Question: How does saxagliptin (Onglyza) work?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does tolazamide work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does metformin (Fortamet, Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, Riomet) work?

Answer: Metformin ( Fortamet, Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, Riomet) How they work: Improve insulin's ability to move sugar into cells, especially muscle cells. They also prevent the liver from releasing stored sugar. You should not take them if you have kidney damage or heart failure. Your doctor may call this type of drug a âbiguanide.â Side effects for biguanides include: Upset stomach (nausea, diarrhea) Metallic taste in mouth Miglitol ( Glyset) How it works: Blocks enzymes that help digest starches, slowing the rise in blood sugar. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does canagliflozin (Inovkana) work?

Answer: Canagliflozin ( Invokana) How it works: Boosts how much glucose leaves your body in urine, and blocks your kidney from reabsorbing glucose. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â SGLT2 inhibitor.â Glimepiride ( Amaryl) How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: How does saxagliptin (Onglyza) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does linagliptin (Tradjenta) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Linagliptin ( Tradjenta) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does chlorpropamide (Diabinese) work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does alogliptin (Nesina) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: What can help your chances of getting pregnant if you have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: Symptoms include: No periods, irregular periods, or irregular bleeding No ovulation or irregular ovulation Obesity or weight gain (although thin women may have PCOS) Insulin resistance (an indicator of prediabetes) High blood pressure Abnormal cholesterol with high triglycerides Excess hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism) Acne or oily skin Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness If you have PCOS and you're overweight, losing weight is one way to improve your chances of pregnancy. Your doctor also might prescribe medication to lower your insulin levels, since elevated insulin levels -- caused by your body's inability to recognize insulin -- has been found to be a common problem among many women with PCOS. Chronically elevated insulin levels can also lead to diabetes. Women with PCOS may be at higher risk for developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and endometrial cancer, especially if PCOS is untreated.


Question: What are other fertility drugs that help with irregular periods?

Answer: Depending on your situation, your doctor may also suggest other fertility drugs such as Gonal- F or other injectable hormones that stimulate follicles and stimulate egg development in the ovaries. These are the so-called "super-ovulation" drugs. Most of these drugs are administered by injection just under the skin. Some of these hormones may overstimulate the ovaries (causing abdominal bloating and discomfort). This can be dangerous and require hospitalization; thus, your doctor will monitor you with frequent vaginal ultrasounds and blood tests to monitor estrogen levels. About 90% of women ovulate with these drugs and between 20% and 60% become pregnant.


Question: What are symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: Symptoms include: No periods, irregular periods, or irregular bleeding No ovulation or irregular ovulation Obesity or weight gain (although thin women may have PCOS) Insulin resistance (an indicator of prediabetes) High blood pressure Abnormal cholesterol with high triglycerides Excess hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism) Acne or oily skin Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness If you have PCOS and you're overweight, losing weight is one way to improve your chances of pregnancy.


Question: Can in vitro fertilization help treat polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: A procedure known as in vitro fertilization, or IVF, is another potential treatment for women with PCOS.


Question: How is clomiphene taken to help irregular periods?

Answer: You can expect to start ovulating about seven days after you've taken the last dose of clomiphene. If you don't ovulate, the dose can be increased by 50 milligrams per day each month up to 150 mg. After you've begun to ovulate, most doctors suggest taking Clomid for 3-6 months before referring to a specialist. If you haven't gotten pregnant by then, you would try a different medication or get a referral to an infertility specialist.


Question: What is irregular ovulation and how is related to getting pregnant?

Answer: Although anovulation can usually be treated with fertility drugs, it is important to be evaluated for other conditions that could interfere with ovulation, such as thyroid conditions or abnormalities of the adrenal or pituitary glands. Symptoms include: No periods, irregular periods, or irregular bleeding No ovulation or irregular ovulation Obesity or weight gain (although thin women may have PCOS) Insulin resistance (an indicator of prediabetes) High blood pressure Abnormal cholesterol with high triglycerides Excess hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism) Acne or oily skin Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness If you have PCOS and you're overweight, losing weight is one way to improve your chances of pregnancy.


Question: How can fertility drugs affect the cervical mucus?

Answer: Unlike many infertility drugs, it also has the advantage of being taken orally instead of by injection. These fertility drugs sometimes make the cervical mucus "hostile" to sperm, keeping sperm from swimming into the uterus. This can be overcome by using artificial or intrauterine insemination( IUI) -- injecting specially prepared sperm directly into the uterus -- to fertilize the egg.


Question: Can polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) be cured?

Answer: It is used to induce ovulation and to correct irregular ovulation by increasing egg recruitment by the ovaries. Women with PCOS may be at higher risk for developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and endometrial cancer, especially if PCOS is untreated.


Question: What will your doctor prescribe if you have irregular periods and want to get pregnant?

Answer: The drug contained in both Clomid and Serophene (clomiphene) is often a first choice because it's effective and has been prescribed to women for decades. Unlike many infertility drugs, it also has the advantage of being taken orally instead of by injection. It is used to induce ovulation and to correct irregular ovulation by increasing egg recruitment by the ovaries. Depending on your situation, your doctor may also suggest other fertility drugs such as Gonal- F or other injectable hormones that stimulate follicles and stimulate egg development in the ovaries.


Question: What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: In most cases, the ovaries become enlarged and appear covered with tiny, fluid-filled cysts. For couples struggling with infertility, it's a particularly cruel fact: Not only can infertility cause a lot of stress, but stress may affect fertility.


Question: What causes blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: Common causes of blood in urine include: Bladder or kidney infections Bladder or kidney stones Certain kidney diseases, such as inflammation in the filtering system of the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) or prostate cancer Inherited diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic kidney disease Certain medications such as aspirin, penicillin, heparin, cyclophosphamide, and phenazopyridine A tumor in the bladder, kidney, or prostate Kidney injury from an accident or sports Vigorous exercise Sometimes, what appears to be blood in urine is actually red pigment from other sources such as food dyes, medications, or an excessive amount of beets.


Question: How is blood in urine (hematuria) assessed?

Answer: Your doctor will start by taking a medical history and asking what may have caused the appearance of blood in your urine. This will be followed by a test called urinalysis. In this test, a urine sample is analyzed. Urine tests may include urine cytology, which uses a microscope to look for abnormal cells in the urine. Blood tests may also be ordered. If blood contains high levels of wastes that kidneys are supposed to remove, it could be a sign of kidney disease.


Question: What is the treatment for blood in urine (hematuria) aimed at?

Answer: Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause. After treatment, your doctor will recheck your urine to see if the blood is gone. If you still have blood in your urine, you may need additional tests, or you may be referred to a urologist. Usually, no treatment is necessary unless a serious condition is causing the hematuria. If no underlying cause is found during the initial evaluation, you may be advised to have follow-up urine testing and blood pressure monitoring every three to six months, especially if you have risk factors for bladder cancer, such as being age 50 or older, smoking cigarettes, or exposure to certain industrial chemicals.


Question: What symptoms come with blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: It also can come from other structures in the urinary tract, such as: Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) Bladder (where urine is stored) Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body) If there is blood in urine, the symptom is obvious. Instead of its normal pale yellow color, your urine may be pink, red, brownish-red, or tea-colored. This is what doctors call gross hematuria. Sometimes, blood in urine is not visible to the naked eye and the presence of red blood cells can only be detected by the lab. This is what doctors call microscopic hematuria. It's usually only discovered when a urine sample is tested with a dipstick and the results are confirmed with a microscopic examination.


Question: What other symptoms may occur with blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: Some underlying causes, however, are associated with additional symptoms that can be moderate to severe. These include: Bladder infections (acute cystitis). In adults, bladder infections usually cause burning or pain with urination. Infants with bladder infections may have fever, be irritable, and feed poorly. Older children may have fever, pain and burning while urinating, urgency, and lower belly pain. Kidney infections (pyelonephritis). Symptoms may include fever, chills, and flank pain, which refers to pain in the lower back. Kidney stones. Symptoms may include severe abdominal or pelvic pain. Kidney diseases. Symptoms may include weakness, high blood pressure, and body swelling, including puffiness around the eyes.


Question: Where might blood in urine (hematuria) come from?

Answer: It also can come from other structures in the urinary tract, such as: Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) Bladder (where urine is stored) Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body) If there is blood in urine, the symptom is obvious.


Question: What is blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Blood in urine - known medically as hematuria - is usually not a reason for major alarm. Because blood in urine can be a sign of a serious medical condition, however, it shouldn't be ignored. All cases of hematuria should be evaluated by a doctor who can order tests to confirm or rule out an underlying cause.


Question: What is the treatment for blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: Instead, treatment is aimed at the underlying cause if one can be found. In many cases, no treatment is necessary. Usually, no treatment is necessary unless a serious condition is causing the hematuria.


Question: What tests are used to assess blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: It also can come from other structures in the urinary tract, such as: Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) Bladder (where urine is stored) Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body) If there is blood in urine, the symptom is obvious. These include: Bladder infections (acute cystitis). An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the kidney's structure. Intravenous pyelogram ( IVP). This is an X-ray of the urinary tract that requires dye. Cystoscopy. This test involves the insertion of a small tube with a camera into the bladder through the urethra. Tissue samples (biopsy) may be obtained to check for the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells. Kidney (renal) biopsy. A small tissue sample is removed from the kidney and examined under a microscope for signs of kidney disease. If you still have blood in your urine, you may need additional tests, or you may be referred to a urologist.


Question: What are the signs of an ear infection?

Answer: Warning signs of an ear infection can include: Fullness or pressure in one or both ears Pain in one or both of them Fluid that drains from your ear Muffled hearing See your doctor right away if you have a high fever or severe pain in your ear.


Question: What causes an ear infection?

Answer: Ear infection : Colds, bronchitis, and sinus infections can keep fluid trapped in your ear behind your eardrum. When this happens, bacteria or viruses can grow and cause an infection.


Question: What does a common cold consist of?

Answer: You could have symptoms like: A runny nose -- with or without green or yellow mucus A stuffy nose Sneezing Watery eyes Sore throat Cough Try to rest up while the cold runs its course. There's probably no need to call your doctor unless your symptoms are severe or you have other medical problems.


Question: What are the signs of pneumonia?

Answer: But call yours ASAP if you have any of these symptoms -- you could have pneumonia: Fever above 100.4 F A cough that is not better after 7 to 10 days Unexplained weight loss Get emergency care or call 911 for any of these symptoms: Chest pain or trouble breathing with your cough Coughing up blood A barking cough that makes it hard for you to talk or swallow If you're over 75 and have a cough that won't stop, see your doctor.


Question: What cold or illness symptoms are emergencies?

Answer: But call yours ASAP if you have any of these symptoms -- you could have pneumonia: Fever above 100.4 F A cough that is not better after 7 to 10 days Unexplained weight loss Get emergency care or call 911 for any of these symptoms: Chest pain or trouble breathing with your cough Coughing up blood A barking cough that makes it hard for you to talk or swallow If you're over 75 and have a cough that won't stop, see your doctor.


Question: What are the signs of a sinus infection?

Answer: You may get a headache, fever, and some or all of these symptoms: A severely stuffed up nose Less sense of smell and taste Thick yellow or green mucus Achy teeth Pain or pressure near your sinuses that gets worse when you bend over A cough that's worse at night Bad breath See your doctor if these symptoms are severe, you still feel bad after 7 days, or if you get better and then get worse.


Question: What are signs that I have something worse than a cold?

Answer: It could mean you have something more than a cold: Fever higher than 102 F with tiredness and body aches Severe vomiting Severe sinus pain in your face or forehead Swollen glands in your neck or jaw Call 911 for any of these problems: Trouble breathing or shortness of breath Chest pain or pressure Fainting or feeling faint Feeling foggy or confused Sometimes a cold causes swelling in the nose or lungs.


Question: What are the signs of bronchitis?

Answer: They could be warning signs of something more serious, like meningitis: Fever over 102 F Sudden, severe pain in the face or head Double vision or trouble seeing Confusion or problems thinking clearly Swelling or redness around one or both eyes Stiff neck Shortness of breath Bronchitis (a chest cold): You get it when the large tubes that carry air into your lungs become swollen and irritated. Telltale symptoms of this illness can include: A cough that could last 10 to 20 days A cough that produces green, yellow, or clear mucus Most of the time, you don't need to see a doctor for bronchitis.


Question: Can a cold cause a sinus infection?

Answer: That can lead to other problems, like these: Sinus infection (sinusitis): This happens when a cold virus infects your sinuses -- the hollow areas in the bones of your cheeks, forehead, and under your eyes. These areas swell, and your body makes more mucus. It's a perfect place for bacteria to grow and thrive.


Question: What does high blood pressure do to your body?

Answer: When the heart beats, it pushes blood through the arteries in your entire body. Higher blood pressures mean that with each beat, arteries throughout the body swell and stretch more than they would normally. This stretching can injure the endothelium, the delicate lining of all arteries, causing arteries to become stiffer over time.


Question: What can plaque in your arteries do to your body?

Answer: The cholesterol and cells build up in the artery wall, eventually forming the plaque of atherosclerosis. Plaque is dangerous. Although it often grows without symptoms for years, plaque can suddenly rupture, forming a blood clot that blocks the artery, which keeps oxygen from getting to the heart muscle or the brain. The result can be a heart attack or stroke.


Question: How is high blood pressure treated?

Answer: For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount. Weight management is also important in maintaining a healthy blood pressure. For most people, though, medication is necessary to adequately control high blood pressure. In fact, most people will eventually require two or more drugs for blood pressure. Numerous drugs effectively treat hypertension.


Question: What causes atherosclerosis?

Answer: Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone. High blood pressure in isolation increases the risk of atherosclerosis, but it's particularly dangerous when it in combination with: Diabetes Abnormal cholesterol levels Cigarette smoking If you have any of these other risk factors and hypertension, your risk of atherosclerosis begins to rise dramatically.


Question: What is the normal blood pressure?

Answer: Normal blood pressure is less than 120 over less than 80. Treatment is recommended for blood pressure above 130 over 80 for most people. Treatment may be considered at lower levels, depending on other medical conditions you may have.


Question: What can atherosclerosis lead to?

Answer: Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone.


Question: How is high blood pressure linked to atherosclerosis?

Answer: High blood pressure is a major cause of atherosclerosis, the artery-clogging process that leads to heart attacks and strokes. Blood pressure higher than 130/80 is seen in: 69% of people who have their first heart attack 77% of people who have their first stroke 74% of people who have congestive heart failure High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, even if it is severely elevated.


Question: What can lowering my blood pressure do for me?

Answer: For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount.


Question: How common is high blood pressure in the United States?

Answer: More than 90% of adults who survive into their 80s will develop elevated blood pressure -- also called hypertension -- and about 50% of people will have it by age 60. For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount.


Question: What are symptoms of a heat stroke?

Answer: But fainting may be the first sign. Other symptoms may include: Throbbing headache Dizziness and light-headedness Lack of sweating despite the heat Red, hot, and dry skin Muscle weakness or cramps Nausea and vomiting Rapid heartbeat, which may be either strong or weak Rapid, shallow breathing Behavioral changes such as confusion, disorientation, or staggering Seizures Unconsciousness If you suspect that someone has a heat stroke, immediately call 911 or transport the person to a hospital.


Question: Can medications cause heat stroke?

Answer: These include antihistamines, diet pills, diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, seizure medications (anticonvulsants), heart and blood pressure medications such as beta-blockers and vasoconstrictors, and medications for psychiatric illnesses such as antidepressants and antipsychotics. Illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine also are associated with increased risk of heat stroke.


Question: How can you keep someone with heat stroke cool while you wait for emergency services to arrive?

Answer: Try these cooling strategies: Fan air over the patient while wetting his or her skin with water from a sponge or garden hose. Apply ice packs to the patient's armpits, groin, neck, and back. Because these areas are rich with blood vessels close to the skin, cooling them may reduce body temperature. Immerse the patient in a shower or tub of cool water. If the person is young and heathy and suffered heat stroke while exercising vigorously -- what's known as exertional heat stroke -- you can use an ice bath to help cool the body.


Question: What happens after you have heat stroke?

Answer: After you've recovered from heat stroke, you'll probably be more sensitive to high temperatures during the following week. So it's best to avoid hot weather and heavy exercise until your doctor tells you that it's safe to resume your normal activities.


Question: How do you prevent a heat stroke?

Answer: When the heat index is high, it's best to stay in an air-conditioned environment. If you must go outdoors, you can prevent heat stroke by taking these steps: Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothing, and a wide-brimmed hat. Use a sunscreen with a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 30 or more. Drink extra fluids. The general recommendation is to drink 24 ounces of fluid two hours before exercise, and consider adding another 8 ounces of water or sports drink right before exercise. During exercise, you should consume another 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes, even if you don't feel thirsty. Reschedule or cancel outdoor activity. If possible, shift your time outdoors to the coolest times of the day, either early morning or after sunset.


Question: What can make lumps and bumps appear on your skin?

Answer: There are a number of skin conditions that cause lumps and bumps to appear on the surface or just below the skin.


Question: How are epidermoid cysts treated?

Answer: If the cyst is squeezed and the discharge is forced out without removing the sac, the cyst will return. Usually, a doctor will be able to remove the cyst by making only a small incision in the skin. Antibiotics may be prescribed to treat infected cysts and intralesional steroid injections help with swelling and inflammation.


Question: What are the symptoms of keratosis pilaris?

Answer: Skin or epidermoid cysts usually are: Slow-growing Painless Smooth to the touch when they are rolled under the skin Cysts usually do not cause pain unless they rupture or become infected or inflamed. Keratosis pilaris (commonly called KP) appears as "chicken skin bumps" on the skin. Keratosis pilaris is usually worse during the winter months or other times of low humidity when skin becomes dry. It also may worsen during pregnancy or after childbirth.


Question: What are skin cysts?

Answer: Cysts are common on the skin and can appear anywhere. They feel like large peas under the surface of the skin. Cysts can develop as a result of infection, clogging of sebaceous glands (oil glands), or around foreign bodies, such as earrings. Epidermoid cysts, also called sebaceous cysts or skin cysts, are benign (non-cancerous) skin cysts formed by an outpouching from the hair follicle.


Question: What is the standard dose of red raspberry?

Answer: This makes it very hard to establish a standard dose.


Question: How does red raspberry interact with other medications?

Answer: If you take any medications regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using red raspberry supplements. There's always a risk they could interact with other supplements or drugs.


Question: What are risks of taking red raspberry?

Answer: The leaves of red raspberry also have been a folk treatment in Europe for hundreds of years. If you're pregnant, ask your doctor if it's safe. Red raspberry leaf might have estrogen-like effects. It may not be safe if you have conditions sensitive to estrogen.


Question: Does red raspberry leaf help during pregnancy?

Answer: Although many midwives suggest red raspberry leaf during the later stages of pregnancy, there isn't any good evidence that it helps. One study of red raspberry found that it didn't shorten labor or prevent labor pain. Scientists don't know if red raspberry helps in other ways during pregnancy -- like preventing morning sickness or regulating contractions. If you're pregnant, ask your doctor if it's safe.


Question: Why should you tell your doctor about supplements you're taking along with red raspberry?

Answer: That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications. If you're pregnant, ask your doctor if it's safe.


Question: How did fifth disease get its name?

Answer: Though it can resemble other childhood rashes, such as rubella or scarlet fever, fifth disease usually begins with the distinctive, sudden appearance of bright red cheeks that look as though the child has been slapped. The disease is rare in infants and adults.


Question: What is fifth disease?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Fifth disease, or erythema infectiosum, is a mildly to moderately contagious viral infection common among school-age children, particularly in the winter and spring. Though it can resemble other childhood rashes, such as rubella or scarlet fever, fifth disease usually begins with the distinctive, sudden appearance of bright red cheeks that look as though the child has been slapped. The disease is rare in infants and adults.


Question: What should I know about fifth disease?

Answer: It poses little risk to healthy children and adults, with a couple of exceptions: pregnant women and people with certain types of chronic anemia. If a pregnant woman is infected in the first half of her pregnancy, there is a small risk of severe anemia in the fetus and a 10% risk of miscarriage. Fifth disease is caused by parvovirus B19 and is spread by respiratory secretions from an infected person. By the time the rash appears, children are no longer contagious and may attend school or day care.


Question: How can ADHD affect financial problems in relationships?

Answer: Adults with the disorder can have reckless spending habits and trouble saving money.


Question: Could fighting over finances be a warning sign of ADHD?

Answer: Fights over finances tend to be another problem. A common ADHD symptom is doing things on impulse, and that includes buying things. Adults with the disorder can have reckless spending habits and trouble saving money.


Question: What should I do if I think I or someone I know has ADHD?

Answer: If you think you or someone you care about has adult ADHD, the first thing you should do is learn about the disorder and how it's diagnosed. You can start by looking over free online resources from organizations like Children and Adults with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder ( CHADD) and the National Center on ADHD. These sites can help you find local doctors, and support groups where you can meet people facing similar issues. You can also find out how to get tested for the condition.


Question: What are side effects of antiplatelet drugs?

Answer: Antiplatelets can cause: Nausea Upset stomach Stomach pain Diarrhea Rash Itching To ease nausea and stomach upset, take these with meals. Call your doctor if these side effects are severe or don't go away.


Question: When should you call a doctor about side effects from antiplatelet drugs?

Answer: Contact your doctor right away if you have any of the following while you take antiplatelets: Blood in the urine or stool Nosebleeds Any unusual bruising Heavy bleeding from cuts Black tarry stools Coughing up of blood Unusually heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected vaginal bleeding Vomit that looks like coffee grounds Dizziness Severe headache Difficulty swallowing Shortness of breath Difficulty breathing or wheezing Tightness in chest, chest pain Fever, chills, sore throat Swelling of the face or hands Ringing in the ears Severe stomach pain Side effects can be worse in people with asthma and allergies.


Question: What are antiplatelet drugs used for?

Answer: When you are wounded, platelets arrive on the scene and group together to form a clot that stops the bleeding. This is a good thing when an injury involves a break in your skin. But platelets can also group when injury to a blood vessel comes from the inside, as may happen in an artery affected by atherosclerosis. In this situation, the platelets cause blood clots in an already injured artery. Antiplatelet medications can prevent this from happening. Antiplatelets may be prescribed to folks with a history of: Coronary artery disease Heart attack Angina (chest pain) Stroke and transient ischemic attacks ( TIAs) Peripheral artery disease Antiplatelets are also used: After angioplasty and stent placement After heart bypass or valve replacement surgery Usually once or twice a day.


Question: How long will you need to take antiplatelet drugs?

Answer: These drugs may need to be taken for the rest of your life, depending on your condition. If you're expecting or trying, let your doctor know before you take an antiplatelet. You should discuss this with your doctor and your baby's doctor.


Question: When should I get a pneumonia shot if I have diabetes?

Answer: But you can get a flu shot at any time during flu season. Also, ask your doctor if you need the pneumonia shot. This vaccine can also help protect you from blood infections and meningitis.


Question: When should you call a doctor if a child with diabetes has a fever?

Answer: For children, call the doctor if they have: Trouble breathing Blue lips Won't eat or drink Ear pain A fever of 102 F or higher (or any temperature if it's a baby age 2 months or younger) A lot more crankiness or sleepiness than usual Worsening symptoms


Question: How should I take care of myself if I have diabetes and am sick with a cold or flu?

Answer: Check your blood sugar levels every 4 hours, or as often as recommended by your doctor. Test for ketones if your blood sugar level is over 240 milligrams per deciliter (mg/d L). Call your doctor if it shows any ketones. Take your temperature regularly. Drink one cup of liquid every hour you're awake. Water and broth are good choices. Try to eat 35-50 grams of carbohydrates every 3 to 4 hours. If you can't eat solid food, try clear soup, regular soft drinks, Popsicles, unsweetened applesauce, apple juice, or sports drinks. Keep taking insulin or other diabetes medications unless your doctor tells you not to.


Question: What you should know about cold and flu medicines if you have diabetes?

Answer: Infections, dehydration, and sugar in some medicines can make it harder to manage your blood sugar. Also, ask your doctor if you need the pneumonia shot. Keep those product names handy for future reference. Don't give cold and flu medicines to a child younger than 2, whether they have diabetes or not, because of the risk of serious side effects.


Question: Can controlling money be a sign of domestic abuse?

Answer: Keep that in mind as you think about these signs: Your partner bullies, threatens, or controls you: Accuses you of having an affair Blames you for abuse Criticizes you Tells you what to wear and how you should look Threatens to kill you or someone close to you Throws things or punches walls when angry Yells at you and makes you feel small Your partner controls your money: Keeps cash and credit cards from you Puts you on an allowance and makes you explain every dollar you spend Keeps you from working whatever job you want Steals money from you or your friends Won't let you have money for basic needs like food and clothes Your partner cuts you off from family and friends: Keeps close tabs on where you go and whom you go with Makes you ask for an OK to see friends and family Embarrasses you in front of others, and it makes you want to avoid people Your partner physically abuses you: Abandons you in a place you don't know Attacks you with weapons Keeps you from eating, sleeping, or getting medical care Locks you in or out of your house Punches, pushes, kicks, bites, pulls hair Your partner sexually abuses you: Forces you to have sex Makes you dress in a sexual way Makes you feel like you owe them sex Tries to give you an STD Won't use condoms or other birth control Keep an eye out for things like: Excuses for injuries Personality changes, like low self-esteem in someone who was always confident Constantly checking in with their partner Never having money on hand Overly worried about pleasing their partner Skipping out on work, school, or social outings for no clear reason Wearing clothes that don't fit the season, like long sleeves in summer to cover bruises They're often the same.


Question: Can cutting you off from family and friends be a sign of domestic abuse?

Answer: Keep that in mind as you think about these signs: Your partner bullies, threatens, or controls you: Accuses you of having an affair Blames you for abuse Criticizes you Tells you what to wear and how you should look Threatens to kill you or someone close to you Throws things or punches walls when angry Yells at you and makes you feel small Your partner controls your money: Keeps cash and credit cards from you Puts you on an allowance and makes you explain every dollar you spend Keeps you from working whatever job you want Steals money from you or your friends Won't let you have money for basic needs like food and clothes Your partner cuts you off from family and friends: Keeps close tabs on where you go and whom you go with Makes you ask for an OK to see friends and family Embarrasses you in front of others, and it makes you want to avoid people Your partner physically abuses you: Abandons you in a place you don't know Attacks you with weapons Keeps you from eating, sleeping, or getting medical care Locks you in or out of your house Punches, pushes, kicks, bites, pulls hair Your partner sexually abuses you: Forces you to have sex Makes you dress in a sexual way Makes you feel like you owe them sex Tries to give you an STD Won't use condoms or other birth control Keep an eye out for things like: Excuses for injuries Personality changes, like low self-esteem in someone who was always confident Constantly checking in with their partner Never having money on hand Overly worried about pleasing their partner Skipping out on work, school, or social outings for no clear reason Wearing clothes that don't fit the season, like long sleeves in summer to cover bruises They're often the same.


Question: What are the signs that someone you know is being abused?

Answer: Keep that in mind as you think about these signs: Your partner bullies, threatens, or controls you: Accuses you of having an affair Blames you for abuse Criticizes you Tells you what to wear and how you should look Threatens to kill you or someone close to you Throws things or punches walls when angry Yells at you and makes you feel small Your partner controls your money: Keeps cash and credit cards from you Puts you on an allowance and makes you explain every dollar you spend Keeps you from working whatever job you want Steals money from you or your friends Won't let you have money for basic needs like food and clothes Your partner cuts you off from family and friends: Keeps close tabs on where you go and whom you go with Makes you ask for an OK to see friends and family Embarrasses you in front of others, and it makes you want to avoid people Your partner physically abuses you: Abandons you in a place you don't know Attacks you with weapons Keeps you from eating, sleeping, or getting medical care Locks you in or out of your house Punches, pushes, kicks, bites, pulls hair Your partner sexually abuses you: Forces you to have sex Makes you dress in a sexual way Makes you feel like you owe them sex Tries to give you an STD Won't use condoms or other birth control Keep an eye out for things like: Excuses for injuries Personality changes, like low self-esteem in someone who was always confident Constantly checking in with their partner Never having money on hand Overly worried about pleasing their partner Skipping out on work, school, or social outings for no clear reason Wearing clothes that don't fit the season, like long sleeves in summer to cover bruises They're often the same.


Question: What are the signs of sexual abuse?

Answer: Keep that in mind as you think about these signs: Your partner bullies, threatens, or controls you: Accuses you of having an affair Blames you for abuse Criticizes you Tells you what to wear and how you should look Threatens to kill you or someone close to you Throws things or punches walls when angry Yells at you and makes you feel small Your partner controls your money: Keeps cash and credit cards from you Puts you on an allowance and makes you explain every dollar you spend Keeps you from working whatever job you want Steals money from you or your friends Won't let you have money for basic needs like food and clothes Your partner cuts you off from family and friends: Keeps close tabs on where you go and whom you go with Makes you ask for an OK to see friends and family Embarrasses you in front of others, and it makes you want to avoid people Your partner physically abuses you: Abandons you in a place you don't know Attacks you with weapons Keeps you from eating, sleeping, or getting medical care Locks you in or out of your house Punches, pushes, kicks, bites, pulls hair Your partner sexually abuses you: Forces you to have sex Makes you dress in a sexual way Makes you feel like you owe them sex Tries to give you an STD Won't use condoms or other birth control Keep an eye out for things like: Excuses for injuries Personality changes, like low self-esteem in someone who was always confident Constantly checking in with their partner Never having money on hand Overly worried about pleasing their partner Skipping out on work, school, or social outings for no clear reason Wearing clothes that don't fit the season, like long sleeves in summer to cover bruises They're often the same.


Question: What are the signs of domestic abuse?

Answer: If you're afraid of your partner, that's a big red flag. You may be scared to say what you think, to bring up certain topics, or to say no to sex. No matter the reason, fear has no place in a healthy relationship. If you feel like you're being abused, there's a good chance you may be, and it's worth getting help. Keep that in mind as you think about these signs: Your partner bullies, threatens, or controls you: Accuses you of having an affair Blames you for abuse Criticizes you Tells you what to wear and how you should look Threatens to kill you or someone close to you Throws things or punches walls when angry Yells at you and makes you feel small Your partner controls your money: Keeps cash and credit cards from you Puts you on an allowance and makes you explain every dollar you spend Keeps you from working whatever job you want Steals money from you or your friends Won't let you have money for basic needs like food and clothes Your partner cuts you off from family and friends: Keeps close tabs on where you go and whom you go with Makes you ask for an OK to see friends and family Embarrasses you in front of others, and it makes you want to avoid people Your partner physically abuses you: Abandons you in a place you don't know Attacks you with weapons Keeps you from eating, sleeping, or getting medical care Locks you in or out of your house Punches, pushes, kicks, bites, pulls hair Your partner sexually abuses you: Forces you to have sex Makes you dress in a sexual way Makes you feel like you owe them sex Tries to give you an STD Won't use condoms or other birth control Keep an eye out for things like: Excuses for injuries Personality changes, like low self-esteem in someone who was always confident Constantly checking in with their partner Never having money on hand Overly worried about pleasing their partner Skipping out on work, school, or social outings for no clear reason Wearing clothes that don't fit the season, like long sleeves in summer to cover bruises They're often the same.


Question: What do you need to do if you are being abused?

Answer: Your abuser may: Make excuses for abuse, like it's just how men are or that you wanted it to happen Tell you that police or others won't help because of your gender or orientation Tell you that you're not really how you identify Threaten to out you to family, friends, and others First, know that you deserve better and that this isn't your fault. If you're in an emergency, call 911. It can be hard to decide whether to stay or leave. That's why it may help to start with a call to the National Domestic Violence Hotline at 1-800-799- SAFE (1-800-799-7233). Call from a friend's house or somewhere else where you feel safe. You can also turn to friends, family, neighbors, your doctor, or your spiritual community.


Question: What are the signs of physical abuse?

Answer: Keep that in mind as you think about these signs: Your partner bullies, threatens, or controls you: Accuses you of having an affair Blames you for abuse Criticizes you Tells you what to wear and how you should look Threatens to kill you or someone close to you Throws things or punches walls when angry Yells at you and makes you feel small Your partner controls your money: Keeps cash and credit cards from you Puts you on an allowance and makes you explain every dollar you spend Keeps you from working whatever job you want Steals money from you or your friends Won't let you have money for basic needs like food and clothes Your partner cuts you off from family and friends: Keeps close tabs on where you go and whom you go with Makes you ask for an OK to see friends and family Embarrasses you in front of others, and it makes you want to avoid people Your partner physically abuses you: Abandons you in a place you don't know Attacks you with weapons Keeps you from eating, sleeping, or getting medical care Locks you in or out of your house Punches, pushes, kicks, bites, pulls hair Your partner sexually abuses you: Forces you to have sex Makes you dress in a sexual way Makes you feel like you owe them sex Tries to give you an STD Won't use condoms or other birth control Keep an eye out for things like: Excuses for injuries Personality changes, like low self-esteem in someone who was always confident Constantly checking in with their partner Never having money on hand Overly worried about pleasing their partner Skipping out on work, school, or social outings for no clear reason Wearing clothes that don't fit the season, like long sleeves in summer to cover bruises They're often the same.


Question: Are the signs of domestic abuse different for men and women?

Answer: The violence often ramps up once you've been cut off from other people. It may be emotional or verbal, like taking away keys, medicines, or other essentials. Or things like constantly putting you down in public or on social media. And, it can be physical. To make up for differences in strength, abusive partners may try to attack you in your sleep, by surprise, or with weapons and other objects. They may also abuse your children or pets.


Question: What are the signs of domestic abuse for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community?

Answer: They're not always as obvious as you might think. Again, there's a lot in common, but the abuse may also target sexual orientation or gender identity. Your abuser may: Make excuses for abuse, like it's just how men are or that you wanted it to happen Tell you that police or others won't help because of your gender or orientation Tell you that you're not really how you identify Threaten to out you to family, friends, and others First, know that you deserve better and that this isn't your fault.


Question: What should you do if you think someone is being abused?

Answer: You may be scared to say what you think, to bring up certain topics, or to say no to sex. If you feel like you're being abused, there's a good chance you may be, and it's worth getting help. You might have a code word so your kids, family, friends, or co-workers know you're in danger. Someone's life could be in danger. When you talk to the person, you can: Ask if anything is wrong Talk specifically about what concerns you Listen carefully Let the person know you're always there to talk and that your conversations are always private Offer to help Support the person's choices


Question: What tests do doctors use to diagnose a kidney infection?

Answer: After asking about your signs and symptoms, your doctor will likely start with a: Urine analysis to check for blood, pus, and bacteria in your pee Urine culture to see what kind of bacteria you have Your doctor may also use these tests: Ultrasound or CT: to check for a blockage in your urinary tract. These are usually done if treatment doesn't help within the first 3 days. Voiding cystourethrogram ( VCUG): a type of X-ray to look for problems in your urethra and bladder. These are often used in children who have VUR. Digital rectal exam (for men): ( Your doctor inserts a lubed finger into your anus to check for a swollen prostate.) Dimercaptosuccinic acid ( DMSA) scintigraphy: a type of imaging that uses a radioactive material to better see kidney infection and damage Usually, the first step is antibiotics, which you may need for a week or two.


Question: How can I prevent kidney infections?

Answer: But you may be less likely to get one if you: Avoid deodorant sprays or douches on your genitals Don't use condoms or diaphragms with spermicide. It can trigger bacteria growth. But do use lubricated condoms, since without lube it can irritate the urethra, which makes infection more likely. Drink lots of water. Go to the bathroom as soon as you feel the urge. Pee after having sex. Wipe front to back after going to the bathroom.


Question: How can I develop a kidney infection?

Answer: The urinary tract is made up of your: Kidneys (to clean waste from your blood and make pee) Ureters (thin tubes, one for each kidney, that carry pee to your bladder) Bladder : (stores pee) Urethra: (carries pee from the bladder to outside your body) If any of these parts get bacteria in them, you can get a urinary tract infection ( UTI). Most often, it's the bladder that gets infected. It can be painful, but not usually too serious. But if those bacteria travel up the ureters, you can have a much more serious problem: a kidney infection. Doctors sometimes call this âpyelonephritis.â You need to have a kidney infection treated right away. If you don't, it can lead to life-threatening problems.


Question: Who can get a kidney infection?

Answer: But just as women get more bladder infections than men, they also get more kidney infections. A woman's urethra is shorter than a man's, and it's closer to the vagina and anus, where bacteria live. That means it's easier for bacteria to get into a woman's urethra, and once they do, it's a shorter trip to the bladder. From there, they can spread to the kidneys. Pregnant women are even more likely to get bladder infections because the baby can put pressure on the woman's ureters and slow the flow of urine.


Question: What increases my chances of getting a kidney infection?

Answer: Any problem in your urinary tract that prevents pee from flowing forward can raise your chances of a kidney infection, such as: Blockage in the urinary tract, like a kidney stone or enlarged prostate Conditions that keep the bladder from completely emptying Structural problem in the urinary tract, like a pinched urethra Vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR), a condition where pee flows backward from the bladder toward the kidneys You are also more likely to get one if you have: Nerve damage in your bladder A prostate infection, known as prostatitis A urinary catheter, a tube that goes unto your urethra and drains pee A weaker immune system, as with type 2 diabetes You may have: Blood or pus in your pee Fever and chills No desire to eat Pain in your lower back, side, or groin Throwing up or upset stomach Weakness or feeling very tired (fatigue) You may also have some of the same signs and symptoms as with a bladder infection, such as: Burning or pain when you pee Constant urge to pee, even though you just went Cloudy or bad-smelling urine Pain in your lower belly Peeing much more often than normal Call your doctor if you have these symptoms and think it may be a kidney infection, especially if you have a UTI and you're not getting any better.


Question: What are the symptoms of a kidney infection?

Answer: Any problem in your urinary tract that prevents pee from flowing forward can raise your chances of a kidney infection, such as: Blockage in the urinary tract, like a kidney stone or enlarged prostate Conditions that keep the bladder from completely emptying Structural problem in the urinary tract, like a pinched urethra Vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR), a condition where pee flows backward from the bladder toward the kidneys You are also more likely to get one if you have: Nerve damage in your bladder A prostate infection, known as prostatitis A urinary catheter, a tube that goes unto your urethra and drains pee A weaker immune system, as with type 2 diabetes You may have: Blood or pus in your pee Fever and chills No desire to eat Pain in your lower back, side, or groin Throwing up or upset stomach Weakness or feeling very tired (fatigue) You may also have some of the same signs and symptoms as with a bladder infection, such as: Burning or pain when you pee Constant urge to pee, even though you just went Cloudy or bad-smelling urine Pain in your lower belly Peeing much more often than normal Call your doctor if you have these symptoms and think it may be a kidney infection, especially if you have a UTI and you're not getting any better.


Question: What causes a kidney infection?

Answer: Usually, bacteria called E. coli cause the infection to begin with. Other bacteria can also cause kidney infections. It's rare, but you can also have an infection that gets in through your skin, makes its way into your blood, then travels to your kidney. You can get an infection after kidney surgery, too, but that's very uncommon.


Question: When should you call a doctor if you think you have kidney infection?

Answer: Any problem in your urinary tract that prevents pee from flowing forward can raise your chances of a kidney infection, such as: Blockage in the urinary tract, like a kidney stone or enlarged prostate Conditions that keep the bladder from completely emptying Structural problem in the urinary tract, like a pinched urethra Vesicoureteral reflux ( VUR), a condition where pee flows backward from the bladder toward the kidneys You are also more likely to get one if you have: Nerve damage in your bladder A prostate infection, known as prostatitis A urinary catheter, a tube that goes unto your urethra and drains pee A weaker immune system, as with type 2 diabetes You may have: Blood or pus in your pee Fever and chills No desire to eat Pain in your lower back, side, or groin Throwing up or upset stomach Weakness or feeling very tired (fatigue) You may also have some of the same signs and symptoms as with a bladder infection, such as: Burning or pain when you pee Constant urge to pee, even though you just went Cloudy or bad-smelling urine Pain in your lower belly Peeing much more often than normal Call your doctor if you have these symptoms and think it may be a kidney infection, especially if you have a UTI and you're not getting any better. If you don't get treated, it could lead to kidney damage or blood infection, which is life-threatening. Also, if you're pregnant, a kidney infection can affect your baby.


Question: How is a kidney infection diagnosed?

Answer: After asking about your signs and symptoms, your doctor will likely start with a: Urine analysis to check for blood, pus, and bacteria in your pee Urine culture to see what kind of bacteria you have Your doctor may also use these tests: Ultrasound or CT: to check for a blockage in your urinary tract.


Question: What are kidney infections?

Answer: They're part of your urinary tract, which makes pee (urine) and removes it from your body. Like the exhaust system on your car, you want everything in good working order so waste moves in one direction only: out. The urinary tract is made up of your: Kidneys (to clean waste from your blood and make pee) Ureters (thin tubes, one for each kidney, that carry pee to your bladder) Bladder : (stores pee) Urethra: (carries pee from the bladder to outside your body) If any of these parts get bacteria in them, you can get a urinary tract infection ( UTI).


Question: What can I do to feel better from kidney infections?

Answer: Get extra rest. Sit on the toilet, don't squat over it, which can prevent your bladder from completely emptying Take a pain reliever with acetaminophen but avoid aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Use a heating pad on your belly, back, or side You can't completely prevent all bladder infections. But you may be less likely to get one if you: Avoid deodorant sprays or douches on your genitals Don't use condoms or diaphragms with spermicide. Drink lots of water.


Question: Who does plasmapheresis for multiple sclerosis (MS) help?

Answer: Your chance of seeing improvement of MS symptoms is greater if you have a relapsing form of MS and: You're a man. You have Marburg variant MS. Treatment begins within 20 days after your symptoms start. But simpler, less costly treatments often work for MS, so your doctor will probably try those first. For a severe MS attack, your doctor will probably prescribe high doses of anti-inflammatory steroids. If that doesn't relieve your symptoms, then plasma exchange is a short-term option.


Question: How long does plasma treatment last for?

Answer: Most treatments last 2 to 4 hours, depending on how big your body is and how much plasma gets swapped out. You may need two or three treatments each week for 2 or more weeks.


Question: What other diseases does plasmapheresis help?

Answer: Plasma exchange hasn't been shown to help primary progressive or secondary progressive MS. It may also help treat other diseases that damage the coating around your spinal cord and nerves, such as Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and myasthenia gravis. After plasma exchange, people with Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy are more likely to regain muscle strength and walk without help.


Question: What groups will plasma exchange help in treatment for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your chance of seeing improvement of MS symptoms is greater if you have a relapsing form of MS and: You're a man. You have Marburg variant MS. Treatment begins within 20 days after your symptoms start.


Question: When does someone with multiple sclerosis (MS) use plasma exchange?

Answer: People with some forms of multiple sclerosis use plasma exchange to manage sudden, severe attacks, sometimes called relapses or flare-ups. Their plasma could have certain proteins that are attacking their own body. When you take out the plasma, you get rid of those proteins, and symptoms may get better.


Question: Are there side effects and risks of plasma exchange?

Answer: During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual. This can make you feel weak, dizzy, or nauseous. Drink lots of water in the days before your treatment, because that can help prevent these symptoms.


Question: Are there detrimental side effects of plasma exchange?

Answer: Plasma exchange can cause bleeding and allergic reactions, and it can make your chance of getting an infection higher. In rare cases, a blood clot could form in the machine.


Question: Will I feel tired after plasma treatment?

Answer: You may feel tired after plasma exchange, but most people can get back to their normal activities right away.


Question: What are the side effects and risks associated with plasmapheresis?

Answer: During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual. This can make you feel weak, dizzy, or nauseous. Drink lots of water in the days before your treatment, because that can help prevent these symptoms. You may feel tired after plasma exchange, but most people can get back to their normal activities right away. Plasma exchange can cause bleeding and allergic reactions, and it can make your chance of getting an infection higher. In rare cases, a blood clot could form in the machine.


Question: Are there simple, less costly treatments for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: But simpler, less costly treatments often work for MS, so your doctor will probably try those first. For a severe MS attack, your doctor will probably prescribe high doses of anti-inflammatory steroids. If that doesn't relieve your symptoms, then plasma exchange is a short-term option.


Question: How does plasmapheresis for multiple sclerosis (MS) work?

Answer: When you take out the plasma, you get rid of those proteins, and symptoms may get better. A nurse or a specialist will put a needle attached to a thin tube, called a catheter, into a vein in each arm. If your arm veins are too small, you may have to have a needle in your shoulder or groin instead. Your blood comes out through one of the tubes and goes into a machine that separates your plasma from your blood cells. Then your blood cells get mixed with fresh plasma, and the new blood mixture goes back into your body through the other tube. Most treatments last 2 to 4 hours, depending on how big your body is and how much plasma gets swapped out. You may need two or three treatments each week for 2 or more weeks. In rare cases, a blood clot could form in the machine.


Question: What is plasma exchange?

Answer: Then your blood cells get mixed with fresh plasma, and the new blood mixture goes back into your body through the other tube. During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual.


Question: What is plasmapheresis?

Answer: Then your blood cells get mixed with fresh plasma, and the new blood mixture goes back into your body through the other tube. During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual.


Question: What do I need to know about periorbital cellulitis?

Answer: Adults can get it, but children under 2 are most likely to have it. It happens when bacteria attack the soft tissue around your eye, including your eyelid. These germs can get into your skin through a cut or scratch, or they can get to the area through an infection in your sinuses. It also can be a reaction to a stye (a tender bump on your eyelid that forms when a gland on your eyelid gets infected). Periorbital cellulitis is sometimes called preseptal cellulitis because it happens outside a part of your skull called the orbital septum. A layer of tissue keeps the infection from spreading to your eye, so it usually doesn't affect your vision.


Question: What are symptoms of periorbital cellulitis?

Answer: The most common signs of periorbital cellulitis are: Redness and swelling around the eye A cut, scratch, or insect bite near the eye The skin in the affected area is tender to the touch and might feel a little tough. The white of the eye might look red. Periorbital cellulitis doesn't cause a fever or pain. If you or your child has a fever and swelling and it hurts to move the affected eye, get medical help right away. These things can be caused by a more serious condition called orbital cellulitis that affects the eye itself.


Question: What foods should you eat in the days before a colonoscopy?

Answer: Your list may include: A prescription or over-the-counter laxative specified by your doctor Low-fiber food Sports drinks, juices, and broths Moist wipes Diaper cream You can help the cleansing process by eating light 3 or 4 days before the procedure. Doctors recommend low-fiber foods that are easy to digest and leave your system quickly. You can have: White bread, pasta, and rice Well-cooked vegetables without skin Fruit without skin or seeds Lean meat, chicken, or fish Eggs Don't eat: Seeds, nuts, or popcorn Fatty foods Tough meat Whole grains Raw vegetables Fruit with seeds or peel Corn, broccoli, cabbage, beans, or peas At this point you should stop taking vitamins or other supplements.


Question: Should you stop taking supplements and medication before a colonoscopy?

Answer: You can have: White bread, pasta, and rice Well-cooked vegetables without skin Fruit without skin or seeds Lean meat, chicken, or fish Eggs Don't eat: Seeds, nuts, or popcorn Fatty foods Tough meat Whole grains Raw vegetables Fruit with seeds or peel Corn, broccoli, cabbage, beans, or peas At this point you should stop taking vitamins or other supplements. Ask your doctor whether and when you should stop taking any prescription medicines you use regularly, and any over-the-counter anti-inflammatory or blood thinning meds you may use.


Question: What is required for a colonoscopy to be accurate?

Answer: To make that happen, you'll have to fast and use strong laxatives beforehand. It's inconvenient and somewhat unpleasant, but it's temporary, and it might help save your life. Here's how to make the process as smooth as possible. Your doctor is your best source of information about how to get ready.


Question: What are some tricks to help get the solution down in preparation for a colonoscopy?

Answer: Keep it well chilled. Drink it through a straw placed far back on your tongue. Follow it with a sip of something good tasting. Suck on a lemon slice or piece of hard candy after drinking.


Question: How should you plan for a colonoscopy?

Answer: Here's how to make the process as smooth as possible. Your doctor is your best source of information about how to get ready. When you schedule the procedure, you'll get instructions. Read them over well before your appointment, and call your doctor if you have any questions. Clear your schedule for the evening before and the day of your colonoscopy, and make plans for someone to go with you the day of the colonoscopy. Shop for some key supplies several days ahead, too. Your list may include: A prescription or over-the-counter laxative specified by your doctor Low-fiber food Sports drinks, juices, and broths Moist wipes Diaper cream You can help the cleansing process by eating light 3 or 4 days before the procedure.


Question: What should be eaten the day before a colonoscopy?

Answer: The day before your procedure you can't eat anything solid.you can only consume clear (see-through) liquids. It is important to stay hydrated by drinking lots of clear liquids, such as sports drinks, clear juice like apple and white grape, and clear broth. Soda is OK, and so are coffee and tea, but without cream. You can have gelatin and ice pops, but stay away from anything colored red, blue, or purple. The dyes can discolor the lining of the colon and make it harder for the doctor to see. Also avoid alcohol and drinks you can't see through, like milk or orange juice. Two to four hours before the procedure, be sure not to drink or eat anything (please consult your doctor on the exact time stop consuming clear liquids)..


Question: What will start to happen when the laxative kicks in for a colonoscopy?

Answer: You may have cramps and bloating. If you have hemorrhoids, they may become irritated. You may also feel nauseated and even vomit. If so, your doctor may recommend you take a short break. Try these tips to make yourself as comfortable as possible: Stay in the bathroom -- bring something to entertain yourself, like a book, television, or laptop. Apply diaper cream before the diarrhea starts.


Question: What is one of the best ways to spot colon cancer?

Answer: Often that's because they're afraid of what they have to go through to get ready for it. Your doctor is your best source of information about how to get ready.


Question: What will help make the purging process more comfortable in preparation for a colonoscopy?

Answer: Here's how to make the process as smooth as possible. Once the laxative starts working, you'll have frequent, forceful diarrhea. Try these tips to make yourself as comfortable as possible: Stay in the bathroom -- bring something to entertain yourself, like a book, television, or laptop.


Question: What should be done the night before a colonoscopy?

Answer: To make that happen, you'll have to fast and use strong laxatives beforehand. Then you'll get up about 6 hours before your appointment to drink another half-gallon.


Question: What are the best foods to eat if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: The American Diabetes Association suggests you eat these tasty items. They're low in carbs (also known as low glycemic index foods). And they're high in key nutrients like calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and other vitamins. Beans Dark green leafy vegetables Citrus fruit Sweet potatoes Berries Tomatoes Fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon) Whole grains Nuts Fat-free yogurt and milk


Question: Can I eat sugar if I have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: But type 1 is caused by genetics and other factors. Still, many sweet foods have a lot of carbs, and that can affect your blood sugar. If a food is "sugar free," that doesn't mean it also has fewer carbs or calories. Read the label so you can count how many carbs you're getting. You may want to consider foods and drinks that use low-calorie or artificial sweeteners. They can satisfy your sweet tooth without the extra carbs and calories.


Question: How can sugar affect your type 1 diabetes?

Answer: But type 1 is caused by genetics and other factors. Still, many sweet foods have a lot of carbs, and that can affect your blood sugar. If a food is "sugar free," that doesn't mean it also has fewer carbs or calories. Read the label so you can count how many carbs you're getting. You may want to consider foods and drinks that use low-calorie or artificial sweeteners. They can satisfy your sweet tooth without the extra carbs and calories.


Question: How can carbohydrates affect your type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Carbs raise your blood sugar levels faster than any food. How many and what type of carbohydrate foods you eat can affect how well you manage your diabetes.


Question: Why does diet matter if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: With type 1 diabetes, your body stops making insulin. So you take insulin every day either through shots or a pump. It's also key to track your blood sugar levels. Insulin is only part of the picture. Diet and exercise also play important roles in helping keep your blood sugar levels stable. When you make healthy food choices and eat consistent amounts through the day, it can help control your sugars. It can also lower your chance of diabetes-related problems like heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.


Question: What are some general guidelines for what to eat if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Follow some general guidelines: Eat less unhealthy fat. Cut back on the saturated fats you find in high-fat meats like bacon and regular ground beef, as well as full-fat dairy like whole milk and butter. Unhealthy fats raise your chance of heart disease. With diabetes, you face higher-than-average odds of getting heart disease. Make smart food choices to lower that risk. Get enough fiber. It may help control your blood sugar. You can get fiber from whole grains, beans, and fruits and vegetables. Try to get 25-30 grams a day. Those high-fiber foods are always better choices than low-fiber carbs such as refined 'white' grains and processed sugary foods.


Question: Which foods have carbohydrates?

Answer: Carbohydrates are your body's main source of energy. You get them from many foods, like grains (pasta, bread, crackers, and cookies), fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and sugars.


Question: What are general diet guidelines for people with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Follow some general guidelines: Eat less unhealthy fat. Cut back on the saturated fats you find in high-fat meats like bacon and regular ground beef, as well as full-fat dairy like whole milk and butter. Unhealthy fats raise your chance of heart disease. With diabetes, you face higher-than-average odds of getting heart disease. Make smart food choices to lower that risk. Get enough fiber. It may help control your blood sugar. You can get fiber from whole grains, beans, and fruits and vegetables. Try to get 25-30 grams a day. Those high-fiber foods are always better choices than low-fiber carbs such as refined 'white' grains and processed sugary foods.


Question: How can counting carbs affect your type 1 diabetes?

Answer: How many and what type of carbohydrate foods you eat can affect how well you manage your diabetes. Counting carbs helps you keep track of how many carbs you eat. You can work with your doctor or a dietitian to figure out how many grams of carbs you should eat for each meal and snack. You can use the food label, a food exchange app, or other reference to count up the grams of carbs in foods.


Question: Why do carbohydrates matter for people with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Carbohydrates are your body's main source of energy. You get them from many foods, like grains (pasta, bread, crackers, and cookies), fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and sugars. Carbs raise your blood sugar levels faster than any food. How many and what type of carbohydrate foods you eat can affect how well you manage your diabetes.


Question: What should you eat if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: But when you have type 1, you can eat the same healthy diet as everyone else. If a food is "sugar free," that doesn't mean it also has fewer carbs or calories.


Question: Do I have to cut out foods if I have diabetes?

Answer: It's important to eat a healthy diet when you have type 1 diabetes. That doesn't mean you can't enjoy tasty food, including some of your favorites. You can work with your doctor or a dietitian to figure out how many grams of carbs you should eat for each meal and snack.


Question: What are the most common areas for pain from sickle cell disease?

Answer: You may have pain anywhere in your body and in more than one place. The most common areas are: Arms Belly Chest Legs Lower back A pain crisis can last anywhere from hours to weeks.


Question: What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease?

Answer: But when you have sickle cell disease, the abnormal hemoglobin creates stiff, sickle-shaped red blood cells. Usually, they first appear when a child is about five to six months old. Early signs in babies are: Extreme fussiness Painful swelling of the hands and feet due to blockage of blood flow. Your doctor may call this "dactylitis." Yellow skin and whites of the eyes (also called jaundice or icterus) With sickle cell disease, you don't have enough healthy red blood cells. This is a condition called anemia. If they block the blood vessels in your eyes, you can develop vision problems.


Question: What causes pain from sickle cell disease?

Answer: These events trigger the symptoms of sickle cell disease. The deformed blood cells can get stuck in and block your blood vessels. When this happens, oxygen-rich blood cannot reach key organs and tissues. The result is a sudden pain attack, called a pain crisis. The pain may feel sharp, stabbing, intense, or throbbing. Some people with sickle cell disease say it's worse than childbirth or the pain after surgery.


Question: Do symptoms of sickle cell disease vary?

Answer: These events trigger the symptoms of sickle cell disease. This is a condition called anemia. Some people have them often. And your experience may change. You'll want to work with your (or your child's) doctor to best understand the disease, what to watch out for, and how best to take care of the condition.


Question: What happens when you have sickle cell disease?

Answer: For example: The cells build up and block blood flow to organs and tissues. The cells die sooner. Sickle cells live about 10 to 20 days. Healthy red blood cells live from 90 to 120 days. Red blood cells may burst open (hemolyze). Even though your body constantly makes new red blood cells to replace the old ones, sickle cell disease may prevent your body from keeping up with the demand. These events trigger the symptoms of sickle cell disease. If they block the blood vessels in your eyes, you can develop vision problems.


Question: How is polymyalgia rheumatica diagnosed?

Answer: Under the new criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology and The European League Against Rheumatism, patients ages 50 years and older can be classified as having PMR if they meet the conditions below: Shoulder pain on both sides Morning stiffness that lasts at least 45 minutes High levels of inflammation measured by blood tests Reported new hip pain Absence of swelling in the small joints of the hands and feet, and absence of positive blood tests for rheumatoid arthritis The new classification criteria may also help to evaluate existing treatments for polymyalgia rheumatica.


Question: What is the long-term prognosis for people with polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis?

Answer: With careful monitoring and appropriate treatment, most patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arteritis have a normal life span and lifestyle. Most of the time, these diseases can be successfully controlled with steroids and other drugs (including tocilizumab, a rheumatoid arthritis drug which has been touted for people who have trouble with or are nonresponsive to steroids), The success of treatment is related to prompt diagnosis, aggressive treatment, and careful follow-up to prevent or minimize side effects from the medications.


Question: What are the symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica?

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Question: What are the risks of long-term steroid treatment and how are they prevented?

Answer: Long-term steroid treatment (for a few months to several years) requires additional testing and monitoring. The long-term use of steroids can cause osteoporosis (bone loss), which can be detected with scans similar to X-rays. Taking supplements of calcium and vitamin D, sometimes along with prescription medication is recommended to prevent osteoporosis in people taking steroids. Discuss the potential side effects caused by your treatment with your doctor.


Question: How do steroids treat polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis?

Answer: The exact cause of these illnesses is unknown. Steroids also impair the immune system -- thus increasing the risk of infection.


Question: How is a biopsy done to diagnose throat cancer?

Answer: Common ones include: A biopsy collects a tissue sample that gets examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells. It's the only way to know for sure if a tumor is cancer and what kind it is. The procedure may be done with surgery, fine needles, or an endoscope -- a flexible tube with a camera that's lowered into the throat through your nose or mouth. A tool on the end will take the biopsy.


Question: What is oropharynx throat cancer?

Answer: This part is behind your mouth. Cancer is most likely to grow in the tonsils, the back of the tongue, or the soft palate.


Question: Are there different stages of throat cancer?

Answer: Each type of this cancer has its own rules for staging, which describes how severe the disease is.


Question: How does radiation therapy treat throat cancer?

Answer: Your treatment will depend on: The stage of your cancer Where it is Your general health Your preferences You may have one or more treatments: Radiation uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It's given outside your body by a machine, or inside by radioactive seeds planted near the cancer. Sometimes radiation is the only treatment needed for early-stage cancers.


Question: What are the symptoms of throat cancers?

Answer: You may have: Voice changes like cracking or hoarseness Trouble swallowing or breathing Sore throat, cough, or earache that won't go away Headache Neck lump Unexplained weight loss See your doctor right away if any symptoms last for more than a few weeks.


Question: What happens if cancer in the oropharynx is found?

Answer: These include: MRI or CT scan PET scan X-rays If cancer of the oropharynx is found, the sample may be tested for HPV. Usually, someone's health outlook is better if their disease tests positive for this virus rather than being smoking-related cancer.


Question: What can you do to help your recovery from throat cancer?

Answer: Your treatment might take a lot out of you. So get enough rest, exercise when you can, and fill your plate with healthy food, like fruits and veggies. Quit tobacco and limit alcohol. Smoking and drinking can make treatments less effective, and they raise your risk of getting another cancer. Keep your appointments. Your doctor will follow you closely for the first few years.


Question: What are the symptoms of throat cancer?

Answer: You may have: Voice changes like cracking or hoarseness Trouble swallowing or breathing Sore throat, cough, or earache that won't go away Headache Neck lump Unexplained weight loss See your doctor right away if any symptoms last for more than a few weeks.


Question: How does surgery help treat throat cancer?

Answer: Surgery may be done through incisions with a scalpel. It may also be less invasive -- going in through the mouth with a tube called an endoscope, or with lasers or robotic techniques.


Question: How can you protect your kids from throat cancer?

Answer: You can help protect your kids from it in the future by having your children get the HPV vaccines. Kids should start the series of shots between 11 and 12 years old.


Question: What are other risk factors for throat cancer?

Answer: Other risk factors include: Gender. Men are five times more likely to get it than women. Age. Most people get diagnosed after 65. Race. African- American men are at the biggest risk. Chemical exposure. This includes being around asbestos, nickel, and sulfuric acid fumes.


Question: How are targeted therapy drugs used to treat throat cancer?

Answer: Targeted therapy drugs can starve cancer cells by blocking substances they need to grow. Your doctor can prescribe you medication to help you manage pain.


Question: What characterizes stage III throat cancer?

Answer: Stage III diseases may have gone to lymph nodes or other parts of the throat.


Question: What characterizes stage IV throat cancer?

Answer: And stage IV cancers may have spread to lymph nodes and different parts of the head, neck, or chest. The most serious stage IV cancers have traveled to distant parts of the body like the lungs or liver.


Question: How is throat cancer treated?

Answer: Learn as much as you can so you'll know what to expect. Your treatment will depend on: The stage of your cancer Where it is Your general health Your preferences You may have one or more treatments: Radiation uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.


Question: What imaging tests are used to diagnose throat cancer?

Answer: It's also called the "pharynx." These include: MRI or CT scan PET scan X-rays If cancer of the oropharynx is found, the sample may be tested for HPV. Usually, someone's health outlook is better if their disease tests positive for this virus rather than being smoking-related cancer. Doctors may use tissue from another spot in your body to rebuild parts of your throat to help you swallow.


Question: Where do throat cancers grow?

Answer: In the U. This may affect your ability to swallow, breathe, or speak normally.


Question: What puts you at risk for throat cancer?

Answer: Using tobacco for a long time. Smoking it and chewing it are the biggest risk factors for all head and neck cancers, including throat cancer. Drinking heavily and regularly. That means more than two drinks of alcohol a day if you're a man or more than one a day if you're a woman. You drive up your risk even more if you drink and you smoke. Human papillomavirus is linked to cancers in the back of the throat, including tongue and tonsil cancers. In the U. They can also show how big it is and if it has spread.


Question: How is a throat cancer diagnosed?

Answer: He might use devices to get a closer look at your throat. If the doctor thinks you may have cancer, he'll order tests and procedures depending on what kind he suspects. Smoking and drinking can make treatments less effective, and they raise your risk of getting another cancer.


Question: How does throat cancer spread?

Answer: These diseases tend to grow quickly. That's why getting treated early on gives you the best chance to beat them and keep a good quality of life. Learn as much as you can so you'll know what to expect. In the U. It may also be less invasive -- going in through the mouth with a tube called an endoscope, or with lasers or robotic techniques. This may affect your ability to swallow, breathe, or speak normally.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat throat cancer?

Answer: But it can be used with chemotherapy or surgery to treat later-stage disease. Some chemo drugs can make radiation work better.


Question: How can I help my recovery from throat cancer?

Answer: Using tobacco for a long time. Specialists can: Show you how to care for your stoma Teach you to speak if you have no voice box Come up with ways to make swallowing or eating easier Take care of yourself. Your treatment might take a lot out of you. Smoking and drinking can make treatments less effective, and they raise your risk of getting another cancer. Your doctor will follow you closely for the first few years. He'll look for signs that the cancer has come back.


Question: How can isometrics help you deal with arthritis?

Answer: Some people with arthritis avoid exercise because of joint pain. However, a group of exercises called "isometrics" will help strengthen muscles without bending painful joints. Isometrics involve no joint movement but rather strengthen muscle groups by using an alternating series of isolated muscle flexes and periods of relaxation.


Question: How can exercising help with treating arthritis?

Answer: Exercise, as part of a comprehensive arthritis treatment plan, can improve joint mobility, muscle strength, and overall physical conditioning, and help you maintain a healthy weight. Once you know what type of arthritis you have and understand your symptoms, you and your doctor or physical therapist can develop a balanced program of physical activity to reduce the damaging effects of arthritis and promote optimal health.


Question: What are benefits of exercise as an arthritis treatment?

Answer: Although arthritis treatment usually includes medication, a tailored arthritis exercise program can help relieve pain and fatigue and preserve joint structure and function. Exercise also may: Help maintain normal joint movement Increase muscle flexibility and strength Help maintain weight to reduce pressure on joints Help keep bone and cartilage tissue strong and healthy Improve endurance and cardiovascular fitness To help relieve pain, people with arthritis often keep their affected joints bent -- especially those in the knees, hands, and fingers -- because it's more comfortable in that position.


Question: Can you reverse a vasectomy?

Answer: The procedure itself is simple, but reversing it is difficult, expensive, and can be unsuccessful. But, it is possible to store semen in a sperm bank to preserve the possibility of producing a pregnancy at some future date. However, doing this is costly, and the sperm in stored semen do not always remain viable (able to cause pregnancy).


Question: Who should get a vasectomy?

Answer: For all of these reasons, doctors advise that a vasectomy be undertaken only by men who are prepared to accept the fact that they will no longer be able to father a child.


Question: How long does it take to recover from a vasectomy?

Answer: After a vasectomy, you will probably feel sore for a few days. You should rest for at least one day. However, you can expect to recover completely in less than a week. Many men have the procedure on a Friday and return to work on Monday.


Question: How long does traveler's diarrhea usually last?

Answer: The typical symptoms of traveler's diarrhea include: Abrupt onset of diarrhea Fever Nausea and vomiting Bloating Urgent need to have a bowel movement Malaise (weakness or discomfort) Explosive and painful gas Cramps Loss of appetite Traveler's diarrhea usually lasts from 3 to 7 days and is rarely life threatening.


Question: What is required when treating traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: The most important treatment requires the replacement of fluids and salts lost from diarrhea. This is best achieved by use of an oral rehydration solution such as the World Health Organization oral rehydration salts ( ORS) solution. ORS packets are available at stores or pharmacies in almost all developing countries. ORS is prepared by adding one packet to boiled or treated water. Packet instructions should be followed carefully to ensure that the salts are added to the correct volume of water. ORS solution should be consumed or discarded within 12 hours if stored at room temperature or within 24 hours if refrigerated.


Question: When should you call the doctor about traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: Immediate medical attention is required if an infant with diarrhea develops signs of moderate to severe dehydration (including dry mouth, eyes, and skin), confusion; sunken eyes; and fever, bloody diarrhea, persistent vomiting, or fever higher than 102 F. Seek medical help for traveler's diarrhea if: Diarrhea is severe, bloody, or does not resolve within a few days Diarrhea is accompanied by fever and chills You are unable to keep fluids down to prevent dehydration In areas with poor sanitation, only the following beverages may be safe to drink: boiled water, hot beverages (such as coffee or tea) made with boiled water, canned or bottled carbonated beverages, beer, and wine.


Question: How can I avoid traveler's diarrhea from tap water?

Answer: Where water may be contaminated, you should not brush your teeth with tap water. Boiling is the most reliable method to make water safe to drink.


Question: What are side effects of Pepto-Bismol for treating traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: Side effects of Pepto- Bismol can include temporary blackening of tongue and stools, occasional nausea, constipation, and rarely, ringing in the ears. Do not take Pepto- Bismol if you have an aspirin allergy, renal insufficiency, gout, or if you are taking anticoagulants, probenecid ( Benemid, Probalan), or methotrexate ( Rheumatrex).


Question: How do you treat traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: As with all diseases, it is best to consult a doctor rather than attempting to self-medicate for traveler's diarrhea. This is especially relevant for pregnant women and children.


Question: How are antibiotics used to treat traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: Antibiotics such as cirpofloxacin ( Cipro), norfloxacin ( Noroxin), rifamycin ( Amecolo), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim ( Bactrim, Septra), and or may shorten the length of illness. The CDC does not recommend the use of most antibiotics to prevent traveler's diarrhea, with the exception of azithromycin ( Zithromax), because they can sometimes cause additional problems. Azithromycin is specificately used to treat traveler's diarrhea. Consult your doctor about taking these medications.


Question: How can you protect yourself from traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: Immediate medical attention is required if an infant with diarrhea develops signs of moderate to severe dehydration (including dry mouth, eyes, and skin), confusion; sunken eyes; and fever, bloody diarrhea, persistent vomiting, or fever higher than 102 F. Seek medical help for traveler's diarrhea if: Diarrhea is severe, bloody, or does not resolve within a few days Diarrhea is accompanied by fever and chills You are unable to keep fluids down to prevent dehydration In areas with poor sanitation, only the following beverages may be safe to drink: boiled water, hot beverages (such as coffee or tea) made with boiled water, canned or bottled carbonated beverages, beer, and wine. Avoid ice, as it may have been made from contaminated water. It is safer to drink from an unopened can or bottle than from a container that is not known to be clean and dry. Water on the surface of a beverage can or bottle may also be contaminated. Therefore, the area of a can or bottle that will touch the mouth should be wiped clean and dried. Where water may be contaminated, you should not brush your teeth with tap water.


Question: How can I use iodine to avoid traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: For disinfection with iodine, use either tincture of iodine or tetraglycine hydroperiodide tablets, such as Globaline or Potable- Aqua. These disinfectants can be found in sporting goods stores and pharmacies. Read and follow the manufacturer's instructions. If the water is cloudy, strain it through a clean cloth and double the number of disinfectant tablets added. If the water is very cold, either warm it or allow increased time for the disinfectant to work. Adding a pinch of salt or pouring water from one container to another will improve the taste.


Question: How is traveler's diarrhea treated in children and infants?

Answer: It is important for an infected person to consult a doctor about treating diarrhea in children and infants, because some of the drugs mentioned above are not recommended for children. The greatest risk for children, especially infants, is dehydration. Again, the best treatment for dehydration is the ORS solution.


Question: Where are you most likely to get traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: The risk of infection varies depending on the type of exposure -- from a fairly low risk from eating hot, cooked foods and drinking factory-sealed beverages to a higher risk from eating raw vegetables and fruits and drinking tap water. The most common culprit is a bacteria called E.coli. The typical symptoms of traveler's diarrhea include: Abrupt onset of diarrhea Fever Nausea and vomiting Bloating Urgent need to have a bowel movement Malaise (weakness or discomfort) Explosive and painful gas Cramps Loss of appetite Traveler's diarrhea usually lasts from 3 to 7 days and is rarely life threatening.


Question: What precautions should I take with food to avoid traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: Where water may be contaminated, you should not brush your teeth with tap water. Unpasteurized milk and dairy products Raw meat and shellfish Food that has been cooked and is still hot is usually safe. Some fish is not guaranteed to be safe, even when cooked, because of the presence of toxins in its flesh. Tropical reef fish, red snapper, amberjack, grouper, and sea bass can occasionally be toxic at unpredictable times if they are caught on tropical reefs rather than in the open ocean. The barracuda and puffer fish are often toxic and should generally not be eaten. Seafood from the islands of the West Indies and the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans should be avoided, as it is more likely to contain toxins.


Question: What are common triggers of migraines?

Answer: Common triggers include: Lighting: Bright, flickering, or fluorescent lights can bring migraines to some people. So can glaring computer screens. Smells: You may get a migraine when faced with strong odors like perfumes, secondhand smoke, or cleaners. Different smells can affect people with migraine. Even a whiff of someone's lunch in the microwave can be a trigger. Noise: For some, loud sounds or too much noise can bring a migraine. Travel: Heading out of town for work can bring the pain. It can happen because you change how you sleep and eat when you're on the road. Stress: Many people have lots of pressure on the job. Migraines are most likely to happen when you're stressed.


Question: What can help migraines in the workplace?

Answer: A headache diary can help you look for patterns. Keep track of what was happening when your migraines started and what you think set them off. You can work with your boss or human resources department to come up with ways to make it easier to do your job.


Question: What are some conditions that can lead to erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Other options your doctor can help you explore include: Injections Suppositories Surgical penile implants Special devices, like vacuum pumps, which boost blood flow to the penis It can be linked to more serious health conditions like: High blood pressure Hardening of the arteries Diabetes It can also be linked to other medical treatments, such as: Prostate surgery Radiation therapy If your doctor can find the cause, treating that may also help you in the bedroom.


Question: If I see a urologist for erectile dysfunction, what will they ask?

Answer: The urologist will ask what happens when you have sex. This will help him know where to start. He'll use your answers to track your progress. He'll ask more questions about your health and give you a physical exam. You may have to have more blood work or an ultrasound.


Question: What if I'm concerned about talking to my doctor about my erectile dysfunction?

Answer: The best approach is just to say, " I think I may have ED." It's unlikely your doctor will feel uncomfortable. If he has trouble talking about sexual issues with you, ask him to refer you to a urologist. The doctor will start by asking about your medical history. He'll do this to learn more about your symptoms, conditions, and what medicines you're taking. The questions may seem personal. But it's important to answer them fully and honestly. The doctor needs this information to know how to treat you.