Question: What is tooth enamel erosion?

Answer: It keeps you from feeling temperature extremes from the hot and cold things you eat and drink. It also fends off acids and chemicals that can damage your teeth. When this shell erodes, your teeth are more likely to get cavities and decay. Damage to your teeth's outer layer can come from: Too many sweets. This lowers the amount of acid in your mouth.


Question: What happens the evening before laparoscopic surgery?

Answer: Finally, you will meet with an anesthesiologist, who will discuss the type of pain medication (anesthesia) you will be given for surgery, and you will learn about pain control after the operation. The evening before surgery you will need to take the prescribed laxative medicine. It is important to follow the directions carefully and drink all of the laxative. This step will decrease your risk of developing an infection from bacteria normally present in the intestine. Do not eat or drink anything by mouth after midnight the evening before surgery.


Question: How does someone prepare for laparoscopic surgery?

Answer: Before laparoscopic surgery, your surgeon will meet with you to answer any questions you may have. You will be asked questions about your health history and a general physical examination will be performed. Your intestine will require cleaning and you will be given a prescription for a laxative medicine to take the evening before the surgery. All patients are generally asked to provide a blood sample. Depending on your age and general health, you may also have an ECG (electrocardiogram), a chest X-ray, lung function tests, or other tests. You may also need to meet with other doctors before surgery.


Question: What happens after laparoscopic surgery?

Answer: After your operation, the nurses will begin to document all the fluids that you drink and measure and collect any urine or fluids you produce, including those from tubes or drains placed during the operation. The tube that was passed from a nostril into your stomach (a nasogastric tube) during surgery will be removed in the recovery room, if it has not been removed already. You may begin to drink liquids the evening of the operation and may resume a solid diet the next morning. If you become nauseated or begin to vomit, your nasogastric tube may be reinserted. If this happens, don't be alarmed. Nausea and vomiting happen in approximately 5%-10% of people and occur because your intestines are temporarily disabled from the operation. In addition, anesthesia makes many people nauseous. For this reason, food and drink are given slowly for the first few days.


Question: How is laparoscopic surgery for digestive problems performed?

Answer: Laparoscopic surgery can be used to treat complications of conditions including: Crohn's disease Colorectal cancer Diverticulitis Familial polyposis, a condition causing multiple colon polyps that puts you at higher risk of colorectal cancer Bowel incontinence Rectal prolapse, a protrusion of the rectum through the anus Ulcerative colitis Colon polyps that are too large to remove by colonoscopy Chronic severe constipation that is not successfully treated with medication For laparoscopic surgery, three or more small (5-10 mm) incisions are made in the abdomen to allow access ports to be inserted. The laparoscope and surgical instruments are inserted through these ports. The surgeon then uses the laparoscope, which transmits a picture of the abdominal organs on a video monitor, allowing the operation to be performed.


Question: What happens the day of laparoscopic surgery?

Answer: Your surgeon will place a small port just below your bellybutton and advance the port into your abdominal cavity. This port is connected to sterile tubing and carbon dioxide is passed into the abdominal cavity through the tubing. The gas lifts the wall of your abdomen away from the organs below. This space will give your surgeon a better view of your abdominal cavity once the laparoscope is in place. The laparoscope is placed through the port and is connected to a video camera. The image your surgeon sees on the laparoscope is projected onto video monitors placed near the operating table. Before starting the surgery, your surgeon will take a thorough look at your abdominal cavity to make sure that laparoscopy will be safe for you. Some reasons why laparoscopy may not be done include multiple adhesions (scar tissue from previous surgery), infection, or other abdominal diseases.


Question: How does laparoscopic surgery perform a right colectomy or ileocolectomy?

Answer: During a right colectomy, the right side of the colon is removed. During an ileocolectomy, the last segment of the small intestine, which is attached to the right side of the colon, called the ileum, is also removed. This surgery is used to remove cancers, noncancerous growths or polyps, and inflammation from Crohn's disease.


Question: How does laparoscopic surgery perform a fecal diversion?

Answer: Surgical creation of either a temporary or permanent ileostomy (opening between the surface of the skin and the small intestine) or colostomy (opening between the surface of the skin and the colon). The surgery treats complex rectal and anal problems, including poor bowel control.


Question: What does a laparoscopic surgery require?

Answer: The procedure occasionally requires the creation of a temporary or permanent stoma, an opening of part of the intestine to the outside surface of the abdomen. The stoma acts as an artificial passageway through which stool (feces) can pass from the intestine to outside the body where it collects in an external pouch, which is attached to the stoma and must be worn at all times. Most of the time, the surgeon will reconnect the two ends of intestines at a later date. The intestine can be rejoined in a number of ways. One method uses a stapling device that positions staples to join the ends of the intestine. Or, the surgeon may pull the intestinal ends up through one of the small incisions and stitch (suture) the ends together. Your surgeon will choose the best method at the time of your surgery. Finally, your surgeon will check that there is no bleeding, rinse out the abdominal cavity, release the gas from the abdomen, and close the small incisions.


Question: How long do you have to stay in the hospital after a laparoscopic surgery?

Answer: Finally, you will meet with an anesthesiologist, who will discuss the type of pain medication (anesthesia) you will be given for surgery, and you will learn about pain control after the operation. The more you move the less chance for complications such as pneumonia or the formation of blood clots in your leg veins. The length of your hospital stay will depend on the type of procedure you have and how quickly you recover. For example, the average hospital stay for a laparoscopic rectopexy ranges from one to two days and for a laparoscopic bowel resection, two to three days.


Question: What is the recovery time for laparoscopic surgery?

Answer: You will be encouraged to get out of bed and walk, starting the first day after the operation. The more you move the less chance for complications such as pneumonia or the formation of blood clots in your leg veins. If you are fit and did regular exercise before the operation, you may be permitted to resume exercising when you feel comfortable. There are only two things you are not permitted to do for six weeks after this kind of operation: lift or push anything over 30 pounds or do abdominal exercises such as sit-ups.


Question: What liquids should you avoid to keep your teeth white?

Answer: Avoid the consumption of or exposure to products that stain your teeth, such as coffee, tea, and red wine. If you do choose to consume beverages that stain, consider using a straw so that the liquid bypasses your front teeth.


Question: How should you take care of your teeth to keep them white?

Answer: Brush your teeth at least twice daily, floss at least once daily to remove plaque, and rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash at least once a day to kill bacteria that cause plaque. Use a whitening toothpaste (once or twice a week only) to remove surface stains and prevent yellowing. Use a regular toothpaste the rest of the time.


Question: How often might you need a touch-up treatment to keep your teeth white?

Answer: If you smoke or drink lots of stain-causing beverages, you may need a touch up more often.


Question: How can you help your child cool off when he or she is dehydrated?

Answer: If your child has been in the sun or heat, get into a cool place. Dress your child in cool, lightweight clothing. This will also help if he has a fever.


Question: When should you call 911 about dehydration in your child?

Answer: Is less than 1 month old Has extreme lethargy Has skin that doesn't bounce back when pinched Is breathing fast Is confused Dehydration is a risk in babies and toddlers, especially if they have vomiting, diarrhea, or fever.


Question: How can you give your child fluids when he or she is dehydrated?

Answer: If your infant is breastfeeding, continue to nurse your baby. Let him nurse more often. Your pediatrician may want you to give your baby small amounts of oral electrolyte solution. Check the amount with your doctor. Give toddlers about 1 tablespoon of oral electrolyte solution, ice chips, water, ice pops, or clear broth every 15 minutes.


Question: How can I manage my psoriasis?

Answer: It's closely linked with a hard-to-treat type called pustular psoriasis, which affects the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet.


Question: Should I learn as much as I can about psoriasis?

Answer: If you also have relatives with the disease, you're nine times more likely to get it.


Question: Do psoriasis symptoms change over time?

Answer: They control things like your eye and hair color, if you can taste certain things, and other ways your body works. During pregnancy, your symptoms may get better or even go away.


Question: Will psoriasis affect my social confidence?

Answer: They control things like your eye and hair color, if you can taste certain things, and other ways your body works. If you also have relatives with the disease, you're nine times more likely to get it. Keep your skin moist, and try a humidifier at home.


Question: How does psoriasis affect the immune system?

Answer: Psoriasis turns your skin cells into type A overachievers: They grow about five times faster than normal skin cells. There's more going on under the surface of this skin disease. If you also have relatives with the disease, you're nine times more likely to get it. It's closely linked with a hard-to-treat type called pustular psoriasis, which affects the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet.


Question: What should you do if you think you have erectile dysfunction?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If you think you have ED, a good first step is to talk with your doctor. The treatment you need will depend on what's causing it. You may find that simple lifestyle changes will help, like losing weight, drinking less alcohol, or quitting smoking. If a medication is causing your ED, your doctor may lower your dose or try a different drug altogether.


Question: How can exposure to sunlight lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Because the body makes vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunlight, you may be at risk of deficiency if you are homebound, live in northern latitudes, wear long robes or head coverings for religious reasons, or have an occupation that prevents sun exposure.


Question: How important is vitamin D?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Traditionally, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities. But increasingly, research is revealing the importance of vitamin D in protecting against a host of health problems.


Question: What are the symptoms and health risks of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Symptoms of bone pain and muscle weakness can mean you have a vitamin D deficiency. However, for many people, the symptoms are subtle. Yet, even without symptoms, too little vitamin D can pose health risks. Low blood levels of the vitamin have been associated with the following: Increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease Cognitive impairment in older adults Severe asthma in children Cancer Research suggests that vitamin D could play a role in the prevention and treatment of a number of different conditions, including type1 and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and multiple sclerosis.


Question: How is vitamin D deficiency diagnosed?

Answer: People with a body mass index of 30 or greater often have low blood levels of vitamin D. The most accurate way to measure how much vitamin D is in your body is the 25-hydroxy vitamin D blood test. A level of 20 nanograms/milliliter to 50 ng/m L is considered adequate for healthy people. A level less than 12 ng/m L indicates vitamin D deficiency.


Question: How can dark skin lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: The pigment melanin reduces the skin's ability to make vitamin D in response to sunlight exposure. Some studies show that older adults with darker skin are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency.


Question: How can my digestive tract cause vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Your digestive tract cannot adequately absorb vitamin D. Certain medical problems, including Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, and celiac disease, can affect your intestine's ability to absorb vitamin D from the food you eat.


Question: How can my kidneys cause vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: As people age, their kidneys are less able to convert vitamin D to its active form, thus increasing their risk of vitamin D deficiency.


Question: How can obesity lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Vitamin D is extracted from the blood by fat cells, altering its release into the circulation. People with a body mass index of 30 or greater often have low blood levels of vitamin D. The most accurate way to measure how much vitamin D is in your body is the 25-hydroxy vitamin D blood test.


Question: What can lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Vitamin D deficiency can occur for a number of reasons: You don't consume the recommended levels of the vitamin over time. This is likely if you follow a strict vegan diet, because most of the natural sources are animal-based, including fish and fish oils, egg yolks, fortified milk, and beef liver.


Question: Where can you get vitamin D?

Answer: Known as the sunshine vitamin, vitamin D is produced by the body in response to skin being exposed to sunlight. It is also occurs naturally in a few foods -- including some fish, fish liver oils, and egg yolks -- and in fortified dairy and grain products. Because the body makes vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunlight, you may be at risk of deficiency if you are homebound, live in northern latitudes, wear long robes or head coverings for religious reasons, or have an occupation that prevents sun exposure.


Question: How is vitamin D deficiency treated?

Answer: A level of 20 nanograms/milliliter to 50 ng/m L is considered adequate for healthy people. Guidelines from the Institute of Medicine increased the recommended dietary allowance ( RDA) of vitamin D to 600 international units ( IU) for everyone ages 1-70, and raised it to 800 IU for adults older than age 70 to optimize bone health. The safe upper limit was also raised to 4,000 IU. Doctors may prescribe more than 4,000 IU to correct a vitamin D deficiency. If you don't spend much time in the sun or always are careful to cover your skin (sunscreen inhibits vitamin D production), you should speak to your doctor about taking a vitamin D supplement, particularly if you have risk factors for vitamin D deficiency.


Question: Can compression stockings affect how you perform?

Answer: Studies show the gear has little to no effect on athletic performance, but some people swear by it. Maybe thinking they have an edge gives them one. The evidence for faster recovery is better, but not enough to make a difference for weekend warriors.


Question: What do compression stockings do?

Answer: People with or at risk for circulation problems, like DVT, varicose veins, or diabetes People who've just gotten surgery Those who can't leave their bed or have a hard time moving their legs People who stand all day at work Athletes Pregnant women People who spend long stretches of time on airplanes, like pilots The pressure these stockings put on your legs helps your blood vessels work better. The arteries that take oxygen-rich blood to your muscles can relax, so blood flows freely. The veins get a boost pushing blood back to your heart. Compression stockings can keep your legs from getting tired and achy. They can also ease swelling in your feet and ankles as well as help prevent and treat spider and varicose veins. They may even stop you from feeling light-headed or dizzy when you stand up. Because the blood keeps moving, it's harder for it to pool in your veins and make a clot. If one forms and breaks free, it can travel with your blood and get stuck somewhere dangerous, like your lungs. Clots also make it harder for blood to flow around them, and that can cause swelling, discolored skin, and other problems.


Question: What are compression stockings?

Answer: Graduated compression or pressure stockings are tighter around your ankle and get looser as they move up your leg. Compression sleeves are just the tube part, without the foot.


Question: How can you decide which compression stocking works best for you?

Answer: They come in different sizes and strengths, so you or your doctor will need to decide which option will work best.


Question: Who uses compression stockings?

Answer: People with or at risk for circulation problems, like DVT, varicose veins, or diabetes People who've just gotten surgery Those who can't leave their bed or have a hard time moving their legs People who stand all day at work Athletes Pregnant women People who spend long stretches of time on airplanes, like pilots The pressure these stockings put on your legs helps your blood vessels work better.


Question: Where can you buy compression stockings?

Answer: You can buy them over the counter, but if your doctor prescribes them, your insurance may cover the cost. You can buy them at medical supply companies, online, and in many drug stores. They can cost from around $10 to as much as $100 per pair, depending on what kind you get.


Question: Why do people wear compression stockings?

Answer: They can lessen pain and swelling in your legs. They can also lower your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis ( DVT), a kind of blood clot, and other circulation problems. The theory is that, during activity, better blood flow will help get oxygen to their muscles, and the support will help prevent tissue damage. It could cause blood flow problems or cut off your circulation like a tourniquet.


Question: How can you wear compression stockings?

Answer: They can cost from around $10 to as much as $100 per pair, depending on what kind you get. The theory is that, during activity, better blood flow will help get oxygen to their muscles, and the support will help prevent tissue damage. You can wear socks, slippers, and shoes over compression stockings.


Question: How do you wear compression stockings?

Answer: Some athletes, including runners, basketball players, and triathletes, wear compression socks and sleeves on their legs and arms. Make sure they aren't too long. Don't fold or roll the tops down, because that can make them too tight. It could cause blood flow problems or cut off your circulation like a tourniquet. If your doctor told you to wear them, you'll probably want to keep them on most of the time. Check with your doctor about how often and how long you need to use them.


Question: What does the Atkins 40 involve?

Answer: A newer version of Atkins, called Atkins 40, has more relaxed rules and allows you to start with 40 grams of carbs in the daily diet. It doesn't exclude any food groups at first, as Atkins 20 does. There are limits to the amount of butter or fats that you should eat, but no strict guidelines for meats or other proteins.


Question: How compatible is the Atkins diet with a gluten-free diet?

Answer: Vegetarians get protein from: Eggs Cheese Soy Nuts Seeds Legumes High-protein grains like quinoa Vegans get protein from: Legumes Soy Nuts Seeds High-protein grains like quinoa Gluten-free diet: It's easy to stick to that eating plan when you're on Atkins. Foods with gluten are high in carbs. People on Atkins eat less gluten than people who eat the standard American diet.


Question: How compatible is the Atkins diet with a low-salt diet?

Answer: Low-salt diet: There's no need to add salt to any recipes for Atkins. Stay away from canned and packaged foods as much as you can, because they often have added sugars and other carbs, bad-for-you fats â¦ and salt.


Question: How compatible is the Atkins diet for vegetarians and vegans?

Answer: Vegetarians and vegans: Atkins doesn't require you to eat meat. Also, you'll have to skip the first phase of Atkins 20, which limits carbs too much.


Question: Where can you get support for the Atkins diet?

Answer: Support: You can follow Atkins by reading a book, but if you want extra support, the Atkins website has support groups and chat rooms, where you can talk to others who are losing weight the same way you are. There are also free recipes, meal trackers, and apps to make it simple to count carbs, plan meals, and shop.


Question: Which foods can vegans get protein from in the Atkins diet?

Answer: Vegetarians get protein from: Eggs Cheese Soy Nuts Seeds Legumes High-protein grains like quinoa Vegans get protein from: Legumes Soy Nuts Seeds High-protein grains like quinoa Gluten-free diet: It's easy to stick to that eating plan when you're on Atkins.


Question: What are the phases of the Atkins diet?

Answer: You'll have to learn how to limit your carbs, but you'll enjoy plenty of tasty options instead. Phase 3. Go to this level when you have about 10 pounds left to lose. You'll learn how to maintain weight loss and lose the last few pounds. You'll follow this for the rest of your life, to ensure that you don't gain back what you've lost. Limitations: You'll have to cut out white flour, sugar, and other common carbs at first, and eat carbs only in vegetable form.


Question: How can I prevent a hip fracture?

Answer: A hip fracture is a break in the top quarter of the thighbone, which is also called the femur. The best way is to make sure your bones stay strong and healthy. To that end, your doctor might recommend one or more of the following: Calcium supplements Vitamin D supplements Drugs called bisphosphonates â these prevent the loss of bone mass Calcitonin, a hormone that maintains calcium levels in your bones Regular physical activity Giving up tobacco and alcohol Your doctor may also recommend you take drugs that increase the activity of the hormone estrogen and improve bone density. These are called selective estrogen receptor modulators.


Question: What are symptoms of a hip fracture?

Answer: A hip fracture is a break in the top quarter of the thighbone, which is also called the femur. You'll probably have a lot of pain in your hip or groin. Your skin around the injury may also swell, get red or bruise. They might just complain of vague pain in their hips, butt, thighs, groin or back. If your doctor thinks you've got a broken hip, he'll ask questions about any recent injuries or falls. The ink travels through your blood into your bones, where it can reveal fractures. To that end, your doctor might recommend one or more of the following: Calcium supplements Vitamin D supplements Drugs called bisphosphonates â these prevent the loss of bone mass Calcitonin, a hormone that maintains calcium levels in your bones Regular physical activity Giving up tobacco and alcohol Your doctor may also recommend you take drugs that increase the activity of the hormone estrogen and improve bone density.


Question: How is a hip fracture treated?

Answer: A hip fracture is a break in the top quarter of the thighbone, which is also called the femur. You'll probably have a lot of pain in your hip or groin. What type depends on the kind of fracture you have, your age, and your overall health.


Question: How is prosthetic device fitted?

Answer: They include: The location and level of the amputation The condition of the remaining limb Your activity level, particularly for a prosthetic leg or foot Your specific goals and needs Prostheses are designed and fitted by a specialist called a prosthetist. The fitting process may begin in the hospital shortly after amputation after the swelling has gone and down and the incision is healed. It involves: Measuring the stump and the healthy opposite limb Making a plaster mold Fashioning the socket Attaching the shaft Aligning the prosthesis Depending on your comfort and how well your wound is healing, you may begin to practice with your artificial limb as early as a few weeks after surgery.


Question: How do arm and hand prosthetic devices work?

Answer: Arm and hand. The oldest and most commonly used prosthetic arm is operated with the body's own movements and a harness that extends in a figure eight across the back and under the opposite arm. Others use a rechargeable battery to run small motors in the prosthetic hand or hook. The battery improves grip strength.


Question: What is a prosthetic device?

Answer: When an arm or other extremity is amputated or lost, a prosthetic device, or prosthesis, can play an important role in rehabilitation. For many people, an artificial limb can improve mobility and the ability to manage daily activities, as well as provide the means to stay independent.


Question: What parts does a prosthetic device have?

Answer: There is a wide variety of prostheses that are designed to function -- and in many cases look -- like a natural arm, leg, hand, or foot. Although there are many different designs, most have similar parts. These include: A socket into which the stump of the amputated limb fits The suspension, which holds the prosthesis onto the stump The shaft The foot, hand, or hook A covering for cosmetic appearances The socket is often lined with foam or silicone to protect the stump.


Question: How do lower leg and foot prosthetic devices work?

Answer: It uses feedback from sensors to adjust joint movement, making walking more efficient and reducing the risk of falls. A number of factors are involved in choosing a prosthesis. The prosthesis is designed for one heel height only.


Question: Is an upper endoscopy safe?

Answer: If you have severe abdominal pain, a continuous cough or fever, chills, chest pain, nausea, or vomiting within 72 hours after an upper endoscopy, call your doctor's office right away or go to the emergency room. Serious risks with an endoscopy are rare.


Question: What is an upper endoscopy?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Upper endoscopy, also known as EGD, is a procedure in which a thin scope with a light and camera at its tip is used to look inside the upper digestive tract -- the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. Usually performed as an outpatient procedure, upper endoscopy sometimes must be performed in the hospital or emergency room to both identify and treat conditions such as upper digestive system bleeding. The procedure is commonly used to help identify the causes of: Abdominal or chest pain Nausea and vomiting Heartburn Bleeding Swallowing problems Endoscopy can also help identify inflammation, ulcers, and tumors.


Question: Who is at risk of getting actinic keratosis?

Answer: People with fair skin, blond or red hair, and blue or green eyes are most at risk of developing these rough, scaly patches, or keratoses. A history of a sunburn also increases the risk. If not treated, these patches can develop into a more serious form of skin cancer, although this is unusual.


Question: What are common side effects of peginterferon for hepatitis C?

Answer: Side effects can include: Flu-like symptoms (headache, fatigue, fever, chills, muscle aches) Arthritis-like pain in back, joints Gastrointestinal problems (nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea) Insomnia Depression Low blood cell counts Talk to your doctor if you've had an organ transplant, or if you're pregnant, breastfeeding, or plan to get pregnant while taking it.


Question: What are common side effects of Olysio for hepatitis C?

Answer: You have to take it along with ribavirin and/or interferon, and you'll probably be on it for 12 to 24 weeks.


Question: What are common side effects of Sovaldi for hepatitis C?

Answer: It will probably cause: Flu-like symptoms (fatigue, headache) Nausea Insomnia Low red blood cell count Itching Don't take St. John's wort while you're on this medication.


Question: What are common side effects of Harvoni for hepatits C?

Answer: Side effects usually include: Headache Fatigue Nausea Diarrhea Don't take it if you've had hepatitis B in the past.


Question: What are common side effects of ribavirin for hepatitis C?

Answer: You can expect to have: Flu-like side effects (fever, headache, chills, muscle aches) Gastrointestinal problems (low appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) Low blood cell counts Depression Insomnia Hair loss Sofosbuvir ( Sovaldi) with interferon and ribavirin Take this tablet at the same time every day with food.


Question: What are common side effects of Zepatier for hepatitis C?

Answer: You can expect to have: Fatigue Headache Skin reactions Low red blood cell count Gastrointestinal problems (nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain) If you're also taking ribavirin ( Rebetol, Virazole), you could have joint pain, anemia, or feel depressed.


Question: What are common side effects of Mavyret for hepatitis C?

Answer: Side effects usually include: Headache Fatigue Nausea Diarrhea Don't take it if you've had hepatitis B in the past.


Question: Are side effects a problem with hepatitis C treatment?

Answer: Treatment now involves direct-acting antiviral drugs ( DAAs). These medicines are highly effective for most people with hepatitis C and are interferon-free and often ribavirin-free. This means they typically have fewer side effects. The treatments are often simpler, using fewer pills for a shorter amount of time. DAAs are available as either single drugs or combined with other medicines in one pill.


Question: What are common side effects of Viekira Pack for hepatitis C?

Answer: Other treatment options include: daclatasvir ( Daklinza); ombitasvir-paritaprevir-ritonavir plus dasabuvir, ( Viekira Pak) ombitasvir-paritaprevir-ritonavir ( Technivie); or some combinations of simeprevir ( Olysio); sofosbuvir ( Sovaldi); peginterferon or ribavirin. During treatment, you may notice: Fatigue Nausea Itching Skin reactions Insomnia Weakness Severe liver injury if given to someone who already has severe liver disease If you use it with ribavirin, watch out for skin redness or rash.


Question: What can do to ease the side effects of hepatitis C treatment?

Answer: It could also cause: Fatigue Headache If your doctor prescribes ribavirin along with it, you may also have diarrhea, an upset stomach, and trouble sleeping. Try to take it the same day at the same time. Check with your doctor before you take any. Some -- such as high doses of vitamins, like A and D, or minerals like iron -- can hurt your liver. Eat smaller, healthier meals and skip spicy, acidic foods. Ask your doctor about medications that might help ease nausea or diarrhea. Use moisturizing soaps and lotions to help with dry skin. Don't take long, hot showers or baths. For a dry mouth or sour mouth, brush your teeth often and suck on sugar-free candies. Drink lots of water.


Question: Can mindfullness help me lose weight?

Answer: With food, you have multiple chances to be mindful: Do a gut check to see if you're really hungry before you eat. Focus on each bite, savoring its flavor and texture. Notice if what you're saying to yourself is helpful. Do another gut check to see how full you are. That way you can stop eating when you feel full instead of mindlessly cleaning your plate.


Question: How can you practice mindfulness?

Answer: Here's how to be mindful when you have a few minutes to yourself and don't need to concentrate on a more pressing task (like driving): First, pause and focus on your body. Notice what you see and hear. Also, check what you smell, taste, and feel. Don't label these sensations as good or bad. Just let them go. Then narrow your focus. Give each part of your body a moment of your full attention. Next, be more intent on your breath. Where in your body do you feel it most? When your mind wanders (and it will), simply return to your breath. There's no need to beat yourself up for losing focus.


Question: Why should I practice mindfulness?

Answer: You're on autopilot, for instance, when you back out of your driveway and head to work on a Saturday when you meant to go to the park. Let's say you find yourself eating a bag of chips in front of the TV -- your evening pattern. Being mindful can help you break free from the autopilot trance and take a moment to make a different choice. You could trade the chips for carrots, or decide to skip TV and take a walk around the block instead. Does the activity you're doing make your body feel good while you're doing it?


Question: Can mindfulness help you get in shape?

Answer: Here's how to be mindful when you have a few minutes to yourself and don't need to concentrate on a more pressing task (like driving): First, pause and focus on your body. How do you exercise mindfully? Tune in to how your body feels. Are your muscles tense? Do you feel antsy? Does the activity you're doing make your body feel good while you're doing it? If the exercise targets a certain body part, how does that part feel while you're doing it? Notice your thoughts about how you're moving. Are the thoughts encouraging?


Question: What should you know about your medications to help prevent another heart attack?

Answer: Be clear on how and when to take them. Ask your doctor about side effects. Learn what each medicine does and why you're taking it. Make a list of the things you take. Keep it with you in case of an emergency or if you need to talk with another doctor about them.


Question: How can my dietitian help me recover from a heart attack?

Answer: Ask your doctor if there are foods you shouldn't eat. Changing your diet is easier if you work with a dietitian. She can help you plan menus and find recipes. She'll also help you find resources that let you focus on eating healthy foods. If you aren't able to work with a dietitian as part of your rehab program, ask your doctor for a referral. You can also find recipes and nutritional aids on the web.


Question: How does treating high blood pressure and high cholesterol help in preventing a heart attack?

Answer: Treat high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Both of these damage your arteries. Over time, they increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. Exercise, a healthy diet, and lifestyle changes can help. But they may not be enough. You may be prescribed medicine to help.


Question: How long will I be in the hospital after a heart attack?

Answer: Typically, you'll be in the hospital for 2 days to a week after a heart attack. But if you have complications, or if you've had other procedures, like bypass surgery, you'll probably stay longer.


Question: What do you do in a cardiac rehab program?

Answer: Most cardiac rehab programs consist of three parts: Exercise led by a certified exercise specialist Classes on how to lower your risk of further problems Support for dealing with stress, anxiety, and depression You'll need to do some stuff to help lower your risk of heart attack and heart disease: Stop smoking.


Question: How does a cardiac rehab program help me recover from a heart attack?

Answer: He may have you take a stress test to see what level of exercise is safe to start with. But the real goal is to become more active in everyday life.


Question: How do you treat genital herpes?

Answer: Genital herpes : Once you are infected with genital herpes, the virus remains in your body for life. After the first outbreak, herpes may flare up several times per year, but these episodes may lessen over time. Antiviral medication (such as Famvir, Valtrex, and Zovirax) can help reduce the length and severity of both the initial and subsequent herpes outbreaks. If you have outbreaks often, you may want to use suppressive therapy.


Question: Can you treat an STD by yourself?

Answer: These diseases are contagious and serious. You must see a doctor. Bacterial STDs can be cured with antibiotics if treatment begins early enough. Viral STDs cannot be cured, but you can manage symptoms with medications. There is a vaccine against hepatitis B, but it will not help if you already have the disease.


Question: How do you treat syphilis?

Answer: Early treatment is crucial to prevent the bacteria from spreading to and damaging other organs.


Question: How do you treat chlamydia and gonorrhea?

Answer: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: These STDs are treated with antibiotics. You should begin taking them if tests show you have chlamydia or gonorrhea or if you have been exposed to them, even though you may not have symptoms. Your sex partners will also have to be treated regardless of whether they have symptoms. Certain strains of gonorrhea have become resistant to some antibiotics, so you may have to take more than one drug to fight gonorrhea. Make sure your partner also seeks treatment.


Question: How do you treat HIV?

Answer: Here are some specific STD treatments: HIV / AIDS: Since AIDS is not curable, treatment focuses on keeping HIV levels in check. Antiretroviral drugs are the standard therapy for HIV infection, and usually you will be given several drugs to take, a so-called drug "cocktail."


Question: How do you treat genital warts?

Answer: However, you will still carry the virus that causes warts and can still transmit it to sex partners. If you do choose to treat genital warts, you have several options. Freezing the warts or applying medication directly to them are often the first choices. If genital warts do not respond to these options, surgery may be necessary to remove them.


Question: What medications can make you lose potassium?

Answer: Some diuretics for heart failure can make you lose potassium in your pee. If you are taking one, have your levels checked. If yours are low, you can raise them by taking a supplement or eating more potassium-rich foods.


Question: What medications can raise your levels of potassium?

Answer: Some medications can raise your levels, including some ACE inhibitors, spironolactone ( Aldactone), triamterene, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim).


Question: How does potassium help your heart?

Answer: A hundred thousand times a day, it helps trigger your heart to squeeze blood through your body. It also helps your muscles to move, your nerves to work, and your kidneys to filter blood. Regulated heartbeat: Potassium enables your heart to beat in a healthy way.


Question: How much potassium do you need per day?

Answer: It also helps your muscles to move, your nerves to work, and your kidneys to filter blood. The best way to get enough potassium is to eat fruits and vegetables. Ask your doctor before starting a potassium supplement.


Question: What's a rigid bronchoscopy?

Answer: In rigid bronchoscopy, a long metal tube (rigid bronchoscope) is advanced into a person's windpipe and main airways. The rigid bronchoscope's large diameter allows the doctor to use more sophisticated surgical tools and techniques. Rigid bronchoscopy requires general anesthesia (unconsciousness with assisted breathing), similar to a surgical procedure.


Question: What is a flexible bronchoscopy?

Answer: During bronchoscopy, a doctor advances a flexible endoscope (bronchoscope) through a person's mouth or nose into the windpipe. The doctor advances the bronchoscope through the airways in each lung, checking for problems. Images from inside the lung are displayed on a video screen. The bronchoscope has a channel at its tip, through which a doctor can pass small tools. Using these tools, the doctor can perform several other interventional pulmonology procedures.


Question: What is the advantage of interventional pulmonology procedures?

Answer: Interventional pulmonology procedures offer the potential advantage of avoiding more invasive surgery. For example, before interventional pulmonology, biopsy of lymph nodes in the chest required chest wall surgery.


Question: What is a balloon bronchoplasty?

Answer: A doctor advances a deflated balloon into a section of abnormally narrowed airway. By inflating the balloon with water, the airway is expanded, potentially relieving symptoms. Balloon bronchoplasty may be performed prior to airway stent placement to help expand a bronchus.


Question: What is bronchoalveolar lavage?

Answer: Bronchoalveolar lavage is performed during bronchoscopy. Sterile water is injected through the bronchoscope into a segment of the lung. The fluid is then suctioned back and sent for tests. Bronchoalveolar lavage can help diagnose infection, cancer, bleeding, and other conditions.


Question: What is bronchoscopic thermoplasty?

Answer: Thermoplasty is an interventional pulmonology procedure for certain people with severe asthma that can't be controlled with medications. During bronchoscopy, a doctor applies a heat probe to the walls of the airways. The heat destroys the smooth muscle layers whose constriction contributes to asthma symptoms.


Question: What is pleurodesis?

Answer: Pleurodesis is an interventional pulmonology procedure performed for people with recurring pleural effusions (fluid around the lungs). In pleurodesis, a doctor makes an incision in the chest wall. A plastic tube is inserted into the chest cavity, and an irritating chemical is sprayed around the lung. Over time, the inflamed lung lining (pleura) adheres tightly to the chest wall. This prevents fluid from reaccumulating around the lung.


Question: What are some conditions an airway stent can help with?

Answer: Biopsies can detect cancer, infection, sarcoidosis, and other conditions. Airway stent (bronchial stent). Expanding the stent can open a bronchus and relieve symptoms caused by the constriction.


Question: What is interventional pulmonology?

Answer: Using these tools, the doctor can perform several other interventional pulmonology procedures. Bronchoalveolar lavage can help diagnose infection, cancer, bleeding, and other conditions. A doctor may be able to remove the object using flexible bronchoscopy, or rigid bronchoscopy may be required.


Question: How might an interventional pulmonologist remove an inhaled object that's lodged in your airway?

Answer: Bronchoscopy is the most common interventional pulmonology procedure. A doctor may be able to remove the object using flexible bronchoscopy, or rigid bronchoscopy may be required.


Question: Is body odor normal?

Answer: These hormones are not active until puberty, which is why body odor wasn't a problem when you were a kid. While sweat itself is virtually odorless, bacteria use it as a breeding ground and multiply rapidly. What you smell is the products related to bacteria breakdown of keratin protein on the surface of your skin.


Question: Why do my feet smell?

Answer: While body odor is usually associated with the armpits, bacteria can also produce odor in the groin, anus area, upper thighs, and feet, among other places. Thoroughly washing your skin with a wet washcloth and soap -- especially those areas prone to sweating -- can help prevent body odor. Remember that smelly feet can also cause smelly shoes. Treating your shoes with an over-the-counter deodorizer can help. Also, wear thick, absorbent socks if you can.


Question: What are some tips to fight body odor?

Answer: While sweat itself is virtually odorless, bacteria use it as a breeding ground and multiply rapidly. If you want to be "odor-free" consider the following tips: Apply an antiperspirant at bedtime. This gives the product a chance to work while you sleep and are not sweating. If you apply antiperspirants after showering in the morning, the sweat you accumulate will wash away the product and render you defenseless against daytime sweating. Remember, deodorants do not prevent sweating. They mainly mask the smell of the sweat on your skin. Keep your underarms dry. Bacteria have a hard time breeding in dry areas of the body. Try a solution of hydrogen peroxide and water to fight body odor. Use 1 teaspoon of peroxide (3%) to 1 cup (8 ounces) of water. Wipe this on affected areas (underarm, feet, groin) with a washcloth. This may help destroy some of the bacteria that creates odor. If sweat from working out is your No. Change your diet. Sometimes, fatty foods, oils, or strong-smelling foods such as garlic, curry, and onions, can seep through your pores and cause body odor (always see a doctor or dietician before making drastic dietary changes). If you have excessive sweating (called hyperhidrosis), talk to your doctor. There are a few treatment options for those with more severe sweating who desire more aggressive treatments. Also, certain medical problems can lead to excessive sweating. Your doctor can make a diagnosis and prescribe treatment. Shaving your underarm regularly will help prevent the accumulation of bacteria and can reduce sweat and odor.


Question: What's the best way to fight body odor?

Answer: Sweating is the body's way of regulating temperature. For most teens, proper hygiene -- like washing well and applying an underarm antiperspirant or deodorant -- should be enough.


Question: What should I do to take care of my skin?

Answer: Wash your face twice a day -- once in the morning and once at night before you go to bed. Limit your time outside, especially between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Always wear a broad-spectrum sunscreen with the physical blocker zinc oxide and a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 30 or greater. Wear protective clothing, like a long-sleeved shirt, pants, and a wide-brimmed hat. Pay attention to all parts of your skin so you'll notice any changes in moles or patches that might indicate skin cancer. Go to the doctor when you have a question.


Question: What are the advantages of lasers over drills in dentistry?

Answer: Pros Compared to the traditional dental drill, lasers: May cause less pain in some instances, so reduces the need for anesthesia May reduce anxiety in patients uncomfortable with the use of the dental drill Minimize bleeding and swelling during soft tissue treatments May preserve more healthy tooth during cavity removal Cons The disadvantages of lasers are that: Lasers can't be used on teeth with fillings already in place.


Question: How do lasers work in dentistry?

Answer: A peroxide bleaching solution, applied to the tooth surface, is ''activated" by laser energy, which speeds up of the whitening process. All lasers work by delivering energy in the form of light. When used for surgical and dental procedures, the laser acts as a cutting instrument or a vaporizer of tissue that it comes in contact with. When used in teeth-whitening procedures, the laser acts as a heat source and enhances the effect of tooth-bleaching agents.


Question: What are the disadvantages of lasers over drills in dentistry?

Answer: Pros Compared to the traditional dental drill, lasers: May cause less pain in some instances, so reduces the need for anesthesia May reduce anxiety in patients uncomfortable with the use of the dental drill Minimize bleeding and swelling during soft tissue treatments May preserve more healthy tooth during cavity removal Cons The disadvantages of lasers are that: Lasers can't be used on teeth with fillings already in place. Lasers can't be used in many commonly performed dental procedures. Traditional drills may still be needed to shape the filling, adjust the bite, and polish the filling even when a laser is used. Lasers do not eliminate the need for anesthesia. Laser treatment tends to be more expensive -- the cost of the laser is much higher than a dental drill.


Question: How is laser used in dentistry?

Answer: Still, some dentists are using lasers to treat: Tooth decay. Lasers are used to remove decay within a tooth and prepare the surrounding enamel for receipt of the filling. Gum disease. Lasers are used to reshape gums and remove bacteria during root canal procedures. Biopsy or lesion removal. Lasers can be used to remove a small piece of tissue (called a biopsy) so that it can be examined for cancer. Lasers are used to speed up in-office teeth whitening procedures. A peroxide bleaching solution, applied to the tooth surface, is ''activated" by laser energy, which speeds up of the whitening process.


Question: Are there any cancer vaccines for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Immunotherapy is one of the newest treatment options for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. There are a few types of immunotherapy.


Question: What are checkpoint inhibitors?

Answer: There are a few types of immunotherapy. Imagine your immune system is a car. When you get immunotherapy drugs it's like taking your foot off the brakes so the car can go full speed ahead.


Question: When might your doctor take you off checkpoint inhibitors for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: These drugs work at checkpoints and fire up your immune system to destroy cancer cells. You take them through IV infusion every 2-3 weeks: Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq) Durvalumab ( Imfinzi) Nivolumab ( Opdivo) Pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) But when your immune system runs full throttle, there can be serious side effects. It could attack your lungs, intestines, liver, hormone-making glands, kidneys, or other organs. If this happens, your doctor will take you off the drug and give you corticosteroids. They'll quiet your immune system down again.


Question: What is the lymphatic system?

Answer: The lymphatic system is a network of nodes (knots of tissue) connected by vessels that drain fluid and waste products from the body. The lymph nodes act as tiny filters, straining out foreign organisms and cells. The lymphatic system also is involved in producing important white blood cells called lymphocytes that help protect you against various infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.


Question: What tests might a doctor prescribe to diagnose a spinal compression?

Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe tests such as: A spinal X-ray to determine whether a vertebra has collapsed A CT scan to provide detail of the fractured bone and the nerves around it An MRI scan to show greater detail of nerves and nearby discs Also, a bone biopsy may be done because a small percentage of patients have compression fractures caused by cancer.


Question: What happens during and after a parathyroid hormone (PTH) blood test?

Answer: Blood is taken from a vein in your arm. The person drawing blood may tie a rubber band around your upper arm first. This, along with making a fist, can help make the veins more visible near the surface of the skin. The needle that enters the vein is attached to a small test tube. Only a little blood is needed for a PTH test. Once enough blood has been drawn, the technician will remove the needle and put a bandage on you. The blood sample is then sent to a lab where it will be measured for PTH, calcium, and possibly hormones, minerals, or other substances.


Question: Where can you find a holistic provider?

Answer: This may include diet, exercise, psychotherapy, relationship and spiritual counseling, and more Complementary and alternative therapies such as acupuncture, chiropractic care, homeopathy, massage therapy, naturopathy, and others Western medications and surgical procedures Holistic providers may include medical doctors, doctors of osteopathy, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, and homeopathic doctors. To find a holistic practitioner in your area, visit the American Holistic Medical Association web site.


Question: What are the principles of holistic medicine?

Answer: Holistic medicine is also based on the belief that unconditional love and support is the most powerful healer and a person is ultimately responsible for his or her own health and well-being. Other principles of holistic medicine include the following: All people have innate healing powers. The patient is a person, not a disease. Healing takes a team approach involving the patient and doctor, and addresses all aspects of a person's life using a variety of health care practices. Treatment involves fixing the cause of the condition, not just alleviating the symptoms.


Question: What are some tips when choosing a holistic provider?

Answer: Here are some tips to keep in mind when choosing a holistic provider: Don't go to just anyone. As with all professionals, there are those who are good at their jobs and those who are not as good. Before choosing a holistic medicine doctor, get a recommendation from someone you trust, or contact a credible health organization and ask for a recommendation. Do your homework. When selecting a holistic doctor, find out as much as you can about that person's training, experience, specialty, and association with professional organizations and hospital affiliations. Is he or she board certified in holistic medicine by a credible medical board? Also, consider the doctor's treatment philosophy. Is it similar to your own views? How do you feel? Consider how comfortable you are with the provider. Does he or she make you feel at ease? Is the provider respectful of your concerns and beliefs? Remember, holistic medicine takes a team approach, involving you and the provider, so make sure you feel comfortable and respected and that he or she is someone with whom you would like to work. Appointment time. Choose a provider who will spend enough time with you so that he or she can gain a full understanding of your needs. Are the right questions being asked? In order to understand you as a whole person and not just a disease, be prepared to answer lots of questions, including questions about your diet, exercise, sleep habits, how you feel emotionally, your religious beliefs and practices, close relationships, and more. Treatment options. When determining a treatment approach, does the wellness plan go beyond pills? Make sure the practitioner examines all lifestyle factors, along with medical factors that could be contributing to your illness.


Question: What are the types of training in holistic medicine?

Answer: A holistic doctor may use all forms of health care, from conventional medication to alternative therapies, to treat a patient. Holistic medicine is also based on the belief that unconditional love and support is the most powerful healer and a person is ultimately responsible for his or her own health and well-being. This may include diet, exercise, psychotherapy, relationship and spiritual counseling, and more Complementary and alternative therapies such as acupuncture, chiropractic care, homeopathy, massage therapy, naturopathy, and others Western medications and surgical procedures Holistic providers may include medical doctors, doctors of osteopathy, naturopathic doctors, chiropractors, and homeopathic doctors.


Question: What tests can check for spina bifida?

Answer: Spina bifida is a relatively common birth defect in the U. S. The words literally mean "split spine" in Latin. Three tests can check for spina bifida and other birth defects while the baby is still in the womb: Blood test: A sample of the mother's blood is tested to see if it has a certain protein the baby makes called AFP. If the level of AFP is very high, it could mean the baby has spina bifida or another neural tube defect. Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves bounce off tissues in your body to make black-and-white pictures of the baby on a computer monitor. If your baby has spina bifida, you may see an open spine or a sac poking out of the spine. Amniocentesis: If the blood test shows a high level of AFP but the ultrasound looks normal, your doctor may recommend amniocentesis. This is when your doctor uses a needle to take a small amount of fluid from the amniotic sac around the baby. If there's a high level of AFP in that fluid, that means the skin around the baby's sac is missing and AFP has leaked into the amniotic sac.


Question: What are the treatments for spina bifida?

Answer: Spina bifida is a relatively common birth defect in the U. S. The words literally mean "split spine" in Latin. Some people have few or no symptoms, while others have problems with their bladder and bowels. Doctors can operate on babies when they're just a few days old or even while they're still in the womb. After these surgeries, others may be needed to correct problems with feet, hips, or the spine or to replace the shunt in the brain.


Question: How is spina bifida diagnosed in babies?

Answer: Spina bifida is a relatively common birth defect in the U. S. The words literally mean "split spine" in Latin. Three tests can check for spina bifida and other birth defects while the baby is still in the womb: Blood test: A sample of the mother's blood is tested to see if it has a certain protein the baby makes called AFP. Sometimes, spina bifida is diagnosed after a baby is born -- usually if the mother didn't get prenatal care or the ultrasound didn't show anything wrong. The doctor probably will want to get X-rays of the baby's body and do a magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scan, which uses strong magnets and radio waves to get more detailed images.


Question: What helps prevent spina bifida?

Answer: Children who have this type of surgery seem to have fewer birth defects. If you have spina bifida, or have a child with spina bifida, you should get 4,000 micrograms per day at least 1 month before you get pregnant through the first few months. Folic acid is also in dark green vegetables, egg yolks, and some fortified breads, pastas, rice, and breakfast cereals.


Question: How is spina bifida in babies repaired?

Answer: Spina bifida is a relatively common birth defect in the U. S. The words literally mean "split spine" in Latin. Doctors can operate on babies when they're just a few days old or even while they're still in the womb. If the baby has meningocele, about 24 to 48 hours after birth, the surgeon will put the membrane around the spinal cord back in place and close the opening. Before the 26th week of pregnancy, the surgeon goes into the mother's womb and sews shut the opening over the baby's spinal cord. Children who have this type of surgery seem to have fewer birth defects. But it's risky to the mother and makes it more likely that the baby will be born too early.


Question: How can your prevent spina bifida?

Answer: Spina bifida is a relatively common birth defect in the U. S. The words literally mean "split spine" in Latin. Studies have shown that taking a multivitamin with folic acid can prevent spina bifida and lower your baby's odds of having this and other birth defects. Any woman who's pregnant or trying to get pregnant should get 400 micrograms a day. If you have spina bifida, or have a child with spina bifida, you should get 4,000 micrograms per day at least 1 month before you get pregnant through the first few months. Folic acid is also in dark green vegetables, egg yolks, and some fortified breads, pastas, rice, and breakfast cereals.


Question: What causes spina bifida?

Answer: Spina bifida is a relatively common birth defect in the U. S. The words literally mean "split spine" in Latin. This can cause physical and mental issues. No one knows for sure what causes spina bifida. Scientists think it may be a combination of the environment and family history, or a lack of folic acid (a type of vitamin B) in the mother's body. But we do know that the condition is more common among white and Hispanic babies and in girls. Also, women who have diabetes that isn't managed well or who are obese may be more likely to have a child with spina bifida.


Question: What are the symptoms of spina bifida occulta?

Answer: There are three main types of spina bifida: Spina bifida occulta ( SBO): This is the most common and mildest form of the defect. Many people don't even know they have it. Here, the spinal cord and nerves are usually fine, but there might be a small gap in the spine. With spina bifida occulta, the most obvious sign might be a tuft of hair or a birthmark at the site of the defect.


Question: What are other symptoms of myelomeningocele, a type of spina bifida?

Answer: Myelomeningocele: This is the most severe type of spina bifida. Here, the baby's spinal canal is open in one or several places in the lower or middle back, and a sac of fluid pokes out. This sac also holds part of the spinal cord and the nerves, and those parts get damaged. Other symptoms of myelomeningocele include: Weak leg muscles (in some cases, the infant can't move them at all) Unusually shaped feet, uneven hips, or a curved spine (scoliosis) Seizures Bowel or bladder problems Children also might have trouble breathing, swallowing, or moving their upper arms. They also might be overweight. The symptoms depend a lot on where the problem is in the spine and which spinal nerves are involved.


Question: What does radiation for cancer consist of?

Answer: This common treatment uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells to keep them from spreading. It might be your only treatment, or you might get it along with surgery or chemotherapy.


Question: What is oral chemotherapy?

Answer: â No Needleâ) Chemotherapy With this type of treatment, you swallow a drug in liquid, tablet, or capsule form at home. It works as well as other forms of chemotherapy for some types of cancer, but not all chemo drugs can be taken by mouth. There are some that the stomach can't absorb, and others can be harmful if you swallow them. Oral drugs can cost more out-of-pocket than traditional chemo, too. Again, the side effects can vary, but they're similar to the ones you'd have with regular chemo.


Question: How does oral chemotherapy treat cancer?

Answer: â No Needleâ) Chemotherapy With this type of treatment, you swallow a drug in liquid, tablet, or capsule form at home. It works as well as other forms of chemotherapy for some types of cancer, but not all chemo drugs can be taken by mouth. There are some that the stomach can't absorb, and others can be harmful if you swallow them. Oral drugs can cost more out-of-pocket than traditional chemo, too. Again, the side effects can vary, but they're similar to the ones you'd have with regular chemo. If your doctor recommends oral chemo, it's important to take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor right away if you can't keep your medication down because you're vomiting.


Question: How does chemotherapy treat surgery and what are its side effects?

Answer: There are two ways to get it: â Traditionalâ Chemotherapy You get most chemo medications through an injection into a vein. But you can get some types as a shot in your muscle, under your skin, or as an ointment or cream to put on your skin. The side effects vary from person to person, even if you have the same type of cancer and get the same treatment as someone else. Some of the most common issues are: Fatigue Vomiting Nausea Diarrhea Hair loss Mouth sores Pain Chemotherapy can sometimes cause long-lasting side effects, like infertility and nerve damage.


Question: What types of surgeries are used for cancer?

Answer: Along with a traditional operation, doctors can also fight some types of cancer with: Laser surgery (beams of light) Electrosurgery (electric currents) Cryosurgery (very cold temperatures to freeze cancer cells) You'll get medication to block pain during and after your surgery.


Question: How will I know if a specific cancer treatment works?

Answer: With any cancer treatment, it might take a while before you know how it affects your disease. Stay in touch with your doctor and keep her in the loop about anything that doesn't feel right.


Question: Where do I get chemotherapy?

Answer: In most cases, you'll get your chemotherapy at an outpatient clinic. You won't know how it will make you feel until you've had your first treatment. So plan to have someone to drive you home.


Question: How do I receive traditional chemotherapy?

Answer: There are two ways to get it: â Traditionalâ Chemotherapy You get most chemo medications through an injection into a vein. But you can get some types as a shot in your muscle, under your skin, or as an ointment or cream to put on your skin.


Question: What medications are used during surgery for cancer?

Answer: Along with a traditional operation, doctors can also fight some types of cancer with: Laser surgery (beams of light) Electrosurgery (electric currents) Cryosurgery (very cold temperatures to freeze cancer cells) You'll get medication to block pain during and after your surgery. You might also get other meds, such as antibiotics to lower the risk of infection.


Question: What are some other cancer treatments?

Answer: Immunotherapy, also called biologic therapy, which gets the body's immune system to fight cancer. Hormone therapy, also called hormone treatment or hormonal therapy, which treats cancers that use hormones to grow (such as breast cancer and prostate cancer). Stem cell transplants. Doctors use chemo or radiation to destroy as many cancer cells as possible, then try to replace them with healthy stem cells from bone marrow or blood. Photodynamic therapy. Doctors inject a special drug into the bloodstream, then use a specific type of light to make it kill cancer cells. With any cancer treatment, it might take a while before you know how it affects your disease. Stay in touch with your doctor and keep her in the loop about anything that doesn't feel right. You are the most important part of your cancer care team.


Question: What treatments for cancer exist other than surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation?

Answer: Photodynamic therapy.


Question: Do I have to take oral chemo exactly as prescribed?

Answer: If your doctor recommends oral chemo, it's important to take it exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor right away if you can't keep your medication down because you're vomiting.


Question: What should I know before being treated for cancer?

Answer: It's normal to be nervous or afraid. One way to ease some of your worries is to learn as much as you can about the treatment and what to expect afterward. It can also give you a sense of control over your disease. You and your doctor will decide what treatment is best for you based on the type of cancer you have, where it is in your body, and how far it has spread, called the stage of your disease. You won't know how it will make you feel until you've had your first treatment.


Question: How does radiation treat cancer?

Answer: It might be your only treatment, or you might get it along with surgery or chemotherapy. Radiation itself isn't painful, but afterward you may have pain, fatigue, and skin rashes around the place you got the treatment. Side effects depend on where your cancer is. For example, if you're having head or neck radiation, you may get a dry mouth. Doctors use chemo or radiation to destroy as many cancer cells as possible, then try to replace them with healthy stem cells from bone marrow or blood.


Question: What are the side effects of chemotherapy?

Answer: Some of the most common issues are: Fatigue Vomiting Nausea Diarrhea Hair loss Mouth sores Pain Chemotherapy can sometimes cause long-lasting side effects, like infertility and nerve damage. Talk to your cancer doctor about the risks of your treatment plan and how you can avoid them. Again, the side effects can vary, but they're similar to the ones you'd have with regular chemo.


Question: What is congenital scoliosis?

Answer: Causes include: Cerebral palsy Muscular dystrophy Birth defects Infections Tumors Genetic conditions like Marfan syndrome and Down syndrome Congenital scoliosis begins as a baby's back develops before birth. Problems with the tiny bones in the back, called vertebrae, can cause the spine to curve. The vertebrae may be incomplete or fail to divide properly. Doctors may detect this condition when the child is born. Or, they may not find it until the teen years.


Question: Can structural scoliosis be reversed?

Answer: In structural scoliosis, the curve of the spine is rigid and can't be reversed.


Question: Can you prevent scoliosis?

Answer: Why does this happen?


Question: When does scoliosis most often show up?

Answer: Scoliosis shows up most often during growth spurts, usually when kids are between 10 and 15 years old.


Question: Who gets degenerative scoliosis?

Answer: Degenerative scoliosis affects adults. It usually develops in the lower back as the disks and joints of the spine begin to wear out as you age.


Question: Should I watch what I eat if I have psoriatic arthritis-related fatigue?

Answer: So opt for lean protein, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Avoid sugars or starchy items that give you a short-term lift and then leave you drained.


Question: Should I follow a treatment plan to prevent psoriatic arthritis-related fatigue?

Answer: Follow your treatment plan. Take your medications as prescribed to ease inflammation and pain. That should minimize fatigue. Set reminders on your phone so you don't forget to take them. Don't be afraid to ask your doctor if a medication could be to blame, but never adjust the dose or stop taking them on your own.


Question: Should I relax before bedtime to avoid psoriatic arthritis-related fatigue?

Answer: Take a soothing, warm bath to ease your joint pain and stiffness. Listen to soft music or read a book to take your mind off your daily stress.


Question: I have psoriatic arthritis-related fatigue, what should I do if my mattress or pillows aren't comfortable?

Answer: Use comfortable, supportive bedding. If your mattress and pillows aren't comfy, you might not be able to stay asleep. Your pain may even get worse. Think about getting pillows or buying a new mattress.


Question: If I have fatigue due to psoriatic arthritis, can caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol make it harder for me to fall asleep?

Answer: Skip caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol before bedtime. You might think smoking a cigarette, sipping hot tea, or having a cocktail will relax you. The truth is, they'll make it harder for you to fall asleep or stay asleep.


Question: What are some energy boosters that can help prevent psoriatic arthritis-related  fatigue?

Answer: Find ways to perk up when you feel tired during the day. Listen to upbeat music. Step outside into the sunshine. Take a short walk break at work.


Question: To avoid psoriatic arthritis-related  fatigue, when should I stop eating before bedtime?

Answer: Stomach gas can also keep you awake. Relax before bedtime. If your mattress and pillows aren't comfy, you might not be able to stay asleep.


Question: Should I stay active to avoid psoriatic arthritis-related fatigue?

Answer: A medication might help you get better rest. If you have psoriatic arthritis and need a nap to get through the day, some simple changes can boost your energy and make you feel better. Take your medications as prescribed to ease inflammation and pain.


Question: What should I remove from my bedroom to prevent psoriatic arthritis-related fatigue?

Answer: They make your joints swell and become painful or stiff. Keep the room dark, quiet, and cool.


Question: What are causes for pericardial effusion?

Answer: In most cases, inflammation of the sac, a condition called pericarditis, leads to the effusion. As it becomes inflamed, more fluid is produced. Viral infections are one of the main causes of the inflammation and the effusions it leads to. These infections include: Cytomegalovirus Coxsackieviruses Echoviruses HIV Other conditions that can cause these effusions include: Cancer Injury to the sac or heart from a medical procedure Heart attack Severe kidney failure, also called uremia Autoimmune disease (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and others) Bacterial infections, including tuberculosis In many cases, no cause can be found. Your doctor may call these idiopathic pericardial effusions.


Question: What medical conditions can cause pericardial effusions?

Answer: Some medical conditions can cause pericardial effusions, like: HIV infection Lupus Tuberculosis In these cases, treating the underlying medical condition will often help treat the effusion.


Question: What are symptoms of pericardial effusion?

Answer: When inflammation of the sac causes a pericardial effusion, the main symptom is chest pain. It may get worse when you breathe deeply and better when you lean forward. Other symptoms may include: Fever Fatigue Muscle aches Shortness of breath Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (if you have a virus) When there's no inflammation of the sac, there are often no symptoms.


Question: How is drainage done for a pericardial effusion?

Answer: In that case, you may be given: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like Aleve, Indocin, and Motrin Corticosteroids, like prednisone and Solu- Medrol Colchicine ( Colcrys) If a severe infection or heart impairment (cardiac tamponade) exists, the extra fluid must be drained immediately. Drainage is done in two ways: Pericardiocentesis: A doctor inserts a needle through the chest into the pericardial effusion. A catheter is put into the fluid, and it's suctioned out. Pericardiectomy or pericardial window: A surgeon makes an incision in the chest, reaches in, and cuts away part of the pericardium. This drains the pericardial effusion and usually prevents it from coming back.


Question: How is a pericardial effusion diagnosed?

Answer: If one is suspected, the best test to confirm it is an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) because your doctor would easily see any excess fluid. To find the cause of a pericardial effusion, your doctor may take a sample of the pericardial fluid. In this procedure, called pericardiocentesis, a doctor inserts a needle through your chest, into your pericardial effusion, and takes some fluid.


Question: How is pericardial effusion treated?

Answer: Once the effusion is identified, its size and severity are figured out. Small ones that don't have symptoms and are due to known causes (for example, kidney failure) require no special treatment. For pericardial effusions due to inflammation of the sac, treating the inflammation also treats the effusion. In that case, you may be given: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like Aleve, Indocin, and Motrin Corticosteroids, like prednisone and Solu- Medrol Colchicine ( Colcrys) If a severe infection or heart impairment (cardiac tamponade) exists, the extra fluid must be drained immediately.


Question: How many people have prediabetes?

Answer: About 86 million people in the U. S. over age 20 have prediabetes. And doctors see the need to diagnose it more often. By the time you're diagnosed with diabetes, many of these problems have already taken hold.


Question: Should I use cover-up for psoriasis on open sores or raw or bleeding skin?

Answer: Don't use any cover-up for psoriasis on open sores or raw or bleeding skin.


Question: Should I take time to rethink my treatment for psoriasis?

Answer: If you've spent a lot of time and money trying cover-ups that haven't worked, you may want to ask your doctor what else could help and if your psoriasis treatment plan is working.


Question: What should I do if psoriasis causes pus-filled blisters or red and scaly skin?

Answer: Don't use any cover-up for psoriasis on open sores or raw or bleeding skin. If you've spent a lot of time and money trying cover-ups that haven't worked, you may want to ask your doctor what else could help and if your psoriasis treatment plan is working.


Question: Where can I use cosmetics to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Don't use any cover-up for psoriasis on open sores or raw or bleeding skin. If your psoriasis causes pus-filled blisters or red and scaly skin on large parts of your body, ask your doctor before you use any cover-up product. If you've spent a lot of time and money trying cover-ups that haven't worked, you may want to ask your doctor what else could help and if your psoriasis treatment plan is working.


Question: What causes folliculitis?

Answer: Different kinds of folliculitis have other names you might have heard, such as: Barber's itch Hot tub rash Razor bumps Shaving rash Staph, a kind of bacteria, is most often to blame. You have staph on your skin all the time, and it normally doesn't cause any issues. But if it gets inside your body, say through a cut, then it can cause problems. These other things can also cause folliculitis: Blockages from skin products, such as moisturizers with oils A fungus Hair removal, such as shaving, waxing, and plucking Ingrown hairs Other bacteria, such as the kind you might find in a hot tub Some drugs, such as corticosteroids that are used to ease inflammation In general, you're more likely to get the condition if you have damaged follicles.


Question: How should I shave to prevent folliculitis?

Answer: You might want to try an electric razor. If that doesn't work for you either, then be sure to: Wash your skin with warm water and a gentle cleanser. Apply plenty of gel or shaving cream, not soap, and let it sit 5 to 10 minutes to soften your hairs. Use a new blade each time you shave so you know it's clean and sharp; single blades are ideal. Shave in the direction your hairs grow. Rinse with warm water and use moisturizing lotion.


Question: How should I clean around folliculitis?

Answer: To help yourself heal and ease symptoms, you can: Clean the infected area: Wash twice a day with warm water and antibacterial soap. Be sure to use a fresh cloth and towel each time.


Question: What are symptoms of folliculitis?

Answer: You may have: Groups of small red bumps like pimples, some with white heads on them Blisters that break open, ooze, and become crusty Large areas of red, swollen skin that may leak pus These areas of your skin may be itchy, tender, and painful as well.


Question: How is folliculitis diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor can usually tell if you have it by looking at your skin closely and asking questions about your medical history. You don't usually need tests unless other treatments don't work. In that case, your doctor may use a swab to take a skin sample and find out exactly what's causing the problem.


Question: How can you get folliculitis?

Answer: Hair follicles are tiny pockets in your skin. You have them just about everywhere except for your lips, your palms, and the soles of your feet. If you get bacteria or a blockage in a follicle, it may become red and swollen. You can get this condition anywhere you have hair, but it's most likely to show up on your neck, thighs, buttocks, or armpits.


Question: What should you do when you have Parkinson's but you're too tired to eat?

Answer: If you don't have energy for meals later in the day, you can: Pick foods that are easy to fix, and save your energy for eating. If you live with your family, let them help you make your meal. Look into a delivery service. Some grocery stores have them. Or you can check if you might be able to get food delivered from your local Meals on Wheels program for free or for a small fee. Keep healthy snack foods on hand, like fresh fruit and vegetables or high-fiber cold cereals. Freeze extra portions of what you cook so you have a quick meal when you feel worn out. Rest before you eat so you can enjoy your meal. And eat your biggest meal early in the day to fuel yourself for later.


Question: How should you eat if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Eat a variety of foods from each food category, like fruits, vegetables, and lean meats. If you think you need vitamin supplements, check with your doctor first. Keep your weight in the healthy range for your age and height with exercise and a good diet. Load up on fiber with foods like broccoli, peas, apples, cooked split peas and beans, whole-grain breads, cereals, and pasta. Cut down on sugar, salt, and saturated fats from meat and dairy, and cholesterol. Drink 8 cups of water every day. Ask your doctor you can drink alcohol. It may keep your medications from working right.


Question: Should you take your drugs and food together if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Levodopa is the best medication for Parkinson's. Ideally, you should take it on an empty stomach, about 30 minutes before eating or at least one hour after a meal. But that can cause nausea in some people. Your doctor may prescribe something else or a different mix of drugs, which may not always make the nausea go away. In that case, your doctor may recommend you take medication for your side effects. Also, ask your doctor if you should cut down on protein. In rare cases, a high-protein diet can make levodopa work less well.


Question: What should you do if you have no appetite with Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Some days, you just may not feel like eating at all. Talk to your doctor. Sometimes, depression can cause poor appetite. Your hunger likely will return when you get treatment. Walk or do another light activity to rev up your appetite. Drink beverages after you've finished eating so you don't feel full before the meal. Eat the high-calorie foods on your plate first. But avoid empty calories from sugary sodas, candies, and chips. Choose high-protein and high-calorie snacks, including: Ice cream Cheese Granola bars Custard Sandwiches Nachos with cheese Eggs Crackers with peanut butter Cereal with half and half Greek yogurt Malnutrition and weight loss are often problems for people with Parkinson's.


Question: How can you stay at a healthy weight when you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: If you think you need vitamin supplements, check with your doctor first. Choose high-protein and high-calorie snacks, including: Ice cream Cheese Granola bars Custard Sandwiches Nachos with cheese Eggs Crackers with peanut butter Cereal with half and half Greek yogurt Malnutrition and weight loss are often problems for people with Parkinson's. So it's good to keep track of your weight. Weigh yourself once or twice a week, unless your doctor says to do it more often. If you are taking diuretics or steroids, such as prednisone, you should step on the scale daily. If you gain or lose weight noticeably (2 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week), talk to your doctor. Avoid low-fat or low-calorie foods unless you've been told otherwise. Instead, use whole milk, whole milk cheese, and yogurt.


Question: Should I go to the doctor for laryngitis?

Answer: Laryngitis in adults is not serious, but you should see a doctor if you've been hoarse for more than 2 weeks, are coughing up blood, have a temperature above 103 F, or are having trouble breathing.


Question: What happens when you get laryngitis?

Answer: The vocal cords, two folds of tissue within your larynx, become inflamed. Sound from the area is muffled, and you are hoarse. Laryngitis usually isn't a big deal. With proper treatment, it should go away in no more than 3 weeks.


Question: What medicines are bad to use if you have laryngitis?

Answer: Stay away from decongestants. They dry you out when your throat wants moisture. Certain herbs -- such as licorice, marshmallow, and slippery elm -- have reputations as throat pain relievers, but they interact with some medications. Talk to your doctor before taking them.


Question: Should children go to the doctor for laryngitis?

Answer: However, it can be very serious in children. Watch for fever and call a doctor if: Your child is younger than 3 months old and has a temperature of 100 F or higher or is older than 3 months old has a fever of 102 F or higher. He's having trouble swallowing or breathing, or is making high-pitched sounds when inhaling, or drooling more than usual.


Question: What are some home remedies for laryngitis?

Answer: You can try a number of home remedies to aid in your healing: Drink plenty of fluids. Early on, swallowing may be painful, but the more you're hydrated, the better. But, avoid alcohol and caffeine. Use humidifiers and menthol inhalers. Moisture is your friend, and menthol can be soothing. Gargle with warm salt water. The salinity not only soothes the area, but also reduces swelling. Avoid dry, smoky, or dusty rooms. You may also suck on throat lozenges, which often contain herbs such as eucalyptus and mint, known for calming sore throats.


Question: What causes laryngitis?

Answer: Though it's usually virus-related, there are also ongoing, or chronic, forms of the illness, generally brought on by smoking and alcohol abuse. Acid reflux can also play a role. Strong acids can travel up from the stomach into your throat and get all the way to your larynx. This can irritate it and make you lose your voice. Other causes of chronic cases include: Allergies Bacterial infection Fungal infection, such as thrush Injury, such as a hit to the throat Inhalation of chemical fumes Sinus disease Some health conditions, including cancer, can also help cause laryngitis.


Question: What are the symptoms of laryngitis?

Answer: An infection, such as a cold, the flu, or bronchitis, may spur the swelling. Symptoms include: Sore throat A low-grade fever Hoarseness Trouble speaking A dry cough A constant urge to clear your throat Swollen glands You have a greater chance of getting it if you smoke, overuse your voice a lot (if you are a singer or public speaker, for example), or are prone to colds, the flu, and bronchitis.


Question: How do you get corneal diseases?

Answer: The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped "window" at the front of your eye. It helps to focus the light that comes in. Disease, infection, injury, and exposure to toxins can damage it.


Question: How does glaucoma affect you?

Answer: A common form is primary open angle glaucoma. Most people who have it don't have early symptoms or pain. So it's important to keep up with your regular eye exams.


Question: When does presbyopia happen?

Answer: This happens when you lose the ability, despite good distance vision, to clearly see close objects and small print. After age 40 or so, you may have to hold a book or other reading material farther away from your eyes to make it easier to read.


Question: What does it mean when you have corneal diseases?

Answer: The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped "window" at the front of your eye. It helps to focus the light that comes in. Disease, infection, injury, and exposure to toxins can damage it. Signs include: Red eyes Watery eyes Pain Reduced vision, or a halo effect The main treatment methods include: A new eyeglasses or contacts prescription Medicated eye drops Surgery Your eyelids do a lot for you.


Question: How can you treat vision changes as you get older?

Answer: As you get older, you may find that you can't see as well as you once did. That's normal. You'll probably need glasses or contacts. You may choose to have surgery ( LASIK) to correct your vision. If you already have glasses, you may need a stronger prescription.


Question: When should you see an eye doctor about problems with contact lenses?

Answer: If you do everything right and still have problems with your contacts, see your eye doctor. You might have allergies, dry eyes, or just be better off with glasses. Once you know what the problem is, you can decide what's best for you.


Question: What can you do to restore good reading vision if you have presbyopia?

Answer: Reading glasses, contact lenses, LASIK, which is laser eye surgery, and other procedures can be used to restore good reading vision.


Question: What are floaters?

Answer: These are tiny spots or specks that float across your field of vision. Most people notice them in well-lit rooms or outdoors on a bright day.


Question: What does it mean to have crossed eyes (strabismus)?

Answer: If your eyes aren't lined up with each other when you look at something, you could have strabismus. You might also hear it called crossed eyes or walleye. This problem won't go away on its own. You'll need to get an ophthalmologist, or eye specialist, to correct it.


Question: What does it mean if you see floaters?

Answer: Floaters are usually normal, but they sometimes can be a sign of a more serious eye problem, like retinal detachment. That's when the retina at the back of your eye separates from the layer underneath. When this happens, you might also see light flashes along with the floaters or a dark shadow come across the edge of your sight.


Question: What does it mean to be colorblind?

Answer: When you can't see certain colors, or can't tell the difference between them (usually reds and greens), you may be colorblind. It happens when the color cells in your eye (the doctor will call them cone cells) are absent or don't work. When it's most severe, you can only see in shades of gray, but this is rare. Most people who have it are born with it, but you can get it later in life from certain drugs and diseases. Your doctor can tell you what's to blame. Men are much more likely to be born with it than women.


Question: How can you avoid problems with contact lenses?

Answer: They work well for many people, but you need to take care of them. Wash your hands before you touch them. Follow the care guidelines that came with your prescription. And follow these rules: Never wet them by putting them in your mouth. That can make an infection more likely. Make sure your lenses fit properly, so they don't scratch your eyes. Use eye drops that say they're safe for contact lenses. Never use homemade saline solutions. Even though some lenses are FDA-approved for sleeping in them, doing so raises the risk of a serious infection.


Question: How can you avoid pinkeye?

Answer: People of all ages can get it. Causes include infection, exposure to chemicals and irritants, or allergies.


Question: What does it mean if you have retinal disorders?

Answer: The retina is a thin lining on the back of your eye that is made up of cells that collect images and pass them on to your brain. Retinal disorders block this transfer.


Question: What causes glaucoma?

Answer: It doesn't happen often, but glaucoma can be caused by: An injury to the eye Blocked blood vessels Inflammatory disorders of the eye Treatment includes prescription eye drops or surgery.


Question: What does it mean when I have cross eyes?

Answer: If your eyes aren't lined up with each other when you look at something, you could have strabismus. You might also hear it called crossed eyes or walleye. This problem won't go away on its own. You'll need to get an ophthalmologist, or eye specialist, to correct it.


Question: Why do you have red eyes?

Answer: Their surface is covered in blood vessels that expand when they're irritated or infected. That gives your eyes the red look.


Question: When should you see a doctor about floaters?

Answer: As you get older, you may find that you can't see as well as you once did.


Question: Who can get conjunctivitis (pinkeye)?

Answer: People of all ages can get it. Causes include infection, exposure to chemicals and irritants, or allergies.


Question: How do you get eyestrain?

Answer: Anyone who reads for hours, works at a computer, or drives long distances knows about this one. It happens when you overuse your eyes. They get tired and need to rest, just like any other part of your body.


Question: How do doctors diagnose colorblindness?

Answer: Your eye doctor can diagnose it with a simple test. There's no treatment if you're born with it, but special contacts and glasses can help some people tell the difference between certain colors.


Question: How is a lazy eye treated?

Answer: Lifelong vision problems can be avoided if a lazy eye is detected and treated during early childhood. Treatment includes corrective glasses or contact lenses and using a patch or other strategies to make a child use the lazy eye.


Question: What does it mean to have dry eyes?

Answer: This happens when your eyes can't make enough good-quality tears. You might feel like something is in your eye or like it's burning. Rarely, in severe cases, extreme dryness can lead to some loss of vision.


Question: When should you call a doctor about your vision changes?

Answer: Some vision changes can be dangerous and need immediate medical care. Anytime you have a sudden loss of vision, or everything looks blurry -- even if it's temporary -- see a doctor right away. Go to the emergency room or call 911.


Question: Who is more likely to get uveitis?

Answer: People with immune system conditions like AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, or ulcerative colitis may be more likely to have uveitis. Symptoms may include: Blurred vision Eye pain Eye redness Light sensitivity See your doctor if you have these symptoms and they don't go away within a few days. There are different kinds of treatment for uveitis, depending on the type you have.


Question: How do I know if I am colorblind?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you what's to blame. Men are much more likely to be born with it than women. Your eye doctor can diagnose it with a simple test.


Question: How can you treat eyelid problems?

Answer: Treatment could include proper cleaning, medication, or surgery.


Question: What should I do if my eyes feel strained?

Answer: Anyone who reads for hours, works at a computer, or drives long distances knows about this one. It happens when you overuse your eyes. They get tired and need to rest, just like any other part of your body. If your eyes feel strained, give them some time off. If they're still weary after a few days, check with your doctor to make sure it isn't another problem.


Question: Can you fix presbyopia?

Answer: Reading glasses, contact lenses, LASIK, which is laser eye surgery, and other procedures can be used to restore good reading vision.


Question: Are eye floaters normal?

Answer: Floaters are usually normal, but they sometimes can be a sign of a more serious eye problem, like retinal detachment. That's when the retina at the back of your eye separates from the layer underneath. When this happens, you might also see light flashes along with the floaters or a dark shadow come across the edge of your sight.


Question: When should I see a doctor about dry eyes?

Answer: Some treatments include: Using a humidifier in your home Special eye drops that work like real tears Plugs in your tear ducts to lessen drainage Lipiflow, a procedure that uses heat and pressure to treat dry eyes Testosterone eyelid cream Nutritional supplements with fish oil and omega-3 If your dry eye problem is chronic, you may have dry eye disease. You doctor could prescribe medicated drops like cyclosporine ( Cequa, Restasis) or lifitegrast ( Xiidra) to stimulate tear production.


Question: How do you know if you have a corneal disease?

Answer: Signs include: Red eyes Watery eyes Pain Reduced vision, or a halo effect The main treatment methods include: A new eyeglasses or contacts prescription Medicated eye drops Surgery Your eyelids do a lot for you.


Question: How do you get dry eyes?

Answer: This happens when your eyes can't make enough good-quality tears. You might feel like something is in your eye or like it's burning. Rarely, in severe cases, extreme dryness can lead to some loss of vision.


Question: How do you know if you have eyelid problems?

Answer: Signs include: Red eyes Watery eyes Pain Reduced vision, or a halo effect The main treatment methods include: A new eyeglasses or contacts prescription Medicated eye drops Surgery Your eyelids do a lot for you. They protect your eye, spread tears over its surface, and limit the amount of light that can get in. Pain, itching, tearing, and sensitivity to light are common symptoms of eyelid problems. You might also have blinking spasms or inflamed outer edges near your eyelashes. Treatment could include proper cleaning, medication, or surgery.


Question: How can you treat corneal disease?

Answer: Signs include: Red eyes Watery eyes Pain Reduced vision, or a halo effect The main treatment methods include: A new eyeglasses or contacts prescription Medicated eye drops Surgery Your eyelids do a lot for you.


Question: Are there rules for using contact lenses?

Answer: And follow these rules: Never wet them by putting them in your mouth. That can make an infection more likely. Make sure your lenses fit properly, so they don't scratch your eyes. Use eye drops that say they're safe for contact lenses. Never use homemade saline solutions. Even though some lenses are FDA-approved for sleeping in them, doing so raises the risk of a serious infection. If you do everything right and still have problems with your contacts, see your eye doctor.


Question: How do you get presbyopia?

Answer: This happens when you lose the ability, despite good distance vision, to clearly see close objects and small print. After age 40 or so, you may have to hold a book or other reading material farther away from your eyes to make it easier to read.


Question: What if I have problems with my contact lenses even if I am taking care of them right?

Answer: If you do everything right and still have problems with your contacts, see your eye doctor. You might have allergies, dry eyes, or just be better off with glasses. Once you know what the problem is, you can decide what's best for you.


Question: What are the different types of retinal disorder?

Answer: There are different types: Age-related macular degeneration refers to a breakdown of a small portion of the retina called the macula. Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels in your retina caused by diabetes. Retinal detachment happens when the retina separates from the layer underneath. It's important to get an early diagnosis and have these conditions treated.


Question: How should I take care of my contact lenses?

Answer: They work well for many people, but you need to take care of them. Wash your hands before you touch them.