Question: What is the best way for younger women to screen for breast cancer?

Answer: But mammograms may be recommended for younger women with a family history of breast cancer and other risk factors. The American Cancer Society ( ACS) recommends that all women know how their breasts look and feel and report any changes to their doctor. The ACS states that research has not shown a clear benefit of performing regular breast self-exams. Talk with your doctor about the pros and cons of breast self-exam. Regular breast exams done at least every 3 years by your doctor are recommended for women beginning at age 20. The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening every 2 years from ages 50 through 74 and also that the decision to start yearly screening mammograms before age 50 should be an individual one.. Talk to your doctor about when you should begin to have mammograms. For younger women, digital mammography may be an alternate to a standard mammogram. If you'd like to have children, talk to your doctor it before you begin treatment.


Question: Can young women get breast cancer?

Answer: But it can happen at any age, and it's important to be aware of your risk factors, regardless of your age. Diagnosing breast cancer in women under 40 years old is more difficult, because their breast tissue is generally denser than in older women. Expert groups don't all agree when women should start getting mammograms and you should discuss with your doctor what's right for you.


Question: How do you treat periodic limb movement disorder?

Answer: Treatment does not cure the disorder but usually relieves symptoms. Treatment involves medication that either reduces the movements or helps the person sleep through the movements.


Question: What is nocturnal myoclonus?

Answer: When PLMD was first described in the 1950s, it was called nocturnal myoclonus. Nocturnal means night, and myoclonus is a rapid, rhythmic contraction of a group of muscles similar to that seen in seizures. PLMD movements are not myoclonus, however, and the original name is not used today.


Question: What causes periodic limb movement disorder?

Answer: Periodic limb movement disorder can be primary or secondary. Secondary PLMD is caused by an underlying medical problem. Primary PLMD, on the other hand, has no known cause.


Question: What are common medical causes of periodic limb movement disorder?

Answer: Diabetes mellitus Iron deficiency Spinal cord tumor Spinal cord injury Sleep apnea syndrome - Breathing difficulties that disrupt sleep, causing daytime sleepiness and a number of other problems Narcolepsy - A sleep disorder involving excessive sleepiness and overpowering urge to sleep during waking hours Uremia - Build-up of waste products in the blood because of poor kidney function Anemia - Low level of hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in the blood Medication - Neuroleptics and other antidopaminergic agents such as Haldol, dopaminergic agents such as Sinemet (despite the fact that Sinemet is often a treatment for PLMD), or tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline ( Elavil) Withdrawal from sedative medications such as barbiturates or benzodiazepines (such as Valium) The most common symptoms noted by people with PLMD are not leg movements but poor sleep and daytime sleepiness.


Question: Can you cure periodic limb movement disorder?

Answer: Primary PLMD may be chronic (permanent). Many people with primary PLMD have improved nighttime sleep (remission) but experience one or more relapses over time.


Question: What is periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)?

Answer: It is the only movement disorder that occurs only during sleep, and it is sometimes called periodic leg (or limb) movements during sleep. " Periodic" refers to the fact that the movements are repetitive and rhythmic, occurring about every 20-40 seconds. PLMD is also considered a sleep disorder, because the movements often disrupt sleep and lead to daytime sleepiness. PLMD may occur with other sleep disorders. It is often linked with restless legs syndrome, but they are not the same thing.


Question: What medications treat periodic limb movement disorder?

Answer: Many of these are also causes of restless legs syndrome. Benzodiazepines: These drugs suppress muscle contractions. It is probably the most widely used drug to treat PLMD. Dopaminergic agents: These drugs increased the levels of an important neurotransmitter (brain chemical) called dopamine, which is important in regulating muscle movements. These medications seem to improve the condition in some people but not in others. GABA agonists: These agents inhibit release of certain neurotransmitters that stimulate muscle contractions.


Question: What are symptoms of periodic limb movement disorder?

Answer: Typically the knee, ankle, and big toe joints all bend as part of the movements. In most people with PLMD, poor sleep and daytime sleepiness are the most bothersome symptoms. Many people do not link their sleep problem with leg movements.


Question: Is my stress affecting my poop?

Answer: The digestive system is especially sensitive to stress, and constipation can be one response. Whether it's for business or pleasure, travel is stressful. When it disrupts your regular routines, especially eating patterns, your pooping can get off-schedule as well.


Question: How does pregnancy affect how I poop?

Answer: That's especially true during pregnancy, when hormone changes can easily throw off your digestive system. Add the pressure a growing baby puts on your plumbing, and it's no surprise you have trouble going. Problems with pooping are also common after childbirth. What about my age? The chance of having trouble moving your bowels goes up as you get older, so make a point to get more exercise, drink more water, and eat more fiber.


Question: How can I get more fiber?

Answer: Moving your bowels regularly takes fiber -- lots of it. We're talking about 3 to 5 cups of fruits and vegetables every day. Go easy on meat and dairy and load up on produce. Just be sure you add it to your diet gradually. Skip fast and prepared foods. They may be quick and easy, but they're almost always low in fiber.


Question: How do my medications affect how I poop?

Answer: Iron or calcium supplements can cause constipation in some people. Also on the list are meds for diabetes and Parkinson's disease, plus some blood pressure treatments. Over-the-counter medications like antacids can also stop things up.


Question: How do I know my diet is affecting how I poop?

Answer: You're not alone. Just be sure you add it to your diet gradually. If that doesn't help, talk to your doctor about other options to get you going or whether you can get these nutrients through your diet instead. Could it be a more serious problem? Colon trouble.


Question: What is the outlook for costochondritis?

Answer: Noninfectious costochondritis will go away on its own, with or without anti-inflammatory treatment. Most people will recover fully. Infectious costochondritis responds well to IV antibiotics and surgical repair, but recovery may take a long time.


Question: What tests are used to determine if an infection is causing costochondritis?

Answer: To determine if infection is the cause of chest pain, doctors will: Look for signs of infection such as redness, swelling, pus, and drainage at the site of surgery Order a more sophisticated imaging study of the chest called a gallium scan, which will show increased uptake of the radioactive material gallium in an area of infection Check the white blood cell count to see if it is elevated, a sign of infection Order a chest X-ray if pneumonia is a suspected cause of chest pain Order an ECG and other tests if a heart problem is suspected Costochondritis is a less common cause of chest pain in adults but occurs fairly frequently in people who have had cardiac surgery.


Question: How does costochondritis differ from Tietze syndrome?

Answer: Tietze syndrome is often referred to as costochondritis, but the two are distinct conditions. You can tell the difference by noting the following: Tietze syndrome is rare. It usually comes on abruptly, with chest pain radiating to your arms or shoulder and lasting several weeks. Tietze syndrome is accompanied by a localized swelling at the painful area (the junction of the ribs and breastbone).


Question: How can you prevent costochondritis?

Answer: Costochondritis is an inflammatory process but usually has no definite cause.


Question: What are some home remedies for costochondritis?

Answer: The following home remedies may provide relief from costochondritis: Taking pain relievers such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications like ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) or naproxen ( Aleve) as needed Using local heat or ice to relieve pain Avoiding unnecessary exercise or activities that make the symptoms worse; avoiding contact sports until there is improvement in symptoms, and then returning to normal activities only as tolerated Doing stretching exercises Costochondritis responds to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen ( Advil or Motrin) and naproxen ( Aleve).


Question: When should you go to a hospital for costochondritis?

Answer: Call the doctor for any of the following symptoms: Trouble breathing High fever Signs of infection such as redness, pus, and increased swelling at the rib joints Continuing or worsening pain despite medication Nausea Sweating Dizziness Go to a hospital's emergency room if you have difficulty breathing or any of the following symptoms occur. These symptoms are generally not associated with costochondritis: High fever not responding to fever-reducers such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil) Signs of infection at the tender spot, such as pus, redness, increased pain, and swelling Persistent chest pain of any type associated with nausea, sweating, left arm pain, or any generalized chest pain that is not well localized. These may be signs of a heart attack. If you are not sure what is causing your condition, always go to the emergency room.


Question: How is costochondritis compared to Tietze syndrome?

Answer: Although some doctors use the terms costochondritis and Tietze syndrome interchangeably, Tietze syndrome has a sudden onset without any preceding respiratory illness or any history of minor trauma. In Tietze syndrome, there is frequently radiation of pain to arms and shoulders, as well as pain and tenderness associated with swelling at the spot that hurts.


Question: When should you call the doctor for costochondritis?

Answer: Call the doctor for any of the following symptoms: Trouble breathing High fever Signs of infection such as redness, pus, and increased swelling at the rib joints Continuing or worsening pain despite medication Nausea Sweating Dizziness Go to a hospital's emergency room if you have difficulty breathing or any of the following symptoms occur.


Question: How common is costochondritis in children?

Answer: Costochondritis (with unknown cause) is a common cause of chest pain in children and adolescents. It accounts for 10% to 30% of all chest pain in children. Annually, doctors evaluate about 650,000 cases of chest pain in young people ages 10 to 21. The peak age for the condition is ages 12-14.


Question: What are the symptoms of costochondritis?

Answer: The pain, which may be dull, usually will be sharp and located on your front chest wall. It may radiate to your back or abdomen and is more common on your left side. There can be pain with a deep breath or cough. The most common sites of pain are your fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. This pain increases as you move your trunk or take deep breaths. Conversely, it decreases as your movement stops or with quiet breathing. The reproducible tenderness you feel when you press on the rib joints (costochondral junctions) is a constant feature of costochondritis. Without this tenderness, a diagnosis of costochondritis is unlikely. When costochondritis occurs as a result of infection after surgery, you will see redness, swelling, or pus discharge at the site of the surgery.


Question: What problems are associated with costochondritis in adults?

Answer: Chest pain in adults is considered a potentially serious sign of a heart problem by most doctors until proven otherwise. Chest pain in adults usually leads to a battery of tests to rule out heart attack and heart disease. If those tests are normal and your physical exam is consistent with costochondritis, your doctor will diagnose costochondritis as the cause of your chest pain. It is important, however, for adults with chest pain to be examined and tested for heart disease before being diagnosed with costochondritis. It is often difficult to distinguish between the two without further testing. The condition affects females more than males (70% versus 30%). Costochondritis may also occur as the result of an infection or as a complication of surgery on your sternum. Occasionally, costochondritis as a result of bacterial infections can occur in people who use IV drugs or who have had surgery to their upper chest.


Question: What is the follow-up treatment for costochondritis?

Answer: Your doctor will refer you to a surgeon for consultation should this option be considered necessary. Infectious costochondritis responds well to IV antibiotics and surgical repair, but recovery may take a long time.


Question: What should you know about costochondritis?

Answer: Costochondritis is a relatively harmless condition and usually goes away without treatment. The cause is usually unknown, but may happen from increased activity involving the arms. Tietze syndrome is accompanied by a localized swelling at the painful area (the junction of the ribs and breastbone). The diagnosis can only be reached after excluding more serious causes of chest pain that are related to the heart and lungs.


Question: When is surgery needed for costochondritis?

Answer: There is no specific test for diagnosing costochondritis. Your doctor will refer you to a surgeon for consultation should this option be considered necessary.


Question: How can endometriosis keep me from getting pregnant?

Answer: But when they interfere with your reproductive organs, your ability to get pregnant can become an issue: When endometrial tissue wraps around your ovaries, it can block your eggs from releasing. The tissue can block sperm from making its way up your fallopian tubes. It can also stop a fertilized egg from sliding down your tubes to your uterus. A surgeon can fix those problems, but endometriosis can make it hard for you to conceive in other ways: It can change your body's hormonal chemistry. It can cause your body's immune system to attack the embryo. It can affect the layer of tissue lining your uterus where the egg implants itself.


Question: How is endometriosis treated?

Answer: First, your doctor can surgically remove the endometrial tissue. Your doctor may consider pairing IUI with something called âcontrolled ovarian hyperstimulationâ -- using medicine to help your ovaries produce more eggs. In vitro fertilization ( IVF) is also another option. It can increase your chances of conceiving, although the statistics on IVF pregnancies vary.


Question: Can I get pregnant if I have endometriosis?

Answer: Can you get pregnant? Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases, and it's the leading cause of infertility. It affects about 5 million women in the United States, many in their 30s and 40s. Nearly 2 of every 5 women who can't get pregnant have it. It's a painful condition in which tissue that should be growing inside the uterus grows on the outside. The good news is that there are treatment options, but each has different rates of success.


Question: What are symptoms of the third stage of HIV, or AIDS?

Answer: AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection. This is usually when your CD4 T-cell number drops below 200. You can also be diagnosed with AIDS if you have an " AIDS defining illness" such as Kaposi's sarcoma (a form of skin cancer) or pneumocystis pneumonia (a lung disease). If you didn't know you were infected with HIV earlier, you may realize it after you have some of these symptoms: Being tired all of the time Swollen lymph nodes in your neck or groin Fever that lasts for more than 10 days Night sweats Unexplained weight loss Purplish spots on your skin that don't go away Shortness of breath Severe, long-lasting diarrhea Yeast infections in your mouth, throat, or vagina Bruises or bleeding you can't explain People with AIDS who don't take medication only survive about 3 years, even less if they get a dangerous infection.


Question: What are the symptoms of the first stage of HIV?

Answer: The symptoms are similar to those of other viral illnesses, and they're often compared to the flu. They typically last a week or two and then completely go away. They include: Headache Fatigue Aching muscles Sore throat Swollen lymph nodes A red rash that doesn't itch, usually on your torso Fever If you have symptoms like these and might have been exposed to someone with HIV in the past 2-6 weeks, you should go to a doctor and ask that you get an HIV test, even if you have had a negative test in the past.


Question: How long can you survive with AIDS if you don't take medication?

Answer: If you didn't know you were infected with HIV earlier, you may realize it after you have some of these symptoms: Being tired all of the time Swollen lymph nodes in your neck or groin Fever that lasts for more than 10 days Night sweats Unexplained weight loss Purplish spots on your skin that don't go away Shortness of breath Severe, long-lasting diarrhea Yeast infections in your mouth, throat, or vagina Bruises or bleeding you can't explain People with AIDS who don't take medication only survive about 3 years, even less if they get a dangerous infection. But HIV can still be treated at this stage. If you start on HIV drugs, stay on them, follow your doctor's advice regarding other conditions you may have, and have But with the right treatment and a healthy lifestyle, you can live a long time.


Question: How can your genes put you at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: Some people have fewer copies of a gene that helps to fight HIV. We might someday have a test that can tell you if you're more likely to get HIV and develop AIDS, but there isn't one yet.


Question: How can shared needles put you at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: The other big risk is reusing needles, syringes, or other equipment an HIV-positive person used to inject drugs, whether they were prescribed by a doctor or illegal. You shouldn't even reuse your own. You could also get HIV from a needle used for piercing or tattooing if it wasn't sterilized after piercing or tattooing someone with HIV. An accidental stick from a contaminated needle or medical device could cause HIV, but that's very rare.


Question: How can donated blood put you at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: It's possible if you had a blood transfusion or were given blood products before 1985. Since then, all blood in the United States and Western Europe gets tested for HIV.


Question: What do you need to know about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: So you're at risk when body fluids from someone who's infected could get into and mix with yours. Since then, all blood in the United States and Western Europe gets tested for HIV.


Question: What are dental implants?

Answer: Dental implants are replacement tooth roots. Implants provide a strong foundation for fixed (permanent) or removable replacement teeth that are made to match your natural teeth.


Question: What is the importance of dental implants?

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Question: How do I care for dental implants?

Answer: Dental implants require the same care as real teeth, including brushing, flossing, rinsing with an antibacterial mouthwash, and regular dental check-ups.


Question: How successful are dental implants?

Answer: But, today, dental implants are available. With proper care (see below), implants can last a lifetime.


Question: How do urinary incontinence products help men?

Answer: While women grow up using pads (albeit of a different sort), men can find the idea pretty weird and distressing. But these incontinence products can be enormously helpful. They can prevent leaking onto your clothes, control odor, and prevent skin irritation.


Question: How does a penile clamp help male incontinence?

Answer: A small amount of pressure exerted on the penis can temporarily close off the urethra, stopping any potential leakage. The part that fits around the penis is soft foam and shouldn't be uncomfortable. These devices aren't right for everyone, so talk to your doctor. Using them too often could cause circulation problems, skin irritation, and strictures. Generally, they're only meant to be used for a couple of hours at a time.


Question: How does a drainage bag help with male incontinence?

Answer: These are just the plastic bags that you would attach to a catheter. Larger ones are called "bedside bags" and are hung near the bed. Smaller ones can be worn on the body, attached to the abdomen or leg with straps.


Question: How does an underpad help male incontinence?

Answer: These incontinence products are basic waterproof pads or covers that can be placed on furniture or mattresses to protect against leaks. They add an extra level of protection.


Question: How do toilet substitutes help male incontinence?

Answer: But if you're having a problem with male incontinence, these products can really help. These are plastic containers that a man can urinate into. They may be particularly helpful if you have urge incontinence, which makes it tough to get to the bathroom fast enough. You can keep one by the bed and another in the car in case you get stuck somewhere without a bathroom.


Question: How does an external catheter help male incontinence?

Answer: External catheters. The urine is sent through a tube into a drainage bag. Some men only use these devices at night. To prevent leaks, it's very important to get the right fit and to follow the instructions from the manufacturer.


Question: What are some symptoms of an insulin overdose?

Answer: If you have low blood sugar because of an insulin overdose, you may have: Anxiety Confusion Extreme hunger Fatigue Irritability Sweating or clammy skin Trembling hands If your blood sugar levels continue to fall, you could have seizures or pass out.


Question: What are the signs of an insulin overdose?

Answer: Cold sweats, trembling hands, intense anxiety, a general sense of confusion -- these are signs of low blood sugar.


Question: What should someone do if they have an insulin overdose?

Answer: Don't panic. Most insulin overdoses can be treated at home. Follow these steps if you're able: Check your blood sugar. You'll need to know where you're starting from. Drink one-half cup of regular soda or sweetened fruit juice, and eat a hard candy or have glucose paste, tablets, or gel. If you skipped a meal, eat something now. Something with 15 to 20 grams of carbohydrates should raise your blood sugar. Rest. Get off your feet and take a break. Recheck your blood sugar after 15 or 20 minutes. If it's still low, take another 15 to 20 grams of a quick-acting sugar, and eat something if you can. Pay attention to how you feel for the next few hours. If you still have symptoms, check your sugar again an hour after eating. Keep snacking if your sugar is low. Get medical help if your sugar level stays low after 2 hours or if your symptoms don't get better.


Question: What should someone do if they see a family member or friend suffer from an insulin overdose?

Answer: You'll need to know where you're starting from. They may need to inject you with something called glucagon. It's an insulin antidote. If you're prone to low blood sugar, ask your doctor if you should have glucagon on hand at home. If you're alert enough to follow instructions, they should give you sweet juice to drink. If your symptoms don't steadily improve during the next hour, they should call 911.


Question: Which is more harmful between a high sugar level or a low sugar level?

Answer: One high level won't hurt you, but a very low level can. It'll make it much easier for you to stay on track.


Question: What are some signs of low blood sugar?

Answer: Your doctor may call it hypoglycemia. It often happens when you take too much insulin. Hypoglycemia happens to many people with diabetes. It can be serious. Thankfully, most insulin problems can be avoided if you follow a few simple rules. If you have low blood sugar because of an insulin overdose, you may have: Anxiety Confusion Extreme hunger Fatigue Irritability Sweating or clammy skin Trembling hands If your blood sugar levels continue to fall, you could have seizures or pass out.


Question: How can you protect yourself from squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer: Wear clothing to cover exposed areas. Avoid tanning beds. If you've been diagnosed with skin cancer, you're more likely to get it again -- so visit your doctor for regular skin checks.


Question: What are the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

Answer: It's usually rough and crusty, and can bleed easily when scraped. Large growths may itch or hurt. It may also pop through scars or chronic skin sores, so check for any changes and report them to your doctor.


Question: What factors make it more likely for someone to develop squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

Answer: Certain things make you more likely to develop SCC: Older age Male Fair-skinned Blue, green, or gray eyes Blonde or red hair Spend time outside; exposed to the sun's UV Rays Tanning beds and bulbs Long-term exposure to chemicals such as arsenic in the water Bowen's disease, HPV, HIV, or AIDS Exposed to radiation Inherited DNA condition .image-container-right { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 1rem; } @media screen and (min-width: 25rem) { .image-container-right { float: right; margin-left: 2rem; width: 17.5rem; } } Full size image.


Question: What are the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer: SCC usually begins as a dome-shaped bump or a red, scaly patch of skin. It's usually rough and crusty, and can bleed easily when scraped. Large growths may itch or hurt. It may also pop through scars or chronic skin sores, so check for any changes and report them to your doctor.


Question: How can I protect myself from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

Answer: Use a broad spectrum sunscreen daily, even when it's cloudy and raining, to exposed skin, and reapply frequently when outside. Wear clothing to cover exposed areas. Avoid tanning beds. If you've been diagnosed with skin cancer, you're more likely to get it again -- so visit your doctor for regular skin checks.


Question: What makes you more likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer: Certain things make you more likely to develop SCC: Older age Male Fair-skinned Blue, green, or gray eyes Blonde or red hair Spend time outside; exposed to the sun's UV Rays Tanning beds and bulbs Long-term exposure to chemicals such as arsenic in the water Bowen's disease, HPV, HIV, or AIDS Exposed to radiation Inherited DNA condition .image-container-right { width: 100%; margin-bottom: 1rem; } @media screen and (min-width: 25rem) { .image-container-right { float: right; margin-left: 2rem; width: 17.5rem; } } Full size image.


Question: How is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated?

Answer: Depending on the size and location of the SCC, your doctor may choose to use any of the following techniques to remove it: Excision: cutting out the cancer spot and some healthy skin around it, then stitching up the wound Surgery using a small hand tool and an electronic needle to kill cancer cells Mohs surgery: excision and then inspecting the excised skin using a microscope; this requires stitching up the wound Lymph node surgery: remove a piece of the lymph node; uses general anesthesia Dermabrasion: "sanding" your affected area of skin with a tool to make way for a new layer Cryosurgery: freezing of the spot using liquid nitrogen Topical chemotherapy: a gel or cream applied to the skin, sometimes with microneedling Targeted drug treatment Photodynamic therapy (a photosensitizing solution applied to your skin then activated with a light or daylight, or sometimes with intense pulsed light) Ablative and nonablative lasers, or chemical peels Superficial radiation therapy Avoid the sun during peak hours.


Question: What is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

Answer: It's usually found on areas of the body damaged by UV rays from the sun or tanning beds. Sun-exposed skin includes the head, neck, chest, upper back, ears, lips, arms, legs, and hands. SCC is a fairly slow-growing skin cancer.


Question: How is squamous cell carcinoma  treated?

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma can usually be treated with minor surgery that can be done in a doctor's office or hospital clinic. Depending on the size and location of the SCC, your doctor may choose to use any of the following techniques to remove it: Excision: cutting out the cancer spot and some healthy skin around it, then stitching up the wound Surgery using a small hand tool and an electronic needle to kill cancer cells Mohs surgery: excision and then inspecting the excised skin using a microscope; this requires stitching up the wound Lymph node surgery: remove a piece of the lymph node; uses general anesthesia Dermabrasion: "sanding" your affected area of skin with a tool to make way for a new layer Cryosurgery: freezing of the spot using liquid nitrogen Topical chemotherapy: a gel or cream applied to the skin, sometimes with microneedling Targeted drug treatment Photodynamic therapy (a photosensitizing solution applied to your skin then activated with a light or daylight, or sometimes with intense pulsed light) Ablative and nonablative lasers, or chemical peels Superficial radiation therapy Avoid the sun during peak hours.


Question: How can squamous cell carcinoma spread?

Answer: SCC is a fairly slow-growing skin cancer. Unlike other types of skin cancer, it can spread to the tissues, bones, and nearby lymph nodes, where it may become hard to treat. When caught early, it's easy to treat.


Question: What does squamous cell carcinoma affect?

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer. It's usually found on areas of the body damaged by UV rays from the sun or tanning beds. Sun-exposed skin includes the head, neck, chest, upper back, ears, lips, arms, legs, and hands.


Question: How fast does squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) grow?

Answer: Squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC) is the second most common form of skin cancer. Unlike other types of skin cancer, it can spread to the tissues, bones, and nearby lymph nodes, where it may become hard to treat. When caught early, it's easy to treat.


Question: How is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) diagnosed?

Answer: He will ask about your medical history, your history of severe sunburns or indoor tanning, any pain or symptoms you're having, and when the spot first appeared. You'll have a physical exam to check the size, shape, color, and texture of the spot. The dermatologist will also look for other spots on your body and feel your lymph nodes to make sure they aren't bigger or harder than normal. If your doctor thinks a bump looks questionable, he'll remove a sample of the spot (a skin biopsy) to send to a lab for testing. If you've been diagnosed with skin cancer, you're more likely to get it again -- so visit your doctor for regular skin checks.


Question: How is squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed?

Answer: He will ask about your medical history, your history of severe sunburns or indoor tanning, any pain or symptoms you're having, and when the spot first appeared. You'll have a physical exam to check the size, shape, color, and texture of the spot. The dermatologist will also look for other spots on your body and feel your lymph nodes to make sure they aren't bigger or harder than normal. If your doctor thinks a bump looks questionable, he'll remove a sample of the spot (a skin biopsy) to send to a lab for testing. If you've been diagnosed with skin cancer, you're more likely to get it again -- so visit your doctor for regular skin checks.


Question: What makes you more likely to get Goodpasture syndrome?

Answer: Goodpasture syndrome can run in families. So some researchers believe it may have a genetic component. Other factors that may increase the risk of Goodpasture syndrome include: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as hydrocarbon solvents and the weed killer paraquat Exposure to metallic dust Use of certain drugs, such as cocaine Tobacco smoking Viral infections Goodpasture syndrome usually affects young men.


Question: How is serum iron used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

Answer: This test shows how much iron is in your blood.


Question: When might you need a transfusion of red blood cells?

Answer: You can also get more iron in your diet by eating more of these foods: Beef, pork, liver, chicken, turkey, duck, and shellfish Leafy greens such as broccoli, kale, turnip greens, and collard greens Peas, lima beans, black-eyed peas, and pinto beans Iron-enriched cereals and other grains Dried fruits, such as prunes and raisins If supplements don't help with your symptoms or your anemia is severe, you might need a transfusion of red blood cells.


Question: How is hematocrit used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

Answer: This test shows how much of your blood is made up of red cells.


Question: How can iron supplements help with iron deficiency?

Answer: You can treat iron deficiency anemia by taking iron supplements. Most people take 150 to 200 milligrams (mg) each day, but your doctor will recommend a dose based on your iron levels. Take vitamin C, too. It helps your body absorb the iron. You might need to take iron supplements for a few months or more to get your levels back up to normal. If your intestines don't absorb iron well, you can take iron straight into your bloodstream through an intravenous tube ( IV).


Question: How is transferrin and total iron-binding capacity used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

Answer: These tests show how much of a protein called transferrin is free to carry iron through your body.


Question: What are side effects of iron supplements?

Answer: But be warned: Iron supplements can cause constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, and dark poop.


Question: How can you get more iron in your diet?

Answer: You can also get more iron in your diet by eating more of these foods: Beef, pork, liver, chicken, turkey, duck, and shellfish Leafy greens such as broccoli, kale, turnip greens, and collard greens Peas, lima beans, black-eyed peas, and pinto beans Iron-enriched cereals and other grains Dried fruits, such as prunes and raisins If supplements don't help with your symptoms or your anemia is severe, you might need a transfusion of red blood cells.


Question: How can pregnancy cause iron deficiency anemia?

Answer: You get iron deficiency anemia when your body is low in iron. It can happen if you don't eat enough foods containing iron, your body can't properly absorb iron, you lose iron through your blood, or you're pregnant.


Question: What are the symptoms of ameloblastoma?

Answer: The tumors usually grow slowly over many months or even years. For a while, the only symptom may be swelling in the back of your jaw. You also might have tooth or jaw pain. Some people don't have any symptoms. It's found when they have an imaging scan done for some other reason. Occasionally, ameloblastomas grow quickly and painfully. This can uproot and move your teeth. They also can spread to your nose, eye socket, or skull. In rare cases, they can grow so large that they block your airway, make it difficult to open and close your mouth, or affect how your body takes in nutrients from food.


Question: How is surgery for ameloblastoma done?

Answer: To make sure the tumor cells don't grow back, your doctor will take out the tumor and some of the healthy tissue around it. Part of your jaw may need to be removed, as well as some of the arteries and nerves that affect your face. Your doctor will recommend surgery to re-create your jaw using bone from somewhere else in your body or artificial bone. You also may need rehabilitation to learn how to smile and chew again.


Question: Who is most at risk for ameloblastomas?

Answer: Anyone can get one of these growths, but they're most often seen in adults ages 30 to 60. In the United States, between 300 and 600 cases are diagnosed every year.


Question: What causes ameloblastomas?

Answer: They do know they're more common in men than in women, and certain genes seem to play a role. An injury to your jaw or an infection in your mouth also might raise your risk. And scientists think some viruses or a lack of protein or minerals in your diet may be linked to them as well.


Question: How are ameloblastomas treated?

Answer: Drugs and radiation don't seem to have much effect on most non-cancerous ameloblastomas, so they're usually treated with surgery.


Question: How are ameloblastomas diagnosed?

Answer: Dentists often spot these tumors on X-rays -- they can look like soap bubbles on film. They also can be diagnosed with the following: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Powerful magnets and radio waves are used to make images of your mouth. CT (computerized tomography) scan: Several X-rays are taken from different angles and put together to show more detailed information. Your doctor may want to take a small sample of tissue to look at under a microscope. To take the sample, he'll use a needle or make a small cut. This is called a biopsy, and it can confirm it's an ameloblastoma and help determine how fast it's growing.


Question: What causes ameloblastoma?

Answer: They do know they're more common in men than in women, and certain genes seem to play a role. An injury to your jaw or an infection in your mouth also might raise your risk. And scientists think some viruses or a lack of protein or minerals in your diet may be linked to them as well.


Question: Who can get ameloblastoma?

Answer: Anyone can get one of these growths, but they're most often seen in adults ages 30 to 60. In the United States, between 300 and 600 cases are diagnosed every year.


Question: How is ameloblastoma diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor may want to take a small sample of tissue to look at under a microscope. To take the sample, he'll use a needle or make a small cut. This is called a biopsy, and it can confirm it's an ameloblastoma and help determine how fast it's growing.


Question: What are the symptoms of ameloblastomas?

Answer: The tumors usually grow slowly over many months or even years. For a while, the only symptom may be swelling in the back of your jaw. You also might have tooth or jaw pain. An injury to your jaw or an infection in your mouth also might raise your risk. This is called a biopsy, and it can confirm it's an ameloblastoma and help determine how fast it's growing.


Question: What happens after my surgery for ameloblastomas?

Answer: To make sure the tumor cells don't grow back, your doctor will take out the tumor and some of the healthy tissue around it. After surgery, you'll have a CT scan to make sure the tumor is gone.


Question: What happens if ameloblastoma is left untreated?

Answer: To make sure the tumor cells don't grow back, your doctor will take out the tumor and some of the healthy tissue around it. If a tumor does come back, it's more likely to become cancer.


Question: What is the difference between primary and secondary hyperhidrosis?

Answer: Primary hyperhidrosis is the most common cause of excessive sweating. It's not due to any medical condition -- it is the condition. Primary hyperhidrosis tends to start in childhood and run in families, and it usually causes heavy sweating on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and armpits. Secondary hyperhidrosis is caused by a medical condition (such as cancer or an infection) or medication (which can include antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs). Sweating can occur over wider areas of your body.


Question: How do you treat a sweating problem?

Answer: That treatment may involve antiperspirants, iontophoresis (a technique that uses a low current passed through water to treat heavy sweating of the hands and feet), or Botox injections to block the nerve signals that trigger your sweat glands. If sweating is due to another condition, then treating the primary condition may help with symptoms.


Question: What are the risks of taking D-mannose?

Answer: You should be cautious about using D-mannose if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, because there has not been enough study on its safety in these circumstances. Side effects of D-mannose may include: Bloating Loose stools D-mannose supplements should be used with caution if you have diabetes. It may make it harder to control your blood sugar. High doses of D-mannose may cause kidney damage.


Question: What are the side effects of taking D-mannose?

Answer: Side effects of D-mannose may include: Bloating Loose stools D-mannose supplements should be used with caution if you have diabetes.


Question: What are other names of D-mannose?

Answer: Other names for D-mannose are: Carubinose D-manosa Mannose Seminose D-mannose is used to treat a rare disease called carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1b.


Question: What is the importance of D-mannose in your body?

Answer: Some studies suggest D-mannose may play a useful role as a "prebiotic." Prebiotics are substances that may help your body by stimulating the growth of "good" bacteria in your digestive system. In some lab studies and studies in mice, D-mannose components were shown to increase the growth of "good" bacteria. This suggests D-mannose may have some use for people with dysbiosis, an imbalance in good and bad bacteria.


Question: How can you get D-mannose naturally from foods?

Answer: D-mannose is a simple sugar found in many fruits. Such fruits include: Apples Oranges Peaches Some berries such as blueberries and cranberries D-mannose appears to be generally well tolerated in people.


Question: Why do people take D-mannose?

Answer: Other names for D-mannose are: Carubinose D-manosa Mannose Seminose D-mannose is used to treat a rare disease called carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1b. Preliminary clinical trails in Europe show that D-mannose may also treat or prevent urinary tract infections ( UTIs).


Question: What is D-mannose?

Answer: D-mannose is found naturally in high amounts in many fruits. It may make it harder to control your blood sugar.


Question: Can stress cause shaky hands?

Answer: Stress: From financial and job worries to relationship problems and health concerns, stress worsens tremors. Intense anger, extreme hunger, or sleep deprivation can all make your hands shake. This is known as physiologic tremor.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis cause tremors?

Answer: This disease, which targets your immune system, brain, nerves, and spinal cord, can also make your hands shake. You're most likely to have a tremor in your hand or foot. MS can cause a variety of tremors. The most common, like Essential Tremor, happens when you're already moving.


Question: How can taking medication or drugs cause tremors?

Answer: Sometimes a tremor is your body's response to something: Drugs : The most common culprits are medications that block a brain chemical called dopamine. It moves information from one part of your brain to another. These drugs are used to keep your mood even. The tremors will go away when you stop taking the drugs.


Question: What are the causes of essential tremor?

Answer: Toxins in the environment cause some cases. But more research is needed to better understand the connections. Age is another risk factor. Although Essential Tremor can happen at any age, it's more likely in people over 40. Your odds go up as you get older.


Question: Does the existence of tremors mean I have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Tremor is an early sign of Parkinson's disease, which affects 10 million people worldwide. Not everyone who has this disease gets shaky, but most people in the early stages will have slight movement in a hand, foot, or even a single finger Most of the time, the tremor affects only one side of your body.


Question: What is the reason why my hands are shaking?

Answer: Essential Tremor is the most common tremor disorder. It usually starts in your hands, but it can move to your arms, head, voice, or other body parts. ET is different because it affects your hands when they're already moving. Most other forms of tremor take place when you're still. It could result from a gene (your doctor may call this a mutation). That means if one of your parents has a tremor, you're more likely to get one, too.


Question: Are tremors an early sign for any diseases?

Answer: Tremor is an early sign of Parkinson's disease, which affects 10 million people worldwide. Not everyone who has this disease gets shaky, but most people in the early stages will have slight movement in a hand, foot, or even a single finger Most of the time, the tremor affects only one side of your body.


Question: How can low blood sugar cause tremors?

Answer: It triggers your body's natural stress response and makes you shaky.


Question: Can a B12 deficiency cause shaky hands?

Answer: B12 deficiency: Without it, your nervous system won't work like it should. You can find it in meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and milk products. If you're getting so little that your hands shake, your doctor will give you a shot.


Question: Can you get a tremor from alcohol withdrawal?

Answer: Tremor is one of the first signs. If you weren't too hooked, the shakes may last just a few days. If you drank a lot, or for a long time, they can go on for a year or even longer.


Question: Can certain drugs or medications cause shaky hands?

Answer: Sometimes a tremor is your body's response to something: Drugs : The most common culprits are medications that block a brain chemical called dopamine. It moves information from one part of your brain to another. These drugs are used to keep your mood even. The tremors will go away when you stop taking the drugs. If you're getting so little that your hands shake, your doctor will give you a shot.


Question: How severe is essential tremor nerve disorder (ET) and can anything be done about it?

Answer: Although Essential Tremor can happen at any age, it's more likely in people over 40. At some point, eating, drinking, writing, and all the other daily tasks you do with your hands can become a bigger challenge. This condition can be hard to treat. Surgery is an option, as is a treatment called deep brain stimulation, in which doctors implant a device in your brain to help control the tremors. If shaky hands are a problem for you, ask your doctor if this might help. Stress: From financial and job worries to relationship problems and health concerns, stress worsens tremors.


Question: What is the most common reason for shaky hands?

Answer: Essential Tremor is the most common tremor disorder. It usually starts in your hands, but it can move to your arms, head, voice, or other body parts. ET is different because it affects your hands when they're already moving. As you live with the disease, the tremor may spread from one side of your body to the other.


Question: What causes essential tremor nerve disorder (ET)?

Answer: It could result from a gene (your doctor may call this a mutation). That means if one of your parents has a tremor, you're more likely to get one, too. Toxins in the environment cause some cases. Although Essential Tremor can happen at any age, it's more likely in people over 40.


Question: How does physical therapy help treat arthritis?

Answer: Preserving good range of motion is key to maintain the ability to perform daily activities. Therefore, increasing the range of motion of a joint is the primary focus of physical therapy. Building strength in the involved muscles surrounding the joint also is extremely important, since stronger muscles can better stabilize a weakened joint.


Question: How can an occupational therapist help someone with arthritis?

Answer: An occupational therapist can show you ways to do everyday tasks without worsening pain or causing joint damage. Some joint protection techniques include: Using proper body mechanics for getting in and out of a car, chair or tub, as well as for lifting objects. Using your strongest joints and muscles to reduce the stress on smaller joints.


Question: How can a physical therapist help with treating arthritis?

Answer: Physical therapists provide exercises designed to preserve the strength and use of your joints. They can show you the best way to move from one position to another and can also teach you how to use walking aids such as crutches, a walker or a cane, if necessary.


Question: Do ice packs and heating pads help if you have arthritis?

Answer: Applying ice packs or heating pads, as well as deep heat provided by ultrasound and hot packs, can help relieve local pain. Heat also relaxes muscle spasm around inflamed joints. Heating joints and muscles with a warm bath or shower before exercising may help you exercise more easily.


Question: How can occupational therapy help if you have arthritis?

Answer: Occupational therapy can teach you how to reduce strain on your joints during daily activities. Occupational therapists can show you how to modify your home and workplace environments to reduce motions that may aggravate arthritis. They also may provide splints for your hands or wrists, and recommend assistive devices to aid in tasks such as driving, bathing, dressing, housekeeping, and certain work activities.


Question: What's the goal of physical therapy for arthritis?

Answer: The goal of physical therapy is to get a person back to the point where he or she can perform normal, everyday activities without difficulty.


Question: What types of devices can help if you have arthritis?

Answer: Some joint protection techniques include: Using proper body mechanics for getting in and out of a car, chair or tub, as well as for lifting objects. Your therapist can show you catalogs that have a wide variety of assistive devices.


Question: Can I exercise if I have neck pain?

Answer: As long as your doctor says it's OK, you should start as soon as possible to ease stiffness and pain. Resting for too long, usually anything more than a couple of days, will make it harder to get moving again. Don't exercise if you have severe neck pain or weakness in your hands or arms. If you get it while you exercise, stop right away and call your doctor.


Question: What is a side-to-side neck tilt?

Answer: Side-to- Side Neck Tilt. From the same starting position, tilt you neck toward one shoulder, leading with your ear. Hold for 5 seconds and then return to the starting position. Do this five times on each side.


Question: How do you do shoulder circles?

Answer: Shoulder Circles: Standing, raise your shoulders straight up and move them in a circle one way. Lower your shoulder and repeat in the other direction.


Question: How can I do rotations for my neck pain?

Answer: Rotations: Stand or sit with your back and your head squarely over your shoulders. Then, turn your head as far you can comfortably to one side. Hold it for up to 30 seconds. Then turn your head to the other side, and hold it for up to 30 seconds.


Question: How long does neck pain usually last?

Answer: Your pain should ease within 2 weeks. Full recovery should take 4-6 weeks. As your neck starts feeling better, you can do more of what you're used to.


Question: How can I do head lifts for my neck pain?

Answer: Head Lifts. Lying on the floor with your knees bent and your feet flat on the floor, lift and lower your head. Make sure you don't raise your shoulders as you do this. You can also do these lying on your side and on your stomach.


Question: How can I do resistance exercises for my neck pain?

Answer: Resistance Exercises: Standing or sitting, put your left hand on the side of your head above your ear. Gently press your head against your hand while holding your head straight. Do the same thing with your right hand. Core exercises can help with your neck pain.


Question: How are corns treated?

Answer: Corns Don't try to cut the corn or remove it with a sharp object. After you take a bath or shower, while your skin is still soft, use a pumice stone or an emery board to smooth and gently remove the build-up of tissue. Move the emery board or pumice stone in one direction only. You can also use cushioned or medicated pads.


Question: How are calluses treated?

Answer: Calluses Don't try to cut the callus or remove it with a sharp object. After your bath or shower, use a pumice stone to gently remove the build-up of tissue. You can use cushioned pads, donut pads and insoles to keep the pressure off the callus area. Your health care provider may prescribe medications to soften the calluses.


Question: What are blisters and how do they form?

Answer: Blisters: A blister is a bubble on the skin surface that often contains a clear liquid, although it may also contain blood or pus. Blisters can form when the skin is repeatedly rubbed; for instance, when your shoes rub the same spot on your foot, when you wear shoes that don't fit properly, or when you wear shoes without socks.


Question: How can blisters, corns, and calluses be prevented?

Answer: Blisters can form when the skin is repeatedly rubbed; for instance, when your shoes rub the same spot on your foot, when you wear shoes that don't fit properly, or when you wear shoes without socks.


Question: What is a callus and what causes it?

Answer: Callus: A callus is a build-up of hard skin, usually on the underside of the foot. Calluses are caused by an uneven distribution of weight, generally on the bottom of the forefoot or heel. Calluses also can be caused by improperly fitting shoes or by a skin abnormality. It's normal to have some calluses on the soles of your feet.


Question: Are over-the-counter painkillers safe to use?

Answer: Some signs that your flu is getting worse include: A high fever Shaking chills Shortness of breath If you take them properly and follow the label instructions, OTC painkillers are safe for most people. But if you need pain relief for more than 10 days, talk to your doctor. Although they're usually safe, side effects can occur and may be quite serious for some people. For instance, if you use blood-thinning medicine or have active stomach or bowel ulcers, don't take aspirin or other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen.


Question: Can I combine over-the-counter pain relievers with other cold medicines?

Answer: Since combination cold medicines often have a pain reliever in them, usually acetaminophen or ibuprofen, be careful that you don't take another painkiller on top of that. Read the ingredients label to see which pain reliever is in your cold medicine. If it's one that's not safe to take with your medical condition, look for another. To be safe, talk with your doctor about any OTC drugs you're thinking of using.


Question: Is acetaminophen safer than ibuprofen?

Answer: You shouldn't take it if you already have liver disease or if you regularly drink moderate to heavy amounts of alcohol.


Question: When is aspirin not safe for use in children?

Answer: And the FDA and drugmakers say that over-the-counter cough and cold medicines should not be given to children under age 4. Some doctors say that people with asthma should avoid aspirin because they get short of breath. If it's one that's not safe to take with your medical condition, look for another.


Question: What does over-the-counter (OTC) medicine mean?

Answer: Both acetaminophen and NSAIDs can lower your fever and ease muscle aches. Some people find that one medicine works better for them than another. Many OTC cold medicines have either acetaminophen or ibuprofen in them. Many symptoms of these two illnesses are similar. NSAIDs, including ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen, may also cause stomach upset.


Question: Do I need to go to a doctor if I am achy while sick?

Answer: When you feel like you're coming down with a cold, you don't need a crystal ball to figure out what's next. Maybe a headache, sore throat, or a runny nose. Achy muscles can be a problem, too. Want some relief?


Question: How do over-the-counter (OTC) pain medicines work?

Answer: Some good choices for pain relief are acetaminophen or NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen. Acetaminophen affects the areas of your brain that receive "pain messages."


Question: How can you drain a K-pouch (continent ileostomy)?

Answer: Constant drainage is best during the first 3 to 4 weeks for a new pouch. If the catheter or tube accidentally falls out before that time, you can put it back in with these simple steps: Relax your abdominal muscles. It may be helpful to bend your knee as you do that. Relubricate the catheter with water-soluble lubricant. Don't use Vaseline or other products containing petroleum jelly. Reinsert the catheter up to the preset mark. If you find this hard to do, relax, change positions and try again. During this initial period, you will need to irrigate the catheter several times a day with 1 ounce of tap water and let it drain off.


Question: How do you irrigate the catheter in a K-pouch (continent ileostomy)?

Answer: Separate the catheter from the drainage bag and drain the contents of the catheter into the basin. Collect 1 ounce of tap water into the bulb syringe. Tip: Mark this spot on the bulb syringe with permanent marker or nail polish for accurate, easy measurement. To insert the ounce of tap water into the catheter, slowly squeeze the bulb syringe to release the water. While you hold the syringe bulb down with your thumb, pinch the catheter and separate the bulb syringe from the catheter. Unpinch the catheter and drain its contents into the basin. Don't withdraw the fluid from the catheter into the syringe. If the fluid you just put in seems to take a long time to come back out, or if mucus blocks the catheter, irrigate again as needed until stool flows freely through the catheter. If water doesn't go in or come back out, the tube may be blocked. You may have to remove the catheter from the stoma and rinse it with cool tap water to clean any mucus built up inside the catheter. Then reinsert the catheter. Don't put in more than 2 ounces of water without the pouch contents emptying. When the stool flow has stopped, reconnect the catheter. Cleanse the skin around it and the stoma. Use a non-oily soap and warm water to do that. Rinse, and pat dry with a soft towel or paper towel. Put two layers of "split" dry gauze dressing around the catheter and over the stoma. Secure with tape as needed. Throw out the trash. Wash the basin and the bulb syringe with soap and warm water. Let the supplies air dry, or dry with a clean towel. Wash, rinse, and dry your hands.


Question: What is a K-pouch (continent ileostomy)?

Answer: Unlike other ileostomies, the K-pouch has a valve that the surgeon makes. She sews the intestine in a special way so that waste material doesn't leak out. Instead, you insert a tube called a catheter when it's time to empty the pouch. As the pouch fills with what's in your intestines (such as liquids and partly digested food), pressure builds up on the pouch and its many stitches. Without relief, the pouch could tear or develop a hole, or the valve could slip or leak.


Question: How should you drain a K-pouch (continent ileostomy) after the first few weeks?

Answer: After the first 3 to 4 weeks, you can stop the continuous draining and start draining several times per day, or as instructed by your health care provider. Though you usually make this change after seeing your doctor for the first time after the operation, sometimes your doctor will tell you to start doing the following earlier: Drain the pouch every 2 hours during the day while you are awake. Drain at bedtime and first thing in the morning. Don't drink or eat within 2 hours of bedtime. During the night, you will usually set the catheter to constant drainage. You may also set your alarm clock to wake you to empty the pouch.


Question: What are other helpful tips about K-pouch (continent ileostomy) care?

Answer: Check the catheter often to be sure drainage flows freely through the tube. Irrigate it twice a day, or as instructed by your ET nurse or doctor. You should also inspect your stoma daily. It should look shiny, moist, and red. If you see any changes, tell your doctor. If your stool becomes too thick and movement through the catheter slows down or has problems, you may need to drink more water, juice, or other beverages that don't have caffeine. Go for 10-12 glasses -- 8 ounces each -- per day. Never take laxative preparations. They can cause diarrhea and lead to dehydration.


Question: How should you drain a K-pouch (continent ileostomy) after three months?

Answer: Three months after surgery, there are usually no specific restrictions. You'll probably need to empty the pouch four to six times per day and use irrigation two of these times. But anytime you feel full or bloated, drain the pouch. And do it before you work out or go to bed.


Question: How often do I drain a K-pouch (continent ileostomy)?

Answer: Right after the operation, you will have what doctors call an indwelling catheter, meaning the surgeon will leave a tube in the pouch to drain continuously. This will last for about 3 to 4 weeks to allow the pouch to mature. After that, you will drain the pouch several times per day. The number of times you need to drain the pouch each day becomes less over time. Talk with your doctor, surgeon, or enterostomal therapist ( ET), a nurse who specializes in the care of stomas. Most likely, you will have met them before the operation. They can remind you of how to take care of your stoma, ostomy, or pouch.


Question: What should you do if you think drainage has stopped in your K-pouch (continent ileostomy)?

Answer: If, at any time, you think pouch drainage has stopped, do these four things: Irrigate the catheter. Pinch the catheter between your finger and thumb and check to see if a fluid or air column is moving up and down. Wiggle the catheter in and out about an inch. If you still think pouch drainage has stopped, remove the catheter in case food particles or debris has blocked it. Flush the catheter with cool tap water, then reinsert it. Irrigate the catheter. While you hold the syringe bulb down with your thumb, pinch the catheter and separate the bulb syringe from the catheter.


Question: How can you prepare to clean the catheter and your skin in a K-pouch (continent ileostomy)?

Answer: First, gather these supplies: Washcloths or paper towels Soap that isn't oily Plastic bag or newspaper Dressing Irrigation supplies: tap water, bulb syringe, and basin Wash your hands with soap and warm water, and dry them with a clean towel. Cleanse the skin around it and the stoma.


Question: Are there ways to get pregnant that bypass the fallopian tubes?

Answer: Once you begin to successfully ovulate, your doctor may suggest trying artificial insemination, in which sperm is inserted directly into your uterus. Keep in mind that some standard treatments for endometriosis can either prevent pregnancy or, in the case of the hormone Danocrine, cause serious birth defects. Make sure your doctor knows that you are trying to conceive if you're being treated for endometriosis.


Question: How do problems with the fallopian tubes affect fertility?

Answer: Problems with the fallopian tubes also account for a significant percentage of infertility cases. Sometimes, the tubes may be blocked or they may be scarred as a result of disease or infection. When an egg is released from one of the ovaries, it travels through one of the fallopian tubes, which are narrow ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. Normally, the egg will join with the sperm in the fallopian tubes during conception and the now-fertilized egg will continue on to the uterus. However, the fallopian tubes are extremely fragile. If they are blocked, there's no way for the egg to become fertilized by the sperm.


Question: Should I let my doctor know if I'm trying to conceive while being treated for endometriosis?

Answer: Keep in mind that some standard treatments for endometriosis can either prevent pregnancy or, in the case of the hormone Danocrine, cause serious birth defects. Make sure your doctor knows that you are trying to conceive if you're being treated for endometriosis.


Question: How do I find out if my fallopian tubes are blocked?

Answer: To determine whether your fallopian tubes are blocked, your doctor may suggest a laparoscopy or a hysterosalpingogram ( HSG). In an HSG test, liquid dye is inserted by catheter through the vagina (cervix) into the uterus. Then, X-rays are taken to see if there is a blockage or if the dye flows freely into the abdomen. Another method of HSG uses saline and air rather than dye and ultrasound instead of X-ray. If you have problems with your fallopian tubes, your doctor may recommend surgery to correct the damage or unblock the tubes.


Question: How does endometriosis affect your menstrual cycle?

Answer: The problem is that this tissue behaves like normal endometrial tissue -- it builds up and breaks down with your menstrual cycle -- but it can't be shed like normal endometrial tissue during your period. As a result, the rogue tissue causes irritation and inflammation. This buildup of tissue can prevent the eggs from getting out of the ovaries or being fertilized by sperm. It can also scar and block the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.


Question: What are common symptoms of endometriosis?

Answer: In addition to fertility problems, some common signs and symptoms of endometriosis include: Pelvic pain Painful intercourse Painful urination Painful bowel movements Severe abdominal pain Lower back pain Heavy periods or spotting between periods Fatigue Some women with endometriosis do not have symptoms.


Question: How are fallopian tubes damaged?

Answer: Sometimes, the tubes may be blocked or they may be scarred as a result of disease or infection.


Question: How does  laparoscopy help diagnose endometriosis?

Answer: To find out, your doctor may suggest a laparoscopy. In this procedure, a surgeon inserts a small camera through a tube into your abdomen to check for abnormal endometrial tissue. Make sure your doctor knows that you are trying to conceive if you're being treated for endometriosis.


Question: How does surgery help endomeriosis?

Answer: In some women, surgery significantly improves their chances of getting pregnant. You should know, however, that pregnancy rates tend to be lower for women with severe endometriosis. If you have problems with your fallopian tubes, your doctor may recommend surgery to correct the damage or unblock the tubes.


Question: What is the purpose of a proctoscopy?

Answer: Your doctor may need to look for diseases of the rectum or anus, to check on abnormal results of a barium enema, or to look for causes of rectal bleeding. You may also get proctoscopy to track the growth of polyps (benign growths on the lining of the intestine) or to check for a return of rectal cancer if you've already had surgery for cancer.


Question: What is a proctoscopy?

Answer: Your doctor may need to look for diseases of the rectum or anus, to check on abnormal results of a barium enema, or to look for causes of rectal bleeding. You may also get proctoscopy to track the growth of polyps (benign growths on the lining of the intestine) or to check for a return of rectal cancer if you've already had surgery for cancer.


Question: How do you prepare for a proctoscopy?

Answer: Before you get a proctoscopy, your doctor will usually ask you to use an enema (medication inserted into the rectum in order to cleanse the bowel) the night before the procedure. Ask for specific instructions. Or you may get an enema in the doctor's office just before the test.


Question: What happens on the day of a proctoscopy?

Answer: You'll probably get a proctoscopy in your doctor's office. You will remove your clothing below the waist and lie on your side on a table. The doctor will insert a gloved finger into your anus to check for tenderness or blockage. The doctor will then insert a lubricated proctoscope into your rectum and pump air in to expand the rectum. You may feel some fullness, like you need to pass a stool. Your doctor also may use special tools to remove growths or to take a sample of tissue -- called a biopsy -- for further testing. When the exam is over, your doctor will gently withdraw the scope. Most people don't need anesthesia for this procedure. You may feel some pressure or cramping while the scope is in place. But you should not feel any pain.


Question: What are the symptoms of sulfa allergies?

Answer: If you're allergic to sulfa drugs, or any other medication, you may have one or more of these symptoms: Skin rash or hives Itching Breathing problems Swelling The reaction can also cause these serious skin reactions: Sulfonamide drug hypersensitivity syndrome: Rash, fever, and organ problems begin within 1 to 2 weeks after you start the drug.


Question: What are the skin symptoms of sulfa allergies?

Answer: If you're allergic to sulfa drugs, or any other medication, you may have one or more of these symptoms: Skin rash or hives Itching Breathing problems Swelling The reaction can also cause these serious skin reactions: Sulfonamide drug hypersensitivity syndrome: Rash, fever, and organ problems begin within 1 to 2 weeks after you start the drug. Drug eruption: Red or swollen, rounded patches form in 30 minutes to 8 hours. Stevens Johnson syndrome: This potentially life-threatening reaction causes skin to blister and peel off. Other reactions to sulfa drugs include headache, trouble sleeping, cloudy urine (crystalluria), and low blood counts. Rarely, a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis happens.


Question: What drugs should I avoid with sulfa allergies?

Answer: Sulfa antibiotics have been widely used for more than 70 years. In fact, the first antibiotic was a sulfa drug introduced in 1936. Today, these drugs include burn creams, vaginal suppositories, and eye drops as well as medications for many types of infections. If you've had an allergic reaction to one sulfa antibiotic, you're probably allergic to all of them. Here are a few examples of common sulfa drugs that could cause problems: Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim ( Bactrim, Sulfatrim): a sulfa combination drug that can be taken in liquid or pill form for many types of infections Sulfacetamide ( BLEPH-10): drops for eye infections Sulfadiazine silver ( Silvadene): cream to prevent and treat burn infections Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine): pills for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease Even if you're allergic to antibiotics that have sulfa, you might be able to take some other types of sulfa drugs without a reaction.


Question: How common is pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: Nearly half of all women between ages 50 and 79 have at least a little bit of pelvic organ prolapse ( POP). It doesn't always cause symptoms, so you could actually have it and not know it. Men can get POP, too, if their bladders or rectums drop down.


Question: Can pelvic organ prolapse (POP) have complications?

Answer: Other things can raise your risk, like: Having surgery or radiation on your pelvic area Breaking your back or the bones in your pelvis Chronic constipation, because of the pushing and straining Chronic cough (it puts pressure on your pelvic organs) Obesity Doing a lot of heavy lifting over and over Getting older Having family members who have it Being white Having a hysterectomy Giving birth for the first time at a young age Smoking Pelvic organ prolapse is rarely life threatening. But it can cause a few problems, such as: Bladder control problems (urinary incontinence) A kink in the urethra, the tube that carries your urine outside your body. This can make it hard to pee. Bowel control problems (fecal incontinence), with liquid or solid stools coming out Problems having bowel movements when stools get trapped Pain during sex Urinary tract infections Kidney damage if it blocks your pee There are things you can to do tighten your pelvic muscles and reduce your risk.


Question: What is your pelvis?

Answer: Some of your body tissue can stick out of your vagina.


Question: What causes pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: If you delivered a baby through your vagina (not by C-section), you have the biggest risk for POP. The more times you give birth, the higher your risk. But just because you've had babies, doesn't mean you're going to have a prolapse.


Question: What is pelvic organ prolapse (POP?

Answer: Sometimes, the muscles and other kinds of tissue that hold everything in place get stretched out, weak, or torn. When that happens, some of your body parts can drop down below where they're supposed to be. Some of your body tissue can stick out of your vagina. This is called prolapse. It can affect all the organs in your pelvis.


Question: What can raise your risk of pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: Other things can raise your risk, like: Having surgery or radiation on your pelvic area Breaking your back or the bones in your pelvis Chronic constipation, because of the pushing and straining Chronic cough (it puts pressure on your pelvic organs) Obesity Doing a lot of heavy lifting over and over Getting older Having family members who have it Being white Having a hysterectomy Giving birth for the first time at a young age Smoking Pelvic organ prolapse is rarely life threatening.


Question: Can I prevent pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: Bowel control problems (fecal incontinence), with liquid or solid stools coming out Problems having bowel movements when stools get trapped Pain during sex Urinary tract infections Kidney damage if it blocks your pee There are things you can to do tighten your pelvic muscles and reduce your risk. For instance, Kegel exercises can help strengthen the nerves and muscles in your pelvis. Making certain lifestyle changes might help, too. If you're overweight, for example, try to shed some pounds. Overweight women are more likely to get POP than those who maintain a healthy weight. Drink lots of fluids and eat high-fiber foods. This will help you to avoid constipation. Remember, constantly pushing and straining will only make the prolapse worse. Try not to lift anything heavy. If you must, learn to lift the right way --with your legs, not your back or abs. If you smoke, stop. Smoking increases your risk of POP. And see a doctor about any health issues you might have, like a cough that won't go away. Coughing puts pressure on your pelvic muscles and can make your prolapse worse.


Question: What are some things you might notice from fibrocystic breast changes?

Answer: Aside from a difference in the way your breast tissue feels, you might notice that: Changes are similar in both breasts Dark brown or green discharge leaks from your nipples Lumps change size during your menstrual cycle Pain or discomfort increases before your period Yes.


Question: What is the treatment for fibrocystic breast changes?

Answer: You usually won't need any -- unless your doctor finds it's cancer. If it's a cyst, your doctor can puncture and drain it. This can lessen pain and pressure, but the fluid can come back. Sometimes, cysts go away on their own. Some women find relief if they avoid caffeine. This is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sodas. Studies haven't proven a link, but if you have fibrocystic breasts, you might try cutting back to see if it helps.


Question: How can you ease discomfort from fibrocystic breast changes?

Answer: Fibrocystic breast changes aren't harmful. Take a diuretic, a drug that helps drain fluid from your body. Keep it on at night if needed.


Question: How are fibrocystic breast changes diagnosed?

Answer: When you touch your breasts, do you notice that they feel lumpy or rope-like? Aside from a difference in the way your breast tissue feels, you might notice that: Changes are similar in both breasts Dark brown or green discharge leaks from your nipples Lumps change size during your menstrual cycle Pain or discomfort increases before your period Yes. She might be able to evaluate your breasts from the shape, density, and other signs from the images. This means getting a sample of your breast tissue. It's usually done in an office or clinic with a needle. Some women need surgery. The biopsy will show if a lump is a cyst or solid. It'll tell your doctor if the growth is cancerous.


Question: How can you take insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: You can't take insulin by mouth, because your stomach juices keep it from working properly. You might inject it using a syringe or a pen. Some people use an insulin pump. Insulin can be long-lasting or fast-release. Your doctor will decide what kind works best for you.


Question: How are non-insulin diabetes medicine categorized?

Answer: Non-insulin meds are split into six categories, based on how they work. They are: Metformin, which works in your liver Thiazolidinediones (or glitazones), which improve sugar removal from your blood Secretagogues, which help your pancreas make more insulin Starch blockers, which slow down how your body absorbs sugar from food Incretin-based therapies, which help your liver make less sugar and also slow how you absorb food. They can be pills or shots. Amylin analogs, injectable drugs that work much like incretin-based therapies. Some pills include two types of medication. These are called combination oral medicines.


Question: What happens if my diabetes medicine changes?

Answer: You and your doctor may also want to consider possible side effects.


Question: How do I know which medicines are the best for my type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If one medicine isn't enough to control your type 2 diabetes, you and your doctor should work together to find the best mix for you. Usually, you'll keep taking metformin and add something else. What that is may depend on your situation.


Question: What are the different types of diabetes medicine?

Answer: Most people with type 2 start with non-insulin ones. Non-insulin meds are split into six categories, based on how they work.


Question: What is combination therapy for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Even if you change your lifestyle and take your medicine as directed, your blood sugar may still get worse over time. That doesn't mean you've done something wrong. Diabetes is progressive, and many people eventually need more than one drug. When you take more than one drug to control your type 2 diabetes, that's called combination therapy. Most people with type 2 start with non-insulin ones. They are: Metformin, which works in your liver Thiazolidinediones (or glitazones), which improve sugar removal from your blood Secretagogues, which help your pancreas make more insulin Starch blockers, which slow down how your body absorbs sugar from food Incretin-based therapies, which help your liver make less sugar and also slow how you absorb food.


Question: Who should I ask about my medicine for my type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you're on just one medicine, it's probably metformin, a pill or liquid that cuts down how much glucose your liver makes. You'll need to see your doctor more often when you start taking a new combination of drugs.


Question: Which combination of medicine do I need to control my type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you're on just one medicine, it's probably metformin, a pill or liquid that cuts down how much glucose your liver makes. When you take more than one drug to control your type 2 diabetes, that's called combination therapy. Usually, you'll keep taking metformin and add something else. What that is may depend on your situation. You'll need to see your doctor more often when you start taking a new combination of drugs. Your doctor will decide what kind works best for you.


Question: Why do I need more medicine for my type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes is progressive, and many people eventually need more than one drug. When you take more than one drug to control your type 2 diabetes, that's called combination therapy. If one medicine isn't enough to control your type 2 diabetes, you and your doctor should work together to find the best mix for you.


Question: When do I need to call my doctor about a cut or scrape?

Answer: Check with your doctor or go to the emergency room if: The cut is deep, long, or the edges are jagged. You may need stitches and a tetanus shot. The cut or scrape is from a dirty or rusty object. You may need a tetanus shot. The injury is from an animal or human bite. You can't stop the bleeding with direct pressure. You can't get dirt out of the wound. The cut is on your face or near a joint, like on your fingers. The skin around the cut gets red and swollen or develops red streaks. Pus drains from the cut. You have a fever of more than 100.4 F (in either an adult or child).


Question: When should you call 911 about a medical emergency?

Answer: Emergencies Call 911 for any medical emergency, including when a person has: Chest pain A serious allergic reaction Bleeding that won't stop Trouble breathing What should I do when I call 911?


Question: What are the signs that my child is allergic to the insect?

Answer: It's normal for the skin around the insect sting to swell up and get red. But call 911 or go to the emergency room if you see any of these signs of an allergic reaction: Dizziness Hives -- red, itchy bumps on the skin Stomach cramps, vomiting, or diarrhea Swelling of the tongue Trouble breathing, wheezing Anyone who has allergies to bees, wasps, or other stinging insects should keep an epinephrine auto-injector at home, work, and school in case of a sting.


Question: Do I need to bandage a cut or scrape?

Answer: Do I need to bandage a cut or scrape? You don't need to bandage every cut and scrape. Some heal more quickly when left uncovered to stay dry. But if the cut is on a part of the body that might get dirty or rub against clothes, put on a bandage to protect it. Change the bandage every day or whenever it gets wet or dirty.


Question: How should I use gauze and tape?

Answer: Wash your hands with soap and water. You can also wear gloves. Gently wash the wound with a wet piece of gauze or washcloth. Place a piece of clean gauze over the wound. Apply tape around the edges of the gauze to hold it in place.


Question: What should I put on an emergency contact sheet?

Answer: Emergency Contact Sheet FOR AN EMERGENCY: DIAL 911 Poison Control Center: 800-222-1222 Police: Fire: Hospital name: Phone: Doctor's name: Phone: Dentist's name: Phone: Pharmacy name: Phone: Health insurance plan: Policy number: Phone: Emergency Contact 1 Name: Relationship: Phone: Emergency Contact 2 Name: Relationship: Phone: Family contact information Home phone: Address: Parent name: Cell number: Work number: Medical Conditions: Allergies/ Other info: Parent name: Cell number: Work number: Medical Conditions: Allergies/ Other info: Child's name: Child's date of birth: Medical Conditions: Allergies/ Other info: Child's name: Child's date of birth: Medical Conditions: Allergies/ Other info: Child's name: Child's date of birth: Medical Conditions: Allergies/ Other info:


Question: Where should I store my first aid kit?

Answer: Your kit should be easy to find. But it should be kept in a high, childproof cabinet, far away from kids' prying fingers. Keep one full-sized kit in a central spot at home, such as your kitchen or bathroom. Then put a smaller kit in your car or purse for when you're on the road.


Question: How can I prepare for an emergency?

Answer: Keep a fully stocked first-aid kit in your home and car. Have up-to-date copies of each person's medical history in your home and car. Post an emergency contact sheet next to each phone in the house. Show it to everyone who spends time in your home, including family members and babysitters. Make sure your children know what number to dial -- 911 -- and what they should tell the operator.


Question: How do I treat a nosebleed?

Answer: Most of the time you can stop the flow with a few simple steps: Lean the head slightly forward, so blood doesn't run down the throat. With a tissue or washcloth, gently press the nostrils together to stop the bleeding. Hold the nose for at least 5 minutes. Then check to see if the bleeding has stopped. If it hasn't stopped, gently squeeze for another 10 minutes. Call the doctor or go to an emergency room if: The bleeding hasn't stopped after 15 to 20 minutes or keeps starting again. The bleeding is fast and there's a lot of blood. The bleeding is from an injury to your nose or face. You feel faint or weak.


Question: How do topical antibiotic ointments for cuts or scrapes work?

Answer: Topical antibiotics are medicines you put on your skin to kill bacteria. Most cuts and scrapes will heal without ointment, but they can reduce scars and help the wound heal faster. If you do use an antibiotic ointment, apply it to your skin one to three times a day and then cover with a clean bandage.


Question: How do I treat bee, wasp, and other insect stings?

Answer: Here's what to do: If the insect has left behind a stinger, remove it from the skin so less of the venom gets into your body. You can scrape out the stinger with the edge of a credit card or the dull edge of a knife. Don't squeeze the stinger. You might release more of the venom into your skin. Once the stinger is out or if there is no stinger, wash the area around the sting with soap and water. Hold an ice pack or cool washcloth to the sting to stop it from swelling. Spread calamine lotion or baking soda mixed with water to relieve pain. To prevent itching, use a spray or cream containing hydrocortisone or antihistamine.


Question: How long should a cut or scrape be covered?

Answer: Once a solid scab has formed, you can take off the bandage.


Question: When should I see a doctor about a burn?

Answer: Serious burns need to be treated by a doctor or in a hospital. Call for medical help if: You have a third-degree burn. The burn is larger than 2 to 3 inches. The burn is on your face, hands, feet, or over a joint like your shoulder or knee. The burn goes all the way around a hand, arm, foot, or leg. The pain gets worse instead of better. The burn was caused by electricity or a chemical. You see fluid or pus oozing from the burn.


Question: What should I do when I call 911 about a medical emergency?

Answer: Tell the operator: The type of emergency The telephone number you're calling from The address where the emergency is happening Details about the person's condition -- what happened to them, the type of injuries they have, and what has been done so far to treat them The 911 operator might tell you step by step how to help the person who has been injured. DO NOT HANG UP until the operator hangs up.


Question: How do I treat a minor cut or scrape?

Answer: Follow these steps to keep cuts clean and prevent infections and scars. Put pressure on the cut with a gauze pad or clean cloth. Keep the pressure on for a few minutes. Clean the wound. Once you've stopped the bleeding, rinse the cut under cool running water or use a saline wound wash. Clean the area around the wound with soap and a wet washcloth. Don't get soap in the cut, because it can irritate the skin. And don't use hydrogen peroxide or iodine, which could irritate the cut. Remove any dirt or debris. Use a pair of tweezers cleaned with alcohol to gently pick out any dirt, gravel, glass, or other material in the cut. You can't stop the bleeding with direct pressure. Don't have either on hand? You could damage the skin and cause an infection.


Question: How do I remove a splinter?

Answer: How do I remove a splinter? If the splinter is sticking out of the skin: Wash the skin around the splinter with soap and water. Clean a pair of tweezers with a cotton swab dipped in alcohol. Grab the end of the splinter with the tweezers. Pull it out at the same angle as the splinter went in. Clean the skin again with soap and water. If the splinter is under the skin: Wash the skin around the splinter with soap and water. Clean a needle and tweezers with alcohol. Gently scrape away the skin above the splinter with the needle until you can see the top of the splinter. Grab the end of the splinter with the tweezers and pull it out at the same angle it went in. Clean the skin again with soap and water.


Question: How do I treat a sunburn?

Answer: First, wash up with soap and water so you don't get bacteria into the cut and cause an infection. Use a baking soda paste or hydrocortisone cream 4 times a day to relieve itching. Apply an antiseptic spray, antibiotic ointment, or aloe vera cream to soothe the area. Soothe your burned skin with a cool, damp washcloth. Or take a cool shower or bath. Pat your skin dry afterward. Do not use lotions that contain petroleum, benzocaine, or lidocaine. If the sunburn is really sore, take acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen to relieve the pain. Give your sunburn time to heal. Cover your burned skin with clothing and a hat to protect it when you go outside. See a doctor if you have blisters on the sunburn, or you get a fever or chills. Don't pop the blisters. They could get infected. To get as much of the oil off as possible, clean your skin with soap and lukewarm water.


Question: Is there a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

Answer: There's no vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. But a medication called palivizumab may prevent RSV infections and protect high-risk babies from serious complications of RSV infection. If your baby is at high risk, your doctor may give them a monthly shot of it during peak RSV season.


Question: How do you treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in babies and young children at home?

Answer: Use a cool-mist vaporizer to keep the air moist and make breathing easier.


Question: How do you treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in babies when the case is severe?

Answer: Babies with more serious cases may need to go to a hospital, where their treatment may include: Oxygen IV fluids Medications to open their airways


Question: What children are most at risk for severe infection from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

Answer: The chance of a severe infection is highest for: Babies born prematurely Children younger than 2 who were born with heart or lung disease Infants and young children whose immune systems are weakened because of illness or medical treatment Children under 8 to 10 weeks old To diagnose RSV, your child's doctor will probably look at their medical history and do a physical exam, including listening to their lungs.


Question: What is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)?

Answer: But for a small percentage, infection with RSV can lead to serious, sometimes life-threatening problems such as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, an inflammation of the small airways of the lungs. There's no vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. Most babies and young children can be cared for at home: Remove sticky nasal fluids with a bulb syringe and saline drops.


Question: What are steps to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children?

Answer: For most babies and young children, the infection causes nothing more than a cold. Tests for RSV include: Blood and urine tests to look for a bacterial infection and make sure your child isn't dehydrated Chest X-rays to look for any signs of pneumonia Tests of material scraped out of your child's nose or mouth Steps you can take to try to avoid and prevent RSV include: Avoid kissing your baby if you have cold symptoms. Clean and disinfect hard surfaces. If possible, keep your baby away from anyone, including siblings, with cold symptoms. Keep your baby away from crowds. Ask people to wash their hands before they touch your baby.


Question: How can a migraine with aura be confused with a stroke?

Answer: A migraine with aura is the kind that can be confused with a stroke. An aura affects your senses and usually happens before the headache. You may see light flashes, zig-zagged lines, or blind spots, or you might feel tingling or numbness in your arms, legs, or face. You might have ringing in your ears or trouble speaking. Sometimes, you'll have those symptoms but never get a headache. That tends to happen more often as you get older.


Question: Will medicines and lifestyle changes lower my risk of having a stroke?

Answer: In general, medicines and lifestyle changes (like quitting smoking) that lower your risk of a stroke may also keep you from having migraine.


Question: How can I tell the difference between a migraine and a stroke?

Answer: It can be hard to tell the difference between a migraine with aura and a TIA. Here's what to look for: With a stroke, symptoms usually come on suddenly. With a migraine, they happen gradually; the headache usually starts small and gets more painful. A stroke is more likely to have what are called "negative" symptoms such as you might lose sight in one eye or lose feeling in one of your hands or feet. A migraine is more likely to have "positive" symptoms. That means added sensations, like flashes in your vision or tingling in your skin. If you're young, it's more likely to be a migraine. If you're older, it's more likely to be a stroke, especially if you've never had a migraine before or you have high blood pressure or an irregular heartbeat.


Question: What are the causes of a stroke?

Answer: There can be two causes. Either a blood vessel is blocked, for instance with a blood clot, or a blood vessel tears or bursts and causes bleeding in or around the brain.


Question: Do migraines without aura affect my chances of having a stroke?

Answer: But they may make you more likely to have other heart-related problems.


Question: What is a transient ischemic attack?

Answer: Other common symptoms are: Numbness or weakness, especially on one side of your body Trouble speaking or trouble understanding others Vision problems in one or both eyes Sudden dizziness or loss of balance or coordination Confusion The kind of stroke that tends to be mistaken for a migraine is called a transient ischemic attack, or TIA. It's also known as a "mini stroke" because blood flow to your brain is cut off only for a short time. Symptoms are less severe than with a regular stroke and may last less than an hour.


Question: When should you assume your migraine could be stroke?

Answer: If you're over 40 and have never had a migraine, assume your pain is something more serious. People who get migraine typically have it most of their lives. It's rare to have your first symptoms when you're older. If you get migraine and your aura symptoms or headaches seem different than what you've typically experienced,, get checked out. Most people with migraine have similar symptoms each time.


Question: What are signs of a stroke?

Answer: A sudden severe headache can be a sign of a stroke. Other common symptoms are: Numbness or weakness, especially on one side of your body Trouble speaking or trouble understanding others Vision problems in one or both eyes Sudden dizziness or loss of balance or coordination Confusion The kind of stroke that tends to be mistaken for a migraine is called a transient ischemic attack, or TIA.


Question: What medications that treat migraines might cause a stroke?

Answer: Certain medications for migraine headaches, including ergot alkaloids and triptans, can narrow your arteries. If you've had a stroke, you shouldn't take those.


Question: What can you do to prevent a stroke or a migraine?

Answer: Certain medications for migraine headaches, including ergot alkaloids and triptans, can narrow your arteries. If you've had a stroke, you shouldn't take those. In general, medicines and lifestyle changes (like quitting smoking) that lower your risk of a stroke may also keep you from having migraine.


Question: What kind of migraine tends to be mistaken for a stroke?

Answer: A migraine with aura is the kind that can be confused with a stroke. An aura affects your senses and usually happens before the headache. You may see light flashes, zig-zagged lines, or blind spots, or you might feel tingling or numbness in your arms, legs, or face. You might have ringing in your ears or trouble speaking. Sometimes, you'll have those symptoms but never get a headache. That tends to happen more often as you get older.


Question: What causes a stroke?

Answer: There can be two causes. Either a blood vessel is blocked, for instance with a blood clot, or a blood vessel tears or bursts and causes bleeding in or around the brain.


Question: What is a stroke?

Answer: Cells there don't get enough oxygen and start to die. It's also known as a "mini stroke" because blood flow to your brain is cut off only for a short time.


Question: When should you call 911 if you think you're having a stroke?

Answer: Early treatment can limit the damage to your brain and possibly save your life. It's possible to have a stroke while you're having a migraine, but that doesn't mean the migraine caused the stroke.


Question: When should I call 911 for a stroke?

Answer: Early treatment can limit the damage to your brain and possibly save your life. It's possible to have a stroke while you're having a migraine, but that doesn't mean the migraine caused the stroke.


Question: Is it possible to have a stroke while having a migraine?

Answer: A migraine with aura is the kind that can be confused with a stroke. If you're young, it's more likely to be a migraine.


Question: What can hypnosis help with?

Answer: It can improve the success of other treatments for many conditions, including: Phobias, fears, and anxiety Sleep disorders Depression Stress Post-trauma anxiety Grief and loss Hypnosis also might be used to help with pain control and to overcome habits, such as smoking or overeating.


Question: Who provides hypnosis?

Answer: Hypnosis is performed by a licensed or certified mental health professional who is specially trained in this technique.


Question: Do you need to get psychotherapy if you get hypnosis?

Answer: Hypnosis is usually considered an aid to psychotherapy (counseling or therapy), because the hypnotic state allows people to explore painful thoughts, feelings, and memories they might have hidden from their conscious minds.