Question: What disorders can affect my nervous system?

Answer: Still, things can go wrong with your nervous system just like any other part of your body. When a disorder damages it, that affects the communication between your brain, your spinal cord, and your body. Examples of these disorders include: Infections like meningitis, encephalitis, or polio Physical problems like an injury, Bell's palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome Conditions like Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimer's disease Issues with your blood vessels, like strokes, transient ischemic attacks ( TIAs), or subdural hematoma (when blood collects outside your brain, typically after a serious head injury) Just like other parts of your body, your brain needs sleep for rest and repair, so a good regular sleep schedule is key.


Question: What protects my nervous system?

Answer: That network -- your nervous system -- has two parts: Your brain and spinal cord make up your central nervous system. Your brain is guarded by your skull, and your spinal cord is shielded by small bones in your spine (vertebrae) and thin coverings (membranes). They're both cushioned by a clear fluid called cerebrospinal fluid.


Question: What are the parts of the nervous system?

Answer: The nerves in the rest of your body make up your peripheral nervous system. This is also how messages get from your body back to your brain and spinal cord.


Question: Do chronic allergies ever go away?

Answer: Some people, most often children, may outgrow an allergy completely. Others find that with age, their allergy symptoms lighten up. That may be because the immune system can weaken with age, and perhaps can't muster as strong a reaction to the allergen. But as an adult, once you have an allergy, it usually doesn't go away on its own.


Question: What should you know about doses in birth control pills?

Answer: Most versions have a combination of estrogen and progesterone. Some have more estrogen in them than others. While fewer hormones sounds like a good thing -- and it mostly is -- you should know the drawbacks when you're weighing your choices.


Question: What are side effects from ultra-low-dose birth control pills?

Answer: Many women who take them have breakthrough bleeding, which can lead women to stop taking them. Taking your pill at exactly the same time every day may help reduce this problem, but there are no guarantees. Another issue is that women who take ultra-low-dose pills may get vaginal dryness and chronic pelvic pain. Those can make sex uncomfortable.


Question: What are some low-dose birth control pill options?

Answer: Some examples of low-dose pills are: Drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol ( Yasmin) Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Levora) Norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol ( Estrostep or Ortho- Novum) Norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol ( Ortho- Tri- Cyclen Lo) Norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Lo/ Ovral-28) In recent years there's been a trend toward even lower levels of hormones. "


Question: What are some ultra-low-dose birth control pill options?

Answer: Some examples of low-dose pills are: Drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol ( Yasmin) Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Levora) Norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol ( Estrostep or Ortho- Novum) Norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol ( Ortho- Tri- Cyclen Lo) Norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Lo/ Ovral-28) In recent years there's been a trend toward even lower levels of hormones. " Ultra-low-dose" pills have 20 micrograms of estrogen or less. Some examples are: Desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol and ethinyl estradiol ( Mircette) Drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol ( Yaz) Levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol ( Alesse) Norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol ( Lo Loestrin Fe) Ultra-low-dose pills seem to be just as good at preventing pregnancy as higher dose options. They also come with a lower risk of side effects such as headaches and fluid retention.


Question: What are other possible benefits of birth control pills?

Answer: Birth control pills have benefits besides contraception. They lower your risk of ovarian and endometrial cancer and can help with acne. But it's not clear if ultra-low-dose formulas do as good a job of providing these perks.


Question: What are low-dose birth control pills?

Answer: You probably know that the pill has hormones in it to keep you from getting pregnant. The catch is that the more estrogen you take, the more likely you are to have side effects such as headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, and rare but potentially fatal blood clots. Nowadays, the highest dose available is 50 micrograms of estrogen, but even that is rarely prescribed anymore. Today, most pills have 35 micrograms or less of estrogen, an amount that's generally called "low dose." These pills are both safe and effective for most women.


Question: What should I do to treat a mucocele?

Answer: If you or your child develops a soft swelling in the mouth, it may just be a mucocele -- a harmless cyst. It's still a good idea to get it checked out, though, especially if it's bothersome. But sometimes they enlarge. Don't try to open them or treat them yourself. See your doctor, your child's pediatrician, or your dentist for expert advice.


Question: What are the symptoms of mucoceles?

Answer: If you or your child develops a soft swelling in the mouth, it may just be a mucocele -- a harmless cyst. Mucoceles often show up on the inside of your lower lips, your gums, the roof of your mouth, or under your tongue. Those on the floor of the mouth are called ranulas. These are rare, but because they are larger, they can cause more problems with speech, chewing, and swallowing.


Question: What are the characteristics of a mucocele?

Answer: If you or your child develops a soft swelling in the mouth, it may just be a mucocele -- a harmless cyst. Mucoceles may have these characteristics: Moveable and painless Soft, round, dome-shaped Pearly or semi-clear surface or bluish in color 2 to 10 millimeters in diameter Mucoceles often go away without treatment.


Question: What is the goal of sleep apnea treatment?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The goal of sleep apnea treatment is to open your airway so you can breathe better at night. Many devices can help that happen. Among the most common options are CPAP machines, mouth appliances, and specially designed pillows.


Question: What is the "tennis ball technique" and how does it help sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleeping on your side may improve your symptoms. To keep you off your back, some doctors suggest you pin a tube sock filled with a couple of tennis balls to the back of your PJs. One study of the tennis ball technique showed it did help some people. Of the 50 people who used the method and reported back, 38% said they were still doing it after 6 months. They said they had better sleep quality, more daytime alertness, and quieter snoring.


Question: What does a CPAP machine do?

Answer: These machines use a mask that fits over your nose, or nose and mouth. It blows air at a pressure that keeps your airway open during sleep. Your doctor can tell you the right pressure to use and how to set it on the machine. Over the years, these devices have become smaller, lighter, and much quieter. Some common side effects include nasal congestion, dry mouth, and skin irritation -- but treatments can help relieve all of them.


Question: How do mouth devices treat sleep apnea?

Answer: You can get these custom-made or buy them over the counter. This looks like a mouth guard that athletes wear. Hinges let your lower jaw ease forward, which keeps your tongue and soft palate stable so your airway stays open while you're asleep. Tongue retaining device. This is sort of like a splint that holds your tongue in place to keep your airway open. Doctors don't prescribe it as often as the MAD. You heat it in hot water, then bite into it to make it fit your mouth. You can choose from a few different models, so you should be able to find a mask that works for you.


Question: What is a hypoglossal nerve stimulator?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you the right pressure to use and how to set it on the machine. It monitors your breathing patterns and sends signals to the nerves that control your tongue and other muscles. They move forward, and keep your airway open. The device is an option for people who've tried CPAP without any success or don't use it properly. And a few studies suggest it works about as well as the mask-machine combo. But ask your doctor if it's a good choice for you.


Question: What treatment will I get if I'm hospitalized for depression?

Answer: While in the hospital you will usually be seen by one or more psychiatrists or a physician's assistant daily, although such one-on-one visits in the hospital tend to be brief. Formal individual psychotherapy generally doesn't occur while in the hospital, although various forms of group therapy are common, focusing on strategies such as stress management, coping with depression, and discussions about medications and their side effects.


Question: What is the goal of hospitalization for depression?

Answer: Keep in mind that most hospital stays for depression are brief and voluntary. The goal of hospitalization is to get you on the right track by starting treatments that can be continued on an outpatient basis. When you leave the hospital you should be safe and stable and on the path to recovery.


Question: How long are people hospitalized for depression?

Answer: The length of your stay is determined by the staff based on your clinical condition, although insurance companies can independently decide if they no longer believe continued hospitalization is "medically necessary." In this situation, they may refuse to pay for ongoing treatment in the hospital.


Question: How long will insurance cover my hospitalization for depression?

Answer: Some health insurance policies will cover hospitalization for a limited amount of time. Others won't cover it at all. However, under the 2008 Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act ( MHPAEA), part of Obamacare, insurance companies cannot impose less favorable benefits on mental health coverage than on medical/surgical benefits, including necessary hospitalization. Before a person can be hospitalized, some insurers require that he or she be evaluated by an evaluator under contract with their company. Very few insurers will cover a hospital stay for depression that isn't an emergency.


Question: What are the rules when you're hospitalized for depression?

Answer: Even if you are admitted to the hospital on a voluntary basis, you usually cannot leave whenever you want. The hospital may strictly control visits from family and friends and limit the items you can take in with you, like cell phones or laptop computers. Sharp objects like razors that you may bring with you will usually be kept by staff in a safe place, and you may be asked to not wear shoe laces or belts. You may be on a locked ward for at least some of your stay. You may also be expected to follow a certain schedule.


Question: Why would I need to go to the hospital for my depression?

Answer: Usually, a stay in the hospital is just a way for you to recover in a safe and stable environment. This allows you to take a break from some of the daily stresses that contributed to your depression.


Question: Could I be hospitalized for depression against my will?

Answer: Once there, a hospital doctor will talk to you and decide whether you actually need to be hospitalized. While the doctor has the final say whether you get admitted, friends or family members can be involved by providing input about your symptoms and functioning to the health care professionals who are evaluating you. If a doctor believes that involuntary hospitalization is necessary, the hospital has the right to evaluate your condition, usually for several days, before asking a judge whether ongoing involuntary hospitalization and medications or other treatments are medically warranted and can therefore be administered against your will. Before a person can be hospitalized, some insurers require that he or she be evaluated by an evaluator under contract with their company.


Question: How often is depression treated on an outpatient basis?

Answer: But, in cases of severe depression or treatment-resistant depression, some people need to stay in the hospital for a short time. The goal of hospitalization is to get you on the right track by starting treatments that can be continued on an outpatient basis.


Question: Are proteins important when eating healthy for weight loss?

Answer: Proteins help repair and maintain your body, including muscle. You can get protein in all types of food. Good sources include fish, meat, poultry, eggs, cheese, nuts, beans, and other legumes.


Question: What minerals are important when eating healthy for weight loss?

Answer: Minerals, like vitamins, must come from the diet. Your body needs them, but it can't make them. You need more of some minerals (such as calcium, potassium, and iron) than others. For instance, you need only small amounts of the minerals zinc, selenium, and copper.


Question: How many calories should I eat per day when eating healthy for weight loss?

Answer: A dietitian can help you figure that out. Don't cut your calories too much, or your diet is going to be hard to stick with and may not give you the nutrients your body needs.


Question: How are calories an important measurement when eating healthy for weight loss?

Answer: A good general rule is to use My Plate, which makes it easy to envision just how much of each food type to include in your meal. When you eat more calories than you need, your body stores the extra calories as fat. Even low-carb and fat-free foods can have a lot of calories that can be stored as fat.


Question: What does a healthy diet include?

Answer: But exactly what is a healthy diet? It should include: Protein (found in fish, meat, poultry, dairy products, eggs, nuts, and beans) Fat (found in animal and dairy products, nuts, and oils) Carbohydrates (found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans and other legumes) Vitamins (such as vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and K) Minerals (such as calcium, potassium, and iron) Water (both in what you drink, and what's naturally in foods) Dieting or not, everyone needs a mix of those nutrients, ideally from foods. Stick to your calorie âbudget,â because when you're working on losing weight, you need to burn more calories than you eat or drink.


Question: What are some general tips when eating healthy for weight loss?

Answer: More tips: Choose nonfat or 1% milk instead of 2% or whole milk. Pick lean meat instead of fatty meat. Select breads and cereals that are made with whole grains and are not prepared with a lot of fat. If you eat a high-calorie food or meal, balance your intake by choosing low-calorie foods the rest of the day or the next day. Check the food labels on packaged foods to help you budget fat, cholesterol, and sodium over several days. That's just the start of what you might want to know about nutrition for weight loss. Keep learning as much as you can, including the following terms.


Question: How important is water when eating healthy for weight loss?

Answer: It should include: Protein (found in fish, meat, poultry, dairy products, eggs, nuts, and beans) Fat (found in animal and dairy products, nuts, and oils) Carbohydrates (found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and beans and other legumes) Vitamins (such as vitamins A, B, C, D, E, and K) Minerals (such as calcium, potassium, and iron) Water (both in what you drink, and what's naturally in foods) Dieting or not, everyone needs a mix of those nutrients, ideally from foods. But most Americans get too much of it, which makes high cholesterol and heart disease more likely. You can drink water or get it from foods that naturally have water in them, like fruits and vegetables.


Question: Why are biologics for Crohn's disease so expensive?

Answer: You may be able to get help to pay for it. Biologics are hard to make, and that drives up the price. One year of treatment can add up to about $20,000. Even if you have health insurance, you may have to pay 25% to 35% of the cost of the drug. You can find out which help pay for each type of biologic used to treat Crohn's disease.


Question: How can you screen for colorectal cancer?

Answer: The current American Cancer Society screening guidelines for colorectal cancer n an average risk patient begin at the age of 45 and include the following options: Stool based tests: Fecal immunochemical test ( FIT) yearly Guaiac fecal occult blood test yearly Stool DNA test every 3 years Structural examinations: Colonoscopy every 10 years Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years. If you have a positive result on a screening test that is not a colonoscopy, further evaluation should be performed on a timely basis with a colonoscopy test to take a look at your entire colon.


Question: What happens after a biopsy confirms colorectal cancer?

Answer: Should a biopsy confirm cancer, imaging tests using chest X-rays and CT scans of the abdomen, pelvis, and possibly chest are performed to find out whether the cancer has spread to other sites. Blood tests will also be ordered to find out how well the liver and kidneys are functioning, to determine if you are anemic, and to measure the blood level of a substance called carcinoembryonic antigen ( CEA), often found in higher-than-normal concentration in the presence of colorectal cancer, especially if it has spread.


Question: How is colorectal cancer diagnosed?

Answer: The current American Cancer Society screening guidelines for colorectal cancer n an average risk patient begin at the age of 45 and include the following options: Stool based tests: Fecal immunochemical test ( FIT) yearly Guaiac fecal occult blood test yearly Stool DNA test every 3 years Structural examinations: Colonoscopy every 10 years Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years. If you have a positive result on a screening test that is not a colonoscopy, further evaluation should be performed on a timely basis with a colonoscopy test to take a look at your entire colon.


Question: How is radiation therapy used to treat colorectal cancer?

Answer: For rectal cancer, radiation is usually given after surgery, along with chemotherapy (known as adjuvant therapy), in order to destroy any cancer cells left behind. In addition, it can be used along with chemotherapy before surgery (known as neoadjuvant therapy) in order to shrink a large tumor, making the surgery easier. In advanced rectal cancer, radiation can be used to shrink tumors that cause symptoms of bowel obstruction, bleeding, or pain.


Question: What are the treatments for colorectal cancer?

Answer: The need for permanent colostomy is more common with rectal cancer, since retaining the rectum may be difficult. Radiation therapy is treatment with high-energy rays that destroy the cancer cells.


Question: How is surgery used to treat colorectal cancer?

Answer: The main types of treatment for colorectal cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Usually, the surgeon can reconnect the healthy sections of the colon and rectum. When this is not possible, the surgeon forms an opening -- known as a stoma -- in the abdomen and reroutes the severed colon to it. Waste is collected in a bag worn over the stoma. This procedure, known as a colostomy, often is only temporary. Once the bowel has had time to heal, a second operation reconnects the colon and rectum. The need for permanent colostomy is more common with rectal cancer, since retaining the rectum may be difficult. Radiation therapy can be used in people with colon cancer when the tumor has attached to another organ in the abdomen, or if a tumor is found near the margins of the cancer that was removed. These drugs work by blocking the cancer's blood supply or blocking a protein or genetic change made by the cancer to enhance it growth.


Question: What are signs of convulsion in children that need immediate medical attention?

Answer: Appears to have a seizure with uncontrolled, rapid shaking Has trouble breathing Turns blue Hits his head before or during a convulsion Is unconscious for several minutes Might have ingested something poisonous Convulsions, also known as seizures, in babies and young children can be terrifying for parents, and to be safe you should seek emergency help.


Question: What are symptoms of akathisia?

Answer: They include: Drugs used to prevent vomiting and nausea Antidepressants like tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) Calcium-channel blockers So can health conditions like: Parkinson's disease Traumatic brain injury Encephalitis, a type of brain inflammation The main sign of akathisia is a sense of restlessness and intense need to move. To relieve this feeling, you need to stay in motion. It usually affects your legs, usually while you're sitting. People with akathisia are likely to: Rock back and forth Pace or march in place Shift their weight from foot to foot Cross and uncross their legs Squirm or fidget Grunt or moan Other symptoms include feeling irritable, stressed, impatient, or panicked. You may feel like jumping out of your skin.


Question: What is tardive akathisia?

Answer: Tardive akathisia may not show up until months or years after you take a medicine.


Question: How is tardive dyskinesia similar to akathisia?

Answer: Usually, akathisia is a side effect of antipsychotic drugs. It causes movements you do over and over, like blinking and grimacing. But you don't have control over them. With akathisia, you make the choice to move to relieve an urge.


Question: What can't you have on you when you get an MRI?

Answer: Personal items such as your watch, wallet, including any credit cards with magnetic strips (they will be erased by the magnet), and jewelry should be left at home if possible, or removed prior to the MRI scan. Secured lockers are usually available to store personal possessions.


Question: Is an MRI safe?

Answer: If this condition applies to you, you can receive sedation during the exam if prior arrangements have been made.


Question: What is gadolinium for an MRI?

Answer: Certain MRI exams require an injection of a contrast material called gadolinium. This helps identify certain structures on the scan images.


Question: What happens after a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam for epilepsy?

Answer: The results of your MRI should be available to your doctor within 24 hours after your test, Monday through Friday. Your doctor will discuss the test results with you. Many facilities will give you a CD that contains the study that you can carry to your doctor.


Question: How long is the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam?

Answer: The MRI exam poses no risk to the person if appropriate safety guidelines are followed. During the test, several dozen images may be obtained.


Question: Are MRIs noisy?

Answer: Other than the sound, you should experience no unusual sensations during the scanning. Your doctor will discuss the test results with you.


Question: Do the benefits of birth control pills outweigh the risk of breast cancer?

Answer: Since the early 1960s, birth control pills have become the most popular and one of the most effective forms of birth control used in the U. S. But an association between estrogen and an increased risk of breast cancer has led to a continuing debate about the role birth control pills may play in developing breast cancer. For most women, especially young women, experts say the benefits of birth control pills far outweigh the risk.


Question: Does the risk of breast cancer associated with birth control pills vary by age?

Answer: A study of more than 100,000 women suggests that the increased breast cancer risk associated with birth control pills is highest among older women. The study found that the risk of breast cancer was greatest among women aged 45 and over who were still using the pill. This group of women was nearly one-and-a-half times as likely to get breast cancer as women who had never used the pill. But experts caution that many of the women were using older birth control pills that contained higher doses of hormones. Today's lower-dose birth control pills are thought to reduce this risk.


Question: My family has a history of breast cancer. Should I take birth control pills?

Answer: A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that women with a strong family history of breast cancer may have up to an 11 times higher risk of breast cancer if they have ever taken the pill. But experts caution that the study involved mainly women who took birth control pills prior to 1975, when it contained much higher levels of the hormones estrogen and progestin than today's lower-dose pill. Those with a family history of breast cancer related to mutations in the BRCA genes should use caution before taking birth control pills. Women should discuss their family history of cancer with their doctor when evaluating the risks and benefits of using birth control pills.


Question: What are some symptoms of enthesitis?

Answer: Common spots for enthesitis to happen are around your heel, knee, hip, toe, elbow, backbone, and the bottom of your foot. The inflammation can lead to pain and stiffness, especially when you're moving. You also might notice swelling around those areas. Soreness at the back of your heel caused by enthesitis is sometimes called Achilles tendinitis or plantar fasciitis pain at the bottom of your foot. This pain can make it hard for you to run or climb stairs.


Question: What are the treatments that can help with enthesitis?

Answer: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like naproxen and ibuprofen, can help with inflammation and pain. If the enthesitis is caused by an autoimmune arthritis, your doctor also may prescribe a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug ( DMARD) or biologics. He may recommend steroids for areas that are especially stiff or painful.


Question: What is the connection between enthesitis and arthritis?

Answer: Tendons are the tissues that attach your muscles to your bones. Enthesitis is common in some forms of arthritis, including psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Over time, enthesitis can lead to: Calcification or ossification: Inflammation of the entheses can cause new bone tissue to form. It's a common symptom of two kinds of autoimmune arthritis -- psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Psoriatic arthritis, which is common in people with the skin condition psoriasis, can affect your entire body. Ankylosing spondylitis mainly affects your spine.


Question: What is enthesitis?

Answer: Tendons are the tissues that attach your muscles to your bones. Ligaments are what attach your bones to one another. Enthesitis is when they get inflamed and become painful because of injury, overuse, or disease. It also can happen in some children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis).


Question: How can inflammation of the entheses affect new bone tissue?

Answer: It also can happen in some children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (also known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis). It isn't usually linked to osteoarthritis or adult rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), but people with those conditions can have it. Over time, enthesitis can lead to: Calcification or ossification: Inflammation of the entheses can cause new bone tissue to form. That new bone tissue gets in the way of normal movement and function -- like a bone spur on your heel. It's a common symptom of two kinds of autoimmune arthritis -- psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.


Question: What are common symptoms of allergies in children?

Answer: For instance, if your child has a mild allergy, such as hay fever, you can expect symptoms such as: Watery, runny eyes Runny nose Sneezing Nasal congestion These symptoms can make your child feel bad, but it's not life-threatening. But sometimes a child can have what's known as anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction that needs immediate medical treatment. Many cases are caused by food allergies, medications, or insect stings. Do you know what to watch for?


Question: What happens during anaphylaxis?

Answer: Lungs: Trouble breathing or noisy breathing Coughing, wheezing Sneezing Congestion Tightness in the lungs Hoarseness Heart and Blood Vessels Chest pain Low blood pressure Weak, rapid pulse Dizziness, fainting Skin Pale or flushed skin Hives or welts Itchy skin Sweating Mouth Swelling of the throat, face, lips, or tongue Stomach and Digestion Abdominal pain Nausea, vomiting Diarrhea The person's airways narrow and their throat swells, which can make it hard to breathe. Their blood vessels widen, making their blood pressure fall, sometimes to dangerous levels. Anaphylactic reactions usually happen fast. Symptoms often become the most serious within 3 to 30 minutes of exposure to the allergy trigger. Quicker reactions are usually more severe.


Question: What are the two measurements of blood pressure to determine if you have heart disease?

Answer: That's the force or pressure your heart needs to pump blood around your body. It's recorded as two measurements: Systolic blood pressure: The pressure in your arteries when the heart squeezes (the higher number) Diastolic blood pressure: The pressure in your arteries when the heart relaxes between squeezes (the lower number) Normal blood pressure for an adult, at rest, is less than 120 over less than 80.


Question: How does your doctor check your heart rate during exam?

Answer: He'll feel your pulse to check your heart's rate and rhythm. Each pulse matches with a heartbeat that pumps blood into your arteries. The force of the pulse also helps the doctor know the strength of blood flow to different areas of your body. You can tell how fast your heart is beating by feeling your pulse. Your heart rate is the number of beats in 1 minute.


Question: How can blood tests help determine if you have heart disease?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend a blood test to check your cholesterol and other things that may signal heart disease.


Question: What factors can affect your blood pressure related to heart disease?

Answer: It's recorded as two measurements: Systolic blood pressure: The pressure in your arteries when the heart squeezes (the higher number) Diastolic blood pressure: The pressure in your arteries when the heart relaxes between squeezes (the lower number) Normal blood pressure for an adult, at rest, is less than 120 over less than 80. Blood pressure may go up or down depending on your: Age Heart condition Emotions Activity Medicines One high reading doesn't mean you have high blood pressure. It must be checked at different times while resting to find out your true result.


Question: How do you measure your pulse to check your heart rate?

Answer: You can tell how fast your heart is beating by feeling your pulse. Place your index and middle finger of your hand on the inner wrist of the other arm, just below the base of the thumb. You should feel a tapping or pulsing against your fingers. Count the number of taps you feel in 10 seconds. Multiply that number by 6 to find out your heart rate for 1 minute.


Question: What can you expect during a doctor's exam for heart disease?

Answer: During your visit, your doctor will: Listen to your heart Take your heart rate Check your blood pressure Your doctor will use a stethoscope to hear your heartbeat. Your doctor can also learn about your heart's health by looking at other parts of your body, such as your eyes, arms, legs, and skin. This will let him know if your body is getting enough blood. He'll also check for swelling. If there is any, it could mean that your heart isn't pumping well.


Question: What are some simple ways to update an aging loved one's home so it's safer for them?

Answer: Falls are a big risk. Look for things that someone could trip on, and remove them. Make sure that rugs have non-slip backing. Check on the lighting in your loved one's home. Do you need more lights, or brighter bulbs? In the bathroom, install grab bars in and outside the tub or shower, and next to the toilet. Stairs should have railings on both sides. You may also want to paint the top edge of steps a contrasting color (for instance, a white strip at the edge of a black step) and put non-slip tape on the steps.


Question: How can you support an older loved one after the death of a spouse or a partner?

Answer: The grief can last for a long time. Her feelings might go back and forth from very sad one day, to cheerful the next, to angry after that. These swings happen less often and ease up over time, but they can last for years. You'll want to respect what she's going through, and also encourage her to take care of herself. You can: Listen to her talk about the person who died. Make sure she eats well, gets enough sleep and exercise, and takes any medications. Be patient. Grief can make a person forgetful and disorganized, unable to focus, and less interested in things that used to be favorite pastimes. Encourage counseling -- whether with a therapist, clergy (if the person is religious), or a social worker.


Question: What are some practical tips for helping in older person prepare for changes ahead?

Answer: When you help a loved one through some of the big life changes that come with aging, you'll share of the good times and some of the tougher ones. She might need a little help and feel ready to move in with you or other relatives. If she eventually needs more medical or personal care than your family can give her, you might discuss an assisted living space or a skilled nursing home. Falls are a big risk. Look for things that someone could trip on, and remove them. Make sure that rugs have non-slip backing. Check on the lighting in your loved one's home. Do you need more lights, or brighter bulbs? In the bathroom, install grab bars in and outside the tub or shower, and next to the toilet. Stairs should have railings on both sides. You may also want to paint the top edge of steps a contrasting color (for instance, a white strip at the edge of a black step) and put non-slip tape on the steps. You can: Listen to her talk about the person who died.


Question: Will someone need to move when they get older?

Answer: The home they've lived in and loved for years might not work so well for them now. For example, your mom may need a bedroom and bathroom on the first floor so she doesn't have to climb stairs. She might need a little help and feel ready to move in with you or other relatives. If she eventually needs more medical or personal care than your family can give her, you might discuss an assisted living space or a skilled nursing home. Suggest ways she can get around instead, so she can stay as independent as possible.


Question: How can you help an older loved one manage grief?

Answer: You know that someone going through grief will need a lot of support. You may notice changes in her emotions. These swings happen less often and ease up over time, but they can last for years. You'll want to respect what she's going through, and also encourage her to take care of herself. Make sure she eats well, gets enough sleep and exercise, and takes any medications. Be patient. Encourage counseling -- whether with a therapist, clergy (if the person is religious), or a social worker.


Question: How can you make sure if you're older loved one is safe to drive?

Answer: Make sure that rugs have non-slip backing. If you're not sure, you can ask your loved one's doctor to do a driving safety evaluation and vision, thinking, or memory tests. If the doctor thinks it's OK for your loved one to drive but you're still worried, you can suggest some things that may ease your stress. Ask her doctor to review her medications -- over-the-counter drugs and prescription meds -- to cut side effects. Plan routes ahead of time. Look into a driving safety class for older adults, and encourage your loved one to take one. Keep the radio low or off, and insist on no cell phones or eating while driving.


Question: Can exercising my brain help me sharpen my memory?

Answer: Play games.


Question: How can a white board help me stay organized?

Answer: Put one on your fridge or other area where you spend a lot of time. Write notes and to-do lists on it.


Question: How can a GPS system help treat multiple sclerosis's effect on the brain?

Answer: Get one for your car and put an app on your cell phone so you don't get lost. Type in the address you're going to and you'll get step-by-step directions by car or on foot.


Question: How can a pillbox help treat multiple sclerosis's effect on the brain?

Answer: Use it to organize your daily medicine. Some have built-in alarms that alert you when it's time to take your medicine.


Question: How can picturing a word help me improve my recall?

Answer: Carry one with you. The name April could bring to mind a spring tree in bloom.


Question: How can playing games help me sharpen my memory?

Answer: Use the one on your computer or cell phone to keep track of your schedule. Although the research on brain training is new, it's encouraging. Studies show it might improve short-term memory. One study even showed that playing a racing video game helped improve focus and memory. But more research is needed to see if it really helps.


Question: What are some ways to make exercise easier with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If it's a hassle to get to a gym, work out at home or in your neighborhood. But if you like the energy of a fitness center, try to find one that isn't off your beaten path. You're more likely to stop in if you pass it every day.


Question: Should I exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It might sound crazy at first, but a workout can boost your energy and make you more flexible. Once you take the first steps, you'll be on your way to reaping the benefits. You, and your joints, will be glad you did.


Question: How does strength training help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Lift light weights (1-2 pounds) or use a resistance band to build or maintain muscle mass and strength to keep your joints stable.


Question: How can someone tailor their exercise plan to fit their rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The best thing you can do is listen to your body. If you don't feel well enough to bump up your walking pace or distance one week, stick with the pace from the week before. If you don't feel your best, change the activity. If your joints are swollen or painful, take a day off. Or choose a move that you can manage. The important thing is to keep moving.


Question: How can I keep it real with  my doctor if I want to exercise with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you don't know where to begin or feel you don't have much time to exercise, start with 5 minutes. The next day, try to do a minute more, and so on. But if you're raring to go, be careful not to overdo it at first. It's less important where you start than where you end up.


Question: Is there a good strategy to start exercising if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Get off to a good start with this strategy: Talk to your doctor.


Question: How does aerobic exercise help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Aerobic exercise, the kind that makes your heart pump faster, can help you control your weight. It also helps protect against heart disease, another condition you're more likely to get if you have RA. Moving around also leads to a better night's sleep. That helps you manage the stress and depression that can come with rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: How often should I do flexibility movements if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Follow them with strengthening exercises every other day. It's OK to rest if you have joint pain or get tired. Avoid moves that call for fast or repeated movements that hurt your joints.


Question: How will talking to the doctor help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: He'll let you know if there are activities you should skip. For instance, if you have inflammation in your shoulder, you may want to bike or walk instead of swim.


Question: Should I talk to my doctor if I want to exercise with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Ask what kind of exercise is best for you. He'll let you know if there are activities you should skip. For instance, if you have inflammation in your shoulder, you may want to bike or walk instead of swim.


Question: How does aerobics help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: An ideal program has three types of exercise: Aerobics with low to medium impact on your joints. Swimming, biking, walking, dance, and warm-water exercise are all good choices. An elliptical machine can build stamina and energy.


Question: How much exercise time should someone start with to help with their rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you don't know where to begin or feel you don't have much time to exercise, start with 5 minutes. The next day, try to do a minute more, and so on. But if you're raring to go, be careful not to overdo it at first. It's less important where you start than where you end up.


Question: How does physical activity help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Activity helps to cut the swelling and pain in your joints, and it strengthens your muscles. Exercise, especially the weight-bearing kind, like walking, makes your bones stronger and helps prevent osteoporosis. Many women get weaker bones after menopause, but it's more common for those who have RA and take steroids to treat inflammation.


Question: Who can give someone with rheumatoid arthritis motivation to exercise?

Answer: If you can, get advice from a physical therapist, occupational therapist, or a trainer who has experience with arthritis. They can teach you how to gauge your body's response so you don't overdo it, end up in pain, and get discouraged.


Question: How easy is walking for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Walking is one of the easiest exercises to do -- all you need is a pair of supportive shoes. If you're wondering how to get started, check out the Arthritis Foundation's Walking Workout.


Question: How does working out with a friend help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: A workout in a group or with friends can help you stay motivated when your get-up-and-go wants to go on strike. A class can help you make some new friends who understand what you're going through.


Question: How does someone with rheumatoid arthritis get motivated to exercise?

Answer: These tips can lead to success: Start slowly. Set a goal: Maybe you want to lose a few pounds, get in better shape for a trip, or walk a 5 K. Set small targets that will get you to your larger goal. Chart your progress. Reward yourself when you meet each milestone.


Question: Should I be consistent with my exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It's important to be consistent. Build up to 30 minutes of aerobic exercise a day, five times a week. You can break it down into three 10-minute sessions a day if that's easier.


Question: How do flexibility exercises help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Whatever activity you do, warm up first and stretch afterward. Avoid moves that call for fast or repeated movements that hurt your joints.


Question: How often should someone with rheumatoid arthritis walk?

Answer: Build up to 30 minutes of aerobic exercise a day, five times a week. Get details on the Arthritis Foundation website.


Question: How can I get motivated to exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Set a goal: Maybe you want to lose a few pounds, get in better shape for a trip, or walk a 5 K. Set small targets that will get you to your larger goal. Reward yourself when you meet each milestone. Get help to get going.


Question: Should I do warm-water aerobics if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The water can soothe sore joints. A class can help you make some new friends who understand what you're going through.


Question: What can someone do to help their rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It might sound crazy at first, but a workout can boost your energy and make you more flexible. The next day, try to do a minute more, and so on.


Question: Can I do flexibility exercises if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Whatever activity you do, warm up first and stretch afterward. Avoid moves that call for fast or repeated movements that hurt your joints.


Question: Can I get red yeast rice from my diet?

Answer: Since red yeast rice contains naturally occurring components which are very similar to statin medications, the same side effects may occur, including but not limited to muscle pain and liver injury.


Question: How much red yeast rice should I take?

Answer: Doctors haven't established a set dosage for red yeast rice. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely from maker to maker. This makes it very hard to establish a standard dose. If you are interested in adding red yeast rice to your diet, talk to your health care provider first.


Question: Why do people take red yeast rice?

Answer: One component of red yeast rice, monacolin K, is similar to the active ingredient of some of the cholesterol lowering drugs called statins. Red yeast rice does not seem to be as effective as most conventional statin drugs, however. But these supplements may be a good choice for people who could benefit from only a slight lowering of cholesterol.


Question: Who shouldn't take red yeast rice?

Answer: People with liver disease, kidney disease, and allergies to fungus or yeast should not use red yeast rice. People with very high cholesterol, diabetes, or a high risk of heart attack or stroke may need a more powerful prescription drug like a statin instead of red yeast rice. Given the lack of evidence about its safety, red yeast rice is not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: What precautions do I need to know before taking red yeast rice?

Answer: Do not take red yeast rice if you are using statins, drugs that suppress the immune system, antifungal drugs, certain antibiotics, or protease inhibitors (for HIV). People taking red yeast rice should avoid grapefruits. Also, alcohol may increase the risk of liver damage from red yeast rice. Check with your doctor or pharmacist first if you are taking any other prescription medicines or over the counter medicines or supplements. People with very high cholesterol, diabetes, or a high risk of heart attack or stroke may need a more powerful prescription drug like a statin instead of red yeast rice.


Question: What are prescription medicines that can raise your glucose?

Answer: Drugs that treat anxiety, ADHD, depression, and other mental health problems. These can include clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. Birth control pills Drugs that treat high blood pressure, such as beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics Statins to lower cholesterol Adrenaline for severe allergic reactions High doses of asthma medicines, or drugs that you inject for asthma treatment Isotretinoin for acne Tacrolimus, which you get after an organ transplant Some medicines that treat HIV and hepatitis C OTC medicines that can raise your blood sugar include: Pseudoephedrine, a decongestant in some cold and flu medicines Cough syrup.


Question: If I have diabetes, can medicines raise my blood sugar?

Answer: If you have diabetes or high blood sugar, you probably know some of the things that cause your glucose (another name for blood sugar) to go up. Like a meal with too many carbohydrates, or not enough exercise. But other medicines you might take to keep yourself healthy can cause a spike, too.


Question: What should I do to keep my blood sugar levels under control?

Answer: Exercise, eat right, and take any diabetes medicines that you need.


Question: I have diabetes, what type of prescription medicines can raise my glucose?

Answer: They treat diseases caused by inflammation, like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and allergies. Common steroids include hydrocortisone and prednisone. Birth control pills Drugs that treat high blood pressure, such as beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics Statins to lower cholesterol Adrenaline for severe allergic reactions High doses of asthma medicines, or drugs that you inject for asthma treatment Isotretinoin for acne Tacrolimus, which you get after an organ transplant Some medicines that treat HIV and hepatitis C OTC medicines that can raise your blood sugar include: Pseudoephedrine, a decongestant in some cold and flu medicines Cough syrup.


Question: What areas of the body can inverse psoriasis affect?

Answer: Inverse psoriasis is a skin condition that affects the folds of your skin. If you have inverse psoriasis, you'll notice red, shiny patches in certain places, like: Your armpits The skin folds around your genitals and between your buttocks Under your breasts Your groin The skin in these areas is more sensitive, so the condition is often a challenge to manage and treat.


Question: How is Castellani's Paint used to treat inverse psoriasis?

Answer: This product is "painted" onto your skin to dry the moist psoriasis lesions in skin folds. Doctors prescribe it when they think you also have a bacterial or fungal infection. If you need to keep moist areas dry, you can also try baby powder, baking soda, and zinc oxide powder.


Question: How is Calcipotriene used to treat inverse psoriasis?

Answer: This drug slows the growth of skin cells and reduces inflammation. It may make your skin sting or burn. If it does, talk to your doctor.


Question: How do I use coal tar or anthralin to treat inverse psoriasis?

Answer: Treatments such as anthralin and coal tar can irritate skin folds. Your doctor may recommend diluting the creams with a moisturizer, or you can apply them for a short time and then wash them off. You can use these products alone or with a topical corticosteroid, but talk to your doctor about the best approach.


Question: How are systemic and biologic medications used to treat inverse psoriasis?

Answer: Because of its location, the disease may also cause: Irritation from rubbing and sweating Yeast, fungal, and bacterial infections Sexual problems because of discomfort Doctors aren't sure what causes psoriasis, but they know that your genes and your immune system play a major role. You'll get these drugs by injection or infusion. If you have severe inverse psoriasis, your doctor may recommend treatments that affect the whole body to ease your symptoms. You can take some of these drugs as a pill, such as acitretin ( Soriatane), apremilast ( Otezla), (, Sandimmune), and methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall).


Question: Are there multiple treatment options for inverse psoriasis?

Answer: You can work with your doctor to find one that works best for you. They can affect the same area, but there are differences between inverse psoriasis and jock itch.


Question: What are some other symptoms of inverse psoriasis?

Answer: If you have inverse psoriasis, you'll notice red, shiny patches in certain places, like: Your armpits The skin folds around your genitals and between your buttocks Under your breasts Your groin The skin in these areas is more sensitive, so the condition is often a challenge to manage and treat. Lesions can cause cracks (called fissures) in the creases of your skin, which may be painful and bleed. Because of its location, the disease may also cause: Irritation from rubbing and sweating Yeast, fungal, and bacterial infections Sexual problems because of discomfort Doctors aren't sure what causes psoriasis, but they know that your genes and your immune system play a major role. You can work with your doctor to find one that works best for you.


Question: What should I do if a child has iron poisoning?

Answer: Get Help Call the National Poison Control Hotline and follow their recommendations: 1-800-222-1222. Go to the emergency room. Bring the bottle of iron supplements with you for the doctor to see.


Question: What happens when you take your child to the hospital because of iron poisoning?

Answer: Follow- Up Once your child is at the hospital, the next steps depend on the particular case. The doctor will test iron levels in the body. Pumping the stomach might help, but only within an hour of swallowing the pills. Chelation is treatment with intravenous chemicals that draw iron out of the body. Laxatives can help clear out the iron from the intestines.


Question: What are symptoms of iron poisoning in children?

Answer: Remove the Iron Supplements Check the child's hands and mouth, as well as the surrounding area, for any remaining iron tablets. The doctor will test iron levels in the body. Pumping the stomach might help, but only within an hour of swallowing the pills.


Question: What is the definition of swine influenza?

Answer: Swine influenza: A highly contagious disease caused by a strain of the influenza type A virus called H1 N1. Swine flu used to only affect pigs, or, rarely, people who spent a lot of time around pigs. In 2009 a strain began to spread from person to person.


Question: What is Rapivab (peramivir) as it relates to swine flu?

Answer: Rapivab (peramivir): An antiviral drug that prevents and treats flu in adults aged 18 and over. It stops the virus from spreading in your body. This eases your symptoms and helps you get better sooner. You take it in one dose.


Question: What is the H1N1 virus?

Answer: H1 N1 virus: The most common subtype of influenza A, including the swine flu virus. The Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Agriculture call swine flu the H1 N1 virus so outbreaks won't stop people from eating pork products. You can't get the virus from eating well-cooked pork. But you should wash your hands after you visit a petting zoo or touch pigs.


Question: What is a swine flu virus?

Answer: Swine flu virus: A virus found in pigs that causes swine influenza. The swine flu virus is different from the human type. There are many different strains of swine flu virus (such as H1 N1 and H3 N2). H1 N1 is the most common. Usually, a swine flu virus infects only pigs, or in rare cases, those around pigs. But in 2009, it began to spread from person to person.


Question: What is Tamiflu (oseltamivir) as it relates to swine flu?

Answer: Tamiflu (oseltamivir): An antiviral medicine that prevents and treats influenza types A (including the swine flu) and B. It stops the virus from spreading in your body. This eases your symptoms and helps you get better faster. Anyone 1 year or older can take this drug to treat the flu. Anyone 2 weeks or older can get it to prevent the flu.


Question: What is the definition of pandemic as it relates to swine flu?

Answer: Pandemic: An outbreak that affects the entire world. Type A influenza viruses are the only ones known to have caused pandemics. In 1918, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 40-50 million people worldwide. Swine flu caused severe illness worldwide in 2009.


Question: What is the definition of threat level as it relates to swine flu?

Answer: Threat level: An alert system that the World Health Organization (see below) uses to let the public know about global health events. The scale ranges from phase 1 (low risk for a pandemic) to phase 6 (full-blown pandemic under way).


Question: What are swine flu symptoms?

Answer: Swine flu symptoms: They're a lot like those that come with regular flu: fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. Some people with swine flu also have diarrhea and vomiting. Symptoms may be worse if you have another long-term illness.


Question: Where did the 2009 swine flu outbreak originate?

Answer: Veracruz, Mexico: The origin of the 2009 swine flu outbreak. Health workers traced the virus to a pig farm in this southeastern Mexican state. A young boy who lived nearby was among the first people to contract the swine flu. He lived, but others in the area came down with the flu and died.


Question: What is swine flu treatment?

Answer: Swine flu treatment : Certain antiviral drugs can ease the symptoms and help you get better faster. The CDC recommends zanamivir ( Relenza), peramivir ( Rapivab), or oseltamivir ( Tamiflu) to treat and prevent this illness. The drugs may also help you avoid complications. They work best if you take them within 48 hours of the first symptoms.


Question: What do travel restrictions mean for swine flu?

Answer: For example, if tests show a child in your household has swine flu, and you get the same symptoms, you would be a confirmed case. Threat level: An alert system that the World Health Organization (see below) uses to let the public know about global health events. This helped stop the spread of swine flu.


Question: What is Relenza (zanamivir) as it relates to swine flu?

Answer: It stops the virus from spreading in your body. Relenza ( zanamivir ): An antiviral drug that prevents and treats influenza types A (including the swine flu) and B. It isn't good for people with lung diseases like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD). This eases your symptoms and helps you get better faster. Anyone 2 weeks or older can get it to prevent the flu.


Question: How do heat and cold help arthritis pain?

Answer: Heat or cold therapy works by stimulating your body's own healing force. For instance, heat dilates the blood vessels, stimulates blood circulation, and reduces muscle spasms. In addition, heat alters the sensation of pain. You can use either dry heat -- such as heating pads or heat lamps -- or moist heat -- such as warm baths or heated wash cloths. Conversely, cold compresses reduce swelling by constricting blood vessels. While cold packs may be uncomfortable at first, they can numb deep pain.


Question: How does cold therapy help arthritis pain?

Answer: Many arthritis doctors recommend both heat and cold treatments to help reduce inflammation and ease the pain and stiffness that comes with arthritis. But by staying with it, you may find the right combination of hot packs and ice packs to get the most relief from pain and make it easier to manage arthritis. You can use an ice pack or a pack of frozen vegetables or fruit for 20 minutes.


Question: How often should I use heat or cold therapy for arthritis pain?

Answer: But by staying with it, you may find the right combination of hot packs and ice packs to get the most relief from pain and make it easier to manage arthritis. Use the moist heat application for at least 15 minutes before exercise. So can heat, which relaxes the muscles. Heat should be used for pain that lasts longer than 48 hours.


Question: How can I treat a bad cough?

Answer: Three types of medicines can ease a cough caused by a cold or bronchitis: suppressants, expectorants, and ointments you apply to your skin called topicals.


Question: How can I clear phlegm in my cough?

Answer: A cough with phlegm can be a good thing -- it clears all the gunk from your airways. But talk to your doctor if it keeps you from sleeping. Some doctors say drinking water is the best way to get rid of mucus, but you can also use medications like guaifenesin. This drug thins the drainage so it's easier to move out. The most frequent side effect of this med is nausea and vomiting.


Question: How can lung volume reduction surgery help with treating stage IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: Lung volume reduction surgery: For some people, this operation to remove the top part of your lungs improves breathing and quality of life. To get it, you need to have a strong heart and enough healthy lung tissue. You also need to quit smoking and show that you can stick to your pulmonary rehab plan.


Question: How is stage IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) treated?

Answer: Your doctor will use the same treatments from earlier stages, though you may need different doses, combinations, or need some of them more often: Short-term and long-term bronchodilators Steroids and antibiotics Pulmonary rehab plan Oxygen therapy Surgery may also be an option. You'd get it only if drugs don't work for you. And even then, it only helps a small number of people.


Question: What is palliative care for stage IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: You may want to talk to your doctor about palliative care, which focuses on quality of life and easing any pain or other symptoms. You work with a team of doctors, nurses, and social workers to: Set goals for what you want from your care Help you make medical decisions based on those goals Get support for your body, mind, and emotions, such as doing breath exercises and dealing with anxiety Address the needs of your family members and caregivers It's also good to talk with your friends, family, and medical team about what you want from end-of-life care.


Question: What can you expect when you're in stage IV of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: End-stage, or stage 4, COPD is the final stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It measures: Forced vital capacity ( FVC): The largest amount of air you can exhale forcefully after taking in as big a breath as you can. The more severe your COPD, the more likely you are to get infections.


Question: What are the symptoms of stage IV chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: Many of the symptoms you had in earlier stages, like coughing, mucus, shortness of breath, and tiredness, are likely to get worse. Just breathing takes a lot of effort. You may also get a condition called chronic respiratory failure. This is when not enough oxygen moves from your lungs into your blood, or when your lungs don't take enough carbon dioxide out of your blood. Sometimes, both happen. Other symptoms of end-stage COPD include: Crackling sound as you start to breathe in Barrel chest Constant wheezing Being out of breath for a very long time Delirium Irregular heartbeat Fast resting heartbeat Weight loss High blood pressure in the artery that goes from the heart to the lungs (pulmonary hypertension) As with stage 3, it gets harder to keep up with eating well and exercising, which boost your strength and energy levels.


Question: Who is more likely to get toxic liver disease?

Answer: OTC pain relievers: Acetaminophen Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium can cause toxic liver disease if you take too much of the drug or take it with alcohol. You drink alcohol while you take certain medications or supplements. You work in a job that uses industrial chemicals that could be toxic. You're older. You're female. You have a gene mutation that affects how well your liver works.


Question: When should you call a doctor about your child's diarrhea?

Answer: Your baby has diarrhea and is less than 3 months old You are worried that your child may be dehydrated or your child has had diarrhea for more than a few days. The diarrhea contains blood, mucous, or pus.


Question: What should I feed my child with diarrhea?

Answer: Feed toddlers mild foods in their regular diet. Avoid spicy or fried foods. Once the diarrhea stops, gradually return to a normal diet. Start with the BRAT diet -- Bananas, rice, applesauce, toast Call your pediatrician if your child's symptoms don't seem to be getting better or your child has signs of dehydration, such as crying without tears, fewer wet diapers than usual, urine that is darker than usual, or a sunken soft spot on the top of the head.


Question: What fluids should I give my child with diarrhea?

Answer: Your doctor may want you to give your baby small amounts of oral electrolyte solution. Check the amount with your doctor. Give toddlers oral electrolyte solution, ice chips, or clear broth. If your child is vomiting, encourage him to take small, frequent sips instead of drinking too much at once. Offer your toddler popsicles made with oral electrolyte solution. Start with the BRAT diet -- Bananas, rice, applesauce, toast Call your pediatrician if your child's symptoms don't seem to be getting better or your child has signs of dehydration, such as crying without tears, fewer wet diapers than usual, urine that is darker than usual, or a sunken soft spot on the top of the head.


Question: What do triglyceride numbers mean for your cholesterol?

Answer: Triglycerides are the form in which most fat exists in food and the body. A high triglyceride level has been linked to higher risk of coronary artery disease.


Question: What does your total blood cholesterol mean?

Answer: Triglycerides Triglyceride Category Less than 150 Normal 150 - 199 Mildly High 200 - 499 High 500 or higher Very high Your total blood cholesterol is a measure of LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and other lipid components. Your doctor will use your total cholesterol number when determining your risk for heart disease and how best to manage it.


Question: What do you need to know about cholesterol level numbers?

Answer: The first thing you need to know is that the numbers by themselves are not enough to predict your risk of heart problems or to determine what you need to do to lower that risk. They are, instead, one part of a larger equation that includes your age, your blood pressure, your smoking status, and your use of blood pressure medicines. Your doctor will use this information to calculate your 10-year risk for serious heart problems. Then the two of you will develop a strategy for reducing that risk.


Question: What do HDL cholesterol levels mean?

Answer: The lower your LDL cholesterol number, the lower your risk. This is because HDL cholesterol protects against heart disease by taking the "bad" cholesterol out of your blood and keeping it from building up in your arteries. A statin can slightly increase your HDL, as can exercise.


Question: Do you keep your benefits when you take FMLA time for caregiving?

Answer: You can keep your health benefits. If your employer is covered, they must maintain your group health insurance coverage while you're on FMLA time off. But you may have to arrange to pay your share of health insurance premiums.


Question: Do you have to use your vacation time before you can take FMLA time off for caregiving?

Answer: Your company may have policies on caregivers, flexible work options, and family leave that apply to you. It may happen that you have to use the Family Medical Leave Act, or FMLA, to take some time off work to handle your loved one's care. Your employer may require that you use any accrued paid leave you have to cover some or all of any FMLA leave you take. You don't have to take your leave all at once.


Question: Why should you talk to your manager about balancing your work and caregiving?

Answer: You have your job -- the one with a paycheck. It's easier for your boss to be supportive if you're still a productive member of the team. But if you're working a shorter or intermittent schedule, your employer can temporarily place you in an alternative job with equal pay and benefits that better accommodates you.


Question: What are flexible work policies for caregivers?

Answer: Ask about flexible work policies. Or if not, you can discuss whether a flexible schedule might be possible for you. It's a good idea to think about how your boss will feel about the changes you're suggesting -- and come up with a plan that meets as many of your needs -- and the company's -- as possible.


Question: Why are gentle sponges recommended for baby's first bath?

Answer: Gentle sponge baths are perfect for the first few weeks until the umbilical cord falls off, the circumcision heals, and the navel heals completely.


Question: How do a prepare for my baby's first tub bath?

Answer: To prepare: Find a baby bathtub made of thick plastic that is the right size for your baby. An insert for young babies is ideal -- and keeps the baby's head out of the water. A slip-resistant backing on the tub will keep it from moving during bath time. Don't try to use bath seats or bath rings. These are for older babies who can sit up on their own -- not for newborns.


Question: How should I prepare for my baby's first bath?

Answer: The first bath will be a sponge bath. Pick a warm room with a flat surface, like a bathroom or kitchen counter, a changing table, or a bed. Cover the surface with a thick towel. Make sure the room temperature is at least 75 degrees Fahrenheit, because babies chill easily. Assemble all the baby bath products you will need: Baby bath sponge or clean wash cloth (double-rinsed) Clean blanket or bath towel (a hooded one is nice) Clean diaper Clean clothes Vaseline and gauze (if you have a circumcised boy) Warm water (not hot) Important: Never leave your baby alone in a bath -- not even for a moment. If you must get to the phone, the stove, or whatever, take baby with you.


Question: What should I do to my baby after his tub bath?

Answer: Bath time is over, and your fresh little baby is ready for a clean diaper and clothes!


Question: When can I begin giving my baby tub baths?

Answer: Once the umbilical cord falls off, and the circumcision and the navel are completely healed, it's time to try a tub bath. Not all babies like the transition, so if your baby gets fussy, go back to sponge baths for a week or so, then try again.


Question: What bath products do I need for my baby's first bath?

Answer: Assemble all the baby bath products you will need: Baby bath sponge or clean wash cloth (double-rinsed) Clean blanket or bath towel (a hooded one is nice) Clean diaper Clean clothes Vaseline and gauze (if you have a circumcised boy) Warm water (not hot) Important: Never leave your baby alone in a bath -- not even for a moment.


Question: How is mucus in your poop diagnosed?

Answer: If your doctor thinks the mucus is related to a health problem, you may get a stool test. It's also called a stool culture or stool sample, and it can show whether you have an infection.


Question: Is it normal to see mucus in your poop?

Answer: It can be. If you feel fine and there's only a little mucus, you probably don't need to worry. But it may signal a problem when: There's a lot of mucus. You notice it often. You also see blood. You have diarrhea. You have belly pain.


Question: What's the treatment for hypertensive emergency and associated organ damage?

Answer: Certain tests will be performed to monitor blood pressure and assess organ damage, including: Regular monitoring of blood pressure Eye exam to look for swelling and bleeding Blood and urine testing In a hypertensive emergency, the first goal is to bring down the blood pressure as quickly as possible with intravenous ( IV) blood pressure medications to prevent further organ damage. Whatever organ damage has occurred is treated with therapies specific to the organ that is damaged.


Question: What is hypertensive emergency?

Answer: Hypertensive emergency means blood pressure is so high that organ damage can occur. Blood pressure must be reduced immediately to prevent imminent organ damage. This is done in an intensive care unit of a hospital.


Question: What are symptoms of hypertensive emergency?

Answer: Symptoms of a hypertensive emergency include: Headache or blurred vision Increasing confusion Seizure Increasing chest pain Increasing shortness of breath Swelling or edema (fluid buildup in the tissues) To diagnose a hypertensive emergency, your health care providers will ask you several questions to get a better understanding of your medical history.


Question: What is hypertensive urgency?

Answer: Hypertensive urgency occurs when blood pressure spikes -- blood pressure readings are 180/110 or higher -- but there is no damage to the body's organs. Blood pressure can be brought down safely within a few hours with blood pressure medication.


Question: How is hypertensive emergency diagnosed?

Answer: Symptoms of a hypertensive emergency include: Headache or blurred vision Increasing confusion Seizure Increasing chest pain Increasing shortness of breath Swelling or edema (fluid buildup in the tissues) To diagnose a hypertensive emergency, your health care providers will ask you several questions to get a better understanding of your medical history. They will also need to know all medications you are taking, including nonprescription and recreational drugs. Also, be sure to tell them if you are taking any herbal or dietary supplements. Certain tests will be performed to monitor blood pressure and assess organ damage, including: Regular monitoring of blood pressure Eye exam to look for swelling and bleeding Blood and urine testing In a hypertensive emergency, the first goal is to bring down the blood pressure as quickly as possible with intravenous ( IV) blood pressure medications to prevent further organ damage.


Question: How common is hypertensive emergency?

Answer: Hypertensive crisis is an umbrella term for hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency. When it does occur, it is often when hypertension goes untreated, if the patient does not take his or her blood pressure medication, or he or she has taken an over-the-counter medication that exacerbates high blood pressure.


Question: What is hypertensive crisis?

Answer: These two conditions occur when blood pressure becomes very high, possibly causing organ damage. Hypertensive emergency means blood pressure is so high that organ damage can occur.


Question: What is the biggest reason for  strokes?

Answer: It's the biggest culprit behind strokes, causing more than half of them.


Question: What is the best way to prevent strokes?

Answer: Experts say 80% of strokes can be prevented. The single best way to do that is to get your blood pressure in the healthy range. That means lower than 120/80.


Question: How can high blood pressure cause stroke?

Answer: Hypertension puts your arteries under constant stress. As with a tire that's been overpumped, too much force inside your blood vessels damages the artery walls and makes them weaker.


Question: What is an ischemic stroke?

Answer: In almost 9 out of 10 cases, you have a stroke because something, usually a clot, blocks the flow of blood to the brain. Doctors call this an ischemic stroke.


Question: What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer: Strokes caused by bleeding in or around the brain. These are âhemorrhagicâ strokes. They tend to be more serious and deadlier than clot-based ones. A weak blood vessel breaks open, usually because of an aneurysm, a spot that has ballooned up from pressure.


Question: What can you do to prevent stroke?

Answer: Hypertension puts your arteries under constant stress. If you get your blood pressure under control, you can cut your chance of having a stroke by almost half. You can also aim to: Eat less salt, sugar, and saturated fats (mainly from meat and poultry). Avoid artificial trans fats (often found in processed foods that have âhydrogenatedâ ingredients). Eat more fiber, fruits, and leafy green vegetables Get to a healthy weight. Stop smoking. Limit alcohol.


Question: When is your blood pressure too high?

Answer: If your blood pressure is consistently 130/80 and above, you have hypertension. The top (systolic) number is the force in the arteries when the heart beats. The bottom (diastolic) one is the pressure between beats, when the heart rests. If either number is higher than normal, it means your heart is pumping harder than it should. Studies show that that over time, that makes you more likely to have a stroke.


Question: Can getting too much exercise delay a girl's first period?

Answer: Pushing your body too hard physically also can make your first period come late. This can happen with ballet dancers, runners, or other athletes. Intense workouts burn lots of calories and can leave very little body fat. Mix that with competitive pressure, and they can postpone your period until you're well into high school.


Question: When do girls usually start getting menstrual periods?

Answer: By age 15, 98% of teens have started their periods. If you're not one of them, make an appointment to talk to your doctor. She can ask you and a parent about your family history, daily activity level, and examine you to figure out the causes for your delay. The reasons may be nothing to worry about. Or they could be a sign that you have a health condition that you need to treat.


Question: How can medications cause period delay?

Answer: Certain types of drugs can keep you from having a period, including those used to treat cancer, high blood pressure, allergies, and depression. If you're taking any of them, your doctor may have explained that this could happen.


Question: What conditions might be behind your delayed periods?

Answer: Your doctor can find out if these problems may be the reason. Conditions that may be behind your delayed periods include: Problems with a part of your brain called the hypothalamus, or a nearby organ called the pituitary gland. They work together to control your hormones Polycystic ovary syndrome, which causes your hormones to get out of balance Genetic conditions like fragile X syndrome, Turner syndrome, or androgen insensitivity syndrome


Question: Can too much stress delay a girl's first period?

Answer: Pushing your body too hard physically also can make your first period come late. This may happen if you're stressed all the time, no matter if it comes from too much homework, family problems, intense sports training, or other issues.


Question: What are symptoms of islet cell tumors?

Answer: Like pancreatic adenocarcinoma, islet cell tumors may cause abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. Hormones released by an islet cell tumor can also cause symptoms: These include Insulinomas (excess insulin): sweating, anxiety, lightheadedness, and fainting from low blood sugar Glucagonomas (excess glucagon): diarrhea, excessive thirst or urination, weight loss Gastrinomas (excess gastrin): abdominal pain, stomach ulcers that can bleed, reflux, weight loss Somatostatinomas (excess somatostatin): diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, foul-smelling fatty stools VIPomas (excess vasoactive intestinal peptide): watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, facial flushing In a very small number of people with pancreatic cancer, early symptoms might be present that could lead to an earlier diagnosis.


Question: What are islet cell tumors?

Answer: Islet cell tumors account for less than 5% of all pancreas tumors.


Question: What are symptoms of rare pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Like pancreatic adenocarcinoma, islet cell tumors may cause abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. Hormones released by an islet cell tumor can also cause symptoms: These include Insulinomas (excess insulin): sweating, anxiety, lightheadedness, and fainting from low blood sugar Glucagonomas (excess glucagon): diarrhea, excessive thirst or urination, weight loss Gastrinomas (excess gastrin): abdominal pain, stomach ulcers that can bleed, reflux, weight loss Somatostatinomas (excess somatostatin): diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, foul-smelling fatty stools VIPomas (excess vasoactive intestinal peptide): watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, facial flushing In a very small number of people with pancreatic cancer, early symptoms might be present that could lead to an earlier diagnosis.


Question: How do people get pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Initially, pancreatic cancer tends to be silent and painless as it grows. By the time it's large enough to cause symptoms, pancreatic cancer has generally grown outside the pancreas.


Question: What are skin-related symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

Answer: As pancreatic cancer blocks duct that releases bile into the intestine (common bile duct), the ingredients of bile build up in the blood. This turns the skin and the eyes yellow, a condition called jaundice. The same blockage causes dark urine, light colored stools, and itching.


Question: What are rare forms of pancreatic cancers?

Answer: Islet cell tumors account for less than 5% of all pancreas tumors.


Question: Which pancreatic cancer locations show symptoms early?

Answer: In general, symptoms appear earlier from cancers in the head of the pancreas, compared to those in the body and tail.


Question: Do early symptoms of pancreatic cancer exist?

Answer: Hormones released by an islet cell tumor can also cause symptoms: These include Insulinomas (excess insulin): sweating, anxiety, lightheadedness, and fainting from low blood sugar Glucagonomas (excess glucagon): diarrhea, excessive thirst or urination, weight loss Gastrinomas (excess gastrin): abdominal pain, stomach ulcers that can bleed, reflux, weight loss Somatostatinomas (excess somatostatin): diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, foul-smelling fatty stools VIPomas (excess vasoactive intestinal peptide): watery diarrhea, abdominal cramping, facial flushing In a very small number of people with pancreatic cancer, early symptoms might be present that could lead to an earlier diagnosis. Unfortunately, researchers have been unable to identify any predictable pattern.


Question: What symptoms of pancreatic cancer should cause concern?

Answer: That said, symptoms like unintentional weight loss, persistent loss of appetite, yellowing of the eyes or skin, dark urine, or light-colored stools should always prompt concern. Consistent or worsening discomfort, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea are also disconcerting. If you feel something's not right, see your doctor.


Question: How is jaundice a symptom of pancreatic cancer?

Answer: As pancreatic cancer blocks duct that releases bile into the intestine (common bile duct), the ingredients of bile build up in the blood. This turns the skin and the eyes yellow, a condition called jaundice. The same blockage causes dark urine, light colored stools, and itching.


Question: What are gastrointestinal symptoms of pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Because of the location of the pancreas in the body, symptoms include: Jaundice. As pancreatic cancer blocks duct that releases bile into the intestine (common bile duct), the ingredients of bile build up in the blood. Abdominal pain. Pancreatic cancer can cause a dull ache in the upper abdomen radiating to the back. The pain may come and go. Bloating. Some people with pancreatic cancer have a sense of early fullness with meals (satiety) or an uncomfortable swelling in the abdomen. Nausea. Some people with pancreatic cancer develop diabetes as the cancer impairs the pancreas' ability to produce insulin.


Question: Does pancreatic cancer cause itching?

Answer: As pancreatic cancer blocks duct that releases bile into the intestine (common bile duct), the ingredients of bile build up in the blood. Some people with pancreatic cancer have a sense of early fullness with meals (satiety) or an uncomfortable swelling in the abdomen.


Question: What are side effects of guarana?

Answer: The side effects of guarana are generally the same as the side effects of caffeine. They include sleep problems, anxiety, restlessness, upset stomach, and quickened heartbeat. Long-term use of caffeine may result in tolerance and psychological dependence.


Question: What does the research say about guarana?

Answer: It may contain up to 3.6% to 5.8% caffeine by weight. So far, studies have not found that guarana is helpful for improving cognitive ability or mood. Some people use guarana to boost athletic or sexual performance. But there's no evidence to back this up. There's some evidence that guarana â when used along with other supplements â may promote weight loss. Studies have not established this.


Question: What are risk of taking guarana?

Answer: Caffeine can improve mental performance and alertness in sleep-deprived people, and guarana would logically have the same effect. Talk to your doctor before using guarana if you have high blood pressure, anxiety disorders, glaucoma, osteoporosis, heart problems, bleeding disorders, diabetes, kidney problems, or liver disease. At least one death has been reported in a young woman with mitral valve prolapse who consumed a guarana containing drink. People with MVP should speak to their doctor before using guarana.


Question: Why do people take guarana?

Answer: Guarana has among the highest concentrations of caffeine in any plant. It may contain up to 3.6% to 5.8% caffeine by weight. Coffee only has up to 2%. It's uncertain if the guarana specifically was responsible.


Question: What is guarana?

Answer: Because it's high in caffeine, guarana has become a popular energy supplement. The safety of using guarana for weight loss is unknown.


Question: What are the different types of life support?

Answer: If these systems stop working for any reason, you need life support: Lungs: In cases of near-drowning, pneumonia, drug overdose, a blood clot, and severe lung injury or disease, such as COPD and cystic fibrosis, and muscle or nerve diseases such as ALS and muscular dystrophy Heart: Sudden cardiac arrest or heart attack Brain: Stroke or a severe blow to the head When most people talk about a person being on life support, they're usually talking about a ventilator, which is a machine that helps someone breathe. A ventilator (or respirator) keeps oxygen flowing throughout the body by pushing air into the lungs. It's used temporarily for conditions like pneumonia, but it may be needed longer for someone with lung failure. One end of a tube goes into the windpipe through the nose or mouth. The other end attaches to the electric pump. Some people get medicine to make them more comfortable and sleepy while on a breathing machine. When a person's heart stops, doctors will try to restart it. These life support methods include CPR, which keeps blood and oxygen flowing throughout the body, electric shocks (called defibrillation) to get the heart beating again, and medication to help the heart work.


Question: When do doctors stop life support?

Answer: Doctors usually advise stopping life support when there is no hope left for recovery. The organs are no longer able to function on their own. Keeping the treatment going at that point may draw out the process of dying and may also be costly. Choosing to remove life support usually means that the person will die within hours or days. The timing depends on what treatment is stopped. People tend to stop breathing and die soon after a ventilator shuts off, though some do start breathing again on their own. If he is not taking in any fluids, he will usually die within several days of a feeding tube removal, though he may survive for as long as a week or two. When someone is unconscious or not of sound mind, doctors and family members decide when life support measures should stop. It's a hard decision, especially if the sick person hasn't previously discussed his end-of-life wishes with his family. Doctors encourage family members to focus on what they think their loved one would want. It's important to remember that it's the underlying condition, not the removal of life support, that actually causes someone to die, and doctors will do all they can to keep your loved one comfortable.


Question: What are some good sources of nonheme iron?

Answer: Very good sources of nonheme iron, with 3.5 milligrams or more per serving, include: Breakfast cereals enriched with iron One cup of cooked beans One-half cup of tofu Good sources of nonheme iron, with 2.1 milligrams or more per serving, include: One-half cup of canned lima beans, red kidney beans, or chickpeas One cup of dried apricots One medium baked potato One cup of cooked enriched egg noodles One-fourth cup of wheat germ 1 ounce of pumpkin, sesame, or squash seeds Other sources of nonheme iron, with 0.7 milligrams or more, include: One-half cup of cooked split peas 1 ounce of peanuts, pecans, walnuts, pistachios, roasted almonds, roasted cashews, or sunflower seeds One-half cup of dried seedless raisins, peaches, or prunes One medium stalk of broccoli One cup of raw spinach One cup of pasta (cooked, it becomes 3-4 cups) One slice of bread, half of a small pumpernickel bagel, or bran muffin One cup of brown or enriched rice Some foods can help your body absorb iron from iron-rich foods; others can hinder it.


Question: What are some other sources of nonheme iron?

Answer: Very good sources of nonheme iron, with 3.5 milligrams or more per serving, include: Breakfast cereals enriched with iron One cup of cooked beans One-half cup of tofu Good sources of nonheme iron, with 2.1 milligrams or more per serving, include: One-half cup of canned lima beans, red kidney beans, or chickpeas One cup of dried apricots One medium baked potato One cup of cooked enriched egg noodles One-fourth cup of wheat germ 1 ounce of pumpkin, sesame, or squash seeds Other sources of nonheme iron, with 0.7 milligrams or more, include: One-half cup of cooked split peas 1 ounce of peanuts, pecans, walnuts, pistachios, roasted almonds, roasted cashews, or sunflower seeds One-half cup of dried seedless raisins, peaches, or prunes One medium stalk of broccoli One cup of raw spinach One cup of pasta (cooked, it becomes 3-4 cups) One slice of bread, half of a small pumpernickel bagel, or bran muffin One cup of brown or enriched rice Some foods can help your body absorb iron from iron-rich foods; others can hinder it.


Question: What do you need to know about spinach and iron deficiency?

Answer: This is the form of iron added to iron-enriched and iron-fortified foods.


Question: What are the best sources of heme iron?

Answer: Very good sources of heme iron, with 3.5 milligrams or more per serving, include: 3 ounces of beef or chicken liver 3 ounces of clams or mussels 3 ounces of oysters Good sources of heme iron, with 2.1 milligrams or more per serving, include: 3 ounces of cooked beef 3 ounces of canned sardines, canned in oil Other sources of heme iron, with 0.6 milligrams or more per serving, include: 3 ounces of chicken 3 ounces of cooked turkey 3 ounces of ham 3 ounces of veal Other sources of heme iron, with 0.3 milligrams or more per serving, include: 3 ounces of halibut, haddock, perch, salmon, or tuna Iron in plant foods such as lentils, beans, and spinach is nonheme iron.


Question: What are the best sources of nonheme iron?

Answer: Very good sources of nonheme iron, with 3.5 milligrams or more per serving, include: Breakfast cereals enriched with iron One cup of cooked beans One-half cup of tofu Good sources of nonheme iron, with 2.1 milligrams or more per serving, include: One-half cup of canned lima beans, red kidney beans, or chickpeas One cup of dried apricots One medium baked potato One cup of cooked enriched egg noodles One-fourth cup of wheat germ 1 ounce of pumpkin, sesame, or squash seeds Other sources of nonheme iron, with 0.7 milligrams or more, include: One-half cup of cooked split peas 1 ounce of peanuts, pecans, walnuts, pistachios, roasted almonds, roasted cashews, or sunflower seeds One-half cup of dried seedless raisins, peaches, or prunes One medium stalk of broccoli One cup of raw spinach One cup of pasta (cooked, it becomes 3-4 cups) One slice of bread, half of a small pumpernickel bagel, or bran muffin One cup of brown or enriched rice Some foods can help your body absorb iron from iron-rich foods; others can hinder it.


Question: How common is iron-deficiency anemia?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Iron-deficiency anemia, the most common form of anemia, is a decrease in the number of red blood cells caused by too little iron. Without sufficient iron, your body can't produce enough hemoglobin, a substance in red blood cells that makes it possible for them to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. As a result, you may feel weak, tired, and irritable. About 20% of women, 50% of pregnant women, and 3% of men do not have enough iron in their body. The solution, in many cases, is to consume more foods high in iron.


Question: How can you get more iron from your food?

Answer: As a result, you may feel weak, tired, and irritable. To absorb the most iron from the foods you eat, avoid drinking coffee or tea or consuming calcium-rich foods or drinks with meals containing iron-rich foods. To improve your absorption of iron, eat it along with a good source of vitamin C -- such as orange juice, broccoli, or strawberries -- or eat nonheme iron foods with a food from the meat, fish, and poultry group. But speak to your health care provider about the proper dosage first and follow his or her instructions carefully. Because very little iron is excreted from the body, iron can accumulate in body tissues and organs when the normal storage sites -- the liver, spleen, and bone marrow -- are full. Although iron toxicity from food sources is rare, deadly overdoses are possible with supplements.


Question: Where does nonheme iron come from?

Answer: The solution, in many cases, is to consume more foods high in iron. Most nonheme iron is from plant sources.


Question: How does your body use iron in food?

Answer: There are two forms of dietary iron: heme and nonheme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin. It is found in animal foods that originally contained hemoglobin, such as red meats, fish, and poultry (meat, poultry, and seafood contain both heme and non-heme iron). Your body absorbs the most iron from heme sources. Most nonheme iron is from plant sources. To improve your absorption of iron, eat it along with a good source of vitamin C -- such as orange juice, broccoli, or strawberries -- or eat nonheme iron foods with a food from the meat, fish, and poultry group.


Question: What is the darker area of skin in the breast called?

Answer: The nipple is in the center of a darker area of skin called the areola. The areola contains small glands, called Montgomery glands, which lubricate the nipple during breast-feeding. Fat fills the spaces between the lobes and ducts. There are no muscles in the breasts, but the pectoral or chest muscles lie under each breast and cover the ribs.


Question: What happens to the breast after ovulation?

Answer: Each breast also contains blood vessels, as well as vessels that carry a fluid called lymph. At this time, the breasts often become engorged with fluid and may be tender and swollen.


Question: What sleep milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: Your baby's sleep patterns are evolving, but at two months, they still aren't fully established. At this age, babies sleep 15 to 16 hours a day. But those hours are sporadic, and they usually aren't ready to sleep through the night. This is especially true for breastfed babies, who generally wake up to eat every three hours or so.


Question: What communication milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: For a 2-month-old, most communication consists of crying. But you may hear a few gurgles, grunts, and even some sweet coos. Your baby should recognize your face and voice, and respond to them. You might even see the first adorable hint of a smile.


Question: What senses milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: At two months, babies can see objects -- and people -- from up to 18 inches away. That means you still need to get pretty close, but your baby will be able to see your face pretty well while feeding. She should also be able to follow movements when you walk close by. Baby's hearing is improving, too. Your 2-month-old will especially enjoy listening to the sound of your voice.


Question: What motor skills milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: Two-month-old babies are gaining more control over their bodies. That means they can hold their head a little steadier while lying on their tummies or being supported upright. In the second month of life, babies continue to have a strong sucking reflex. You may notice your baby likes to suck on a fist or a few fingers. This is one of the best ways babies have of comforting themselves. At 2 months, your baby doesn't yet have the coordination to play with toys. But she may bat at a colorful object hanging in front of her. Your baby may even briefly hold a toy that you place in one of her hands.


Question: What milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: You're also learning what makes your 2-month-old tick -- from likes and dislikes, to crying triggers, which are pretty basic at this point: hunger, sleepiness, and dirty diapers. In the second month of life, babies continue to have a strong sucking reflex.


Question: What are some tips for your babyâs second month?

Answer: Even though 2-month-old babies can't talk back, they will respond to the sound of your voice, and it will encourage them to start forming their own first words in the coming months. The first few months of a baby's life are exciting and nerve-wracking for new parents. Don't be afraid to ask for advice when you need it. Your pediatrician is the best source for information, but family and friends are good back-ups. Alternate the carrier with periods of tummy time, stroller walks, and plenty of cuddles in your arms. Babies should not routinely sleep in carriers, car seats, or bouncy seats. Touch is very important during baby's first months. Try some skin-to-skin contact. Some experts recommend baby massage, but just holding or rocking her is enough. When your infant cries, try different soothing techniques. Some babies respond to soft music or singing. Others are calmed by ''white noise'' (for example, running the vacuum cleaner or placing the radio dial between stations). If you haven't already done so, try introducing a pacifier. They are soothing and have also been found to help prevent SIDS. Experiment to find what works best for your 2-month-old.


Question: Who should not take ginseng?

Answer: Given the lack of evidence about its safety, ginseng is not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: Can I get ginseng naturally from foods?

Answer: Ginseng is sometimes added to energy drinks and foods.