Question: How can lupus cause sores and rashes?

Answer: Some may be coin-shaped (called discoid lupus). Or you may develop red, scaly patches or a red, ring-shaped rash, especially where your skin gets sun or other UV light. The sores get worse without treatment. They usually don't itch or hurt, but they can cause scarring. If this happens on your scalp, you may get patches of permanent baldness.


Question: How can lupus cause hair loss?

Answer: In some cases, your immune system may destroy hair follicles and make hair fall out for a time. New hair may sometimes grow in. A severe lupus flare can also make your hair fragile and brittle. This is most likely around the edge of your scalp.


Question: How can lupus cause small, red, coin-shaped areas?

Answer: They don't cause scarring, but they can darken or lighten the skin where they appear. These spots are called cutaneous vasculitis lesions.


Question: How can excess weight and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affect your body?

Answer: Dealing with RA means dealing with chronic inflammation. Most treatments focus on easing that. It not only damages the lining of your joints, inflammation can also cause problems with other parts of your body, like your: Skin Eyes Lungs Heart Blood vessels Having more fat cells brings more inflammation. That's because fat cells release proteins called cytokines. When they build up, they start the inflammation process. The more fat cells you have, the more cytokines you'll have. The more cytokines you have, the more inflammation you have. That makes RA symptoms worse and causes more damage to your body.


Question: How does excess weight affect rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Nearly two-thirds of the people who have RA are overweight or obese. Carrying extra weight increases your odds of heart disease, stroke, and other chronic problems. It takes an added toll on your health if you have RA. It can: Ramp up your RA symptoms Keep your meds from working the way they should Put more stress on already damaged joints RA has no cure.


Question: How can being overweight with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affect your joints?

Answer: Whether you have RA or not, adding pounds to your frame puts pressure on your joints. The ones that bear weight feel the most strain, like your: Ankles Knees Hips Low back Spine Feet When you add that to a disorder that wears down your joints with constant inflammation, you have double trouble.


Question: How can being overweight affect your medications for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Doctors often prescribe biologics like infliximab ( Remicade) or it's biosimilars, infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), as a treatment for RA. These drugs target parts of your immune system that cause inflammation. When you're overweight, the effectiveness of these drugs goes way down. Studies show they work for only about half of overweight people, compared to 75% of people at a healthy weight. Some disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) like methotrexate ( Otrexup, Rasuvo, Trexall) also don't work as well when you're overweight. Doctors aren't sure why. It may be because the cytokines that fat cells add to your system keep inflammation going, no matter how you treat it. What they do know is slimming down makes it more likely that DMARDs will help you feel better.


Question: What are the symptoms of Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS)?

Answer: RHS often causes a painful rash of blisters filled with fluid in or around one ear. In some cases, blisters also can show up in your mouth and throat. Regular shingles also cause a blistery rash, but the bumps usually break out on a smallish strip of your torso instead of on your face.


Question: How is Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) diagnosed?

Answer: If you think you may have RHS, you should see a doctor right away so you can begin treatment quickly. Your doctor can usually diagnose it by asking you about your symptoms and doing an exam. But she may want to test a bit of fluid from a blister to confirm it.


Question: What causes the reactivation of Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS)?

Answer: In most cases, there doesn't seem to be a reason for the "reactivation" of the virus. Unlike with chickenpox, people who get shingles can get it again.


Question: What muscles are affected by Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS)?

Answer: Because of the nerve that is affected, RHS also usually causes some weakness in the muscles in your face. You might find it hard to smile or completely close one eye. In rare cases, you might not be able to move the muscles on one side of your face at all Other common symptoms include: Ear pain which can start before you see a rash.


Question: What are some common symptoms of Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS)?

Answer: In rare cases, you might not be able to move the muscles on one side of your face at all Other common symptoms include: Ear pain which can start before you see a rash. Hearing loss Ringing in the ear Vertigo Nausea/vomiting The virus that causes chickenpox (varicella-zoster) hibernates inside groups of nerves.


Question: What causes Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS)?

Answer: Hearing loss Ringing in the ear Vertigo Nausea/vomiting The virus that causes chickenpox (varicella-zoster) hibernates inside groups of nerves. It can stay there forever and never cause trouble again -- or it can "wake up" and create a new infection in one of the nerves in your body. When it affects the nerve in your face that goes to your ear, it's called herpes zoster oticus.


Question: Which drugs can treat Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS)?

Answer: If started early, antiviral drugs, like acyclovir, may help you get better faster. Your doctor also may give you a prescription for pain medication or a corticosteroid to help make you more comfortable and get rid of some of the inflammation.


Question: How soon will Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) clear up?

Answer: Infections usually clear up within a couple of weeks. Some people have nerve pain from RHS after the rash is gone. In rare cases, surgery is needed to ease pressure on the nerve in your face.


Question: How contagious is Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS)?

Answer: In most cases, there doesn't seem to be a reason for the "reactivation" of the virus. But the blisters have the live varicella zoster virus in them. So newborns and people who haven't had chickenpox or been vaccinated against it can get chickenpox from someone with RHS.


Question: Where does Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) attack on the body?

Answer: Anyone who's had chickenpox can get it, but it commonly affects people over 60. When it affects the nerve in your face that goes to your ear, it's called herpes zoster oticus.


Question: Why do you need a total serum protein test?

Answer: Your doctor could order this test as part of a routine checkup. But he may also want to: Make sure you're getting enough nutrition Screen for liver, kidney, or blood disease See if you're at risk for an infection Find the cause for symptoms you're having A technician will take a sample of your blood.


Question: What is a total serum protein test?

Answer: Two of the key ones are: Albumin. This carries medicines and hormones throughout your body. It also helps with tissue growth and healing. Globulin. This is a group of proteins. Some of them are made by your liver. Others are made by your immune system. They help fight infection and transport nutrients. The total serum protein test measures all the proteins in your blood. It can also check the amount of albumin you have compared to globulin, or what's called your â A/ G ratio.â Healthy people have a little more albumin than globulin, but if you're sick, this won't be the case.


Question: How is a total serum protein test done?

Answer: The total serum protein test measures all the proteins in your blood. Sometimes this is taken from a vein in your arm. It can also be done with a finger prick. For newborns, it's done with a âheel stickâ -- the blood is drawn through a small puncture of the heel. Some drugs, like birth control pills, reduce the amount of protein in your blood. This can skew your test results. Make sure your doctor knows all the medicines you're taking, as well as any herbs, vitamins, or illegal drugs. Make sure to drink plenty water before taking this test. Being dehydrated can change the results. The lab results should be back in about 12 hours.


Question: What should you know about a total serum protein test?

Answer: This often includes a total serum protein test. It measures the amount of protein in your blood. This can give you insight into your general health. It can also be used to look for some serious health problems. Your doctor could order this test as part of a routine checkup.


Question: What are some drugs that turn down the immune system when dealing with severe eczema?

Answer: Drugs that turn down your immune system: Some steroid-free drugs can stop your immune system from overreacting and attacking your skin. Cyclosporine, methotrexate, and mycophenolate are pills taken by mouth to ease itching and give your skin a chance to heal. But they do come with side effects like increased blood pressure and an upset stomach. They also put you at an increased risk for infections and cancer.


Question: What should someone do if they have tried home remedies for severe eczema?

Answer: Be aware that once the steroids clear your system, your symptoms may come back.


Question: How does talk therapy treat severe eczema?

Answer: Talk therapy: Having eczema can make you feel anxious, angry, or hopeless. The stress you feel can make your skin worse. Talking to a therapist or counselor can help you realize that you do have some control over your health -- or at least how you react to it. You can also join a support group with others who have eczema and are dealing with many of the same feelings.


Question: What are some creams that can help treat severe eczema?

Answer: Crisaborole ( Eucrisa), pimecrolimus ( Elidel), and tacrolimus ( Protopc) are creams or ointments that can treat itching and rashes caused by eczema. Because there may be a rare link between these drugs and skin cancer, you should only use them for short periods of time. They should never be given to people with chronic health problems or to children younger than 2.


Question: How do antihistamines help with severe eczema?

Answer: Antihistamines: These drugs won't stop a flare, but they may be able to relieve itching. Diphenhydramine ( Benadryl), which you can buy at the store, is a good choice. So are hydroxyzine ( Atarax) and cyproheptadine ( Periactin), which your doctor can prescribe. Take them at night, as all of these will make you sleepy.


Question: How do antibiotics treat severe eczema?

Answer: Antibiotics: Antibiotics won't relieve your itching or skin redness. Still, you may take them if your eczema gets infected.


Question: How does phototherapy treat severe eczema?

Answer: Phototherapy: If your doctor suggests âlight therapy,â you'll sit under a special machine that emits UVB light. UVB rays are the type that can give you a sunburn. But when you're exposed to very small amounts, they actually help your skin. UVB rays can reduce itching and inflammation. They can also help your skin resist bacteria that can cause infections. Up to 70% of people with stubborn eczema see their symptoms improve after about a month of light therapy.


Question: How do diet changes help treat eczema?

Answer: Diet changes: A certain food is likely not the only cause of your eczema, but it could play a part. Certain foods may trigger a change in your skin within minutes or cause a flare days later. If you're having a hard time clearing up your eczema with medicines, your doctor could suggest you try a food elimination diet. You may also need to be tested for food allergies. This can confirm which foods are making your skin worse so you know to avoid them.


Question: How does stress reduction treat severe eczema?

Answer: Stress reduction: If you're not at ease talking with a therapist, there are other ways to ease your stress. Hypnosis, guided imagery, and meditation have all been shown to help ease eczema symptoms. You can also try biofeedback. During a treatment session, sensors attached to your body will measure your heart rate, muscle tension, and brain waves. Once you learn what it feels like when your body is upset or stressed, you can learn to calm yourself.


Question: How can steroids help with severe eczema?

Answer: Other treatments may be able to soothe your skin and get your symptoms in check. Steroids: If you're in a severe flare, your doctor may prescribe a steroid cream, shot, or pill. Because steroids are good at easing inflammation, they'll make you feel better quickly. You can help prevent this by taking good care of your skin. Because there may be a rare link between these drugs and skin cancer, you should only use them for short periods of time.


Question: Should you see a doctor about human bites?

Answer: See a health care provider about any human bite that has broken the skin, because there is a high risk of infection. Signs of infection include redness, pain, swelling, or pus. Tell the health care provider if the person has stiffness, lack of mobility, or numbness in the area. There may be damage to tendons or nerves.


Question: How do you clean human bites?

Answer: Rinse for several minutes under running water. Apply antibiotic ointment to prevent infection. Cover the wound with a gauze or bandage.


Question: When should you call 911 about human bites?

Answer: Blood spurts from the wound. Apply firm, direct pressure with sterile gauze or clean cloth until bleeding stops. See a health care provider about any human bite that has broken the skin, because there is a high risk of infection.


Question: How can my doctor help me manage fatigue with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Ask your doctor about medications. If fatigue hits often, talk to your doctor. If you can't get to sleep, prescription sleep aids could help you get a full night's rest. The doctor can also test your blood to make sure it's not another condition making you tired.


Question: How can a sleep routine help me manage fatigue with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Stick to a sleep routine. Good habits help you get enough rest so you feel less fatigue the next day. Go to bed at the same time each night. Get up at the same time each morning. Cut back on caffeine, alcoholic drinks, and nicotine. All of these can disrupt your sleep. Fight the urge to take an afternoon nap. Sleeping during the day can make it harder for you to nod off at night. When it's time for lights out, turn off devices like your smartphone or tablet. You'll rest better in a dark, quiet room.


Question: How can counseling or therapy help me manage fatigue with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Cognitive behavioral therapy or counseling with a mental health professional can ease the stress that worsens your fatigue. It can also help you control how fatigue affects your life.


Question: What alternative treatments should I explore to help manage fatigue with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Massage therapy often eases stress and anxiety. It helps you let go of your thoughts and get to sleep. Acupuncture also works for many people. Talk to your doctor before you take any herbal treatment or try any nonmedical therapy.


Question: How does eating the right food help me manage fatigue with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in foods like nuts and cold-water fish, help ease fatigue by reducing inflammation. Start your day with a healthy breakfast, even if you wake up tired. Choose foods that are rich in fiber, complex carbohydrates, and lean protein. A bowl of high-fiber cereal, fresh fruit, and low-fat milk can give you more energy for the rest of your day.


Question: How does regular exercise help me manage fatigue with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Get regular exercise. The last thing you may want to do is work out. But activity lowers fatigue if you have RA. Simple things like a daily walk or a swim can build stronger muscles and soothe achy joints. Try to do something, even if you just stretch, even on days when you're really tired. Yoga and tai chi are two gentle activities that help ease fatigue and lower stress that can keep you awake.


Question: How does drinking water help me manage fatigue with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in foods like nuts and cold-water fish, help ease fatigue by reducing inflammation. Your body needs fluids to keep going. Fatigue may be a sign that you're dried out. Aim for about eight glasses a day. You may need more if you're extra active or when it's hot outside.


Question: What are thumb touches for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: One at a time, touch the tip of each finger to the tip of your thumb so they make an O-shape. Repeat a few times.


Question: How can you do wrist resistance exercises for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Sit down at a table. Rest your forearm, wrist, and hand on the table, with your palm facing down -- this is the hand and wrist affected by carpal tunnel syndrome. Lay your other hand across the knuckles at a 90-degree angle, so your hands make a plus sign. Lift your bottom hand up, but resist with your top one. You'll feel this in the muscles of your forearm. Repeat a few times a day.


Question: How do you do nerve gliding exercises for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Like the last exercise, you'll move through a series of positions with this one. Go slow and move smoothly: Bend your elbow and make a fist that faces you -- your wrist is neutral. Straighten your fingers out so they all point up, wrist neutral, thumb tucked in and pointing up. Bend your wrist to point your fingertips away from you, thumb still in close to your fingers. Extend your thumb out to the side. Hold that position, but turn your forearm away from you. Use your other hand to gently pull your thumb down for a little more stretch. Do this for just a few seconds. Repeat three to five times. Do this two to three times a day.


Question: Do exercises help with carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: But keep in mind that studies are mixed about how much they help. You'll get the best results if you do them along with other treatments, like using a brace and tweaking your activities so they put less strain on your hand and wrist. When you try hand exercises for carpal tunnel syndrome, remember this isn't like going to the gym to lose weight. Forget the whole " No pain, no gain" idea. If it hurts, take a break. If you push it, you can make your symptoms much worse. One more tip: Start slow and easy and see how it goes. If you're not sure if an exercise is right for you, check with your doctor.


Question: What's a wrist exercise that might help if you have carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Rest your elbow and arm on the table and let your wrist hang over the side, palm of your hand facing up. Bend your hand away from you so your fingers point down toward the floor. Hold for 15-30 seconds. Return to a straight, neutral wrist with palm facing down. Bend your wrist up so your fingertips point toward the ceiling. Use your other hand to gently pull your fingers back toward you. Repeat 10 times. Do this up to three times a day.


Question: How do you do a wrist curl exercise?

Answer: Sit or stand for this one. Grab a 1-pound weight or a can of beans. With your elbows at your side, lift your forearm so your arm makes an L-shape. Your forearm should be parallel to the floor. Start with your wrist straight and neutral, palm with the weight facing down. Bend your wrist up. Return to a straight, neutral position. Repeat 10 times. Do this up to three times a day.


Question: How can you stretch your wrist?

Answer: Bend your hand toward you so your fingers point up toward the ceiling. Bend your hand away from you so your fingers point down toward the floor. Hold for 5 seconds. Sit down at a table. Rest your forearm, wrist, and hand on the table, with your palm facing down -- this is the hand and wrist affected by carpal tunnel syndrome. Start with your wrist straight and neutral, palm with the weight facing down. Return to a straight, neutral position. Repeat 10 times. Do this up to three times a day.


Question: How do you do tendon gliding exercise for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Curl your fingers inward, so they're all bent at the middle knuckles and your fingertips touch the top of your palm -- it looks like you're hitchhiking with curled fingers. Fold your fingers straight down so your fingertips touch your palm -- you're making a straight-fingered fist with your thumb now tucked in and touching your index finger. Curl your fingers into a regular fist. Like the last exercise, you'll move through a series of positions with this one. Go slow and move smoothly: Bend your elbow and make a fist that faces you -- your wrist is neutral. Bend your wrist to point your fingertips away from you, thumb still in close to your fingers. Do this two to three times a day. Repeat 10 times.


Question: Do hand squeezes for grip strength help if you have carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Hold for 5 seconds. Repeat 10 times. Do this up to three times a day.


Question: What is finger fanning for carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Make a fist. Fan your fingers out -- stretch them as far as you can. Repeat 10 times.


Question: What is the purpose of a colostomy?

Answer: When the colon, rectum, or anus is unable to function normally because of disease or injury, or needs to rest from normal function, the body must have another way to eliminate the waste. A colostomy is an opening -- called a stoma -- that connects the colon to the surface of the abdomen. This provides a new path for waste material and gas to leave the body. A colostomy can be permanent or temporary.


Question: What are some warnings that can come with a colostomy?

Answer: In some cases of colostomy, skin irritation or infection can result from stool that leaks under the bag. A hernia can develop around a colostomy, and the bowel may become narrow. Taking good care of your stoma and eating a balanced diet can help you avoid these problems.


Question: What is a colostomy?

Answer: It also absorbs any remaining nutrients. The solid waste material is then passed through the colon to the rectum. From there, it is eliminated from the body through the anus. When the colon, rectum, or anus is unable to function normally because of disease or injury, or needs to rest from normal function, the body must have another way to eliminate the waste. A colostomy is an opening -- called a stoma -- that connects the colon to the surface of the abdomen.


Question: How will a colostomy change someone's life?

Answer: While still in the hospital after your surgery, you will be educated about the care of your colostomy and given some tips for making the necessary adjustments. Living with a colostomy will require a modification of your lifestyle. But with proper education and guidance, it can be manageable. Hopefully the following tips will help you adjust. And, keep in mind there are colostomy societies and support groups available to offer assistance. Monitor your medications. Some medicines can cause constipation or diarrhea. Eat a well-balanced diet. Avoid foods that cause excessive gas, such as cabbage, beans, and some nuts. A dietitian can help you choose a balanced diet that will help you avoid constipation and diarrhea and not interfere with your colostomy. Live your life. Having a colostomy is not the end of life as you know it. Modern colostomy supplies are designed to lie flat and are not noticeable under clothing. Most colostomy patients are able to return to work and to many of the activities -- including sex -- they enjoyed before surgery. Consider colostomy irrigation. Some people find that a process called colostomy irrigation, which uses an enema through the stoma, clears the colon for the day and a bag may not be necessary. Talk to your doctor to find out if you are a candidate. Be sure to talk with your doctor or the nurse about resuming your normal activities and about any concerns you have about living with your colostomy.


Question: Can an infection cause low levels of white blood cells?

Answer: Infection: Viruses can affect your bone marrow and cause low WBCs for a while. Severe infections, like blood infections, can lead to your body using up WBCs faster than it can make them. HIV kills a specific kind of white blood cell.


Question: How does your doctor check how many white blood cells you have?

Answer: Your doctor measures how many of these cells you have by sending some of your blood to a lab to do a complete blood count, or CBC. Your white blood cell count is one of the numbers you get back from this test.


Question: Can medicines cause low levels of white blood cells?

Answer: Medicines: Some drugs, including antibiotics, can destroy WBCs.


Question: Can poor nutrition cause low levels of white blood cells?

Answer: Nutrition: Not eating well or low levels of certain vitamins, such as folic acid and B12, can affect how your body makes WBCs. Alcohol abuse can mess with the nutrients in your body and with WBC counts, too.


Question: How can spleen problems cause low levels of white blood cells?

Answer: Spleen problems: The spleen also makes WBCs. Infections, blood clots, and other problems can make it swell and not work the way it should. This will drop your WBC count.


Question: What is the normal range of how many white blood cells a person has?

Answer: A blood test that shows a WBC count of less than 4,000 per microliter (some labs say less than 4,500) could mean your body may not be able to fight infection the way it should.


Question: Why do some people fear trying to lose weight?

Answer: Fears come in all reasons and rationales, like: You think other people will be jealous if you lose weight, and they may stop hanging out with you. You believe that people will notice you more if you take action, and you're not confident you'll know how to respond. Noticing a fear is the first step to overcoming it.


Question: What are some small goals I can set for myself to lose weight?

Answer: Add one more glass of water to your day over the course of a week; it will help you feel fuller. Go to bed 5 minutes early every day for a week until you're hitting the sack about 8 hours before you have to wake. Celebrate each time you meet a small goal. Treat yourself to something small (like downloading a new song) that's not about food.


Question: Do rapid weight loss goals work?

Answer: Drastic, over-the-top plans won't take you to your goal weight. Instead, take small steps toward a realistic goal. It will keep you moving steadily forward. It may take longer than you'd like, but you're much more likely to stick with your plan.


Question: Do I have to avoid all treats while trying to lose weight?

Answer: It happens when you set goals you can't meet and when you refuse to give yourself the praise you deserve. Automatic thoughts are what you say to yourself.


Question: Who is mostly affected by diabetic comas?

Answer: It usually affects people with type 2 diabetes that isn't well-controlled. It's common among those who are elderly, chronically ill, and disabled. Doctors aren't sure why, but they think these people may not realize they're thirsty or may not be able to get enough to drink. This is a serious condition, and if it isn't spotted soon and treated quickly, it could be fatal. Knowing the symptoms can help you stay safe.


Question: Can a diabetic coma be prevented?

Answer: Take these simple steps to help protect yourself: Check your blood sugar regularly, as your doctor recommends. Know your target blood sugar ranges and what to do if the readings are too high. Plan how often to check your blood sugar when you're sick. Take extra care of yourself if you're ill.


Question: How can diabetic comas be prevented?

Answer: Take these simple steps to help protect yourself: Check your blood sugar regularly, as your doctor recommends. Know your target blood sugar ranges and what to do if the readings are too high. Plan how often to check your blood sugar when you're sick. Take extra care of yourself if you're ill.


Question: What are the symptoms of motion sickness?

Answer: Some people are a little more likely to get it than others: Women, especially when they're menstruating, pregnant, or on hormone therapy People who get migraines, especially when they have one Kids ages 2 to 12 People who take certain kinds of medications -- some antibiotics, narcotics, asthma medicines, antidepressants, and even common over-the-counter drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen Nausea and vomiting are the most common symptoms caused by motion sickness, but they're not the only ones. It also can cause cold sweats, headaches, and pain. Sometimes your skin may be pale, or you might get sleepy or have more saliva. Lots of yawning can be the first sign of motion sickness. And some people get more and more irritable.


Question: Who can get motion sickness?

Answer: Anyone can get it. It happens when your brain gets conflicting information from your body, your eyes, and your inner ear (which tells your brain how your head is moving). For example, if you're on a boat, your inner ear may detect a rolling motion that your eyes can't see. That can cause motion sickness.


Question: What other drug can help with motion sickness?

Answer: The other well-known drug used to keep motion sickness under control is scopolamine ( Transderm Scop). It's an adhesive patch you put behind your ear a few hours before you think you'll need it. You have to have a prescription to get it.


Question: How can you treat motion sickness in children?

Answer: Kids shouldn't take antihistamines or scopolamine. If your child is between the ages of 2 and 12, dimenhydrinate ( Dramamine) or diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) might be helpful. Try a test dose before you leave home, though, because some children can be sensitive to them. As with all drugs -- including over-the-counter antihistamines -- check with your doctor before you take them or give them to your child.


Question: What can you do to avoid motion sickness?

Answer: Lots of yawning can be the first sign of motion sickness. Lie down if you can, or shut your eyes, and keep your head still. Look at the horizon -- don't read or stare at the seat in front of you. Find a better spot. Many people find relief by taking the wheel. If you're not driving, sit in the front seat rather than in back. If you're in a plane, sit over the wing rather than in the front or extreme back. If you're on a bus or train, try to get a seat that faces the way you're going. Add some distractions -- music, for example. Or eat something. Dry crackers may calm a queasy stomach. Suck on a lozenge. ( Something with ginger in it may be especially helpful.) Light, fizzy drinks, like ginger ale, also can help. There's some evidence that bands that put pressure on your wrist -- some send small electrical stimulation to a specific area -- can help, but other studies have shown that they don't. Try a test dose before you leave home, though, because some children can be sensitive to them.


Question: How do antihistamines treat motion sickness?

Answer: That can cause motion sickness. The first is antihistamines, both prescription and over-the-counter. These are the most commonly used medications for motion sickness, and they're available in any drug store and in many supermarkets. Cyclizine ( Marezine) and dimenhydrinate ( Dramamine) are two major ones. Make sure to read the drug labels, though. One of the big side effects of these medications is drowsiness. Some products use different ingredients that don't make you as sleepy, but they may not work as well.


Question: Are Epsom salts the same as Dead Sea salts?

Answer: It's not the same as Dead Sea salts, a blend of minerals found only in the Dead Sea in the Middle East. The water and light there supposedly help skin diseases, arthritis, and other health problems.


Question: How effective are Epsom salt baths?

Answer: People use Epsom salt baths as a home treatment for: Arthritis pain and swelling Bruises and sprains Fibromyalgia, a condition that makes your muscles, ligaments, and tendons hurt, and causes tender points throughout your body Ingrown toenails Insomnia Psoriasis, a disease that causes red, itchy, scaly skin Sore muscles after working out Soreness from diarrhea during chemotherapy Sunburn pain and redness Tired, swollen feet While there are plenty of folk remedy claims, there aren't a lot of studies to back them up. Taking this type of bath probably won't hurt you, but if you have health concerns, check with your doctor first.


Question: What does Epsom salt do to your body?

Answer: Don't use Epsom salt in a hot tub, whirlpool, or other tub with jets unless the manufacturer says it's OK. Keep the part of your body that hurts in the water for at least 12 minutes.


Question: Are Epsom salts the same as bath crystals?

Answer: They may not be made from the same chemicals. Plus they often have oils, colors, and perfumes to relax you and soften your skin. In water, it breaks down into magnesium and sulfate. The theory is that when you soak in an Epsom salt bath, these get into your body through your skin.


Question: How can you take an Epsom salt bath?

Answer: The water should be very warm -- not hot, but comfortable to the touch. Add the Epsom salt while the water is running to help it dissolve. For a standard-sized tub, use the amount suggested on the package, usually 1 to 2 cups, or the amount recommended by your doctor. Don't use Epsom salt in a hot tub, whirlpool, or other tub with jets unless the manufacturer says it's OK. Keep the part of your body that hurts in the water for at least 12 minutes.


Question: How long should and how often should you take an Epsom salt bath?

Answer: Don't use Epsom salt in a hot tub, whirlpool, or other tub with jets unless the manufacturer says it's OK. Keep the part of your body that hurts in the water for at least 12 minutes. Just relax. Check with your doctor about how long and how often you should soak. You may need to do it just once for an ingrown toenail, or every day if you have arthritis pain.


Question: Where can you get Epsom salt?

Answer: You can find it in most drugstores, usually around the aspirin and laxatives. Many grocery and natural food stores also carry it. A large box costs just a few dollars.


Question: What are Epsom salt baths used for?

Answer: People use Epsom salt baths as a home treatment for: Arthritis pain and swelling Bruises and sprains Fibromyalgia, a condition that makes your muscles, ligaments, and tendons hurt, and causes tender points throughout your body Ingrown toenails Insomnia Psoriasis, a disease that causes red, itchy, scaly skin Sore muscles after working out Soreness from diarrhea during chemotherapy Sunburn pain and redness Tired, swollen feet While there are plenty of folk remedy claims, there aren't a lot of studies to back them up. Taking this type of bath probably won't hurt you, but if you have health concerns, check with your doctor first.


Question: How does Epsom salt work for aches and pains?

Answer: In water, it breaks down into magnesium and sulfate. The theory is that when you soak in an Epsom salt bath, these get into your body through your skin. That hasn't been proven, but just soaking in warm water can help relax muscles and loosen stiff joints.


Question: Where can you buy Epsom salt?

Answer: Many grocery and natural food stores also carry it. A large box costs just a few dollars.


Question: How do Epsom salt baths work?

Answer: In water, it breaks down into magnesium and sulfate. The theory is that when you soak in an Epsom salt bath, these get into your body through your skin. That hasn't been proven, but just soaking in warm water can help relax muscles and loosen stiff joints.


Question: What can Epsom salt baths treat?

Answer: People use Epsom salt baths as a home treatment for: Arthritis pain and swelling Bruises and sprains Fibromyalgia, a condition that makes your muscles, ligaments, and tendons hurt, and causes tender points throughout your body Ingrown toenails Insomnia Psoriasis, a disease that causes red, itchy, scaly skin Sore muscles after working out Soreness from diarrhea during chemotherapy Sunburn pain and redness Tired, swollen feet While there are plenty of folk remedy claims, there aren't a lot of studies to back them up.


Question: How do you take an Epsom salt bath?

Answer: Taking this type of bath probably won't hurt you, but if you have health concerns, check with your doctor first. The water should be very warm -- not hot, but comfortable to the touch. Add the Epsom salt while the water is running to help it dissolve. For a standard-sized tub, use the amount suggested on the package, usually 1 to 2 cups, or the amount recommended by your doctor. Don't use Epsom salt in a hot tub, whirlpool, or other tub with jets unless the manufacturer says it's OK. Keep the part of your body that hurts in the water for at least 12 minutes. Just relax. Check with your doctor about how long and how often you should soak.


Question: Is Epsom salt the same as Dead Sea salts?

Answer: It's not the same as Dead Sea salts, a blend of minerals found only in the Dead Sea in the Middle East. The water and light there supposedly help skin diseases, arthritis, and other health problems.


Question: Is Epsom salt a type of bath crystal?

Answer: Epsom salt is also different from fancy bath crystals. They may not be made from the same chemicals. Plus they often have oils, colors, and perfumes to relax you and soften your skin.


Question: What is Epsom salt?

Answer: It's not the same as Dead Sea salts, a blend of minerals found only in the Dead Sea in the Middle East. For a standard-sized tub, use the amount suggested on the package, usually 1 to 2 cups, or the amount recommended by your doctor.


Question: Is Epsom salt actually salt?

Answer: The " Epsom" part is a place in England where it's found in natural springs. For a standard-sized tub, use the amount suggested on the package, usually 1 to 2 cups, or the amount recommended by your doctor.


Question: How can you get erectile dysfunction (ED) from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: Several treatments for advanced prostate cancer can cause ED, including: Surgery Hormone therapy Radiation to the prostate You can take care of your ED with medicine and other treatments: Sildenafil ( Revatio, Viagra) Tadalafil ( Adcirca, Cialis) Vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn) Penile injectable medications such as alprostadil ( Caverject Impulse, Edex, Muse) Vacuum pump.


Question: How can you control symptoms of hormonal changes from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: During treatment, you may: Gain weight Develop breasts or have tenderness Feel depressed Lose muscle mass Develop weaker bones Have hot flashes When your testosterone levels are low, you may also be more likely than other men to have: Diabetes Heart attack High blood pressure You can control many of the symptoms of low testosterone with medication and lifestyle changes. Dietary supplements, such as calcium and vitamin D, along with exercise and weight training, can help boost bone strength and reduce your risk of heart disease and diabetes. Those hormonal changes may be reversible.


Question: How can infertility occur from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: This may happen after some treatments for prostate cancer, such as: Surgery to remove your prostate gland Radiation to your pelvis Chemotherapy Because infertility could be permanent, if you want to have children in the future, you should talk to your doctor about banking your sperm.


Question: How can you treat incontinence from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: When you laugh, cough, or sneeze, you might leak urine or find that you can't control its flow. This can happen after you have surgery to remove your prostate as well as from radiation therapy. Try these tips: Cut back on or avoid alcohol and caffeine. Do Kegel exercises to strengthen the muscles that control the flow of urine.


Question: What are some other risks of hormonal changes from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: During treatment, you may: Gain weight Develop breasts or have tenderness Feel depressed Lose muscle mass Develop weaker bones Have hot flashes When your testosterone levels are low, you may also be more likely than other men to have: Diabetes Heart attack High blood pressure You can control many of the symptoms of low testosterone with medication and lifestyle changes.


Question: How do you know if you are experiencing hormonal changes from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: During treatment, you may: Gain weight Develop breasts or have tenderness Feel depressed Lose muscle mass Develop weaker bones Have hot flashes When your testosterone levels are low, you may also be more likely than other men to have: Diabetes Heart attack High blood pressure You can control many of the symptoms of low testosterone with medication and lifestyle changes.


Question: How can you get diarrhea from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: Penile implants You can get this from: Hormone therapy, especially the combination of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) agonists and anti-androgen therapies Chemotherapy Radiation to the prostate. This is less common with newer, focused techniques.


Question: How can you treat erectile dysfunction (ED) from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: Several treatments for advanced prostate cancer can cause ED, including: Surgery Hormone therapy Radiation to the prostate You can take care of your ED with medicine and other treatments: Sildenafil ( Revatio, Viagra) Tadalafil ( Adcirca, Cialis) Vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn) Penile injectable medications such as alprostadil ( Caverject Impulse, Edex, Muse) Vacuum pump. It's a device that uses suction to achieve an erection and an elastic ring to maintain it. Penile implants You can get this from: Hormone therapy, especially the combination of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) agonists and anti-androgen therapies Chemotherapy Radiation to the prostate.


Question: How can you treat hormonal changes from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: The medicines you take to treat advanced prostate cancer are strong. They can cause side effects, but there are lots of ways to manage them.


Question: How can you treat diarrhea from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: To ease the symptoms, drink 8 to 12 cups of clear liquids every day, such as: Water Ginger ale Sports drinks Broth Also, change your diet. Eat five to six small meals a day rather than three large ones. And try foods that are easy on the stomach, such as: Skinless broiled or baked chicken Rice Boiled potatoes Avoid things that can irritate your intestines, such as: Milk and dairy products Spicy foods Caffeine High-fiber foods Greasy foods Ask your doctor if you need any supplements.


Question: What should you know about treating advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: This may happen after some treatments for prostate cancer, such as: Surgery to remove your prostate gland Radiation to your pelvis Chemotherapy Because infertility could be permanent, if you want to have children in the future, you should talk to your doctor about banking your sperm. You may need to take medicines to lower your levels of testosterone and other male sex hormones because those hormones can fuel the growth of your cancer. There are side effects, but also ways to deal with these problems. So if you don't like how it makes you feel, let your doctor know.


Question: How can you fight fatigue from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: The cancer and some treatments for it, like radiation, hormone therapy, chemo, and vaccines, can make you feel wiped out. You can get some energy back if you: Exercise every day. Talk to your doctor about drugs you can take before your treatment to help prevent and control nausea and vomiting.


Question: How can you treat nausea and vomiting from advanced prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: Try these tips: Cut back on or avoid alcohol and caffeine. Stick to foods and drinks that are easy on the stomach. Wear loose-fitting clothes. Talk to your doctor about drugs you can take before your treatment to help prevent and control nausea and vomiting. If one doesn't work, try another. Also, ask your doctor about complementary treatments, such as: Acupuncture Hypnosis Biofeedback Guided imagery They may also help manage side effects.


Question: What are the symptoms of a hiatal hernia?

Answer: Symptoms may include: Heartburn, regurgitation Difficulty swallowing Chest pain radiating from below the breastbone A bloated feeling after eating Shortness of breath You have chest pain; you may have angina (chest pain associated with heart disease), or you may be having a heart attack.


Question: When should you call a doctor about a hiatal hernia?

Answer: Symptoms may include: Heartburn, regurgitation Difficulty swallowing Chest pain radiating from below the breastbone A bloated feeling after eating Shortness of breath You have chest pain; you may have angina (chest pain associated with heart disease), or you may be having a heart attack. Get medical care immediately. You are being treated for heartburn or hiatal hernia, and you feel sudden chest or stomach pain, have difficulty swallowing, are vomiting, or are unable to have a bowel movement or pass gas; you may have a hernia that has become obstructed or strangulated, which are emergencies. Seek medical help without delay. Your hiatal hernia is accompanied by chronic heartburn; stomach acid is repeatedly burning your esophagus, which can lead to esophagitis (an inflamed and ulcerated esophagus), esophageal bleeding or scarring, or cancer. See your health care provider as soon as possible.


Question: What's the difference between hypomania and mania?

Answer: You probably already know that bipolar disorder can bring with it dramatic mood swings. You can go from the depths of depression to the racing thoughts, extreme energy, and wired feelings that doctors call âmania.â But have you heard of âhypomaniaâ? It's a less severe form of mania. It actually may feel pretty good because your mood is up and you have more energy than usual, but it's not out of control. The problem is that for someone with bipolar disorder, hypomania can evolve into mania. Or it can switch to serious depression. And you can't tell which one might happen, because the pattern isn't predictable.


Question: What are symptoms of mania in bipolar disorder?

Answer: You may: Have lots of energy Feel high or wired Have racing thoughts Talk fast Take more risks Need less sleep than usual to feel rested Have more distractions than usual Have intense senses, such as smell and touch Some people with bipolar disorder become psychotic when manic or depressed -- for example, hearing things that aren't there. They may hold onto false beliefs, too. In some instances, they see themselves as having superhuman skills and powers -- even considering themselves to be god-like.


Question: What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Answer: This is your endocrine system's master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do.


Question: What should you know about the key parts in the endocrine system?

Answer: Your endocrine system: Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction Controls how your hormones are released Sends those hormones into your bloodstream so they can travel to other body parts Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach. Your ovaries (if you're a woman) or testes (if you're a man) are in your pelvic region.


Question: What can happen if your endocrine system isn't healthy?

Answer: If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. You also might gain weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy.


Question: What is the role of the parathyroid gland in the endocrine system?

Answer: This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.


Question: What is the role of the adrenal glands in the endocrine system?

Answer: Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (also called epinephrine), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.


Question: What health issues should you keep in mind regarding the endocrine system?

Answer: As you get older, it's natural to notice some things related to your endocrine system. Your metabolism tends to slow down. So you might gain weight even though you haven't changed how you eat or exercise. Hormonal shifts also explain, at least in part, why you're more likely to have heart disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes as you age. No matter how old you are, stress, infections, and being around certain chemicals can also mess with parts of your endocrine system. And genetics or lifestyle habits can increase your chances of an endocrine disorder like hypothyroidism, diabetes, or osteoporosis.


Question: What is the role of the thymus in the endocrine system?

Answer: This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.


Question: What is the role of the thyroid in the endocrine system?

Answer: Thyroid gland. If it makes too much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying. Your metabolism tends to slow down. So you might gain weight even though you haven't changed how you eat or exercise. Hypothyroidism.


Question: How can medical alert systems help with caregiving?

Answer: Medical alert systems have a bracelet or pendant with an alarm button. When your loved one presses the button -- if they fall or are in trouble -- an operator at a call center answers. Depending on the company you choose, they'll notify a specific person or an emergency service, or perhaps talk through a device like a speakerphone. Some wearables might detect that the person has fallen, too. You may also be able to get more help buttons that you can place around their home, like near the bath, in case they aren't wearing their device.


Question: How can technology help with caregiving?

Answer: Plus, they can offer your loved one greater safety and independence. Some doctors' offices have occupational therapists or social workers who can help you find resources. If yours doesn't, ask about a referral or recommendation. Also, look for information and inspiration from a nonprofit group for your loved one's illness or disability, locally or online. Apps for smartphones and tablets can make it easier for people with conditions such as MS or Parkinson's to communicate. Caregivers have long used egg timers and digital watches to remind loved ones to take their medicine or get ready for a doctor's appointment.


Question: What gadgets can help with caregiving?

Answer: If your loved one has trouble because of a physical disability, look into low-tech assistive devices, like a reacher (a pole with a claw on the end), to grab stuff off a high shelf. Even simple tools like a can opener with thick, easy-to-grip handles can make a big difference. Get an inexpensive locating system to help find things that often get misplaced. Apps for smartphones and tablets can make it easier for people with conditions such as MS or Parkinson's to communicate. With special software and hardware, computers can even be controlled by eye movements.


Question: What electronic gadgets can help a caregiver look after a loved one?

Answer: They'll sound an alarm when opened, so you'll be aware when someone leaves. Pressure sensors can help track motion, too. For instance, put one under a mattress so you'll know when the person you're caring for gets out of bed. With a ''nanny cam'' connected to the Internet, you can keep an eye on your loved one from home or work. Going a step beyond bracelets and pendants inscribed with a person's health condition, some medical alert system wearables come with GPS tracking, too. Wearable fitness trackers and health monitors, such as Fitbit and Care Predict, can record things such as sleep patterns and activity, which you can check with an app.


Question: What kinds of gadgets let you set reminders to help with caregiving?

Answer: Caregivers have long used egg timers and digital watches to remind loved ones to take their medicine or get ready for a doctor's appointment. An app on a smartphone or tablet gives you more flexibility to schedule daily, weekly, or monthly alarms. There are services that let you set up automatic emails, text messages, or even phone calls to prompt your loved one to do things like take medicine, check their blood sugar, make an appointment, or exercise. An electronic pillbox will give out medicines on a timer. Prescription management services will deliver custom sets of medications in regular shipments.


Question: Who is a part of a hospice care team?

Answer: It helps people live with the symptoms of long-running things such as cancer, kidney disease or AIDS, or with the side effects of the treatments.


Question: Can you get addicted to opiates for palliative or hospice care?

Answer: Researchers say people who are prescribed opioids during these kinds of cases, and use them as directed, rarely become addicted to them. It's OK to take them instead of suffering.


Question: Will insurance pay for palliative or hospice care?

Answer: So does Medicaid, the federal-state health program for the poor. Most private insurers cover it as well. Palliative care is not as well-covered. Medicare and private insurers cover some medicines, but not others. You may want to check your policy or call your insurance company to find out.


Question: Do palliative care and hospice care use medications for pain?

Answer: Those can range from over-the-counter drugs such as ibuprofen to stronger relief with opioid medications such as oxycodone or morphine. Palliative care is not as well-covered.


Question: What is hospice care?

Answer: This is for people who have learned from doctors that they are not expected to recover from their condition. It's about easing pain and helping families prepare for the end of life. They're often at home, where family members and professional caregivers look after them. But you could also choose a specialized center for hospice care. It's also offered at many nursing homes and hospitals.


Question: What are side effects of drugs taken for pain during palliative or hospice care?

Answer: Those can range from over-the-counter drugs such as ibuprofen to stronger relief with opioid medications such as oxycodone or morphine. Your doctor should be able to help you decide whether to start taking them and how much you need.


Question: How do corticosteroid creams, solutions, foams, and ointments treat eczema?

Answer: These treatments made with hydrocortisone steroids can quickly relieve itching and reduce inflammation. They come in different strengths, from mild over-the-counter ( OTC) treatments to stronger prescription medicines. OTC hydrocortisone is often the first thing doctors recommend to treat mild eczema. You may need different strengths of these steroids depending on where and how bad your rash is. For example, a doctor may prescribe a more potent one for thick, scaly skin. Side effects from these meds, such as thinning skin and stretch marks, are rare when you take them as directed.


Question: How is NSAID ointment used to treat eczema?

Answer: There is now a new prescription non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory called crisaborole ( Eucrisa) which can be used to treat mild to moderate forms of eczema. A twice a day application for patients 2 years old and older has been effective in reducing inflammation and helping the skin return to a normal appearance.


Question: How does pimecrolimus and tacrolimus treat eczema?

Answer: Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, medicines you rub on your skin, treat moderate-to-severe eczema for some people. They ease inflammation, but they aren't steroids. They may increase the risk of skin cancer and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, so the FDA issued a special warning for them. Talk to your doctor about these risks before you take the drugs.


Question: What are the goals of eczema treatment?

Answer: Eczema treatment has four main goals: Control the itch. Heal the skin. Prevent flares. Prevent infections.


Question: How do antihistamines treat eczema?

Answer: When you take them at night, these drugs relieve itching and can help you sleep.


Question: How do antibiotics treat eczema?

Answer: Scratching damages your skin, which allows bacteria to get under it and cause an infection. These medicines treat bacterial skin infections.


Question: How do you know what treatment is right for your eczema?

Answer: The right treatment for you depends on your age, medical history, how bad your symptoms are, and other things. You'll probably need to use a mix of remedies to get the best results. And there are things you should do on your own to keep your skin healthy and clear.


Question: How does phototherapy help treat eczema?

Answer: Ultraviolet ( UV) light can help treat moderate-to-severe eczema. UV rays help keep the immune system from overreacting. But too much of it can age your skin and raise your risk for skin cancer. So doctors use the lowest possible dose and watch your skin carefully when you get this treatment.


Question: How is PUVA therapy used to treat eczema?

Answer: With this type, you take psoralen, a prescription medication that makes the skin more sensitive to UVA light. It's for people who haven't gotten results from UV therapy alone.


Question: What can you do to take care of your skin at home to manage eczema?

Answer: Try these tips: Bathe only in warm water. Hot water dries out skin. Wash with a gentle cleanser instead of soap. Don't use body scrubbers or washcloths, which can be irritating. Pat dry with a soft towel instead of rubbing, and be sure to leave your skin damp. Apply moisturizers daily. Do it right after you bathe or wash your hands. Choose fragrance-free moisturizers that won't irritate you. Try using a thicker skin cream or ointment that has more oil at night, and wear cotton gloves or socks to lock in moisture. Gloves can also keep you from scratching in your sleep. Avoid too much bathing and hand washing. It will dry out your skin. Steer clear of alcohol-based hand cleaners, too. Limit your contact with skin irritants. Household cleaners, laundry detergents, perfumed soaps, bubble baths, cosmetics, and many other things can make eczema worse. Learn what irritates your skin so you can avoid it. Choose cotton clothes that fit comfortably. Wool and synthetic fibers can be irritating. Also, be sure to wash new clothes before you wear them for the first time. Use fragrance-free laundry soap, and rinse your laundry thoroughly. Avoid getting overheated. When you're hot and sweaty, it can trigger itching and scratching. After a workout, rinse off right away in a warm shower. Know your triggers. Many people with eczema react to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, and mold. Ease stress. It can be hard to find time to relax, but lowering your stress level will help you avoid symptom flare-ups.


Question: How is ultraviolet (UV) light therapy used to treat eczema?

Answer: UV rays help keep the immune system from overreacting. Sometimes you'll rub coal tar on your skin at the same time. You'll have sessions two to five times a week, depending on the type of treatment you get.


Question: How can keeping your skin healthy help with eczema?

Answer: They help lock water into your skin, repair damage, and ease dryness, redness, and itching. Plus, it feels good to pamper yourself.


Question: How do medications treat eczema?

Answer: The treatments may not have the same effects on everyone, though. So you and your doctor may need to try a few different options to see what works best for you. Side effects from these meds, such as thinning skin and stretch marks, are rare when you take them as directed.


Question: What do you need to know about eczema?

Answer: It's important to work closely with your doctor to make a plan that will help you control the itch and rash. Learn what irritates your skin so you can avoid it.


Question: What are the symptoms of Horner's syndrome?

Answer: These symptoms affect your eyes or face on the same side: Droopy eyelid (ptosis) No sweat on one side of your face Slightly raised lower eyelid Small pupil (the black dot in the middle of your eye) Pupils in each eye are different sizes Sunken or bloodshot eye You also can have pain or headaches, which happens more often in middle-aged men.


Question: How is Horner's syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor or an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) can do tests to see if you have Horner syndrome. She'll do a physical exam and ask about your medical history to find out if you've had any illness or injury that could have caused nerve damage. Then she'll put drops in your eyes to see how your pupils react. If you have Horner syndrome, one pupil won't widen or shrink as much as it should when the drops go in.


Question: Who can get Horner's syndrome?

Answer: In rare cases -- about 1 in 6,250 births -- a baby can be born with it. These symptoms affect your eyes or face on the same side: Droopy eyelid (ptosis) No sweat on one side of your face Slightly raised lower eyelid Small pupil (the black dot in the middle of your eye) Pupils in each eye are different sizes Sunken or bloodshot eye You also can have pain or headaches, which happens more often in middle-aged men. Children who get it before age 2 also can have one iris (the colored area around the pupil) that's a lighter color than the other one.


Question: Can newborns get Horner's syndrome?

Answer: Many things can affect the flow of signals through them: Cancer Cysts or tumors Damage to your aorta (the main blood vessel to your heart) or the myelin (a thin sheath around your nerves) Infection at the base of your skull Injuries to your carotid artery or jugular vein, which carry blood through your neck Migraines and cluster headaches Stroke Surgery Neck or shoulder injuries during delivery can cause Horner syndrome in some babies, but it's very rare. Babies born with damage to their aorta can also have it. And neuroblastoma, a type of cancer, can cause it in some kids. Only 5% of people who have the syndrome are born with it. Sometimes, there's no known reason for it.


Question: Is Horner's syndrome serious?

Answer: Horner syndrome can be a sign of a serious health risk such as nerve damage. See your doctor if you notice any of its symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of Horner's syndrome in children?

Answer: Children who get it before age 2 also can have one iris (the colored area around the pupil) that's a lighter color than the other one. Their faces may not flush on one side on hot days or after playing.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose Horner's syndrome?

Answer: Other tests may show if you have any kind of growth, damage, or injury that could cause it. The doctor may ask for any of the following: X-rays MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Powerful magnets and radio waves used to make detailed images CT scan (computerized tomography): Several X-rays taken from different angles and put together to show a more complete picture Your doctor also may want to test your blood or urine to check for any health problems that could cause nerve damage.


Question: What is Horner's syndrome?

Answer: It's also called Horner- Bernard syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy. These symptoms affect your eyes or face on the same side: Droopy eyelid (ptosis) No sweat on one side of your face Slightly raised lower eyelid Small pupil (the black dot in the middle of your eye) Pupils in each eye are different sizes Sunken or bloodshot eye You also can have pain or headaches, which happens more often in middle-aged men.


Question: What are side effects of arthritis creams and patches?

Answer: Arthritis creams and patches are usually well tolerated. However, skin irritation is possible. Symptoms of skin irritation include redness or burning where you applied the cream or patch. If you notice any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor to see if you should stop using the product. Allergic reactions can also occur. If you have signs of a severe allergic reaction -- hives, difficulty breathing, closing of the throat, swelling of the lips, tongue, or face -- you should stop using the product and seek emergency care or call your doctor immediately.


Question: How do topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help in treating arthritis?

Answer: Arthritis creams consisting of NSAIDs, commonly used in other countries, are starting to become available in the U. S. Although studies show topical NSAIDs give short-term relief only, it is likely that the topical route is safer than taking NSAIDs by mouth. There are several available products by prescription.


Question: How do salicylates help in treating arthritis?

Answer: Other arthritis creams are available that contain salicylates, compounds related to aspirin. Using topical salicylates may help you avoid most of the side effects of taking aspirin by mouth, but how well it works to relieve pain is unclear. Some brand names include Aspercreme, Bengay, Flexall, and Sportscreme.


Question: How does capsaicin help in treating arthritis?

Answer: Of topical pain medications, capsaicin, an ingredient found in cayenne peppers and available in over-the-counter creams and ointments ( Capzasin- P, Dolorac, Zostrix), probably has been studied the most. Capsaicin cream warms the skin when applied over the joint and temporarily blocks a chemical called substance P, which delivers pain messages to the brain. It has shown some effectiveness in trials for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and is a useful adjunctive therapy for some people. Remember to use disposable gloves when applying capsaicin cream, and avoid getting it in your eyes, nose, and mouth.


Question: Should you bank your baby's umbilical cord blood?

Answer: The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Academy of Pediatrics don't recommend routine cord blood storage. The groups say private banks should only be used when there's a sibling with a medical condition who could benefit from the stem cells. Families are encouraged to donate stem cells to a public bank to help others.


Question: What can a baby's umbilical cord blood be used for?

Answer: They can treat cancer, blood diseases like anemia, and some immune system disorders, which disrupt your body's ability to defend itself. The fluid is easy to collect and has 10 times more stem cells than those collected from bone marrow.


Question: What food allergies are linked to eczema?

Answer: Food allergies linked to eczema include: Cow's milk and other dairy products Eggs Nuts Soy Wheat How can you tell which foods cause flare-ups?


Question: What should you do to curb eczema flares?

Answer: Here's how: Use only gentle, scent-free soaps, lotions, detergents, and cosmetics. Stay indoors when pollen counts are high. Keep your windows closed and the air conditioning on to keep pollen out of your house. Wash your sheets and pillowcases in hot water every week to kill dust mites. Place dust-mite-proof covers on your mattresses. Keep the humidity in your house set at below 45% to prevent mold growth. Use an exhaust fan while you shower or take a bath to stop mold from growing on your bathroom walls.


Question: How do doctors do allergy tests if you have eczema?

Answer: Your doctor can also test you for allergies by putting a little bit of a substance on or under your skin. If you're allergic, a red bump will pop up. Your doctor may also do a blood test to check for something called Ig E. Your body makes that when you come in contact with something you're allergic to.


Question: When do you need to see an allergist if you have eczema?

Answer: If you have eczema, eating -- or just touching -- certain foods can make your skin flare up. This is most common with young children. Kids younger than 5 who have eczema should get tested for allergies to foods like eggs, milk, peanuts, wheat, and soy. No matter what your age, you should see an allergist if you have a reaction to foods.


Question: What is the atopic triad?

Answer: Doctors call these three conditions -- eczema, allergies, and asthma -- the atopic triad because they so often occur together. Kids who have a parent, brother, sister, or other family members with allergies or asthma are more likely to get eczema.


Question: Does genetics affect your eczema risk?

Answer: Up to 80% of children with eczema also have asthma or allergies to pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold, or certain foods. Do allergies cause eczema?


Question: What causes cough-variant asthma?

Answer: Like "classic" or "typical" asthma, no one really knows what causes cough-variant asthma. However, coughing may start after people are exposed to allergens, or when they are breathing in cold air. Coughing may also follow an upper respiratory infection. For example, sinusitis with asthma is common. In addition, a cough that begins after a person has begun taking beta-blockers is likely to be cough-variant asthma. Beta-blockers are drugs used to treat high blood pressure, heart disease, heart failure, migraines, palpitations, and other conditions. Beta-blockers are also found in eye drops to treat glaucoma and other eye problems. These eye drops can bring on asthma symptoms, including cough. Aspirin-sensitivity is another cause of coughing with asthma.


Question: What is cough-variant asthma?

Answer: Cough-variant asthma is a type of asthma in which the main symptom is a dry, non-productive cough. People with cough-variant asthma often have no other "classic" asthma symptoms, such as wheezing or shortness of breath. Cough-variant asthma is sometimes called chronic cough to describe a cough that has lasted longer than six to eight weeks. The coughing with asthma can occur during the day or at night. If you have nighttime asthma, it can interrupt sleep. People with cough-variant asthma often notice that coughing increases with exercise, called exercise-induced asthma. Coughing may increase when they are exposed to asthma triggers or allergy-causing substances like dust or strong fragrances, or when they are in cold air. Cough-variant asthma is treated in the same way that typical asthma is treated.


Question: What are some non-obvious symptoms of cholesterol problems?

Answer: A high level of cholesterol in the blood doesn't have obvious symptoms, but it can increase your risk for conditions that do have symptoms, including angina (chest pain caused by heart disease), high blood pressure, stroke, and other circulatory ailments.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis involve the immune system?

Answer: The immune system produces antibodies that attach to the linings of joints. Immune system cells then attack the joints, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain. If untreated, rheumatoid arthritis causes gradually causes permanent joint damage. Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis can include various oral or injectable medications that reduce immune system over activity.


Question: How does Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome affect the immune system?

Answer: The immune system attacks the nerves controlling muscles in the legs and sometimes the arms and upper body. Weakness results, which can sometimes be severe. Filtering the blood with a procedure called plasmapheresis is the main treatment for Guillain- Barre syndrome.


Question: How does inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affect the immune system?

Answer: The immune system attacks the lining of the intestines, causing episodes of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, urgent bowel movements, abdominal pain, fever, and weight loss. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two major forms of IBD. Oral and injected immune-suppressing medicines can treat IBD.


Question: How does myasthenia gravis affect the immune system?

Answer: Antibodies bind to nerves and make them unable to stimulate muscles properly. Weakness that gets worse with activity is the main symptom of myasthenia gravis. Mestinon (pyridostigmine) is the main medicine used to treat myasthenia gravis.


Question: How does type 1 diabetes mellitus affect the immune system?

Answer: Immune system antibodies attack and destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. By young adulthood, people with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections to survive.


Question: What is the role of the immune system in the development of type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Immune system antibodies attack and destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. By young adulthood, people with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections to survive.


Question: What is the role of the immune system in the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome?

Answer: The immune system attacks the nerves controlling muscles in the legs and sometimes the arms and upper body. Weakness results, which can sometimes be severe.


Question: What is the role of the immune system in the development of Graves' disease?

Answer: The immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to release excess amounts of thyroid hormone into the blood (hyperthyroidism). Symptoms of Graves' disease can include bulging eyes as well as weight loss, nervousness, irritability, rapid heart rate, weakness, and brittle hair.


Question: How does vasculitis involve the immune system?

Answer: The immune system attacks and damages blood vessels in this group of autoimmune diseases. Vasculitis can affect any organ, so symptoms vary widely and can occur almost anywhere in the body. Treatment includes reducing immune system activity, usually with prednisone or another corticosteroid.


Question: How does Grave's disease involve the immune system?

Answer: The immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to release excess amounts of thyroid hormone into the blood (hyperthyroidism). Symptoms of Graves' disease can include bulging eyes as well as weight loss, nervousness, irritability, rapid heart rate, weakness, and brittle hair. Destruction or removal of the thyroid gland, using medicines or surgery, is usually required to treat Graves' disease.


Question: What is the role of the immune system in the development of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Examples of autoimmune diseases include: Rheumatoid arthritis. The immune system produces antibodies that attach to the linings of joints. Immune system cells then attack the joints, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain.


Question: What is the role of the immune system in the development of vasculitis?

Answer: The immune system attacks and damages blood vessels in this group of autoimmune diseases. Vasculitis can affect any organ, so symptoms vary widely and can occur almost anywhere in the body.


Question: What is the role of the immune system in the development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Answer: Antibodies produced by the immune system attack the thyroid gland, slowly destroying the cells that produce thyroid hormone. Low levels of thyroid hormone develop (hypothyroidism), usually over months to years. Symptoms include fatigue, constipation, weight gain, depression, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold.


Question: What are autoimmune disorders?

Answer: Immune system disorders cause abnormally low activity or over activity of the immune system. In cases of immune system over activity, the body attacks and damages its own tissues (autoimmune diseases). Examples of autoimmune diseases include: Rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment includes reducing immune system activity, usually with prednisone or another corticosteroid.


Question: What are immune system disorders?

Answer: Immune system disorders cause abnormally low activity or over activity of the immune system. In cases of immune system over activity, the body attacks and damages its own tissues (autoimmune diseases). Immune deficiency diseases decrease the body's ability to fight invaders, causing vulnerability to infections. Examples of autoimmune diseases include: Rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: How does systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) affect the immune system?

Answer: The immune system produces antibodies that attach to the linings of joints. Immune system cells then attack the joints, causing inflammation, swelling, and pain. Treatment often requires daily oral prednisone, a steroid that reduces immune system function.


Question: What is the role of the immune system in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy?

Answer: The immune system attacks the nerves controlling muscles in the legs and sometimes the arms and upper body. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.


Question: What type of hemorrhoid treatment is sclerotherapy?

Answer: If you have several hemorrhoids, you may need to have this done every few weeks. More rarely, it also may cause blood clots or infections. Hemorrhoids treated this way are less likely to come back than with other treatments. With this treatment, your doctor focuses an infrared light on a hemorrhoid, and the heat causes scar tissue to form and blood flow to the hemorrhoid to be cut off. The surgeon can pinpoint the arteries supplying the hemorrhoids and can tie them off to cut the blood supply.


Question: Do rheumatologists help in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These doctors treat arthritis and other problems of the joints, bones, and muscles. If you don't have one, ask your regular doctor for a referral. You can also look on your insurance plan's list of providers. Or check the website of the American College of Rheumatology (click on â Find a Rheumatologist").


Question: What will my rheumatologist do to help treat my rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your rheumatologist will: Do joint exams to look for swelling and changes in strength or how well the joint moves Give you X-rays and blood tests Give you a questionnaire at least twice a year about what you can do At least once a year, you should talk with your doctor about the "big picture" of your treatment plan.


Question: What are physical warning signs of stress?

Answer: Emotional warning signs of stress may include: Anger Inability to concentrate Unproductive worry Sadness Frequent mood swings Physical warning signs of stress may include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Chronic fatigue Weight gain or loss Erectile dysfunction Stomach pains Blood pressure elevation Changes in bowel habits Stomach pains Sleep disturbance Behavioral warning signs of stress include: Overreacting Acting on impulse Using alcohol or drugs Withdrawing from relationships Changing jobs often Eating disorders To help cope with stress: Lower your expectations; accept that there are events you cannot control.


Question: What is stress?

Answer: It's important to remember that you can control stress, because stress comes from how you respond to stressful events, not the events themselves. Stress can be caused by anything -- good and bad.


Question: What causes stress?

Answer: Stress can be caused by anything -- good and bad. Your body reacts to these changes with physical, mental, and emotional responses. We all have our own ways of coping with change, so the causes of stress can be different for each person.


Question: Does stress cause ED?

Answer: But, when stress persists, the body begins to break down and problems like erectile dysfunction can occur. The key to coping with stress is identifying those conditions in your life causing the stress and learning ways to reduce them.


Question: How can my doctor help me with stress?

Answer: He or she can determine if stress is due to an anxiety disorder, a medical condition, or both and can refer you to a mental health professional, if necessary. If an emergency, call a crisis hotline, or go to the nearest emergency room.


Question: When should I seek help for stress?

Answer: You should seek help in dealing with stress when you experience any of the following: Marked decline in work/school performance Excess anxiety Alcohol or drug abuse Inability to cope with demands of daily life Irrational fears Obsessive preoccupation with food and fear of becoming obese with no relationship to actual body weight Significant change in sleeping or eating habits Persistent physical ailments and complaints Suicidal thoughts or urge to hurt others Self-mutilation, self-destructive or dangerous behavior Sustained, withdrawn mood or antisocial behavior Decline or marked indifference in interpersonal relationships Your personal doctor.


Question: What are good ways to manage stress?

Answer: It's important to remember that you can control stress, because stress comes from how you respond to stressful events, not the events themselves. Common causes of stress include: Death of a loved one Confrontations Marriage Deadlines Legal problems Job loss Divorce New job Retirement Money problems Illnesses Parenting When you are not sure of the exact cause of your stress, it may help to know the warning signs of stress. Ask others to help or assist you. Take responsibility for the situation. Assert" your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive. Maintain emotionally supportive relationships. Challenge previously held beliefs that are no longer adaptive. Distance yourself from the source of stress, if possible. Learn to relax. Eat and drink sensibly. Stop smoking or other bad habits. Exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy sense of self-esteem.


Question: What role does genetics play in depression?

Answer: Researchers know that if depression runs in your family, you have a higher chance of becoming depressed. But genetics don't fully explain why clinical depression occurs.


Question: What health conditions can raise your chances of depression?

Answer: Chronic and disabling medical conditions that may have no cure can raise your risk of becoming depressed. These include: Cancer Heart disease Stroke Thyroid problems Chronic pain Trauma such as violence or physical or emotional abuse -- whether it's early in life or more recent -- can trigger depression in people who are biologically vulnerable to it.


Question: What is the follow-up care when your non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is in remission?

Answer: He'll tailor your schedule based on your specific needs, but an average appointment routine might look like this: Every 2 to 6 months for the first year or two after remission Every 6 to 12 months in the third through fifth years after remission. Once a year if it's more than 5 years since remission At some point after the 5-year mark, your oncologist may suggest that you get routine care from your primary care doctor instead of appointments with a specialist.


Question: What tests are done to confirm that your non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is in remission?

Answer: Once a year if it's more than 5 years since remission At some point after the 5-year mark, your oncologist may suggest that you get routine care from your primary care doctor instead of appointments with a specialist. Your doctor may ask you to get CT scans at your early follow-up appointments. They let him see whether non- Hodgkin's lymphoma has returned. Recent research, though, shows that scans aren't any better at checking for signs that cancer has come back than blood tests and physical exams. So if you're not getting any scans as part of your follow-up care, it doesn't mean you're not getting the right care. Your doctor is simply using other ways to make sure you stay healthy. But if lab tests or your symptoms show signs that your non- Hodgkin's lymphoma is coming back, you'll probably get a scan.


Question: How can you keep on top of your health when your non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is in remission?

Answer: Besides regular checkups, it's important to keep on top of your health in other ways when you're in remission from non- Hodgkin's lymphoma. So think about taking these steps: Visit your primary care doctor once a year. Get routine tests to measure your blood pressure, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and thyroid function. Get a flu vaccine every year and a pneumonia vaccine every 5 years. If you're a woman, get a mammogram every year beginning at age 40. If you had radiation therapy and are younger than 40, your doctor may recommend starting mammograms ahead of schedule or getting regular MRI scans of your breasts.


Question: What  trees  are bad for pollen allergies?

Answer: Trees Alder, ash (male), aspen (male), beech, birch, box elder (male), cedar (male), cottonwood (male), elm, hickory, red and silver maples (male), mulberry (male), oak, olive, palm (male), pecan, pine, poplar (male), sycamore, walnut, willow (male).


Question: What flowers and plants are worst for pollen allergies?

Answer: Flowers/herbs Amaranth (pigweed), chamomile, chrysanthemums, daisies, ordinary sunflowers.


Question: What are grasses that are bad for allergies?

Answer: Grasses Bermuda, fescue, Johnson, June, orchard, perennial rye, redtop, salt grass, sweet vernal, timothy.


Question: What  weeds  are bad for allergies?

Answer: Weeds Cocklebur, ragweed, Russian thistle, sagebrush.


Question: What flowers are safe for people with pollen allergies?

Answer: Many flowers, shrubs, trees, and grasses make very little or even no pollen. Flowers Begonia, cactus, chenille, clematis, columbine, crocus, daffodil, dusty miller, geranium, hosta, impatiens, iris, lily, pansy, periwinkle, petunia, phlox, rose, salvia, snapdragon, thrift, tulip, verbena, zinnia.


Question: What are trees that are good for allergies?

Answer: Many flowers, shrubs, trees, and grasses make very little or even no pollen. Trees Apple, cherry, Chinese fan palm (female), fern pine (female), dogwood, English holly (female), Bradford pear, crepe myrtle, hardy rubber tree, magnolia, pear, plum, red maple (female).


Question: What are proton-pump inhibitors for heartburn?

Answer: PPIs are used to prevent frequent heartburn that happens more than twice a week. They work by lowering the amount of acid your stomach makes. Often, they work better than H2 blockers. You also can take these drugs for a longer period of time than H2 blockers.


Question: What drugs can interfere with H2 blockers for heartburn?

Answer: Some H2 blockers can interfere with other drugs, including: Antiseizure medicines Blood thinners Medicines for heart rhythm problems Talk to your doctor if you take any of these medicines and you need to take an H2 blocker.


Question: Can exercise cause heartburn?

Answer: But some types of exercise can trigger the burning sensation. You'll be less likely to reach for your heartburn medicine if you avoid crunches and inverted poses in yoga. You may need to find alternatives to high-impact workouts. For example, bicycle or swim instead of going for a run.


Question: How should I change my diet to avoid heartburn?

Answer: Here are a few that can trigger heartburn: Alcohol Chocolate Coffee Fatty or fried foods Greasy foods Onions Oranges, lemons, and other citrus fruits and juices Peppermint Sodas and other bubbly drinks Spicy foods Tomatoes and tomato sauce Big meals can also set off heartburn. Instead of eating three big meals a day, try to eat several small meals throughout the day.


Question: What are other symptoms of GERD?

Answer: Besides the frequent burning in your chest, you might also have symptoms like: Bad breath or a sour taste in your mouth or in the back of your throat Breathing problems Cough Feeling like you have a lump in the back of your throat Hoarse or raspy voice Nausea Difficult or painful swallowing Sore throat Tooth decay Vomiting Is it GERD or something else?


Question: Should you call your doctor if your medications don't help with your heartburn?

Answer: If your heartburn isn't getting better, your medicines cause side effects you can't tolerate, or you have other complications, you may need surgery. It is rare to need surgery for heartburn.


Question: How do H2 blockers work to treat heartburn?

Answer: H2 blockers help relieve and prevent occasional heartburn by lowering the amount of acid your stomach makes. Though they don't work as fast as antacids, their effects last longer. Your doctor may tell you to take an antacid and an H2 blocker together. H2 blockers are for short-term use -- less than 2 weeks. You can take them before your meals to prevent heartburn, or at bedtime. They come in liquids and pills.


Question: What is heartburn?

Answer: Heartburn, sometimes called acid indigestion, is a painful, burning feeling in the middle of your chest or the upper part of your stomach. The pain, which can also spread to your neck, jaw, or arms, can last just a few minutes or stick with you for hours.


Question: Is it heartburn or a heart attack?

Answer: Heartburn doesn't affect your heart, but it can feel a lot like the chest pain that happens during a heart attack. Call 911 if you have any of these symptoms along with chest pain, even if you're not sure that you're having a heart attack: Dizziness Nausea and vomiting Pain that travels to your neck and shoulder, jaw, or back Shortness of breath Sweating


Question: Is your heartburn because of GERD or something else?

Answer: Frequent heartburn is a symptom of GERD, but it may also signal a more serious condition, like an ulcer or irritation of the stomach lining. It's important to get help if you have heartburn frequently so you can avoid complications from GERD and uncover any other problems. Call your doctor or make an appointment with a gastroenterologist, who specializes in digestive illnesses. Many of the symptoms of heartburn sound like a heart attack. If you're not sure, call 911.


Question: What are the complications of frequent heartburn and GERD?

Answer: Over time, heartburn that isn't treated or controlled well by lifestyle changes or medicine may cause serious problems, including: Breathing problems like asthma, nighttime choking, and repeated pneumonia Changes in the cells that line the esophagus, called Barrett's esophagus. This can lead to cancer of the esophagus. Painful inflammation of the esophagus called esophagitis Narrowing of the esophagus, called esophageal stricture. This can cause problems swallowing.


Question: How can your doctor help with the symptoms of heartburn?

Answer: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and do an exam. It can be helpful to keep a journal to note what you eat and drink and when you have heartburn. This will help you and your doctor pinpoint your triggers. If medicine and lifestyle changes don't control your heartburn, you can take one of these tests to find out what's causing the problem: p H test. This measures the acidity of your esophagus. The doctor will either attach a small sensor to your esophagus or place a thin tube down your esophagus. Endoscopy. A long, thin tube with a light on the end is put down your esophagus so your doctor can look inside your esophagus and stomach. Endoscopy can look for problems such as an ulcer or narrowing inside your esophagus. X-ray. You'll drink a liquid that coats the inside of your digestive tract. Then X-rays are taken, which will allow your doctor to see the outline of your digestive system.


Question: What are the side effects of prokinetics for heartburn?

Answer: Prokinetics can have more serious side effects than PPIs or H2 blockers. These include: Anxiety Depression Diarrhea Drowsiness Fatigue Irritability Nausea Problems with movement Should you call your doctor?


Question: How do you take proton-pump inhibitors for heartburn?

Answer: You need to take PPIs once a day on an empty stomach so they'll work best. Usually you'll take the medicine every morning, about 30 to 60 minutes before you eat breakfast, to control stomach acid.


Question: What triggers heartburn?

Answer: Triggers vary from person to person, but you may be more likely to get heartburn when you: Overeat Eat spicy, fatty, or greasy foods Lie down after you eat Are under stress Who gets heartburn?


Question: What else can I do to prevent heartburn?

Answer: Here are a few steps to try: Lose weight if you're overweight. Extra pounds put pressure on your stomach, forcing more acid up into your esophagus. Wear loose clothing. Tight clothes that press on your stomach can trigger heartburn. If you smoke, quit. Cigarette smoke relaxes the muscle that prevents acid from backing up into the esophagus. It also may increase how much acid your stomach makes. Check your medicines. Regular use of anti-inflammatory and pain medicines (other than acetaminophen) contributes to heartburn. Avoid high-impact exercise. If heartburn bothers you at night: Eat a light dinner and avoid foods that trigger your heartburn. Don't lie down for at least 2 to 3 hours after you eat. Use blocks or books to raise the head of your bed by 4-6 inches. Or put a foam wedge under your mattress at the head of the bed. Sleeping at an angle will help stop acid from backing up into your esophagus.


Question: What are prokinetics for heartburn?

Answer: Prokinetics help your stomach empty faster, so you have less acid left behind. Usually you take this medicine before meals and at bedtime. Prokinetics are sold only by prescription.


Question: Who gets heartburn?

Answer: Some people have a higher risk of heartburn, including those who are: Smokers Overweight Pregnant Have a hiatal hernia, where the stomach bulges up into the chest through an opening in the diaphragm How should I change my diet to avoid heartburn?


Question: What type of antacid should I choose for my heartburn?

Answer: It's also known as acid reflux disease. Over-the- Counter Heartburn Relief Type of medicine How they work How fast they start working How long the effects last Side effects Antacids They neutralize stomach acid. Those that contain magnesium may also help heal stomach ulcers. They come in liquids and pills and are fast-acting. Look for brands that contain calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide to reduce these side effects.


Question: What are the side effects of antacids for heartburn?

Answer: Within seconds Up to 3 hours Some cause constipation and diarrhea. Look for brands that contain calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide to reduce these side effects. Don't take antacids with magnesium if you have chronic kidney disease. Some antacids have a lot of salt, so you should take them only for occasional heartburn.


Question: What are the side effects of proton-pump inhibitors for heartburn?

Answer: Up to 4 days Up to 24 hours They may cause diarrhea, headache, stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting. The most common side effects are mild and include: Diarrhea Headache Nausea and vomiting Stomach pain PPIs may also raise your chances of getting an infection of the intestines or lungs, but this is rare. These medicines have also been linked to fractures of the hip, wrist, and spine. The risk is highest in people who take PPIs for a year or more.


Question: What is GERD?

Answer: But when you have it frequently (at least twice a week for a few weeks), or when it begins to interfere with your daily life or damage your esophagus, your doctor may tell you that you have a long-term condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. It's also known as acid reflux disease. Heartburn is the most common symptom of GERD. Heartburn is usually a minor problem that goes away over time.


Question: When is heartburn an emergency?

Answer: Everyone has heartburn from time to time. But if you also have other symptoms, it could be a sign that something more serious is wrong. Call your doctor or go to the emergency room if: It hurts to swallow. You feel like you're choking. You have black, tarry-looking bowel movements. Your mouth or throat hurt when you eat. Your voice is hoarse. Your vomit contains blood or what looks like coffee grounds. You have trouble breathing.


Question: Why do people take elderberries?

Answer: Elderberries contain natural substances called flavonoids. They seem to help reduce swelling, fight inflammation, and boost the immune system. Limited studies have found that elderberry eases flu symptoms like fever, headache, sore throat, fatigue, cough, and body aches. The benefits seem to be greatest when started within 24 to 48 hours after the symptoms begin. One study found that elderberry could cut the duration of flu symptoms by more than 50%.


Question: What are interactions of elderberry?

Answer: If you take any drugs or supplements regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using elderberry supplements. They could interact with chemotherapy for cancer, immunosuppressant drugs, diuretics, and laxatives.


Question: How much elderberry should you take?

Answer: For flu, some studies have used 1 tablespoon of an elderberry syrup extract four times a day. Another common form of elderberry is a lozenge, often with zinc, that is taken numerous times daily after a cold begins. Ask your health care provider for advice.


Question: What are side effects of taking elderberry?

Answer: Elderberry supplements seem to have few risks when used daily for up to five days. The safety of its long-term use is unknown.


Question: What are elderberry supplements?

Answer: Elderberry supplements are made from the fruit or flowers of elderberry plants, and are often used for colds or flu.


Question: How can objects inserted into your vagina affect you?

Answer: Small objects inserted into the vagina do not generally cause pain. Unusual objects, generally those larger than the customary vaginal diameter, may cause pain because of distention. While a variety of symptoms may result from a foreign body in the vagina, the most common symptoms are bleeding or foul-smelling vaginal discharge. Less common symptoms may include pain or urinary discomfort. Systemic infection can occur, but rarely. Vaginal foreign bodies are seen more commonly in children than in adolescent or adult women. For example, children may be able to describe these body parts to adults in instances of pain, discharge, or possible abuse.