Question: What does a high C-peptide level indicate?

Answer: Have a tumor, called an insulinoma Have kidney disease A high level may also show you take too much of a certain class of medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. They're called sulfonylureas, and they include: Chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) Glimepiride ( Amaryl) Glipizide ( Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) Glyburide ( Dia Beta, Glynase Pres Tab, Micronase) Tolazamide or tolbutamide A low C-peptide level may mean that: You have type 1 or type 2 diabetes You are on insulin shots and it is suppressing the release of insulin from your pancreas You have low blood sugar so your pancreas stops releasing insulin Treatment has shrunk your insulinoma Ask your doctor for more details about what your test results mean.


Question: How do I prepare for a C-peptide test?

Answer: To find out why you have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) To diagnose a tumor of the pancreas that releases insulin, called an insulinoma If you've had your pancreas removed You might need to stop eating 8 to 10 hours before the test. Sometimes, it's done after you eat. Let your doctor know about any medicines you are on. Include medicine you take by prescription and those you buy over the counter, such as herbal supplements or vitamins.


Question: Why would I need a C-peptide test?

Answer: Doctors don't use it to actually diagnose diabetes, but it can give them a reading to help treat it. It can tell the difference between insulin your body has made and insulin that you took. You might get the C-peptide test: To find out whether you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes When you have type 1 and your doctor needs to know how much insulin your pancreas still makes To find out if it time to start insulin in a patient with type 2 diabetes.


Question: What does a high C-peptide level mean?

Answer: Have a tumor, called an insulinoma Have kidney disease A high level may also show you take too much of a certain class of medicine to treat type 2 diabetes. They're called sulfonylureas, and they include: Chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) Glimepiride ( Amaryl) Glipizide ( Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) Glyburide ( Dia Beta, Glynase Pres Tab, Micronase) Tolazamide or tolbutamide A low C-peptide level may mean that: You have type 1 or type 2 diabetes You are on insulin shots and it is suppressing the release of insulin from your pancreas You have low blood sugar so your pancreas stops releasing insulin Treatment has shrunk your insulinoma Ask your doctor for more details about what your test results mean.


Question: What is a C-peptide test?

Answer: The C-peptide test is a tool your doctor uses to test whether you have type 1 diabetes, when the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, or type 2, when your body doesn't use insulin as well it should. It shows how well your body makes insulin, which moves sugar (or âglucoseâ) from your blood into your cells. The test can help your doctor decide whether you need to take insulin to control your condition.


Question: How is the C-peptide test done?

Answer: The C-peptide test typically uses a sample of your blood. To take a blood test, someone in your doctor's office or a lab places a needle into a vein, usually in your forearm. You may feel a slight prick. The blood will collect into a vial or syringe. For a urine test, you will pee into a cup as instructed. For a 24-hour sample, you'll need to collect all that you produce in a day.


Question: What do the results of a C-peptide test mean?

Answer: Levels are low when your body makes less than it normally should.


Question: What are the side effects of taking phenylalanine?

Answer: Phenylalanine is found in many foods, including: Meat Eggs Fish Cheese Products containing aspartame Phenylalanine can trigger allergic reactions, with symptoms such as: Itching Swelling of the face or hands Trouble breathing Tingling feeling in the mouth Side effects may include: Heartburn Fatigue Nausea Constipation Dizziness Headache Anxiety and hypomania (a milder form of mania) Sedation Jitteriness and trouble sleeping Doses higher than 5,000 milligrams a day can cause nerve damage.


Question: What are the risks of taking phenylalanine?

Answer: People with certain conditions should avoid using this supplement, including those with Schizophrenia ( Tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder, may develop.) You also should avoid the supplement if you have a sensitivity to phenylalanine or a condition in which your body can't break down phenylalanine. And use caution in taking phenylalanine if you have: High blood pressure Trouble sleeping Anxiety or other psychiatric problems Also, it is unknown whether this supplement is safe in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: How much phenylalanine should you take?

Answer: Optimal doses of phenylalanine have not been set for any condition. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely from maker to maker. This makes it difficult to set a standard dose. However, commonly used dosages, depending on the condition, range from 150 mg to 5,000 mg daily.


Question: What are chalazia?

Answer: Chalazia, which look like styes but are infected oil glands, often disappear on their own too. But it could take a month or more for them to go away.


Question: Do I need surgery if I have a stye?

Answer: Sometimes you need minor surgery to completely drain a stye. After applying a local anesthetic to numb your eyelid (that means you won't have to go to sleep), the doctor cuts it open and removes the gunk inside. Your eyelid should heal quickly.


Question: How can I get rid of a chalazion?

Answer: Although a chalazion will sometimes clear up on its own, warm compresses may speed things along. Your doctor might give you a shot of anti-inflammatory medicine to help. He can also remove the chalazion through simple surgery. It should only require a local anesthetic. You might have to wear an eyelid bandage for up to 24 hours afterward.


Question: What should I do if my stye comes back?

Answer: If it comes back, your doctor may give you an antibiotic cream or ointment to put on the spot. Or you might take antibiotic pills or have other treatments if there is an underlying condition such as blepharitis. Follow the instructions on whatever medicine he gives you.


Question: How long should I keep a compress on my eye when treating a stye?

Answer: Keep your eye closed while you use the compress. When the stye comes to a head, keep using the compresses to put pressure on it until it ruptures. Don't squeeze it -- let it burst on its own. Some styes spread skin infections when they pop. If that happens, you'll have to take antibiotics.


Question: How are chalazia treated?

Answer: Although a chalazion will sometimes clear up on its own, warm compresses may speed things along. Your doctor might give you a shot of anti-inflammatory medicine to help. He can also remove the chalazion through simple surgery. It should only require a local anesthetic. You might have to wear an eyelid bandage for up to 24 hours afterward.


Question: What are styes?

Answer: But they're just a blocked oil gland on your eyelid and should go away on their own or with simple treatment in a few days.


Question: Do you need surgery to treat a stye?

Answer: Sometimes you need minor surgery to completely drain a stye. After applying a local anesthetic to numb your eyelid (that means you won't have to go to sleep), the doctor cuts it open and removes the gunk inside. Your eyelid should heal quickly.


Question: What medications are used to treat styes?

Answer: If it comes back, your doctor may give you an antibiotic cream or ointment to put on the spot. Or you might take antibiotic pills or have other treatments if there is an underlying condition such as blepharitis. Follow the instructions on whatever medicine he gives you.


Question: What are symptoms of finger sprain?

Answer: If your finger is sprained, you might have: Pain or stiffness in one of your finger joints when you try to move it Tenderness in your joint when you touch the area Swelling in one of your finger joints Sometimes athletes who get sprained fingers ignore the injury. But the pain can be severe, and left untreated, it could get worse.


Question: How is finger sprain diagnosed?

Answer: You may also get imaging tests like an X-ray, and, in less common cases, an MRI. If you do have a finger sprain, your doctor will assign it a grade based on how severe it is: Grade 1: Your joint is stable but you have some stretching or microtearing in your ligament. Grade 2: You have some mild instability in your joint and partial tearing in your ligament. Grade 3: There's significant instability in your joint and you've either severely or completely torn your ligament.


Question: What lifestyle changes can decrease the risk of getting gum disease?

Answer: Other health and lifestyle changes that will decrease the risk, severity, and speed of gum disease development include: Stop smoking. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis. Smokers are seven times more likely to get gum disease than nonsmokers, and smoking can lower the chances of success of some treatments. Reduce stress . Stress may make it difficult for your body's immune system to fight off infection. Maintain a well-balanced diet. Proper nutrition helps your immune system fight infection. Eating foods with antioxidant properties -- for example, those containing vitamin E ( vegetable oils, nuts, green leafy vegetables) and vitamin C (citrus fruits, broccoli, potatoes) -- can help your body repair damaged tissue. Avoid clenching and grinding your teeth. These actions may put excess force on the supporting tissues of the teeth and could increase the rate at which these tissues are destroyed.


Question: What's the difference between gingivitis and periodontitis (gum disease)?

Answer: Gingivitis (gum inflammation) usually precedes periodontitis (gum disease). However, it is important to know that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. In the early stage of gingivitis, bacteria in plaque build up, causing the gums to become inflamed and to easily bleed during tooth brushing. Although the gums may be irritated, the teeth are still firmly planted in their sockets. No irreversible bone or other tissue damage has occurred at this stage. When gingivitis is left untreated, it can advance to periodontitis. In a person with periodontitis, the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets. These small spaces between teeth and gums collect debris and can become infected. The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. Toxins or poisons -- produced by the bacteria in plaque as well as the body's "good" enzymes involved in fighting infections -- start to break down the bone and connective tissue that hold teeth in place. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone are destroyed. When this happens, teeth are no longer anchored in place, they become loose, and tooth loss occurs. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.


Question: What causes gum disease?

Answer: Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. However, other factors can contribute to periodontal disease. These include: Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy, puberty, menopause, and monthly menstruation, make gums more sensitive, which makes it easier for gingivitis to develop. Illnesses may affect the condition of your gums. This includes diseases such as cancer or HIV that interfere with the immune system. Because diabetes affects the body's ability to use blood sugar, patients with this disease are at higher risk of developing infections, including periodontal disease and cavities. Medications can affect oral health, because some lessen the flow of saliva, which has a protective effect on teeth and gums. Some drugs, such as the anticonvulsant medication Dilantin and the anti-angina drug Procardia and Adalat, can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue. Bad habits such as smoking make it harder for gum tissue to repair itself. Poor oral hygiene habits such as not brushing and flossing on a daily basis, make it easier for gingivitis to develop. Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis.


Question: What is periodontal disease (gum disease)?

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Question: How does a birth control sponge work?

Answer: The device protects against pregnancy in three ways: It releases a spermicide to kill sperm cells for 24 hours. You can have sex during that time without needing more spermicide. It's designed to trap and absorb semen before the sperm have a chance to enter the cervix, which connects the vagina to the uterus. It acts as a barrier between the sperm and the cervix.


Question: What is a birth control sponge?

Answer: You don't need a prescription for the sponge, which is made of polyurethane foam. Out of 100 women who use the sponge, 9-11 will get pregnant in a typical year.


Question: Where can you get a birth control sponge?

Answer: It's available at most pharmacies and clinics.


Question: Does a birth control sponge protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Answer: To protect against STDs such as HIV, the male condom provides the best protection.


Question: What's normal for a newborn girl's genitals?

Answer: Among other things, these hormones may have: Made the outside of the vagina ("labia majora" and the "clitoris") a little swollen and prominent Caused a thick, milky discharge in the vagina Most dramatically, at 2 or 3 days of age, your daughter may have a little bit of bleeding from her vagina. This is perfectly normal; it is caused by the withdrawal of the hormones she was exposed to in the womb. It will be her first and last menstrual period for another decade or so.


Question: How should you care for your baby girl's genitals?

Answer: Spread the labia and gently wash out the creases; there is no need to go any deeper. Nature takes care of naturally cleaning the inside of the vagina. Use warm water only -- there's no need for soaps. Wipe from front to back to avoid contamination of the vaginal area from stool. Remember, this sensitive tissue is the same as that inside the mouth.


Question: What are side effects of the flu shot in adults?

Answer: If you get the nasal spray, you might have side effects like a runny nose, headache, cough, and sore throat.


Question: Can the flu shot have severe side effects?

Answer: Serious side effects are rare. If they do happen, it's within a few minutes to a few hours after you get the shot. Call your doctor right away if you have trouble breathing, hives, feel weak or dizzy, or have a fast heartbeat afterward.


Question: What are sources of vitamin D for prevention of osteoporosis?

Answer: Get it from: Low-fat or fat-free dairy products Calcium-fortified juices and foods, like cereal, soy milk, and tofu Sardines and salmon with bones Dark green vegetables, like kale and broccoli Vitamin D helps your body absorb the calcium you eat. Not many foods naturally have the nutrient, but you can get it in: Fatty fish, like salmon, mackerel, and tuna Beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks Fortified foods like milk, cereal, and orange juice Your skin also naturally makes vitamin D when sunlight hits it. You can get at least some of what you need if you spend a little time outdoors every day. But don't overdo it -- too much time in the sun raises your chances for skin cancer.


Question: What are sources of calcium for prevention of osteoporosis?

Answer: Any of these workouts can help you build muscle and bone: Lifting canned goods or bags of groceries Lifting free weights Lifting young children Using ankle and wrist weights Using elastic resistance bands Using weight machines or free weights Doing pushups, squats, or other moves that use your own body weight When your body doesn't have enough calcium, it will start to break down your bones to get what it needs. That means you lose bone mass. So it's important to make sure you have this nutrient every day in your diet or from supplements. Get it from: Low-fat or fat-free dairy products Calcium-fortified juices and foods, like cereal, soy milk, and tofu Sardines and salmon with bones Dark green vegetables, like kale and broccoli Vitamin D helps your body absorb the calcium you eat.


Question: How can psychologists help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: They can prescribe medications and do “talk therapy.” Psychologists They can’t prescribe medicine in most states. Psychiatrists and psychologists often work hand-in-hand and treat many of the same conditions. Psychologists can also give someone tests to see how well they’re able to handle normal daily life. You may want to look for a psychologist who does cognitive rehabilitation, remediation, or enhancement. This type of therapy teaches them how to communicate their own needs and show that they understand the needs of others.


Question: How can licensed clinical social workers and licensed professional counselors help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Licensed Clinical Social Workers ( LCSWs) and Licensed Professional Counselors ( LPCs) These professionals are trained to provide professional counseling for psychological, emotional, and behavioral issues. They can specialize in areas such as marital and family counseling, relaxation therapy, stress management, and sex therapy. Because LCSWs and LPCs are not medical doctors, they can’t prescribe medications.


Question: How can psychiatrists help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: A number of professionals can treat mental illnesses, including the following: Psychiatrists These doctors diagnose and specialize in the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental, emotional, or behavioral problems. They can prescribe medications and do “talk therapy.” Psychologists They can’t prescribe medicine in most states.


Question: How can you find the right mental health professional for schizophrenia?

Answer: How to Find the Right Mental Health Professional To get referrals, you could ask: Your doctor Your health insurance company Trusted friends, family, or clergy You can also: Use a referral service from a national professional organization for therapists or doctors. Call a local or national medical society or mental health organization.


Question: How can primary care doctors help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Primary Care Doctors In many cases, your regular doctor may diagnose your illness or refer you to a specialist.


Question: How can holistic and alternative medicine doctors help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Holistic and Alternative Medicine Doctors They specialize in complementary and alternative medicines, holistic medicine, nutritional medicine, and herbal medicine treatments. These doctors may be able to prescribe medications but often choose different approaches that may combine natural medicines with mental health therapies.


Question: What should you do before you schedule your first appointment with a therapist for schizophrenia?

Answer: A number of professionals can treat mental illnesses, including the following: Psychiatrists These doctors diagnose and specialize in the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental, emotional, or behavioral problems.


Question: How can psychoanalysts help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Psychoanalysts These psychiatrists, psychologists, or other mental health professionals have advanced training in psychoanalysis, which is a particular form of psychotherapy. But psychoanalysis isn’t considered an appropriate treatment for schizophrenia or other forms of psychosis. So this isn’t the type of specialist that your loved one needs.


Question: How do I manage pain from golfer's elbow?

Answer: A topical medication may help as well. You may also get an injection of a corticosteroid or painkiller (like lidocaine) in the elbow. This may relieve pain and swelling in the short term. These treatments, though, do not seem to have long-term benefits.


Question: How can physical therapy help with treating golfer's elbow?

Answer: Physical therapy can help in relieving pain and augment the recovery process. Use of pain relieving treatments and prescribed exercises can reduce stress to the elbow, speed recovery, and minimize the risk of recurrence. Recent innovations in care using PRP ( Plasma Rich Protein) injections have also shown great promise in accelerating recovery.


Question: Where can I receive occupational therapy for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Many hospitals offer outpatient physical therapy services. However, you may need to get a doctor's order to be seen in physical therapy. If you feel you can benefit from physical therapy, do not hesitate to ask your doctor for a referral.


Question: How many physical therapy visits will I need for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Treatments in physical therapy often can be completed in one to three office visits. The first appointment includes an evaluation and recommendations for exercises. The following appointments check your progress and review and expand your home program. Most hospitals can provide additional sessions of outpatient therapy if needed.


Question: What is occupational therapy for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Occupational therapy can help people with Parkinson's disease stay active in daily life. By improving your skills, showing you different ways to complete tasks, or introducing you to handy equipment, an occupational therapist can help you perform everyday activities with greater ease and satisfaction. An occupational therapist may also recommend making changes to your home or workplace to promote your independence. For Parkinson's disease, occupational therapy generally provides assessment, treatment, and recommendations in the following areas: Arm and hand therapy Handwriting aids Home modification information Driver evaluation and vehicle modification information Cooking and homemaking adaptations Eating and dinnerware adaptations Ways to make the most of your energy Computer modifications Workplace or work equipment modifications Leisure skill development Manual or electric wheelchair use Bathtub and toilet equipment use Dressing and grooming aids Many hospitals offer outpatient occupational therapy services.


Question: How does physical therapy work in treating Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Physical therapy can help with: Balance problems Lack of coordination Fatigue Pain Gait Immobility Weakness Important note: Some physical therapists may apply diathermy (local heat application produced by high-frequency electrical current) to relieve muscle aches and pains. This could be dangerous to patients who have deep brain stimulators. Many hospitals offer outpatient physical therapy services. However, you may need to get a doctor's order to be seen in physical therapy.


Question: What are work capacity evaluations of physical therapy for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Many physical therapists can perform functional capacity evaluations to provide more information for disability claims based on physical performance. This functional capacity evaluation can be useful when the Social Security office denies disability to a person who is unable to work for an eight-hour day.


Question: Why should you never mix erectile dysfunction  medication with nitrates?

Answer: Pay attention to this: Don't take ED drugs if you also take heart medicines called nitrates. The combination can cause a dangerous drop in your blood pressure.


Question: How do I know if I need a higher dose of erectile dysfunction medication?

Answer: If the amount of medicine you use now doesn't help you get an erection, you may need to take a bigger dose. But don't do this on your own. Talk to your doctor to see if an increase in medication is the right for thing for you.


Question: Should you watch what you eat after you take erectile dysfunction medication?

Answer: Sometimes eating a big meal right after you take an ED drug may not always be the best idea. If you swallow sildenafil ( Viagra) with a high-fat meal, such as a steak dinner, it may take longer for it to work. You can take other ED drugs with or without food, such as: Avanafil ( Stendra) Tadalafil ( Adcirca, Cialis) Vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn) While ED drugs work in similar ways, they're each made up of different chemicals.


Question: How do objects get stuck in the rectum?

Answer: The majority of objects found in the rectum have been introduced through the anus. But sometimes a foreign body may be swallowed, pass through the digestive tract, and eventually get stuck in the rectum. Common examples found in the rectum include: Fruits and vegetables Bottles Candles Objects designed to be placed in the anus (such as vibrators or dildos) Foreign bodies may be found in the rectum: In children In psychiatric patients In victims of assault As a result of injury caused by medical practitioners (an example would be a broken enema catheter tip) As a result of an object being used for sexual gratification The majority of people with an object in their rectum may have no signs or symptoms.


Question: When should I seek medical care for rectal foreign body?

Answer: Seek emergency medical help if you think you have a foreign object in your rectum and you have abdominal pain, bleeding, or fever. Otherwise, if you know you have an object in your rectum, or think you do, seek medical help to remove it as soon as is possible. It is likely that most doctors will not have the equipment in their offices that may be required to safely remove the object. So a hospital's emergency department may be the best place to go.


Question: What will a doctor ask about a foreign object in your rectum?

Answer: Doctors will particularly want to know: Exactly what the object is (or could be in the case of children or psychiatric patients who cannot give a history) How long it has been there What attempts have been made already to try to remove it The doctor will also want to know about abdominal pain, fever or temperature, and whether there has been any evidence of rectal bleeding.


Question: How long should someone wait to feel better after taking medication for psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Some drugs may take a few weeks before you start to feel an improvement. So give your medicine a chance to help. But let your doctor know if your symptoms don't improve or they get worse. She'll figure out what's best for you.


Question: What is a common side effect of psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: This is a common side effect of psoriatic arthritis. It's also a side effect of many meds that treat it. Your condition may also cause anemia, which leads to fatigue. If you feel more tired than usual, tell your doctor so she can find out what's causing it and how to fix it.


Question: How is remission a sign of ineffective  psoriatic arthritis treatment?

Answer: Your symptoms will come and go, so you may be able to take less medication when you're feeling better. Ask your doctor about taking a drug holiday. Don't stop taking medication on your own.


Question: How can you manage dilated pupils?

Answer: Try to avoid the drug in the future, if you can. If you need the medication for a health problem, ask your doctor if there's a different drug you can try that won't affect your eyes. While your eyes are dilated, they will be more sensitive to light than usual. Try to avoid bright places. Wear sunglasses when you go outside. Sometimes dilated pupils can affect your vision. Ask your eye doctor if you need to avoid driving until your pupils go back to their normal size.


Question: When should you see your doctor about large pupils?

Answer: See your doctor or ophthalmologist for an exam if your pupils are enlarged and they don't get smaller in bright light. Get emergency help if you've had a head injury and your pupils look larger -- especially if one pupil is bigger than the other.


Question: What should you know about why your pupils look big?

Answer: Those dark circles are your pupils, the openings that let light enter your eye so you can see. Muscles in the colored part of your eye, called the iris, control your pupil size. Your pupils get bigger or smaller, depending on the amount of light around you. In low light, your pupils open up, or dilate, to let in more light. When it's bright, they get smaller, or constrict, to let in less light. Sometimes your pupils can dilate without any change in the light. The medical term for it is mydriasis. Medicines, injuries, and diseases can all cause this eye condition.


Question: What medicines can lead to your pupils looking big?

Answer: A few medicines can affect the muscles that control your pupils and prevent them from getting smaller when light shines in. These meds include: Atropine ( Atropen), which treats problems with heart rhythm, stomach issues, and some types of poisoning Antihistamines, like diphenhydramine ( Benadryl, Genahist, Naramin, Sominex, Unisom) Decongestants, like pseudoephedrine ( Afrinol, Sudafed) Motion sickness and anti-nausea medicines such as dimenhydrinate ( Dramamine) or a scopolamine patch Parkinson's medications such as amantadine ( Symmetrel) and carbidopa-levodopa ( Sinemet) Tricyclic antidepressants like amitriptyline ( Elavil) and desipramine ( Norpramin) Botulinum toxin ( Botox, Myobloc) Anti-seizure drugs, such as phenobarbital ( Luminal) and topiramate ( Topamax) Dilated pupils are one sign that someone has used illegal drugs, such as: Cocaine Amphetamines LSD Ecstasy These drugs affect the muscle that widens the pupil, slowing how it reacts to light.


Question: How can you tell if an eye injury is causing your pupils to appear large?

Answer: An eye injury can damage nerves or the muscles in your iris that control your pupil size. That can also happen after eye surgery, such as cataract removal or corneal transplant.


Question: How can I use less sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: Sugar can quickly raise your blood sugar, unlike the carbs from vegetables or starches, which are absorbed more slowly. Many times you can cut the amount of sugar without seriously affecting taste or texture, though you may need to add more flour. An exception: You can't cut corners if something you're baking needs yeast, because the yeast needs the sugar in order to do its job. If you're using a sugar substitute, check the product label to be sure it's designed for baking.


Question: How much sugar can you use for cooking if you have diabetes?

Answer: Sugar can quickly raise your blood sugar, unlike the carbs from vegetables or starches, which are absorbed more slowly. Many times you can cut the amount of sugar without seriously affecting taste or texture, though you may need to add more flour. An exception: You can't cut corners if something you're baking needs yeast, because the yeast needs the sugar in order to do its job. If you're using a sugar substitute, check the product label to be sure it's designed for baking.


Question: What kind of dairy should you use if you have diabetes?

Answer: Many dairy products used in cooking and baking are high in fat. You can lower the fat content without compromising taste. Instead of whole milk or half-and-half, pour 1% or skim milk, condensed skim milk, or nonfat half-and-half. Instead of sour cream, try low-fat or nonfat plain yogurt, buttermilk, or even low-fat cottage cheese (you may need to blend it first to make it smooth.) To make a sauce that calls for cream or whole milk, use cornstarch and skim milk.


Question: What fats should I cook with if I have diabetes?

Answer: Solid fats often include saturated fats, which you should limit, or trans fats, which you should avoid totally. If a recipe calls for solid fat like butter, lard, or hydrogenated shortening, try trans-fat free margarine, spreads, or shortening instead. Check the label to see whether the product will work for cooking or baking. Many liquid fats -- oils such as canola, corn, olive, and grape seed -- can be healthy when used in moderate amounts. Some oils have stronger flavors that may affect the taste. So experiment to find which oils work best with which recipes.


Question: How can I cook with better carbs if I have diabetes?

Answer: Choose those that give you energy that lasts and fiber. When a recipe calls for "white" flour, "white" rice, or other refined grains, try substituting whole wheat flour, brown rice, or other whole-grain flours or grain products. You can also use ground nuts such as almond or hazelnut (filbert) meal. Or you can mix several of these whole-grain ingredients together in the same recipe.


Question: What dairy should I cook with if I have diabetes?

Answer: Many dairy products used in cooking and baking are high in fat. You can lower the fat content without compromising taste. Instead of whole milk or half-and-half, pour 1% or skim milk, condensed skim milk, or nonfat half-and-half. Instead of sour cream, try low-fat or nonfat plain yogurt, buttermilk, or even low-fat cottage cheese (you may need to blend it first to make it smooth.) To make a sauce that calls for cream or whole milk, use cornstarch and skim milk.


Question: How can I use less fat when cooking if I have diabetes?

Answer: For many dishes, you can use 25% to 33% less fat than what the recipe says. Another tip: Substitute applesauce or mashed bananas for some or all of the fat in baked goods. Or, if you're whipping up a treat that calls for chocolate or chocolate chips, try cocoa powder, or use mini-chocolate chips and use fewer of them. When cooking up a soup or stew, skim off the fat that floats to the surface while it's on the stove. Or, place the pot in the refrigerator. When the fat has hardened at the top, it's easy to skim off.


Question: How can I make flavorful food if I have diabetes?

Answer: For many dishes, you can use 25% to 33% less fat than what the recipe says.


Question: How much fat should you cook with if you have diabetes?

Answer: For many dishes, you can use 25% to 33% less fat than what the recipe says. Another tip: Substitute applesauce or mashed bananas for some or all of the fat in baked goods. Or, if you're whipping up a treat that calls for chocolate or chocolate chips, try cocoa powder, or use mini-chocolate chips and use fewer of them. When cooking up a soup or stew, skim off the fat that floats to the surface while it's on the stove. Or, place the pot in the refrigerator. When the fat has hardened at the top, it's easy to skim off.


Question: Do you need to get chemotherapy through an IV?

Answer: Where you get treatment, what type of chemotherapy you have, and how often you get it depend on a number of things, including: The type of cancer you have and how advanced it is Whether you had chemo before Other health problems, like diabetes or heart disease Your goals and preferences You may not need to get chemotherapy through an IV. Your doctor may suggest you use one of these methods: Shots in your arm, thigh, hip, leg, or belly Through an infusion port, a device put underneath your skin that connects to a vein A cream or gel that you rub on your skin Pills, capsules, or liquids that you swallow Chemotherapy works by killing cancer cells, so you might assume that the goal is always to eliminate a tumor.


Question: Do you need to stop working during chemotherapy?

Answer: But doctors sometimes use chemo for other reasons, such as to: Kill hidden cancer cells in your body after you already had surgery to remove a tumor Shrink a tumor before you get other treatments, like surgery or radiation therapy Help relieve some cancer symptoms, even if a cure isn't likely Chemo isn't always as overwhelming as you might expect. Some people can work during treatment. Since you won't know how you'll feel until you start, it's best to have a flexible schedule. Working part-time or from home on days that you don't feel well can help you stay on top of your job without getting too exhausted.


Question: What changes to your diet can help you manage the side effects of chemotherapy?

Answer: Some long-lasting and late-developing effects of chemo can include: Lung, heart, and kidney problems Infertility Nerve damage, called peripheral neuropathy A higher chance of getting a second cancer Eat the right foods -- and the right amount -- and it will help you stay energized during chemo. It will also make you feel less nauseated. Try these diet tips: Eat plenty of protein and calories when you can. Your appetite may be highest in the morning, so that can be a good time to get in a bigger meal. If solid foods aren't appealing, try liquid meal replacements for extra calories or juice, soup, or milk. Try soft, cool, or frozen foods like yogurt, milkshakes, and ice pops. Eat five or six small meals a day instead of three larger ones. This can help keep you from feeling too full.


Question: What diet tips can help you stay energized during chemotherapy?

Answer: Try these diet tips: Eat plenty of protein and calories when you can. Your appetite may be highest in the morning, so that can be a good time to get in a bigger meal. If solid foods aren't appealing, try liquid meal replacements for extra calories or juice, soup, or milk. Try soft, cool, or frozen foods like yogurt, milkshakes, and ice pops. Eat five or six small meals a day instead of three larger ones. This can help keep you from feeling too full.


Question: How do you get chemotherapy?

Answer: Where you get treatment, what type of chemotherapy you have, and how often you get it depend on a number of things, including: The type of cancer you have and how advanced it is Whether you had chemo before Other health problems, like diabetes or heart disease Your goals and preferences You may not need to get chemotherapy through an IV. Your doctor may suggest you use one of these methods: Shots in your arm, thigh, hip, leg, or belly Through an infusion port, a device put underneath your skin that connects to a vein A cream or gel that you rub on your skin Pills, capsules, or liquids that you swallow Chemotherapy works by killing cancer cells, so you might assume that the goal is always to eliminate a tumor.


Question: What are some of the long-term effects of chemotherapy?

Answer: Some long-lasting and late-developing effects of chemo can include: Lung, heart, and kidney problems Infertility Nerve damage, called peripheral neuropathy A higher chance of getting a second cancer Eat the right foods -- and the right amount -- and it will help you stay energized during chemo.


Question: How can you prevent infections during chemotherapy?

Answer: To deal with this problem, you should: Check that you've had all the vaccines you need, including the flu shot, before chemo. Visit the dentist to make sure you don't have any bacteria in your mouth that could cause an infection during treatment. Wash your hands often while you're on chemotherapy, and ask your friends and family who are around you to do the same. Stay away from people and pets who are sick. Even a mild cold can become more severe during chemo.


Question: How is polyuria treated?

Answer: How you stop polyuria depends on what's causing it. For example, if you have diabetes that isn't under control, you may need to make changes to your treatments. If a medicine you take is the cause, talk to your doctor about switching to another drug or changing your dose. At home, cut back on how much fluid you drink, especially those that have alcohol and caffeine.


Question: What medicines can cause polyuria?

Answer: Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channel blockers. These medications open your blood vessels and can lead to your body making more urine.


Question: How are diabetes and polyuria connected?

Answer: Polyuria is often one of the first signs of diabetes. The condition makes sugar build up in your bloodstream. If your kidneys aren't able to filter it out, it exits your body in your urine. As the extra sugar and fluids travel through your kidneys, you have to pee more. Plus, the more you go, the thirstier you feel, and the more you'll drink.


Question: How does mononucleosis spread?

Answer: EBV spreads through bodily fluids. The most common way it spreads is through saliva, which is why you can get it from kissing. You can also get it if you share food, drinks, or silverware with a person who has it, or if an infected person coughs or sneezes near you. As long as an object -- like a fork or spoon -- that an infected person used is still moist, the virus is probably still present and contagious. EBV can also spread through blood and semen. So although it's less likely, you can get mono from medical procedures such as blood transfusions and organ transplants, or through sexual contact.


Question: What are some complications of mononucleosis?

Answer: If you develop complications from mono, they can be serious. One problem that can happen is an enlarged spleen. If it becomes severe, your spleen can rupture and cause a sudden, sharp pain on the left side of your upper abdomen. If you have pain like this, it's an emergency. Get medical care right away because you may need surgery. Mono can also cause complications that affect your liver, including hepatitis or jaundice. It's less likely, but mono can also cause problems with your heart and nervous system, and anemia. You're more likely to develop serious complications from mono if your immune system is compromised because of an illness like HIV/ AIDS or because you take certain medications.


Question: When should you call your doctor about ketoacidosis?

Answer: If you have these symptoms, call your doctor: Thirstiness or a dry mouth Peeing a lot Feeling tired Dry or flushed skin Feeling sick to your stomach Throwing up Trouble breathing Confusion Fruity-smelling breath Pain in your belly When you have diabetes, throwing up can be especially dangerous.


Question: What causes people with diabetes to get ketoacidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer: They can also get DKA when they're sick or injured or they don't get enough fluids and become dehydrated.


Question: When is ketosis dangerous?

Answer: If you have uncontrolled diabetes, ketosis can become dangerous when ketones build up. High levels lead to dehydration and change the chemical balance of your blood.


Question: How does ketosis help you lose weight?

Answer: Ketosis is a popular weight loss strategy. Low-carb eating plans include the first part of the Atkins diet and the Paleo diet, which stress proteins for fueling your body. In addition to helping you burn fat, ketosis can make you feel less hungry. It also helps you maintain muscle.


Question: Who may go on a ketogenic diet?

Answer: Doctors may put children who have epilepsy on a ketogenic diet, a special high-fat, very low-carb and protein plan because it might help prevent seizures. Adults with epilepsy sometimes eat modified Atkins diets.


Question: What is ketosis?

Answer: Ketosis is a normal process that happens when your body doesn't have enough carbs to burn for energy. Instead, it burns fat and makes substances called ketones, which it can use for fuel. Ketosis is a word you'll probably see when you're looking for information on diabetes or weight loss. Is it a good thing or a bad thing? That depends. Ketosis is a popular weight loss strategy.


Question: What is the risk of throwing up if you have diabetes?

Answer: If you have these symptoms, call your doctor: Thirstiness or a dry mouth Peeing a lot Feeling tired Dry or flushed skin Feeling sick to your stomach Throwing up Trouble breathing Confusion Fruity-smelling breath Pain in your belly When you have diabetes, throwing up can be especially dangerous. Although DKA usually starts off slowly, throwing up can speed up the process so that it happens in just a few hours. Call your doctor if you've been throwing up for 2 hours.


Question: What are the symptoms of ketoacidosis?

Answer: If you have these symptoms, call your doctor: Thirstiness or a dry mouth Peeing a lot Feeling tired Dry or flushed skin Feeling sick to your stomach Throwing up Trouble breathing Confusion Fruity-smelling breath Pain in your belly When you have diabetes, throwing up can be especially dangerous.


Question: In what cases do doctors suggest a ketogenic diet?

Answer: Doctors may put children who have epilepsy on a ketogenic diet, a special high-fat, very low-carb and protein plan because it might help prevent seizures. Adults with epilepsy sometimes eat modified Atkins diets.


Question: How do you test your ketones?

Answer: You can buy test strips to check your pee at home. Some blood sugar meters can measure ketones in your blood. If you don't know how and when to test your ketones, talk to your doctor or diabetes instructor. High levels of ketones are dangerous.


Question: How does exercise help ease psoriatic arthritis pain?

Answer: It improves your heath and keeps your joints flexible. If you don't move enough, you could get stiff joints and muscle weakness, the American College of Rheumatology says. Two good choices are riding an exercise bike or walking. Use shoe inserts to avoid too much pressure on your feet, ankles, or knees. You might also try water exercises, like swimming or walking laps in the pool. You'll get a good workout but won't stress your joints.


Question: How can losing weight help psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: If you have Ps A and you're overweight, you're more likely to have pain, tender and swollen joints, and other symptoms than people who aren't carrying extra pounds, a recent study showed. You're also prone to other illnesses, like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and cancer. And, it could make it hard for your doctor to figure out the right dose of medication to prescribe for your condition. Drop the weight, and you'll ease the symptoms that come with this painful condition, the National Psoriasis Foundation says.


Question: What are some alternative remedies for psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: One herb, turmeric, has been found to reduce Ps A flare-ups. But some herb-based treatments that you buy over-the-counter can cause serious side effects if you take them with your medications. Talk to your doctor before you use them. Acupressure gives some people relief. That's where a therapist applies slight pressure on key points on your body to ease pain and stress, increase blood flow, and boost your immune system. Scientists can't prove it works for Ps A, though. Simple massage therapy might help, too. It stretches muscles and joints, and it can help you relax.


Question: How does slowing down help ease psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Stress can cause your Ps A to flare up. Lower your risk by doing things that relax you. Try yoga, meditation, going for a walk, or reading a good book.


Question: What is a rare complication of impetigo?

Answer: The most common cause of impetigo is bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus.


Question: What are causes of impetigo?

Answer: A rare complication of impetigo is a severe kidney disease called post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. The most common cause of impetigo is bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus. Another bacteria source is group A streptococcus. These bacteria lurk everywhere. The most common way for your child to get impetigo is when he has contact with someone who has the infection, such as playing contact sports like wrestling. It's especially easy to pick it up if your kid has an open wound or a fresh scratch. You can also catch impetigo if you share the same clothes, bedding, towels, or other objects with someone with the infection. Your child is more likely to get impetigo if he has other skin problems, such as eczema, body lice, insect bites, or fungal infections.


Question: What is impetigo?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If your child gets red sores, especially around the nose and mouth, he could have impetigo. It's a skin infection caused by a bacteria, and it spreads easily. It's most common in babies and young children, but adults can get it too.


Question: Should I take dietary supplements if I have diabetes?

Answer: That's the first step in deciding whether or not to mix diabetes and dietary supplements. He or she can discuss the possible benefits and risks of dietary supplements. Your doctor or pharmacist can also check that any supplements you take will not interact dangerously with your medications. Be sure to list any dietary supplements you take whenever you tell your doctor or any other health care professional about your medications.


Question: Is there any evidence that vitamin or mineral supplements benefit people with diabetes?

Answer: The American Diabetes Association states that there is no evidence that vitamin or mineral supplements will benefit people with type 2 diabetes who do not have an actual deficiency.


Question: What is recovery like after breast implantation?

Answer: Your breasts will be covered with gauze after the surgery. You may have drainage tubes, which will be removed in a few days. You may need to wear a surgical bra as you heal. You'll need to take it easy for a few days after your breast augmentation surgery. For instance, you shouldn't do any heavy lifting for up to six weeks after getting your implants. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen may help relieve discomfort. Your doctor may also prescribe pain medication for you. You will probably have some swelling in the area where the surgery was done. Over time, the swelling should ease and the scars will fade.


Question: How should you pick your surgeon for breast implants?

Answer: You may be less likely to have complications later on if you choose a surgeon who has had at least five years of surgical training and at least two years' experience in plastic surgery.


Question: When can you get breast implants?

Answer: You may be less likely to have complications later on if you choose a surgeon who has had at least five years of surgical training and at least two years' experience in plastic surgery.


Question: How can you maintain breast implants?

Answer: Breast implants are not designed to last a lifetime. You may need to have the implants replaced if you have complications or if the size and shape of your breasts change over time. Women who have silicone gel-filled implants will need to get an MRI scan three years after the implant surgery and then MRI scans about every two years to check for silent rupture. If your implants rupture, you will need to have them removed or replaced.


Question: How long does a breast implant take?

Answer: You may have drainage tubes, which will be removed in a few days.


Question: What happens before a breast implant?

Answer: Your surgeon may ask you to stop taking certain medications a few days or weeks before your surgery. You can get breast augmentation done as an outpatient procedure, or you may stay overnight in the hospital.


Question: What are the different types of breast implants?

Answer: Saline-filled implants are silicone shells filled with sterile salt water (saline). Some are pre-filled and others are filled during the implant operation. Silicone gel-filled implants are silicone shells filled with a plastic gel (silicone). Although many women say that silicone gel implants feel more like real breasts than saline, they pose more of a risk if they leak. Both saline and silicone come in different sizes and have either smooth or textured shells. Each has its own pros and cons, so it is a matter of preference.


Question: How is a breast implant procedure done?

Answer: The surgeon will make a cut under your breasts, under your arms, or around your nipples, depending on your body, the type of implant, and how much enlargement is being done. The surgeon will put the breast implant into a pocket above or below your chest muscle. After the implant is in place, the surgeon will close the cuts with sutures or surgical tape.


Question: How can you lose weight quickly and safely?

Answer: It's more likely to stay off. If you shed pounds too fast, you'll lose muscle, bone, and water instead of fat, says the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The academy's advice: Aim to lose 1-2 pounds per week, and avoid fad diets or products that make promises that sound too good to be true. It's best to base your weight loss on changes you can stick with over time. For faster results, you'll need to work with a doctor, to make sure that you stay healthy and get the nutrients that you need.


Question: How can you limit added sugars to lose weight?

Answer: These are the sugars in cookies, cakes, sugar-sweetened drinks, and other items -- not the sugars that are naturally in fruits, for instance. Sugary foods often have a lot of calories but few nutrients. Aim to spend less than 10% of your daily calories on added sugars.


Question: How can protein help you lose weight?

Answer: It's satisfying and will help keep up your muscles. There are vegetarian and vegan sources (nuts, beans, and soy are a few), as well as lean meat, poultry, fish, and dairy. Most Americans get enough protein but could choose to get it from leaner sources, so you may already have plenty in your diet. Your exact protein needs depend on your age, gender, and how active you are.


Question: How can meal replacements help you lose weight?

Answer: These products will control your calories. They're convenient and take the guesswork out of dieting.


Question: What are ways you can lose weight?

Answer: There are many ways you can do this, without cutting calories too much. You could: Cut back on portions. Figure out how many calories you get in a usual day, and trim back a bit. Read food labels to know how many calories are in each serving. Drink more water, so you're not so hungry. Whatever method you use, you'll need to favor good-for-you foods like vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and lean protein so you keep up good nutrition. Working with a dietitian is a good idea, so you make a plan that covers those needs.


Question: What is the best way to lose weight?

Answer: No matter how you kick-start your weight loss, the best way to keep it off is with long-lasting lifestyle changes, like a healthy eating plan and physical activity. If you're not sure where to start, how many calories to cut, or how to do it safely, you might want to consult a registered dietitian.


Question: Where can you get support for losing weight?

Answer: So ask your family and friends to support your efforts to lose weight. You might also want to join a weight loss group where you can talk about how it's going with people who can relate. Or talk with someone you know who's lost weight in a healthy way.


Question: How can good fats help you lose weight?

Answer: Small amounts of fat can help you feel full and less like you're on a diet. The better choices are those in fish, nuts and seeds, and olive oil. Those have unsaturated fats -- polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fats, specifically.


Question: Which carbs should you eat if you're trying to lose weight?

Answer: Look for those that are low on the glycemic index (for instance, asparagus is lower on the glycemic index than a potato) or lower in carbs per serving than others. Whole grains are better choices than processed items, because processing removes key nutrients such as fiber, iron, and B vitamins. They may be added back, such as in âenrichedâ bread.


Question: Can you prevent diabetic retinopathy and macular edema?

Answer: Many studies have shown that you can cut your odds of losing your vision from retinopathy and macular edema with strict control of your blood sugars, blood pressure, and cholesterol.


Question: Does diabetic retinopathy cause macular edema?

Answer: Diabetic retinopathy may also cause macular edema. This happens when fluid leaks into the part of the retina that helps give you the sharp, central vision. You need that for reading, driving, and seeing fine details. Instead, things look blurry.


Question: What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)?

Answer: If you continue to have high blood sugar over several years, though, you could go on to have a more severe disease known as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. It's called "proliferative" because new blood vessels start to grow on the surface of the retina. These blood vessels are fragile and can leak blood or fluid. This causes scarring of the retina and long-term vision loss.


Question: Can you slow or reverse vision loss due to diabetes?

Answer: If you find and treat diabetic retinopathy early, you can slow or even reverse some forms of vision loss. If you have diabetes, you should see an eye doctor at least once a year. If your annual exams are normal, you may be able to have follow-up exams every 2-3 years.


Question: When is a vitrectomy indicated for people with diabetes?

Answer: These fragile blood vessels could tear, causing bleeding in your eye. This laser procedure may keep your vision better longer. It works best if used before the fragile new vessels have started to bleed. How Diabetes Affect Your Eyes and Eye Care Tips Diabetes and Eye Problems continued... A procedure called a vitrectomy may be used to remove the clear gel of the eye, called the vitreous, if it becomes clouded by blood. You may also need treatment to repair a detached retina or damaged macula caused by this new blood vessel growth. If you have macular edema, laser surgery or drugs placed inside your eye can slow leaking around the macula.


Question: Do I need to do a lot of extra work to care for my eyes if I have diabetes?

Answer: Take heart: Diabetes care and eye care work together. It doesn't take a lot of extra work to take care of your eyes with diabetes. The steps you take to manage diabetes also help keep your eyes healthy. Follow your diabetes meal plan, get enough exercise, and take any diabetes drugs as prescribed. This helps keep your blood sugar levels healthy -- and gives you the best possible chance of keeping your eyesight strong.


Question: How common is diabetic retinopathy?

Answer: Diabetes and Eye Problems Diabetic retinopathy: At some point, nearly 1 out of 3 people with diabetes has retinopathy -- damage to the blood vessels in the retina. That's the lining at the back of your eye. Non-proliferative retinopathy, which doesn't usually threaten your eyesight, is most common.


Question: Does diabetes cause glaucoma?

Answer: Diabetes and glaucoma: Having diabetes doubles your odds of glaucoma, a condition that puts added pressure in your eye. This extra pressure can damage the retina and the optic nerve, the main eye nerve for sight. You likely won't have symptoms early on. Some people slowly lose vision or see bright halos or colored rings around lights. Glaucoma is treated with prescription eyedrops to lower eye pressure. In some cases, you may need laser treatment or surgery.


Question: Why is it important to get your eyes checked if you have diabetes?

Answer: How Diabetes Affect Your Eyes and Eye Care Tips When you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, you're more likely to have eye problems than someone without it. High blood sugar can damage the tiny blood vessels in your eyes over time. That can lead to an eye disease called diabetic retinopathy. High blood sugar can also lead to cataracts and glaucoma. So take care of your diabetes -- and keep up with annual eye exams -- to take care of your eyes.


Question: How can managing blood pressure help with diabetes-related eyesight complications?

Answer: Control your blood pressure to help slow or prevent eye disease caused by diabetes. Have your blood pressure checked by your doctor at every visit. If a low-salt diet, staying at a healthy weight, and exercise aren't enough to keep it under control, you may need drugs to bring it down to a healthier level. The goal for most people with diabetes is blood pressure of less than 130/80.


Question: Does diabetes cause cataracts?

Answer: Diabetes and cataracts: You're more likely to have cataracts -- and at a younger age -- if you have diabetes. Cataracts cloud your eye's lens and cause blurred vision. If you have mild cataracts, sunglasses and glare-control glasses can help. If it's severe, cataract surgery replaces the cloudy lens with a man-made lens to improve your vision.


Question: What are some warning signs of diabetes-related eyesight complications?

Answer: The sooner you notice an eye problem, the more likely treatment will help. Call your doctor if you have any of these symptoms: Blurry, cloudy, or double vision Flashing lights or rings around lights Blank, dark, or floating spots in your vision Pain, pressure, or constant redness in your eyes Trouble seeing signs or straight lines Trouble seeing out of the corner of your eye Any sudden change in your vision 5.


Question: How often should I have dilated eye exams to check for diabetes-related eyesight complications?

Answer: An eye doctor needs to widen your pupils with special eyedrops to look for early signs of damage to tiny eye blood vessels. Get a full eye exam every year, so your eye doctor can find and treat problems early. If you are pregnant or planning to get pregnant, get an eye exam early in your pregnancy and stay in touch with your eye doctor throughout your pregnancy.


Question: What are some ways to make exercise easier with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If it's a hassle to get to a gym, work out at home or in your neighborhood. But if you like the energy of a fitness center, try to find one that isn't off your beaten path. You're more likely to stop in if you pass it every day.


Question: Should I exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It might sound crazy at first, but a workout can boost your energy and make you more flexible. Once you take the first steps, you'll be on your way to reaping the benefits. You, and your joints, will be glad you did.


Question: How does strength training help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Lift light weights (1-2 pounds) or use a resistance band to build or maintain muscle mass and strength to keep your joints stable.


Question: How can someone tailor their exercise plan to fit their rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The best thing you can do is listen to your body. If you don't feel well enough to bump up your walking pace or distance one week, stick with the pace from the week before. If you don't feel your best, change the activity. If your joints are swollen or painful, take a day off. Or choose a move that you can manage. The important thing is to keep moving.


Question: How can I keep it real with  my doctor if I want to exercise with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you don't know where to begin or feel you don't have much time to exercise, start with 5 minutes. The next day, try to do a minute more, and so on. But if you're raring to go, be careful not to overdo it at first. It's less important where you start than where you end up.


Question: Is there a good strategy to start exercising if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Get off to a good start with this strategy: Talk to your doctor.


Question: How does aerobic exercise help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Aerobic exercise, the kind that makes your heart pump faster, can help you control your weight. It also helps protect against heart disease, another condition you're more likely to get if you have RA. Moving around also leads to a better night's sleep. That helps you manage the stress and depression that can come with rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: How often should I do flexibility movements if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Follow them with strengthening exercises every other day. It's OK to rest if you have joint pain or get tired. Avoid moves that call for fast or repeated movements that hurt your joints.


Question: How will talking to the doctor help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: He'll let you know if there are activities you should skip. For instance, if you have inflammation in your shoulder, you may want to bike or walk instead of swim.


Question: Should I talk to my doctor if I want to exercise with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Ask what kind of exercise is best for you. He'll let you know if there are activities you should skip. For instance, if you have inflammation in your shoulder, you may want to bike or walk instead of swim.


Question: How does aerobics help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: An ideal program has three types of exercise: Aerobics with low to medium impact on your joints. Swimming, biking, walking, dance, and warm-water exercise are all good choices. An elliptical machine can build stamina and energy.


Question: How much exercise time should someone start with to help with their rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you don't know where to begin or feel you don't have much time to exercise, start with 5 minutes. The next day, try to do a minute more, and so on. But if you're raring to go, be careful not to overdo it at first. It's less important where you start than where you end up.


Question: How does physical activity help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Activity helps to cut the swelling and pain in your joints, and it strengthens your muscles. Exercise, especially the weight-bearing kind, like walking, makes your bones stronger and helps prevent osteoporosis. Many women get weaker bones after menopause, but it's more common for those who have RA and take steroids to treat inflammation.


Question: Who can give someone with rheumatoid arthritis motivation to exercise?

Answer: If you can, get advice from a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or a trainer who has experience with arthritis. They can teach you how to gauge your body's response so you don't overdo it, end up in pain, and get discouraged.


Question: How easy is walking for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Walking is one of the easiest exercises to do -- all you need is a pair of supportive shoes. If you're wondering how to get started, check out the Arthritis Foundation's Walking Workout.


Question: How does working out with a friend help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: A workout in a group or with friends can help you stay motivated when your get-up-and-go wants to go on strike. A class can help you make some new friends who understand what you're going through.


Question: How does someone with rheumatoid arthritis get motivated to exercise?

Answer: These tips can lead to success: Start slowly. Set a goal: Maybe you want to lose a few pounds, get in better shape for a trip, or walk a 5 K. Set small targets that will get you to your larger goal. Chart your progress. Reward yourself when you meet each milestone.


Question: Should I be consistent with my exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It's important to be consistent. Build up to 30 minutes of aerobic exercise a day, five times a week. You can break it down into three 10-minute sessions a day if that's easier.


Question: How long does Achilles surgery take?

Answer: Achilles surgery takes only about 30 minutes to an hour, and you'll go home the same day. The surgeons will put you in a cast that extends from below the knee to your toes. It'll keep your foot in a pointed position.


Question: What are treatments for Achilles tendon injury?

Answer: If you haven't torn your Achilles, you probably won't need surgery. If the damage is minor, you might be able to rest, apply ice, wear a boot for a while, and have a few physical therapy appointments. If your tendon is ruptured, your doctor will consider your age, activity level, and how bad the damage is when deciding about surgery. The younger and more active you are, the more likely that surgery will be the answer.


Question: What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer: In the other types, the muscular left ventricle becomes very thick. High blood pressure may cause your left ventricle to enlarge (a type known as hypertrophy). The thickening (which doctors call hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) can also be inherited.


Question: How does an echocardiogram help diagnose an enlarged heart?

Answer: An ultrasound of your heart -- you may hear it called an echocardiogram -- is the best way to diagnose it. There's no pain or risk from it. It measures the heart's: Size Muscle thickness Pumping function In some cases, it can help your doctor figure out what's causing your enlarged heart.


Question: What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy is the main type of enlarged heart. The walls of both sides (also known as ventricles) become thin and stretched. This enlarges your heart.


Question: What is progressive rheumatoid arthritis like?

Answer: If it's getting worse, there are good treatment options to slow it down.


Question: What are the signs of progressive rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: There's no easy way, but some general signs include: Flares that are intense or last a long time Diagnosis at a young age, which means the disease has more time to become active in your body Rheumatoid nodules -- bumps under your skin, often around your elbows Active inflammation that shows up in tests of joint fluid or blood Damage on X-rays when you were diagnosed High levels of rheumatoid factor or citrulline antibody in blood tests Early and more aggressive treatment raise your chances of remission.


Question: What is a long remission of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: When you're in one of these periods, your pain and stiffness go away or get much better, but you aren't cured. In a few people with RA -- about 5% to 10% -- the disease starts suddenly, and then they have no symptoms for many years, even decades.


Question: When should I see my rheumatologist for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your RA doctor can check to see how your disease has changed. If it's getting worse, there are good treatment options to slow it down.


Question: How can I tell which kind of rheumatoid arthritis I have?

Answer: There's no easy way, but some general signs include: Flares that are intense or last a long time Diagnosis at a young age, which means the disease has more time to become active in your body Rheumatoid nodules -- bumps under your skin, often around your elbows Active inflammation that shows up in tests of joint fluid or blood Damage on X-rays when you were diagnosed High levels of rheumatoid factor or citrulline antibody in blood tests Early and more aggressive treatment raise your chances of remission.


Question: How does hypermobility joint syndrome affect adults?

Answer: The syndrome rarely leads to arthritis later in life. But some people with the condition may get shoulder or kneecap problems if they often dislocate those joints or if their cartilage gets worn down. People who have the syndrome as adults are more likely to get osteoarthritis (âwear and tear" arthritis) as they age. A few people still have muscle pain from hypermobility as they become adults. They are more likely than others to have sprains, injuries, dislocations, occasional swelling, backaches, and discomfort after exercise.


Question: How do you diagnose hypermobility joint syndrome?

Answer: Doctors use several specific mobility tests, including: The wrist and thumb can be moved downward so the thumb touches the forearm. The little fingers can be extended back beyond 90 degrees. When standing, the knees are abnormally bowed backward when viewed from the side. When fully extended, the arms bend further than normal (beyond straight). When bending at the waist, with the knees straight, the child or adult can put their palms flat on the floor. Since the symptoms of hypermobility can sometimes mimic arthritis, you may need to get lab tests to make sure your child doesn't have a more serious disorder (such as juvenile arthritis or other inflammatory conditions). In rare cases, you may need to get X-rays.


Question: What can you do for hypermobility joint syndrome?

Answer: It's a good idea to strengthen the muscles around loose joints. For some people, doctors recommend splints, braces, or taping to protect affected joints during activity. Joint protection. These tips will help your child avoid overstretching their hypermobile joints: Don't sit cross-legged with both knees bent (" Indian style"). Bend the knees slightly when standing. Wear shoes with good arch supports. Stop any unusual joint movements that hypermobile children often use to entertain their friends.


Question: How can I reassure my children as I recover from a bout of depression?

Answer: If you have children, they may have been frightened and confused when you were depressed. Now is the time to explain what happened. Discuss it in terms that they can understand. Explain that you were sick but that you're getting help and feeling better.


Question: How can I reconnect to my loved ones after a bout of depression?

Answer: During your depression, you may have isolated yourself. Sometimes when people are depressed they just stay at home alone and stop picking up the phone. But now that you're feeling better, it's important to reconnect to your friends and family. Don't let your relationships fade away -- the support of your loved ones is crucial to staying well. If you're nervous, start slowly. Just call a friend and ask to meet for a quick visit, maybe for a cup of coffee. Or get together for a walk. You may find that talking about what you've been through will help you feel better while you are recovering.


Question: How can setting boundaries help relationships work after a bout of depression?

Answer: After you've been depressed, the people around you are likely to be worried that you'll become depressed again. Their concern is understandable. But it's important to set limits -- so they aren't monitoring your every move. For instance, if your family becomes alarmed every single time you get angry or upset, you're going to get frustrated. Explain that while you appreciate their concern, you need them to give you some space. In return, they might want assurance that you will reach out if you really do need their help.


Question: How can your loved ones help you cope as you recover from a bout of depression?

Answer: Readjusting to your life can be tricky. So ask your loved ones for help. While you may worry about being a burden, the fact is that your friends and family may actually want to help -- but they may just not know what to do. Help doesn't just mean only emotional support. You might need a hand with practical chores like shopping or watching the kids.


Question: Does a headache mean you have brain cancer?

Answer: Seek emergency medical help right away if you have any of the following symptoms: Unexplained, persistent vomiting Double vision or unexplained blurring of vision, especially on only one side Lethargy or increased sleepiness New seizures New pattern or type of headaches Although headaches are thought to be a common symptom of brain cancer, they may not occur until late in the progression of the disease. If any significant change in your headache pattern occurs, your health care provider may suggest that you go the hospital.


Question: How can steroid treatment lead to moon facies?

Answer: Although millions of Americans take these types of medications, many others may be affected by moon facies but not know its cause. In fact, weight gain with fat redistribution such as moon facies is one of the most common signs of steroid use. Your risk of developing these signs depends on the dose of medication and how long you take it. With steroid use, an increase in appetite and food intake may contribute to weight gain. Symptoms usually occur as the result of long-term use of oral steroids. But less commonly, injected or inhaled steroids may cause Cushing's signs and symptoms, too. The best way to reduce the impact of symptoms is to reduce the dose of medication or discontinue it altogether, but you should never do this on your own. If you need to continue using it, your doctor will have you try the lowest effective dose. For example, taking the medication every other day can sometimes lessen Cushingoid changes. If this does not resolve moon facies and other symptoms, your doctor may suggest trying other types of therapies.


Question: What are the symptoms of moon facies?

Answer: The sides of your face may become so round from the buildup of fat that the ears can't be seen from the front of your face. Fat deposits in the sides of the skull can also make the face look rounder.


Question: How do preteens and teen benefit from getting vaccinated against hepatitis B?

Answer: Hepatitis B can spread among teens through drug abuse and sexual activity. A two-dose and three-dose version of the vaccine is available for kids ages 11 to 15. Why does your child need this vaccination? This virus can be life-threatening or lead to long-term liver disease.


Question: How do preteens and teen benefit from Tdap vaccine?

Answer: Tdap protects children from tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). Doctors usually give kids this vaccine when they're age 11-12 if they've already had the DTP/ DTa P vaccination series, and never got a Td booster.


Question: Can my preteen or teen get the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR)?

Answer: If your child wasn't vaccinated earlier, he should get this vaccine. Two doses of MMR can be given at any age, with at least 4 weeks between the doses.


Question: Is a persistent cough a sign that you may need a change in your heart failure treatment?

Answer: Persistent cough An ongoing wheeze or cough that brings up white or slightly blood-colored mucus can be another symptom of fluid building up in your lungs. Call the doctor if you notice it.


Question: Why shouldn't you ignore flu symptoms when you're sick?

Answer: You usually don’t need to see a doctor for a run-of-the-mill cold. But call her if you have signs of the flu, such as a high fever, body aches, and fatigue. She can give you an antiviral drug such as oseltamivir ( Tamiflu) or zanamivir ( Relenza). If you take one in the first 48 hours that you’re sick, you can ease your symptoms and shorten your illness by 1 or 2 days.


Question: Why shouldn't you smoke when you're sick?

Answer: Smoking damages your lungs and irritates your throat. That can make your cold symptoms worse. So ditch the cigarettes and steer clear of secondhand smoke.


Question: Why shouldn't you skip meals and snacks when you're sick?

Answer: You might not have much of an appetite, but it’s important to eat something. Calories and nutrients will fuel the immune cells that attack cold and flu viruses. The result: You may get better faster. Try eating a bowl of chicken soup. Research shows that this classic may actually relieve some of those symptoms.


Question: Why is getting stressed bad when you're sick?

Answer: A hormone your body makes when you’re stressed is hard on the immune system. It also increases inflammation, which can make your stuffy nose even worse. Make an effort to focus on relaxing and recovering, and you may be back on your feet sooner.


Question: How is periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) diagnosed?

Answer: A sleep partner may observe PLMD, which often affects the partner before the person knows of his or her behavior. In other cases, the diagnosis is made with the use of an overnight polysomnogram (a test that records bodily functions during sleep). This test is often used to assess the cause of daytime sleepiness or recurrent awakenings from sleep. Blood work may be done in order to test iron status, folic acid, vitamin B12, thyroid function, and magnesium levels.


Question: What should I avoid if I have periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)?

Answer: The use of caffeine often intensifies PLMD symptoms. Caffeine-containing products such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and soft drinks should be avoided.


Question: What causes periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)?

Answer: The causes of PLMD are unknown. However recent research has shown that people with a variety of medical problems, including Parkinson's disease and narcolepsy, may have frequent periodic limb movements in sleep. Iron deficiency seems to be the most commonly recognized cause of PLMD and its cousin, Restless Legs Syndrome.


Question: What are symptoms of periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)?

Answer: Symptoms of PLMD are usually leg movements with the extension of the big toe in combination with a partial flexing of the ankle, knee, or hip. Movement of the legs is more typical than movement of the arms. It can often cause a partial or full brief awakening, resulting in fragmented sleep. Patients are frequently unaware of these movements.


Question: How is periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) treated?

Answer: Generally, there are several classes of drugs that are used to treat PLMD. These include drugs closely related to those that treat Parkinson's disease, anticonvulsant medications, benzodiazepines, and narcotics. Current treatment recommendations consider the anti- Parkinson's type medications as a first line of defense. Medical treatment of PLMD often significantly reduces or eliminates the symptoms of these disorders.


Question: How much weight will you lose after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Weight Loss Ask your doctor how much weight you can expect to lose. The type of weight loss surgery makes a difference. Surgeries that affect digestion, such as gastric bypass, tend to result in faster and greater weight loss than adjustable banding procedures. Many people find that their weight loss ebbs and flows over months, dropping, then leveling off, and then dropping again. Depending on the procedure, you might keep losing weight for up to 2 or 3 years after surgery.


Question: Should you exercise more after weight loss surgery?

Answer: A More Active Life Keeping the weight off takes work, and becoming more active is key. If you're not active now, take it easy when you get started, and gradually make it more challenging. Talk to your doctor about easy ways to begin. You may also benefit from working with a physical therapist or trainer.


Question: How might weight loss surgery help your health?

Answer: Health Benefits After gastric bypass or certain other types of weight loss surgery, the health benefits often happen right away. For instance, your diabetes might improve dramatically. The same might be true of high blood pressure, arthritis, sleep apnea, high cholesterol, and other conditions. Improved health after adjustable banding procedures may be more gradual.


Question: How will your self-image change after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Your Self- Image It may take a while to get used to the new you and to adjust to the changes in your lifestyle. You might also realize how much you relied on food for comfort in the past, something that's just not possible after surgery. That's normal. Consider talking to a therapist about it. You can also ask your doctor if there are support groups in the area for people who have had weight loss surgery. Meeting people who are going through the same changes helps a lot.


Question: How might your relationships change after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Your Relationships When you lose a lot of weight, it can affect your relationships. For instance, if you usually socialize while eating and drinking, you may need to think of new ways of meeting up with family and friends that aren't so focused on food.


Question: How will weight loss surgery affect your nutrition intake?

Answer: Nutrition Because you're eating less, you need to focus on choosing the most nutritious foods. Some weight loss surgeries, including gastric bypass, also make it harder for your body to absorb nutrients. Talk to your doctor or a dietitian for advice on what sorts of foods to eat after weight loss surgery and whether you should take supplements.


Question: How will your appearance change after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Your Appearance Many people are thrilled to see the changes in how they look as they start losing after weight loss surgery. There are some downsides, too. As your body shrinks, you may find that your skin doesn't shrink as much. It may start to look loose and baggy. Some people choose to have plastic surgery to remove this extra skin.


Question: How can chronic migraines affect you?

Answer: Because of that, chronic migraines can take a toll on your personal life. If you get painful headaches for half of each month, you lose days of work or school and precious time with friends and family. It's common for people with chronic migraines to also have depression.


Question: What causes migraines and chronic migraines?

Answer: Doctors are learning more about what brings on these headaches, which often run in families. Some are the result of a changes in your brain chemicals. Abnormal brain activity is also involved. Every person who has migraines has different triggers, but common ones include a lack of sleep, caffeine, and being under stress. Most people who get chronic migraines are women. This may be because hormone changes are another well-known cause. These shifts happen around your monthly period, as well as during pregnancy and through menopause. Birth control can also play a role.


Question: Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're postmenopausal?

Answer: If you're postmenopausal, any bleeding after sex isn't normal. See your doctor to rule out cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and other issues.


Question: Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're pregnant?

Answer: Vaginal bleeding after sex can be scary if you're pregnant, but it's probably not a cause for concern. Your cervix may bleed more easily during pregnancy because extra blood vessels are developing in the area.


Question: Why does vaginal bleeding after sex happen?

Answer: One of those causes is cervical inflammation, or cervicitis. It can be ongoing and totally harmless, or it can happen because of a sexually transmitted infection that you need to get treated, like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Both types of cervical inflammation can cause bleeding after sex. A second common reason for bleeding after sex are cervical polyps. They are growths that are usually small -- about 1 to 2 centimeters -- that often appear on the cervix where it connects to the vagina. Most aren't cancerous, and a doctor can remove them during an appointment. Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem.


Question: Will vaginal bleeding after sex stop on its own?

Answer: It might. A recent study found that just over half of women who had bleeding after sex reported that it cleared up on its own within 2 years.


Question: How can I prevent vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: You can rule out the most innocent causes of bleeding after sex, like friction during intercourse or not enough lubrication, by simply using a lubricant before and during sex. You can also wait a bit longer after your period ends to start having sex again, if it seems like regular uterine bleeding at the tail end of menstruation is the culprit. Removing cervical polyps or treating cervical infections should also clear up post-sex bleeding, if either was the cause.


Question: What should you know about vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: While vaginal bleeding after sex can be alarming, it's also fairly common -- affecting up to 9% of menstruating women -- and probably no cause for concern. But it can also be caused by an infection, and in rare cases, it's a sign of cervical cancer.


Question: What are other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem.


Question: How can you tell if vaginal bleeding after sex is serious?

Answer: If you have some minor bleeding occasionally after sex, chances are that everything is fine. But the only way to know for sure is to see your doctor for a physical exam. If the bleeding happens right before you get your period or within a few days after it ends and it doesn't happen again, you can hold off on making that appointment. You can also probably hold off if you recently had a pelvic exam and Pap smear and got a clean bill of health. In all other cases -- or if you're just worried -- it's best to get checked out to rule out infection or anything more serious.


Question: What happens if your doctor finds something abnormal after testing vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: If your Pap test reveals any abnormalities on your cervix at the time of your exam, you'll probably get a colposcopy. It starts out like a Pap test, but takes a bit longer, and the doctor will use a special magnifying device called a colposcope to get a closer look at the cervix. If your doctor sees anything suspicious, she can take a small sample of tissue for testing. If bleeding after sex is an ongoing thing, your doctor may recommend a colposcopy even if your Pap test results are normal, to get a better look at your cervix. If you're postmenopausal, your doctor might do a transvaginal ultrasound to get a closer look at the pelvic organs or an endometrial biopsy to look for abnormal cells in the endometrial tissue that lines your uterus.


Question: Whatâs a pediatric dentist/pedodontist, and how can one help with oral health care?

Answer: A pediatric dentist is the oral health care provider who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the dental problems of children from the age of one or two to early adulthood. This dentist can detect, treat, or refer (as needed) problems with decayed, missing, crowded, or crooked teeth. A pediatric dentist has at least two additional years of training beyond dental school.


Question: Whatâs a prosthodontist, and how can one help with my oral health care?

Answer: A prosthodontist is the oral health care provider who specializes in the repair of natural teeth and/or the replacement of missing teeth on a much larger scale than the general dentist. The prosthodontist uses artificial teeth (dentures) or crowns (caps) to replace the missing or extracted teeth. The prosthodontist is also very involved in the replacement of teeth using dental implants. In addition, specially trained prosthodontists work with patients with head and neck deformities, replacing missing parts of the face and jaws with artificial substitutes.


Question: Whatâs an endodontist, and how can one help with my oral health care?

Answer: An endodontist is the dental specialist concerned with the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the human dental pulp or the nerve of the tooth. This specialist may perform simple to difficult root canal treatments or other types of surgical root procedures.


Question: Whatâs a periodontist, and how can one help with my oral health care?

Answer: A periodontist is the oral health care provider who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases of the soft tissues of the mouth (the gums) and the supporting structures (bones) of the teeth (both natural and man-made teeth). This dentist diagnoses and treats gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) as well as periodontitis (gum and bone disease). A periodontist may perform the following procedures: simple and deep pocket cleanings, root planing, crown lengthening procedures, soft tissue and/or bone grafting, gingival or flap procedures, soft tissue recontouring or removal (gingivoplasty or gingivectomy), hard tissue recontouring (osteoplasty), and implant placement.


Question: What is the cure for epilepsy?

Answer: Experts point out that there is no cure for epilepsy and that treating seizures is about controlling them. They also point out that, in children, seizures that are controlled with medication will often go away on their own.


Question: What are symptoms of a severe allergic reaction to a stingray sting?

Answer: Difficulty breathing Tightness in throat Itching Nausea Fast pulse Dizziness Loss of consciousness See Severe Allergic Reaction Treatment.


Question: Who is a candidate for islet cell transplantation?

Answer: Typically, candidates for islet cell transplantation are between the ages of 18 and 65, have had type 1 diabetes for more than 5 years, and are experiencing diabetes-related complications, such as frequent periods of unconsciousness due to lack of insulin and early signs of kidney problems that could lead to kidney failure. As with all medical procedures, the benefits and risks must be weighed carefully.


Question: What does islet cell transplantation entail?

Answer: In islet cell transplantation, beta cells are removed from a donor's pancreas and transferred into a person with diabetes. Beta cells are one type of cell found in the islets of the pancreas and produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. Once transplanted, the donor islets begin to make and release insulin.


Question: Can islet cell transplantation be done at any hospital?

Answer: Because it is still considered an experimental therapy, islet cell transplantation for diabetes is not widely available. There are currently 17 U. S. centers participating in islet cell research programs. The American Diabetes Association recommends that pancreas or islet cell transplantation be performed only in certain major centers, which are best equipped to handle the complex and long-term medical and personal needs of transplant patients.


Question: What are the benefits of islet cell transplantation for people with diabetes?

Answer: Successful islet cell transplantation can provide the following benefits: Restore or improve the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. The need for frequent blood sugar measurements and daily insulin injections can be reduced, and in a minority of patients, eliminated three years after transplantation. Although being free from insulin injections may only last several months or a year, islet cell transplantation reduces episodes of low blood sugar for a longer time. Improve the quality of life. Reduce the progression of long-term complications of diabetes, including heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and nerve and eye damage.


Question: What is the future of islet cell transplantation research?

Answer: There are two main areas of focus in islet cell transplantation research: Collecting enough islet cells to do the transplant: Obtaining enough islet cells for transplantation is a major challenge. In most cases, islet cells from several different donors are needed. Because the need surpasses the number of human donors available, researchers are studying the use of cells from other sources, including fetal tissue and animals such as pigs. Researchers are also attempting to grow human islet cells in the laboratory. Preventing rejection: Researchers are continuously seeking to develop new and better anti-rejection drugs. Many advances have been made in anti-rejection drugs over the past 15 years. Newer drugs -- such as tacrolimus ( FK506) and rapamycin -- have fewer and less harmful side effects than some older drugs like cyclosporine and prednisone. Researchers are also working to develop methods of transplanting islet cells that will reduce or eliminate the risk of rejection and the need for immunosuppression. One approach involves coating the islet cells with a special gel that prevents the immune system from recognizing and targeting the donor cells.


Question: How is gum recession treated?

Answer: Antibiotics also may be given to get rid of any remaining harmful bacteria. If your gum recession cannot be treated with deep cleaning because of excess loss of bone and pockets that are too deep, gum surgery may be required to repair the damage caused by gum recession. The following surgical procedures are used to treat gum recession: Open flap scaling and root planing: During this procedure, the dentist or periodontist (gum doctor) folds back the affected gum tissue, removes the harmful bacteria from the pockets, and then snugly secures the gum tissue in place over the tooth root, thus eliminating the pockets or reducing their size.


Question: How is a soft tissue graft procedure done to gum recession?

Answer: Soft tissue graft: There are several types of gum tissue graft procedures, but the most commonly used one is called a connective tissue graft. In this procedure, a flap of skin is cut at the roof of your mouth (palate) and tissue from under the flap, called subepithelial connective tissue, is removed and then stitched to the gum tissue surrounding the exposed root. After the connective tissue -- the graft -- has been removed from under the flap, the flap is stitched back down. During another type of graft, called free gingival graft, tissue is taken directly from the roof of the mouth instead of under the skin. Sometimes, if you have enough gum tissue surrounding the affected teeth, the dentist is able to graft gum from near the tooth and not remove tissue from the palate. This is called a pedicle graft.


Question: What should you know if I think I have receding gums?

Answer: Gum recession is not something you want to ignore. If you think your gums are receding, make an appointment with your dentist. There are treatments that can repair the gum and prevent further damage.


Question: How do I know which procedure works best for receding gums?

Answer: Your dentist can determine the best type of procedure to use on you based on your individual needs.