Question: What are the risks from aortic valve replacement surgery?

Answer: Most people do well with this surgery. Like any operation, though, it can lead to problems, including: Bleeding after surgery Blood clots Heart rhythm gets thrown off for a while Infection Kidney problems that may last for a few days after surgery New valve doesn't work or wears out over time Stroke Call your doctor if you notice any of these signs during your recovery: Fever of 100.4 F or higher Pain, redness, or swelling around the wound gets worse Pus or other fluid coming from the wound Shortness of breath that gets worse Symptoms you had before surgery, like chest pain or dizziness, come back


Question: How does a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) work?

Answer: With one type of operation, called transcatheter aortic valve replacement ( TAVR), you get a thin tube that runs through a small opening in your leg and up to your heart. Your doctor uses that tube to put in the new valve.


Question: When should you call a doctor after aortic valve replacement surgery?

Answer: Like any operation, though, it can lead to problems, including: Bleeding after surgery Blood clots Heart rhythm gets thrown off for a while Infection Kidney problems that may last for a few days after surgery New valve doesn't work or wears out over time Stroke Call your doctor if you notice any of these signs during your recovery: Fever of 100.4 F or higher Pain, redness, or swelling around the wound gets worse Pus or other fluid coming from the wound Shortness of breath that gets worse Symptoms you had before surgery, like chest pain or dizziness, come back


Question: How can aortic valve problems cause stenosis?

Answer: Any of these issues can lead to: Regurgitation, when the valve doesn't close all the way and blood flows backward into the heart Stenosis, when the opening of the valve gets too narrow and not enough blood flows out Those problems can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms. If you don't get the valve replaced, it can be life-threatening.


Question: How can Kegel exercises help with treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: Kegel exercises . These strengthen your pelvic muscles. They're very easy to do. Imagine you have to pee, but instead of letting it out, you squeeze to hold it. Do this for 5 seconds, relax, then do it again. Do 10 sets of these up to 15 times per day. Work up to 10 seconds, 20 repetitions, 3 times per day. Over time, your prolapse may get better or disappear altogether.


Question: What is obliterative surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: There are two types of prolapse surgery: obliterative and reconstructive. Obliterative surgery narrows or closes off part or all of the vagina. The goal is to provide more support to the organs that have dropped out of their normal positions and are pressing against the walls of the vagina. This may be an option if surgery hasn't worked and you can't tolerate another procedure, or if you are not healthy enough to have bigger surgery to correct the problem. After this operation you will no longer be able to have intercourse.


Question: How can pessary help with treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: This is probably one of the first treatments your doctor will recommend if you have symptoms of POP. A pessary is a device (it looks like a ring) that's inserted into your vagina. It helps to support, or hold up, your pelvic organs. You'll need to be fitted for one in your doctor's office. It's a lot like being fitted for a diaphragm.


Question: How can you tell if your baby is hungry?

Answer: Following your child's lead, instead of trying to stick to a strict time-based schedule, is often called âdemand feedingâ or âfeeding on-demand.â Since your infant can't actually say " I'm hungry,â you'll want to learn to look for cues that it's time to eat. These may include: Leaning toward your breast or a bottle Sucking on his hands or fingers Opening his mouth, sticking out his tongue, or puckering his lips Fussiness Crying is also a sign of hunger. But if you wait until your baby is very upset to feed him, it can be hard to calm him down.


Question: What should you know about feeding your baby?

Answer: It's simple: You should nurse or offer a bottle whenever your little one is hungry in the first few months as a newborn. And your baby is going to let you know, loud and clear! But crying isn't the only clue.


Question: How often should you feed your baby?

Answer: It also depends on whether your baby is drinking breast milk or formula, since they digest breast milk more quickly. If you're breastfeeding, your newborn will probably want to nurse every 1.5 to 3 hours. As he gets older, he'll slowly start to nurse less often and fall into a more predictable pattern. Newborns should nurse 8-12 times a day for the first month; when your child gets to be 4 to 8 weeks old, he'll probably start nursing 7-9 times a day. If he's drinking formula, your baby will probably want a bottle every 2 to 3 hours at first. As your child grows, he should be able to go 3 to 4 hours without eating. You may notice that your baby sometimes wants to eat more often or a larger amount than normal. This usually happens when a child is growing rapidly. Your child may go through growth spurts at 7-14 days old, between 3-6 weeks old, around 4 months old, and around 6 months old. Not sure if your baby is getting enough to eat? You can probably relax. If your child has 4-6 wet diapers a day, regular bowel movements, and is gaining weight, then chances are he's doing just fine. If you have any concerns, give your pediatrician a call.


Question: What are the side effects of antipsychotics for schizophrenia?

Answer: Other, even newer atypical antipsychotics include: Brexpiprazole ( Rexulti) Cariprazine ( Vraylar) While the first-generation, older meds usually cost less, they can have different side effects than the newer antipsychotics. Some can cause higher levels of the hormone prolactin. This can affect sex drive, mood, menstrual cycles, and growth of breast tissue in both men and women. One of the common side effects of many of the newer antipsychotics is weight gain. Your loved one may also have trouble keeping his blood sugar and cholesterol levels under control. One of the more serious side effects from long-term use of both the older and newer medications is a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia. It makes your facial, tongue, and neck muscles move uncontrollably and can be permanent. While both older and newer antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia, researchers believe that the odds are higher with the older antipsychotics. Antipsychotics come with other side effects as well. Your loved one could have any of the following: Weight gain Sexual problems Drowsiness Dizziness Restlessness Dry mouth Constipation Nausea Blurred vision Low blood pressure Seizures Low white blood cell count Be sure he sees his doctor regularly while he's taking antipsychotic medication.


Question: How do doctors know what medications work best for schizophrenia?

Answer: Doctors will choose which medication is best by looking at the following: How well it works on his symptoms How much it will cost Side effects How easily he can get it How often he has to take it There are two groups of antipsychotics.


Question: How can get someone to remember to take medications for schizophrenia?

Answer: If you think he might have trouble remembering to take medicine every day, he can try a shot he gets from his doctor once or twice a month called a long-acting injectable antipsychotic medication ( LAI). It works just as well as taking a daily pill.


Question: What are the different types of antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia?

Answer: Doctors will choose which medication is best by looking at the following: How well it works on his symptoms How much it will cost Side effects How easily he can get it How often he has to take it There are two groups of antipsychotics. Doctors call the older group of medications âfirst-generation,â âtypical,â or âconventionalâ antipsychotics. Some common ones are: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Perphenazine ( Trilafon) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Thiothixene ( Navane) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) The newer ones are called âsecond-generation,â or âatypicalâ antipsychotics. Examples of these medicines include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Aripiprazole lauroxil ( Aristada) Asenapine ( Saphris) Clozapine ( Clozaril) Iloperidone ( Fanapt) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Olanzapine ( Zyprexa) Paliperidone ( Invega Sustenna) Paliperidone palmitate ( Invega Trinza) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Ziprasidone ( Geodon) Note: Clozapine is the only FDA-approved medication for treating schizophrenia that is resistant to other treatments. It's also indicated for decreasing suicidal behaviors in those with schizophrenia who are at risk.


Question: How should you provide support for someone taking medications for schizophrenia?

Answer: Schizophrenia can make it hard to stick to a medication plan. Your loved one will need a strong support system. Learn as much as you can about schizophrenia and be part of the decision-making process with your loved one's doctor. Surrounding him with people who care about his well-being is also key. When he starts to take his medication, he may feel better right away. But it may take up to 4 to 6 weeks before symptoms like hallucinations and delusions get better. Be sure he keeps taking it long enough for his doctor to know if it's working. Sometimes it can take several tries to find out which medication works best.


Question: What are the different types of birth control pills?

Answer: Most birth control pills use the same type of estrogen in various doses, but each brand of pill may offer a slightly different type of the hormone progestin, at different doses. The result? Potentially different side effects. Whichever one you try, give it at least 3 months for any side effects to pass. When birth control pills were first sold in the early 1960s, they had very high levels of estrogen and progestin.


Question: What are partial (focal) seizures?

Answer: This type begins in a specific area of the brain. They may spread to the entire brain. There are two types: If you have a focal onset aware seizure, you remain conscious. The seizure is very brief (usually less than 2 minutes). You may or may not be able to respond to people while it's happening. Focal onset impaired awareness seizures can cause unconsciousness. You may also do things without knowing it, like lip smacking, chewing, moving your legs, or thrusting your pelvis.


Question: What is the endocrine system?

Answer: The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, including the body's ability to change calories into energy that powers cells and organs.


Question: What is adrenal insufficiency?

Answer: The adrenal gland releases too little of the hormone cortisol and sometimes, aldosterone. Symptoms include fatigue, stomach upset, dehydration, and skin changes. Addison's disease is a type of adrenal insufficiency.


Question: Which hormone do adrenal glands control?

Answer: Endocrine glands include: Adrenal glands: Two glands that sit on top of the kidneys that release the hormone cortisol.


Question: What is the role of the endocrine's feedback system?

Answer: A hormone imbalance may occur if this feedback system has trouble keeping the right level of hormones in the bloodstream, or if your body doesn't clear them out of the bloodstream properly.


Question: What is multiple endocrine neoplasia I and II?

Answer: These rare, genetic conditions are passed down through families. They cause tumors of the parathyroid, adrenal, and thyroid glands, leading to overproduction of hormones.


Question: How can you test for endocrine disorders?

Answer: If you have an endocrine disorder, your doctor may refer you to a specialist called an endocrinologist. An endocrinologist is specially trained in problems with the endocrine system.


Question: What causes endocrine disorders?

Answer: Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two categories: Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance.


Question: What is the role of the pineal gland?

Answer: Pineal gland: A gland found near the center of the brain that may be linked to sleep patterns.


Question: How is endocrine disorders treated?

Answer: Treatment of endocrine disorders can be complicated, as a change in one hormone level can throw off another. Your doctor or specialist may order routine blood work to check for problems or to determine if your medication or treatment plan needs to be adjusted.


Question: How does hypopituitarism develop?

Answer: The pituitary gland releases little or no hormones. It may be caused by a number of different diseases. Women with this condition may stop getting their periods.


Question: How are endocrine disorders grouped?

Answer: Endocrine disorders are typically grouped into two categories: Endocrine disease that results when a gland produces too much or too little of an endocrine hormone, called a hormone imbalance. Endocrine disease due to the development of lesions (such as nodules or tumors) in the endocrine system, which may or may not affect hormone levels.


Question: How does precocious puberty happen?

Answer: Abnormally early puberty that occurs when glands tell the body to release sex hormones too soon in life.


Question: How are endocrine disorders treated?

Answer: Treatment of endocrine disorders can be complicated, as a change in one hormone level can throw off another. Your doctor or specialist may order routine blood work to check for problems or to determine if your medication or treatment plan needs to be adjusted.


Question: How does adrenal insufficiency happen?

Answer: The adrenal gland releases too little of the hormone cortisol and sometimes, aldosterone. Symptoms include fatigue, stomach upset, dehydration, and skin changes. Addison's disease is a type of adrenal insufficiency.


Question: How does hypothyroidism develop?

Answer: The thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, leading to fatigue, constipation, dry skin, and depression. The underactive gland can cause slowed development in children. Some types of hypothyroidism are present at birth.


Question: What does the pineal gland do?

Answer: Pineal gland: A gland found near the center of the brain that may be linked to sleep patterns.


Question: What are blood and urine tests used for in the diagnosis of endocrine disorder?

Answer: Blood and urine tests to check your hormone levels can help your doctors determine if you have an endocrine disorder. Imaging tests may be done to help locate or pinpoint a nodule or tumor.


Question: How important is the functionality of the endocrine glands?

Answer: Even the slightest hiccup with the function of one or more of these glands can throw off the delicate balance of hormones in your body and lead to an endocrine disorder, or endocrine disease.


Question: What is the role of the parathyroid glands?

Answer: Parathyroid: Four tiny glands in the neck that play a role in bone development.


Question: Which hormones do the ovaries control?

Answer: Ovaries: The female reproductive organs that release eggs and produce sex hormones.


Question: What is hypothyroidism?

Answer: The thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone, leading to fatigue, constipation, dry skin, and depression. The underactive gland can cause slowed development in children. Some types of hypothyroidism are present at birth.


Question: What is Gigantism?

Answer: Gigantism (acromegaly) and other growth hormone problems. If the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a child's bones and body parts may grow abnormally fast.


Question: What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer: Hypothalamus: A part of the lower middle brain that tells the pituitary gland when to release hormones.


Question: What do glands of the endocrine system do?

Answer: Each gland of the endocrine system releases specific hormones into your bloodstream. These hormones travel through your blood to other cells and help control or coordinate many body processes.


Question: What can lead to an endocrine disorder?

Answer: Even the slightest hiccup with the function of one or more of these glands can throw off the delicate balance of hormones in your body and lead to an endocrine disorder, or endocrine disease.


Question: What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer: Hypothalamus: A part of the lower middle brain that tells the pituitary gland when to release hormones.


Question: What should you do if you pass out from hypoglycemia?

Answer: Hypoglycemia may make you pass out. If so, you'll need someone to give you a glucagon injection. Glucagon is a prescription medicine that raises blood sugar, and you may need it if you have severe hypoglycemia. It's important that your family members and friends know how to give the injection in case you have a low blood sugar reaction. If you see someone having a severe hypoglycemic reaction, call 911 or take him or her to the nearest hospital for treatment. Do not try to give an unconscious person food, fluids, or insulin, as they may choke.


Question: What should you do if you have hypoglycemia?

Answer: First, eat or drink 15 grams of a fast-acting carbohydrate, such as: Three to four glucose tablets One tube of glucose gel Four to six pieces of hard candy (not sugar-free) 1/2 cup fruit juice 1 cup skim milk 1/2 cup soft drink (not sugar-free) 1 tablespoon honey (put it under your tongue so it gets absorbed into your bloodstream faster) Fifteen minutes after you've eaten a food with sugar in it, check your blood sugar again. If your blood sugar is still less than 70 mg/d L, eat another serving of one of the foods listed above. Repeat these steps until your sugar becomes normal.


Question: What happens if hypoglycemia isn't treated?

Answer: Early symptoms include: Confusion Dizziness Feeling shaky Hunger Headaches Irritability Pounding heart; racing pulse Pale skin Sweating Trembling Weakness Anxiety Without treatment, you might get more severe symptoms, including: Poor coordination Poor concentration Numbness in mouth and tongue Passing out Seizures Nightmares or bad dreams Coma Ask your doctor if any of your medicines can cause low blood sugar.


Question: What are the early symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer: Early symptoms include: Confusion Dizziness Feeling shaky Hunger Headaches Irritability Pounding heart; racing pulse Pale skin Sweating Trembling Weakness Anxiety Without treatment, you might get more severe symptoms, including: Poor coordination Poor concentration Numbness in mouth and tongue Passing out Seizures Nightmares or bad dreams Coma Ask your doctor if any of your medicines can cause low blood sugar.


Question: Can I drive if I have low blood sugar?

Answer: If you're driving and you have hypoglycemia symptoms, pull off the road, check your blood sugar, and eat a sugary food. Wait at least 15 minutes, check your blood sugar, and repeat these steps if necessary. Eat a protein and carbohydrate source (such as peanut butter crackers or cheese and crackers) before you drive on. Be prepared. Keep a sugar source in your car at all times for emergencies.


Question: What should I do if I see someone having a severe hypoglycemic reaction?

Answer: If you see someone having a severe hypoglycemic reaction, call 911 or take him or her to the nearest hospital for treatment. Do not try to give an unconscious person food, fluids, or insulin, as they may choke.


Question: How long should I wait to check my blood sugar again after eating a food with sugar?

Answer: First, eat or drink 15 grams of a fast-acting carbohydrate, such as: Three to four glucose tablets One tube of glucose gel Four to six pieces of hard candy (not sugar-free) 1/2 cup fruit juice 1 cup skim milk 1/2 cup soft drink (not sugar-free) 1 tablespoon honey (put it under your tongue so it gets absorbed into your bloodstream faster) Fifteen minutes after you've eaten a food with sugar in it, check your blood sugar again.


Question: Can medications cause low blood sugar in people with diabetes?

Answer: Early symptoms include: Confusion Dizziness Feeling shaky Hunger Headaches Irritability Pounding heart; racing pulse Pale skin Sweating Trembling Weakness Anxiety Without treatment, you might get more severe symptoms, including: Poor coordination Poor concentration Numbness in mouth and tongue Passing out Seizures Nightmares or bad dreams Coma Ask your doctor if any of your medicines can cause low blood sugar. Insulin treatment can cause low blood sugar, and so can a type of diabetes medications called "sulfonylureas."


Question: Which diabetes medications are sulfonylureas?

Answer: Commonly used sulfonylureas include: Glimepiride ( Amaryl) Glipizide ( Glucotrol) Glibenclamide ( Glyburide, Micronase) Older, less common sulfonlyureas tend to cause low blood sugar more often than some of the newer ones. Examples of older drugs include: chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) repaglinide ( Prandin) tolazamide ( Tolinase) tolbutamide ( Orinase) You can also get low blood sugar if you drink alcohol or take allopurinol ( Zyloprim), aspirin, Benemid, probenecid ( Probalan), or warfarin ( Coumadin) with diabetes medications.


Question: At what blood sugar level do symptoms of hypoglycemia occur?

Answer: Most people feel symptoms of hypoglycemia when their blood sugar is 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/d L) or lower. Each person with diabetes may have different symptoms of hypoglycemia.


Question: Is it okay to drive if you have hypoglycemia?

Answer: If you're driving and you have hypoglycemia symptoms, pull off the road, check your blood sugar, and eat a sugary food. Wait at least 15 minutes, check your blood sugar, and repeat these steps if necessary. Eat a protein and carbohydrate source (such as peanut butter crackers or cheese and crackers) before you drive on. Be prepared. Keep a sugar source in your car at all times for emergencies.


Question: When do you feel symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Answer: Most people feel symptoms of hypoglycemia when their blood sugar is 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/d L) or lower. Each person with diabetes may have different symptoms of hypoglycemia. You'll learn to spot yours.


Question: How can your diet cause hypoglycemia?

Answer: You can get low blood sugar if you take too much insulin for the amount of carbohydrates you eat or drink. For instance, it can happen: After you eat a meal that has a lot of simple sugars If you miss a snack or don't eat a full meal If you eat later than usual If you drink alcohol without eating any food Don't skip meals if you have diabetes, particularly if you're taking diabetes medications.


Question: What are the diabetes drugs linked to hypoglycemia?

Answer: Early symptoms include: Confusion Dizziness Feeling shaky Hunger Headaches Irritability Pounding heart; racing pulse Pale skin Sweating Trembling Weakness Anxiety Without treatment, you might get more severe symptoms, including: Poor coordination Poor concentration Numbness in mouth and tongue Passing out Seizures Nightmares or bad dreams Coma Ask your doctor if any of your medicines can cause low blood sugar. Insulin treatment can cause low blood sugar, and so can a type of diabetes medications called "sulfonylureas." Commonly used sulfonylureas include: Glimepiride ( Amaryl) Glipizide ( Glucotrol) Glibenclamide ( Glyburide, Micronase) Older, less common sulfonlyureas tend to cause low blood sugar more often than some of the newer ones.


Question: When should you call your doctor about hypoglycemia?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have more than one unexplained low blood sugar reaction in a week.


Question: What should you do if you have diabetes and think you have hypoglycemia?

Answer: If you have diabetes and think you have hypoglycemia, check your blood sugar level.


Question: How can you get hypoglycemia?

Answer: Examples of older drugs include: chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) repaglinide ( Prandin) tolazamide ( Tolinase) tolbutamide ( Orinase) You can also get low blood sugar if you drink alcohol or take allopurinol ( Zyloprim), aspirin, Benemid, probenecid ( Probalan), or warfarin ( Coumadin) with diabetes medications. You shouldn't get hypoglycemia if you take alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, biguanides (such as metformin), and thiazolidinediones alone, but it can happen when you take them with sulfonylureas or insulin.


Question: What can my doctor do to control hypoglycemia with diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may find that you take too much insulin that peaks toward the evening-to-morning hours. In that case, she may lower your insulin dose or change the time when you get your last dose of it.


Question: What sleep milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: Your baby's sleep patterns are evolving, but at two months, they still aren't fully established. At this age, babies sleep 15 to 16 hours a day. But those hours are sporadic, and they usually aren't ready to sleep through the night. This is especially true for breastfed babies, who generally wake up to eat every three hours or so.


Question: What communication milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: For a 2-month-old, most communication consists of crying. But you may hear a few gurgles, grunts, and even some sweet coos. Your baby should recognize your face and voice, and respond to them. You might even see the first adorable hint of a smile.


Question: What senses milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: At two months, babies can see objects -- and people -- from up to 18 inches away. That means you still need to get pretty close, but your baby will be able to see your face pretty well while feeding. She should also be able to follow movements when you walk close by. Baby's hearing is improving, too. Your 2-month-old will especially enjoy listening to the sound of your voice.


Question: What motor skills milestones should you expect in your 2-month-old?

Answer: Two-month-old babies are gaining more control over their bodies. That means they can hold their head a little steadier while lying on their tummies or being supported upright. In the second month of life, babies continue to have a strong sucking reflex. You may notice your baby likes to suck on a fist or a few fingers. This is one of the best ways babies have of comforting themselves. At 2 months, your baby doesn't yet have the coordination to play with toys. But she may bat at a colorful object hanging in front of her. Your baby may even briefly hold a toy that you place in one of her hands.


Question: What are the warning signs for a stroke?

Answer: Sometimes a stroke happens gradually, but you're likely to have one or more sudden symptoms like these: Numbness or weakness in your face, arm, or leg, especially on one side Confusion or trouble understanding other people Difficulty speaking Trouble seeing with one or both eyes Problems walking or staying balanced or coordinated Dizziness Severe headache that comes on for no reason If you have these symptoms, call 911 even if you're not sure you're having a stroke.


Question: What is the treatment for a stroke?

Answer: Depending on the type of stroke, doctors may give you aspirin or powerful clot-busting drugs. The treatment works best when you get this medication within 3 hours of when your symptoms started. If your stroke was caused by a burst blood vessel, doctors will try to stop the bleeding as soon as possible.


Question: What causes ankle osteoarthritis?

Answer: Osteoarthritis of the ankle, unlike other parts of the body, isn't the "wear and tear" kind that goes along with aging. Instead, it's almost always due to an injury. You might hear your doctor call it "post-traumatic" arthritis. You can get ankle osteoarthritis after one injury, like a fracture, or after many injuries over time, like repeated sprains. If you're flat-footed, bow-legged, or knock-kneed or if you have high arches, you might also get ankle osteoarthritis, because these conditions put extra strain on your joints.


Question: What is ankle osteoarthritis like?

Answer: When you have ankle osteoarthritis, you might have inflammation or swelling of the joint that connects your foot with the lower part of your leg.


Question: Could allergies cause my eyes to be bloodshot?

Answer: Eye allergies cause redness, itching, burning, and watery eyes. You may have other allergy symptoms too, like sneezing or a runny or stuffy nose. Typical causes are pollen, pets, dust, or cigarette smoke. If you know what may be bugging your eyes, try to avoid it if you can.


Question: How do you know if something serious is causing your eyes to be bloodshot?

Answer: See a doctor if your eyes are bloodshot and if any of the following are true: You have eye pain You have light sensitivity You have a discharge from your eye Something punctured your eye You're having problems seeing You see bright circles (halos) around lights You have a headache You throw up or feel like you're going to Some other more serious conditions that can cause bloodshot eyes include: Corneal ulcers.


Question: Could contact lenses cause my eyes to be bloodshot?

Answer: Red eyes and infections can happen if you don't clean your lenses correctly or if you wear them longer than you're supposed to. For instance, you may have fallen asleep in contacts that aren't meant for overnight use. Bad fitting contacts can irritate your eyes too. If they feel uncomfortable when you put them in, quit wearing them until you can go see your eye doctor.


Question: What are the side effects of radiation for bronchial adenoma?

Answer: Radiation can cause side effects such as: Fatigue Skin redness in the area where you got treatment Sore throat and mouth Cough Shortness of breath These problems should go away once you stop the treatment.


Question: What are the symptoms of carcinoid tumors related to bronchial adenoma?

Answer: Carcinoid tumor symptoms include: Cough, sometimes with blood Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest pain Flushing of the face Infections such as pneumonia Adenoid cystic carcinoma symptoms include: Lump on the roof of the mouth, under the tongue, or in the bottom of the mouth Trouble swallowing Hoarse voice Numbness in the jaw, roof of the mouth, face, or tongue Bump under the jaw or in front of the ear Mucoepidermoid carcinoma symptoms include: Swelling in the glands near your ears, under your lower jaw, or in your mouth Numbness or weakness of your face Pain in your face To diagnose bronchial adenoma, your doctor may give you one or more of these tests: Biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.


Question: How is targeted therapy used to treat bronchial adenoma?

Answer: These treatments look for proteins or genes that are unique to your cancer, and that help it grow. Then it targets those substances to stop the cancer from spreading.


Question: What are the different types of bronchial adenoma?

Answer: These include: Carcinoid tumors affect hormone-producing cells and nerve cells. They can form in the lungs, or in the stomach and intestines. Adenoid cystic carcinoma usually starts in the salivary glands in the mouth and throat. It also can affect the trachea, tear glands in the eyes, sweat glands, or a woman's uterus, vulva, or breasts. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma happens in the salivary glands. Most cancers of this type affect the parotid glands in front of the ears.


Question: What are the symptoms of adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer: Carcinoid tumor symptoms include: Cough, sometimes with blood Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest pain Flushing of the face Infections such as pneumonia Adenoid cystic carcinoma symptoms include: Lump on the roof of the mouth, under the tongue, or in the bottom of the mouth Trouble swallowing Hoarse voice Numbness in the jaw, roof of the mouth, face, or tongue Bump under the jaw or in front of the ear Mucoepidermoid carcinoma symptoms include: Swelling in the glands near your ears, under your lower jaw, or in your mouth Numbness or weakness of your face Pain in your face To diagnose bronchial adenoma, your doctor may give you one or more of these tests: Biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.


Question: How is a bronchial adenoma diagnosed?

Answer: Carcinoid tumor symptoms include: Cough, sometimes with blood Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest pain Flushing of the face Infections such as pneumonia Adenoid cystic carcinoma symptoms include: Lump on the roof of the mouth, under the tongue, or in the bottom of the mouth Trouble swallowing Hoarse voice Numbness in the jaw, roof of the mouth, face, or tongue Bump under the jaw or in front of the ear Mucoepidermoid carcinoma symptoms include: Swelling in the glands near your ears, under your lower jaw, or in your mouth Numbness or weakness of your face Pain in your face To diagnose bronchial adenoma, your doctor may give you one or more of these tests: Biopsy removes a small piece of tissue. A specialist checks the sample under a microscope to see if it's cancer. X-rayuses low doses of radiation to make images of structures inside your body. A chest X-ray can look for a tumor in your lungs. MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging,uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and structures inside your body. It can show the size of the tumor. You may get a liquid to drink, or into a vein before the test. This contrast dye will help create a clearer picture. Your doctor might also do other types of scans to look for the tumor and see if it has spread.


Question: Are there symptoms of bronchial adenoma?

Answer: You may not have any symptoms at first, because carcinoid tumors and some other types of bronchial adenomas grow slowly. Which kinds of symptoms you eventually get depends on where the cancer is located.


Question: How is radiation used to treat bronchial adenoma?

Answer: This treatment uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. It can relieve symptoms and help you feel better. You also can get it after surgery to kill any cancer cells left behind.


Question: What are possible side effects of chemotherapy used to treat bronchial adenoma?

Answer: Possible side effects from chemo include: Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Hair loss Loss of appetite Diarrhea Increased risk of infection Immunotherapy.


Question: What does your treatment for bronchial adenoma depend on?

Answer: Which treatment you get depends on your: Type and stage of cancer Age Health Preferences Options include: Surgery.


Question: What are the symptoms of a bronchial adenoma?

Answer: You may not have any symptoms at first, because carcinoid tumors and some other types of bronchial adenomas grow slowly. Which kinds of symptoms you eventually get depends on where the cancer is located.


Question: What are the side effects of chemotherapy for bronchial adenoma?

Answer: Possible side effects from chemo include: Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Hair loss Loss of appetite Diarrhea Increased risk of infection Immunotherapy.


Question: Where can you get support for your bronchial adenoma?

Answer: Treatment for bronchial adenoma can be stressful. It's important to talk openly about your feelings with your doctors, nurses, and the other members of your treatment team. A therapist, psychologist, or counselor can help you get through some of the concerns and emotions you may feel. You may also want to look for a support group for other people with this condition. It helps to be able to talk with people who know what you're going through, because they know what it's like and can relate to you.


Question: What are early signs of asthma?

Answer: Early warning signs of an asthma attack include: Frequent cough, especially at night Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath Feeling very tired or weak when exercising Wheezing or coughing after exercise Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter Signs of a cold or allergies (sneezing, runny nose, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, and headache) Trouble sleeping If you have these warning signs, adjust your medication, as described in your asthma action plan.


Question: What are common asthma symptoms?

Answer: Other symptoms of an asthma attack include: Severe wheezing when breathing both in and out Coughing that won't stop Very rapid breathing Chest pain or pressure Tightened neck and chest muscles, called retractions Difficulty talking Feelings of anxiety or panic Pale, sweaty face Blue lips or fingernails The severity of an asthma attack can escalate rapidly, so it's important to treat these asthma symptoms immediately once you recognize them.


Question: Can an infection trigger asthma symptoms?

Answer: Sometimes a virus or bacterial infection is an asthma trigger. For instance, you might have a cold virus that triggers your asthma symptoms. Or your asthma can be triggered by a bacterial sinus infection. Sinusitis with asthma is common.


Question: How many cases of cancer are due to adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer: Of the 500,000 people who get cancer each year, about 1,200 of them have adenoid cystic carcinoma. It affects more women than men, and it can happen at any age between your teens and your 80s.


Question: What are the types of radiation treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer: There are three main kinds: External beam radiation focuses high-energy X-rays or protons on cancer cells to destroy them. Your doctor will try to do as little damage as possible to the surrounding parts of your body. Internal radiation therapy is also known as brachytherapy. Your doctor will put small radioactive "seeds" at or near the tumor. This is often used when cancer has spread to the lungs. The radioactivity of the seeds lessens after a few weeks. Neutron therapy can target small tumors by heating up the cells with 100 times more energy than regular radiation treatment. That often kills cancer cells while letting the normal cells around them recover.


Question: What is treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer: The usual treatment for adenoid cystic carcinoma is surgery followed by radiation treatments. When you have surgery, your doctor will remove not only the tumor but also some of the healthy tissue around it. He'll look at that tissue to make sure the cancer hasn't spread beyond the tumor.


Question: What are side effects of radiation therapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer: Radiation therapy focused on your head and neck has side effects that can include dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, or soreness around the area that's being treated. It can also damage your teeth. Check with your doctor about these side effects and ask what she can do to help you with them.


Question: What are the symptoms of adenoid cystic carcinoma?

Answer: The first sign may be a lump inside your mouth under your tongue or inside your cheek. These lumps usually grow slowly and don't hurt. You might have some trouble swallowing, or your voice might sound hoarse. This type of cancer can spread along nerves, so you might have some pain or numbness in your face. If you notice any of these symptoms, see your doctor.


Question: What complications may make surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma difficult?

Answer: Sometimes, part of a nerve may have to be removed to get all the cancer out. That can mean you won't be able to move part of your face or it might droop. Your doctor may try to reconnect the damaged nerve with part of another nerve so you can move the affected area. Other times, part of your windpipe or voice box has to be removed. If your doctor can't take out the entire tumor without hurting important organs, or if he's worried the cancer has spread somewhere he hasn't seen, you may have radiation treatments.


Question: Does adenoid cystic carcinoma spread to other parts of the body?

Answer: It tends to grow slowly, so it sometimes can spread to other parts of your body before you notice any symptoms. It can come back in places where it's been treated before or spread to your lungs, liver, or bones, where it's more serious.


Question: What is nocturia?

Answer: Nocturia means you have to get up a lot during the night to go to the bathroom.


Question: What mechanical aids treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine. Urethral insert: A thin, flexible solid tube in the urethra that blocks the flow of leaking urine. External urethral barrier: A self-adhesive patch you can put over the opening where urine comes out.


Question: How does bladder training help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some things you can try: Bladder training aims to let you go longer between your trips to the bathroom. You start by setting a schedule for when you'll pee. Then you train yourself to resist the first urge to go and refrain from going until your scheduled time. Eventually, the time between restroom visits lasts for several hours.


Question: How can absorbent products help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Absorbent products such as mini-shields that attach to underwear or plastic-backed diapers. These items help you guard against accidents. Most of them are disposable, but you can also buy absorbent cloths that you can wash and reuse.


Question: What drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder?

Answer: These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine.


Question: Is surgery used to deal with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Doctors usually recommend an operation only as a last resort when other treatments haven't worked.


Question: How does prompted voiding help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Prompted voiding trains a caregiver to remind someone to go to the bathroom. The goal is to have fewer accidents by making the person aware that they need to pee every so often. People often use timed voiding at the same time.


Question: How can medications help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If behavior changes don't work, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help with bladder control. You might also take them while you keep up your behavior training.


Question: Is it important to treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A bladder problem is more than an inconvenience. If you don't get treatment, it can turn into other health issues, including bladder infections, kidney damage, and hygiene problems. It also can keep you from doing the things you'd normally do and make you feel isolated.


Question: What diet changes should I consider to treat bladder control that comes from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: One way to start is to change the liquid you put in your body every day. Your doctor may recommend that you: Drink no more than 2 quarts of liquids a day Steer clear of drinks with caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and sodas Have no more than one alcoholic drink per day Change your behavior.


Question: Which medications help control the bladder issues associated with  multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If behavior changes don't work, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help with bladder control. You might also take them while you keep up your behavior training. These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine.


Question: How does bladder training affect bladder control issues associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some things you can try: Bladder training aims to let you go longer between your trips to the bathroom. You start by setting a schedule for when you'll pee. Then you train yourself to resist the first urge to go and refrain from going until your scheduled time. Eventually, the time between restroom visits lasts for several hours.


Question: How do absorbent products affect bladder control issues associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Absorbent products such as mini-shields that attach to underwear or plastic-backed diapers. These items help you guard against accidents. Most of them are disposable, but you can also buy absorbent cloths that you can wash and reuse.


Question: What are some bladder control treatments for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A bladder problem is more than an inconvenience. If you don't get treatment, it can turn into other health issues, including bladder infections, kidney damage, and hygiene problems. It also can keep you from doing the things you'd normally do and make you feel isolated. Talk to your doctor if you notice any changes in when and how often you're going to the bathroom. She might recommend that you see a doctor who specializes in bladder problems, called a urologist. She might also talk to you about some things you can do on your own: Diet changes.


Question: What are some bladder control problems associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: There are a few versions that affect people with MS: Urinary urgency means you feel the need to pee often and urgently. The small "tickle" and feeling of pressure that help us know it's time to head to the restroom are intense. Incontinence is the loss of bladder control. Sometimes MS will disrupt the nerve signals that direct the movement of urine in your body so that it comes out when you're not ready. Nocturia means you have to get up a lot during the night to go to the bathroom. Urinary hesitancy is when you have trouble starting to pee.


Question: Which mechanical aids help treat bladder control issues associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine. Urethral insert: A thin, flexible solid tube in the urethra that blocks the flow of leaking urine. External urethral barrier: A self-adhesive patch you can put over the opening where urine comes out.


Question: How does surgery help treat bladder control problems associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Doctors usually recommend an operation only as a last resort when other treatments haven't worked.


Question: How does diet affect bladder control issues with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: One way to start is to change the liquid you put in your body every day. Your doctor may recommend that you: Drink no more than 2 quarts of liquids a day Steer clear of drinks with caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and sodas Have no more than one alcoholic drink per day Change your behavior.


Question: How does prompted voiding affect bladder control problems associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Prompted voiding trains a caregiver to remind someone to go to the bathroom. The goal is to have fewer accidents by making the person aware that they need to pee every so often. People often use timed voiding at the same time.


Question: How can I keep from spreading the flu when I am sick?

Answer: Stay away from family members, colleagues, and friends. You're contagious 1 day before symptoms start and for 5-7 days after symptoms start.


Question: How much sleep do I need if I have the flu?

Answer: Your body needs extra downtime to fight the viral infection. Aim for 7 to 9 hours of shuteye a night.


Question: Should I treat congestion when I have the flu?

Answer: That stuffy nose is best treated mildly or not at all. A decongestant slows the flow to the blood vessels in your nose and throat. But often you want an increased blood flow because it warms the infected area and helps all that gunk clear the germs from your body.


Question: Can dietary supplements ease flu symptoms?

Answer: Many dietary supplements get credit for easing flu symptoms, but there's no proof they work. Talk to your doctor before you try any. Some natural herbal products can cause allergic reactions. Others may not work well with prescription medications you're taking. A few can even cause liver damage, so be careful.


Question: Why do you get a cough when you have the flu?

Answer: It helps clear the thick mucus in your airways that carry germs to your lungs and the rest of your body.


Question: Does gargling help with a sore throat?

Answer: It can moisten a flaming throat and bring short-term relief. Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in warm water and gargle with this mix four times a day. You can also try a thick mix made with honey, a popular folk treatment. Steep 1 tablespoon of raspberry leaves or lemon juice in 2 cups of hot water; mix with 1 teaspoon of honey. Let the liquid cool to room temperature before you gargle.


Question: How can I treat congestion naturally?

Answer: One natural remedy is to drink more water. It makes mucus thinner and easier to get rid of when you cough or blow. Your sinuses drain better when you're not all dried out, and if the stuff in them is moving, it's less likely to get infected.


Question: What should I do if my child who has autism wakes up repeatedly or has difficulty in sleeping?

Answer: To know for sure, make an appointment with your child's pediatrician. The doctor may refer you to a sleep specialist or an ear, nose and throat doctor. It can help to keep a sleep diary for a week to track how much and when your child is sleeping. You may include any snoring, changes in breathing patterns, unusual movements, or difficulty breathing.


Question: What are the biggest sleep problems among children with autism?

Answer: Researchers estimate that between 40% and 80% of children with ASD have difficulty sleeping. The biggest sleep problems among these children include: Difficulty falling asleep Inconsistent sleep routines Restlessness or poor sleep quality Waking early and waking frequently A lack of a good night's sleep can affect not only the child but everyone in his or her family.


Question: How do H2 blockers treat heartburn and reflux?

Answer: In prescription form (usually higher doses than the over-the-counter versions), H2 blockers can generally relieve heartburn and treat reflux, especially if you've never had treatment before. These drugs are particularly useful at alleviating heartburn, but may not be as good for treating esophagitis (inflammation that occurs in the esophagus) that is the result of GERD. Histamine stimulates acid production, especially after meals, so H2 blockers are best taken 30 minutes before meals. They can also be taken at bedtime to suppress nighttime production of acid. Examples of prescription H2 blockers: Famotidine ( Pepcid) Cimetidine Ranitidine ( Zantac) Side effects can include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, gas, sore throat, runny nose, and dizziness.


Question: How do proton pump inhibitors treat heartburn and reflux?

Answer: Depending on the source of your heartburn or reflux, your doctor can prescribe drugs that block acid production more effectively and for a longer period of time than the H2 blockers, namely the family of medications doctors call proton pump inhibitors. PPIs are best taken an hour before meals. They include: Rabeprazole ( Aciphex) Esomeprazole ( Nexium) Lansoprazole ( Prevacid) Omeprazole ( Prilosec, Zegerid) Pantoprazole ( Protonix) Dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant) Most doctors do not believe that one drug is significantly more effective than the others in managing GERD.


Question: How do promotility agents treat heartburn and reflux?

Answer: Promotility agents work by stimulating the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, which may help prevent acids from staying in the stomach too long, and strengthening the lower esophageal sphincter, reducing reflux into the esophagus. Metoclopramide ( Reglan) is a promotility agent occasionally used to treat heartburn associated with GERD.


Question: When should you call your doctor about vaginal infections and vaginitis?

Answer: You should call your doctor when: Your vaginal discharge changes color, is heavier, or smells different.


Question: How do you know if you have a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis?

Answer: Two of the most common causes are related to organisms that live in your vagina. They can have very similar symptoms. Yeast infections are an overgrowth of the yeast that you normally have in your body. Bacterial vaginosis happens when the balance of bacteria is thrown off. With both conditions, you may notice white or grayish discharge. How can you tell them apart? If there's a fishy smell, bacterial vaginosis is a better guess. If your discharge looks like cottage cheese, a yeast infection may be to blame. That's also more likely to cause itching and burning, though bacterial vaginosis might make you itchy, too. And you could have both at the same time.


Question: How can you prevent vaginitis?

Answer: Keep yourself clean and dry. But doctors don't recommend vaginal sprays or heavily perfumed soaps for this area. Douching may cause irritation, too, and more importantly, could hide or spread an infection. It also removes the healthy bacteria that do the housekeeping in your vagina. Douching is never recommended. Avoid clothes that hold in heat and moisture. Nylon underwear, tight jeans, non-breathable gym shorts and leggings, and pantyhose without a cotton panel can lead to yeast infections. Eating yogurt with active cultures (check the label) might help you get fewer infections. Condoms are the best way to prevent passing infections between sexual partners. Get a complete gynecologic exam every year, including a Pap smear if your doctor recommends it.


Question: What are the different types of vaginitis?

Answer: Doctors refer to the various conditions that cause an infection or inflammation of the vagina as "vaginitis." The most common kinds are: Bacterial vaginosis Candida or "yeast" infections Chlamydia Gonorrhea Reactions or allergies (non-infectious vaginitis) Trichomoniasis Viral vaginitis Although they may have different symptoms, a diagnosis can be tricky even for an experienced doctor.


Question: What should you do if you have HPV (human papillomavirus) and are pregnant or are trying to conceive?

Answer: If you're pregnant or trying to conceive, tell your doctor before you start HPV treatment, which could affect your pregnancy. Your doctor may want to delay treatment until after you have your baby.


Question: What are genital warts in HPV (human papillomavirus)?

Answer: These growths, which are caused by HPV infection, can be raised or flat. They can be small or large. They may be pink or the color of your skin. Genital warts can appear on the cervix, vulva, scrotum, groin, thigh, anus, or penis.


Question: What happens if you have HPV (human papillomavirus) that can lead to cancer?

Answer: If your doctor finds that you have a type of HPV that can lead to cancer, she may suggest you get Pap tests more often to watch for signs of abnormal cell changes in the genital area. Abnormal cell changes in the cervix may be a warning sign cervical cancer. Your doctor may also do a test called a colposcopy, in which she uses a special magnifying device called a colposcope to look closely at your cervix, vagina, and vulva as well as take biopsies if needed.


Question: How are abnormal cells in HPV (human papillomavirus) treated?

Answer: If your doctor decides to treat the abnormal cells, she may use one of these methods: Cryotherapy. This involves freezing the abnormal cells with liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide. Conization . This procedure removes the abnormal areas. Laser therapy. This uses light to burn away abnormal cells. Loop electrosurgical excision procedure ( LEEP). The abnormal cells are removed with an electrical current. The goal is to remove all the abnormal cells, including most or all of the cells with HPV.


Question: Do genital warts from HPV (human papillomavirus) go away?

Answer: HPV types 6 and 11, which are linked to genital warts, tend to grow for about 6 months, then stabilize. Sometimes, visible genital warts go away without treatment.


Question: What is temporal arteritis?

Answer: It can start with a severe headache, pain when you chew, and tenderness in your temple. A few weeks later, you might have a sudden vision loss in one eye, followed quickly by the second. Other symptoms include joint pain, weight loss, and a low-grade fever. Doctors think a damaged immune system causes it. Early diagnosis and treatment with medication can help prevent vision loss. If you suddenly can't see, get to the doctor as soon as you can. It's an emergency.


Question: How is a pulmonary embolism diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will order different types tests, including lung tests, to check for a PE.


Question: What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism?

Answer: PE won't always cause symptoms. You might have: Chest pain, which may get worse with a deep breath Sudden shortness of breath or rapid breathing Fast heartbeat Sudden cough Coughing up blood Lightheadedness or fainting Anxiety Call 911 if you notice these symptoms. They could also be symptoms of a heart attack, pneumonia, or other serious problems.


Question: How can you avoid a pulmonary embolism?

Answer: You and your doctor should figure out what may have caused your DVT, so you can take steps to avoid getting more clots.


Question: What is the treatment for a pulmonary embolism?

Answer: Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may give you a drug called a thrombolytic to dissolve the clot. These medicines can save your life, but they can also cause bleeding that's hard to stop. You'll have to be in the hospital, and the staff will watch you carefully. For some very serious cases, a specialist may need to do surgery to break up and remove the clot. If your symptoms aren't life-threatening, or if using a thrombolytic would be too dangerous, your doctor will give you medication that interrupts the clotting process or stops platelets in your blood from sticking together. They don't break down the clot, but they'll keep it from getting bigger while your body works on dissolving it. Afterward, you'll probably take a blood thinner pill for at least 3 months.


Question: What is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer: A pulmonary embolism ( PE) usually happens when a blood clot called a deep vein thrombosis ( DVT), often in your leg, travels to your lungs and blocks a blood vessel. That leads to low oxygen levels in your blood. It can damage the lung and other organs and cause heart failure, too.


Question: What causes gastroenteritis?

Answer: There are many ways gastroenteritis can be spread: Contact with someone who has the virus Contaminated food or water Unwashed hands after going to the bathroom or changing a diaper The most common cause of gastroenteritis is a virus. Gastroenteritis flu can be caused by many different kinds of viruses. The main types are rotavirus and norovirus.


Question: Is smoking during pregnancy bad?

Answer: These conditions have been linked to secondhand smoke exposure in children: Sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS) More respiratory infections (such as bronchitis and pneumonia) More severe and frequent asthma attacks Ear infections Chronic cough Smoking during pregnancy is especially dangerous to the developing baby. It's tied to premature delivery, low birth weight, SIDS, limited mental ability, trouble with learning, and ADHD.


Question: What are the dangers of secondhand smoke for children?

Answer: Kids are particularly at risk for the effects of secondhand smoke because their bodies are still growing and they breathe at a faster rate than adults. These conditions have been linked to secondhand smoke exposure in children: Sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS) More respiratory infections (such as bronchitis and pneumonia) More severe and frequent asthma attacks Ear infections Chronic cough Smoking during pregnancy is especially dangerous to the developing baby.


Question: What is the gallbladder?

Answer: Gallbladder The gallbladder is a storage sac for excess bile. Bile made in the liver travels to the small intestine via the bile ducts. If the intestine doesn't need it, the bile travels into the gallbladder, where it awaits the signal from the intestines that food is present. Bile serves two main purposes. First, it helps absorb fats in the diet, and secondly, it carries waste from the liver that cannot go through the kidneys.


Question: What is digestion?

Answer: Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process also involves creating waste to be eliminated. The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in the breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed for digestion: the liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas.


Question: What does the liver do?

Answer: Liver The liver has multiple functions, but two of its main functions within the digestive system are to make and secrete an important substance called bile and to process the blood coming from the small intestine containing the nutrients just absorbed. The liver purifies this blood of many impurities before traveling to the rest of the body.


Question: What other things play a role in heart failure?

Answer: Other things that play a role in heart failure are: Genetics Infections Alcohol or drug abuse Chemotherapy Long-term diseases like diabetes, HIV, hypertension, and hypothyroidism Abnormal heart rhythms All these can cause the heart to work in overdrive, weakening it over time.


Question: How does a normal heart work?

Answer: When your heart is healthy, it works like a well-organized pump. It moves blood steadily through your lungs to pick up oxygen, then back out into the rest of your body. When everything goes smoothly, the right side of your heart pumps blood from the body and shuttles it over to the lungs. Meantime, the left side moves oxygen-rich blood back through the heart and out.


Question: What causes a heart attack?

Answer: Something called "coronary heart disease" sets you on the path to it. Over the course of your life, waxy plaque builds up on the insides of your blood vessels, which gradually narrows the passageway. You may hear your doctor call this process atherosclerosis. It speeds up if you're obese, you smoke, or have high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or diabetes. Sometimes plaque gathers in the coronary arteries -- the pipelines that carry oxygen-rich blood from your lungs to your heart. Sometimes all or part of the plaque breaks off the inside of your vessel wall, where it's been lodged, and causes a blood clot. If it gets big enough, it can completely cut off the blood flow through the artery. Since your blood no longer carries oxygen from the lungs to the heart, cells in the heart can die. If your heart muscle isn't getting enough oxygen or nutrients, it's called ischemia. When part of your heart muscle gets damaged as a result, it's called a heart attack. Less often, a heart attack is caused by a severe spasm in your coronary artery, without any signs of atherosclerosis. That happens most often in people who smoke or have high cholesterol or high blood pressure.


Question: What does a heart attack feel like?

Answer: You may get some of these: Chest discomfort. You may have a sense of squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of your chest. It could last for more than a few minutes, or it might go away and come back. Pain in your upper body. You might hurt or feel uncomfortable in one or both arms or your back, neck, jaw, or stomach. Shortness of breath. This may happen to you with or without chest discomfort. You may also break out in a cold sweat, feel nauseous, or get light-headed.


Question: Are heart failure and a heart attack different?

Answer: Whether it's heart failure or a heart attack, your ticker isn't working the way it should. But there are big differences in what causes these conditions and how they make you feel. And which one you have will guide your doctor when he makes a treatment plan. A lot of things go on inside you that set up your troubles, but here's the big picture. When you have a heart attack, the flow of blood to your ticker is suddenly blocked. Heart failure, on the other hand, is a long-term problem. It happens when your heart doesn't pump enough blood through your body to meet its needs.


Question: What is coronary heart disease?

Answer: Over the course of your life, waxy plaque builds up on the insides of your blood vessels, which gradually narrows the passageway.


Question: What is ischemia and how can it cause a heart attack?

Answer: If your heart muscle isn't getting enough oxygen or nutrients, it's called ischemia. When part of your heart muscle gets damaged as a result, it's called a heart attack.


Question: Can plaque cause a heart attack?

Answer: Sometimes all or part of the plaque breaks off the inside of your vessel wall, where it's been lodged, and causes a blood clot. If it gets big enough, it can completely cut off the blood flow through the artery.


Question: Can a heart attack be caused by a severe spasm?

Answer: Less often, a heart attack is caused by a severe spasm in your coronary artery, without any signs of atherosclerosis. That happens most often in people who smoke or have high cholesterol or high blood pressure.


Question: What are the first symptoms of heart attack?

Answer: You may get some of these: Chest discomfort. You may have a sense of squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center of your chest. It could last for more than a few minutes, or it might go away and come back. Pain in your upper body. You might hurt or feel uncomfortable in one or both arms or your back, neck, jaw, or stomach. Shortness of breath. This may happen to you with or without chest discomfort. You may also break out in a cold sweat, feel nauseous, or get light-headed.


Question: Should I stay away from my silent migraine triggers?

Answer: Once you figure out your triggers, try to stay away from them. If your symptoms are severe or regular, your doctor may suggest a medication or device to help prevent your migraine headaches.


Question: What general well-being factors can trigger silent migraines?

Answer: Your general well-being is also important. Stress, either physical or emotional Lack of sleep Skipped meals Headache experts say keeping a daily diary is an important step.


Question: Are the aura and the pain of a headache two different things?

Answer: Researchers are now looking at aura and pain as two distinct things. In the past, experts thought migraine was mainly a problem with blood flow in your brain. Now they believe the headaches involve the way nerve cells are firing in your brain and how that activity relates to the blood flow.


Question: What are the visual symptoms of the aura phase of a silent migraine?

Answer: During the phase that warns you a migraine is coming, called the prodrome phase, you could: Get "hyper" or cranky Have food cravings Be tired and yawn more Feel stiff, especially in your neck Need to pee more often Get constipated or have diarrhea Next, the aura phase usually lasts about an hour. It's best known for its unusual visual symptoms, such as seeing: Wavy or jagged lines Flashing lights Dots or spots in your vision Blind spots Tunnel vision But it can also affect your other senses, movement, and speech.


Question: Are there medications that can treat silent migraines?

Answer: More than 100 medications can treat migraine. Be prepared to try different drugs to find the right one for you. Tell your doctor about all prescription and over-the-counter medicines you take to avoid problems with how any of them work and side effects.


Question: What hormone changes in women can trigger silent migraines?

Answer: What and how you eat are common triggers, such as: Caffeine Alcohol Chocolate Nuts Pickled foods Foods or drinks with the amino acid tyramine, such as red wine and aged cheese It could be something happening around you: Bright or flickering lights Loud noise Weather and extreme heat or cold Changes in your hormone levels -- during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, or when taking birth control pills -- may affect women.


Question: How can you treat silent migraines?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest medications or devices that can treat the problem. You can also help yourself by avoiding your migraine triggers.


Question: How can your well-being affect your chance of getting silent migraines?

Answer: Your general well-being is also important. Stress, either physical or emotional Lack of sleep Skipped meals Headache experts say keeping a daily diary is an important step.


Question: How can women get silent migraines?

Answer: What and how you eat are common triggers, such as: Caffeine Alcohol Chocolate Nuts Pickled foods Foods or drinks with the amino acid tyramine, such as red wine and aged cheese It could be something happening around you: Bright or flickering lights Loud noise Weather and extreme heat or cold Changes in your hormone levels -- during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, or when taking birth control pills -- may affect women.


Question: Are the triggers of silent migraines similar to the triggers of regular migraines?

Answer: Silent migraine can be set off by the same things that cause painful ones.


Question: How can you prevent silent migraines?

Answer: Once you figure out your triggers, try to stay away from them. If your symptoms are severe or regular, your doctor may suggest a medication or device to help prevent your migraine headaches. Eat well, get plenty of rest, exercise most days, and find ways to manage your stress.


Question: How can silent migraines affect you?

Answer: It's best known for its unusual visual symptoms, such as seeing: Wavy or jagged lines Flashing lights Dots or spots in your vision Blind spots Tunnel vision But it can also affect your other senses, movement, and speech. You may have: Trouble hearing, or hear things that aren't there Strange smells or tastes Numbness, tingling, or a pins-and-needles feeling Weakness Trouble remembering or saying a word Even though your head doesn't hurt, a silent migraine may affect your body in other ways: Upset stomach or vomiting Hot flashes and chills Stuffy or runny nose Dizziness or spinning (called vertigo) Sore neck or jaw Sensitivity to light, sounds, smells, touch, or motion Confusion Afterward, you may feel wiped out and have the blahs for as long as a day. Not all migraine attacks follow the same pattern. Even for the same person, the symptoms can be unpredictable.


Question: What are the symptoms of silent migraines?

Answer: You can have symptoms that go along with any phase of a migraine, but without the classic pain around your temples.


Question: Are the symptoms of silent migraines similar to a migraine?

Answer: You can have symptoms that go along with any phase of a migraine, but without the classic pain around your temples.


Question: How are silent migraines diagnosed?

Answer: Stress, either physical or emotional Lack of sleep Skipped meals Headache experts say keeping a daily diary is an important step. Try to track everything you eat and drink, changes in your sleep or stress levels, and other possible triggers. Also, keep tabs on your symptoms and the times they begin and end. Your diary and your medical history will help your doctor figure out what's going on. In rare cases, your symptoms could be a sign of a different, more-serious medical problem, such as a stroke or bleeding in the brain. To rule these out, your doctor may want to do more tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, or have you see a specialist called a neurologist for an exam.


Question: What causes silent migraines?

Answer: Researchers are now looking at aura and pain as two distinct things. In the past, experts thought migraine was mainly a problem with blood flow in your brain. Now they believe the headaches involve the way nerve cells are firing in your brain and how that activity relates to the blood flow.


Question: Do all migraines follow the same pattern?

Answer: Not all migraine attacks follow the same pattern. Even for the same person, the symptoms can be unpredictable.


Question: What triggers silent migraines?

Answer: Silent migraine can be set off by the same things that cause painful ones. What and how you eat are common triggers, such as: Caffeine Alcohol Chocolate Nuts Pickled foods Foods or drinks with the amino acid tyramine, such as red wine and aged cheese It could be something happening around you: Bright or flickering lights Loud noise Weather and extreme heat or cold Changes in your hormone levels -- during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, or when taking birth control pills -- may affect women.


Question: What situational triggers can cause silent migraines?

Answer: What and how you eat are common triggers, such as: Caffeine Alcohol Chocolate Nuts Pickled foods Foods or drinks with the amino acid tyramine, such as red wine and aged cheese It could be something happening around you: Bright or flickering lights Loud noise Weather and extreme heat or cold Changes in your hormone levels -- during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, or when taking birth control pills -- may affect women.


Question: What are symptoms of the aura phase in silent migraines?

Answer: During the phase that warns you a migraine is coming, called the prodrome phase, you could: Get "hyper" or cranky Have food cravings Be tired and yawn more Feel stiff, especially in your neck Need to pee more often Get constipated or have diarrhea Next, the aura phase usually lasts about an hour. It's best known for its unusual visual symptoms, such as seeing: Wavy or jagged lines Flashing lights Dots or spots in your vision Blind spots Tunnel vision But it can also affect your other senses, movement, and speech.


Question: How can a silent headache affect the rest of my body?

Answer: You may have: Trouble hearing, or hear things that aren't there Strange smells or tastes Numbness, tingling, or a pins-and-needles feeling Weakness Trouble remembering or saying a word Even though your head doesn't hurt, a silent migraine may affect your body in other ways: Upset stomach or vomiting Hot flashes and chills Stuffy or runny nose Dizziness or spinning (called vertigo) Sore neck or jaw Sensitivity to light, sounds, smells, touch, or motion Confusion Afterward, you may feel wiped out and have the blahs for as long as a day.


Question: How is a silent migraine diagnosed?

Answer: Stress, either physical or emotional Lack of sleep Skipped meals Headache experts say keeping a daily diary is an important step. Try to track everything you eat and drink, changes in your sleep or stress levels, and other possible triggers. Also, keep tabs on your symptoms and the times they begin and end. Your diary and your medical history will help your doctor figure out what's going on. In rare cases, your symptoms could be a sign of a different, more-serious medical problem, such as a stroke or bleeding in the brain. To rule these out, your doctor may want to do more tests, such as a CT scan or MRI, or have you see a specialist called a neurologist for an exam.


Question: What should I prepare my family and friends for after being diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: Depending on what you feel comfortable with, you could try: Counseling Organizations that will match you with someone who's had the same kind of lung cancer Telephone and email cancer helplines Support groups, either online or in person Talk to your family and friends. Chances are there will be a few changes in your routine. There may be days when it's harder to do the things you normally do. You might need a hand with things like cooking, cleaning, or running errands. Sit down with your loved ones and let them know what you might need help with.


Question: Should I bring someone with me when choosing a treatment center for lung cancer?

Answer: You might have a few choices, so find out about some of the practical things, like: Where it is and how you're going to get there and back How often the center works with your type of cancer If there's a place for you and your family to stay if it's far away or you have to stay overnight What services it can offer you and your family If you're going to have chemotherapy, many cancer centers will let someone sit with you when you go in for treatment. Think about who could come along. This person can help you ask questions and take notes, or just keep you company.


Question: What factors should I consider when choosing a treatment center for lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will have ideas about which cancer treatment centers are a good match for you. You might have a few choices, so find out about some of the practical things, like: Where it is and how you're going to get there and back How often the center works with your type of cancer If there's a place for you and your family to stay if it's far away or you have to stay overnight What services it can offer you and your family If you're going to have chemotherapy, many cancer centers will let someone sit with you when you go in for treatment.


Question: Where should I organize my health records after being diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: You could do this on paper that you put in a binder. Keep it in a fireproof box in a safe place. You could also go high-tech and keep it on your computer. Just make sure you back it up.


Question: Where can I learn more about my lung cancer diagnosis and treatment?

Answer: Your doctor is the best place to start for this info, but you can also read about your type of lung cancer. Make sure the sources you're searching are well-known and reliable. Your health care team can recommend some good ones.


Question: How should I deal with health insurance after being diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: Your past health history Your family's health history Sort out your health insurance. Find out what your copayments and deductibles are. Set up a system to help you keep track of your claims and payments. You could include this with your health record. By law, most people should have health insurance. If you don't, find out if you can get some or if you're eligible for Medicare or Medicaid.


Question: What health records do I need to keep after being diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: Your health records should include: Your diagnosis Test results Treatment information, including the names and doses of drugs you take, and the dates you got treatment The names, phone numbers, and addresses of all your doctors, not just those you see for cancer.


Question: Does keeping a health journal help with maintaining weight loss?

Answer: Be honest and accurate; otherwise, the journal is not as helpful. The journal will help you see when you're reaching for higher-calorie foods, so you can make adjustments. You can also record when you exercise (and how long). Notice any trends -- for example, if you're gaining weight because you're eating the same but stopped exercising. Stay committed to a healthy diet.


Question: Is weighing yourself bad if you are trying to maintain weight loss?

Answer: Weigh yourself daily. A daily weigh-in may seem like overkill, but research shows the method is more effective than getting on the scales less frequently.


Question: Does being active help maintain weight loss?

Answer: You still want to exercise most days of the week. Physical activity is one of the most important aspects of keeping weight off, so make sure you're building it into your daily routine.


Question: Is skipping meals bad if you are trying to maintain weight loss?

Answer: Use these five tips to help you stay on track: Don't skip meals. Skipping meals can slow your metabolism down. Skipping meals can also cause overeating later in the day.


Question: What is a rotablation procedure?

Answer: Rotablation: A special catheter, with an acorn-shaped, diamond-coated tip, is guided to the point of the narrowing in your coronary artery. The tip spins at a high speed and grinds away the plaque on your artery walls. The microscopic particles are washed away in your bloodstream. This process is repeated as needed to improve blood flow. This is rarely used because balloon angioplasty and stenting have much better results.


Question: What should you let your doctor or nurse know about after an angioplasty?

Answer: Let your doctor or nurse know right away if you get a fever or have: Chest pain Swelling Pain in your groin or leg If your groin starts to bleed after you get back home, call 911 and lie down right away. Take the dressing off and push down where you can feel your pulse in the affected area.


Question: What should you tell your doctor that you are allergic to before having an angioplasty?

Answer: Also let them know if you are allergic to anything, especially: Iodine Shellfish X-ray dye Latex or rubber products (such as rubber gloves or balloons) Penicillin-type medications.


Question: What is the cutting balloon procedure?

Answer: Cutting balloon: This catheter has a special balloon tip with small blades. When the balloon is inflated, the blades are activated. The small blades score the plaque, then the balloon presses the plaque against the artery wall.


Question: How long will it take to go back to regular activities after an angioplasty?

Answer: You should be able to resume your normal stuff after about a week.


Question: What happens after an angioplasty?

Answer: After the sheath is removed, you'll have to lie flat for about 6 hours to prevent bleeding, but your nurse can raise your head about two pillows high after 2 hours. Your nurse will tell you when you can get out of bed. It may be sooner than 6 hours if a collagen "plug" was put into your artery. Your team will let you know.


Question: How long does an angioplasty last?

Answer: The whole thing lasts from 1 to 3 hours, but the preparation and recovery can add much more time. You may stay in the hospital overnight for observation.


Question: What is atherectomy?

Answer: Atherectomy: The catheter used here has a hollow cylinder on the tip with an open window on one side and a balloon on the other. When the catheter is put into the narrowed artery, the balloon is inflated, pushing the window against the plaque. A blade in the cylinder rotates and shaves off any plaque that protrudes into the window. The shavings are caught in the catheter chamber and removed. This process is repeated as needed to allow for better blood flow. Like rotablation, this procedure isn't used much.


Question: What is a balloon procedure in angioplasty?

Answer: They include: Balloon: A catheter with a small balloon tip is guided to the narrowing in your artery. Once in place, the balloon is inflated to push the plaque and stretch the artery open to boost blood flow to the heart.


Question: What can cause anemia from blood loss?

Answer: This can happen slowly over a long period of time, and you might not notice. Causes can include: Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of your stomach), and cancer Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, which can cause ulcers and gastritis A woman's period, especially if there's too much bleeding Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell Production With this type of anemia, your body may not create enough blood cells, or they may not work the way they should.


Question: What is sickle cell anemia?

Answer: Iron-deficiency anemia can be caused by: A diet without enough iron, especially in infants, children, teens, vegans, and vegetarians Certain drugs, foods, and caffeinated drinks Digestive conditions such as Crohn's disease, or if you've had part of your stomach or small intestine removed Donating blood often Endurance training Pregnancy and breastfeeding using up iron in your body Your period Sickle cell anemia is a disorder that, in the U. S., affects mainly African Americans and Hispanic Americans. Your red blood cells, which are usually round, become crescent-shaped because of a problem in your genes. They break down quickly, so oxygen doesn't get to your organs, causing anemia. The crescent-shaped red blood cells can also get stuck in tiny blood vessels and cause pain.


Question: What is anemia?

Answer: Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells. It carries oxygen. If something is wrong with your red blood cells, if you don't have enough of them, or if your hemoglobin is low, your cells won't get enough oxygen. Symptoms of anemia -- like fatigue or pain -- happen because your organs aren't getting what they need to work the way they should.


Question: What should you know about anemia?

Answer: Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U. S. It affects almost 6% of the population. Women, young children, and people with long-term diseases are more likely to have anemia. Important things to remember are: Certain forms of anemia are passed down through your genes, and infants may have it from birth. Women are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because of blood loss from their periods and higher blood supply demands during pregnancy. Older adults have a greater risk of anemia because of other medical conditions or because they don't eat as well as they should.


Question: What conditions are associated with anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production?

Answer: Causes can include: Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of your stomach), and cancer Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, which can cause ulcers and gastritis A woman's period, especially if there's too much bleeding Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell Production With this type of anemia, your body may not create enough blood cells, or they may not work the way they should. This can happen because there's something wrong with your red blood cells or because you don't have enough minerals and vitamins for your red blood cells to work well. Conditions associated with these causes of anemia include: Bone marrow and stem cell problems Iron-deficiency anemia Sickle cell anemia Vitamin-deficiency anemia Bone marrow and stem cell problems may keep your body from producing enough red blood cells.


Question: What conditions cause anemia related to hormones?

Answer: Anemia associated with other conditions usually happens when your body doesn't have enough hormones to make red blood cells. Conditions that cause this type of anemia include: Advanced kidney disease Hypothyroidism Old age Long-term diseases, such as cancer, infection, lupus, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis Anemia Caused by Destruction of Red Blood Cells When red blood cells are fragile and can't handle the stress of traveling through your body, they may burst, causing what's called hemolytic anemia.


Question: What is pulmonary hypertension?

Answer: Pulmonary hypertension: High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries.


Question: What is coronary artery bypass graft?

Answer: Coronary artery bypass graft: If your coronary artery disease results from heart failure, a doctor can take arteries or veins (called grafts) from other parts of your body to reroute blood flow around blocked heart arteries.


Question: What is carotid artery disease?

Answer: Carotid artery disease: A progressive disease that involves the buildup of plaque in your carotid arteries. It can lead to a stroke.


Question: What is atherosclerosis

Answer: Atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"): Plaque builds up inside your arteries and can lead to coronary artery disease and other problems.


Question: What is commissurotomy?

Answer: Commissurotomy: A surgical procedure that helps open blocked or defective heart valves.


Question: What is the definition of carotid artery disease?

Answer: Carotid artery disease: A progressive disease that involves the buildup of plaque in your carotid arteries. It can lead to a stroke.


Question: What is the definition of atherectomy (directional coronary atherectomy, or DCA)?

Answer: Atherectomy (directional coronary atherectomy, or DCA): A procedure used to clean out clogged arteries. The doctor inserts a catheter with a balloon on one end into a narrowed artery. The balloon is inflated to unclog the artery. A blade inside the catheter rotates to shave off any plaque. The shavings are caught inside the catheter and removed.


Question: What is a myocardial biopsy?

Answer: Myocardial biopsy (cardiac biopsy): When your doctor cuts out a tiny piece of heart muscle tissue for analysis.


Question: What is congestive heart failure?

Answer: Congestive heart failure ( CHF or heart failure): A chronic condition in which your heart muscle weakens and can't pump enough blood through your body.


Question: What is valvuloplasty

Answer: Valvuloplasty: This procedure improves valve function by reshaping the heart valve.


Question: What is angina?

Answer: Angina (also called angina pectoris): Discomfort or pressure, usually in the chest. It's a temporary feeling that happens when your heart muscle doesn't get enough blood. You may also feel pain in your neck, jaw, or arms.


Question: What is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator?

Answer: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD): An implant that monitors your heart rate and rhythm. When it finds a very fast, abnormal rhythm, it gives the heart muscle an electrical shock so it can beat in a normal rhythm again.


Question: What is a heart-lung bypass machine?

Answer: Heart-lung bypass machine: It puts oxygen into your blood and helps it move through your body during open-heart surgery.


Question: What is cardioversion

Answer: Cardioversion: A procedure used to return an irregular heart rhythm to normal through an electric shock or drugs. It can be used in emergencies.


Question: What is a pacemaker?

Answer: Pacemaker: A small electronic device implanted under your skin. It sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to regulate your heart rhythm.


Question: What is cardiac arrest?

Answer: Cardiac arrest: When your heart's electrical system malfunctions and it stops beating. It's not the same thing as a heart attack.


Question: What is a stroke?

Answer: Stroke: A sudden loss of brain function caused by less blood flow to part of your brain. Causes include blood clots in the brain and bleeding into the brain.


Question: What is a stent?

Answer: Stent: A small tube your doctor puts in during an angioplasty to keep the coronary artery open for blood flow. Permanent stents are made of metal mesh, while others are designed to dissolve.


Question: What is an aneurysm?

Answer: Aneurysm: A sac formed by a bulging blood vessel wall or heart tissue. If it gets too large, it can rupture. The bleeding can be life-threatening. Large aneurysms should be treated.


Question: What is the definition of aneurysm?

Answer: Aneurysm: A sac formed by a bulging blood vessel wall or heart tissue. If it gets too large, it can rupture. The bleeding can be life-threatening. Large aneurysms should be treated.


Question: What is the definition of angina or angina pectoris?

Answer: Angina (also called angina pectoris): Discomfort or pressure, usually in the chest. It's a temporary feeling that happens when your heart muscle doesn't get enough blood. You may also feel pain in your neck, jaw, or arms.


Question: What is the definition of ischemia?

Answer: Ischemia: When you don't get enough oxygen-rich blood to an organ to keep it healthy. When it happens to your heart, it can cause chest pain.


Question: What is the definition of mitral stenosis?

Answer: Mitral stenosis: When your mitral valve narrows and prevents the easy flow of blood.


Question: What is the definition of cardioversion?

Answer: Cardioversion: A procedure used to return an irregular heart rhythm to normal through an electric shock or drugs. It can be used in emergencies.


Question: What is the definition of vasodilator?

Answer: Vasodilator: A type of drug that relaxes and dilates blood vessels, allowing more blood flow.


Question: What is the definition of aortic valve replacement?

Answer: Aortic valve replacement: A diseased aortic valve can become either too narrow or leaky. In those cases, the doctor will replace it.


Question: What is the definition of myocarditis?

Answer: Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle).


Question: What is the definition of inotropic medication?

Answer: Inotropic medication: A drug used to strengthen your heart's contractions and improve blood circulation.


Question: What is the definition of immunosuppressants?

Answer: Immunosuppressants: Drugs that keep your body's immune system from rejecting a transplanted organ, like a heart.


Question: What is the definition of angioplasty or balloon angioplasty?

Answer: Angioplasty/balloon angioplasty: A blocked artery treatment. The doctor places a special balloon catheter where the artery narrows, then inflates it to help increase blood flow to your heart. He'll probably place a device called a stent in there to help keep the artery open.


Question: What is the definition of heart block?

Answer: Heart block: When your heart can't beat the way it should because electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are out of whack. Severe cases may require a pacemaker.


Question: What is the definition of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors?

Answer: Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors ( ARNIs): Drugs used to treat heart failure. They ease the strain on the heart muscle.


Question: What is the definition of defibrillator?

Answer: Defibrillator: A machine that gives your heart an electric shock to re-establish a normal heart rhythm. It's used in cardiac arrest.


Question: What is the definition of valvuloplasty?

Answer: Valvuloplasty: This procedure improves valve function by reshaping the heart valve.


Question: What is the definition of myocardial biopsy?

Answer: Myocardial biopsy (cardiac biopsy): When your doctor cuts out a tiny piece of heart muscle tissue for analysis.


Question: What is ischemia?

Answer: Ischemia: When you don't get enough oxygen-rich blood to an organ to keep it healthy. When it happens to your heart, it can cause chest pain.


Question: What is a beta-blocker?

Answer: Beta-blocker: A drug that slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina. It protects you from future heart attacks if you've already had one.


Question: What is a heart block?

Answer: Heart block: When your heart can't beat the way it should because electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are out of whack. Severe cases may require a pacemaker.


Question: What is cardiac ablation?

Answer: Ablation: Removing or destroying tissue. Cardiac ablation can treat atrial fibrillation, a type of irregular heart rhythm that sometimes leads to heart failure.


Question: What is minimally invasive heart surgery?

Answer: Minimally invasive heart surgery: In this technique, your doctor makes small cuts on the side of your chest, rather than in the middle. It leaves your breastbone intact, so you may heal and recover quicker.


Question: What is ventricular fibrillation?

Answer: Ventricular fibrillation: An erratic, disorganized firing of impulses from the ventricles, so they're unable to contract or pump blood to the body. This is a medical emergency that must be treated with CPR and defibrillation.


Question: What is a mechanical valve?

Answer: Mechanical valve: It replaces a diseased heart valve. If you get one, you'll take blood thinners to prevent blood clots.


Question: What is a heart attack?

Answer: Heart attack (myocardial infarction): Permanent damage to your heart muscle. It happens when a blocked artery leads to a lack of blood supply.


Question: What is transient ischemic attack?

Answer: Transient ischemic attack ( TIA): A stroke-like event that can last minutes or hours. It happens when your brain can't get oxygen-rich blood. The effects wear off, usually with no permanent damage, after blood flow resumes. It can be a warning sign of stroke.


Question: What is atrial fibrillation

Answer: Atrial fibrillation ( AF or AFib): An irregular heart rhythm. The upper chambers (atria) of the heart quiver and don't empty into the lower chambers (ventricles) completely.


Question: What is a multigated acquisition scan?

Answer: Multigated acquisition scan ( MUGA scan): A test used to tell how well your heart pumps.


Question: What is ventricular tachycardia?

Answer: Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid, life-threatening rhythm that starts in the heart's lower chambers. It prevents your heart from filling with blood, and less blood is able to pump through the body.


Question: What is an intra-aortic balloon pump assist device?

Answer: Intra-aortic balloon pump assist device ( IABP): A device that helps your heart pump. Your doctor inserts a balloon through an artery at the top of your leg, and it goes into your chest. It inflates and deflates to help your heart move blood in and out.


Question: What is the definition of heart attack (myocardial infarction)?

Answer: Heart attack (myocardial infarction): Permanent damage to your heart muscle. It happens when a blocked artery leads to a lack of blood supply.


Question: What is the definition of ablation?

Answer: Ablation: Removing or destroying tissue.