Question: When are you more likely to get leg cramps?

Answer: While they can strike people of all ages, if you're 50 or older you might get them more often. Stand too long on hard surfaces. Drink plenty of water.


Question: What are the sex- and age- related prevalence of leg cramps?

Answer: While they can strike people of all ages, if you're 50 or older you might get them more often. If you have frequent and severe leg cramps, talk to your doctor.


Question: What lifestyle changes can decrease the risk of getting gum disease?

Answer: Other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease development include: Stop smoking. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis. Smokers are seven times more likely to get gum disease than nonsmokers, and smoking can lower the chances of success of some treatments. Reduce stress . Stress may make it difficult for your body's immune system to fight off infection. Maintain a well-balanced diet. Proper nutrition helps your immune system fight infection. Eating foods with antioxidant properties -- for example, those containing vitamin E ( vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables) and vitamin C (citrus fruits, broccoli, potatoes) -- can help your body repair damaged tissue. Avoid clenching and grinding your teeth. These actions may put excess force on the supporting tissues of the teeth and could increase the rate at which these tissues are destroyed.


Question: What's the difference between gingivitis and periodontitis (gum disease)?

Answer: Gingivitis (gum inflammation) usually precedes periodontitis (gum disease). However, it is important to know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage. When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. Toxins or poisons -- produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in fighting infections -- start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become loose, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.