Question: What causes oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

Answer: Biological: Some studies suggest that defects in or injuries to certain areas of the brain can lead to serious behavioral problems in children. Further, many children and teens with ODD also have other mental illnesses, such as ADHD, learning disorders, depression, or an anxiety disorder, which may contribute to their behavior problems. Genetics: Many children and teens with ODD have close family members with mental illnesses, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders. Environmental: Factors such as a dysfunctional family life, a family history of mental illnesses and/or substance abuse, and inconsistent discipline by parents may contribute to the development of behavior disorders.


Question: How is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) diagnosed?

Answer: As with adults, mental illnesses in children are diagnosed based on signs and symptoms that suggest a particular illness like ODD. Although there are no lab tests to specifically diagnose ODD, the doctor may sometimes use tests such as neuroimaging studies or blood tests if they suspect that there may be a medical explanation for the behavior problems that occur. The doctor also will look for signs of other conditions that often occur along with ODD, such as ADHD and depression. If the doctor cannot find a physical cause for the symptoms, he or she will likely refer the child to a child and adolescent psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses in children and teens. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a child for a mental illness. The doctor often must rely on reports from the child's parents, teachers, and other adults because children often have trouble explaining their problems or understanding their symptoms.


Question: What is oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?

Answer: When this behavior lasts longer than six months and is excessive compared to what is usual for the child's age, it may mean that the child has a type of behavior disorder called oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD). The child's behavior often disrupts the child's normal daily activities, including activities within the family and at school. Many children and teens with ODD also have other behavioral problems, such as attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, mood disorders (such as depression), and anxiety disorders. Some children with ODD go on to develop a more serious behavior disorder called conduct disorder.


Question: What are some benefits of swimming?

Answer: Swimming will make you more flexible. Aerobic: Yes. Your heart will keep pumping as you use your entire body to move through the water. Strength: Yes. You'll get stronger from the resistance of the water, which is about 12 times the level of air resistance. Try using hand-held paddles, foam noodles, or a kickboard for extra resistance. Sport: Yes. You can compete at any age, and join a team. Low- Impact: Yes. The water gives you buoyancy, so you'll float through your exercise session without putting pressure on your joints. Yes.


Question: What do doctors say about swimming?

Answer: You'll need your arms for most swim strokes, so expect them to get a workout. If you are looking for a great aerobic and total body-strengthening workout, then look no further. Swimming can provide all that and more. Pools are ideal. If you are going to swim in lakes or oceans, you have to be very careful of currents, water temperature, and other obstacles. And never swim alone -- either inside or out.


Question: What areas of the body are targeted by swimming?

Answer: Swimming gives your entire body a great workout, including your core. Arms: Yes. You'll need your arms for most swim strokes, so expect them to get a workout. Legs: Yes. You'll use your legs to propel yourself through the water. Glutes: Yes. Swimming uses your glutes. Back: Yes. Your back muscles will get a workout, whether you're doing the backstroke or a water-based exercise class. Yes.


Question: What is cholera?

Answer: Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium that causes cholera, is usually found in food or water contaminated by feces from a person with the infection. About one in 20 people infected have severe watery diarrhea accompanied by vomiting, which can quickly lead to dehydration.


Question: What are the symptoms of cholera?

Answer: Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. Symptoms of cholera can begin as soon as a few hours or as long as five days after infection. Often, symptoms are mild. Although many infected people may have minimal or no symptoms, they can still contribute to spread of the infection.


Question: Which foods can give you vitamin B12?

Answer: Since your body doesn't make vitamin B12, you have to get it from animal-based foods or from supplements. Animal sources include dairy products, eggs, fish, meat, and poultry. If you're looking for a food fortified with B12, check the product's Nutrition Facts label.


Question: How can vitamin B12 affect being pregnant or a new mom?

Answer: You can also get vitamin B12 deficiency if you follow a vegan diet (meaning you don't eat any animal products, including meat, milk, cheese, and eggs) or you are a vegetarian who doesn't eat enough eggs or dairy products to meet your vitamin B12 needs. You should talk to your doctor before you have your baby, so that you have a plan in place for how you'll get enough vitamin B12 to keep your baby healthy. Without enough vitamin B12, your baby could have developmental delays and not thrive and grow like he should.


Question: What are lifestyle tips for lowering blood pressure to help prevent heart failure?

Answer: Eat a healthy diet, don't smoke, and get exercise to help lower your BP. Have heart failure? You'll probably need to take medicine, too. Your doctor may prescribe a beta-blocker, an ACE inhibitor, or an angiotensin II receptor blocker.


Question: How can hypertension lead to heart failure?

Answer: Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart failure. That's because the force pushing on the walls of your arteries as blood moves through them is too strong. That pressure hurts your arteries and makes tiny tears in them that can turn into scar tissue, which makes it easier for cholesterol, fat, and other things to build up. That causes your vessels narrow and stiffen.


Question: Which vaccines should I get if I have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and plan to travel out of the country?

Answer: Meningococcal (bacterial meningitis) two shots over 2 months If you have HIV, be sure to get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B if you are not already immune. Make sure your routine vaccines are up to date and that you have the ones that are required by the country you're traveling to. However, make sure these are the inactivated, not the live, vaccines. If an inactivated version is not available, do not get the live vaccine. Examples of live vaccines include some forms of typhoid fever vaccine and yellow fever vaccine. Instead, have your doctor provide a letter explaining that you are medically unable to be vaccinated.


Question: If I have HIV or AIDS, what should I know about vaccines?

Answer: Not all vaccines are safe for people with HIV/ AIDS. Vaccines made from live viruses should not be given to persons with CD4 counts less than 200 because they contain a weak form of the germ and may cause a mild case of the disease. Anyone, regardless of their HIV status, is at risk of side effects associated with vaccines, including: Pain, redness, or swelling at the place where you receive the shot Fatigue If you have HIV/ AIDS, additional considerations about vaccines include: Vaccines may increase your viral load Vaccines may not work as well if your CD4 count is very low. Vaccines made from a live virus may cause you to get the disease the vaccine is supposed to prevent. If your CD4 count is low, you should avoid live vaccines, such as chickenpox, measles/mumps/rubella ( MMR), and the flu vaccine in the form of a nose spray.


Question: What is a psychiatrist and how do they help with mental health?

Answer: who specializes in preventing, diagnosing, and treating mental illness. A psychiatrist's training starts with four years of medical school and is followed by a one-year internship and at least three years of specialized training as a psychiatric resident. A psychiatrist is trained to differentiate mental health problems from other underlying medical conditions that could present with psychiatric symptoms. They also monitor the effects of mental illness on other physical conditions (such as problems with the heart or high blood pressure), and the effects of medicines on the body (such as weight, blood sugar, blood pressure, sleep, and kidney or liver functioning). As a doctor, a psychiatrist is licensed to write prescriptions.


Question: What is a clinical social worker and how do they help with mental health?

Answer: A clinical social worker has at least a master's degree in social work and training to be able to evaluate and treat mental illnesses. In addition to psychotherapy, social workers can provide case management and hospital discharge planning as well as work as an advocate for patients and their family.


Question: What is a licensed mental health counselor and how do they help with mental health?

Answer: Licensed Mental Health Counselor. A psychological counselor is a mental health professional who has a master's degree ( MA) in psychology, counseling, or a related field. In order to be licensed, the professional counselor also needs two additional years' experience working with a qualified mental health professional after graduate school. A mental health counselor is qualified to evaluate and treat mental problems by providing counseling or psychotherapy.


Question: What is cognitive therapy?

Answer: Cognitive Therapy. The emphasis in cognitive therapy is on a person's thoughts. The idea is that dysfunctional thinking is what leads to dysfunctional emotions or behaviors. The goal is to help the person recognize unhealthy thinking patterns and to recognize and change inaccurate beliefs.


Question: How long will it take to feel comfortable with therapy?

Answer: It will likely take several weeks before you become fully comfortable with your therapy. If you still aren't feeling comfortable after two or three visits, let the mental health professional know and explain why you feel that way. The two of you need to work together as a team in order to get the most out of your treatment.


Question: What is a psychologist and how do they help with mental health?

Answer: A psychologist has a doctoral degree ( Ph D, Psy D, or Ed D) in psychology, which is the study of the mind and behaviors. Licensed psychologists are qualified to do counseling and psychotherapy, perform psychological testing, and provide treatment for mental disorders. They are not, though, medical doctors. Often a psychologist will work in association with a psychiatrist or other medical doctor who provides the medical treatment for mental illness while the psychologist provides the psychotherapy.


Question: How can deep breathing help my headaches?

Answer: Deep breathing: Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breathe into that spot, filling your abdomen with air. Let the air fill you from the abdomen up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. With every long, slow exhalation, you should feel more relaxed.


Question: How can rhythmic breathing help with migraines and headaches?

Answer: Rhythmic breathing: If your breathing is short and hurried, slow it down by taking long, slow breaths. Inhale slowly then exhale slowly. Count slowly to five as you inhale, and then count slowly to five as you exhale. As you exhale slowly, pay attention to how your body naturally relaxes. Recognizing this change will help you to relax even more.


Question: How can progressive muscle relaxation help with migraines and headaches?

Answer: Progressive muscle relaxation: Switch your thoughts to yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, exhaling slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice your headache, if you have one, and other areas that feel tense or cramped. Quickly loosen up these areas. Let go of as much tension as you can. Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. ( Stop any movements that cause pain!) Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all of your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and exhale slowly. You should feel relaxed.


Question: Are there specific relaxation exercises that can treat headaches?

Answer: Here are a few relaxation exercises.


Question: How can visualized breathing help my headaches?

Answer: Visualized breathing: Find a comfortable place where you can close your eyes, and combine slowed breathing with your imagination. Picture relaxation entering your body and tension leaving your body. Breathe deeply, but in a natural rhythm. Visualize your breath coming into your nostrils, going into your lungs and expanding your chest and abdomen. Then, visualize your breath going out the same way. Continue breathing, but each time you inhale, imagine that you are breathing in more relaxation. Each time you exhale imagine that you are getting rid of a little more tension.


Question: How can visualized breathing help with migraines and headaches?

Answer: Visualized breathing: Find a comfortable place where you can close your eyes, and combine slowed breathing with your imagination. Picture relaxation entering your body and tension leaving your body. Breathe deeply, but in a natural rhythm. Visualize your breath coming into your nostrils, going into your lungs and expanding your chest and abdomen. Then, visualize your breath going out the same way. Continue breathing, but each time you inhale, imagine that you are breathing in more relaxation. Each time you exhale imagine that you are getting rid of a little more tension.


Question: How can mental imagery relaxation help my headache?

Answer: Mental imagery relaxation: Mental imagery relaxation, or guided imagery, is a proven form of focused relaxation that helps create harmony between the mind and body. Guided imagery coaches you in creating calm, peaceful images in your mind -- a "mental escape." Identify your self-talk, that is, what you are saying to yourself about what is going on with your migraines or headaches. It is important to identify negative self-talk and develop healthy, positive self-talk. By making affirmations, you can counteract negative thoughts and emotions. Here are some positive statements you can practice. All my needs are met. I am completely and utterly safe. Every day in every way I am getting stronger.


Question: What are some relaxation techniques I can use to help my headaches?

Answer: Some people who are anxious tend to hold their breath and speak in a high-pitched voice as they exhale. On the other hand, some people who are depressed tend to sigh and speak in a low-pitched voice as they exhale. Rhythmic breathing: If your breathing is short and hurried, slow it down by taking long, slow breaths. Recognizing this change will help you to relax even more.


Question: How can progressive muscle relaxation help my headache?

Answer: Progressive muscle relaxation: Switch your thoughts to yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, exhaling slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice your headache, if you have one, and other areas that feel tense or cramped. Quickly loosen up these areas. Let go of as much tension as you can. Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. Let all of your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and exhale slowly. You should feel relaxed.


Question: How can breathing help with my headaches?

Answer: Some people who are anxious tend to hold their breath and speak in a high-pitched voice as they exhale. On the other hand, some people who are depressed tend to sigh and speak in a low-pitched voice as they exhale. Rhythmic breathing: If your breathing is short and hurried, slow it down by taking long, slow breaths. Recognizing this change will help you to relax even more.


Question: What are some affirmations I can use to help with migraines and headaches?

Answer: Let all of your muscles completely relax. Let go of things I cannot control. I am healthy, vital, and strong. There is nothing in the world I cannot handle. All my needs are met. I am completely and utterly safe. Every day in every way I am getting stronger.


Question: What is degenerative disk disease?

Answer: Change in the condition of the disk is a natural result of aging. This is part of our gradual loss of flexibility as we grow older. But disk degeneration is far more serious in some people than in others. Severe cases may be the result of a deficiency in collagen, the material that makes up cartilage. Poor muscle tone, poor posture, and obesity also put excessive strain on the spine and the ligaments that hold the disks in place.


Question: What is a herniated disk?

Answer: Under stress, a disk's inner material may swell, pushing through its tough outer membrane. The entire disk can become distorted or bulge in spots. With an injury, all or part of the core material may protrude through the outer casing at a weak spot, pressing against surrounding nerves. If further activity or injury causes the membrane to rupture or tear, the disk material may further extrude, causing pressure on the spinal cord or the nerves that radiate from it. This may result in extreme pain. In the beginning, there may be spasms in the back or neck which will greatly limit your movement. If nerves are affected, you may develop pain that moves into a leg or an arm. The vast majority of disk injuries occur in the lumbar region of the lower back. Only 10% of these injuries affect the upper spine. Not all herniated disks press on nerves, however, and it is entirely possible to have deformed disks without any pain or discomfort.


Question: Should I get enough sleep to prevent tension headaches?

Answer: When you're well-rested, it's much easier to deal with daily stress.


Question: Should I improve my posture to prevent tension headaches?

Answer: A strong stance can help keep your muscles from tensing. When you stand, hold your shoulders back and your head level. Tighten your belly and buttocks. When you sit, make sure your thighs are parallel to the floor and your head and neck don't slump forward.


Question: How can I exercise regularly to prevent tension headaches?

Answer: At least 30 minutes, 5 times a week, is ideal. It eases stress and keeps you fit. It also helps to stretch. Pay close attention to your jaw, neck, and shoulders. These are areas where we tend to hold a lot of tension.


Question: Can I prevent tension headaches?

Answer: But there are lots of things you can do to get fewer of them. For starters, try some of these lifestyle changes: Limit your stress.


Question: Should I eat regular, balanced meals to prevent tension headaches?

Answer: Skipping a meal can cause a throbbing headache. Try to eat at the same times every day. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains in your diet.


Question: Are tension headaches common?

Answer: They're the most common type of headache, and nearly 80% of people in the U. S. get them.


Question: How can I limit my stress to prevent tension headaches?

Answer: Try to plan ahead. Get, and stay, organized. Things that help you relax, like massage or meditation, can also help.


Question: What are the tell-tale signs of tension headaches?

Answer: You know the tell-tale signs: Dull, aching pain Tightness or pressure across your forehead or on the sides and back of your head Tenderness of your scalp, neck, and shoulder muscles If you get less than 15 per month, you have what doctors call episodic tension headaches.


Question: What is homocysteine?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Homocysteine is a common amino acid in your blood. You get it mostly from eating meat. High levels of it are linked to early development of heart disease. In fact, a high level of homocysteine is a risk factor for heart disease. It's associated with low levels of vitamins B6, B12, and folate, as well as renal disease.


Question: Should you get your homocysteine level checked?

Answer: There does appear to be a relationship between high levels of homocysteine and artery damage. The test is still relatively expensive, it isn't widely available, and insurance rarely covers it.


Question: How is homocysteine related to heart disease?

Answer: High levels of it are linked to early development of heart disease. In fact, a high level of homocysteine is a risk factor for heart disease. There does appear to be a relationship between high levels of homocysteine and artery damage. That can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and blood clots.


Question: Which people especially should get the influenza vaccine?

Answer: You are more likely to develop serious flu-related complications and should get a flu vaccine if you have: Asthma (even if it's mild or controlled) or other lung disease Brain, spinal cord, or nerve disorders or injury such as stroke, epilepsy, intellectual disability, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury Diabetes and other endocrine disorders Epilepsy Kidney disease or damage Heart disease Liver disease or damage Metabolic disorders (such as inherited metabolic disorders and mitochondrial disorders) Morbidly obese ( BMI of 40 or greater) Sickle cell disease and other blood disorders A weakened immune system due to certain diseases or medical treatments Your risk of developing flu-related complications is also increased if you are: Older than age 50 or younger than age 2 Pregnant American Indian or Alaskan Native You should also get a flu vaccine if you live in a nursing home or other long-term care facility.


Question: What medical conditions can lead to complications from the flu?

Answer: You are more likely to develop serious flu-related complications and should get a flu vaccine if you have: Asthma (even if it's mild or controlled) or other lung disease Brain, spinal cord, or nerve disorders or injury such as stroke, epilepsy, intellectual disability, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury Diabetes and other endocrine disorders Epilepsy Kidney disease or damage Heart disease Liver disease or damage Metabolic disorders (such as inherited metabolic disorders and mitochondrial disorders) Morbidly obese ( BMI of 40 or greater) Sickle cell disease and other blood disorders A weakened immune system due to certain diseases or medical treatments Your risk of developing flu-related complications is also increased if you are: Older than age 50 or younger than age 2 Pregnant American Indian or Alaskan Native You should also get a flu vaccine if you live in a nursing home or other long-term care facility.


Question: What are signs of severe allergic reaction to influenza vaccine?

Answer: Flu shot side effects may include: Low fever Muscle aches Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot was given The nasal spray flu vaccine for adults may cause: Cough Headache, muscle aches Runny nose, nasal congestion Sore throat Although it's rare, someone may have a severe allergic reaction to an ingredient in the vaccine. Most of the time, such reactions occur within a few minutes to a few hours of receiving the vaccine. The following can be signs of a severe allergic reaction: Behavior changes Breathing difficulty, including wheezing Dizziness Hoarse voice High fever Hives Pale skin Rapid heart beat Weakness Seek immediate medical care if you notice any of these signs after receiving the influenza vaccine.


Question: What are food allergy symptoms to watch for in your baby?

Answer: Food allergy symptoms usually appear very soon after the food is eaten -- within a few minutes to a couple of hours. If you're introducing a new food to your baby, keep an eye out for these symptoms: Hives or welts Flushed skin or rash Face, tongue, or lip swelling Vomiting and/or diarrhea Coughing or wheezing Difficulty breathing Loss of consciousness Severe allergic reactions can be fatal very quickly.


Question: What is the family food-allergy connection in babies?

Answer: If there is a family food allergies, your baby has an increased risk of also developing allergies, although it is not a certainty. If you have the allergies, the odds are 50-50 for her to have them as well. It's best to introduce the 8 allergens gradually, at one-to-two week intervals over time so that you can recognize if an allergy develops.


Question: How can you manage mild food allergies in your baby?

Answer: If you see mild symptoms, such as hives or a rash, contact your pediatrician for further evaluation. The doctor might refer you to an allergist (allergy specialist doctor), who will ask more questions and do a physical exam. The allergies may order diagnostic tests such as: A skin test. This test involves placing liquid extracts of food allergens on your child's forearm or back, pricking the skin, and waiting to see if reddish raised spots form within 15 minutes. A positive test to a food only shows that your child might be sensitive to that food. Blood tests to check the blood for Ig E antibodies to specific foods Remember, just because a baby's initial allergic reaction to a new food may be mild, it may get worse upon following exposures. Talk to your pediatrician about any food allergy symptoms in your baby. Some allergies go away with time. Egg and milk allergies often go away as children get older, but peanut, tree nut, and shellfish allergies tend to persist.


Question: How can you avoid food allergies when feeding a baby?

Answer: It's most important to introduce a baby to new foods gradually, one at a time, in case of food allergies. If not, a parent may have trouble tying an allergy to a specific new food. For example, if you give your baby three new foods over the course of a day and she develops an allergic reaction, you won't know which of the foods provoked it. The type of food or the order in which food is introduced is not much of a concern, as long as the foods you are offering are healthy and well-balanced for the baby. Each time you offer a new food, you should wait three to five days before adding another new item to the menu. Don't eliminate the other foods your baby is eating during that time; you already know these are safe because the child has not had any food reactions up until now. Just don't add anything else new.


Question: How can you protect your baby from food allergies?

Answer: In a reversal of earlier policy, the American Academy of Pediatrics is now recommending that potential allergens be introduced to your infant earlier rather than later. In doing so, the move may actually help prevent her from developing allergies to those foods. Breastfeeding you baby for 4-6 months is the best way to prevent a milk allergy. Remember that breast milk or formula is higher in nutrition. When you begin to introducing whole milk, you should do so under a doctor's supervision. Yogurt and soft cheeses are fine, because the proteins in these dairy products are broken down and less likely to cause tummy trouble. The AAP now advises that, in the case of infants who are at high risk of allergies, peanuts should be introduced between 4-6 months. Infants at highest risk of developing peanut allergies are those with eczema or egg allergies or both. It was originally believed that introducing your baby to the foods when she is older might make any reactions more manageable. Other potential allergens such as tree nuts and fish should be introduced over a period of time as you introduce your baby to solid foods, between 6 and 9 months You should wait until at least age 1 (some experts say age 2) to introduce honey, which can cause a potentially serious disease called infant botulism. Ask your pediatrician for guidance.


Question: What are some top allergenic foods to keep in mind when feeding a baby?

Answer: With any new food, you'll want to be on the lookout for any allergic reactions. There are more than 160 allergenic foods; certain foods may be more allergenic than others. The following eight foods and food groups are known to possibly cause problems with allergic reactions possibly up to 90% of the time. Cow's milk Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts (such as walnuts or almonds) Fish Shellfish Soy Wheat New nutrition guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics say it's okay to introduce these allergy-causing foods when your baby is ready to eat solids. Infants at highest risk of developing peanut allergies are those with eczema or egg allergies or both.


Question: When should you call 911 about food allergy symptoms in your baby?

Answer: The following eight foods and food groups are known to possibly cause problems with allergic reactions possibly up to 90% of the time. If your baby is having trouble breathing/wheezing, has swelling on her face/lips, or develops severe vomiting or diarrhea after eating, immediately call 911. You can inform your pediatrician at a later time.


Question: What is the most important treatment for burning feet due to neuropathy?

Answer: The most important treatment for burning feet due to neuropathy is to stop any ongoing nerve damage. In some cases treatment of the underlying disease will improve the neuropathy and symptoms. In other situations, like a small fiber neuropathy, where no cause can be identified, the physician will focus on treating the person's symptoms.


Question: Can infections and inflammation cause burning sensation of the feet?

Answer: Many other conditions can cause neuropathy or a burning sensation in the feet: Chronic kidney disease (uremia) Small fiber neuropathy Vitamin deficiency (vitamin B12, folate, and occasionally vitamin B6) Alcohol abuse Low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) Lyme disease HIV/ AIDS Amyloid polyneuropathy Drug side effects, including chemotherapy drugs, vitamin B6 overdose, HIV medicines, amiodarone, isoniazid, metformin, and others Erythromelalgia Heavy metal poisoning (lead, mercury, arsenic) Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) Sarcoidosis Guillain- Barre syndrome ( GBS) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy ( CIDP) Besides neuropathy, infections and inflammation of the feet can also cause a burning sensation. The most common of these is athlete's foot, an infection of the skin caused by fungus.


Question: How does neuropathy cause burning feet?

Answer: See More: What Your Feet Say About Your Health Most often, neuropathy is the cause of burning feet. Damaged nerve fibers are more likely to become overactive and misfire. The damaged nerves send pain signals to the brain even though there is no wound. In most people with neuropathy, the leg nerves become damaged first. These people often have tingling and numbness in the feet as well. Many people complain that their feet are overly sensitive to touch (hyperesthesia) and can have varying degrees of burning pain. It can range from mild to disabling.


Question: What is the cause of burning feet?

Answer: See More: What Your Feet Say About Your Health Most often, neuropathy is the cause of burning feet. Damaged nerve fibers are more likely to become overactive and misfire. The damaged nerves send pain signals to the brain even though there is no wound. In most people with neuropathy, the leg nerves become damaged first. These people often have tingling and numbness in the feet as well. Many people complain that their feet are overly sensitive to touch (hyperesthesia) and can have varying degrees of burning pain. It can range from mild to disabling.


Question: What medications are used to treat burning feet?

Answer: Burning feet treatments include treating the pain and abnormal sensations created by neuropathy. Some commonly prescribed medications for burning feet include: amitriptyline carbamazepine ( Tegretol) desipramine ( Norpramin) duloxetine ( Cymbalta) gabapentin ( Neurontin) pregabalin ( Lyrica) topiramate ( Topamax) venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Other pain medications may be necessary to reduce the severe discomfort some people experience from burning feet.


Question: How are nerve conduction studies used to treat burning feet?

Answer: Nerve conduction study. A nerve conduction study tests the ability of nerves to transmit impulses. A nerve is stimulated, and the response in the muscle controlled by that nerve is measured.


Question: What is the treatment for burning feet caused by athlete's foot?

Answer: For burning feet caused by athlete's foot, antifungal drugs can cure the fungal infection and relieve burning feet symptoms. Over-the-counter medicines like miconazole ( Micatin) or terbinafine ( Lamisil AT) should be used first. Prescription antifungals like fluconazole ( Diflucan), itraconazole ( Sporanox), and naftifine ( Naftin) are also available.


Question: Are additional pain medications necessary to treat severe burning feet?

Answer: Some commonly prescribed medications for burning feet include: amitriptyline carbamazepine ( Tegretol) desipramine ( Norpramin) duloxetine ( Cymbalta) gabapentin ( Neurontin) pregabalin ( Lyrica) topiramate ( Topamax) venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Other pain medications may be necessary to reduce the severe discomfort some people experience from burning feet. Over-the-counter medicines like Advil, Aleve, Motrin IB, and Tylenol control pain in many people with burning feet. Prescription pain relievers like tramadol ( Ultram) or low-dose opiates (narcotics) may be necessary for severe pain.


Question: How are other forms of neuropathy that cause burning feet treated?

Answer: Most burning feet treatments focus on preventing further nerve damage and reducing pain. Many other conditions can cause neuropathy or a burning sensation in the feet: Chronic kidney disease (uremia) Small fiber neuropathy Vitamin deficiency (vitamin B12, folate, and occasionally vitamin B6) Alcohol abuse Low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) Lyme disease HIV/ AIDS Amyloid polyneuropathy Drug side effects, including chemotherapy drugs, vitamin B6 overdose, HIV medicines, amiodarone, isoniazid, metformin, and others Erythromelalgia Heavy metal poisoning (lead, mercury, arsenic) Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) Sarcoidosis Guillain- Barre syndrome ( GBS) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy ( CIDP) Besides neuropathy, infections and inflammation of the feet can also cause a burning sensation. Specific conditions and their treatments include: Vitamin deficiency. Taking additional vitamin B12 orally or by injection can replace low levels of this nutrient. Alcoholism. Stopping excessive drinking prevents ongoing nerve damage and allows nerves to heal. Chronic kidney disease. Dialysis may be necessary to eliminate toxins causing neuropathy and burning feet symptoms. Hypothyroidism. Taking oral thyroid hormone raises low thyroid levels, often reversing neuropathy as well as burning feet symptoms. Treatments are very specialized and include plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) or immune globulin therapy ( IVIG).


Question: What causes burning feet?

Answer: Diabetes and alcohol abuse are by far the most common causes of neuropathy in the legs. Poor absorption of B vitamins after gastric bypass can cause neuropathy in the legs and a sensation of burning feet. For people with other forms of neuropathy that cause burning feet, preventing further nerve damage is equally important.


Question: What if you hate exercise but need to treat high triglycerides?

Answer: Solution: You're more likely to make exercise a part of your healthier life if it's convenient and enjoyable. It also helps to work out with a buddy who shares your goals. If you have aches or pains, see if your doctor can recommend a physical therapist. Your health insurance company may cover the cost if your doctor refers you. If your insurer doesn't cover physical therapy, also check out certified personal trainers to design a custom approach to exercise that will work with your lifestyle.


Question: What if you don't like how your medicine makes you feel but you need to treat high triglycerides?

Answer: Solution: Let your doctor know. It may be possible to switch to another drug or adjust your dose. It is possible that lifestyle changes alone will be the best approach.


Question: What conditions are caused by syphilis?

Answer: It's easily treated with antibiotics. If you have syphilis and don't get treated, the infection can lead to a number of serious -- even life-threatening -- conditions. They develop over many years and may include: Heart disease Nervous system disorders Mental disorders Blindness Aortic aneurysms If you have syphilis and are pregnant, you can pass it on to your unborn child.


Question: Can having syphilis raise your chances of getting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: That's because syphilis sores can be open, making it easy for HIV to get into your body while you're having sex.


Question: What are gummas, and how are they related to syphilis?

Answer: These are small bumps of dead tissue and fiber. They can form throughout your body if you don't get treated. You can get them in your internal organs and on bones or skin in the late stages. They typically go away with treatment.


Question: What problems with your nervous system are caused by syphilis?

Answer: It's easily treated with antibiotics. Symptoms include: Severe headache Stroke Loss of muscle coordination Paralysis or inability to move part of your body Numbness A mental disorder called dementia Blindness or changes to vision


Question: When can you do normal activities after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Call your doctor if you notice: Increased drainage or bleeding from the insertion site Increased opening of the incision Redness around the incision site Warmth along the incision Increased body temperature (fever or chills) After your pacemaker is implanted, you may move your arm; you don't have to restrict its motion during normal daily activities. Avoid extreme pulling or lifting motions (such as placing your arm over your head without bending at the elbow). Activities such as golf, tennis, and swimming should be avoided for six weeks from when the pacemaker was implanted. Microwave ovens, electric blankets, and heating pads may be used. Cellular phones should be used on the side opposite your pacemaker. Ask your doctor or nurse for more specific information regarding what types of equipment may interfere with your pacemaker.


Question: How can you care for your wound after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Keep the area where the pacemaker was inserted clean and dry. After about five days, you may take a shower. Look at your wound daily to make sure it is healing. Call your doctor if you notice: Increased drainage or bleeding from the insertion site Increased opening of the incision Redness around the incision site Warmth along the incision Increased body temperature (fever or chills) After your pacemaker is implanted, you may move your arm; you don't have to restrict its motion during normal daily activities.


Question: What is a follow-up schedule for a pacemaker?

Answer: Here is an outline of a typical pacemaker follow-up schedule: Check before you are discharged from the hospital, the day after implant Telephone call two weeks after implantation to make sure the wound is healing and to ensure the transmitter is working Six-week check Telephone checks every three to six months starting three months after your six-week check Pacemaker analysis every three to six months (in between telephone checks) Pacemakers usually last 6 to 10 years.


Question: How long will my pacemaker last?

Answer: Here is an outline of a typical pacemaker follow-up schedule: Check before you are discharged from the hospital, the day after implant Telephone call two weeks after implantation to make sure the wound is healing and to ensure the transmitter is working Six-week check Telephone checks every three to six months starting three months after your six-week check Pacemaker analysis every three to six months (in between telephone checks) Pacemakers usually last 6 to 10 years. Biventricular pacemakers that are combined with an ICD do not tend to last as long.


Question: How do they keep the area sterile of where they insert the pacemaker?

Answer: Because it is very important to keep the area of insertion sterile to prevent infection, your chest will be shaved (if necessary) and cleansed with a special soap. Sterile drapes will be used to cover you from your neck to your feet. A soft strap will be placed across your waist and arms to prevent your hands from coming in contact with the sterile field.


Question: How is a pacemaker places inside your heart?

Answer: The tip of the lead attaches to your heart muscle. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your upper chest. This technique is done under local anesthesia (you will not be asleep). Outside the Heart ( Epicardial approach): Your chest will be opened and the lead tip is attached to the outside of the heart. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your abdomen.


Question: What happens during the final pacemaker check after the pacemaker is implanted?

Answer: Final pacemaker check: For your final pacemaker check, you will sit in a reclining chair. A small machine known as a programmer is used to check your pacemaker. It has a wand that is placed directly over the device. This machine allows the technician to read your pacemaker settings and make changes during testing. With these changes, the function of the pacemaker and leads can be evaluated. You may feel your heart beating faster or slower. This is normal; however, report all symptoms to the technician. Results of the pacemaker check are discussed with your doctor who will then determine your pacemaker settings.


Question: How do I care for my wound after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Keep the area where the pacemaker was inserted clean and dry. After about five days, you may take a shower. Look at your wound daily to make sure it is healing. Call your doctor if you notice: Increased drainage or bleeding from the insertion site Increased opening of the incision Redness around the incision site Warmth along the incision Increased body temperature (fever or chills) After your pacemaker is implanted, you may move your arm; you don't have to restrict its motion during normal daily activities.


Question: What should you wear when you go to the hospital for your biventricular pacemaker implant?

Answer: When you come to the hospital, wear comfortable clothes. You will change into a hospital gown for the procedure. Leave all jewelry and valuables at home.


Question: What are leads and how can they help with heart failure?

Answer: Leads are tiny wires implanted through a vein into the right ventricle and into the coronary sinus vein to pace or regulate the left ventricle. Usually (but not always), a lead is also implanted into the right atrium. This helps the heart beat in a more balanced way.


Question: How does a biventricular pacemaker help treat heart failure?

Answer: Cardiac resynchronization therapy ( CRT), also called biventricular pacing, uses a special kind of pacemaker, called a biventricular pacemaker, designed to help the ventricles contract more normally. It keeps the right and left ventricles pumping in sync by sending small electrical impulses through the leads. This therapy has been shown to improve the symptoms of heart failure and overall quality of life in certain patients with significant symptoms that aren't controlled with medication.


Question: How does heart failure affect the way your heart pumps blood?

Answer: When a person has heart failure, often the right and left ventricles do not pump synchronously. And when the heart's contractions become out of sync, the left ventricle may not be able to pump enough blood to the body. This eventually leads to an increase in heart failure symptoms, such as shortness of breath, dry cough, swelling in the ankles or legs, weight gain, increased urination, fatigue, or rapid or irregular heartbeat.


Question: Does cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) help with heart failure?

Answer: This therapy has been shown to improve the symptoms of heart failure and overall quality of life in certain patients with significant symptoms that aren't controlled with medication.


Question: Who do biventricular pacemakers help?

Answer: Biventricular pacemakers improve the symptoms of heart failure in about 50% of people that have been treated with medications but still have significant heart failure symptoms.


Question: When will I be able to go home after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Usually, you will be able to go home the day after your pacemaker is implanted. Your doctor will discuss the results of the procedure and answer any questions you may have. A doctor or nurse will go over specific instructions for your care at home. Please ask a responsible adult to drive you home, as the medications you received may cause drowsiness, making it unsafe for you to drive or operate heavy machinery.


Question: How is a pacemaker placed outside the heart?

Answer: Outside the Heart ( Epicardial approach): Your chest will be opened and the lead tip is attached to the outside of the heart. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your abdomen. This technique is done under general anesthesia (you will be asleep) by a surgeon. This is typically performed in conjunction with open heart surgery being performed for another reason.


Question: When will the doctor need to check my pacemaker?

Answer: A follow-up pacemaker check is scheduled every three to six months. This check differs from the telephone check because the leads are also tested. Leads cannot be checked thoroughly over the telephone.


Question: How do doctors implant a biventricular pacemaker?

Answer: Pacemakers can be implanted two ways: Inside the Heart ( Endocardial, Transvenous approach): This is the most common technique used. A lead is placed into a vein (usually under your collarbone), and then guided to your heart. The tip of the lead attaches to your heart muscle. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your upper chest. This technique is done under local anesthesia (you will not be asleep). Outside the Heart ( Epicardial approach): Your chest will be opened and the lead tip is attached to the outside of the heart. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your abdomen. This technique is done under general anesthesia (you will be asleep) by a surgeon. This is typically performed in conjunction with open heart surgery being performed for another reason. Your doctor will decide which approach is best for you, although almost all patients receive the transvenous approach.


Question: When can you go home after your pacemaker implant?

Answer: Usually, you will be able to go home the day after your pacemaker is implanted. Your doctor will discuss the results of the procedure and answer any questions you may have. A doctor or nurse will go over specific instructions for your care at home. Please ask a responsible adult to drive you home, as the medications you received may cause drowsiness, making it unsafe for you to drive or operate heavy machinery.


Question: What is a pacemaker identification card?

Answer: Pacemaker Identification: You will receive a temporary ID card that tells you what type of pacemaker and leads you have, the date of implant and the doctor who implanted it. In about three months following implantation, you will receive a permanent card from the company. It is important that you CARRY THIS CARD AT ALL TIMES in case you need medical attention at another hospital.


Question: How will you know if your pacemaker needs to be changed?

Answer: After getting a pacemaker, you will need to follow-up with the doctor and nurses in a pacemaker clinic and through phone check-ups. This will allow them to monitor your pacemaker's function and anticipate when it will need to be changed. In addition, the pacemaker may be programmed to beep when the battery is low. Your doctor will demonstrate this beep for you. Resynchronization therapy is only one part of a comprehensive heart failure management program. Device and/or surgical therapy, when combined with taking medications, following a low-sodium diet, making lifestyle changes, and following up with a heart failure specialist, will help you decrease symptoms and live a longer, more active life. Your doctor will help determine what treatment options are best for you.


Question: How does the doctor test if the leads are in place for the pacemaker?

Answer: After the leads are in place, the doctor tests the leads to make sure lead placement is correct, the leads are sensing and pacing appropriately and the right and left ventricle are synchronized. This is called "pacing" and involves delivering small amounts of energy through the leads into the heart muscle. This causes the heart to contract. When your heart rate increases, you may feel your heart is racing or beating faster. It is very important to tell your doctor or nurse any symptoms you feel. Any pain should be reported immediately.


Question: When is a combination implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and pacemaker therapy recommended to treat heart failure?

Answer: People with heart failure who have poor ejection fractions (measurement that shows how well the heart pumps with each beat) are at risk for fast irregular heart rhythms -- some of which can be life-threatening -- called arrhythmias. Currently, doctors use an ICD to prevent these dangerous rhythms. The device works by detecting such a rhythm and shocking the heart back to normal. These devices can combine biventricular pacing with anti-tachycardia (fast heart rate) pacing and internal defibrillators ( ICDs) to deliver treatment as needed. Current studies are showing that resynchronization may even lessen the amount of arrhythmia that occurs, decreasing the times the ICD needs to shock the heart. These devices are helping heart failure patients live longer and improving their quality of life. This check is very important because adjustments will be made that can prolong the life of your pacemaker.


Question: What happens to my heart if I have heart failure?

Answer: In the normal heart, the heart's lower chambers (ventricles) pump in sync with the heart's upper chambers (atria). When a person has heart failure, often the right and left ventricles do not pump synchronously. In addition, the heart failure patient may or may not need this type of pacemaker to treat slow heart rhythms and may or may not need an internal defibrillator (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, or ICD), which is designed to treat people at risk for sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrests.


Question: How often do I need to get the pacemaker checked?

Answer: After your pacemaker check, an echocardiogram may be done. This check is very important because adjustments will be made that can prolong the life of your pacemaker. After that, your pacemaker should be checked every six months using a telephone transmitter to evaluate battery function. The nurse will explain how to check your pacemaker using the telephone transmitter. When the battery gets low, you will need to replace your pacemaker.


Question: How does a traditional pacemaker work?

Answer: Pacemakers regulate the right atrium and right ventricle to maintain a good heart rate and keep the atrium and ventricle working together. This is called AV synchrony. In addition, the heart failure patient may or may not need this type of pacemaker to treat slow heart rhythms and may or may not need an internal defibrillator (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, or ICD), which is designed to treat people at risk for sudden cardiac death or cardiac arrests.


Question: How do I prepare for the biventricular pacemaker implant?

Answer: Ask your doctor what medications you are allowed to take before your pacemaker is implanted. Your doctor may ask you to stop certain drugs several days before your procedure. If you must take medications, drink only small sips of water to help you swallow your pills. If you are uncomfortable or need anything during the procedure, please let the nurse know.


Question: How is the pacemaker implanted?

Answer: The doctor will numb your skin by injecting a local numbing medication. Then the area will become numb. You may feel a pulling as the doctor makes a pocket in the tissue under your skin for the pacemaker. You should not feel pain. If you do, tell your nurse. After the pocket is made, the doctor will insert the leads into a vein and guide them into position using a fluoroscopy machine. You may feel your heart beating faster or slower.


Question: What are symptoms of roundworms?

Answer: Some dogs don’t show symptoms of being infected, but many do. Here’s what to look for: Pot-belly Weakness Diarrhea Vomiting Belly pain Dull coat Weight loss Roundworms in poop or vomit If you see these signs, take your dog to the vet. He'll test a sample of your dog’s poop and begin a set of treatments if necessary.


Question: How can a dog get roundworms?

Answer: Your dog may get them from: His mother. If your puppy’s mother is infected with roundworms, she may pass them before he’s born. Or he may get them by drinking her milk. The environment. Your pup can get roundworms if he eats roundworm eggs that come from another animal’s poop, or if he eats mice or other small animals that are infected.


Question: What happens when a roundworm gets in your dog?

Answer: This is how the cycle continues: After your dog swallows the eggs, they hatch and turn into larvae. The larvae then spread through your dog’s liver and up to his windpipe. Next he coughs and then swallows the larvae. That’s how they get into his intestine, where they can grow into adult worms. Then they lay their own eggs, which continues the cycle.


Question: What are treatments for roundworms?

Answer: There are many safe and effective deworming drugs. They include fenbendazole, milbemycin, moxidectin, piperazine, and pyrantel. Your vet will give your dog one to three doses at first, which will kill the adult worms. Your dog will get follow-up doses to kill any new worms that weren’t fully developed when the first doses were given.


Question: How can you prevent roundworms in dogs?

Answer: If your dog has roundworms, you may notice them in his poop or vomit. Your vet will give your dog one to three doses at first, which will kill the adult worms. If your puppy’s mother is infected with roundworms, she may pass them before he’s born. But you can do a lot of things to ward them off. Keep your dog away from small, wild animals. Consider keeping him on a leash or in a fenced yard. Talk to your doctor about possibly deworming your dog every so often if he’s at high risk of an infection. Keep them away from areas where dogs have used the bathroom.


Question: What are roundworms?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } They’re usually white or light brown and a few inches long. ( They look like spaghetti.) If your dog has roundworms, you may notice them in his poop or vomit. These parasites are common.


Question: What drugs interact badly with creatine?

Answer: Side effects can include: Weight gain Anxiety Breathing difficulty Diarrhea Fatigue Fever Headache Kidney problems Nausea, vomiting Rash Stomach upset Certain drugs, including diabetes medications, anti-inflammatories like ibuprofen and naproxen, and diuretics, can have dangerous interactions with creatine. Taking the stimulants caffeine and ephedra with creatine can increase the risk of side effects.


Question: How does creatine affect kids who use it?

Answer: Despite the popularity of creatine among young people, there has been very little research conducted in children under age 18. Of those studies, a few have suggested a positive effect but the overall evidence is inconclusive. In one study, teenage swimmers performed better after taking creatine; in another study, it helped high school soccer players sprint, dribble, and jump more effectively.


Question: What is melanoma?

Answer: Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. It starts in skin pigment cells called melanocytes.


Question: How can I prevent skin cancer?

Answer: Radiation therapy if you have advanced melanoma Follow these tips to help prevent skin cancer: Wear sunscreen every day. It should have a sun protection factor ( SPF) of at least 30 and should be "broad-spectrum," meaning it guards against UVA and UVB rays. Put it on 15 minutes before you go outside. Reapply every 80 minutes when outside, and more often when swimming or sweating. Check the label for directions. Choose clothing, cosmetics, and contact lenses that offer UV protection. Pick sunglasses with total UV protection and a wide-brimmed hat to shade your face and neck. If you have kids, be a good role model for sun protection and help your child learn how to take good care of their skin. Check your skin at least once a month so you know what's normal for you. This will help you notice any changes or new growths. Try to stay out of the sun as much as possible from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m, the peak hours for UVB radiation. The UVA rays, which cause premature skin aging and initiate skin cancers, are out all day long.


Question: What is cryosurgery?

Answer: You'll get this done in your doctor's office. She will use a spray, cotton swab, or metal device called a cryoprobe to apply extremely cold liquid nitrogen to the cancer. This freezes the cancer cells and the immediate surrounding cells. The frozen skin thaws and forms a scab, which eventually falls off, leaving a white scar.


Question: What is electrodesiccation and curettage?

Answer: Electrodesiccation and curettage. These in-office procedures take 5 minutes or less. You'll get anesthesia in the affected area. Your doctor will use a metal scoop device followed by an electric needle to scrape away the skin cancer cells.


Question: How important is treatment for skin cancer?

Answer: Early treatment greatly improves your chances of beating it. Left untreated, it can spread to other parts of your body and become hard to control.


Question: How is skin cancer diagnosed?

Answer: This means any new spot or mole changing in color, shape, or size, and any spot that itches, bleeds or becomes painful.. Doctors usually diagnose skin cancer by doing a biopsy. You'll be awake for this short, in-office procedure. First, you'll get some local anesthesia, which means it will numb just that area of your skin. Your doctor will then take a small sample of skin. A specialist will check the sample under a microscope to see if it's cancer.


Question: What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Answer: Almost all skin cancers -- 95% -- are basal cell and squamous cell cancers. Also called non-melanoma skin cancers, they are highly curable when treated early.


Question: What is the most serious form of skin cancer?

Answer: Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. It starts in skin pigment cells called melanocytes. Early treatment greatly improves your chances of beating it. Left untreated, it can spread to other parts of your body and become hard to control.


Question: What are chemotherapy skin creams?

Answer: Your doctor will use a metal scoop device followed by an electric needle to scrape away the skin cancer cells. These treatments destroy the cancer cells. Try to stay out of the sun as much as possible from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m, the peak hours for UVB radiation.


Question: What is a good way to remember the characteristics of melanoma?

Answer: The shape of one half doesn't match the other. Border. The edges are ragged or blurred. Color. It has uneven shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue. Diameter. There's been a significant change in size. Evolving. This means any new spot or mole changing in color, shape, or size, and any spot that itches, bleeds or becomes painful.. Doctors usually diagnose skin cancer by doing a biopsy. If you have kids, be a good role model for sun protection and help your child learn how to take good care of their skin.


Question: Who is at risk for melanoma?

Answer: You're also at risk if: You've had skin cancer before. You use tanning beds.


Question: How is melanoma treated?

Answer: If you have non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas), your treatment may include: Removing the skin cancer. Radiation therapy if you have advanced melanoma Follow these tips to help prevent skin cancer: Wear sunscreen every day.


Question: How is cryosurgery or freezing done to treat skin cancer?

Answer: You'll be awake for this short, in-office procedure. She will use a spray, cotton swab, or metal device called a cryoprobe to apply extremely cold liquid nitrogen to the cancer. This freezes the cancer cells and the immediate surrounding cells. The frozen skin thaws and forms a scab, which eventually falls off, leaving a white scar.


Question: When should I immediately go to the hospital to treat lung cancer?

Answer: See a health care provider as soon as possible if you develop any of the following: Any symptom of lung cancer New cough or change in an existing cough Hemoptysis (flecks of blood in your sputum when coughing) Unexplained weight loss Unexplained persistent fatigue Unexplained deep aches or pains Go immediately to the nearest hospital emergency department if any of the following occur: Coughing up a large amount of blood Sudden shortness of breath Sudden weakness Sudden vision problems Persistent chest pain


Question: When should I see a health care provider for lung cancer?

Answer: See a health care provider as soon as possible if you develop any of the following: Any symptom of lung cancer New cough or change in an existing cough Hemoptysis (flecks of blood in your sputum when coughing) Unexplained weight loss Unexplained persistent fatigue Unexplained deep aches or pains Go immediately to the nearest hospital emergency department if any of the following occur: Coughing up a large amount of blood Sudden shortness of breath Sudden weakness Sudden vision problems Persistent chest pain


Question: What are some tests and diagnoses for impaired thinking in people with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If you think you have cognitive problems, talk with your neurologist or family doctor. Fuzzy thinking can have many causes. Your doctor can make sure your problems don't come from normal aging or drugs that may cause confusion, depression, anxiety, or fatigue. Once you have any health problems fully treated, the next step is usually testing. Your doctor may refer you to a neuropsychologist, speech pathologist, or occupational therapist.


Question: What are some signs of impaired thinking in people with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: The clues that you have fuzzy thinking are often subtle. You might not notice them until a friend, co-worker, or family member points them out. You may: Struggle to find the right words to say Forget things you need to do or tasks already done Find it hard to plan ahead or set priorities Have trouble concentrating, especially when two things are happening at once. MS usually does not hurt your intelligence or long-term memory. It won't change your ability to read and carry on a conversation.


Question: What are some exercises for the brain with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: If test results show that MS is to blame for spotty memory or poor mental focus, you may want to try rehab to sharpen your thinking. This can include: Memory exercises on a computer Home or work strategies with notebooks, organizers, or filing systems to help you remember things It's possible, but rare, that thinking problems become so severe that someone with MS needs constant care or can't live on their own. If this becomes an issue, discuss your options with your doctor and family. A social worker or psychologist can also help explore options for care.


Question: How do medications affect multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Scientists are doing studies to see whether the drugs that slow the nerve damage in MS -- called disease-modifying medicines -- can help with thinking problems, too. Others are looking at treatments, such as Alzheimer's medications, that may temporarily improve your memory and focus. Ask your doctor to give you updates on any promising results.


Question: What are some cognitive problems in people with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: When you've got multiple sclerosis, losing your keys or forgetting a name can be scary. You wonder whether the illness is clouding your thinking. It's true that over time, about half of people with MS can have some cognitive problems. That means poor focus, slowed thinking, or a fuzzy memory. Often these problems are mild and don't really interrupt your daily life. It's pretty rare to have severe thinking problems. They affect about 5% to 10% of people with MS.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis hurt intelligence or long-term memory?

Answer: It won't change your ability to read and carry on a conversation.


Question: Can people with cognitive difficulties from multiple sclerosis live alone?

Answer: This can include: Memory exercises on a computer Home or work strategies with notebooks, organizers, or filing systems to help you remember things It's possible, but rare, that thinking problems become so severe that someone with MS needs constant care or can't live on their own. If this becomes an issue, discuss your options with your doctor and family. A social worker or psychologist can also help explore options for care.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis cause cognitive problems?

Answer: You wonder whether the illness is clouding your thinking. It's true that over time, about half of people with MS can have some cognitive problems. That means poor focus, slowed thinking, or a fuzzy memory.


Question: Are cognitive difficulties related to any other conditions different than multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If you think you have cognitive problems, talk with your neurologist or family doctor. Fuzzy thinking can have many causes. Your doctor can make sure your problems don't come from normal aging or drugs that may cause confusion, depression, anxiety, or fatigue.


Question: What are clues of cognitive problems caused by multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The clues that you have fuzzy thinking are often subtle. You might not notice them until a friend, co-worker, or family member points them out. You may: Struggle to find the right words to say Forget things you need to do or tasks already done Find it hard to plan ahead or set priorities Have trouble concentrating, especially when two things are happening at once.


Question: Can medicine help treat cognitive difficulties from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Scientists are doing studies to see whether the drugs that slow the nerve damage in MS -- called disease-modifying medicines -- can help with thinking problems, too. Others are looking at treatments, such as Alzheimer's medications, that may temporarily improve your memory and focus. Ask your doctor to give you updates on any promising results.


Question: Are cognitive problems caused by multiple sclerosis serious?

Answer: Often these problems are mild and don't really interrupt your daily life. It's pretty rare to have severe thinking problems.


Question: What specialists can help me diagnose my cognitive difficulties as a result of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You wonder whether the illness is clouding your thinking. Your doctor may refer you to a neuropsychologist, speech pathologist, or occupational therapist.


Question: How can I rehab to sharpen my thinking that has been affected by multiple sclerosis?

Answer: That means poor focus, slowed thinking, or a fuzzy memory. This can include: Memory exercises on a computer Home or work strategies with notebooks, organizers, or filing systems to help you remember things It's possible, but rare, that thinking problems become so severe that someone with MS needs constant care or can't live on their own.


Question: How do you treat a  jellyfish sting?

Answer: For less severe stings: Use ice packs or over-the-counter pain relievers or antihistamines for welts. Clean open sores three times a day and apply antibiotic ointment. Bandage if needed. For a severe reaction: You may be in the hospital for several days. You need antivenin (also called antivenom) for Australian box jellyfish stings.


Question: How do you treat discomfort from a jellyfish sting?

Answer: Use mild hydrocortisone cream or an oral antihistamine to relieve itching and swelling.


Question: When should you call 911 about a jellyfish sting?

Answer: The person displays signs of a severe allergic reaction. The sting is from a box jellyfish. The sting covers more than half an arm or leg.


Question: How do you stop the stinging from a jellyfish sting?

Answer: Remove tentacles with a pair of tweezers. After you remove the tentacles, soak the affected area in hot water (104-113 F or 40-45 C) for at least 20 minutes. A hot shower is OK if that's easier than soaking. You need antivenin (also called antivenom) for Australian box jellyfish stings. How to Treat a Sting on or Near Your Eyes It's OK to wash your eyes with seawater. Most are unproven.


Question: How do you decontaminate and remove tentacles from jellyfish stings?

Answer: The person displays signs of a severe allergic reaction. Rinse the area with vinegar for at least 30 seconds. After you remove the tentacles, soak the affected area in hot water (104-113 F or 40-45 C) for at least 20 minutes. If you don't have a thermometer, make sure the water is hot but not scalding. These treatments are based on research done in the Indo- Pacific areas and may not work for all stings.


Question: How is heart disease linked to migraines?

Answer: Men with migraines are more likely to have a heart attack and heart disease. Women with migraines also have a higher chance of heart disease, especiallyif they have aura. How often your migraines come doesn't appear to change your chances of having these conditions.


Question: How is posttraumatic stress disorder linked to migraines?

Answer: If you have migraines, you may be more likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD). One study found the likelihood of having PTSD is 5 times higher if you have migraines.


Question: How is a stroke linked to migraines?

Answer: There's little evidence that a migraine will trigger a stroke, or that both things will hit at the same time. Still, the chance of a stroke is higher in some people who have migraines, like: Those who have aura Women People under 45 After 50, your odds of having a stroke from a migraine fall a great deal.


Question: How is high blood pressure linked to migraines?

Answer: Are you more likely to have some medical problems if you get those intense headaches? There may be a genetic link between the two.


Question: How is cytomegalovirus (CMV) treated?

Answer: Over half of adults in the U. S. have had it in their body by the time they turn 40. It's not a problem for most people because a healthy immune system can easily control it. But it can make people with weakened immune symptoms, like someone with advanced HIV, very sick.


Question: How does cytomegalovirus (CMV) spread?

Answer: You probably won't catch CMV from casual contact, but it's possible to get it by touching your eyes, nose, or mouth after contact with an infected person's: Saliva Semen Vaginal fluids Blood Urine Breast milk You can also get cytomegalovirus through: Sexual contact Blood transfusions Organ transplants An infant can get it before birth, which usually happens when a woman gets CMV while pregnant, or through breastfeeding.


Question: How does cytomegalovirus CMV affect people with HIV?

Answer: If you have symptoms, they're mild and similar to other illnesses: Fatigue Swollen glands Fever In persons with advanced HIV, CMV can move around your body if it's not treated. You could have: Blind spots or moving black spots, called "floaters," in your eyesight Blurred vision Blindness Diarrhea Belly pain Painful or difficult swallowing Pain, weakness, or numbness at the base of your spine that makes walking a struggle In rare cases, CMV can also cause: Changes to your personality Headaches Trouble concentrating Shortness of breath Dry cough If you're HIV-positive, your chance of becoming sick with CMV is greatest when your CD4 count is below 100.


Question: What is cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

Answer: It's not a problem for most people because a healthy immune system can easily control it. But it can make people with weakened immune symptoms, like someone with advanced HIV, very sick. If you have symptoms, they're mild and similar to other illnesses: Fatigue Swollen glands Fever In persons with advanced HIV, CMV can move around your body if it's not treated. You might need medication injected directly into your eye if the virus is threatening your sight.


Question: Who shouldn't get joint fusion surgery?

Answer: Because of this, your doctor will want to know that you can cope with a long recovery. Joint fusion surgery may also not be right for you if you have a health issue, like: Poor bone quality An infection Narrowed arteries A nervous system (neurological) problem that may keep you from healing You'll go into the hospital or have outpatient surgery (go home the same day), depending on the type of joint fusion surgery you need.


Question: What causes chlamydia?

Answer: Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The disease is spread by oral, vaginal, or anal sex.


Question: What should I expect if my baby gets infected with chlamydia?

Answer: Pregnant women are screened because it is so common to be without symptoms, and the consequences for the fetus/infant can be serious. Men with chlamydia may or may not have symptoms.


Question: How do doctors test for thyroid cancer?

Answer: If you have any symptoms between checkups, such as a new nodule on the gland or a rapidly growing one, you should make an appointment to have your thyroid gland checked. Your doctor will do several tests to diagnose the source of the problem and decide on the best treatment.


Question: What else could a lump in your thyroid be?

Answer: A lump in your thyroid could be caused by an infection or a goiter, which is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland. It might not be cancerous at all. Lumps in the thyroid usually aren't. But it's possible to have thyroid cancer without any symptoms at all. Your doctor will examine your thyroid during routine physical exams. If you have any symptoms between checkups, such as a new nodule on the gland or a rapidly growing one, you should make an appointment to have your thyroid gland checked. Your doctor will do several tests to diagnose the source of the problem and decide on the best treatment.


Question: What could a lump in the thyroid be other than cancer?

Answer: A lump in your thyroid could be caused by an infection or a goiter, which is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland. It might not be cancerous at all. Lumps in the thyroid usually aren't. But it's possible to have thyroid cancer without any symptoms at all.


Question: Are symptoms always a sign of thyroid cancer?

Answer: In fact, they're usually caused by other things. You'll need to see your doctor to find out what it is. But it's possible to have thyroid cancer without any symptoms at all.


Question: Are symptoms of thyroid cancer basis for diagnosis?

Answer: In fact, they're usually caused by other things. You'll need to see your doctor to find out what it is. But it's possible to have thyroid cancer without any symptoms at all.


Question: Why are cockroaches an asthma trigger?

Answer: Cockroach droppings contain a protein that is a primary asthma trigger. Cockroaches need water to survive and they thrive on what you leave behind. So, they'll be less likely to be a problem in a clean, dry house. Fix leaks, keep food in containers, don't leave out dirty dishes, clean the kitchen thoroughly after meals, including under appliances, and take out the garbage regularly. Also block any openings through which cockroaches could enter from outside, including windows, wall cracks, and floor gaps.


Question: What medicines can treat ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: When you have ulcerative colitis ( UC), you'll definitely take medicine to help manage it. There are several kinds your doctor will consider, depending on what you need. Most people with UC take prescription drugs called aminosalicylates (or â5- ASAsâ) that tame inflammation in the gut. These include balsalazide ( Colazal), mesalamine ( Asacol HD, Delzicol), olsalazine ( Dipentum), and sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine). Which one you take, and whether it is taken by mouth or as an enema or suppository, depend on the area of your colon that's affected. As long as you avoid your triggers, these may be enough if your disease is mild to moderate. You may need something else if your condition is more severe or if those standard treatments stop working.


Question: What are side effects of taking steroids to treat ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: These turn down your immune system to fight inflammation. But steroids aren't a long-term solution, because they can cause side effects like: Weight gain Acne High blood pressure High blood sugar Mood swings Bone loss They also don't prevent future flares. So it's best to use them only for a short time and at the lowest dose that helps.


Question: What can cause acute insomnia?

Answer: Causes of acute insomnia can include: Major life stress (job loss or change, death of a loved one, divorce, moving) Illness Emotional or physical discomfort Noise, light, or being too hot or too cold while you're trying to sleep Some medications (including certain ones for colds, allergies, depression, high blood pressure, and asthma) Changes to a normal sleep schedule (like jet lag or switching from a day shift to night shift, for example) Causes of chronic insomnia include: Irregular sleep schedules Substances that interfere with sleep (alcohol, caffeine, nicotine) Activities that stimulate the brain (playing video games, watching TV) right before bedtime For some people, exercising too close to bed time Using the bedroom for activities other than sleep and sex Depression or anxiety Chronic stress Pain or discomfort at night Poor sleep habits If you think you have insomnia, talk to your doctor or health care provider.


Question: Whatâs the difference between primary and secondary insomnia?

Answer: People with insomnia have one or more of these symptoms: Difficulty falling asleep Waking up during the night and having trouble going back to sleep Waking up too early in the morning Feeling tired when you wake up Being sleepy or tired during the day Feeling cranky or irritable Problems with focus or memory Primary insomnia is not directly linked to any other health condition or problem. Secondary insomnia comes from something else, like a health condition (such as asthma, depression, arthritis, cancer, or heartburn), pain, a medication, or a substance like alcohol.


Question: What can cause chronic insomnia?

Answer: Causes of acute insomnia can include: Major life stress (job loss or change, death of a loved one, divorce, moving) Illness Emotional or physical discomfort Noise, light, or being too hot or too cold while you're trying to sleep Some medications (including certain ones for colds, allergies, depression, high blood pressure, and asthma) Changes to a normal sleep schedule (like jet lag or switching from a day shift to night shift, for example) Causes of chronic insomnia include: Irregular sleep schedules Substances that interfere with sleep (alcohol, caffeine, nicotine) Activities that stimulate the brain (playing video games, watching TV) right before bedtime For some people, exercising too close to bed time Using the bedroom for activities other than sleep and sex Depression or anxiety Chronic stress Pain or discomfort at night Poor sleep habits If you think you have insomnia, talk to your doctor or health care provider.


Question: How is insomnia treated?

Answer: You may not even need any treatment for acute insomnia. In mild cases, it often can be cured with good sleep habits (see below). If your insomnia makes it hard for you to function during the day because you are tired, your doctor may prescribe sleeping pills for a limited time. These quick-working, short-acting drugs can help you avoid next-day drowsiness. There is not a lot of evidence that over-the-counter sleeping pills are effective for insomnia. They may have troubling side effects including daytime drowsiness.. Good sleep habits, also called sleep hygiene, can help you get a good night's sleep and beat insomnia.


Question: How can alcohol affect chronic pain?

Answer: If you're living with chronic pain, drinking less or no alcohol can improve your quality of life. When you focus on pain, it makes it worse rather than better.


Question: How long does it take to get the results of a lung biopsy?

Answer: Your lung biopsy sample will be sent to a lab, and you'll get results within a week. You may get a chest X-ray to make sure your lungs are working OK. If you weren't asleep, you should be able to go home after a few hours. Have someone pick you up, because it's not safe to drive. Otherwise, you may need to stay in the hospital for one or more nights.


Question: What can you expect after getting a thoracoscopy or open lung biopsy?

Answer: However, doctors remove fewer cells than with other procedures, which sometimes makes it more difficult to make a diagnosis If you're getting a thoracoscopy or open biopsy, you can get the sample of cells tested right away. Depending on the results, your doctor can remove more samples, or even an entire lung, during the same surgery.


Question: How can a lung biopsy cause pneumonia?

Answer: Pneumonia is a risk for all types of lung biopsies. Pneumothorax, where air leaks out between the lung and chest cavity, can make it hard to breathe or cause your lung to collapse with these procedures, but your doctor will watch for this and suck out air as needed. Other rare but serious complications of surgical lung biopsies may include severe bleeding, wound infection, and blood clots.


Question: When might someone get a lung needle biopsy (transthoracic biopsy)?

Answer: You usually get this type of lung biopsy when cells can't be reached with a bronchoscopy. Your doctor places a needle through your chest between two ribs to take a sample from the outer area of your lungs. You'll be awake and your skin will be numbed, and you may get a sedative to relax. To find the best place to do the procedure, you'll get an ultrasound, CT scan, or a special type of X-ray known as fluoroscopy. When the needle enters your lung, you may feel discomfort or pressure. You'll need to avoid coughing, and you may have to hold your breath.


Question: When should you call a doctor about lung biopsy complications?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have any signs of infection or complications, which include: Fever over 100.4 F Redness, swelling, or blood or fluid leaking from the wound Severe chest pain Shortness of breath Coughing up blood or blood-tinged mucus


Question: What tests are done to help make sure a lung biopsy is safe for you?

Answer: To make sure a lung biopsy is safe, your doctor may suggest you get a full physical exam and blood tests. Let him know if you're pregnant or have any allergies, including to latex or drugs.


Question: What is video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery?

Answer: It checks for problems on the outside of your lungs. You'll get general anesthesia for this procedure, which means you won't be awake for it. Your doctor puts a breathing tube down your throat and into your lungs and keeps tabs on your breathing, blood pressure, oxygen levels, and heart rate. The doctor makes up to three small cuts on your chest between your ribs, then puts a thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end and uses tiny tools to pull out some cells.


Question: What do you need to know about lung biopsy?

Answer: In this procedure, a doctor removes a small sample of cells from your lung and checks it under a microscope for signs of disease. You may also get a lung biopsy to help figure out why there's fluid in your lungs or to diagnose cancer. Whatever the reason, you may have lots of questions about how it's done and how to get ready. A lot depends on which type of lung biopsy your doctor recommends. To find the best place to do the procedure, you'll get an ultrasound, CT scan, or a special type of X-ray known as fluoroscopy.


Question: What is an open lung biopsy (limited thoracotomy)?

Answer: In this procedure, a doctor removes a small sample of cells from your lung and checks it under a microscope for signs of disease. A light and camera help guide tiny tools that take cells from your lung out through the tube. You usually get this type of lung biopsy when cells can't be reached with a bronchoscopy. You'll get general anesthesia for this procedure, which means you won't be awake for it.


Question: Can you eat before you have a lung biopsy?

Answer: You'll need to avoid coughing, and you may have to hold your breath. If you'll be awake during the procedure, you may be able to drink water in the morning.


Question: What should I do for someone with hypothermia?

Answer: Confusion, memory loss, or slurred speech Drop in body temperature below 95 Farenheit Exhaustion or drowsiness Loss of consciousness Numb hands or feet Shallow breathing Shivering In infants, symptoms include: Bright red, cold skin Very low energy level Get the person indoors. Remove wet clothing and dry the person off, if needed. Warm the person's trunk first, not hands and feet. Warming extremities first can cause shock. Warm the person by wrapping him or her in blankets or putting dry clothing on the person. Do not immerse the person in warm water. Rapid warming can cause heart arrhythmia. If using hot water bottles or chemical hot packs, wrap them in cloth; don't apply them directly to the skin.


Question: What are symptoms of hypothermia in adults and children?

Answer: Confusion, memory loss, or slurred speech Drop in body temperature below 95 Farenheit Exhaustion or drowsiness Loss of consciousness Numb hands or feet Shallow breathing Shivering In infants, symptoms include: Bright red, cold skin Very low energy level Get the person indoors.


Question: How can cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) help with treating hypothermia?

Answer: Hypothermia causes respiratory rates to plunge, and a pulse might be difficult to detect. For a child, start CPR for children. For an adult, start adult CPR. Continue CPR until the person begins breathing or emergency help arrives.


Question: What are symptoms of hypothermia in infants?

Answer: Confusion, memory loss, or slurred speech Drop in body temperature below 95 Farenheit Exhaustion or drowsiness Loss of consciousness Numb hands or feet Shallow breathing Shivering In infants, symptoms include: Bright red, cold skin Very low energy level Get the person indoors.


Question: Can drinking fluids help with hypothermia?

Answer: If the person is not breathing, start CPR immediately. Avoid caffeine or alcohol.


Question: What is the link between ADHD and marijuana use?

Answer: Researchers have also found links between ADHD and the use of marijuana and other recreational drugs, particularly in people who also have other psychological disorders (such as obsessive-compulsive disorder). What's more, people with ADHD typically start having problems with drugs and alcohol at an earlier age than people without the condition.


Question: What kind of problems can ADHD turn into?

Answer: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say.


Question: What do long-term studies suggest about substance abuse in boys with ADHD?

Answer: One of the longest-term studies, which followed 100 boys with ADHD for 10 years, showed no greater risk for substance abuse in boys who took stimulant drugs compared to those who didn't take the drugs. An earlier study by the same authors even suggested that stimulant use might protect against later drug abuse and alcoholism in children with ADHD by relieving the ADHD symptoms that often lead to substance abuse problems. The earlier the stimulants are started, the lower the potential for substance abuse down the road.


Question: When is it more common for children with ADHD to start abusing alcohol?

Answer: It is also more common for children with ADHD to start abusing alcohol during their teenage years. In one study, 14% of children ages 15-17 with ADHD had problems with alcohol abuse or dependence as adults, compared to peers without ADHD. Another study found that at a mean age of 14.9 years, 40% of children with ADHD began using alcohol, compared to 22% of children without an ADHD diagnosis -- a strong predictor of alcohol and substance abuse in adulthood. Young adults (mean age of 25), on the other hand, were just as likely to use alcohol whether or not they had an ADHD diagnosis, but those with ADHD were likelier to use alcohol excessively .


Question: Why are people with ADHD more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol?

Answer: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say. Also, both ADHD and alcoholism tend to run in families. A child with ADHD who has a parent with alcoholism is more likely to also develop an alcohol abuse problem. Researchers have pointed to common genes shared between ADHD and alcoholism.


Question: Why do parents worry about treating their children for ADHD?

Answer: Parents sometimes worry whether the stimulant drugs their children are taking to treat ADHD (such as Ritalin and Adderall) are themselves addictive.


Question: Why are people with ADHD more likely to have problems with drugs or alcohol?

Answer: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say.


Question: Is ADHD more common in people with alcohol or substance abuse problems?

Answer: Several studies have shown a strong connection between ADHD, drug abuse, and alcoholism. ADHD is five to 10 times more common among adult alcoholics than it is in people without the condition. Among adults being treated for alcohol and substance abuse, the rate of ADHD is about 25%.


Question: Are Ritalin or other stimulants effective in someone with both ADHD and substance abuse problems?

Answer: Whether Ritalin and other stimulants are effective treatments for ADHD patients with substance abuse problems is less clear. These drugs may be useful when prescribed in a long-acting form and in a controlled way to minimize the risk for becoming physically dependent on or misusing them.


Question: What treatment is available to someone with ADHD who develops an alcohol or substance abuse problem?

Answer: It's important to remember that not everyone with ADHD will develop an alcohol or substance abuse problem. In adults who do develop a problem, doctors suggest treatment with nonstimulant medications, including guanfacine ( Tenex, Intuniv), Clonidine ( Kapvay), or atomoxetine ( Strattera), and sometimes certain antidepressants such as Desipramine ( Norpramin) and Bupropion ( Wellbutrin).


Question: How do stimulant medications work to treat ADHD?

Answer: Stimulant medications work by raising levels of a chemical messenger called dopamine in the brain, which helps improve focus and attention -- skills that people with ADHD often find difficult to master.


Question: Is it more common for children with ADHD to abuse alcohol as teenagers?

Answer: It is also more common for children with ADHD to start abusing alcohol during their teenage years. In one study, 14% of children ages 15-17 with ADHD had problems with alcohol abuse or dependence as adults, compared to peers without ADHD.


Question: How are ADHD medications abused?

Answer: There have been reports of people using ADHD stimulants that weren't prescribed for them. People have crushed and snorted Ritalin tablets or dissolved the drug in water and taken it intravenously. Studies show that abusing Ritalin can lead to dependence on the drug. When carefully taken as prescribed, though, Ritalin is less likely to be addictive in children or adults.


Question: Do ADHD and alcoholism run in families?

Answer: Also, both ADHD and alcoholism tend to run in families. A child with ADHD who has a parent with alcoholism is more likely to also develop an alcohol abuse problem. Researchers have pointed to common genes shared between ADHD and alcoholism.


Question: What kind of substance abuse programs are available for people with ADHD?

Answer: Individual or group therapy, as well as 12-step support groups, can also be an important part of the substance abuse program for people with ADHD.


Question: Are children with ADHD more at risk for substance abuse problems as adults?

Answer: People with ADHD tend to be more impulsive and likely to have behavior problems, both of which can contribute to drug and alcohol abuse, researchers say.


Question: What happens if someone develops a tolerance to ADHD medication?

Answer: Long-term use of all stimulants can sometimes lead to a phenomenon called tolerance -- that is, higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect of a controlled substance. If and when this happens, a doctor may then be more likely to consider using nonstimulant medicines to treat ADHD.


Question: How effective is Ritalin in ADHD patients?

Answer: Parents sometimes worry whether the stimulant drugs their children are taking to treat ADHD (such as Ritalin and Adderall) are themselves addictive. When carefully taken as prescribed, though, Ritalin is less likely to be addictive in children or adults. It's important to remember that not everyone with ADHD will develop an alcohol or substance abuse problem.


Question: How similar is Ritalin to cocaine?

Answer: What's more, people with ADHD typically start having problems with drugs and alcohol at an earlier age than people without the condition. However, researchers have found marked differences between the two drugs. One of the factors that leads to addiction and drug abuse is how quickly a drug raises dopamine levels. The faster dopamine levels go up, the greater the potential for abuse. One researcher found that Ritalin takes about an hour to raise dopamine levels in the brain, compared to only seconds with inhaled cocaine. The doses of Ritalin and other stimulants used to treat ADHD tend to be lower and longer-acting, which reduces the risk of addiction. Long-term use of all stimulants can sometimes lead to a phenomenon called tolerance -- that is, higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect of a controlled substance. If and when this happens, a doctor may then be more likely to consider using nonstimulant medicines to treat ADHD.


Question: What are signs of a dust mite allergy?

Answer: If you are sensitive or allergic to them, you may have: Watery, red eyes Runny or itchy nose and sneezing Sore throat or hoarse voice Coughing and other breathing problems Skin rash and itching Worsening of your asthma Dust mites settle down in carpet, draperies, stuffed animals, and upholstered furniture.


Question: What are some tips for using dust mite covers for mattresses and pillows to prevent allergies?

Answer: You can find dust mite covers for mattresses, pillows, and box springs at mattress and allergy supply stores and in a variety of materials. Plastic or vinyl covers with zippers help seal in allergens so you don't inhale them when sleeping. Plastic or vinyl covers are easier to keep clean than covers made of natural fibers. Many plastic covers have an outer layer of material like nylon to make them more comfortable. If possible, cover your mattress and pillows when they are new. Put duct tape or electrical tape over cover zippers to double-block dust-mites from coming and going.


Question: Where do dust mites live?

Answer: Dust mites are everywhere -- anywhere there are people or animals, warm temperatures, and high humidity. They like to be indoors, where they can get plenty of food like mold spores and dead skin cells from people and pets. If you are sensitive or allergic to them, you may have: Watery, red eyes Runny or itchy nose and sneezing Sore throat or hoarse voice Coughing and other breathing problems Skin rash and itching Worsening of your asthma Dust mites settle down in carpet, draperies, stuffed animals, and upholstered furniture. Mattresses, pillows, and soft bedding are favorite hangouts.


Question: What are some ways to minimize dust mites to prevent allergies?

Answer: You can find dust mite covers for mattresses, pillows, and box springs at mattress and allergy supply stores and in a variety of materials. Cold water does not kill dust mites. Wash sheets and pillowcases at least once a week. Wash comforters and bedspreads every one to two months. Consider using an electric blanket, which can reduce humidity on bed surfaces. Wash and dry stuffed animals often and keep them off beds. Clean mattresses in late winter and early spring by vacuuming them with the upholstery attachment on your vacuum cleaner or a powerful handheld vacuum.


Question: What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer: That's because your kidneys can't remove waste products from your body like they should.


Question: Why do you need to limit potassium when you have chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer: This mineral helps your nerves and muscles work properly. But when you have CKD, your body can't filter out excess potassium. When you have too much of it in your blood, it can lead to serious heart problems.