Question: How will your doctor find out if you have heart failure?

Answer: If you have systolic heart failure, you can have: Shortness of breath Tiredness, weakness Swelling in feet, ankles, legs, or abdomen Lasting cough or wheezing Fast or irregular heartbeat Dizziness Confusion More need to pee at night Nausea Lack of appetite To figure out if you have heart failure, your doctor will: Examine you Ask about your medical history Run some tests Those tests might include: Blood tests: Abnormal levels of important substances can show strain to organs due to heart failure.


Question: What medications can help manage systolic heart failure?

Answer: Common medicines for systolic heart failure are: Diuretics (water pills), which help ease swelling ACE inhibitors, ARB, or ARNI to widen blood vessels and lower blood pressure, making it easier for your heart to work Beta-blockers to help slow heart rate and lower blood pressure Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, a type of diuretic that gets rid of extra salt and fluid and keeps needed potassium Nitrate and hydralazine, which work together to relax and open blood vessels Digoxin to help the heart pump harder and ease some symptoms of heart failure Surgery and devices: In some cases, you may need surgery.


Question: What surgeries and devices can help manage systolic heart failure?

Answer: Common medicines for systolic heart failure are: Diuretics (water pills), which help ease swelling ACE inhibitors, ARB, or ARNI to widen blood vessels and lower blood pressure, making it easier for your heart to work Beta-blockers to help slow heart rate and lower blood pressure Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, a type of diuretic that gets rid of extra salt and fluid and keeps needed potassium Nitrate and hydralazine, which work together to relax and open blood vessels Digoxin to help the heart pump harder and ease some symptoms of heart failure Surgery and devices: In some cases, you may need surgery. Several procedures can treat heart failure. If your condition is more severe, your doctor may implant a device like a defibrillator or something called a left ventricular assist device ( LVAD) in your body. Other times, a heart transplant may be the best option. Your doctor will determine the right course for you.


Question: What liquids should you avoid to keep your teeth white?

Answer: Avoid the consumption of or exposure to products that stain your teeth, such as coffee, tea, and red wine. If you do choose to consume beverages that stain, consider using a straw so that the liquid bypasses your front teeth.


Question: How should you take care of your teeth to keep them white?

Answer: Brush your teeth at least twice daily, floss at least once daily to remove plaque, and rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash at least once a day to kill bacteria that cause plaque. Use a whitening toothpaste (once or twice a week only) to remove surface stains and prevent yellowing. Use a regular toothpaste the rest of the time.


Question: How often might you need a touch-up treatment to keep your teeth white?

Answer: If you smoke or drink lots of stain-causing beverages, you may need a touch up more often.


Question: Why are more children getting asthma?

Answer: No one really knows the exact reasons why more and more children are getting asthma. Some experts suggest that children spend too much time indoors with dust, air pollution, and secondhand smoke. Others say kids aren't exposed to enough childhood illnesses to help their immune systems learn to fight bacteria and viruses.


Question: What are the goals of treating my child's asthma?

Answer: Asthma can't be cured, but it can be controlled. If your child can't meet all of these goals, contact her doctor for advice. She should be able to: Live an active, normal life Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms Attend school every day Avoid asthma symptoms during the night Do daily activities, play, and engage in sports without difficulty Stop the need for urgent visits to the doctor, emergency department, or hospital Use and adjust medications to control asthma with little or no side effects By learning about asthma and how to control it, you take an important step toward managing your child's disease.


Question: What happens during a vitrectomy surgery?

Answer: It may be just one in a series of procedures to repair a problem. You'll have the option to stay awake and use numbing drops or shots in your eye. Or you might get general anesthesia -- medicine that helps you go to sleep during surgery.


Question: When is primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) usually spotted?

Answer: It can be diagnosed as late as age 3. If the disease is found early, 80% to 90% of children respond well to treatment. They won't have vision problems in the future.


Question: What causes primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)?

Answer: We know that if a baby's eye cells and tissues don't grow like they should before birth, he can have trouble with drainage after he's born. But we don't clearly understand most causes at this time. Some cases are inherited, while others aren't.


Question: How is primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) diagnosed?

Answer: You're likely to notice that your baby: Closes his eyelids like he's protecting his eye Seems painfully sensitive to light Tears up a lot Depending on how far the disease has worsened, other eye symptoms can include: A cloudy cornea (the front layer of your eye that's normally clear) One or both eyes larger than normal Redness Your child will need a full eye exam. It isn't easy for eye doctors to check an infant or small child's eyes, so they usually do it in an operating room. Your child will get anesthesia (medicines that help him go to sleep) during the procedure. The doctor will: Measure his eye pressure Thoroughly examine all parts of his eye The doctor will make a formal diagnosis only after he rules out all other conditions that could have caused your child's problems.


Question: What does primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) do to your eye?

Answer: In a healthy eye, the fluid circulates inder normal pressure and brings in nutrients. It drains through a network of cells and tissue. To replace what's lost, your eye constantly makes more. With PCG, this process goes off track. In most cases, the fluid doesn't drain like it should and the buildup makes your eye pressure rise. The optic nerve, at the back of your eye, sends signals to your brain.


Question: What should I expect during clinical trials?

Answer: The new treatments are hoped to be at least as effective as -- or possibly more effective than -- current treatments. New treatment options are first researched in the laboratory, where they are carefully studied in the test tube and in laboratory animals. Only the treatments most likely to work are further evaluated in a small group of humans prior to applying them in a larger clinical trial.


Question: What is it like to participate in a clinical trial?

Answer: All patients face a new world of medical terms and procedures. Fears and myths of being experimented upon or being a guinea pig are common concerns of patients who are thinking about participating in a clinical trial. Even though there are always going to be fears of the unknown, understanding what is involved in a clinical trial before agreeing to participate can relieve some of your anxieties.


Question: What are the phases of a clinical trial?

Answer: Phase I clinical trial. A new research treatment is given to a small number of participants and emphasizes safety. The researchers determine the best way to give the new treatment, find out the drug's most frequent and serious side effects, and how much of it can be given safely. Phase II clinical trials. Determine the effect of a research treatment on the particular disease or condition being evaluated. Phase III clinical trials. Compare the new treatment with the standard treatment and study different populations and different dosages and combinations of drugs. Phase IV clinical trials. Apply the new treatment to general patient care (after FDA approval for marketing); for example, a new drug that was found effective in a clinical trial may be used together with other effective drugs to treat the particular disease or condition in a select group of patients.


Question: How is HPV treated in men?

Answer: There is no treatment for HPV infection in men when no symptoms are present. Instead, doctors treat the health problems that are caused by the HPV virus. When genital warts appear, a variety of treatments can be used. The patient can apply prescription creams at home. Or a doctor can surgically remove or freeze off the warts. Early treatment of warts is discouraged by some doctors because genital warts can go away on their own. It can also take time for all warts to appear. So a person who treats warts as soon as they appear may need another treatment later on. Anal cancer can be treated with radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery. The specific treatments depend on the stage of cancer -- how big the tumor is and how far the cancer has spread.


Question: How can you prevent spreading HPV?

Answer: Abstinence is the only sure way to prevent HPV transmission. Risk of transmission can be lowered if a person has sex only with one person who is not infected and who is also monogamous. To lower the risk of HPV transmission, men can also limit the number of sex partners and pick partners who have had few or no partners in the past. Condoms can provide some protection against HPV transmission. Unfortunately, they aren't 100% effective, since HPV is transmitted primarily by skin-to-skin contact. The virus can still infect the skin uncovered by the condom.


Question: Is there an HPV vaccine for men?

Answer: The HPV vaccine Gardasil, approved for use in females in 2006, was approved for males in 2009. Gardasil is approved for boys and men ages 9 to 26 for the prevention of genital warts caused by two HPV strains: HPV 6 and HPV 11. Those are two of the four HPV strains that Gardasil targets. In late 2010, Gardasil was also approved for the prevention of anal cancer. More recently, the FDA approved Gardasil 9. It prevents infection by the same HPV types as Gardasil plus HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-45, HPV-52, and HPV-58. Collectively, these types are implicated in 90% of cervical cancers. Gardasil 9 is approved for use in males ages 9 to 26.


Question: What tests are used to check for HPV in men?

Answer: Genital warts are the first symptom you may see with low-risk HPV strains that cause warts but not cancer. To diagnose genital warts in men, the doctor will visually check a man's genital area to see if warts are present. Some doctors will apply a vinegar solution to help identify warts that aren't raised and visible. But the test is not foolproof. Sometimes normal skin is mistakenly identified as a wart. There is no routine test for men to check for high-risk HPV strains that can cause cancer. However, some doctors are urging anal Pap tests for gay and bisexual men, who are at higher risk of anal cancer caused by HPV. In an anal Pap test, the doctor collects cells from the anus, and then has them checked for abnormalities in a lab.


Question: How can you manage HPV in a relationship?

Answer: If a man's long-term sexual partner has HPV, chances are good HPV transmission has already occurred and he also has it. HPV in men may clear from the body more easily than in women. Women, in general, often clear the virus in two years or less. The HPV types associated with cervical cancer usually do not cause health problems for a heterosexual man having sex with an HPV-infected woman. If a partner has HPV, it does not necessarily mean they have had sex with someone else recently. The virus can lay dormant in the body for years without causing noticeable symptoms.


Question: When should I get medical help if a person faints?

Answer: Has blue lips or face An irregular or slow heartbeat Chest pain Difficulty breathing Is difficult to awaken Acts confused Lay the person flat on his or her back.


Question: When should you see a doctor about fainting?

Answer: See a health care provider right away if the person: Hit his or her head when fainting Faints more than once in a month Is pregnant or has a heart condition or other serious illness Experiences unusual symptoms, such as chest pain, shortness of breath, confusion, blurred vision, or difficulty talking


Question: What should I do if someone faints?

Answer: Has blue lips or face An irregular or slow heartbeat Chest pain Difficulty breathing Is difficult to awaken Acts confused Lay the person flat on his or her back. Elevate the person's legs to restore blood flow to the brain. Loosen tight clothing. Shake the person vigorously, tap briskly, or yell. If the person doesn't respond, call 911 immediately and start CPR if necessary. If an AED is available, bring it by the person and use it if you have been trained on its use.


Question: How do you use automated external defibrillator (AED)?

Answer: For newborns, infants, and children up to age 8, use a pediatric AED, if possible. If not, use an adult AED. Turn on the AED. Wipe chest dry. Attach pads. Plug in connector, if necessary. Make sure no one is touching the person. Push â Analyzeâ button. If a shock is advised, check again to make sure no one is touching the person. Push â Shockâ button. Start or resume chest compressions. For an adult, see The Importance of CPR for information about giving CPR. For a child, see CPR for Children. Follow AED prompts. After 2 minutes of CPR, check the person's heart rhythm. If it's still absent or irregular, give another shock. If a shock isn't needed, continue CPR until emergency help arrives or the person begins to move. Stay with the person until help arrives.


Question: What are the symptoms of tooth enamel erosion?

Answer: If your teeth start losing their outer shell, you might notice: Pain when eating hot, cold, or sweet foods or drinks Rough or uneven edges on the teeth, which can crack or chip when they lose their enamel Smooth, shiny surfaces on the teeth, a sign of mineral loss Yellow teeth Cupping, or dents, that show up where you bite and chew Good dental care is the best way to keep your mouth healthy.


Question: What can damage tooth enamel?

Answer: Drugs or supplements that have a lot of acid.


Question: How does a blood clot begin?

Answer: The process begins whenever flowing blood comes into contact with specific substances in your skin or in blood vessel walls. When they touch, it usually means the skin or blood vessel wall is broken.


Question: How does tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) affect the clotting process?

Answer: Apixaban ( Eliquis) Dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Edoxaban ( Savaysa) Heparin Rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) Warfarin ( Coumadin) Clot-dissolving drugs such as altplase, streptokinase, and tenecteplase activate the protein that breaks down the fibrin strands. Sometimes doctors prescribe it as a treatment for heart attack or stroke.


Question: What causes blood clots?

Answer: Waxy cholesterol plaques that form in arteries have these things inside, too. If the plaque breaks open, they'll start the clotting process. Most heart attacks and strokes happen when a plaque in your heart or brain suddenly bursts. Blood clots can also form when your blood doesn't flow properly. If it pools in your blood vessels or heart, the platelets are more likely to stick together. Atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) are two conditions where slowly moving blood can cause clotting problems.


Question: How do blood thinners affect the clotting process?

Answer: Aspirin Clopidogrel ( Plavix) Dipyridamole ( Persantine) Prasugrel ( Effient) Ticagrelor ( Brilinta) Ticlopidine ( Ticlid) Medicines called blood thinnersmake it hard for your body to make clotting factors, or they prevent proteins in the clot-forming process from working. Apixaban ( Eliquis) Dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Edoxaban ( Savaysa) Heparin Rivaroxaban ( Xarelto) Warfarin ( Coumadin) Clot-dissolving drugs such as altplase, streptokinase, and tenecteplase activate the protein that breaks down the fibrin strands.


Question: Where does Strep A bacteria live?

Answer: They also can create infections of the: Ear Sinuses Skin Tonsils Strep A bacteria normally live in your nose and mouth, and on your skin. Many people carry these microbes but don't get sick.


Question: How long are you contagious after getting strep throat?

Answer: You can stay contagious for up to a month if you don't get treated. Antibiotics can prevent the infection from spreading. People who take antibiotics stop being contagious after about 24 hours.


Question: How can you avoid getting strep?

Answer: This includes anyone who: Was born with an immune system problem Has HIV, AIDS, or cancer Had an organ transplant Takes medicine that suppresses the ability to fight off germs The best way to avoid strep is to stay away from anyone who looks or sounds sick. Signs can include: A sore throat Swollen glands Fever Nausea, vomiting Rash Try not to share any personal items with someone who is sick. This includes: Cups and plates Knives, forks, spoons Toothbrushes Food and drinks Wash your hands and your children's hands often. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Always clean your hands before you eat and after you use the bathroom.


Question: How does strep throat spread?

Answer: But when it is left untreated, it can cause complications such as: Rheumatic fever, a disease that can damage the joints and heart Kidney problems Strep throat makes the rounds when someone who has the infection coughs or sneezes. Droplets filled with bacteria spray into the air.


Question: What complications can untreated strep throat cause?

Answer: Strep throat usually isn't serious. But when it is left untreated, it can cause complications such as: Rheumatic fever, a disease that can damage the joints and heart Kidney problems Strep throat makes the rounds when someone who has the infection coughs or sneezes.


Question: How quickly do symptoms of strep throat occur?

Answer: When you get infected, you typically start to show symptoms about 2 to 5 days after you were exposed to the bacteria.


Question: What do you need to know about scorpionfish, lionfish, and stonefish poisoning?

Answer: Scorpionfish, lionfish, and stonefish are all poisonous fish that live in tropical and temperate oceans, especially the Red Sea and Indian and Pacific Oceans. They have erectile spines on their dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins. Because these fish are not aggressive, contact with them and the poisonings that result are usually accidental. Contact with ornate lionfish causes mild poisoning. Contact with camouflaged scorpionfish causes moderate-to-severe poisoning. The motionless stonefish, when contacted, causes severe -to -life-threatening poisoning.


Question: How can using a humidifier and a filter help treat dry eyes?

Answer: This can add moisture to dry indoor air. Putting a pan of water near your heat or radiator has the same effect. An air cleaner that filters dust and other particles may also help prevent dry eyes.


Question: How are dry eyes treated?

Answer: In some cases, your doctor may need to treat an underlying issue or disease; or she may prescribe special medications to help your eyes make more of their own tears, or suggest ways to stop tears from draining away from your eyes too quickly.


Question: How can eating naturally oily fish help treat dry eyes?

Answer: Salmon and tuna, for example, or sardines, trout, and mackerel all contain omega-3 fatty acids. Research suggests these healthy fats help the oil-making glands in your eye work better, which can ease irritation.


Question: How can you wash crusty lashes to treat dry eyes?

Answer: Cleaning your eyelids, as well as the surrounding skin and hair, can help get any lid inflammation under control. Drop a bit of baby shampoo or mild soap on your fingertips and gently massage your closed eye, near the base of your eyelashes.


Question: What are side effects of arthritis creams and patches?

Answer: Arthritis creams and patches are usually well tolerated. However, skin irritation is possible. Symptoms of skin irritation include redness or burning where you applied the cream or patch. If you notice any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor to see if you should stop using the product. Allergic reactions can also occur. If you have signs of a severe allergic reaction -- hives, difficulty breathing, closing of the throat, swelling of the lips, tongue, or face -- you should stop using the product and seek emergency care or call your doctor immediately.


Question: How do topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) help in treating arthritis?

Answer: Arthritis creams consisting of NSAIDs, commonly used in other countries, are starting to become available in the U. S. Although studies show topical NSAIDs give short-term relief only, it is likely that the topical route is safer than taking NSAIDs by mouth. There are several available products by prescription.


Question: How do salicylates help in treating arthritis?

Answer: Other arthritis creams are available that contain salicylates, compounds related to aspirin. Using topical salicylates may help you avoid most of the side effects of taking aspirin by mouth, but how well it works to relieve pain is unclear. Some brand names include Aspercreme, Bengay, Flexall, and Sportscreme.


Question: How does capsaicin help in treating arthritis?

Answer: Of topical pain medications, capsaicin, an ingredient found in cayenne peppers and available in over-the-counter creams and ointments ( Capzasin- P, Dolorac, Zostrix), probably has been studied the most. Capsaicin cream warms the skin when applied over the joint and temporarily blocks a chemical called substance P, which delivers pain messages to the brain. It has shown some effectiveness in trials for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and is a useful adjunctive therapy for some people. Remember to use disposable gloves when applying capsaicin cream, and avoid getting it in your eyes, nose, and mouth.


Question: How is Lichen planus linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: This disease appears as purplish bumps that usually start on the wrist but can pop up anywhere. It can cause lacy-looking patches or sores inside your mouth, too. It's not clear what causes it, but many people with lichen planus also have hepatitis C. Treatment includes: Steroids to ease swelling and redness Antihistamines if it itches Light therapy ( PUVA) to help clear the skin Retinoic acid ointment or pills Some creams and ointments that treat eczema If you have it in your mouth, avoid things that can make it worse, including tobacco, citrus fruits, and tomatoes.


Question: What should you know about hepatitis C and your skin?

Answer: Bumps, rashes, and itchy spots may be the first signs you notice of this infection. Most people who've been infected with the hepatitis C virus go for a long time before they know they have it. That's because there usually aren't any symptoms for years. By the time you notice changes on your skin, that's a sign the virus has already damaged your liver. If you notice any of these skin problems, see your doctor. Taking medicine to treat the virus may clear your skin and prevent other health problems, too.


Question: How is purpura (blood spots) linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: Medicine to flush porphyrins out of your liver and into your pee Protecting your skin from the sun with sunscreen and staying out of the sun as much as possible These red or purple blotches can be as small as a pinhead or as big as half an inch. They can hurt or itch. For people with hepatitis C, the rash is usually a symptom of cryoglobulinemia. It's a blood vessel problem that happens when proteins in your blood stick together in cold weather. The clumps build up in small and medium vessels, which block blood flow. Medication that targets the hep C virus can take care of the problem. If you have lots of purpura or other issues from cryoglobulinemia, your doctor may give you steroid medicine, too.


Question: How is jaundice linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: If you have it, you may notice that your skin and the whites of your eyes look yellowish. This happens when your liver doesn't work well enough to break down a chemical called bilirubin. If too much of it builds up in your blood, your skin can turn yellow. Jaundice can show up soon after you're infected with hepatitis C. It can also appear after years of the infection and cirrhosis. See your doctor if you think you have it. To treat the condition, you'll need to treat the hep C infection and liver damage that's causing it.


Question: How is necrolytic acral erythema linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: This rare skin condition may be an early sign of a hepatitis C infection. It causes skin patches on the feet or hands that look like psoriasis. The cause isn't clear, but zinc supplements seem to clear it up quickly.


Question: Is there a link between diabetes and depression?

Answer: Depression is a complex disease. Its root causes can be tied to genes, your environment, and emotions. Managing diabetes can be stressful and time-consuming. The lifestyle and diet-related limits can make life seem less fun.


Question: How do norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors treat depression?

Answer: Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors ( NDRIs) are another class of reuptake inhibitors, but they're represented by only one drug: Buproprion ( Wellbutrin). Many patients with diabetes and depression benefit from this drug.


Question: What are the warning signs of depression?

Answer: There are several warning signs, including: Sadness Anxiety Irritability Lack of interest in things you once enjoyed Pulling away from your social life Can't concentrate Insomnia (trouble falling and staying asleep) Lots of guilt or feeling worthless Loss of energy, or fatigue Changes in appetite Observable mental and physical sluggishness Thoughts of death or suicide If you (or someone you love) has diabetes and show signs of depression, tell your doctor right away.


Question: What are serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for depression?

Answer: Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs) block the reabsorption of both serotonin and norepinephrine. Like SSRIs, they improve the way your brain sends and receives messages. Examples of this type of antidepressant are desvenlafaxine ( Khedezla, Pristiq), duloxetine ( Cymbalta), levomilnacipran ( Fetzima), venlafaxine ( Effexor) Tricyclic antidepressants boost the levels of certain chemicals in your brain that help nerve cells communicate with each other.


Question: What are signs of depression in someone with diabetes?

Answer: There are several warning signs, including: Sadness Anxiety Irritability Lack of interest in things you once enjoyed Pulling away from your social life Can't concentrate Insomnia (trouble falling and staying asleep) Lots of guilt or feeling worthless Loss of energy, or fatigue Changes in appetite Observable mental and physical sluggishness Thoughts of death or suicide If you (or someone you love) has diabetes and show signs of depression, tell your doctor right away.


Question: What are tricyclic antidepressants for depression?

Answer: Examples of this type of antidepressant are desvenlafaxine ( Khedezla, Pristiq), duloxetine ( Cymbalta), levomilnacipran ( Fetzima), venlafaxine ( Effexor) Tricyclic antidepressants boost the levels of certain chemicals in your brain that help nerve cells communicate with each other. If these chemicals are out of balance or don't work like they should, messages might not make it through your brain correctly, and that can lead to depression. Common tricyclics include amitriptyline ( Elavil), desipramine ( Norpramin), doxepin ( Sinequan), imipramine ( Tofranil), and nortriptyline ( Pamelor).


Question: Who should I talk to about diabetes and depression?

Answer: Counseling, or psychotherapy, especially in combination with medication, can also help manage depression. Meeting with a support group can be good for you, too. Talk to your doctor about where you can turn for more help.


Question: What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for depression?

Answer: If he suggests you try medication, he can prescribe one or more of these antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) affect the way your brain uses a chemical called serotonin. Changing the balance of this chemical may help your brain cells receive messages better and boost your mood. Examples of this type of antidepressant include citalopram ( Celexa), escitalopram ( Lexapro), fluoxetine ( Prozac), paroxetine ( Paxil), and sertraline ( Zoloft).


Question: Is it normal to be depressed if I have diabetes?

Answer: It can take a toll on your emotions. People with the disease are twice as likely to get depressed as people who don't have it. Depression is a problem on its own, and it can also keep you from taking good care of yourself. That can lead to high blood sugar levels and diabetes complications. So if you think you might be depressed, tell your doctor. You can take some steps to feel better.


Question: How do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treat depression?

Answer: If he suggests you try medication, he can prescribe one or more of these antidepressants: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) affect the way your brain uses a chemical called serotonin. Changing the balance of this chemical may help your brain cells receive messages better and boost your mood. Examples of this type of antidepressant include citalopram ( Celexa), escitalopram ( Lexapro), fluoxetine ( Prozac), paroxetine ( Paxil), and sertraline ( Zoloft).


Question: When should you ask your doctor about taking decongestants?

Answer: Ask your doctor before taking decongestants if you have: Glaucoma High blood pressure that's not under control Heart conditions Thyroid problems Enlarged prostate Diabetes Decongestants make some people feel jittery or have trouble sleeping.


Question: What are common decongestants?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Decongestants come in pills, liquids, nose drops, and nasal sprays. Many are available without a prescription. Common decongestants include: Afrin, Dristan, Vicks Sinex (oxymetazoline) Sudafed PE, Suphedrin PE (phenylephrine) Silfedrine, Sudafed, Suphedrin (pseudoephedrine) Some over-the-counter decongestants -- those with pseudoephedrine -- are found behind the pharmacy counter.


Question: What should you know about decongestants?

Answer: Here's how decongestants work: Allergies make the lining of your nose swell. Decongestants shrink swollen blood vessels and tissues. That relieves the congestion. But decongestants can't help with sneezing or itching.


Question: What is a neti pot and how can it help with clearing a stuffed up nose?

Answer: They flush your sinuses with saline. Follow the directions above to make saline, or buy a rinse at the drugstore. To use a neti pot, fill it with a saline solution. Stand over a sink and pour the liquid into your nostril with your head tilted about 45 degrees. It will drain through your sinuses and out the other nostril.


Question: What are steroid nasal sprays and how can they help with clearing a stuffed-up nose?

Answer: If allergies are causing your stuffy nose, ask your doctor if you should use ones that you can buy without a prescription. They can bring down swelling and improve congestion, and have few side effects. They can take a couple of days to kick in, so start them before you have symptoms and use them throughout your allergy season. They won't help with colds or the flu.


Question: How can you blow your nose the right way?

Answer: Blow Your Nose the Right Way Here's how to do it: Always use a disposable tissue to avoid spreading germs. Blow gently. If you do it too hard, it can force mucus into your ears or other parts of your sinuses. Wash your hands when you're done.


Question: Should you check with your doctor before taking over-the-counter medications if you have medical problems?

Answer: Medications Check with your doctor before you take any over-the-counter drugs if you have medical problems or take other medicines.


Question: What are decongestants and how can they help with clearing a stuffed-up nose?

Answer: You can get them as pills or sprays. They shrink the blood vessels inside your nose. This opens up your nasal passages, so air can flow easier through them. Decongestant sprays work directly on the blood vessels in your nose. You shouldn't use them for more than 3 days, because your body may start to rely on them. If this happens, you'll feel even stuffier when you stop using them. Decongestants can raise your heart rate and blood pressure.


Question: What is menthol and how can it help with clearing up a stuffed-up nose?

Answer: Medicated ointments that have this or camphor in them can help you breathe better. You can rub them on your chest or upper lip. You can also buy types that you place in warm water and breathe in the vapor, which helps open up your airways.


Question: How can steam help with clearing a stuffed-up nose?

Answer: Stand in a warm shower and take deep breaths. This good old-fashioned method may do the trick to ease your stuffiness. Natural Remedies continued... You can also fill a bowl with hot water, put a towel over your head, and hold your face over the bowl. The towel will help keep the steam close to you as you breathe it in.


Question: How can you make sure that your hearing aid does not cause sore or itchy ears?

Answer: If your ears feel sore inside, try these steps: Make sure you use the correct hearing aid for each ear. The device for the right ear usually has a red mark, while the device for the left is marked in blue. Place a dab of hearing aid gel or lubricant at the entrance of the ear after you remove your hearing aids each night. These products relieve dry skin and itching. But first, check with your audiologist to make sure you choose one that's safe for your style of hearing aid. If you notice a sore spot or general discomfort that doesn't go away in a few days, your audiologist may need to change the shape of your hearing aid or ear mold.


Question: How can you avoid whistling sound from hearing aid?

Answer: To avoid it: Don't lean your ear against a pillow or cover it with a hat or scarf. That can trap sound from the hearing aid and cause it to re-enter the microphone. Place the tip of the hearing aid or ear mold securely inside the ear. Feedback is more common when the tip is not in the right position. If you have a volume control, keep the setting near its default. Feedback can happen when you turn the sound up too high. Ask your audiologist or your doctor to check your ears and, if necessary, remove any wax buildup.


Question: What can you do to make sure that your hearing aid does not cause sore or itchy ears?

Answer: If you wear a behind-the-ear hearing aid, and the top of your ear is sore, try these steps: Place a strip of moleskin on the underside of the device, where it rests on the top of your ear. Ask your audiologist about changing the length of your tubing or receiver wire.


Question: How are catheters used in chemotherapy treatments?

Answer: To deliver the drugs more effectively, your doctor may use one of the following devices: Catheters. These soft, thin tubes hold the liquid drug. They go in one of the larger blood vessels in your body, such as in your chest. And they stay in your body between treatments so you don't have to get stuck with a needle every time. Depending on the type of cancer you have or the treatment you need, you might get a catheter that goes near your spinal cord. Other kinds go into a hollow space in your chest, belly, or pelvis. Once the drugs are injected, your doctor will remove this kind of catheter.


Question: How long do chemotherapy sessions last?

Answer: Depending on the type of drug you take, sessions usually last a few hours. Others may last a day or more, with breaks every so often.


Question: How many cycles of chemotherapy are necessary?

Answer: You may need four to eight cycles to treat your cancer. A series of cycles is called a course. Your course can take 3 to 6 months to complete.


Question: How are ports used in chemotherapy treatments?

Answer: These are small metal or plastic discs that your nurse places under your skin and connects to a vein. Once yours is in, you'll be able to feel it, but it shouldn't hurt you.. Then he'll put a needle into the port to deliver your drug. This needle can stay in the port if your session lasts more than one day. Your doctor can take the port out once you're finished with treatment.


Question: What is chemotherapy dosage based on?

Answer: Your dose might be based on your body weight. The more you weigh, the larger the dose. Some drugs take both your height and weight into account.


Question: Is it okay to smoke while I'm trying to conceive?

Answer: Stop smoking. Smoking can make it harder to get pregnant, and it poses risks to the fetus.


Question: Do you have to update your vaccines before becoming pregnant?

Answer: Your doctor might test for illnesses such as: Rubella, or German measles immunity Chickenpox immunity HIV Hepatitis B immunity Herpes Other STDs (such as chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea) Thyroid problems (with a TSH test) Other conditions, such as toxoplasmosis and parvovirus B19 (also called fifth disease) Finally, depending on your ethnicity, your doctor may recommend genetic tests for: Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia (an inherited form of anemia) Genetic diseases common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, such as Tay- Sachs disease If it's time for you to update your vaccines, it's important to do so before you are pregnant. A few specific vaccinations, such as the MMR (measles-mumps-rubella), varicella (the virus that causes chickenpox), or hepatitis A vaccines increase the risk of birth defects. Experts advise that you wait at least 28 days after receiving some of these vaccinations before trying to conceive.


Question: Is it okay to drink while I'm trying to conceive?

Answer: Prior to conception, you and your doctor will need to discuss all medications you are taking, including any over the counter medications.


Question: What should I consider before getting pregnant?

Answer: Having a child will affect everything in your life -- your career, your finances, and your relationship with your spouse or partner, among other things. Nine months can be a pretty short time to figure all of those issues out, so your doctor may be able to give some advice that will help get you ready. Your doctor may also suggest preconception classes at a local hospital if they're available.


Question: What genetic tests might your doctor recommend during a pre-pregnancy checkup?

Answer: Your doctor might test for illnesses such as: Rubella, or German measles immunity Chickenpox immunity HIV Hepatitis B immunity Herpes Other STDs (such as chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea) Thyroid problems (with a TSH test) Other conditions, such as toxoplasmosis and parvovirus B19 (also called fifth disease) Finally, depending on your ethnicity, your doctor may recommend genetic tests for: Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia (an inherited form of anemia) Genetic diseases common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, such as Tay- Sachs disease If it's time for you to update your vaccines, it's important to do so before you are pregnant.


Question: Should I see my doctor before trying to get pregnant?

Answer: But a doctor can help even at an early stage. He or she may run tests to make sure that you and your partner don't have any hidden illnesses that could affect your pregnancy or your chances of becoming pregnant. Your doctor can also give you advice about exercise, eating, lifestyle and folic acid supplement. Some studies show that preconception care can increase your chances of becoming pregnant and reduce the risks of miscarriage or birth defects.


Question: Can taking folic acid help you conceive?

Answer: Folic acid, which naturally occurs in leafy green vegetables and artificially in fortified flour and rice products, has been shown to lower the risk of certain birth defects. Experts recommend that in addition to a good diet, you should take a multivitamin with folic acid daily for three months before pregnancy and continue throughout your pregnancy. If you've had a previous pregnancy in which the fetus had birth defects of the brain and spinal cord, your doctor will probably recommend a higher dose of 4 mg of folic acid daily.


Question: What can you expect during a pre-pregnancy checkup?

Answer: Your doctor will want to start a pre-pregnancy checkup by getting a full medical history from both you and your partner. He or she may also want to run a number of tests -- such as blood tests and a Pap smear -- to make sure that neither of you have any medical conditions that could affect pregnancy or your chances of conceiving.


Question: What illnesses might your doctor test for in a pre-pregnancy checkup?

Answer: Your doctor might test for illnesses such as: Rubella, or German measles immunity Chickenpox immunity HIV Hepatitis B immunity Herpes Other STDs (such as chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea) Thyroid problems (with a TSH test) Other conditions, such as toxoplasmosis and parvovirus B19 (also called fifth disease) Finally, depending on your ethnicity, your doctor may recommend genetic tests for: Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia (an inherited form of anemia) Genetic diseases common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, such as Tay- Sachs disease If it's time for you to update your vaccines, it's important to do so before you are pregnant.


Question: What if my diabetes screening test is positive?

Answer: If the screening test for diabetes is positive, you may need further testing to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Your doctor may prescribe medication, along with a diet, regular exercise regimen, and lifestyle program, to help you manage your blood sugar and prevent serious problems.


Question: What test is used to screen for diabetes?

Answer: Common risk factors for diabetes include: Family history of diabetes (parents or siblings with diabetes) Overweight (a body mass index equal to or greater than 25) Habitual physical inactivity Race/ethnicity (including African- Americans, Hispanic- Americans, Native Americans, Asian- Americans, and Pacific Islanders) History of impaired fasting glucose ( IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT) High blood pressure (equal to or greater than 140/90 in adults) Abnormal lipids: HDL cholesterol equal to or less than 35 mg/d L and/or a triglyceride level equal to or greater than 250 mg/d L History of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby weighing more than nine pounds Polycystic ovary syndrome The fasting plasma glucose test ( FPG) or the hemoglobin A1 C test can be used for screening.


Question: Why is it important to be screened for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Because often there are no symptoms with type 2 diabetes, early screening may help people avoid the more serious complications of this disease, including chronic hyperglycemia that's associated with long-term damage of the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.


Question: What are the risk factors for diabetes?

Answer: Common risk factors for diabetes include: Family history of diabetes (parents or siblings with diabetes) Overweight (a body mass index equal to or greater than 25) Habitual physical inactivity Race/ethnicity (including African- Americans, Hispanic- Americans, Native Americans, Asian- Americans, and Pacific Islanders) History of impaired fasting glucose ( IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT) High blood pressure (equal to or greater than 140/90 in adults) Abnormal lipids: HDL cholesterol equal to or less than 35 mg/d L and/or a triglyceride level equal to or greater than 250 mg/d L History of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby weighing more than nine pounds Polycystic ovary syndrome The fasting plasma glucose test ( FPG) or the hemoglobin A1 C test can be used for screening.


Question: Who should be screened for diabetes?

Answer: According to the American Diabetes Association, all patients should be screened for diabetes at three-year intervals beginning at age 45, especially people who are overweight or obese. If multiple risk factors are present, screening should be done at an earlier age and more frequently. The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that adults with high blood pressure or high cholesterol be screened for type 2 diabetes (insulin-resistant diabetes) in an effort to reduce cardiovascular disease.


Question: What if the diabetes screening test is positive?

Answer: If the screening test for diabetes is positive, you may need further testing to ensure an accurate diagnosis. Your doctor may prescribe medication, along with a diet, regular exercise regimen, and lifestyle program, to help you manage your blood sugar and prevent serious problems.


Question: What are the factors linked to heart disease that people with Crohn's disease have?

Answer: People with Crohn's disease have abnormally high: Erythrocyte sedimentation rates High-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( CRP) levels Homocysteine All three of those link to heart disease. Some substances your body makes can also raise your odds of blood clots in your veins. Just like when plaque clogs or breaks off in an artery, a clot that breaks off in a vein can cause life-threatening lung problems.


Question: How can Crohn's disease cause inflammation in your heart?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure, but they think the long-term inflammation that Crohn's causes could make you more likely to have clogged arteries. Your doctor may call this atherosclerosis. It fills the inner walls of your arteries with tiny bits of fatty deposits called plaque. If a piece breaks off or grows big enough to block blood flow, you could have a heart attack or stroke.


Question: How does your medicine play a role in inflammation related to Crohn's disease?

Answer: Corticosteroids control inflammation, so they're often the first medication your doctor prescribes. They can also raise your blood pressure and blood sugar. Doctors aren't sure if they play a role in clogged arteries. Mesalamine ( Apriso, Asacol, Delzicol, Lialda, Pentasa) is another drug doctors often try early on. It can inflame your heart muscle, a condition your doctor calls myocarditis. Symptoms go away when you stop taking it.


Question: What can you do to lower your chances of having heart problems related to Crohn's disease?

Answer: To lower your chance of heart problems, keep your disease under control and prevent flare-ups as much as you can. If your doctor finds a problem, he may prescribe heart medicine. Some Studies show that some heart disease meds, like statins and ACE inhibitors, may also help Crohn's disease.


Question: Why do doctors prescribe mesalamine for Crohn's disease, and how does it impact your heart?

Answer: Mesalamine ( Apriso, Asacol, Delzicol, Lialda, Pentasa) is another drug doctors often try early on. It can inflame your heart muscle, a condition your doctor calls myocarditis. Symptoms go away when you stop taking it.


Question: How might Crohn's disease raise the risk of heart disease?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure, but they think the long-term inflammation that Crohn's causes could make you more likely to have clogged arteries. Your doctor may call this atherosclerosis. It fills the inner walls of your arteries with tiny bits of fatty deposits called plaque. If a piece breaks off or grows big enough to block blood flow, you could have a heart attack or stroke. How Crohn's disease raises your risk for this condition isn't clear. But it can happen to people with other autoimmune conditions, like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. So it may have something to do with the substances your body makes during long-term inflammation.


Question: Why do doctors prescribe corticosteroids for Crohn's disease, and how can they impact your heart?

Answer: Corticosteroids control inflammation, so they're often the first medication your doctor prescribes. They can also raise your blood pressure and blood sugar. Doctors aren't sure if they play a role in clogged arteries.


Question: What do I need to start walking as exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: This is the only crucial expense of walking. If your shoes are worn out or they fit poorly, walking won't feel good, and you won't want to do it anymore. Invest in a pair that offers solid support. Thick treads may help you avoid falls. Get your feet measured, too, because your size may have changed over the years. Replace your shoes every 500 miles.


Question: Should I walk wherever I am if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Squeeze in extra steps wherever you can. Skip the drive-through at the bank and walk inside. When you wait to pick up your kids after one of their activities, get out of the car and walk for a few minutes. Every step counts.


Question: Should I stroll with a friend if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You're more likely to enjoy exercise and stick to it if you do it with someone else. Find a walking buddy and promise to walk regularly. Your buddy could be your partner or a neighbor -- or even your dog. If you know another person or a pet is counting on you, you're more likely to keep on track. It can push you to get and out and move when you might otherwise stay on the couch.


Question: Should I plan a time to walk if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Try to walk at the same time every day -- maybe at lunch or after work. You'll be more likely to stick with it.


Question: What does a secretin stimulation test tell you about your pancreas?

Answer: Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and aids in digestion. The secretin stimulation test measures the ability of the pancreas to respond to secretin. This test may be performed to determine the activity of the pancreas in people with diseases that affect the pancreas (for example, cystic fibrosis or pancreatic cancer).


Question: What can a blood test tell you about your pancreas?

Answer: A number of tests are used to diagnose pancreas problems, including the following: Blood tests can check for signs of related conditions, including infection, anemia (low blood count), and dehydration. A tumor marker called CA 19-9 may be checked if pancreatic cancer is suspected.


Question: Why would you get an endoscopic ultrasound if you have pancreas problems?

Answer: Endoscopic ultrasound may reveal gallstones and can be helpful in diagnosing severe pancreatitis when an invasive test such as ERCP might make the condition worse. A biopsy or sampling of the pancreas may also be possible with this type of ultrasound.


Question: How can complementary medicine help cancer treatments?

Answer: They may ease the symptoms of cancer or the side effects of treatment.


Question: What creative therapies can be used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Creative therapies: This type of treatment includes music, dance, and art. How do they help? They can help lessen stress, fear, and worries from cancer and its treatments.


Question: How is guided imagery and visualization used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Guided imagery and visualization: These practices help you use your imagination to create an image that takes your mind off your cancer.


Question: How is progressive muscle relaxation used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Progressive muscle relaxation: In this technique, you'll switch between tensing and relaxing your muscles. How does it help? It can ease your pain and anxiety and help you sleep better.


Question: What is reiki?

Answer: Reiki: This touch therapy realigns your body's energy balance. How does it help? It can make it easier to manage pain, stress, and worry.


Question: What is yoga and tai chi?

Answer: Yoga and tai chi: These specific poses or sets of movements can be combined with deep breathing.


Question: What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine cell cancers?

Answer: In pancreatic cancer, the organ's cells grow abnormally. About 95% of pancreatic cancers are exocrine cell cancers, called adenocarcinoma. These cancers usually originate in the head of the pancreas. Endocrine cell cancers -- or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors -- are slower growing tumors with a different prognosis and treatment than pancreatic adenocarcinoma.


Question: What are uncontrollable risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Others with an increased risk include: African- American males Those with a history of chronic pancreatitis Those with a family history of pancreatic cancer Other hereditary diseases associated with pancreatic cancer include familial breast cancer, familial melanoma syndrome, Peutz- Jeghers syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, and hereditary pancreatitis.


Question: What are the main risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Aside from advanced age, smoking is the main risk factor for pancreatic cancer; a smoker is twice as likely as a nonsmoker to get the disease. People frequently exposed to certain chemical carcinogens may also be at increased risk. Excessive dietary fat and protein as well as low fiber intake may promote the disease. High body mass index (a measure of obesity), increased height, and a low level of physical activity increases the risk as well. Pancreatic cancer is more common in people with diabetes but the link is not fully understood.


Question: What cells are in the pancreas?

Answer: The organ has special cells called endocrine cells that make hormones and are clustered together in groups called islets that are found mostly in the tail and body sections of the gland. The pancreas also has exocrine cells, another type of specialized cell, which represent 95% of the cells in the pancreas. They are spread throughout the gland and perform the digestive functions.


Question: Can back exercises help ease back pain?

Answer: Some back exercises can help ease pain. But others can hurt. Confirm with your doctor or physical therapist that you can do back exercises. Then, do them each day or as recommended. Note whether your pain improves.


Question: What can you do to feel better during metastatic melanoma treatment?

Answer: A dietitian can give you other tips on nutrition and eating during your cancer treatment. Ask your doctor for a referral. Exercise can help you feel better overall and fight fatigue. But listen to your body, and balance rest and activity. Get the kind of emotional support that's right for you. It could be from family, friends, your cancer support group, or a religious group.


Question: What are the symptoms of metastatic melanoma?

Answer: You're more likely to get melanoma if you have: Fair skin, along with lighter hair and eye color Many moles or irregular moles (not beauty marks or small brown blemishes) A family history of melanoma If your melanoma has spread to other areas, you may have: Hardened lumps under your skin Swollen or painful lymph nodes Trouble breathing, or a cough that doesn't go away Swelling of your liver (under your lower right ribs) or loss of appetite Bone pain or, less often, broken bones Headaches, seizures, or weakness or numbness in your arms or legs Weight loss Fatigue Before you have any tests, your doctor will want to know: Why did you come in?


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Should I have other tests before we decide on a treatment? What treatments do you recommend? What's involved in these treatments? How will I feel? Will I have scars? Will I be able to work while I'm having the treatment? What happens if it doesn't help? Can I take part in clinical trials? Do you have experience treating metastatic melanoma?


Question: What causes melanoma?

Answer: In most cases, melanoma is caused by exposure to ultraviolet ( UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. It damages the DNA of your skin cells, and they start to grow out of control.


Question: How can a clinical trial help with metastatic melanoma?

Answer: These drugs boost your immune system so it can better attack the cancer.


Question: How do you know what treatment is right for metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Although metastatic melanoma is not easy to treat, you do have options. Choosing what's right for you will depend on where and how big the cancer is, what your health is like, and what your wishes are.


Question: What does your doctor check for to diagnose metastatic melanoma?

Answer: The doctor will also check to see if your lymph nodes are enlarged. Lymph nodes are bean-sized glands under the skin in your neck, underarms, and groin. The doctor uses a thin needle to remove a sample of cells. This is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The doctor may also do a lymph node biopsy. This removes the lymph nodes most likely to have cancer cells. In this test, the doctor injects a dye into the area where the potential cancer was. It spreads to the nearest lymph nodes, which are removed and tested. If these lymph nodes, called sentinel nodes, don't have cancer, then it's likely the cancer hasn't spread. The results of these tests help the doctor determine the stage of your cancer and how widespread it is. You and your doctor will decide on the best treatment plan once you know that information.


Question: What drugs are used to help treat metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Some drugs attack a gene called BRAF. About half the people who have melanoma have changes in this gene, which helps cancer cells grow. If you have a tumor with BRAF, these drugs may shrink it and extend your life. They include: Dabrafenib ( Tafinlar) Encorafenib ( Braftovi) Vemurafenib ( Zelboraf) Other drugs block an enzyme called MEK. This enzyme is often overactive in some cancers. These drugs, working in combination with a BRAF inhibitor to attack cancer cells, seem to shrink tumors for a longer period of time: Binimetinib ( Mektovi) Cobimetinib ( Cotellic) Trametinib ( Mekinist) Hearing that your cancer has spread is scary, but a lot of research is underway to find new treatments.


Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat metastatic melanoma?

Answer: These drugs boost your immune system so it can better attack the cancer. You get immunotherapy through an IV or a shot in high doses. It can have serious side effects, but it can also shrink metastatic melanomas and help some people live longer.


Question: Where can you get support for metastatic melanoma?

Answer: The Melanoma Research Foundation has an online library of free support services, including an online patient community and a phone buddy program. And for more information on metastatic melanoma, go to the web site of the Skin Cancer Foundation.


Question: Can metastatic melanoma be cured?

Answer: Melanoma often spreads to: Tissue under the skin Lymph nodes Lungs Liver Brain Although in any cases metastatic melanoma can't be cured, treatments and support can help you live longer and better. Doctors have new therapies that have greatly increased survival rates.


Question: How can I lower my chances of getting enterovirus D68?

Answer: You can lower your chances of getting it by following these tips: Wash your hands often. Scrub with soap for 20 seconds. (especially before eating) Don't touch your eyes, nose, or mouth unless you've just washed your hands. Don't hug, kiss, or share food with anyone who's sick. If someone in your house is ill, it's a good idea to regularly disinfect surfaces that are touched a lot, such as toys and doorknobs. A person who is ill should always cover their mouth when coughing/sneezing, wear a mask and wash hands often. Staying in a separate room in the house helps contain the infection.


Question: How is enterovirus D68 treated?

Answer: No medicines target this virus. Antibiotics won't help, since the illness is not caused by bacteria. You can take an over-the-counter pain/fever reliever, which might help you feel a little better, just like with a normal cold. If your symptoms are severe, you should call your doctor or go to the emergency room. If it's an emergency -- for instance, you're having trouble breathing -- call 911. You may need to be hospitalized.


Question: Which adults should get the MMR vaccine?

Answer: The CDC says most adults born in 1957 or later should get at least one dose of the MMR vaccine. Because of the risk of birth defects, all women of childbearing age should have the MMR vaccine unless they're pregnant or have proof of immunity, or proof of already being vaccinated for rubella.


Question: Should someone ever get more than one dose of the MMR vaccine?

Answer: The CDC says adults at greater risk of measles or mumps should get two doses of MMR vaccine, the second one 4 weeks after the first. This includes adults who: Have been exposed to measles or mumps or live in an area where an outbreak has happened Are students in colleges or trade schools Travel internationally Work in health care For measles, the CDC advises a second dose for adults who: Were previously given a vaccine made with "killed" measles (instead of the live-type of vaccine used today) Were given an MMR vaccine between 1963 and 1967, but there's no record of what type.


Question: What's in the MMR vaccine?

Answer: Adults should talk with their doctor if they: Have HIV Have any other immune system disorder Have cancer or are being given cancer drugs or X-rays Are taking steroids or other drugs that affect the immune system Have had a low platelet count (a blood disorder) Have had a blood transfusion or took blood products Have a moderate or severe illness As with many vaccines, the MMR vaccine works with the immune system to build up protection by putting a small amount of the virus into the body. The safest and most effective ingredients in the MMR vaccine used today include "attenuated" forms of each virus, which means they're live forms of the virus that have been made weak in medical labs.


Question: What side effects can the MMR vaccine cause?

Answer: A few people develop a short-term mild rash, fever, swollen glands, or pain and stiffness in the joints after getting the shot. More serious, and rare, side effects include a temporary low platelet count or serious allergic reaction. Call your doctor if you have trouble breathing, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, hives, weakness, or other problems after vaccination.


Question: Who should avoid the MMR vaccine?

Answer: Adults who have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to gelatin, a previous MMR vaccine, or a medication called neomycin should not get the vaccine. Medical conditions. Adults should talk with their doctor if they: Have HIV Have any other immune system disorder Have cancer or are being given cancer drugs or X-rays Are taking steroids or other drugs that affect the immune system Have had a low platelet count (a blood disorder) Have had a blood transfusion or took blood products Have a moderate or severe illness As with many vaccines, the MMR vaccine works with the immune system to build up protection by putting a small amount of the virus into the body.


Question: Will my doctor require a physical exam when testing for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Physical exam : The doctor will check your joints for swelling, tenderness, and range of motion. RA tends to strike several joints.


Question: What surgery is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Surgery: If you have major joint damage over time, you may want to talk to your doctor about surgery. Total joint replacements of the knee, hip, wrist, and elbow can help. Less serious surgeries may also be good options.


Question: What will your doctor check for during a physical exam for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Physical exam : The doctor will check your joints for swelling, tenderness, and range of motion. RA tends to strike several joints.


Question: How do doctors diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Your regular doctor may order blood tests and X-rays to help confirm a diagnosis. Or you may be sent to someone who specializes in diagnosing and treating RA.


Question: Will my doctor ask me about my personal and family medical history when examining for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Personal and family medical history: Your doctor will ask about your past and your relatives'. If someone in your family tree has RA, you may be more likely to have the disease.


Question: What imaging tests are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Imaging tests: These can help your doctor judge how severe your disease is and track its progress over time. X-rays can show whether (and how much) joint damage you have, though damage may not show up early on. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) and ultrasound give a more detailed picture of your joints. These scans aren't normally used to diagnose RA, but they can help doctors find it early.


Question: What's next after rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Don't panic if you learn you have rheumatoid arthritis. While there is no cure, people are living better now with RA than ever before. Your doctor will talk to you about all the ways you can treat the disease and manage your symptoms.


Question: What will your doctor look for in imaging tests for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Imaging tests: These can help your doctor judge how severe your disease is and track its progress over time. X-rays can show whether (and how much) joint damage you have, though damage may not show up early on. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) and ultrasound give a more detailed picture of your joints. These scans aren't normally used to diagnose RA, but they can help doctors find it early.


Question: What medicine is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Medicines: There are several types: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying drugs.


Question: What conditions may your doctor consider besides rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: When a doctor thinks about how likely you are to have one disease over another, or over several others, this is called a differential diagnosis. There are many conditions your doctor may consider besides RA, and besides other forms of autoimmune arthritis: Viral arthritis: Rubella, parvovirus, and hepatitis B and C can lead to short-term arthritis symptoms that resemble RA. Palindromic rheumatism: Periodic joint inflammation that may lead to RA, lupus, and similar diseases Polymyalgia rheumatica : This is more common over age 50, generally less painful than RA, and associated more with shoulders and hips.


Question: What medicines are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Medicines: There are several types: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying drugs.


Question: How can I lower the stress on my joints if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Lower the stress on your joints: Lose weight or stay at a healthy weight. Get some rest, but not too much -- moderate activity helps, too. Use canes and walkers to take pressure off your lower body.


Question: What diseases does rheumatoid arthritis resemble?

Answer: And in the early stages, RA can resemble other diseases like: Lupus Sjogren's syndrome Psoriatic arthritis Lyme arthritis Osteoarthritis That's why your doctor will rely on many things to help pinpoint the cause of your pain and other symptoms.


Question: What might I have if I donât have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: When a doctor thinks about how likely you are to have one disease over another, or over several others, this is called a differential diagnosis. There are many conditions your doctor may consider besides RA, and besides other forms of autoimmune arthritis: Viral arthritis: Rubella, parvovirus, and hepatitis B and C can lead to short-term arthritis symptoms that resemble RA. Palindromic rheumatism: Periodic joint inflammation that may lead to RA, lupus, and similar diseases Polymyalgia rheumatica : This is more common over age 50, generally less painful than RA, and associated more with shoulders and hips.


Question: What antibody blood tests are used to examine for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Antibody blood tests: Doctors look for certain proteins that show up in your blood when you have RA.


Question: How many teeth does a child have, and what are they called and where are they found?

Answer: A child's mouth contains 20 initial teeth, called primary teeth, baby teeth, or deciduous teeth, consisting of the following teeth types: 4 second molars 4 first molars 4 cuspids (also called canine or eye teeth) 4 lateral incisors 4 central incisors For each set of four teeth, two teeth are located in the upper arch (one on each side of the mouth) and two are located in the lower arch (one on each side of the mouth). To find out when primary teeth begin to appear, see the primary eruption illustration and the Teeth Eruption Charts. The adult mouth contains 32 permanent teeth, consisting of the following teeth types: 4 third molars (also called wisdom teeth) 4 second molars (also called 12-year molars) 4 first molars (also called 6-year molars) 4 second bicuspids (also called second premolars) 4 first bicuspids (also called first premolars) 4 cuspids (also called canine or eye teeth) 4 lateral incisors 4 central incisors To find out when permanent teeth begin to appear, see the permanent eruption illustration and the Teeth Eruption Charts.


Question: How many permanent teeth does an adult have, and what are they called?

Answer: The adult mouth contains 32 permanent teeth, consisting of the following teeth types: 4 third molars (also called wisdom teeth) 4 second molars (also called 12-year molars) 4 first molars (also called 6-year molars) 4 second bicuspids (also called second premolars) 4 first bicuspids (also called first premolars) 4 cuspids (also called canine or eye teeth) 4 lateral incisors 4 central incisors To find out when permanent teeth begin to appear, see the permanent eruption illustration and the Teeth Eruption Charts.


Question: What are the parts of a tooth?

Answer: Each tooth consists of three main parts - the crown, the neck and root. The crown is the visible part of the tooth. A protective layer called enamel covers the crown. The neck is the area of the tooth between the crown and the root. The root is the portion of the tooth that extends through the gum and into the bone of the jaw.


Question: What can your doctor advise to treat blepharitis?

Answer: If your doctor advises: Make a solution of half baby shampoo or mild soap, half water. Place the cloth over your index finger, dip it in the mix, and use it to clean your eyelid. Wash one lid at a time. Close the eye you're cleaning. Rub the washcloth over your eyelashes and the edge of your lids for about 30 seconds to loosen clogged oils. Apply light pressure to squeeze out clogged oils from the glands behind your lashes. Rinse thoroughly with a clean, warm, wet washcloth. Pat dry. If the blepharitis results from a problem with your oil glands, the doctor may suggest a testosterone cream to put on your eyelids. He may also suggest Lipi Flow, a 12-minute procedure that gently heats clogged glands and applies mild pressure to âmilk outâ the oils and testosterone cream.


Question: Is there a cure for blepharitis?

Answer: But it can be treated and controlled. Just take care of your eyelids. If you don't treat blepharitis, it could scar or injure your eyelids and your eye.


Question: Can you prevent blepharitis?

Answer: Keep your eyelids clean. Remove all eye makeup before bedtime. Don't use eyeliner on the back edges of your eyelids behind the lashes. If you're in the early stages of treating blepharitis, you can prevent further irritation by not using makeup. Once you do start to use it again, replace products used in or near your eyelids. They may be contaminated.


Question: Who has high HDL cholesterol levels?

Answer: On the positive side, vigorous exercisers -- such as long-distance runners -- tend to have high HDL cholesterol levels. Before menopause, women tend to have higher HDL cholesterol than men their age.


Question: Why is the amount of cholesterol in your bloodstream important?

Answer: There are four different types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol in the blood: High density lipoprotein ( HDL) or "good cholesterol" Low density lipoprotein ( LDL) or "bad cholesterol" Very low density lipoproteins ( VLDL), which are very bad forms of cholesterol Chylomicrons, which carry very little cholesterol but a lot of another fat called triglycerides The amount of cholesterol in your bloodstream is important because of its role in various cardiovascular diseases. The risk of getting these conditions is complex and depends not only on how much cholesterol but also what kind of cholesterol you have in your blood. Generally speaking, high levels of LDL -- the "bad cholesterol" -- are associated with a higher chance of coronary heart disease; high levels of HDL -- or "good cholesterol" -- are associated with a lower chance.


Question: Why is LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol bad?

Answer: LDL cholesterol collects in the walls of arteries, leading to "hardening of the arteries" or atherosclerosis. People with atherosclerosis are in turn vulnerable to heart failure, heart attack, stroke, and other problems caused by clogged blood vessels. Even so, some people who have high LDL cholesterol never get heart disease, and many heart attack patients do not have high cholesterol levels.


Question: What causes cholesterol levels to increase?

Answer: Cholesterol levels can increase with: Diets high in saturated fats, trans fats, and sugar Obesity A sedentary lifestyle Since no one can predict which people with high cholesterol will develop heart disease, play it safe and keep your cholesterol levels in check.


Question: How do young children get the flu shot?

Answer: The first time a child younger than 9 gets a flu vaccine, she'll need two doses at least a month apart. Kids usually get the shot in the leg or arm.


Question: What other problems can the flu cause in children?

Answer: In children, these include: Congestion Sore throat Cough Fever -- as high as 103 to 105 degrees Fahrenheit Chills Headache Muscle and body aches Vomiting and nausea The flu itself isn't the only problem. If it weakens your child's immune system, she also could get a bacterial infection on top of it. Young children are at higher risk of problems from the flu, which include: Pneumonia Bronchitis Sinusitis Ear infection A flu shot is the best way to protect kids from the flu and problems that come along with it.


Question: Can the flu shot cause the flu in children?

Answer: The vaccine your child gets in a shot is made from dead influenza virus, whereas the spray is made from a live strain. Neither cause the flu.


Question: What are serious side effects or signs of an allergic reaction to the flu shot in children?

Answer: More serious side effects are rare, but your child could be allergic to the shot. Signs of allergic reaction to a flu vaccine include: Trouble breathing Hives Paleness Weakness Fast heartbeat Dizziness Vomiting If you see any of these signs, get emergency help.


Question: When should I call 911 for an eye burn?

Answer: Eyeball looks cloudy The person notices a sudden change in vision 1.


Question: When should I call a doctor for a heat burn to my eye?

Answer: When to See a Doctor Call a doctor if the person has: Decreased, double, or blurred vision that doesn't clear with blinking Eye pain Discomfort when looking at light The feeling that something like sand is in eye Redness, swelling, twitching, tears, or discharge Any symptom lasting more than 24 hours Symptoms that happen more often or get worse


Question: What should I do for a heat burn to my eye?

Answer: Flush Eyes Fill a sink or dishpan with cool water. Have the person put his/her face in water. The person should open and close eyes to get water to all parts of eye. If a serious chemical injury to the eye(s) is suspected, continue flushing out the eye with water until an ambulance arrives or the injured person arrives in the emergency room. Alkali substances such as drain cleaners are particularly harmful to the eye. Optimal flushing would include putting the person in a shower with the water aimed at the face with someone helping to keep the eyes open. If a shower is not available, then splashing running water from a sink is second best. If the accident happened at a worksite, it is more important to flush out the eye(s) for at least 20-30 minutes than to transport the person to the hospital immediately.


Question: When should you call 911 about eye or corneal burns?

Answer: Eyeball looks cloudy The person notices a sudden change in vision 1.


Question: What are tear ducts?

Answer: Tear ducts are like tiny tunnels that your tears pass through. They're part of the drainage system that goes from your eyes to your throat. Glands inside your eyelids and the white part of your eyes constantly release tears into your eyes. As you blink, they drain out. They exit through two small holes called puncta in the upper and lower inside corners of your eyelids, next to your nose.


Question: What causes blocked tear ducts in infants?

Answer: Sometimes babies are born with blocked tear ducts. This happens because a piece of tissue that covers the duct doesn't open up at birth like it should. It will usually open on its own within a few months. Less often, tear ducts get blocked because the tear drainage system didn't form correctly in the womb.


Question: Can fast food and junk food affect a child's digestion?

Answer: Make sure she's eating enough fruits, grains and vegetables.


Question: When are children and infants most likely to have constipation?

Answer: There's no simple definition of normal bowel activity in children, but there are three stages when they're most likely to have problems with constipation: In infants, when you first begin the switch from formula to solid foods In toddlers, when toilet training first begins In older children, around the time they start school As a parent, there are signs of constipation to watch out for and things you can do to help your little one find relief.


Question: Can getting your child to regularly use the bathroom help with constipation?

Answer: Get your child into the habit of regular bowel movements. Have him try for at least 10 minutes two times a day. After a meal is a good time.


Question: How can I find a right nursing home?

Answer: They often include: Room and board Help with medication Personal care (including dressing, bathing, and using the toilet) 24-hour emergency care Social and recreational activities It takes time to research them and find one you like. So start your search for one long before you'll need to move to a facility. You may have to get on a waiting list, especially if you're using government funding such as Medicaid. Also, if you plan ahead, you can make the transition of moving much easier.


Question: Should I talk with other about the services I'll need for a nursing home?

Answer: Talk with your family and caregivers about the services you'll need. Think about the ones that are important to you before you start calling different nursing homes.


Question: What is Medicaid?

Answer: This is a joint federal/state health insurance program that provides medical care benefits to low-income Americans who qualify. The program covers nursing home care, but eligibility and covered services vary a lot from state to state.


Question: What questions about food service should I ask about a nursing home

Answer: Food Service How often does the center provide meals? What's a typical menu? Are there set meal times? Is the food hot and appetizing? Are snacks available? What if residents need special foods? Is it easy to get to drinking water from anywhere in the facility? Are there group dining areas, or do residents eat meals in their rooms? Are there staff who can assist residents who need help with eating?


Question: What questions should I look for in the facility of a nursing home?

Answer: Facility Does the nursing home offer the level of care you need, such as skilled care? Does it meet local or state licensing requirements? Does the administrator have an up-to-date license? What are the visiting hours? What's the policy on insurance and personal property? How does the staff respond to a medical emergency?


Question: What is private long-term care insurance?

Answer: You can purchase this health insurance option to supplement Medicare coverage. Private long-term care insurance policies vary greatly. Each has its own rules for eligibility, restrictions, costs, and benefits.


Question: What questions about medication and health care should I ask about a nursing home?

Answer: Medication and Health Care What is the policy on storing medication and helping residents take it? Can residents take their meds themselves? Who coordinates visits from physical, occupational, or speech therapists? Does a doctor or nurse visit the resident regularly to give checkups?


Question: What services do nursing homes offer?

Answer: They often include: Room and board Help with medication Personal care (including dressing, bathing, and using the toilet) 24-hour emergency care Social and recreational activities It takes time to research them and find one you like.


Question: What do the results of a Dix-Hallpike test for vertigo mean?

Answer: If the Dix- Hallpike test didn't trigger any symptoms, your doctor may want to do other tests to figure out what's causing your issues. If it did, your doctor may move your head in certain ways to help get the crystals out of your semicircular canals and into a place where they can be reabsorbed. Your doctor may teach you these movements so that you can do them at home if needed. BPPV often goes away on its own, but it can come back.


Question: How is inflammatory back pain treated with medication?

Answer: Physical therapy uses a tailored exercise program along with a variety of techniques that could include: Massage Heat Ultrasound Whirlpool baths If you're struggling to get through a normal day, your doctor may prescribe stronger pain medicines or muscle relaxants. But you have to be careful. Some of these prescription medicines can make you drowsy. You could also become dependent on hydrocodone/acetaminophen ( Vicodin), oxycodone/acetaminophen ( Percocet), or other medications with opioids in them. The antidepressant duloxetine ( Cymbalta) may help with arthritis and chronic lower back pain. Doctors sometimes prescribe antidepressants and anticonvulsants for pain related to irritated nerves. Steroids that you swallow usually aren't recommended for acute low back pain. A back or pain specialist may inject steroids or other drugs directly into your back to help control the pain.


Question: How is inflammatory back pain treated with acupuncture?

Answer: This ancient Chinese healing practice may bring relief for people with chronic low back pain. Gently placing thin, dry needles into your skin at specific points may trigger the release of endorphins, your body's natural painkillers, or it may change your brain chemistry so you have a higher pain tolerance. You should use it along with other treatments.


Question: How is inflammatory back pain treated at home?

Answer: The basic way to relieve a strain or minor injury is to take it easy for a while. Use an ice pack and an over-the-counter pain reliever such as acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. After the inflammation calms down, a heating pad or pack can help soothe muscles and connective tissue. If you have chronic back pain, sleep on a medium-firm mattress. Pay attention to your posture. Slouching puts stress on your back. Bed rest, which used to be what doctors advised for back pain, may do more harm than good. It could slow your recovery and cause new problems. With acute pain, you should be able to start normal, easy activity, like walking, within a few days. After that, gradually ramp back up to your usual exercise level.


Question: How can surgery help inflammatory back pain?

Answer: For most chronic back pain, this is a last resort. You may need surgery when you have a herniated disk or a pinched nerve from the spinal cord. Rhizotomy -- surgically cutting a nerve -- stops it from sending pain signals to your brain. The surgery can fix the symptoms caused by extremely damaged nerves and rubbing surfaces in a spinal joint, but it doesn't address other problems, like herniated disks.


Question: How is inflammatory back pain treated with nerve stimulation?

Answer: These treatments are intended for long-standing back pain and nerve damage. Radiofrequency ablation electrically stimulates specific nerves to make them less sensitive to pain. It can also zap the nerve to destroy it and prevent further pain. TENS, or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, may help block pain signals or trigger your body to make endorphins. A small battery-powered device sends a signal through electrodes taped to your skin to give you a tingling feeling.


Question: How can counseling help inflammatory back pain?

Answer: Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT) can often lessen back pain, change how you think about your levels of pain and disability, and even lift depression. People have been able to take less medication while improving their outlook.


Question: How does a doctor diagnose Tietze syndrome?

Answer: Because there is no special test for Tietze syndrome, doctors usually want to know about your symptoms. Your doctor will probably do a physical exam which could involve pressing on your chest. He may also order tests to rule out other things. These tests might include X-rays, an ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), a biopsy, or an electrocardiogram to see the electrical activity in your heart.


Question: What heart conditions can be treated with beta-blockers?

Answer: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Esmolol ( Brevibloc) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol- XL) Propranolol ( Inderal) Doctors often prescribe beta-blockers for these heart conditions: Heart failure High blood pressure Angina Abnormal heart rhythms Heart attack Beta-blockers can also treat: Glaucoma Migraine headaches Anxiety Certain types of tremors Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) If you have asthma or COPD, your doctor may not prescribe a beta-blocker because it may make your breathing symptoms worse.


Question: How are beta-blockers used to treat heart disease?

Answer: Beta-blockers are one of the most widely prescribed classes of drugs to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and are a mainstay treatment of congestive heart failure. Beta-blockers work by blocking the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) and slowing the heart's rate, thereby decreasing the heart's demand for oxygen. Long-term use of beta-blockers helps manage chronic heart failure.


Question: What should you do while you are taking a beta-blocker for heart disease?

Answer: While you're taking a beta-blocker, you may need to check your pulse every day. If it's slower than it should be, contact your doctor about taking your beta-blocker that day. Never stop taking a beta-blocker without speaking to your doctor first, even if you feel that it's not working. Sudden withdrawal can worsen angina and cause heart attacks.


Question: Do other drugs interact with beta-blockers for heart disease?

Answer: Typically, those are for a diuretic (''water pill'') or other medications such as ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers ( ARBs), which lower blood pressure and improve heart failure symptoms. If you have side effects and you're taking your heart drugs together, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. You may need to change when you take each medication, so they're at different times. It's important to tell your doctor about everything you're taking -- including over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and supplements -- because they might affect how your beta-blocker works.


Question: What beta-blockers are used to treat heart disease?

Answer: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Esmolol ( Brevibloc) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol- XL) Propranolol ( Inderal) Doctors often prescribe beta-blockers for these heart conditions: Heart failure High blood pressure Angina Abnormal heart rhythms Heart attack Beta-blockers can also treat: Glaucoma Migraine headaches Anxiety Certain types of tremors Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) If you have asthma or COPD, your doctor may not prescribe a beta-blocker because it may make your breathing symptoms worse.


Question: What can I do to help manage a pinched nerve in my elbow?

Answer: If you have surgery, physical therapy to regain your arm and hand strength will likely be advised. You might need a splint for a few weeks to help make sure the elbow heals properly. Ongoing care for your elbow should include steps to avoid injuring or irritating the nerve further. You should be careful to avoid trauma to your elbow. You may also need to learn, with occupational therapy, how to hold your arm differently, stretch, or take frequent breaks when doing everyday activities such as working on your computer.


Question: Which medications can be affected by grapefruit juice?

Answer: Antihistamines: fexofenadine ( Allegra) Some type of calcium channel blockers (blood pressure drugs): felodipine ( Plendil), nifedipine ( Adalat, Procardia) Certain psychiatric drugs: buspirone ( Bu Spar), triazolam ( Halcion), carbamazepine ( Tegretol), diazepam ( Valium), midazolam ( Versed), sertraline ( Zoloft) Some immunosuppressants: cyclosporine ( Neoral), tacrolimus ( Prograf) Certain pain medications: methadone The impotence drug (erectile dysfunction): sildenafil ( Viagra) Some HIV medication: saquinavir ( Invirase) Some antiarrhythmics: amiodarone ( Cordarone, Pacerone) There are alternatives to many of these drugs.


Question: What are the risks of taking black cohosh?

Answer: Black cohosh may not be safe for: Women who are pregnant (although it is sometimes used to induce labor) Women who have -- or have had -- breast cancer or uterine cancer Women who have endometriosis Children under 18 People with liver disease, a high risk of stroke or blood clots, or seizure disorders People with allergies to aspirin Interactions.


Question: What medications can black cohosh interact with?

Answer: People taking other medicines including birth control pills, hormone replacement therapy, sedatives, or blood pressure medicine should not take black cohosh without the approval of their doctors.


Question: How much black cohosh should you take?

Answer: For menopausal symptoms, the dose of black cohosh used in studies has been 20-40 milligram tablets of a standardized extract taken twice a day. Directions for taking black cohosh in other forms will vary. Some experts say that no one should take black cohosh for more than six months at a time.


Question: Why do people take black cohosh?

Answer: Black cohosh is most often used to control the symptoms of menopause, such as: Headaches Hot flashes Mood changes Sleep problems Heart palpitations Night sweats Vaginal dryness Some studies have found evidence that black cohosh does help with these symptoms. However, many experts consider the evidence unclear and say that we need more research. Other uses of black cohosh have less scientific support. Women sometimes take it to regulate periods, ease PMS symptoms, and induce labor.


Question: What is black cohosh and what is it used for?

Answer: For centuries, the roots of the North American black cohosh plant have been used for various ailments. Black cohosh is now a popular remedy for the symptoms of menopause.


Question: What are the side effects of taking black cohosh?

Answer: Side effects from black cohosh include headaches and upset stomach, but there are many others. Side effects may be more likely to occur at high doses. There have been some people who may have developed liver problems after using black cohosh, the specifics of which are still being investigated. Nonetheless, people with pre-existing liver problems, or those taking any other medication/substance that affects the liver, should either avoid black cohosh or check in with their health care provider prior to use.


Question: Can you get black cohosh naturally from foods?

Answer: There are no food sources for black cohosh.


Question: How does Parkinsonâs disease affect driving?

Answer: But even in mild cases, common symptoms such as shaking in the arms, hands, or legs, impaired balance, and slowed physical and mental responses can affect driving skills. Episodes of tremor, for example, often begin in a hand or a foot and can affect the ability to operate a car's controls. Rigidity can result in jerky motions while steering. Slow movement can interfere with braking in heavy traffic or ability to quickly react to road hazards. Postural instability often results in a stooped posture in which the head is bowed and shoulders are drooped, further reducing drivers' awareness of their surroundings.


Question: Can medication help allow someone with Parkinson's disease to drive?

Answer: For many people with early Parkinson's disease, medications can reduce symptoms. But medications may have side effects, such as drowsiness, that can affect driving as well. It can be difficult for doctors to devise a medication plan that reduces the primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease and allows some patients to drive without causing side effects that make driving a car even more dangerous.


Question: How often should my driving be re-evaluated if I have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Because Parkinson's disease worsens over time, however, many people with Parkinson's disease eventually will need to give up driving a car and rely on other forms of transportation.


Question: How can I find an organization that can provide transportation for someone with Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Eldercare Locator, a service of the U. S. Administration on Aging, can also assist.


Question: What are alternate methods of transportation for those with Parkinson's disease?

Answer: It's also important to help your loved one become accustomed to using alternate methods of transportation, such as: Rides from family and friends Taxi cabs Shuttle vans and buses Public buses, trains, and subways Walking Your local Area Agency on Aging can help you find transportation services for a loved one.


Question: Which signs should I look for to know a loved one with Parkinson's disease shouldn't drive?

Answer: Warning signs include: Driving too slowly Stopping in traffic for no apparent reason Ignoring traffic signs Getting lost along a familiar route Difficulty executing turns and lane changes Drifting into other traffic lanes or driving on the wrong side of the street Forgetting to signal or signaling incorrectly Not noticing other vehicles, pedestrians, or road hazards Becoming drowsy or falling asleep behind the wheel Parking inappropriately Getting tickets for traffic violations Getting into near-miss situations, fender benders, or other accidents Any of these warning signs could indicate that it's time for your loved one to stop driving.


Question: What is Parkinsonâs disease and how does it affect driving?

Answer: Parkinson's disease is a type of movement disorder that can significantly impair driving skills, cause safety concerns, and force many people with the condition to stop driving a car.


Question: Does your doctor need to know about any supplements you take if you're going to have aortic valve replacement surgery?

Answer: To make sure you're healthy enough for surgery, you'll get: Blood and urine tests Chest X-ray Electrocardiogram ( EKG) Physical exam Tell your doctor about any medicines or supplements you take, including: Vitamins Herbal or natural medicines Drugs you buy âover the counterâ (meaning that they don't need a prescription) Prescription medicines You may need to stop taking certain ones before surgery.


Question: What does the aortic valve do?

Answer: When this valve opens, blood goes from your heart into your aorta (the largest artery in your body) and on to the rest of your body. When your aortic valve closes, it keeps blood from flowing the wrong way back into your heart. This cycle repeats with every heartbeat. If certain things go wrong with that valve, your doctor may recommend that you have surgery to replace it.


Question: What are biological valves for aortic valve replacement?

Answer: Biological valves come from animal tissue. They last 10-20 years. That's not as long as mechanical valves, but they don't lead to clots and you won't need blood thinners. You and your doctor should talk about the pros and cons of each type, and what's best for you.


Question: What is minimally invasive surgery for aortic valve replacement?

Answer: Then, your doctor: Makes a 6- to 8-inch opening in your chest Splits open your breastbone Stops your heart and hooks you up to a heart-lung machine, which takes over pumping your blood Takes out the damaged valve and puts in a new one Restarts your heart and closes up your chest In some cases, you may be able to get âminimally invasiveâ surgery instead. You get a smaller cut in your chest, and your breastbone won't be opened all the way, if at all.


Question: What tests are done to make sure you're healthy enough for aortic valve replacement surgery?

Answer: To make sure you're healthy enough for surgery, you'll get: Blood and urine tests Chest X-ray Electrocardiogram ( EKG) Physical exam Tell your doctor about any medicines or supplements you take, including: Vitamins Herbal or natural medicines Drugs you buy âover the counterâ (meaning that they don't need a prescription) Prescription medicines You may need to stop taking certain ones before surgery.


Question: What are mechanical valves for aortic valve replacement?

Answer: Mechanical valves are carbon, metal, or plastic. They last long but boost your chances of having blood clots. You'll have to take drugs called blood thinners for the rest of your life. Your doctor will check your med levels often because too little won't help with clots, but too much could cause heavy bleeding, especially after an injury.