Question: What are the symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: Other causes include: Grinding or clenching your teeth, which puts a lot of pressure on the joint Movement of the soft cushion or disc between the ball and socket of the joint Arthritis in the joint Stress, which can cause you to tighten facial and jaw muscles or clench the teeth TMD often causes severe pain and discomfort. It can be temporary or last many years. It might affect one or both sides of your face. More women than men have it, and it's most common among people between the ages of 20 and 40. Common symptoms include: Pain or tenderness in your face, jaw joint area, neck and shoulders, and in or around the ear when you chew, speak, or open your mouth wide Problems when you try to open your mouth wide Jaws that get "stuck" or "lock" in the open- or closed-mouth position Clicking, popping, or grating sounds in the jaw joint when you open or close your mouth or chew. This may or may not be painful. A tired feeling in your face Trouble chewing or a sudden uncomfortable bite -- as if the upper and lower teeth are not fitting together properly Swelling on the side of your face You may also have toothaches, headaches, neck aches, dizziness, earaches, hearing problems, upper shoulder pain, and ringing in the ears (tinnitus).


Question: How can radio wave therapy treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: Other causes include: Grinding or clenching your teeth, which puts a lot of pressure on the joint Movement of the soft cushion or disc between the ball and socket of the joint Arthritis in the joint Stress, which can cause you to tighten facial and jaw muscles or clench the teeth TMD often causes severe pain and discomfort.


Question: Which foods should you eat if you have temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: Cut foods into small pieces so you chew less. Skip hard, crunchy foods (like pretzels and raw carrots), chewy foods (like caramels and taffy), and thick or large bites that require you to open wide.


Question: How should I apply moist heat or cold packs to treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: Use moist heat or cold packs. Apply an ice pack to the side of your face and temple area for about 10 minutes. Do a few simple jaw stretches (if your dentist or physical therapist OKs them). When you're done, hold a warm towel or washcloth to the side of your face for about 5 minutes. Perform this routine a few times each day.


Question: How does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: This therapy uses low-level electrical currents to provide pain relief by relaxing your jaw joint and facial muscles. It can be done at the dentist's office or at home.


Question: How can a splint or night guard treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: These plastic mouthpieces fit over your upper and lower teeth so they don't touch. They lessen the effects of clenching or grinding and correct your bite by putting your teeth in a more correct position. What's the difference between them? You wear night guards while you sleep. You use a splint all the time. Your dentist will tell you which type you need.


Question: How can low-level laser therapy treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: This lowers pain and inflammation and helps you move your neck more freely and open your mouth wider.


Question: How is arthroscopy used to treat temporomandibular disorders (TMD)?

Answer: Arthroscopy is surgery done with an arthroscope. This special tool has a lens and a light on it. It lets your doctor see inside your joint. You'll get general anesthesia, then the doctor will make a small cut in front of your ear and insert the tool. It'll be hooked up to a video screen, so he can examine your joint and the area around it. He may remove inflamed tissue or realign the disc or joint. This type of surgery, known as minimally invasive, leaves a smaller scar, has fewer complications, and requires a shorter recovery time than a major operation.


Question: What  questions can I ask if my child is diagnosed with hemophilia B?

Answer: You might want to ask your doctor: Is this a severe case? Have you treated someone with this condition before? What treatment do you recommend? How often will we need to come to the doctor's office? How long is too long to bleed from a small cut? What do we need to look out for? Are some symptoms more serious than others? Are there over-the-counter medicines we should or shouldn't use? How do we keep safe? Do we need to limit activities? Do we need to make teachers and care providers aware? How do we connect with other families who have kids with hemophilia? What are the chances our other children will have hemophilia? What about our grandchildren?


Question: What are signs of bleeding in the brain caused by hemophilia B?

Answer: With this disease, even a small bump to the head can be serious. If it happens, get emergency medical help for any of these signs of bleeding in the brain: Headache Neck pain and stiffness Vomiting Sleepiness Sudden weakness or problems walking In the first 6 months of life, babies don't fall or get hurt often, so an early diagnosis is rare.


Question: What  blood tests are used to diagnose hemophilia?

Answer: To get the diagnosis, doctors will test your child's blood to find out how long it takes to clot and to see if it's missing any clotting factors. This often includes: Complete blood count ( CBC). It gives important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in your blood. Prothrombin time ( PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time ( PTT). Both test how long it takes blood to clot. Factor VIII and factor IX tests. These measure levels of those clotting factors.


Question: Will ADHD medication affect my child's growth?

Answer: Whether ADHD drugs affect children's growth depends on which study you look at. Many studies have been done on the subject over the years, and there is a lot of disagreement among them. Overall, there is some evidence that ADHD drugs can interfere with growth in children, but that effect seems to be short-lived in most kids.


Question: When did researchers first come across ADHD medication affecting children's growth?

Answer: Researchers first made the connection between ADHD drugs and children's growth back in the early 1970s. That's when a small study showed that children who were on moderate-to-high daily doses of stimulant drugs gained less weight and height than children who weren't taking ADHD medications. When kids in the study went on a "drug holiday" -- that is, they stopped taking the ADHD drugs over the summer -- they gained about twice as much weight as the group that continued to take ADHD medications year-round.


Question: Should I switch my child's ADHD medications due to growth concerns?

Answer: Before you panic and switch your child's medication, know that the slowed growth doesn't seem to be permanent. The biggest impact on growth appears to be in the first year of taking the medications. After that, the impact starts to decline. Eventually, kids on ADHD medications go into a "growth spurt" and catch up to their peers in height and weight. A study that followed children with ADHD for 10 years into adulthood found that the kids who'd been taking stimulants ended up no shorter -- or thinner -- than peers without ADHD once they were adults.


Question: What can I do to keep ADHD medication from affecting my child's growth?

Answer: While your child is taking ADHD medications, the doctor should keep careful track of his or her growth. You might need to adjust your child's diet, adding more energy-dense, nutritious foods and snacks to balance out any weight loss that's occurring. In severe cases, medications that increase the appetite may be used for a short period of time.


Question: What does research suggest regarding the effect of ADHD medications on a child's growth?

Answer: Researchers first made the connection between ADHD drugs and children's growth back in the early 1970s. That's when a small study showed that children who were on moderate-to-high daily doses of stimulant drugs gained less weight and height than children who weren't taking ADHD medications. When kids in the study went on a "drug holiday" -- that is, they stopped taking the ADHD drugs over the summer -- they gained about twice as much weight as the group that continued to take ADHD medications year-round. The early studies on ADHD medications and children's growth lasted only a few months, making it difficult to determine whether the growth lag would be permanent. Findings from some studies with longer follow-up periods have been inconsistent, but suggest that differences in growth narrow over treatment time.


Question: When do I need a tooth extraction for periodontal (gum) disease?

Answer: If periodontal disease -- an infection of the tissues and bones that surround and support the teeth -- have caused loosening of the teeth, it may be necessary to the pull the tooth or teeth.


Question: What happens before a tooth extraction?

Answer: Dentists and oral surgeons (dentists with special training to perform surgery) perform tooth extractions. Before pulling the tooth, your dentist will give you an injection of a local anesthetic to numb the area where the tooth will be removed. In some instances, your dentist may use a strong general anesthetic. This will prevent pain throughout your body and make you sleep through the procedure.


Question: What does recovery after a tooth extraction entail?

Answer: You should also call your dentist if you experience any of the following: Signs of infection, including fever and chills Nausea or vomiting Redness, swelling, or excessive discharge from the affected area Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting The initial healing period usually takes about one to two weeks. New bone and gum tissue will grow into the gap. Over time, however, having a tooth (or teeth) missing can cause the remaining teeth to shift, affecting your bite and making it difficult to chew. For that reason, your dentist may advise replacing the missing tooth or teeth with an implant, fixed bridge, or denture.


Question: When should you call the dentist about a tooth extraction?

Answer: It is normal to feel some pain after the anesthesia wears off. For 24 hours after having a tooth pulled, you should also expect some swelling and residual bleeding. However, if either bleeding or pain is still severe more than four hours after your tooth is pulled, you should call your dentist. You should also call your dentist if you experience any of the following: Signs of infection, including fever and chills Nausea or vomiting Redness, swelling, or excessive discharge from the affected area Cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, or severe nausea or vomiting The initial healing period usually takes about one to two weeks.


Question: When do I need a tooth extraction to avoid infection?

Answer: If your immune system is compromised (for example, if you are receiving chemotherapy or are having an organ transplant), even the risk of infection in a particular tooth may be reason enough to pull the tooth.


Question: What are generalized clonic seizures?

Answer: Clonic seizures: Your muscles have spasms, which often make your face, neck, and arm muscles jerk rhythmically. They may last several minutes.


Question: What are tonic-clonic (or grand mal) seizures?

Answer: There are six types: Tonic-clonic (or grand mal) seizures: These are the most noticeable. When you have this type, your body stiffens, jerks, and shakes, and you lose consciousness. Sometimes you lose control of your bladder or bowels. They usually last 1 to 3 minutes -- if they go on longer, someone should call 911. That can lead to breathing problems or make you bite your tongue or cheek.


Question: What are the different groups of focal seizures?

Answer: Doctors break these into three groups: Simple focal seizures: They change how your senses read the world around you: They can make you smell or taste something strange, and may make your fingers, arms, or legs twitch. You also might see flashes of light or feel dizzy. You're not likely to lose consciousness, but you might feel sweaty or nauseated. Complex focal seizures: These usually happen in the part of your brain that controls emotion and memory. You may lose consciousness but still look like you're awake, or you may do things like gag, smack your lips, laugh, or cry. It may take several minutes for someone who's having a complex focal seizure to come out of it. Secondary generalized seizures: These start in one part of your brain and spread to the nerve cells on both sides. They can cause some of the same physical symptoms as a generalized seizure, like convulsions or muscle slackness.


Question: What are generalized atonic seizures?

Answer: Atonic seizures: Your muscles suddenly go limp, and your head may lean forward. If you're holding something, you might drop it, and if you're standing, you might fall. These usually last less than 15 seconds, but some people have several in a row. Because of the risk of falling, people who tend to have atonic seizures may need to wear something like a helmet to protect their heads. People who have Lennox- Gastaut syndrome and another kind of epilepsy called Dravet syndrome are more likely to have this kind of seizure.


Question: What are generalized tonic seizures?

Answer: Tonic seizures: The muscles in your arms, legs, or trunk tense up. These usually last less than 20 seconds and often happen when you're asleep. But if you're standing up at the time, you can lose your balance and fall. These are more common in people who have a type of epilepsy known as Lennox- Gastaut syndrome, though people with other types can have them, too.


Question: Can high blood pressure raise your odds of getting heart failure?

Answer: Hypertension raises the force of blood pushing against narrowed artery walls. This can weaken and even tear the vessels. Your heart may fail as it tries to keep up with the workload.


Question: What is coronary artery disease, and how is it sometimes linked to heart failure?

Answer: This is at the root of many types of heart disease, including heart failure. When you have it, your arteries are clogged with cholesterol and other types of fats. That forces the heart to work harder to push blood through narrowed blood vessels. Coronary artery disease can also lead to high blood pressure. This also can cause heart failure.


Question: What is marfan syndrome, and can it raise your chances of getting heart failure?

Answer: This inherited disorder affects the heart, along with many other areas of the body. A faulty gene often causes people with Marfan to grow very tall. That can weaken the connective tissues inside your body. This can hurt your arteries and also affect your heart valves, which regulate the flow of blood, and cause blood to back up. That forces the heart to work harder until it becomes enlarged and less able to pump blood.


Question: Can congenital heart disease raise your chances of getting heart failure?

Answer: If you were born with congenital heart disease, you are more likely to have heart failure. Congenital problems usually affect the heart's structure, such as the arteries or the valves. The core issue is that the heart must work overtime to keep things running smoothly.


Question: What is cardiomyopathy, and how can it lead to heart failure?

Answer: This is a problem with the heart muscle. Usually it gets too thick or enlarged. The heart has four valves that direct the flow of blood. A problem with any valve forces the heart to pump harder, decreasing its ability to function properly. That decrease can lead to heart failure. A heart attack can bring on cardiomyopathy. So can something unrelated to the heart, such as a viral infection or alcohol overuse. Cardiomyopathy can also lead to arrhythmias.


Question: What symptoms could I have from an allergic reaction?

Answer: Two people could have very different symptoms from the same allergen. You could haveskin issues, including: Redness Itching Swelling Blistering Weeping Crusting Rash Eruptions Itchy bumps or welts called hives You could have other problems, too: Wheezing Tightness Cough Shortness of breath Swelling of the face, eyelids, lips, tongue, or throat Headache Stuffy nose Runny nose with clear, thin discharge Sneezing Bloodshot, itchy, swollen, or watery eyes Stomach pain Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea That's the name for an allergic reaction that's sudden and life-threatening.


Question: How can I prevent another hip fracture?

Answer: About 20% of people who have a hip fracture will have another within 2 years. You may lower the chances of this by figuring out what caused it the first time. A drug called a bisphosphonate can reduce your risk. It stops your bones from getting weak. But if you take it by mouth, it can have side effects. Your doctor might want you to have it through an IV tube.


Question: When is a hip replacement option good for hip fractures?

Answer: Hip replacement options are good choices if the fracture damages the blood supply to the ball part of your hip joint. This is the part that lets your upper leg bend and rotate. Not having enough blood supply keeps the bone from healing as well.


Question: How is invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) diagnosed?

Answer: But you might notice: Thickening or hardening in the breast (as opposed to a distinct lump) An area of swelling or fullness A change to the texture of skin on your breast or nipple, like dimples or an irritated, red or scaly area Your nipple turns inward Pain in your breast or nipple Nipple discharge that isn't milk A lump under your arm Often, ILC can't be found by a mammogram. If you have a suspicious area, your doctor should order a biopsy to analyze cells. Most biopsies use a needle to extract a sample of cells from the breast. In some instances, though, the doctor will remove a larger sample -- or the entire tumor -- for analysis. The biopsy will help the doctor decide whether you have invasive lobular carcinoma and how aggressive it may be. Invasive lobular carcinoma spreads.


Question: What is invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)?

Answer: ILC is the second most common form of invasive breast cancer. It begins in one of the breast lobules, then spreads to other parts of the breast. It's more likely to be found in both breasts than other types of breast cancer. It can also spread to other areas in the body.


Question: How is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) treated?

Answer: Some women with LCIS won't need immediate treatment with surgery or medicines. Instead, the doctor may recommend keeping a close eye on your condition. That means regular breast self-exams, office visits, and routine mammograms or other tests such as MRIs. If you have a family history of breast cancer and are at an increased risk, your doctor may suggest you take medications such as anastrozole ( Arimidex), exemestane ( Aromasin), raloxifene ( Evista), tamoxifen ( Nolvadex). These drugs may lower the chance that you'll develop invasive breast cancer.


Question: How is invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) treated?

Answer: Most women with invasive lobular carcinoma have surgery to remove the cancer from the breast. In most cases, the cancer can be taken out without removing the entire breast. It will depend on the size of your tumor and how much it has spread throughout your breast and surrounding lymph nodes. Your doctor may also recommend treating it with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or some combination of the three. Chemotherapy and hormone therapy are systemic treatments. They target cancer cells throughout your entire body. Radiation specifically focuses on the area around your breast cancer. Cells in invasive lobular carcinoma often contain estrogen and progesterone receptors. Hormone treatments specifically target these cells. Other targeted therapy may be helpful if the cancer is HER2-positive.


Question: Who shouldn't take testosterone replacement therapy?

Answer: Men who have prostate cancer or breast cancer should not take testosterone replacement therapy. Nor should men who have severe urinary tract problems, untreated severe sleep apnea or uncontrolled heart failure. All men considering testosterone replacement therapy should undergo a thorough prostate cancer screening -- a rectal exam and PSA test -- prior to starting this therapy.


Question: How does cardiac rehab help you recover from a heart attack?

Answer: The program helps you recover from your heart attack and resume your usual activities. It builds up your strength and endurance, raises your confidence, and helps let you down gently from what may have been an emotional roller coaster ride. Your rehab may get underway even before you leave the hospital.


Question: Where do you go for outpatient programs to help you recover from a heart attack?

Answer: These happen in a clinic or in a building on your hospital campus. You'll live at home and go to sessions several times a week.


Question: What is Hashimoto's disease?

Answer: Your immune system starts attacking your thyroid and gradually weakens the gland until it can't produce enough thyroid hormones.


Question: What causes thyroiditis?

Answer: There are many things that can make your thyroid swell. You may have gotten an infection from a virus or bacteria. You may be taking a drug like lithium or interferon. Or you may have problems with your immune system. One form of thyroiditis shows up after childbirth. Pregnancy has a major impact on the thyroid in general.


Question: How does a urea breath test check for H. pylori?

Answer: H. pylori produces an enzyme called urease, which breaks urea down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. During the test, a tablet containing urea is swallowed and the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide is measured. This indicates the presence of H. pylori in the stomach.


Question: Are peptic ulcers slow to heal?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you if you have one and recommend treatments based on the reason behind it. Most of the time, ulcers heal quickly and don't come back once they're treated.


Question: What will your doctor check on after you get peptic ulcer treatment?

Answer: After treatment, your doctor may want to keep a close eye on you, depending on: The size of your ulcer and where it was How well the treatment worked If you had any other problems An ulcer can cause serious problems, like stomach bleeding, if it's not treated.


Question: How long does a peptic ulcer take to heal?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you if you have one and recommend treatments based on the reason behind it. Most of the time, ulcers heal quickly and don't come back once they're treated.


Question: What mental health conditions may accompany stress and ADHD?

Answer: ADHD may also be accompanied by other mental health conditions -- conditions that are also linked to stress including: Depression Negative thoughts Anxiety Difficulty sleeping Are these conditions secondary to ADHD or themselves causes of stress? No one knows for sure, but it's important to address stress, in addition to your ADHD.


Question: What are some healthy steps for managing ADHD and stress?

Answer: Maintain overall health Staying healthy helps you manage ADHD better and also helps your body respond more readily to any extra stress. Children, teens, and adults with ADHD can all take these steps to maintain health: Minimize your intake of caffeine or nicotine. Eat a balanced diet. Exercise regularly. Get enough sleep. Avoid drugs and alcohol.


Question: When should I be worried about ADHD-associated stress?

Answer: Stress becomes bad when it overwhelms your ability to act. When stress levels remain high for long periods, problems like depression and heart disease can result.


Question: How does taking control of situations affect ADHD-related stress?

Answer: Take control of your life wherever you can This can be especially helpful to children and teens who often feel lack of control of their ADHD. Older children and teens, for example, should be part of any school planning team that reviews the student's educational needs and plans. Adults may want to learn how to make ADHD-friendly career choices or ask for help to lessen stressors in the workplace.


Question: How can I remove stressors to treat ADHD?

Answer: Remove stressors when appropriate Some stressors can simply be removed or avoided altogether. For example, for a child with ADHD, you may want to schedule play dates with only one other child and monitor the play closely. A teen or adult may want to cut back on extra activities during stressful times.


Question: How do stress management skills help with ADHD?

Answer: Learn stress management skills You can learn skills to deal more effectively or minimize stress. Here are some areas to consider: Strategies for dealing with or avoiding stressful situations Developing more effective problem-solving skills Improving communication skills Learning to speak up for yourself and your needs (self-advocacy) Develop relaxation techniques Learn techniques for meditation or relaxation.


Question: What are some support systems people with ADHD can use to deal with stress?

Answer: Seek out support Friends, family, others with ADHD, and mental health professionals who understand ADHD can all help children, teens, and adults deal with stress. Here are some suggestions: Teens and adults can benefit from working with an ADHD coach, a professional organizer, or a job coach. Connect with groups that provide ADHD information and support. If you're not sure where to go for support, here are some places to start: Attention Deficit Disorder Resources (http://www.addresources.org) Children and Adults with AD/ HD (http://www.chadd.org).


Question: What are common questions about ADHD and stress?

Answer: Does ADHD cause stress? Can stress cause ADHD? Is living with ADHD just a vicious cycle? How can the cycle be interrupted?


Question: Is it okay to feel stressed with ADHD?

Answer: Everyone feels stress. Stress helps you focus on something that requires your attention -- and that's good. It can make you work harder and react quicker.


Question: How can I reduce stress associated with my ADHD?

Answer: Talk to your doctor before making any changes to your treatment plan.


Question: What are the treatments for psoriasis and depression?

Answer: For example, some drugs doctors use to treat psoriasis -- like adalimumab ( Humira), etanercept ( Enbrel), or ustekinumab ( Stelara) -- also can help with symptoms of depression. And there's evidence that some antidepressant drugs can help with psoriasis. In studies, paroxetine ( Paxil) and escitalopram ( Lexapro) eased both depression and psoriasis symptoms. A technique called cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT) is another way to manage the feelings psoriasis can bring on. CBT helps you change the negative thoughts that make you depressed. And mind-body techniques like meditation also can help you control your negative emotions.


Question: What are some side effects of psoriasis?

Answer: Psoriasis is uncomfortable. Psoriasis plaques itch, burn, crack, and bleed. Up to 42% of people with psoriasis also have the swollen, painful joints of psoriatic arthritis. Living with these uncomfortable symptoms can make you more likely to be depressed.


Question: Why does psoriasis make someone feel depressed?

Answer: There are several reasons for the link between psoriasis and depression: Psoriasis can be embarrassing. The most obvious reason psoriasis makes you feel down is what it does to your skin. The red, scaly patches can be hard to hide, especially in the summer. People around you might treat you differently because they don't understand what psoriasis is or they think it's contagious. Surveys show that 1 in 5 people with psoriasis have faced rejection and felt unwelcome at times because of their condition.


Question: Can sleep apnea cause bed-wetting in kids?

Answer: Bed-wetting in children may also be caused by sleep apnea. Although immaturity of the bladder or other medical conditions are more common, the possibility of sleep apnea must be considered when a child is being evaluated for bed-wetting problems.


Question: What might it mean if your child continues to wet the bed past age 6?

Answer: Children who continue to wet the bed beyond age 6 may not be producing enough ADH hormone at appropriate times, or may not yet be attuned to their bodies' signals, or both.


Question: What is the most important treatment for burning feet due to neuropathy?

Answer: The most important treatment for burning feet due to neuropathy is to stop any ongoing nerve damage. In some cases treatment of the underlying disease will improve the neuropathy and symptoms. In other situations, like a small fiber neuropathy, where no cause can be identified, the physician will focus on treating the person's symptoms.


Question: Can infections and inflammation cause burning sensation of the feet?

Answer: Many other conditions can cause neuropathy or a burning sensation in the feet: Chronic kidney disease (uremia) Small fiber neuropathy Vitamin deficiency (vitamin B12, folate, and occasionally vitamin B6) Alcohol abuse Low thyroid hormone levels (hypothyroidism) Lyme disease HIV/ AIDS Amyloid polyneuropathy Drug side effects, including chemotherapy drugs, vitamin B6 overdose, HIV medicines, amiodarone, isoniazid, metformin, and others Erythromelalgia Heavy metal poisoning (lead, mercury, arsenic) Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) Sarcoidosis Guillain- Barre syndrome ( GBS) Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy ( CIDP) Besides neuropathy, infections and inflammation of the feet can also cause a burning sensation. The most common of these is athlete's foot, an infection of the skin caused by fungus.


Question: How does neuropathy cause burning feet?

Answer: See More: What Your Feet Say About Your Health Most often, neuropathy is the cause of burning feet. Damaged nerve fibers are more likely to become overactive and misfire. The damaged nerves send pain signals to the brain even though there is no wound. In most people with neuropathy, the leg nerves become damaged first. These people often have tingling and numbness in the feet as well. Many people complain that their feet are overly sensitive to touch (hyperesthesia) and can have varying degrees of burning pain. It can range from mild to disabling.


Question: What is the cause of burning feet?

Answer: See More: What Your Feet Say About Your Health Most often, neuropathy is the cause of burning feet. Damaged nerve fibers are more likely to become overactive and misfire. The damaged nerves send pain signals to the brain even though there is no wound. In most people with neuropathy, the leg nerves become damaged first. These people often have tingling and numbness in the feet as well. Many people complain that their feet are overly sensitive to touch (hyperesthesia) and can have varying degrees of burning pain. It can range from mild to disabling.


Question: What medications are used to treat burning feet?

Answer: Burning feet treatments include treating the pain and abnormal sensations created by neuropathy. Some commonly prescribed medications for burning feet include: amitriptyline carbamazepine ( Tegretol) desipramine ( Norpramin) duloxetine ( Cymbalta) gabapentin ( Neurontin) pregabalin ( Lyrica) topiramate ( Topamax) venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Other pain medications may be necessary to reduce the severe discomfort some people experience from burning feet.


Question: How are nerve conduction studies used to treat burning feet?

Answer: Nerve conduction study. A nerve conduction study tests the ability of nerves to transmit impulses. A nerve is stimulated, and the response in the muscle controlled by that nerve is measured.


Question: What is the treatment for burning feet caused by athlete's foot?

Answer: For burning feet caused by athlete's foot, antifungal drugs can cure the fungal infection and relieve burning feet symptoms. Over-the-counter medicines like miconazole ( Micatin) or terbinafine ( Lamisil AT) should be used first. Prescription antifungals like fluconazole ( Diflucan), itraconazole ( Sporanox), and naftifine ( Naftin) are also available.


Question: Are additional pain medications necessary to treat severe burning feet?

Answer: Some commonly prescribed medications for burning feet include: amitriptyline carbamazepine ( Tegretol) desipramine ( Norpramin) duloxetine ( Cymbalta) gabapentin ( Neurontin) pregabalin ( Lyrica) topiramate ( Topamax) venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Other pain medications may be necessary to reduce the severe discomfort some people experience from burning feet. Over-the-counter medicines like Advil, Aleve, Motrin IB, and Tylenol control pain in many people with burning feet. Prescription pain relievers like tramadol ( Ultram) or low-dose opiates (narcotics) may be necessary for severe pain.


Question: Do X-rays help diagnose ulcerative colitis?

Answer: You'll have bloody diarrhea, belly cramps and pain, and you'll have the urge to poop, but you won't be able to (the doctor will call this tenesmus).


Question: How can stool sample tests help to diagnose ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Stool samples can help your doctor rule out an infection or parasite in your colon. They can also show if there's blood in your stool that you can't see.


Question: How can flexible sigmoidoscopy help in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis?

Answer: He will put a bendable tube into your lower colon through your bottom. The tube has a small light and camera on the end. Your doctor might also use a small tool to take a piece of the lining of your lower colon. This is called a biopsy. A doctor in a lab will look at the sample under a microscope. Colonoscopy is the same process as flexible sigmoidoscopy, only your doctor will look at your whole colon, not just the lower part.


Question: Should you see a rheumatologist if you have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your regular doctor may have diagnosed your RA. It's still a good idea to see a specialist, too. Rheumatologists are doctors who are experts in treating RA and other types of arthritis. A rheumatologist will have the most training in the medicines that treat RA and in finding the right ones for you. If you don't have one, ask your primary care doctor for a referral.


Question: Are there common mistakes people make in treating their rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You need rest, just not too much.


Question: Is it okay to skip medications for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may be tempted to skip your medications on days when you're feeling better. Don't do that. Missing a dose could cause the pain to return, and it may be harder to get relief later. Your RA could also worsen. Some drugs need to stay in your bloodstream at specific levels in order to be effective. If you skip them too often, blood levels of the medication will drop and you could end up with a flare of your RA.


Question: How active should you be if you have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: When you have joint pain and fatigue, it's hard to get up and get moving. But regular exercise is key for your health. Too much idle time makes pain, fatigue, and stiffness worse. When your RA flares, slow down but don't stop. Do gentle flexibility exercises, like yoga and tai chi. You may also be able to do some exercises in a warm pool, but take it easy. When you feel better, step up your activity. Add strength training (you can use weight machines at a gym, handheld weights, resistance bands, or your own body weight) to strengthen the muscles around your joints. You should also do cardio for your heart, bones, and mood. Talk to your rheumatologist, or a physical or occupational therapist, about the best exercises for you. Walking can be a good exercise for people with RA. It's low-impact, and you can do it anywhere for free. Swimming and water aerobics are also good choices.


Question: Is it bad not to take all my medications if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If your doctor prescribed more than one RA medicine, there's a good reason for that. One of those drugs may ease your pain, while the other helps to stop joint damage. If you're not sure what your drugs do or why you need them, ask your doctor. Also tell her if side effects or costs are problems.


Question: Is it bad not to see a rheumatologist if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Rheumatologists are doctors who are experts in treating RA and other types of arthritis. A rheumatologist will have the most training in the medicines that treat RA and in finding the right ones for you. If you don't have one, ask your primary care doctor for a referral.


Question: Why do you need to take so much medications for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If your doctor prescribed more than one RA medicine, there's a good reason for that. One of those drugs may ease your pain, while the other helps to stop joint damage. If you're not sure what your drugs do or why you need them, ask your doctor. Also tell her if side effects or costs are problems. She can help you look for solutions, whether it's another drug or help with costs, so you can keep up with your treatment.


Question: Do you need regular check-ups for rheumatoid arthritis even if you're feeling well?

Answer: During regular visits, your rheumatologist will check on how you're doing, how well your treatment is going, whether you have any side effects, and tweak your treatment, if needed. In addition to seeing your doctor, you also may need lab tests or X-rays now and then. Make sure you keep those appointments, too.


Question: Is it bad to overlook my mood if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: RA can be painful and challenging. It's normal to feel sad about that at times. But if you start to feel depressed -- for instance, your blue feelings don't lift, and you don't enjoy the things you used to like -- tell your doctor so you can get treated and feel better. Your doctor can refer you to a counselor for âtalk therapyâ and prescribe antidepressants if needed. You may also want to join a support group for people with RA, such as those offered by the Arthritis Foundation.


Question: What are the different forms of arnica?

Answer: Arnica can come in tablets, tinctures, ointments, gels, and mouth rinses. Like any supplement, keep arnica in a cool, dry place, away from humidity and direct sunlight.


Question: What is arnica?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Arnica is an herb that grows in Europe and the U. S. It's often used as a skin treatment for bruises, aches, and pains.


Question: Is arnica safe?

Answer: Because of the risks of pure arnica, the FDA classifies it as an unsafe herb. Doctors who practice complementary medicine generally advise against using arnica in any form other than in a highly diluted homeopathic form.


Question: What are food sources of arnica?

Answer: There are no natural food sources of arnica besides the plant itself. Arnica is used as a flavoring in some food products.


Question: What are the different types of vaginal cysts?

Answer: There are several different types of vaginal cysts: Inclusion cysts are one of the most common types of vaginal cysts. They are usually very small and located in the lower back of the vaginal wall. Bartholin's gland cysts are fluid-filled cysts that form on the Bartholin's glands. These glands sit on either side of the opening to the vagina and produce the fluid that lubricates the vaginal lips (labia). Gartner's duct cysts occur when ducts in a developing embryo don't disappear as they are supposed to after the baby is born. These remaining ducts can form vaginal cysts later in life. MÃ¼llerian cysts are another common type of vaginal cyst that form from structures left behind when a baby develops. These cysts can grow anywhere on the vaginal walls and they often contain mucus.


Question: What are vaginal cysts?

Answer: These sac-like lumps are filled with fluid, air, or other materials. They're not usually harmful or painful. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Some cysts are so small that they can't be seen with the naked eye. Others can grow to the size of an orange. You can find cysts just about anywhere on the body, including the vagina. A vaginal cyst is usually located on or under the lining of the vagina. There are several different types of vaginal cysts: Inclusion cysts are one of the most common types of vaginal cysts.


Question: How do you treat discomfort from vaginal cysts?

Answer: You will have to keep the catheter in place for about four to six weeks.


Question: How do you treat infected vaginal cysts?

Answer: To treat an infected vaginal cyst, you may need to take antibiotics.


Question: What are body temperature symptoms of autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: They can include: Digestive symptoms: Loose bowel movements (diarrhea) Hard bowel movements (constipation) Feeling less hungry or full after only a few bites of food Nausea Throwing up undigested food Trouble swallowing Heartburn Heart and blood vessel symptoms: Dizziness or fainting when you stand up Very fast heart rate, especially when you exercise Urinary symptoms: Trouble starting to pee or lack of control over peeing A hard time emptying your bladder Urinary tract infections Body temperature symptoms: Night sweats Sweating too much or too little Sweating while you eat Sexual symptoms: Trouble getting an erection (in men) Dry vagina (in women) Low sex drive Problems having an orgasm Vision symptoms: Trouble adjusting between a bright room and a dark one Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam.


Question: How are digestive symptoms of autonomic neuropathy treated?

Answer: Eat smaller meals so you don't feel too full. Add fluid and fiber to your diet to prevent bloating and constipation. Laxatives can help with constipation, and other medicines can treat diarrhea and belly pain. Sleep with the head of your bed raised to prevent heartburn.


Question: What are digestive symptoms of autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: They can include: Digestive symptoms: Loose bowel movements (diarrhea) Hard bowel movements (constipation) Feeling less hungry or full after only a few bites of food Nausea Throwing up undigested food Trouble swallowing Heartburn Heart and blood vessel symptoms: Dizziness or fainting when you stand up Very fast heart rate, especially when you exercise Urinary symptoms: Trouble starting to pee or lack of control over peeing A hard time emptying your bladder Urinary tract infections Body temperature symptoms: Night sweats Sweating too much or too little Sweating while you eat Sexual symptoms: Trouble getting an erection (in men) Dry vagina (in women) Low sex drive Problems having an orgasm Vision symptoms: Trouble adjusting between a bright room and a dark one Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam.


Question: What are urinary symptoms of autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: They can include: Digestive symptoms: Loose bowel movements (diarrhea) Hard bowel movements (constipation) Feeling less hungry or full after only a few bites of food Nausea Throwing up undigested food Trouble swallowing Heartburn Heart and blood vessel symptoms: Dizziness or fainting when you stand up Very fast heart rate, especially when you exercise Urinary symptoms: Trouble starting to pee or lack of control over peeing A hard time emptying your bladder Urinary tract infections Body temperature symptoms: Night sweats Sweating too much or too little Sweating while you eat Sexual symptoms: Trouble getting an erection (in men) Dry vagina (in women) Low sex drive Problems having an orgasm Vision symptoms: Trouble adjusting between a bright room and a dark one Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam.


Question: What are sexual symptoms of autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: They can include: Digestive symptoms: Loose bowel movements (diarrhea) Hard bowel movements (constipation) Feeling less hungry or full after only a few bites of food Nausea Throwing up undigested food Trouble swallowing Heartburn Heart and blood vessel symptoms: Dizziness or fainting when you stand up Very fast heart rate, especially when you exercise Urinary symptoms: Trouble starting to pee or lack of control over peeing A hard time emptying your bladder Urinary tract infections Body temperature symptoms: Night sweats Sweating too much or too little Sweating while you eat Sexual symptoms: Trouble getting an erection (in men) Dry vagina (in women) Low sex drive Problems having an orgasm Vision symptoms: Trouble adjusting between a bright room and a dark one Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam.


Question: How are sexual symptoms of autonomic neuropathy treated?

Answer: To treat sexual symptoms: Drugs like sildenafil ( Revatio, Viagra), tadalafil ( Cialis), and vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn) can help men get -- and keep -- an erection. Women can try a water-based lubricant to make sex more comfortable.


Question: What causes autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: They control many different body functions, including: Body temperature Blood pressure Heart rate Digestion Urination Bowel movements Damage to those nerves affects the signals between your brain and your organs. Certain diseases and treatments related to your nerves can cause it -- diabetes is the most common one. Other possibilities include: Abnormal protein buildup, called amyloidosis Autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome, lupus, and Sjogren's syndrome Lyme disease HIV Parkinson's disease Inherited diseases such as Riley- Day syndrome Spinal cord injury Surgery Medicines, including some chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer Chemicals, like acrylamide, and heavy metals These will depend on where the damaged nerves are and which organs are involved.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: She also might recommend blood tests to check for: Diabetes Sjogren's syndrome and other autoimmune diseases Infections like HIV or Lyme disease Other tests you might have include: Tilt-table test. You'll lie on a table, and it will tilt to raise part of your body as if you were standing. Your doctor will watch your blood pressure and heart rate as your position changes. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test. This uses a small electrical current to see how your sweat glands are working. Urodynamic tests. These check how well your bladder stores and releases urine. Ultrasound.


Question: Can a bleeding disorder cause a nose bleed?

Answer: But if you get nosebleeds a lot -- there may be a reason you can pinpoint: Dry climates or dry, heated air that dries out the inside of your nose Picking your nose or rubbing it too hard A cold Repeated nose-blowing An injury to your nose Allergies or allergy medicines that can dry out your nose Other medications you're taking such as certain blood thinners A sinus infection It's possible for nosebleeds to be caused by bleeding disorders, but it's rare. If your nosebleed doesn't stop, or you have a lot of bleeding from your gums or when you get minor cuts, then you should see a doctor. Bleeding disorders can be serious because platelets in your blood that help it clot are either missing or aren't working.


Question: Can nose bleeds be genetic?

Answer: In some cases, nosebleeds can be caused by genes passed down in families. A rare condition called âhereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasiaâ ( HHT) affects the blood vessels. The main symptom is repeated nosebleeds that seem to come out of nowhere and get worse over time.


Question: Am I  having an anterior or posterior nose bleed?

Answer: It can be hard to tell if you have a posterior or anterior nosebleed. Both can make blood flow toward the back of your throat if you're lying on your back. But posterior nosebleeds can be much more serious. You're more likely to need to emergency help.


Question: What happens in Tommy John surgery?

Answer: Tommy John surgery is most commonly recommended for athletes who: Don't respond to non-surgical treatments Want to resume strenuous overhead or throwing activities During Tommy John surgery, a tendon is taken from someplace in the patient's body, such as his or her: wrist forearm toe hamstring (thigh) hip knee foot ( Achilles tendon) Sometimes, surgeons use a tendon donated from the body of someone who has died. Surgeons drill tunnels in the ulna and humerus. The tendon (called a "graft") is passed through the tunnels. It is then woven into a figure-eight pattern to reconstruct the ligament. To give the graft added strength, any remnants of the original ligament are attached to the tendon.


Question: What are symptoms of an ulnar collateral ligament injury?

Answer: These sports include: javelin throw tennis gymnastics soccer softball football wrestling cheerleading Symptoms associated with a UCL injury include: Pain on the inside of the elbow A sense of looseness or instability in the elbow Irritation of the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve): This is felt as tingling or numbness in the small finger and ring finger. Decreased ability to throw a baseball or other object Only rarely do UCL injuries interfere with non-throwing activities, such as: activities of daily living exercising lifting weights batting in baseball running Sometimes, a doctor can diagnose a UCL injury through just a history and physical examination.


Question: Who are candidates for Tommy John surgery?

Answer: Tommy John surgery is most commonly recommended for athletes who: Don't respond to non-surgical treatments Want to resume strenuous overhead or throwing activities During Tommy John surgery, a tendon is taken from someplace in the patient's body, such as his or her: wrist forearm toe hamstring (thigh) hip knee foot ( Achilles tendon) Sometimes, surgeons use a tendon donated from the body of someone who has died.


Question: How are ulnar collateral ligament injuries diagnosed?

Answer: Decreased ability to throw a baseball or other object Only rarely do UCL injuries interfere with non-throwing activities, such as: activities of daily living exercising lifting weights batting in baseball running Sometimes, a doctor can diagnose a UCL injury through just a history and physical examination. Diagnostic tests may include: X-rays MRI MRI after gadolinium dye has been injected into the elbow Because such tests are not 100% accurate, however, it can be difficult to diagnose a UCL injury.


Question: What are points to consider in treating pain in the elderly?

Answer: If you are an older person experiencing pain, keep in mind that you run a higher-than-average risk of side effects from all drugs, including analgesics like nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs). NSAIDs also are not recommended for people with kidney, liver, or heart issues and definitely should not be taken without first discussing it with your doctor.


Question: What are ways to quit tobacco?

Answer: To stop using tobacco, your dentist or doctor may be able to help you calm nicotine cravings with medications, such as nicotine gum and patches. Some of these products can be purchased over the counter; others require a prescription. Other medications (such as Zyban) require a prescription. Smoking cessation classes and support groups are often used in tandem with drug therapy. These programs are offered through local hospitals in your community and sometimes through your employer or health insurance company. Ask your doctor or dentist for information on similar programs they may be familiar with. Herbal remedies, as well as hypnosis and acupuncture, are other treatments that may help you kick the habit.


Question: What kind of dental problems can you get if you smoke?

Answer: Smoking leads to dental problems, including: Bad breath Tooth discoloration Inflammation of the salivary gland openings on the roof of the mouth Increased buildup of plaque and tartar on the teeth Increased loss of bone within the jaw Increased risk of leukoplakia, white patches inside the mouth Increased risk of developing gum disease, a leading cause of tooth loss Delayed healing process following tooth extraction, periodontal treatment, or oral surgery Lower success rate of dental implant procedures Increased risk of developing oral cancer Smoking and other tobacco products can lead to gum disease by affecting the attachment of bone and soft tissue to your teeth.


Question: How does smoking lead to gum disease?

Answer: Smoking leads to dental problems, including: Bad breath Tooth discoloration Inflammation of the salivary gland openings on the roof of the mouth Increased buildup of plaque and tartar on the teeth Increased loss of bone within the jaw Increased risk of leukoplakia, white patches inside the mouth Increased risk of developing gum disease, a leading cause of tooth loss Delayed healing process following tooth extraction, periodontal treatment, or oral surgery Lower success rate of dental implant procedures Increased risk of developing oral cancer Smoking and other tobacco products can lead to gum disease by affecting the attachment of bone and soft tissue to your teeth. More specifically, it appears that smoking interferes with the normal function of gum tissue cells. This interference makes smokers more susceptible to infections, such as periodontal disease, and also seems to impair blood flow to the gums - which may affect wound healing.


Question: How can pipe and cigar smoking cause dental problems?

Answer: Yes, like cigarettes, pipes and cigars do lead to oral health problems. According to results of a 23-year long study published in the Journalof the American Dental Association, cigar smokers experience tooth loss and alveolar bone loss (bone loss within the jawbone that anchors teeth) at rates equivalent to those of cigarette smokers. Pipe smokers also have a similar risk of tooth loss as cigarette smokers. Beyond these risks, pipe and cigar smokers are still at risk for oral and pharyngeal (throat) cancers -- even if they don't inhale -- and other oral consequences -- bad breath, stained teeth, and increased risk of periodontal (gum) disease.


Question: What is a hysterosalpingogram (HSG)?

Answer: A hysterosalpingogram ( HSG) is a procedure that uses an X-ray to look at your fallopian tubes and uterus. It usually takes less than 5 minutes and you can go home the same day.


Question: What test might I need if an HSG shows my fallopian tubes are blocked?

Answer: If the report shows that your fallopian tubes are blocked, you might need a procedure called a laparoscopy. It lets your doctor look directly at the fallopian tubes.


Question: When should you call your doctor after an HSG?

Answer: You may have problems if you have an allergic reaction to the dye in the fluid. Pelvic infection or injury to your uterus are also possible. Call your doctor immediately if you have any of the following symptoms: Vaginal discharge that smells unpleasant Fainting Severe pain or cramping in your abdomen Vomiting Heavy vaginal bleeding Fever A radiologist will look at the X-ray images and send a report to your doctor.


Question: How common are silent strokes?

Answer: A study of middle-aged people with no apparent signs of stroke found that about 10% had brain damage from one. The damage that happens is permanent, but therapy might help stimulate other parts of the brain so you regain abilities that may have weakened.


Question: How do you know you're having a silent stroke?

Answer: If you have a silent stroke, you probably won't know it unless you happen to have a brain scan and the damage shows up. You may have slight memory problems or a little difficulty getting around. A doctor may be able to see signs of silent strokes without testing.


Question: How can you prevent a silent stroke?

Answer: Your chances of getting a stroke go up if you have high blood pressure or irregular heartbeat. Changes to the way you live can help lower your odds of stroke and heart disease. Make a plan to adopt these healthy habits: Keep tabs on your blood pressure, and get it under control if it's too high. Check your cholesterol. Keep your blood sugar at the right levels. If you smoke, quit. Eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of fresh fruits, veggies, and whole grains. Cut back on saturated fats (found in red meat, for example), salt, and sugar. Get regular exercise. Keep to a healthy weight.


Question: What is a sports physical?

Answer: A sports physical -- also known as a pre-participation physical examination -- is a check-up to assess a teen's health and fitness as it relates to a sport. It is not the same as a regular physical. During the sports physical, the health care provider looks for any diseases or injuries that could make it unsafe to participate in sports by reviewing the family's medical history to ensure additional tests are performed if necessary.


Question: Can physical therapy help you heal from an injured sacroiliac (SI) joint?

Answer: Physical therapy: A physical therapist can teach you exercises to gently strengthen the muscles around your SI joint to help the area heal and prevent another injury. How you move your body every day could be adding to your SI pain, so your therapist may show you better ways to sit, lift, or carry heavy things. She can also guide you through other therapies, like water aerobics, Pilates, or yoga.


Question: What are adenomas?

Answer: These are some of the most common types of benign tumors: Adenomas are benign tumors starting in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like structure. The epithelial tissue is the thin layer of tissue covering organs, glands, and other structures. A common type of adenoma is a polyp in the colon. Adenomas might also grow in the liver or the adrenal, pituitary, or thyroid gland. If needed, adenomas can often be removed with surgery. Although not common, this type of tumor can become malignant. In the colon, less than 1 out of every 10 adenomas become cancerous.


Question: What are lipomas?

Answer: Lipomas grow from fat cells. They are the most common benign tumor in adults, often found in the neck, shoulders, back, or arms. Lipomas are slow growing, usually round and movable, and soft to the touch. They may run in families and sometimes they result from an injury. Treatment may be needed if a lipoma is painful or growing quickly. This may include steroid shots or removal through liposuction or surgery. Two other types of benign fat tumors are lipoblastomas, which occur in young children, and hibernomas.


Question: What are myomas?

Answer: Myomas are tumors that grow from muscle. Leiomyomas grow from smooth muscle, which is found in internal organs such as the stomach and uterus. They can start in the walls of blood vessels. In the wall of the uterus, leiomyomas are often called fibroids. A rare benign tumor of skeletal muscle is rhabdomyoma. These tumors may be simply watched. To address symptoms, they may be shrunk with medication or removed with surgery.


Question: What are neuromas?

Answer: Neuromas grow from nerves. Two other types of nerve tumors are neurofibromas and schwannomas. These benign nerve tumors can occur almost anywhere in nerves that run throughout the body. Neurofibromas are more common in people with an inherited condition called neurofibromatosis. Surgery is the most common type of treatment for benign nerve tumors.


Question: To help prevent heart disease, what type of exercise should I do?

Answer: Anything that makes your heart beat a bit faster counts. Think about what you need. For instance, if you're looking for something easy on your joints, consider walking and swimming. Don't forget to think about what would be fun, too. Maybe you could do something you used to do or something you've always wanted to try. What's convenient for you is important, too.


Question: To help prevent heart disease, how hard should I work out?

Answer: A cardio workout is moderate if you can talk but not sing. You're exercising vigorously if you can't say more than a few words without taking a breath. Ask your doctor if you should limit the intensity of your exercise. It's much better to start out taking it easier and work up to more challenging workouts. That'll help prevent injury.


Question: What are symptoms of pain in toddlers?

Answer: Fortunately, at this age, children in pain can talk, if only to say, " Owie, owie, owie!" They will often also clutch the part that hurts. Pulling or rubbing the ear is common in toddlers and although it can sometimes indicate ear pain, it may be habit. Suspect an ear infection if your child has had cold symptoms or a fever and begins to tug at the ear suddenly.


Question: What is oily skin type like?

Answer: You may have: Enlarged pores Dull or shiny, thick complexion Blackheads, pimples, or other blemishes Oiliness can change depending upon the time of year or the weather.


Question: What is sensitive skin type like?

Answer: It can show up as: Redness Itching Burning Dryness If your skin is sensitive, try to find out what your triggers are so you can avoid them. There are many possible reasons, but often it's in response to particular skin care products.


Question: What affects your skin type?

Answer: Your type depends on things such as: How much water is in your skin, which affects its comfort and elasticity How oily it is, which affects its softness How sensitive it is Not too dry and not too oily, normal skin has: No or few imperfections No severe sensitivity Barely visible pores A radiant complexion Your skin can be dry or normal in some areas and oily in others, such as the T-zone (nose, forehead, and chin).


Question: What is dry skin type like?

Answer: Combination skin can have: Pores that look larger than normal, because they're more open Blackheads Shiny skin You may have: Almost invisible pores Dull, rough complexion Red patches Your skin is less elastic More visible lines Your skin can crack, peel, or become itchy, irritated, or inflamed. If it's very dry, it can become rough and scaly, especially on the backs of your hands, arms, and legs.


Question: How should you take care of oily skin?

Answer: Things that can cause or worsen it include: Puberty or other hormonal imbalances Stress Heat or too much humidity To take care of oily skin: Wash it no more than twice a day and after you sweat a lot. Use a gentle cleanser and don't scrub. Don't pick, pop, or squeeze pimples. They'll take longer to heal. Look for the word "noncomedogenic" on skin care products and cosmetics. This means it won't clog pores.


Question: What can cause oily skin?

Answer: Things that can cause or worsen it include: Puberty or other hormonal imbalances Stress Heat or too much humidity To take care of oily skin: Wash it no more than twice a day and after you sweat a lot.


Question: What is normal skin type like?

Answer: Your type depends on things such as: How much water is in your skin, which affects its comfort and elasticity How oily it is, which affects its softness How sensitive it is Not too dry and not too oily, normal skin has: No or few imperfections No severe sensitivity Barely visible pores A radiant complexion Your skin can be dry or normal in some areas and oily in others, such as the T-zone (nose, forehead, and chin).


Question: What can cause dry skin?

Answer: Dry skin may be caused or made worse by: Your genes Aging or hormonal changes Weather such as wind, sun, or cold Ultraviolet ( UV) radiation from tanning beds Indoor heating Long, hot baths and showers Ingredients in soaps, cosmetics, or cleansers Medications Use these tips to help your dry skin: Take shorter showers and baths, no more than once daily.


Question: What is combination skin type like?

Answer: Your type depends on things such as: How much water is in your skin, which affects its comfort and elasticity How oily it is, which affects its softness How sensitive it is Not too dry and not too oily, normal skin has: No or few imperfections No severe sensitivity Barely visible pores A radiant complexion Your skin can be dry or normal in some areas and oily in others, such as the T-zone (nose, forehead, and chin). Many people have this type. It may need slightly different care in different areas. Combination skin can have: Pores that look larger than normal, because they're more open Blackheads Shiny skin You may have: Almost invisible pores Dull, rough complexion Red patches Your skin is less elastic More visible lines Your skin can crack, peel, or become itchy, irritated, or inflamed.


Question: Does insurance cover vacuum constriction devices for erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Most insurance policies, including Medicare, cover at least part of the costs of a vacuum constriction device, especially if a medical cause for ED has been documented. Medicaid, however, does not cover the device except under extreme circumstances in certain states.


Question: Who should consider using a vacuum constriction device to treat erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Vacuum constriction devices are safe and can be used by patients with ED caused by many conditions, including: Poor blood flow to the penis Diabetes Surgery for prostate or colon cancer Psychological issues such as anxiety or depression Vacuum constriction devices should not be used by men who may have a significant congenital bleeding disorder or a disorder that predisposes them to a condition called priapism (a prolonged, sometime painful erection lasting over several hours).


Question: Can men who've had prostate surgery use a vacuum constriction device to treat erectile dysfunction?

Answer: In addition, for men who've had prostate surgery, a regimen of vacuum device usage is recommended - four or five times daily -- to help increase the blood flow to the penis. It may take several months to work. Talk to your urologist about the specifics of this protocol.


Question: Can I have intercourse using a vacuum constriction device for erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Intercourse can be attempted with the constriction band in place to help maintain the erection. The band can be left on safely for up to 30 minutes to allow for successful intercourse.


Question: What should I know about buying a vacuum constriction device for erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Be sure that devices brought without a prescription contains a "quick release" feature, as there have been reports of penile injuries due to devices that did not release its vacuum on-demand or released it too slowly.


Question: What are the side effects of using vacuum constriction devices to treat erectile dysfunction?

Answer: An erection obtained by the vacuum constriction device is not the same as an erection achieved naturally. The penis tends to be purplish in color and can be cold or numb. Other side effects can include: A black and blue mark or small area of bruising on the shaft of the penis. This is usually painless and generally will resolve in a few days. Decrease in the force of ejaculation. The constriction band traps the ejaculate or semen at the time of orgasm. This is not dangerous and usually does not cause pain. The semen will usually dribble out once the constriction band is removed. Generally, this does not interfere with the pleasure of a climax or orgasm.


Question: How do I use a vacuum constriction device to treat erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Pump the air out of the cylinder so that a vacuum is created. The vacuum draws blood into the shaft of the penis and causes it to swell and become erect. Once the penis is erect, with the help of lubricant, slide the retaining band down onto the lower end of the penis. Remove the pump after releasing the vacuum. Intercourse can be attempted with the constriction band in place to help maintain the erection.


Question: How well do vacuum constriction devices work?

Answer: Studies suggest that about 50%-80% of men are satisfied with the results of VCDs. As with any other method of treatment for erectile dysfunction ( ED), satisfaction rates may decrease with time.


Question: Who should not use a vacuum constriction device to treat erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Vacuum constriction devices are safe and can be used by patients with ED caused by many conditions, including: Poor blood flow to the penis Diabetes Surgery for prostate or colon cancer Psychological issues such as anxiety or depression Vacuum constriction devices should not be used by men who may have a significant congenital bleeding disorder or a disorder that predisposes them to a condition called priapism (a prolonged, sometime painful erection lasting over several hours). Examples include sickle cell anemia, some forms of leukemia, and other blood conditions. Vacuum constriction devices may be difficult to use in obese men because of fatty tissue in the lower abdomen. It's important to get a good seal against the skin.


Question: What is posterior vitreous detachment?

Answer: Posterior vitreous detachment ( PVD) is a common cause of retinal tears. It's a normal part of aging that causes the vitreous gel to pull away from the retina in places. It's usually harmless and often has no symptoms. But sometimes, the gel builds up so much and pulls so hard that it tears the retina.


Question: What is a tractional retinal detachment?

Answer: Tractional retinal detachment happens when scar tissue or other tissue grows on your retina and pulls it away from the layer underneath. It can lead to serious vision loss. This type is often found in people with diabetes who have severe diabetic retinopathy, or damage to blood vessels in the retina.


Question: What are symptoms of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?

Answer: Most people with retinal tears don't end up with a detachment. But if you notice new symptoms like floaters, spots, or flashes of light, it could be happening. You might also have weak vision or see what looks like a curtain or shadow coming from one corner of your eye. Consider that an emergency and go to an ophthalmologist right away. A torn retina could be more likely to lead to a detachment if you are nearsighted or you recently had cataract or other eye surgery.


Question: What is an exudative (serous) retinal detachment?

Answer: Exudative (serous) retinal detachment is rare. It happens when fluid collects under your retina, but there's no tear. It can affect both eyes. This type of detachment is often comes from an eye injury or as a complication of a wide range of diseases. They include various inflammatory and kidney diseases, as well as Lyme disease, eye tumors, and severe high blood pressure.


Question: What are symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: If you have AFib, you may get symptoms like: Heartbeat that feels off, like it's racing, quivering, fluttering, thumping, or flip-flopping Pain in your chest You feel confused Feel dizzy or light-headed Get tired or weak Find it hard to exercise because you tire quickly Get short of breath Sweat more than usual Talk to your doctor if you have symptoms of AFib or hyperthyroidism.


Question: Which tests diagnose Afib?

Answer: You may get: Electrocardiogram, also called an ECG or EKG, to look at the electrical signals in your heart. It's the main test for AFib and takes just a few seconds. In some cases, you'll get a portable EKG to measure activity over a longer stretch of time. Echocardiogram, a video image of your heart that lets your doctor look for blood clots Stress test, which looks at how your heart reacts to exercise Chest X-ray to look at your heart and lungs The overall goal is to get thyroid hormone levels back to normal.


Question: What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer: If you have hyperthyroidism, you may notice that you: Feel nervous, anxious, or irritable Have a heartbeat that's faster than normal or feels off Sweat more than usual Have trouble sleeping Get shakiness in your hands and fingers Have swelling near the front, bottom of your neck Feel tired or weak in your muscles Lose weight for no reason Get changes in your periods if you're a woman If you're older, the symptoms may be less clear.


Question: How is Afib treated?

Answer: To control your heart rate, you may get medicines like: Beta-blockers, usually the first choice Calcium channel blockers, if you can't take beta-blockers Digoxin, a more likely option if you also have heart failure Depending on your overall health and how likely you are to have a stroke, you might also get drugs to lower your chances of a blood clot. Common options include aspirin and warfarin ( Coumadin, Jantoven).


Question: How is thyroid disease diagnosed?

Answer: From there, you'll likely need different kinds of tests. Thyroid tests. You'll start with blood tests to check your levels of: Thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH), which is made by the pituitary gland and tells your thyroid how much hormone to make. Low TSH usually means you have an overactive thyroid. Thyroid hormones, called T3 and T4. If they're high, you likely have hyperthyroidism. From there, you may get other tests, like imaging or more bloodwork, to look for what's causing the problem.


Question: What is the link between atrial fibrillation (AFib) and thyroid disease?

Answer: When your thyroid is too active, it's called hyperthyroidism. You get more hormones than you need, which is like stepping on an internal gas pedal. Everything speeds up, including your heart. If you take thyroid replacement hormone -- because your thyroid is underactive or your doctor removed it -- a dose that's too high can cause the same issue. And that rapid heartbeat can lead to AFib, where the top chambers of your heart start to quiver and it can't pump as much blood as normal.


Question: What cholesterol levels help lower your risk of heart disease?

Answer: You're more likely to get heart disease if you have: Total cholesterol level over 200 HDL ("good") cholesterol level under 40 LDL ("bad") cholesterol level over 160 Triglycerides over 150 Cholesterol isn't the only thing that matters. Your doctor will consider the big picture, including all your potential risks. To help lower cholesterol levels, eat a diet low in cholesterol, saturated fat, and refined sugars and high in fiber.


Question: Can you prevent a Baker's cyst?

Answer: Possibly -- by preventing knee injuries in the first place. Wear the right shoes when you work out. Be sure to warm up before you exercise. And if you do get a knee injury, take care of it right away. See your doctor if it doesn't get better.


Question: What are some heart failure symptoms you should tell your doctor about right away?

Answer: Call your doctor immediately if you: Gain 2 or more pounds in 1 day or 5 or more pounds in 1 week Have swelling in your ankles, feet, legs, or abdomen that's gotten worse Have shortness of breath that has gotten worse or is happening more often, especially if you wake up short of breath Feel bloated with a loss of appetite or nausea Are really tired or have a harder time doing daily activities Have a respiratory (lung) infection or a cough that has gotten worse Get a fast heart rate (around 120 beats per minute) Have a new irregular heartbeat Feel chest pain or discomfort during activity that gets better if you rest Have trouble breathing during regular activities or if you're resting Sleep differently, including if you have trouble sleeping or you feel like you need to sleep a lot more than usual Don't pee as much Feel restless or confused Get dizzy or lightheaded Feel nauseous or don't want to eat much Always keep the following close to your phone for easy access: A list of your doctors' phone numbers A list of your medications and dosages, as well as any allergies you have Go to your local emergency room or call 9-1-1 if you have: New chest pain or discomfort that's severe, unexpected, and comes with shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, or weakness A fast heart rate (more than 120-150 beats per minute) -- especially if you are short of breath Shortness of breath not relieved by rest Sudden weakness or paralysis (inability to move) in your arms or legs A sudden or severe headache A fainting spell with loss of consciousness


Question: How do you manage heart failure symptoms?

Answer: The key to managing heart failure is to take your medicines, make proper changes to your diet, live a healthy lifestyle, and keep your doctor's appointments. Your doctor will tell you how often you need to visit. But if you have any unusual symptoms, do not wait until your next appointment to discuss them with your doctor.


Question: How does staying active affect rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It strengthens the muscles that support your joints.


Question: What are some ways to guard joints against damage from rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Keep them in good shape with some tweaks to your lifestyle. Diet, exercise, and using the right tools can make a huge difference.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids affect rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Studies show they can help lower the inflammation that comes with RA. Some good sources are fatty fish like salmon, herring, tuna, and sardines. You can also try fish oil supplements, but ask your doctor fist.


Question: How do certain tools affect someone with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: For example, use a cane on the opposite side of the knee or hip joint with RA. It can take 20% to 30% of the weight off and make you more stable. You can also try pens, pencils, and toothbrushes with thick handles that make them easier to hold. To cut stress on your shoulders, use tools to help you reach for items on high shelves.


Question: What are some tips to avoid strain on smaller joints?

Answer: Use your large, strong joints to spare smaller, fragile ones. Try these tips: Carry a shoulder bag instead of a clutch or handbag. Hold grocery bags in your arms, close to your body. Don't grip them with your hands. Hold small items in your palms instead of your fingers. Use both hands or your shoulder to open heavy doors. Hold items with two hands instead of one.


Question: What are considerations when taking treatments for prostate cancer?

Answer: Treatments that slow the spread of advanced prostate cancer and relieve symptoms often cause side effects. Some patients, often those who are older, decide that the risk of side effects outweighs the benefits of treatment. These patients may choose not to treat their advanced prostate cancer.


Question: What are emerging therapies for prostate cancer?

Answer: Researchers are pursuing several new ways to treat advanced prostate cancer. Vaccines that alter the body's immune system and use genetically modified viruses show the most promise. One vaccine technique works by manipulating blood cells from the patient's immune system and causing them to attack the prostate cancer. Blood is drawn from the patient. From the blood sample, cells that are part of the immune system (called dendritic cells) are exposed to cells that make up prostate cancer. Then the blood cells are placed back in the body, with the hope that they will cause other immune system cells to attack the prostate cancer. In a more traditional type of vaccine, the patient is injected with a virus that contains PSA. When the body is exposed to the virus, it becomes sensitized to cells in the body that contain PSA and his immune system attacks them. Immune or genetic therapy have the potential to deliver more targeted, less invasive treatments for advanced prostate cancer. This would result in fewer side effects and better control of the prostate cancer.


Question: What are issues in the timing of treatment for prostate cancer?

Answer: One is that hormone therapy should begin only after symptoms from the metastases, like bone pain, occur. The counter belief is that hormone therapy should start before symptoms occur. Earlier treatment of prostate cancer is associated with a lower incidence of spinal cord compression, obstructive urinary problems, and skeletal fractures. However, survival is not different whether treatment is started early, or deferred. The only exception to the above, is in lymph node-positive, post-prostatectomy patients, given androgen deprivation as an adjuvant immediately after surgery. In this situation, immediate therapy resulted in a significant improvement in progression free survival, prostate cancer specific survival, and overall survival.


Question: What are issues in combination therapy versus single-drug therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Combination vs. Single- Drug Therapy There is also disagreement about whether using a combination of hormone therapies or just a single anti-androgen drug works best to treat prostate cancer. The studies are inconclusive. However, patients who receive combination therapy are more likely to experience treatment-related side effects than patients receiving a single form of hormone therapy.


Question: How is secondary endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: At some point, PSA levels begin to rise despite treatment with hormone therapy. This signals that hormone therapy is no longer working to reduce testosterone levels in the body. When this happens, doctors may decide to make changes to the hormone therapy. This is called secondary hormone therapy. It can be done in a number of ways. For instance, if you have had surgery to remove your testicles, your doctor may suggest that you begin taking an antiandrogen. If you have been using combination therapy that involves an antiandrogen and LHRH analogs, your doctor may stop the use of the antiandrogen. This is known as anti-androgen withdrawal. Another option is to change the type of hormone drug. However, the use of an LHRH drug must be continued to prevent a testosterone rebound from stimulating the growth of prostate cancer cells. Ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, inhibits adrenal and testicular synthesis of testosterone when used at high doses. Response rates in a second line setting are 20%-40% with significant side effects. Doses range from 200 mg 3 times a day to 400 mg three times a day. The drug must be given with hydrocortisone to prevent adrenal insufficiency.


Question: What are the side effects of using cabazitaxel (Jevtana) for prostate cancer?

Answer: Side effects in those treated with cabazitaxel ( Jevtana) included significant decrease in infection-fighting white blood cells (neutropenia), anemia, low level of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, and renal failure.


Question: How are endocrine drugs used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Drugs work as well as prostate cancer surgery (orchiectomy -- removal of the testicles) to reduce the level of hormones in the body. Most men opt for drug therapy rather than surgery. The three types of hormone-related drugs approved to treat advanced prostate cancer include luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) analogs, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) antagonists, and antiandrogens.


Question: What are the side effects of Provenge for the treatment of prostate cancer?

Answer: The most common side effect is chills, which occurs in more than half of the men that receive Provenge. Other common side effects include fatigue, fever, back pain, and nausea. Provenge has been remarkably safe. However, clinical trials suggest that the treatment might be linked to a slightly increased risk of stroke.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: The chemotherapy drug docetaxel ( Taxotere) taken with or without prednisone (a steroid) is the standard chemotherapy regimen for patients who no longer respond to hormone therapy. Docetaxel works by preventing cancer cells from dividing and growing. Patients receive docetaxel, along with prednisone, through an injection. Side effects of docetaxel are similar to most chemotherapy drugs and include nausea, hair loss, and bone marrow suppression (the decline or halt of blood cell formation). Patients may also experience neuropathy (nerve damage causing tingling, numbness, or pain in the fingers or toes) and fluid retention.


Question: How effective are nonsurgical procedures for treating bowel incontinence?

Answer: These minimally invasive procedures can reduce bowel incontinence in some people, without the risks of surgery. Because they are relatively new, their long-term effectiveness and safety aren't as well known as other treatments.


Question: What are the treatments for bowel incontinence?

Answer: Many effective treatments can help people with bowel incontinence. These include: medicine surgery minimally invasive procedures Talking to your doctor is the first step toward freedom from bowel incontinence.


Question: How is a colostomy done to treat bowel incontinence?

Answer: Surgery to redirect the colon through an opening created in the skin of the belly. Colostomy is only considered when bowel incontinence persists despite all other treatments.


Question: How is an endoscopy used to diagnose bowel incontinence?

Answer: A tube with a camera on its tip is inserted into the anus. This identifies any potential problems in the anal canal or colon. A short, rigid tube (anoscopy) or a longer, flexible tube (sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy) may be used.


Question: How are nerve tests used to diagnose bowel incontinence?

Answer: These tests measure the responsiveness of the nerves controlling the sphincter muscles. They can detect nerve damage that can cause bowel incontinence.


Question: How is bowel incontinence treated?

Answer: Bowel incontinence is usually treatable. In many cases, it can be cured completely. Recommended treatments vary according to the cause of bowel incontinence. Often, more than one treatment method may be required to control symptoms. Nonsurgical treatments are often recommended as initial treatment for bowel incontinence.


Question: How is radiofrequency anal sphincter remodeling done to treat bowel incontinence?

Answer: A probe inserted into the anus directs controlled amounts of heat energy into the anal wall. Radiofrequency remodeling creates a mild injury to the sphincter muscles, which become thicker as they heal.


Question: How is sphincter cuff device used to treat bowel incontinence?

Answer: Sphincter cuff device. A surgeon can implant an inflatable cuff that surrounds the anal sphincter. A person deflates the cuff during bowel movements and reinflates it to prevent bowel incontinence.


Question: How is a sacral nerve stimulator used to treat bowel incontinence?

Answer: A surgeon implants a device that stimulates the pelvic nerves. This procedure may be most effective in people with bowel incontinence due to nerve damage.


Question: How is sphincter surgery done to treat bowel incontinence?

Answer: A surgeon can stitch the anal muscles more tightly together (sphincteroplasty). Or the surgeon takes muscle from the pelvis or buttock to support the weak anal muscles (muscle transposition). These surgeries can cure many people with bowel incontinence that's due to a tear of the anal sphincter muscles.


Question: How does biofeedback treat bowel incontinence?

Answer: A sensor is placed inside the anus and on the abdominal wall. This provides feedback as a person does exercises to improve bowel control.


Question: How is stool testing used to diagnose bowel incontinence?

Answer: If diarrhea is present, stool testing may identify an infection or other cause.


Question: How common is hyperparathyroidism?

Answer: About 100,000 people in the U. S. develop this condition each year. People between the ages of 50 and 60, and women, are the most likely to have hyperparathyroidism.


Question: How does parathyroid hormone raise calcium levels?

Answer: The hormone, called parathyroid hormone, has three ways it can raise your calcium level: It can tell your bones to release some calcium, tell your small intestine to absorb more calcium into your bloodstream, or tell your kidneys to hang on to more calcium instead of sending it out of your body in your pee.


Question: What's the treatment for hyperparathyroidism?

Answer: If you have secondary hyperparathyroidism, your doctor may recommend supplements of vitamin D and calcium. If you have primary hyperparathyroidism and you have bothersome symptoms, you'll need surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland or glands. For example, if you have extremely high blood calcium levels, have had a broken bone (or fracture), or have kidney stones, your doctor will likely want you to have that operation. Even if you don't have symptoms, your doctor may recommend the operation, depending on how you together decide to treat the condition.


Question: What are signs that you are too drowsy to drive safely?

Answer: Since drowsiness is the brain's last step before falling asleep, driving while drowsy can -- and often does -- lead to disaster.


Question: What are the effects of lack of sleep?

Answer: Too little sleep may cause: Memory problems Feeling depressed A weakening of your immune system, increasing your chance of becoming sick Increase in perception of pain Many studies make it clear that sleep deprivation is dangerous.


Question: How is a collapsed lung diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will probably start with a physical exam. They'll listen to your chest through a stethoscope as you breathe and tap your chest to find out if it sounds hollow. You might get an X-ray so your doctor can see the outline of your lung. If the doctor still isn't sure after these steps, you may have a CT scan, a series of X-rays that a computer turns into a detailed image of your lung.


Question: How is a collapsed lung treated?

Answer: They treat a collapsed lung by getting rid of the pressure outside the lung so it can inflate again. In minor cases without symptoms, the lung can expand again on its own. You may need to breathe oxygen from a container for a short time to help. Even if your case is minor, it's important to have follow-up visits with your doctor so they can keep an eye on how you're doing. If the lung has collapsed further, the doctor may use a needle or tube to release the extra air from your chest. If the doctor uses a tube, it might have to stay attached for several hours or several days.


Question: How does pleurodesis work in treating collapsed lung?

Answer: Cases involving lung disease, an accident, or repeated collapsed lungs may need surgery or pleurodesis. Pleurodesis is a procedure in which a doctor uses a needle and tube to get medicine like doxycycline into your chest. It triggers inflammation, which helps the lung stick to the chest wall and stay inflated.


Question: What does the term "laparoscopic" refer to?

Answer: Doctors use it to treat the following conditions: Cancers of the colon and rectum Some types of noncancerous growths in the colon and rectum Complicated diverticulitis The term "laparoscopic" refers to a type of surgery called laparoscopy, in which the surgeon works through very small (5-millimeter to 10-millimeter) "keyhole" cuts in the abdomen.


Question: How does a surgeon remove the diseased part of a bowel during laparoscopic proctosigmoidectomy?

Answer: The cuts used in laparoscopy are very small, so the surgeon must remove the diseased section of bowel in a special way. He will enlarge one of the cuts and place a bag into your abdominal cavity, put the diseased bowel into the bag, and then pull the bag out of the enlarged cut.


Question: What is laparoscope for proctosigmoidectomy?

Answer: A laparoscope is a small telescope-like instrument. Your surgeon will use it in order to see inside you during the operation. There are five main steps to this surgery.


Question: When can I be active after laparoscopic proctosigmoidectomy?

Answer: You should avoid heavy lifting and abdominal exercises such as sit-ups for 6 weeks after the surgery. Apart from that, you should steadily build up your activity level when you get home. Walking is a great exercise choice. It will help your recovery by making you stronger, keeping your blood circulating to prevent blood clots, and helping your lungs remain clear. Did you work out before the surgery? You can get back to exercising when you feel comfortable and your doctor says it's OK.


Question: What are the serious side effects of antipsychotic medications?

Answer: Common side effects may include: Drowsiness Rapid or irregular heartbeat Dizziness when changing positions Decrease in sexual interest or ability Problems with menstrual periods Skin rashes or skin sensitivity to the sun Weight gain Muscle spasms Restlessness and pacing Slowing down of movement and speech Shuffling walk Menstrual irregularities in women There are, however, a few serious side effects that are possible, especially with long-term use of anti-psychotic medications. These side effects include: Tardive dyskinesia : This is a movement disorder that results in unusual and uncontrollable movements, usually of the tongue and face (such as sticking out the tongue and smacking the lips), and sometimes jerking and twisting movements of other parts of the body. It can be treated by taking deutetrabenazine ( Austedo) or valbenazine ( Ingrezza). Neuroleptic malignant syndrome : This is a potentially fatal disorder characterized by severe muscle rigidity (stiffening), fever, sweating, high blood pressure, delirium, and sometimes coma. Agranulocytosis: This is a condition marked by a sharp decrease in the number of infection-fighting white blood cells. This condition can leave the person prone to infection and at greater risk of death. Agranulocytosis has been particularly linked with Clozaril, where it may occur in 1 in 100 patients. People taking Clozaril must have regular blood tests to closely monitor their white blood cell count. However, all antipsychotics carry a warning label from the FDA noting that as a class they have a risk for lowering someone's white blood cell count. Changes in Blood Sugar and Cholesterol : Some atypical antipsychotics can cause increases in blood sugar (which could eventually lead to diabetes) and blood lipids such as cholesterol and triglycerides. Periodic blood tests are necessary to monitor these factors.


Question: What drugs treat mental illness in children?

Answer: Many drugs used to treat mental disorders in adults are also used to treat the same illnesses in children. However, doctors often adjust the doses given and monitor more closely. The FDA has determined that antidepressant drugs can increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. If you have questions or concerns, discuss them with your health care provider.


Question: Can I stop taking antidepressants to treat mental illness?

Answer: If you decide to stop taking your antidepressants, it is important that you gradually reduce the dose over a period of several weeks. With many antidepressants, quitting them abruptly can cause discontinuation symptoms or speed the risk for depression relapse. It is important to discuss quitting (or changing) medications with your health care provider first.


Question: What drugs treat attention deficit hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD)?

Answer: Another group of drugs called stimulants may be used for certain disorders, primarily attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD). The most commonly used stimulants include amphetamine salt combo ( Adderall, Adderall XR), Daytrana, dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine), lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse), and methylphenidate ( Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin). Recently, the FDA approved a once a day treatment of mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product called Mydayis. A class of drugs, called alpha agonists, are nonstiumulant medicines that are also sometimes used to treat ADHD. Examples include clonidine ( Catapres) and guanfacine ( Intuniv). Atomoxetine ( Strattera) also has FDA-approval for the treatment of ADHD. It is a non-stimulant more similar to the SNRI antidepressants. But the agency has also issued warnings that children and teens who taking it may have suicidal thoughts. The FDA requires all ADHD drugs to include patient medication guides that detail serious outcomes from the use of the drugs, including a slightly higher risk of stroke, heart attack and sudden death, and psychiatric problems like becoming manic or psychotic.


Question: What happens if the antipsychotic drug side effects are particularly troublesome?

Answer: If antipsychotic drug side effects are particularly troublesome, your doctor may change medications or dosages or sometimes add additional medicines to counteract side effects like weight gain or high blood lipids. The newer atypical antipsychotic medications appear to be much better tolerated, with fewer side effects such as movement disorders or drowsiness. They do, though, require monitoring for weight and metabolic risks, which appear to be higher than with older-generation anti-psychotics.


Question: Is combining antidepressants to treat mental illness normal?

Answer: In some cases, a combination of antidepressants sometimes called augmentation, may be necessary. Sometimes an antidepressant combined with a different type of drug, such as a mood stabilizer (like Lithium), a second antidepressant, or atypical anti-psychotic drug, is the most effective treatment. Side effects vary, depending on what type of drug you are taking, and may improve once your body adjusts to the medication.


Question: How long does it take for mental illness drugs to work?

Answer: Remember that medications usually take 4 to 6 weeks to become fully effective. And if one drug does not work, there are many others to try.


Question: What are common side effects of antipsychotic drugs?

Answer: Many side effects of anti-psychotic drugs are mild and many go away after the first few weeks of treatment. Common side effects may include: Drowsiness Rapid or irregular heartbeat Dizziness when changing positions Decrease in sexual interest or ability Problems with menstrual periods Skin rashes or skin sensitivity to the sun Weight gain Muscle spasms Restlessness and pacing Slowing down of movement and speech Shuffling walk Menstrual irregularities in women There are, however, a few serious side effects that are possible, especially with long-term use of anti-psychotic medications.