Question: How early does puberty happen?

Answer: Many experts say that, on average, puberty is starting earlier in the U. S. than it did in the past. The average age of menstruation has stayed roughly the same. Yet studies suggest that early signs -- like breast development -- are happening a year earlier than they did decades ago.


Question: What causes central precocious puberty?

Answer: Underlying causes are equally common in boys and children under age 6, especially if puberty is advancing rapidly. They can include: Tumors and other growths, which are often benign Brain injury, either from surgery or a blow to the head, that affects hormonal balances Inflammation of the brain, sometimes from an infection That probably looks like a worrisome list. Just remember that only in a small number of cases in boys is central precocious puberty caused by a medical problem. In girls, it is extremely rare for a medical problem to be the cause.


Question: What are the different types of early puberty?

Answer: There are two types of precocious puberty, central and peripheral. Central precocious puberty is the more common type. The process is identical to normal puberty, but happens early. The pituitary gland is prompted to produce hormones, called gonadotropins. These hormones in turn stimulate the testicles or ovaries to make other hormones, testosterone or estrogen. It's these sex hormones that cause the changes of puberty, like breast development in girls. Peripheral precocious puberty or precocious pseudo-puberty is a different condition. It's also rarer. The hormones estrogen and testosterone trigger the symptoms. But the brain and pituitary gland are not involved. It's usually a local problem with the ovaries, testicles, adrenal gland, or a severely underactive thyroid gland.


Question: What factors are related to early puberty?

Answer: While they aren't necessarily causes, a number of factors seem to be related to early puberty. They include: Gender. Girls are 10 times as likely to have central precocious puberty as boys. Genetics. Occasionally, precocious puberty can be triggered by genetic mutations that trigger the release of sex hormones. Most often these children have a parent or sibling with similar genetic abnormalities. Race. Researchers don't know why, but on average, African- American girls seem to start puberty about a year earlier than white girls. Some experts say that puberty should only be considered early in African- American girls if it happens before age 6. International adoption. One study showed that children who are adopted from overseas are 10-20 times more likely to develop precocious puberty. Again, experts aren't sure why, but the uncertainty of the exact ages of the adopted children might bias the study results. Obesity. A number of studies have shown an association between obesity in young girls and an increased risk of precocious puberty. However, researchers don't know how direct the link is. Obesity does not seem to be connected to early puberty in boys.


Question: What is early puberty?

Answer: Doctors diagnose early puberty when this normal process starts early and continues to progress through growth spurts and bone maturation, usually for reasons we don't understand. Girls who show significant signs of puberty and its progression before age 8 and boys before age 9 are considered precocious. About 1 out of 5,000 children are affected. Some studies have found a link between early puberty in girls and a slightly increased risk of breast cancer later in life.


Question: What should parents consider about early puberty?

Answer: Girls are 10 times as likely to have central precocious puberty as boys. If your child shows signs of early puberty, they should be evaluated by a pediatric endocrinologist. But kids and their parents should not view precocious puberty as a fearful medical diagnosis. Here are a few other things to remember: Symptoms that might seem like early puberty are often unrelated and resolve on their own. When a doctor and parents decide treatment is necessary, it is usually quite effective. Most kids with signs of early puberty do fine, medically, psychologically, and socially.


Question: Does surgery always fix tendon problems for good?

Answer: Tendon damage is painful and can hinder how much you can move your joint. Even if you have surgery to fix the damage, the tendon can tear again. Studies show that more than a third of people with diabetes who have surgery to fix a torn rotator cuff will get the problem again.


Question: How can tendon damage affect diabetics?

Answer: Damage to the Achilles tendon in the back of your heel can put a cap on how much you can move your ankle. This limited motion forces you to put extra pressure on the middle of your foot with each step, which increases your risk for foot sores. Talk to your doctor about ways to make sure your blood sugar levels stay down while you recover from tendon problems. The best way to avoid tendon problems is to get your diabetes under control.


Question: What are some tendon problems someone with diabetes can get?

Answer: AGEs form a bond with it that can change the tendons' structure and affect how well they work. For instance, they could get thicker than normal and might not be able to hold as much weight as they used to. As a result, your odds of getting a tear in one of your tendons go up. Some tendon problems you could get if you don't get your diabetes under control are: Frozen shoulder: Stiffness and pain that happens when a capsule that surrounds tendons and ligaments in your joint thickens up. Rotator cuff tears: Damage to the tendons and muscles that surround your shoulder joint, including the supraspinatus muscle. Trigger finger: Your finger becomes stuck in a bent position and straightens with a snap, like the sound of a trigger being pulled. Carpal tunnel syndrome: You get numbness, tingling, and weakness in your wrist because of pressure on the nerve that runs through it. Dupuytren's contracture: Thickening of the tissue under the skin of your hand that causes your fingers to bend in toward your palm.


Question: How can diabetes lead to tendon damage?

Answer: The best way to avoid tendon problems is to get your diabetes under control.


Question: How does tendon damage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes happen?

Answer: Tendon damage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes happens because of substances called advanced glycation end products ( AGEs). They form when protein or fat mixes with sugar in your bloodstream. Normally, your body makes AGEs at a slow and steady pace.


Question: How many diabetics who have surgery for tendon damage will have the same problem again?

Answer: Tendon damage is painful and can hinder how much you can move your joint. Even if you have surgery to fix the damage, the tendon can tear again. Studies show that more than a third of people with diabetes who have surgery to fix a torn rotator cuff will get the problem again.


Question: How can someone prevent and treat tendon damage from diabetes?

Answer: Exercise is important to help keep your diabetes under control, but you may find it harder to work out when your tendons are painful and stiff. Lower your blood sugar with the help of diet, exercise, and medicine. And if you're overweight, try to shed some pounds. It will improve your health and take pressure off your tendons at the same time. If you already have tendon damage, ask your doctor about treatments like these: Pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen Muscle relaxants Physical therapy and exercise Heat or ice A splint to keep your joint steady while your tendons heal Your doctor may also suggest a steroid shot into your joint to relieve tendon problems.


Question: How is optic neuritis treated?

Answer: Optic neuritis: It's treated with corticosteroids.


Question: How are styes treated?

Answer: Styes: Use warm compresses at home for a few days.


Question: How are corneal abrasions treated?

Answer: Corneal abrasions: These heal on their own with time. Your doctor might prescribe an antibiotic ointment or drops.


Question: How is conjunctivitis treated?

Answer: Conjunctivitis: Antibacterial eyedrops can cure bacterial conjunctivitis. Antihistamines in the form of eyedrops, a pill, or a syrup can improve conjunctivitis from allergies.


Question: What are corneal abrasions?

Answer: Corneal abrasions: That's the official name for a scratch on this part of your eye. It sounds minor, but it can hurt. It's easy to do, too. You can scratch your eye while rubbing it. Your doctor will give you antibiotic drops. It should get better in a couple of days without further problems.


Question: What is conjunctivitis (pinkeye)?

Answer: Blepharitis: An inflammation or infection of the eyelid which typically is not painful Conjunctivitis (pinkeye): This is inflammation of the conjunctiva. It can be from allergies or infections (viral or bacterial). Blood vessels in the conjunctiva swell. This makes the part of your eye that's usually white look red. Your eye could also get itchy and gunky. This condition is typically not painful.


Question: What are foreign bodies in relation to eye problems?

Answer: Foreign bodies: Something in your eye, like a bit of dirt, can irritate it. Try to rinse it out with artificial tears or water. If you don't get it out, it can scratch your eye.


Question: What is causing your eye pain?

Answer: Sometimes they get better on their own, but they can also be a sign of something more serious. Your eye doctor can figure out what's going on and find the right treatment for you.


Question: What are corneal infections (keratitis)?

Answer: Corneal infections (keratitis): An inflamed or infected cornea is sometimes caused by a bacterial or viral infection. You may be more likely to get it if you leave your contacts in overnight or wear dirty lenses.


Question: How is an infected cornea treated?

Answer: Infected cornea: You may need antiviral or antibacterial eyedrops.


Question: What symptoms can help identify the cause of eye pain?

Answer: Other symptoms along with sore eyes can be a clue to what is causing the pain. See your eye doctor if you have eye pain, especially if you have less vision, headache, or nausea and vomiting.


Question: Should I see my doctor if my eyes hurt?

Answer: See your eye doctor if you have eye pain, especially if you have less vision, headache, or nausea and vomiting.


Question: What tools do doctors use to diagnose eye pain?

Answer: Eye doctors use a variety of tools to diagnose eye pain: A slit-lamp exam uses bright light to look at all the structures of your eye. Dilating drops expand your pupil to let the doctor see deep into your eye. A tonometer is a tool that measures eye pressure. The doctor uses it to diagnose glaucoma.


Question: What are other symptoms related to eye pain?

Answer: Eye pain can happen on its own or with other symptoms, like: Less vision Discharge: It can be clear or thick and colored Foreign body sensation -- the feeling that something is in the eye, whether real or imagined Headache Light sensitivity Nausea or vomiting Red eye or pinkeye Tearing Your eye is crusted shut with discharge when you wake up.


Question: What is the treatment for iritis?

Answer: Iritis: The doctor will treat this with steroid, antibiotic, or antiviral eyedrops.


Question: What are corneal infections?

Answer: Corneal infections (keratitis): An inflamed or infected cornea is sometimes caused by a bacterial or viral infection. You may be more likely to get it if you leave your contacts in overnight or wear dirty lenses.


Question: Why should I see a doctor for eye pain?

Answer: The only way to sort out the causes of eye pain and to get the right treatment is to see a doctor. Your vision is precious. Protect it by taking eye pain seriously.


Question: What are the parts of the eye?

Answer: Sometimes discomfort or pain results from a problem in your eye or the parts around it, such as: Cornea: The clear window in the front of your eye that focuses light Sclera: The whites of your eyes Conjunctiva: The ultra-thin covering of your sclera and the inside of your eyelid Iris: The colored part of your eye, with the pupil in the middle Orbit: A bony cave (eye socket) in your skull where the eye and its muscles are located. Extraocular muscles: They rotate your eye. Nerves: They carry visual information from your eyes to your brain. Eyelids: Outside coverings that protect and spread moisture over your eyes.


Question: How can I treat a stye?

Answer: Styes: Use warm compresses at home for a few days.


Question: Are there different types of treatment for eye pain?

Answer: Just as causes can vary, so do treatments. They target the specific cause of eye pain.


Question: How is iritis treated?

Answer: Iritis: The doctor will treat this with steroid, antibiotic, or antiviral eyedrops.


Question: What is the treatment for optic neuritis?

Answer: Optic neuritis: It's treated with corticosteroids.


Question: What is iritis or uveitis?

Answer: Iritis or uveitis: An inflammation inside your eye from trauma, infections, or problems with your immune system. Symptoms include pain, red eye, and, often, worse vision.


Question: What is optic neuritis?

Answer: Optic neuritis: An inflammation of the nerve that travels from the back of the eyeball into your brain. Multiple sclerosis and other conditions or infections are often to blame. Symptoms include loss of vision and sometimes deep discomfort when you look from side to side.


Question: What is a stye?

Answer: Stye: This is a tender bump on the edge of your eyelid. It happens when an oil gland, eyelash, or hair follicle gets infected or inflamed. You may hear your doctor call it a chalazion or hordeolum.


Question: What are parts of the eye that can get eye pain?

Answer: Sometimes discomfort or pain results from a problem in your eye or the parts around it, such as: Cornea: The clear window in the front of your eye that focuses light Sclera: The whites of your eyes Conjunctiva: The ultra-thin covering of your sclera and the inside of your eyelid Iris: The colored part of your eye, with the pupil in the middle Orbit: A bony cave (eye socket) in your skull where the eye and its muscles are located. Extraocular muscles: They rotate your eye. Nerves: They carry visual information from your eyes to your brain. Eyelids: Outside coverings that protect and spread moisture over your eyes.


Question: How do you diagnose eye pain?

Answer: That puts pressure on your optic nerve. The doctor uses it to diagnose glaucoma. The only way to sort out the causes of eye pain and to get the right treatment is to see a doctor.


Question: What is blepharitis?

Answer: Blepharitis: An inflammation or infection of the eyelid which typically is not painful Conjunctivitis (pinkeye): This is inflammation of the conjunctiva. This condition is typically not painful.


Question: What are the symptoms of gingivitis?

Answer: Over time you may notice: Red, swollen, or purplish gums. Healthy gums should appear pink and firm. Bleeding gums. You may see blood on your toothbrush or when you spit out toothpaste. Sore gums that are tender to the touch If you think you may have gingivitis, you can take some simple steps to reverse it.


Question: What role does an endocrinologist play on my diabetes care team?

Answer: Endocrinologist: An endocrinologist is a doctor who has special training and experience in treating people with diabetes. You should see yours regularly.


Question: What are some eye, nerve, kidney or cardiovascular problems with diabetes?

Answer: Also let your doctor know about any changes in your diet, exercise, or medicines and any new illnesses you may have gotten. Tell your doctor if you've had symptoms of eye, nerve, kidney, or cardiovascular problems such as: Blurred vision Numbness or tingling in your feet Persistent hand, feet, face, or leg swelling Cramping or pain in the legs Chest pain Shortness of breath Numbness or weakness on one side of your body Unusual weight gain When you have diabetes, you should get regular lab tests: Hemoglobin A1c Urine and blood tests for kidney function Lipid testing, which includes cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL You may need thyroid and liver tests, too.


Question: What is the podiatrist's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Podiatrist: For anyone with diabetes, which can cause nerve damage in the extremities, foot care is important. A podiatrist is trained to treat feet and problems of the lower legs. These doctors have a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine ( DPM) degree from a college of podiatry. They have also done a residency (hospital training) in podiatry.


Question: What role does a nurse educator play on my diabetes care team?

Answer: Nurse educator: A diabetes educator or diabetes nurse practitioner is a registered nurse ( RN) with special training and background in caring for and teaching people with diabetes. Nurse educators often help you with the day-to-day aspects of living with diabetes.


Question: What it the dentist's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Dentist: People with diabetes are at somewhat greater, and earlier, risk of gum disease. The excess blood sugar in your mouth makes it a nice home for bacteria, which can lead to infection. You should see your dentist every 6 months. Be sure to tell your dentist that you have diabetes.


Question: What role does a podiatrist play on my diabetes care team?

Answer: Podiatrist: For anyone with diabetes, which can cause nerve damage in the extremities, foot care is important. A podiatrist is trained to treat feet and problems of the lower legs.


Question: What lab tests should diabetes patients have?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you've had symptoms of eye, nerve, kidney, or cardiovascular problems such as: Blurred vision Numbness or tingling in your feet Persistent hand, feet, face, or leg swelling Cramping or pain in the legs Chest pain Shortness of breath Numbness or weakness on one side of your body Unusual weight gain When you have diabetes, you should get regular lab tests: Hemoglobin A1c Urine and blood tests for kidney function Lipid testing, which includes cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL You may need thyroid and liver tests, too.


Question: What is the primary doctor's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Primary doctor: Your primary care doctor is who you see for general checkups and when you get sick. This person is usually an internist or family medicine doctor who has experience treating people with diabetes, too. Because your primary care doctor is your main source of care, he or she will most likely head up your diabetes care team.


Question: What is the nurse educator's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Nurse educator: A diabetes educator or diabetes nurse practitioner is a registered nurse ( RN) with special training and background in caring for and teaching people with diabetes. Nurse educators often help you with the day-to-day aspects of living with diabetes.


Question: How can you tell how effective birth control methods are?

Answer: Medical: A procedure that changes your body When doctors talk about how effective a birth control method is, sometimes there are different rates when it's used "ideally" -- meaning exactly the way it was designed -- versus how the average person uses it in real life. " Typical" use takes into account that people can't or don't always use birth control correctly or consistently. Keep in mind, out of every 100 women who don't use any form of birth control, you can expect about 85 to get pregnant within a year.


Question: How should you compare birth control methods?

Answer: Behavior: Something you or your partner has to do Barrier: Goes on or in your body before you have sex to block the sperm from getting to the egg Hormonal: Changes a woman's body chemistry. ( Depending on the specific hormones, it stops ovaries from releasing eggs, thickens the mucus around your cervix to keep sperm from reaching the egg, or thins the lining of the uterus.) Medical: A procedure that changes your body When doctors talk about how effective a birth control method is, sometimes there are different rates when it's used "ideally" -- meaning exactly the way it was designed -- versus how the average person uses it in real life. " No hormonal changes.


Question: What should you think about when deciding the best birth control method?

Answer: What's right for you may not be right for everyone. And your needs may change over time, too. You should think about: How fail-proof do you need your protection plan to be? How much does the cost matter? How important is your privacy? Do you have a regular partner whose needs you care about? Do you need to protect against sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs)? How much effort do you want to make to prevent a pregnancy? If you're a woman, does it matter if your period is affected? Will you some day want to have a child? Use only birth control methods without hormones for the next 5 days.


Question: When is a broken collarbone a medical emergency?

Answer: There is numbness or weakness in the hand or arm.


Question: How long does withdrawal last when you quit smoking?

Answer: They're strongest when you first quit but will usually go away within 10 to 14 days. You may still want to smoke, especially with certain people or during situations where you're used to smoking. If you smoke again, start over. Most people quit three times before they're successful. Plan ahead and think about what you'll do next time you get the urge to smoke.


Question: Can what you drink help you quit smoking?

Answer: Drink plenty of fluids, but limit alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. They may be triggers that make you want to smoke.


Question: How can quitting smoking help prevent heart disease?

Answer: The nicotine in smoke: Reduces how much oxygen your heart gets Raises your blood pressure Speeds up your heart rate Makes blood clots more likely, which can lead to heart attacks or strokes Harms the insides of your blood vessels, including those in your heart Soon after you stop, your odds of getting heart disease or high blood pressure will drop. After 1 to 2 years of not smoking, you'll be much less likely to get heart disease.


Question: What can I do to avoid smoking again?

Answer: When you get the urge to smoke, take a deep breath. Take a walk or read a book instead of taking a cigarette break. When you can, avoid places, people, and situations associated with smoking. Hang out with people who don't smoke. Go to places that don't allow smoking, such as the movies, museums, shops, or libraries. Tell yourself that these are signs that your body is healing and getting used to being without cigarettes.


Question: How will you feel when you quit smoking?

Answer: They may be triggers that make you want to smoke. These symptoms of withdrawal happen because your body is used to nicotine, the active addictive agent within cigarettes. You'll probably notice it most during the first 2 weeks after quitting. When it happens, remember why you're quitting. Tell yourself that these are signs that your body is healing and getting used to being without cigarettes.


Question: What brain diseases are caused by injuries?

Answer: Trauma includes these conditions: Concussion: A brain injury that causes a temporary disturbance in brain function, sometimes with unconsciousness and confusion; traumatic head injuries cause concussions and may result in headache, along with concentration and memory problems. Traumatic brain injury: Acquired, often permanent brain damage from a traumatic head injury; obvious mental impairment or more subtle personality and mood changes can occur. Intracerebral hemorrhage: Any bleeding inside the brain, which may occur after a traumatic injury or stroke as a result of high blood pressure This category of brain disease includes: Brain tumor: Any abnormal tissue growth inside the brain; whether malignant (cancerous) or benign, brain tumors usually cause problems by the pressure they exert on the normal brain.


Question: What can cause seizures?

Answer: Included in the seizure category of brain diseases is epilepsy, a condition characterized by recurring seizures caused by abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain.


Question: What are common brain tumors?

Answer: Intracerebral hemorrhage: Any bleeding inside the brain, which may occur after a traumatic injury or stroke as a result of high blood pressure This category of brain disease includes: Brain tumor: Any abnormal tissue growth inside the brain; whether malignant (cancerous) or benign, brain tumors usually cause problems by the pressure they exert on the normal brain. Glioblastoma: An aggressive, cancerous brain tumor; glioblastomas progress rapidly and are usually difficult to cure. Hydrocephalus: An abnormally increased amount of cerebrospinal (brain) fluid inside the skull; usually, this is because the fluid is not circulating properly.


Question: What brain diseases are linked autoimmune diseases?

Answer: Multiple sclerosis ( MS): The immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own nerves.


Question: What are the 11 signs of lupus?

Answer: Your doctor may say you have lupus if you have at least four of 11 signs of the disease that are laid out by experts at the American College of Rheumatology: Butterfly-shaped rash Raised red patches on your skin You're sensitive to light Ulcers in your mouth or nose Arthritis in two or more joints, plus swelling or tenderness Inflammation in the lining of your heart or lungs Seizures or other nerve problems Too much protein in your urine Low blood cell counts Certain antibodies in your blood Results from a blood test called an ANA test that suggest you may have too many "antinuclear" antibodies, which could be a sign of lupus To check if you have psoriatic arthritis, you may need to get certain tests like X-rays to look at changes in your bones or joints, and blood tests that check for inflammation.


Question: What are some symptoms of lupus?

Answer: Some things you may notice if you have lupus are: A rash shaped like a butterfly that covers your nose and cheeks You feel tired Pain, stiffness, or swelling in your joints Fever Sensitivity to sun or light that causes skin lesions White or blue color in your fingers and toes when you're in the cold or feel stressed Headaches or chest pain Ulcers in your mouth or nose Hair loss Low numbers of blood cells (anemia) Swelling in your hands, feet, or legs Like lupus, your symptoms sometimes get better and sometimes flare up.


Question: How does lupus affect people differently?

Answer: Lupus affects everybody differently. The way you feel may not be the same as your friend who also has the disease. Most folks will get flares, which means the condition gets worse at certain times and then gets better. The symptoms can come on slowly or suddenly, and can be permanent or temporary.


Question: What can trigger lupus?

Answer: Experts don't know the exact cause of lupus. They think it may be related to genes that put you at risk for lupus and things you come into contact with that trigger the disease. Some of those triggers are: Sunlight Infections Medications like blood pressure or anti-seizure drugs Psoriatic arthritis can happen if you have psoriasis, a condition that causes your skin to get red patches and silvery scales.


Question: What causes psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Some of those triggers are: Sunlight Infections Medications like blood pressure or anti-seizure drugs Psoriatic arthritis can happen if you have psoriasis, a condition that causes your skin to get red patches and silvery scales. Sometimes people get psoriasis first and then have psoriatic arthritis later, but others get the arthritis symptoms first. Like lupus, psoriatic arthritis happens when your immune system attacks your healthy cells and tissues. This causes your joints to get inflamed and your skin to make too many cells. It's not clear what causes the immune system to attack your body when you have psoriatic arthritis, but just like lupus, it's likely that genes and triggers play a role.


Question: What causes lupus?

Answer: If you have psoriatic arthritis you may get problems like: Severe swelling in your fingers or toes Foot pain, often at the bottom or the heel Pain in your lower back Scaly patches on your skin that flake Pitted or discolored nails It starts when your immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- attacks your own organs and tissues. The disease causes inflammation and can affect different parts of your body, including your heart, skin, brain, and blood cells.


Question: How are psoriatic arthritis and lupus similar?

Answer: If you've got pain and swelling in your joints, it could be a sign of either disease.


Question: How is lupus diagnosed?

Answer: He may also suggest you get a chest X-ray to look for fluid or inflammation in your lungs or an echocardiogram to see if you have problems with your heart. Your doctor may also do a physical exam to see if you have inflammation and swelling in your joints or signs of psoriasis on your skin and nails. And if you have no swelling, or very little, you could have osteoarthritis.


Question: What are the symptoms of urethritis?

Answer: The main symptom of urethra inflammation from urethritis is pain with urination (dysuria). In addition to pain, urethritis symptoms include: Feeling the frequent or urgent need to urinate Difficulty starting urination Urethritis can also cause itching, pain, or discomfort when a person is not urinating. Other symptoms of urethritis include: Pain during sex Discharge from the urethral opening or vagina In men, blood in the semen or urine You may get a diagnosis of urethritis when your doctor takes your medical history and asks you about your symptoms.


Question: What causes urethritis?

Answer: Most episodes of urethritis are caused by infection by bacteria that enter the urethra from the skin around the urethra's opening. Bacteria that commonly cause urethritis include: E. coli and other bacteria present in stool Gonococcus, which is sexually transmitted and causes gonorrhea. Chlamydia trachomatis, which is sexually transmitted and causes chlamydia.


Question: What are the treatments for urethritis caused by herpes simplex virus?

Answer: Urethritis due to herpes simplex virus can be treated with: Acyclovir ( Zovirax) Famciclovir ( Famvir) Valacyclovir ( Valtrex) Often, the exact organism causing urethritis cannot be identified.


Question: How is urethritis diagnosed?

Answer: Tests for urethritis can include: Physical examination, including the genitals, abdomen, and rectum Urine tests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other bacteria Examination of any discharge under a microscope Blood tests are often not necessary for the diagnosis of urethritis.


Question: What is urethritis, and what is its main symptom?

Answer: That's the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. Pain with urination is the main symptom of urethritis. Urethritis is commonly due to infection by bacteria. It can typically be cured with antibiotics.


Question: What antibiotics can treat urethritis?

Answer: Antibiotics can successfully cure urethritis caused by bacteria. Some of the most commonly prescribed include: Adoxa, doxycycline ( Vibramycin), Monodox, Oracea Azithromycin ( Zmax), Zithromax Ceftriaxone ( Rocephin) Urethritis due to trichomonas infection (called trichomoniasis) is usually treated with an antibiotic called metronidazole ( Flagyl). Your sexual partner should also be treated to prevent reinfection.


Question: When should you call a doctor about sleep problems?

Answer: Symptoms occur at rest especially after sitting or lying down for extended periods of time and are worse at night. If you move your legs or get up and walk around, these symptoms may go away temporarily.


Question: What are symptoms of sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep Apnea The main symptoms of sleep apnea are loud snoring, fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness. Some people will deny sleepiness but feel fatigued. Loud snoring, snorting, and gasping sounds during sleep -- are often first noticed by a sleeping partner. Restless or unrefreshing sleep is also typical, as are headaches in the morning.


Question: Can I cut back on my rheumatoid arthritis medication if I don't have any symptoms?

Answer: You've kept up with your rheumatoid arthritis treatment, and it's paid off big time. The pain and stiffness in your joints are starting to fade. So, now you begin to wonder: " Can I cut back on my meds?" RA is a long-term condition, and medicine keeps your symptoms under control. But some people may be able to reduce the amount of medication they take, with their doctor's advice.


Question: Should I stop medication for rheumatoid arthritis if I have trouble with side effects from the medication for it?

Answer: If so, tell your doctor about them. He may be able to adjust your medicine. For example, many drugs used to treat RA can cause an upset stomach. To help, your doctor may suggest that you change the time of day you take your dose, or he might tell you to take it with food. He may also recommend medication to curb your nausea and stomach acid.


Question: Are people who stop their rheumatoid arthritis medication likely to have a flare of symptoms?

Answer: Studies show that people who stop their RA medicine are likely to have a flare of symptoms 4 to 8 weeks later. If your disease stays active, you're more likely to get permanent joint damage.


Question: Why should women in their 60s and up do strengthening exercises?

Answer: You do lose bone mass and flexibility with age, but regular strength training and exercise can help keep you healthy. It will help keep your muscles from shrinking, and help you avoid falls and other accidents.


Question: What screening tests should women 60s and up get?

Answer: Make sure to get your bone density screening test done when you turn 65, or sooner if you're at high risk for the bone-weakening conditions osteopenia and osteoporosis. Many experts suggest you get a mammogram every 1 to 2 years to check for breast cancer when you're 50 to 74. Check with your doctor about what you should do if you're older than 74. You may be due for another colonoscopy. It's a procedure that can find small growths called polyps that have the potential to turn into colon cancer. You should get the test every 10 years, or sooner if your doctor finds polyps. To check for cervical cancer, ask your doctor if you need regular pelvic exams with Pap and HPV tests, and how often. It's important to get a flu shot every year. Don't forget about other key vaccines, like the pneumonia shot, which you should get at 65. Also get a shingles vaccine. Even if you've had the painful condition before, it may help prevent another bout, or if you do get shingles, it will be milder.


Question: How can sleep help with fibro fog and fatigue?

Answer: There's a strong connection between sleep quality and your level of fatigue. While some fibromyalgia medications may help, they may not be enough. In addition to regular exercise and pacing yourself, practice good sleep habits. These include a regular bedtime and wake-up time and a dark, cool, quiet room Some people with fibromyalgia have a second condition that causes fatigue, like an inflammatory disease, anemia, or low thyroid. Get tested and, if needed, treated.


Question: What can you do at work to help with fibro fog and fatigue?

Answer: Take a fibromyalgia education program to learn healthy behaviors and how to tweak everyday activities for less stress. If you work outside the home, talk to your employer about things that might help you do your job: Take breaks more often Change your work schedule Switch to a different position that better matches your abilities A psychologist or neurologist may be able to suggest more adaptations, or use biofeedback or cognitive behavior therapy to boost your focus. An occupational therapist can show you how to make physical changes, from a better workstation to stretches you can do at your desk.


Question: How should you get organized if you have fibro fog and fatigue?

Answer: Use an online calendar or app that lets you color-code activities by importance. Plan work projects and home responsibilities at least a week in advance. Then take a big-picture look. Are there too many high-priority items and not enough down time? Make adjustments, even if it means sometimes saying "no."


Question: What is fibro fog?

Answer: It can also affect your thinking ability, a symptom called fibro fog, and your energy level, leaving you with extreme fatigue. Even though you feel these symptoms, they aren't visible, and there aren't any tests that can measure them. You'll need to work closely with your medical team to address your specific challenges with fatigue and fibro fog, because they're a little different for everyone. Do your part by taking steps to conserve energy and overcome concentration and memory issues to power through your day. Severe fatigue -- more than just being tired -- affects up to 4 out of 5 of people with fibromyalgia. It often goes hand-in-hand with sleepless nights.


Question: Should you exercise if you have fibro fog and fatigue?

Answer: Given how you feel, you may want to shy away from exercise. But it's one of the most effective ways to handle fibromyalgia. When you're too tired to exercise, that lack of activity leads to greater muscle weakness and more fatigue. Over time, regular exercise lessens fatigue. Consistency can have a greater impact than intensity. It's possible that exercise also creates a positive chain reaction that boosts brain function. Studies show a link between physical ability and thinking ability. People who can do more physically often do better in areas like attention and decision-making. Start out at an easy pace. Work with a physical therapist to find the right beginner program for you and adapt it as you get stronger. This is especially helpful if you're nervous about exercising. Strength training helps you regain muscle, and that helps with pain and fatigue for some people. Use resistance bands or a light weight to start. Very gentle movement therapies like yoga, tai chi, and qi gong all get you moving, but yoga often has best effect on fatigue.


Question: How can I tell if someone I'm caring for is in pain?

Answer: Many of the signs are obvious -- crying, moaning, clenched fists, âknittedâ eyebrows. A poor appetite may also be a clue. If the person can't tell you if they're in pain, you may need to have a doctor or therapist do an exam, including a check for bedsores.


Question: How can cold therapy help ease aches and pains?

Answer: Cold can numb pain and ease swelling. Try a cool cloth, cold pack, cold compression wrap, or ice massage. To make an ice pack, put crushed ice in a plastic bag and cover it with a towel. Don't put the bag of ice directly on your loved one's skin. Or you can use a bag of frozen peas. Ice as soon as possible after an injury. Do it for 15-20 minutes at a time, 4-8 times per day. Stop icing when the area feels numb. Slow, quiet breathing helps relax the body and mind and ease pain.


Question: How can deep breathing help ease aches and pains?

Answer: Slow, quiet breathing helps relax the body and mind and ease pain. You can show your loved one how to do this: Lie or sit with one hand on your belly and take a deep, slow breath. Imagine filling a balloon in your belly with air. Then breathe out, as if you're letting all the air out of the balloon. Think of breathing out stressful thoughts and breathing in relaxation. Aim for about six long, deep breaths a minute. If your loved one has lung problems, talk to his doctor about what breathing exercises would be good to try, or if other ways to relax would be better.


Question: How can heat help ease aches and pains?

Answer: A warm shower or bath, hot water bottle, or warm cloth can help relax muscles and ease muscle spasms. A heating pad with an automatic off switch is better than a regular heating pad, which can burn skin if left on too long. Be careful with microwavable heating pads, as these can have hot spots that burn. Apply heat to the sore area for 20 to 30 minutes every 2 hours. Don't use heat on open wounds.


Question: How can massage help ease  aches and pains?

Answer: Ice as soon as possible after an injury. With your whole hand, the heel of your hand, or your fingertips, apply gentle pressure in slow, steady, circular movements. Warm oil or lotion may help. Massage in one area for 10 seconds first to see if it feels good. Never use more than your doctor recommends, because it can cause liver damage and other side effects.


Question: What is pectin and where can you get it?

Answer: Pectin is a soluble fiber found in most plants. It is most abundant in: Apples Plums The peel and pulp of citrus fruits In food, it is most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves. The human body cannot digest pectin in its natural form. But an altered form of pectin, known as modified citrus pectin ( MCP), has properties that allow it to be digested.


Question: What foods are abundant with pectin?

Answer: It is most abundant in: Apples Plums The peel and pulp of citrus fruits In food, it is most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves. The human body cannot digest pectin in its natural form. But an altered form of pectin, known as modified citrus pectin ( MCP), has properties that allow it to be digested.


Question: What fruits are rich in pectin?

Answer: It is most abundant in: Apples Plums The peel and pulp of citrus fruits In food, it is most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves.


Question: Does pectin affect medicines?

Answer: And pectin can also interfere with the body's ability to absorb certain drugs, including: Digoxin (a heart medicine) Lovastatin (a cholesterol-lowering drug) Tetracycline antibiotics The FDA does not regulate supplements such as pectin. Talk to your doctor about potential risks before you take pectin or any other dietary supplement.


Question: Why do people take pectin?

Answer: Pectin is a soluble fiber found in most plants. People take MCP for a variety of reasons. Some research suggests that pectin, like other soluble fibers such as those found in oatmeal and in psyllium husks, can help lower LDL "bad" cholesterol. But the effect is a small one. In a small study of men with prostate cancer for whom standard treatment had failed, MCP appeared to slow the growth of their cancer.


Question: What are some precautions about taking pectin as a supplement?

Answer: Pectin is a soluble fiber found in most plants. It is most abundant in: Apples Plums The peel and pulp of citrus fruits In food, it is most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves. The human body cannot digest pectin in its natural form. But an altered form of pectin, known as modified citrus pectin ( MCP), has properties that allow it to be digested. Some people have reported mild stomach cramps and diarrhea while taking MCP. And pectin can also interfere with the body's ability to absorb certain drugs, including: Digoxin (a heart medicine) Lovastatin (a cholesterol-lowering drug) Tetracycline antibiotics The FDA does not regulate supplements such as pectin. Talk to your doctor about potential risks before you take pectin or any other dietary supplement.


Question: How are self-help groups used to treat schizophrenia?

Answer: You should encourage your loved one to participate in community care and outreach programs to continue working on his social skills. The National Alliance on Mental Illness ( NAMI) is an outreach organization that offers a free peer-to-peer program, for instance. It includes 10 sessions for adults with mental illness who want to learn more about their condition from people who have experienced it themselves or been through it with a loved one.


Question: When are you more likely to get ear infections?

Answer: Ear infections tend to occur more in fall and winter because upper-respiratory infections such as cold and flu are on the rise then, too. Children who are 2 and younger get more ear infections because of the small size and shape of their Eustachian tubes.


Question: When should I call my doctor if my child has an ear infection?

Answer: Make that call if any of these things are happening with your child: Fever: Keep a watchful eye for high temperatures. Take action if: Your child is younger than 3 months and shows a fever of 100.4 F or more It's above 104 F for any child at any time A fever lasts more than a day in a toddler younger than 2 It lasts more than 3 days in kids 2 and older Strong pain: Your child is really hurting and pain medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen are not helping. Discharge: Pus or blood is leaking from your child's ear.


Question: Should I go to the doctor for an ear infection as an adult?

Answer: You are not as likely to get an ear infection as a child. That's because a grown-up's Eustachian tubes are larger. And the shape of an adult's tube means it's less likely to get clogged. If you have pain or fluids coming out of your ear, you need to see a doctor as soon as possible.


Question: Does washing my child's hands prevent ear infections?

Answer: Wash: Clean your child's hands and your own often with soap and water. This can reduce the spread of germs and prevent your child from catching the flu or a cold. Another tip, even though it can be very hard: Try to keep dirty objects away from your child's mouth.


Question: Is it common for children to get earaches?

Answer: Adults get them, too, but kids usually get them more often because they haven't built up their immune systems to fight off common viruses and bacteria yet.


Question: When should you go to a doctor about ear infections?

Answer: Take action if: Your child is younger than 3 months and shows a fever of 100.4 F or more It's above 104 F for any child at any time A fever lasts more than a day in a toddler younger than 2 It lasts more than 3 days in kids 2 and older Strong pain: Your child is really hurting and pain medicines such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen are not helping.


Question: How common are ear infections in adults?

Answer: You are not as likely to get an ear infection as a child. That's because a grown-up's Eustachian tubes are larger. And the shape of an adult's tube means it's less likely to get clogged. If you have pain or fluids coming out of your ear, you need to see a doctor as soon as possible.


Question: What are some tips to help prevent ear infections?

Answer: These things can help reduce the number of infections your child may get: Breastfeeding: Babies who nurse for 12 months or more tend to have fewer infections. If breastfeeding isn't an option, bottle feed your child in an upright, sitting position. Fresh air: Don't expose your baby to cigarette smoke. Try to avoid other forms of air pollution, too, when you can. Immunizations: Keep up to date on your child's shots. Toss the pacifiers: If your baby is using a pacifier after 12 months old, the chance for ear infections increases. Do your best to wean your little one off them. Wash: Clean your child's hands and your own often with soap and water. This can reduce the spread of germs and prevent your child from catching the flu or a cold.


Question: Who usually gets ear infections?

Answer: Adults get them, too, but kids usually get them more often because they haven't built up their immune systems to fight off common viruses and bacteria yet.


Question: What are the symptoms of influenza?

Answer: Typical flu symptoms include fever (usually 100-103 degrees Fahrenheit in adults and often even higher in children) and respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, as well as headache, muscle aches, and often extreme fatigue. Although nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can sometimes accompany the flu, especially in children, gastrointestinal symptoms are rare. The term "stomach flu" isn't really a flu at all. It's often used to describe an illness caused by other viruses.


Question: What major flu pandemics have occurred in the past?

Answer: During the last century, major pandemics occurred three times, each of which resulted in large numbers of deaths: 1918-19 " Spanish flu" A -- Caused the highest known influenza-related mortality: approximately 500,000 deaths occurred in the U. S., 20 million worldwide 1957-58 " Asian flu" A -- 70,000 deaths in the United States 1968-69 " Hong- Kong flu" A -- 34,000 deaths in the United States


Question: How is vitiligo diagnosed and treated?

Answer: There's no known way to prevent or cure the condition. But you can improve the appearance of affected skin with cosmetics and corticosteroid creams. Your doctor can also try re-pigmenting the white skin using UV light therapy or lightening the skin in unaffected areas, or a skin graft.


Question: Who's likely to get vitiligo?

Answer: Up to 2% of the population and an estimated 2 to 5 million Americans have the condition. It doesn't matter if you're a man or a woman. In most cases, it develops early in life, between ages 10 and 30. It will almost always show up before age 40. Vitiligo may run in families. You're more likely to get it when someone else in your family has it, too, or when people in your family get gray hair prematurely. Autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease ( Hashimoto's thyroiditis) or type 1 diabetes, can also raise your odds.


Question: What are the symptoms of vitiligo?

Answer: You'll often lose pigment quickly on several areas of your skin. After the white patches appear, they may stay the same for a while, but later on, they might get bigger. You may have cycles of pigment loss and stability. Vitiligo commonly affects body folds (such as armpits), places that have been injured in the past, and areas exposed to sun, around moles, or around body openings. It can also affect eyelids and hair. It's rare for pigment to return once the white patches have developed.


Question: What causes vitiligo?

Answer: Any location on the body can be affected, and most people with vitiligo have white patches on many areas. Although vitiligo affects all races equally, it's more noticeable in dark-skinned people. It's rare for pigment to return once the white patches have developed.


Question: How does Crohn's disease affect you?

Answer: Crohn's disease most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine. That part is called the ileum. The disease can, though, occur in any part of the large or small intestine, stomach, esophagus, or even the mouth. It can occur at any age, but it is most common between ages 15 and 30.


Question: Should pregnant women undergo testing for Crohn's disease?

Answer: When you are pregnant and have Crohn's disease, you may safely undergo any of the following if they're needed: colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy upper endoscopy rectal biopsy abdominal ultrasound X-rays and CT (computed tomography) scans, though, should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans appear to be safe during pregnancy.


Question: What vitamins should you take if you have Crohn's disease and are planning to be pregnant?

Answer: If you are taking vitamins before becoming pregnant, you can continue taking them. If you are taking sulfasalazine, you need to be particularly sure you get enough folic acid. Folic acid prevents neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida. Sulfasalazine blocks the absorption of folic acid.


Question: Are biologic drugs for Crohn's disease safe to use during pregnancy?

Answer: Biologic drugs such as adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira, infliximab ( Remicade), and infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) and infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), biosimilars to Remicade, seem to be safe for use during pregnancy. They also do not appear to be secreted in breast milk.


Question: What is the effect of surgery for Crohn's disease on pregnancy?

Answer: Crohn's disease is a chronic illness in which the intestine, bowel, or another part of the digestive tract become inflamed and ulcerated. That happens so the body won't reject the fetus. Women who have had bowel resections (surgeries to remove part of the bowel) do not appear to have any problems during pregnancy. Women who have had ileostomies may have lower fertility rates. It may be best to wait for a year after this surgery to become pregnant in order to reduce the risk of the ileostomy dropping or becoming blocked during pregnancy. Some women with Crohn's disease develop fistulas -- abnormal passageways between organs. If you have a fistula or an abscess -- a cavity filled with pus -- that's near the rectum and vaginal area you will likely be advised to deliver your baby by cesarean section, or C-section.


Question: Can pregnant women take medication for Crohn's disease?

Answer: If a man who wants to become a father is taking sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) for Crohn's disease, he should ask his doctor to change his medication. It might, though, if you have a change in your condition. As for specific types of drugs to treat Crohn's disease, only antibiotics and methotrexate must be avoided. That's because of the harm they can do to the fetus. If you are taking sulfasalazine, you need to be particularly sure you get enough folic acid.


Question: How do drugs for Crohn's disease affect pregnancy?

Answer: That part is called the ileum. The exception is methotrexate. Methotrexate should not be taken if you are pregnant. Nor should it be taken by either a man or a woman who is trying to conceive. Methotrexate can cause the death of the fetus. It can also cause congenital abnormalities. If you are taking methotrexate, you also should not breastfeed. If you are on steroids, you should not get pregnant. If you are taking a corticosteroid such as prednisone or another steroid and do get pregnant, your doctor will prescribe the smallest possible dose. If you are breastfeeding while taking steroids in moderate to high doses, your baby should be monitored by a pediatrician. Women who have had bowel resections (surgeries to remove part of the bowel) do not appear to have any problems during pregnancy.


Question: What flu-like symptoms are associated with inflammation?

Answer: Inflammation may also be associated with general flu-like symptoms including: Fever Chills Fatigue/loss of energy Headaches Loss of appetite Muscle stiffness When inflammation occurs, chemicals from the body's white blood cells are released into the blood or affected tissues to protect your body from foreign substances.


Question: What are treatment options for inflammatory diseases?

Answer: The type of treatment prescribed will depend on several factors, including the type of disease, the person's age, type of medications he or she is taking, overall health, medical history, and severity of symptoms. The goals of treatment are the following: Correct, control, or slow down the underlying disease process Avoid or modify activities that aggravate pain Relieve pain through pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs Maintain joint movement and muscle strength through physical therapy Decrease stress on the joints by using braces, splints, or canes as needed There are many drugs available to decrease joint pain, swelling and inflammation, and possibly prevent or minimize the progression of the inflammatory disease.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for inflammatory diseases?

Answer: The goals of treatment are the following: Correct, control, or slow down the underlying disease process Avoid or modify activities that aggravate pain Relieve pain through pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs Maintain joint movement and muscle strength through physical therapy Decrease stress on the joints by using braces, splints, or canes as needed There are many drugs available to decrease joint pain, swelling and inflammation, and possibly prevent or minimize the progression of the inflammatory disease.


Question: What is treatment of inflammation directed at?

Answer: This protective process may stimulate nerves and cause pain. The increased number of cells and inflammatory substances within the joint cause irritation, swelling of the joint lining and, eventually, wearing down of cartilage (cushions at the end of bones).


Question: What drugs are used to treat inflammatory diseases?

Answer: The goals of treatment are the following: Correct, control, or slow down the underlying disease process Avoid or modify activities that aggravate pain Relieve pain through pain medications and anti-inflammatory drugs Maintain joint movement and muscle strength through physical therapy Decrease stress on the joints by using braces, splints, or canes as needed There are many drugs available to decrease joint pain, swelling and inflammation, and possibly prevent or minimize the progression of the inflammatory disease. They are often used in combination due to their differing effects. The medications include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen) Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine) Other oral drugs known as DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide Biologic drugs such as infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, abatacept, tocilizumab, and rituximab Some of these medications are also used to treat other conditions such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, or to reduce the risk of rejection of a transplanted organ.


Question: How are medications for inflammatory diseases used?

Answer: The medications include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen) Corticosteroids (such as prednisone) Antimalarial medications (such as hydroxychloroquine) Other oral drugs known as DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), including methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide Biologic drugs such as infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, abatacept, tocilizumab, and rituximab Some of these medications are also used to treat other conditions such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease, or to reduce the risk of rejection of a transplanted organ. However, when "chemotherapy" types of medications (such as methotrexate or cyclophosphamide) are used to treat inflammatory diseases, the doses are sometimes significantly lower and the risks of side effects tend to be less than when prescribed in higher doses for cancer treatment.


Question: Can inflammation affect internal organs?

Answer: Inflammation can affect organs as part of an autoimmune disorder. The type of symptoms depend on which organs are affected. For example: Inflammation of the heart (myocarditis) may cause shortness of breath or fluid retention. Inflammation of the small tubes that transport air to the lungs may cause shortness of breath. Inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) may cause high blood pressure or kidney failure.


Question: What are the physical signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: PMS shows up in many different ways. Everything in this list could be a sign of PMS. But most women get just a few of these, not all of them. Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.


Question: What are the emotional signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.


Question: What are the behavioral signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.


Question: What can your doctor do to help you manage premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: If you've tried different things, but still have bad PMS, it's probably time to get help. Make an appointment with your doctor or gynecologist. She'll ask about your symptoms, your health, and medicines you take. She may take some blood tests to make sure the problem is PMS and not something else. Your doctor may prescribe medicine. Birth control pills sometimes help with headache and cramps. Antidepressants (medicines that help treat depression) may be an option. Some women take medicine to get rid of extra fluid that makes them feel bloated. Doctors call these diuretics (water pills). Your doctor might suggest talk therapy. It's a way to feel better and learn new skills to overcome challenges by talking with a mental health counselor. If you have notes about your symptoms, bring it to the appointment. Plan ahead about the questions you want to ask. That way you'll get the best help from your doctor.


Question: Who is most likely to get premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS. But it's most common in women who: Are in their late 20s to early 40s. Have had a child. Have family members with depression. Had baby blues (postpartum depression), depression or bipolar disorder.


Question: What causes premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Even though PMS is common, doctors don't know exactly what causes it. It probably has to do with changes in your body chemistry around the time of your period. Some conditions affect PMS, but don't cause it. PMS can be brought on, or can get worse if you: Smoke Are under lots of stress Don't exercise Don't sleep enough Drink too much alcohol or eat too much salt, red meat, or sugar Are depressed Women with other health problems may find that those problems get worse before their period. Some of those are migraine headaches, asthma, and allergies.


Question: What can you do to treat or manage premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Even if you can't totally fix it, it's nice to know you have the power to help yourself. These ideas might help: Exercise about 30 minutes a day. Eat healthy foods like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Try to get enough calcium from foods (think dairy, green leafy vegetables, and canned salmon). Avoid salt, caffeine, and alcohol. Don't smoke. Get plenty of sleep. Work to lower stress. Track your moods and symptoms in a journal. Try over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or naproxen. Be sure to follow the dosing instructions exactly as it says on the label. Make an appointment with your doctor or gynecologist.


Question: What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: You probably get some signs that your period is coming. If it messes with your daily life, you might have premenstrual syndrome ( PMS). Your period is a natural part of your life. Once your period starts, they go away. Another way to know is if you have symptoms on the 5 days before your period, for 3 months in a row. Women with PMS deal with it in lots of ways. Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS. It probably has to do with changes in your body chemistry around the time of your period.


Question: When should you call your doctor about a blister?

Answer: The blister was caused by contact with a chemical -- or if you have an autoimmune blistering disease. Other reasons to seek medical advice is if you have multiple blisters, or they progress in number and location, or if you can't figure out why you are getting them.


Question: What's a blister and what symptoms can it bring on?

Answer: A blister is a bubble of skin filled with clear fluid, ranging from pinpoint size to more than an inch in diameter. They are different than pustules, which contain thicker, yellow-white material called pus. Depending on the cause, blistering may be accompanied by pain, redness, or itching.


Question: How do I know if my plastic baby bottles have BPA in them?

Answer: The ban on BPA means you can confidently buy new plastic baby bottles, knowing that they are free of the potentially harmful chemical. If you are using older plastic bottles, for example bottles given to you by family members, check the recycling symbol on the bottom. The symbol #7 or the label PC (which stands for polycarbonate) is a sign that the bottle likely contains BPA. Bottles with the symbol #1, #2, or #4 are made of polyethylene, and #5 bottles are made of polypropylene. Both kinds of bottle can be used safely since neither type contains BPA.


Question: What are some tips on caring for baby bottles?

Answer: Here are some tips on caring for your child's baby bottle: Never store breast milk or formula in plastic bottles. Pour it into the bottle just before your baby is ready to eat. Throw out anything that is left over. Don't use hot water or a harsh cleaner on polycarbonate bottles, because this also can cause the plastic to break down more quickly. Instead, use a gentle cleaner and warm water. Replace any glass bottles that have cracks or chips in them.


Question: What triggers tinnitus?

Answer: Triggers may include: Age-related hearing loss Loud noises like concerts, sporting events, machinery, or backfiring engines Sinus pressure from sinus or ear infections, cold, flu, or allergies Too much earwax Certain medications like aspirin, some antibiotics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Migraines and other headaches High blood pressure and hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) Jaw problems Other medical issues like head and neck injuries, fibromyalgia, Lyme disease, changes in your inner ear bones, and an inner ear disorder called Meniere's disease.


Question: What are other treatment options for tinnitus?

Answer: Other treatment options may include: Hearing aids. These devices can help with age-related hearing loss and tinnitus. They make the sounds you need to hear louder and make the ringing harder to notice. Sound maskers. You wear them in or behind your ear to create constant low-level white noise. This helps block the ringing. You might also try a white noise machine near your bed at night to help you sleep. Retraining therapy. You get counseling and wear a gadget that masks the ringing with tonal music. Relaxation techniques. Tinnitus can get worse when you're stressed. You might find ways to ease your worries, like exercise, deep breathing, or biofeedback. Medicines. There are several medications that show some promise in treating tinnitus, including certain hormones, topical anesthetics, and anti-anxiety medication. Ask your doctor if any of them may be right for you.


Question: Is there a treatment for tinnitus?

Answer: It depends on what's to blame for the ringing. If a medication is the trigger, your doctor might suggest you stop taking it or change to a different drug. Never stop a medicine on your own without talking to your doctor first. If a health issue like high blood pressure is the cause, your doctor can work with you to treat it. Often the ringing will improve when you get the condition under control. If the problem is too much earwax, the doctor can remove the buildup gently. Don't use cotton swabs to try to do it yourself.


Question: How is tinnitus diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will discuss your medical history. He'll ask about any medicines you take, including supplements. He'll do a hearing test, examine your head and neck, and look inside your ears. He might ask you to clench your jaw, move your eyes, and move your neck, arms, and legs. If the ringing gets worse when you move, that may help find a cause for it. You may also need imaging tests like CT or MRI scans.


Question: What does tinnitus sound like?

Answer: Do you hear ringing in your ears when there isn't any sound around you? You might hear it all the time or it might come and go.


Question: What are the warning signs of suicide due to bipolar disorder?

Answer: People who also have a substance abuse problem may need more specialized treatment. Some people who have bipolar disorder may become suicidal. Learn the warning signs and seek immediate medical help for them: Depression (changes in eating, sleeping, activities) Isolating yourself Talking about suicide, hopelessness, or helplessness Acting recklessly Taking more risks Having more accidents Abusing alcohol or other drugs Focusing on morbid and negative themes Talking about death and dying Crying more, or becoming less emotionally expressive Giving away possessions


Question: What are the symptoms of mania from bipolar disorder?

Answer: Symptoms of mania ("the highs"): Excessive happiness, hopefulness, and excitement Sudden changes from being joyful to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restlessness Rapid speech and poor concentration Increased energy and less need for sleep Unusually high sex drive Making grand and unrealistic plans Showing poor judgment Drug and alcohol abuse Becoming more impulsive During depressive periods ("the lows"), a person with bipolar disorder may have: Sadness Loss of energy Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Not enjoying things they once liked Trouble concentrating Uncontrollable crying Trouble making decisions Irritability Needing more sleep Insomnia Appetite changes that make them lose or gain weight Thoughts of death or suicide Attempting suicide When someone develops bipolar disorder, it usually starts when they're in late adolescence or young adulthood.


Question: What does hypomania bipolar disorder mean?

Answer: Hypomania" describes milder symptoms of mania, in which someone does not have delusions or hallucinations, and their high symptoms do not interfere with their everyday life.


Question: What are the symptoms of depressive periods in bipolar disorder?

Answer: Symptoms of mania ("the highs"): Excessive happiness, hopefulness, and excitement Sudden changes from being joyful to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restlessness Rapid speech and poor concentration Increased energy and less need for sleep Unusually high sex drive Making grand and unrealistic plans Showing poor judgment Drug and alcohol abuse Becoming more impulsive During depressive periods ("the lows"), a person with bipolar disorder may have: Sadness Loss of energy Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Not enjoying things they once liked Trouble concentrating Uncontrollable crying Trouble making decisions Irritability Needing more sleep Insomnia Appetite changes that make them lose or gain weight Thoughts of death or suicide Attempting suicide When someone develops bipolar disorder, it usually starts when they're in late adolescence or young adulthood.


Question: What can I expect after bipolar disorder treatment?

Answer: Ongoing treatment is more effective than dealing with problems as they come up. People who also have a substance abuse problem may need more specialized treatment.


Question: What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: In bipolar disorder, the dramatic episodes of high and low moods do not follow a set pattern. Someone may feel the same mood state (depressed or manic) several times before switching to the opposite mood. These episodes can happen over a period of weeks, months, and sometimes even years. How severe it gets differs from person to person and can also change over time, becoming more or less severe.


Question: How is bipolar disorder treated?

Answer: Bipolar disorder can be treated. It's a long-term condition that needs ongoing care. Medication is the main treatment, usually involving "mood stabilizers" such as carbamazepine ( Tegretol), lamotrigine ( Lamictal), lithium, or valproate ( Depakote). Sometimes antipsychotic drugs are also used such as olanzapine ( Zyprexa), quetiapine ( Seroquel), lurasidone ( Latuda) and cariprazine ( Vraylar)), as well as antidepressants. Combinations of medicines are often used. Psychotherapy, or "talk therapy," is often recommended, too. People who have four or more mood episodes in a year, or who also have drug or alcohol problems, can have forms of the illness that are much harder to treat.


Question: How is bipolar disorder diagnosed?

Answer: You can think of the highs and the lows as two "poles" of mood, which is why it's called "bipolar" disorder. How severe it gets differs from person to person and can also change over time, becoming more or less severe. If you or someone you know has symptoms of bipolar disorder, talk to your family doctor or a psychiatrist. They will ask questions about mental illnesses that you, or the person you're concerned about, have had, and any mental illnesses that run in the family. How long have they lasted? How often do they happen? The most telling symptoms are those that involve highs or lows in mood, along with changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. Talking to close friends and family of the person can often help the doctor distinguish bipolar disorder from major depressive (unipolar) disorder or other psychiatric disorders that can involve changes in mood, thinking, and behavior.


Question: What happens during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat bipolar disorder?

Answer: Prior to ECT treatment, a person is given a muscle relaxant and put under general anesthesia. Electrodes are placed on the patient's scalp, and an electric current is applied that causes a brief seizure. Because the muscles are relaxed, the seizure will usually be limited to slight movement of the hands and feet. The patient is carefully monitored during the treatment. The patient awakens minutes later, does not remember the treatment or events surrounding the treatment, and may be briefly confused.


Question: What should I look for when I shop for baby clothes?

Answer: To make your final selection, though, you need to consider safety, comfort, and practicality -- easy to put on and washable. And you probably want to consider the price, too. It's OK to shop in secondhand stores or high-quality consignment shops for most things for babies. Just be sure to wash everything first. Safety first: no buttons, bows, or ties. Stay away from clothes with small buttons, decorative rhinestones, or bows, because they can be choking risks. Clothes with long ties or that pull tightly around your baby's arms, legs, or neck are also unsafe.


Question: How do I know if my baby's clothes are fire-safe?

Answer: Labels on your baby's sleepwear will tell you whether it needs to be worn snugly to be fire-retardant or if the fabric itself is flame-retardant. But be aware: Scientists haven't closely studied the long-term health effects of the chemicals that make fabrics fire-resistant. Some research has linked some of these chemicals to health problems, including delayed physical and mental development, thyroid trouble, and problems with mental activities like thinking and memory.


Question: How can I make my shopping for baby clothes easier?

Answer: Follow these tips when you're shopping for clothes to make it easier. Wide necks or snaps at the neck make dressing easier. ( If you pick clothes that pull over the head, do it quickly because babies panic when their breathing is blocked or when they can't see you.) Snaps and zippers in the front are easier to put on and take off than those on the back. Loose sleeves pull on and off easier than tight ones. Snaps or other easy openings at the crotch make it quicker and easier to change diapers -- you don't have to take off all of your baby's clothes.


Question: Should I shop for baby clothes by age or weight?

Answer: Shop by your baby's weight, not age. Age doesn't mean much when it comes to baby clothes. Different brands size clothing differently. Weight is a better measure, and many baby clothes list it along with age on their labels.


Question: What are your chances of survival when prostate cancer spreads?

Answer: If it's caught and treated in this point, which is known as "regional" stage, your odds or recovery are very good. If it travels further, the cancer usually ends up in your bones. At that point, the chances of survival drop to 29%. Your doctor will talk to you about your best treatment options. What you choose will largely depend on how far the cancer has spread and what symptoms, if any, you have. You may have already had surgery or radiation. Those treatments are sometimes used to target prostate cancer when it's still only in the prostate.


Question: How is prostate cancer treated once it has spread to my bones?

Answer: If prostate cancer has spread to your bones, you'll likely need medication to ease your pain, lower the risk of fractures, and keep your body's calcium levels steady. It can be dangerous if they go too high or too low. Your doctor might prescribe a drug to help keep your bones strong. You might take corticosteroids to control pain, probably along with a pain reliever. Which pain medicine you get could range from ibuprofen to morphine, depending on how bad your pain is. Your oncologist might also send you forradiation therapy in an effort to lessen bone pain and kill off cancer cells in your bones. Or he could inject you with a drug that gives off radiation. These medications are called radiopharmaceuticals.


Question: How should you take care of yourself if you have prostate cancer?

Answer: Self-care is also important: Take naps to fight fatigue and try to do some light exercise, like walking, to keep your energy levels up. Being active can also help combat weight gain, especially if you add some strength training to your routine. Check with your doctor first to make sure it's safe for you to exercise. He may suggest you work with a physical therapist.


Question: How can prostate cancer affect your daily life?

Answer: Those treatments are sometimes used to target prostate cancer when it's still only in the prostate. Loss of bladder control (incontinence), fatigue, and erectile dysfunction often go hand-in-hand with treatment. Men who have hormonal therapy may have hot flashes (similar to what many women have during menopause) or gain weight. Cancer that has spread to your bones can also be painful.


Question: What are my treatment options once my prostate cancer spreads?

Answer: When this type of cancer spreads (your doctor may say it has metastasized), it tends to first show up in the tissues or lymph nodes that are closest to the prostate gland. That usually means taking medication to lower the amount of androgen hormones (testosterone and DHT) in your body or prevent them from affecting cancer cells. A related but rarely used option is surgical castration. The doctor removes your testicles, where most of these hormones are made. If you don't like the idea of losing them, the doctor can fit you with silicone sacs to insert into your scrotum. They'll preserve the look and feel. If hormone therapy doesn't work, you might move on to vaccine therapy. The prostate cancer vaccine is designed to kick-start your immune system so it attacks cancer cells. Or your doctor might suggest chemotherapy. It might be a medication you take by mouth, or something your doctor injects into a vein. Men who have hormonal therapy may have hot flashes (similar to what many women have during menopause) or gain weight.


Question: What should you expect when prostate cancer spreads?

Answer: At that point, the chances of survival drop to 29%. You might think you'd know it if your cancer has spread, but that's not always true.


Question: What are some signs of trouble with prostate cancer?

Answer: What you choose will largely depend on how far the cancer has spread and what symptoms, if any, you have. This is why your follow-up doctor visits are important. You're most likely to find out the cancer has spread if your doctor tests your blood and finds high levels of prostate-specific antigen, or PSA. He might also find it with a digital rectal exam or on an X-ray or other test. If you do have symptoms, they often include trouble peeing or blood in your urine. You might also feel very tired, short of breath, or lose weight without trying. You're more likely to feel pain if the cancer has gone into your bones. Where it hurts will depend on which bones it affects. For instance, you might feel hip or back pain if cancer has spread into your pelvic bones.


Question: What does purging mean in regard to stem cells?

Answer: purging: The process of separating cancer cells from bone marrow or stem cells.


Question: What are white blood cells (leukocytes)?

Answer: white blood cells (leukocytes): Cells that are part of the body's immune system, which fights disease and infection.


Question: What is mucositis?

Answer: mucositis: Mouth sores that result when chemotherapy destroys the mucosal cells that line the mouth and intestinal tract.


Question: What is autologous stem cell transplantation?

Answer: autologous: Stem cell transplantation using your own stem cells.


Question: What are human leukocyte antigens?

Answer: human leukocyte antigens ( HLA): Proteins found on the surface of white blood cells and tissues. A tissue-typing test shows how many HLA matches the recipient has in common with a donor.


Question: What is a matched unrelated donor?

Answer: matched unrelated donor ( MUD): A donor who is not a blood relative, but who has a complete HLA match to the patient. These donors are often found through bone marrow registries.


Question: What is graft-versus-host disease?

Answer: graft-versus-host disease: A condition in which donor cells think the recipient's cells are foreign and attack them.


Question: What is conditioning (cytotoxic or myeloablative) treatment?

Answer: conditioning (cytotoxic or myeloablative) treatment: High-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation given before a stem cell transplant.


Question: What is growth factor in regard to stem cells?

Answer: growth factor: Medicines that boost the numbers of infection-fighting white blood cells.


Question: What is graft-versus-tumor effect?

Answer: graft-versus-tumor effect ( GVT): The good response that happens when the donor cells attack any of the recipient's cancer cells that may remain after chemotherapy.


Question: What are platelets?

Answer: platelets: Cells that prevent or stop bleeding.


Question: What is an antigen?

Answer: antigen: A foreign substance, such as a bacteria, virus, or tissue, that does not come from your body.


Question: What is a cord blood transplant?

Answer: cord blood transplant: Stem cell transplant using cells collected from the umbilical cord and placenta following the birth of healthy newborns.


Question: What are red blood cells or erythrocytes?

Answer: red blood cells (erythrocytes): Cells that carry oxygen.


Question: What is a bone marrow transplant?

Answer: bone marrow transplant ( BMT): A transplant containing all three types of blood cells that develop in the bone marrow: red cells, white cells, and platelets.


Question: What are hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer: hematopoietic stem cells: Immature blood cells or blood-forming stem cells.


Question: What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer: embryonic stem cells: Immature cells from umbilical cord blood that can develop into many types of cells, including blood cells.


Question: What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer: monoclonal antibodies: Molecules made in a laboratory, engineered to attach to your cancer cells so they can be seen as foreign and attacked by your immune system.


Question: What are granulocyte colony-stimulating factor drugs?

Answer: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor drugs: Growth factor medicines given to draw stem cells from the bone marrow into the bloodstream.


Question: What is a port catheter?

Answer: port catheter: A tube surgically placed in your chest near your neck through which to give chemotherapy and receive your stem cell infusion. It may also be used to draw blood. An indwelling catheter is more commonly used for catheters in the bladder.


Question: What is anemia?

Answer: anemia: A condition caused by a lack of red blood cells, the cells that transport oxygen to the body's tissues.


Question: What is the immune system?

Answer: immune system: A network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects your body from disease and infection.


Question: What is bone marrow in regard to stem cell transplantation?

Answer: bone marrow: The spongy part of some bones, where blood cells develop from immature marrow cells called stem cells.


Question: What is apheresis?

Answer: apheresis: A process in which whole blood is drawn from a donor, the stem cells are then harvested, and the other blood products are returned to the donor.


Question: What are antibodies?

Answer: antibodies: Proteins made by your body that fight off foreign substances.


Question: How can strep throat easily spread?

Answer: The bacteria that cause strep are highly contagious. You can spread it by close contact -- including sneezes and handshakes -- or sharing someone else's personal items. Be sure to wash your hands often and be cautious about touching objects when someone in your house has strep.


Question: What tests are used for strep throat?

Answer: Your doctor tests for strep throat with a rapid antigen test. She swabs the back of your throat with a cotton-tipped stick to get a sample. You usually get results in about 20 minutes. If the test is negative (meaning no signs of strep are found), the doctor may do what's called a throat culture. She'll take more swab samples from the back of your throat and send them to a lab. You may have to wait a couple of days for those results.


Question: When should I see a doctor about strep throat?

Answer: For your little ones, call the doctor right away if: An infant is 12 weeks or younger and has a temperature of 100.4 F or higher A fever goes above 104 F in any child You should also contact her if: A child younger than 2 has a fever lasting more than 24 hours A child 2 or older has a fever for more than 72 hours Your doctor will ask questions and do tests to find out whether you have strep or something else.


Question: What causes strep throat?

Answer: Another culprit, especially in children and young adults, is the bacteria that creates strep throat. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) is the formal name of the bacterium. These are usually signs of a virus or allergy.


Question: What do you need when you visit a doctor for strep throat?

Answer: When you have strep, you'll usually find that your throat is quite raw and it really hurts to swallow. You should call your doctor if you or a child in your care show any symptoms of strep or you see this rash.


Question: How can you treat strep throat?

Answer: But how can you tell if it's strep and not something else? You'll find that it comes on very fast, not gradually like many other kinds of sore throats. You might also see a red, sandpaper-like rash that starts in the face and neck area and then spreads to the rest of the body. You can spread it by close contact -- including sneezes and handshakes -- or sharing someone else's personal items.


Question: What is CPAP for sleep apnea?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The most effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, CPAP blows air with continuous pressure down your throat at night to keep your airways open while you sleep. The treatment is done using a CPAP machine, which consists of three main parts: Mask that fits over your nose -- or your nose and mouth -- and is held in place with straps while you sleep Motor that blows air Large tube called a cannula that connects the motor to the mask CPAP machines are small, lightweight, and fairly quiet. If you travel, you should take your CPAP with you.


Question: Does CPAP have side effects?

Answer: Side effects of CPAP use are usually minor and may include: Feelings of confinement from the face mask Sore or dry mouth Nasal congestion, runny nose, sinusitis, or nosebleeds Irritation and sores over the bridge of the nose Stomach bloating and discomfort Discomfort in chest muscles. If you are having any of these or other problems, call your doctor. An adjustment to your CPAP machine may make it more comfortable.


Question: What is the best treatment for sleep apnea?

Answer: The best treatment for obstructive sleep apnea depends on a number of factors, including the severity of your problem, the physical structure of your upper airway, other medical problems you may have, as well as your personal preference. You should work with your doctor or sleep specialist to select the best treatment option for you.


Question: How does CPAP help treat sleep apnea?

Answer: Benefits of CPAP include keeping your airways open while you sleep, easing snoring, improving sleep quality, relieving daytime sleepiness, and lowering blood pressure. Although you will likely feel better rested and alert once you start CPAP, getting used to the device can take some time. Some people have difficulty sleeping the first few nights of treatment.


Question: What if CPAP doesn't work for my sleep apnea?

Answer: The most widely used mouth device for sleep apnea, MADs look much like a mouth guard used in sports. The devices snap over the upper and lower dental arches and have metal hinges that make it possible for the lower jaw to be eased forward. Used less commonly than MAD, this device is a splint that holds the tongue in place to keep the airway open.


Question: What should I have at home to help me recover from my neck lift?

Answer: The area should have: Ice packs Gauze and towels Thermometer Supply of comfortable, loose clothing (preferably button-down shirts or blouses that do not have to be pulled over your head and neck) Petroleum jelly and antibacterial ointment Telephone within reaching distance of where you'll be lying or sitting most of the time Pillows that will allow you to keep your head in a comfortable position Someone who can stay with you at least the first 24 hours after surgery On the day of surgery, wear loose, comfortable clothing.


Question: How is liposuction used as a neck lift?

Answer: Liposuction : During liposuction, your surgeon will make a small cut below your chin and remove excess fat. If you are also getting other procedures, it is very common for cosmetic surgeons to begin with liposuction. You will be able to determine this with your doctor during your consultation.


Question: How does surgery to get rid of extra skin on my neck work?

Answer: Too Much Skin on Your Neck: Your surgeon will trim parts of the skin and lift it into place, securing it with tissue glue or stitches. This takes about two to four hours, depending on the complexity of your procedure. Again, your type of anesthesia will depend on your own personal comfort level. Your surgeon will fit you with a compression bandage that you will have to wear for at least one week unless instructed otherwise.


Question: How can a neck lift fix a turkey waddle?

Answer: Here are some of the most common concerns that are addressed with a neck lift: Turkey wattle neck Excess fat Too much skin During your consultation, you should go over your goals and learn about the options: Turkey Wattle: Your surgeon may recommend surgery, which involves making cuts under your chin or behind your ears or both to access a neck muscle called the platysma. Sometimes, that may even mean removing some muscle.


Question: What is neck lift?

Answer: A neck lift is a set of procedures to enhance the appearance of your neck. Procedures can include: Removing excess skin Removing or altering neck muscles Liposuction to remove excess fat Botox injections to address problems with fullness or "bands" Kybella injections to remove excess fat under the chin Other neck lifting techniques involve lasers, ultrasound and radiofrequency devices, intense pulsed light, and fillers.


Question: How long does it take to recover from a neck lift?

Answer: Recovering from a neck lift takes time. Most people can return to work in 10 to 14 days. If you participate in sports or are physically active, you will have to wait three weeks or more to resume those activities.


Question: Will insurance cover my neck lift?

Answer: Be clear on what, if anything, your insurance will cover before the surgery. That way, you'll know what to expect. If your procedures will correct a medical condition, tell your health insurer before the surgery. Your surgeon can write a letter detailing your case. With certain insurance plans, cosmetic or plastic surgery can affect future coverage. It can also affect your premiums. Make sure you ask your health insurer about that before you get the procedure, so you know what to expect.


Question: How can chemotherapy help with treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: Allogenic (from a donor) stem cell transplant Autologous (from yourself) stem cell transplant Chemotherapy uses strong drugs to kill cancer cells all over your body. You get these drugs by mouth, through an IV, or via an injection under your skin. If the cancer has spread, you'll get chemotherapy into the fluid around your brain and spinal cord. Doctors call this intrathecal chemotherapy.


Question: How can stem cell transplant help treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: Your doctor can do a stem cell transplant after chemotherapy to replace your damaged bone marrow with young stem cells from your own body or from a donor. These stem cells will grow into new, healthy blood cells.


Question: How can radiation help treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: Acute myeloid leukemia ( AML) pushes your bone marrow to make large numbers of abnormal blood cells. Radiation uses high-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells. You might get radiation to treat AML that has spread to your brain and spinal cord, or to your bone. Radiation is sometimes also used before a stem cell transplant. Usually adult AML is treated with external radiation therapy, which is given from outside of your body.


Question: What is acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)?

Answer: Acute myeloid leukemia ( AML) pushes your bone marrow to make large numbers of abnormal blood cells. Yet high-dose chemotherapy can also damage your bone marrow and cause a dangerous drop in your blood cell levels. Chemotherapy damages the leukemia cells and releases this protein, which can cause dangerous blood clots or severe bleeding.


Question: What are side effects of radiation for acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: Acute myeloid leukemia ( AML) pushes your bone marrow to make large numbers of abnormal blood cells. Radiation uses high-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells. Side effects from radiation include: Sunburn-like redness of the skin Mouth sores -- if you get radiation to your head or neck Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea -- if you get radiation to your belly Fatigue Bleeding or bruising Increased risk of infection If AML treatments don't work for you, or if they stop working and your cancer begins to grow again, you have another option: You can try a clinical trial.


Question: What is arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)?

Answer: This is the most common type of stem cell transplant. If you have APL, you'll get medicine to make your leukemia cells change into mature, healthy blood cells so they don't burst open and release their protein. Arsenic trioxide ( Trisenox). Side effects include tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, belly pain, heart rhythm problems, and nerve damage.


Question: What treatments work on acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: AML treatments destroy unhealthy blood cells in your bone marrow and blood. Several different treatments work on AML: Chemotherapy Stem cell transplant Radiation Targeted therapy Your treatment will have two phases: Phase 1: Remission induction therapy. After treatment, your bone marrow should start to make healthy blood cells.


Question: What is a pelvic exam?

Answer: The word "pelvic" refers to the pelvis. The exam is used to look at a woman's: Vulva (external genital organs) Uterus (the womb) Cervix (opening from the vagina to the uterus) Fallopian tubes (tubes that carry eggs to the womb) Ovaries (organs that produce eggs) Bladder (the sac that holds urine) Rectum (the chamber that connects the colon to the anus) Pelvic exams are performed: During a yearly physical exam When a woman is pregnant When a doctor is checking for an infection (such as chlamydia, vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and others) When a woman is having pain in her pelvic area or low back Because a Pap test is typically performed during a routine pelvic exam, you should schedule the exam when you are not having your period.