Question: What tools do doctors use to find the severity of your eczema?

Answer: The most common tools to find the severity of eczema are the Eczema Area and Severity Index ( EASI) and the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis Index ( SCORAD). The EASI looks at four body regions (head/neck, trunk, upper extremities, and lower extremities), how much of each region is affected, and the severity of the eczema. With SCORAD, doctors try to objectively look at the severity (extent of skin involved, intensity of symptoms) of atopic dermatitis.


Question: What is nummular eczema?

Answer: Nummular eczema: " Nummular," the Latin word for "coin," refers to the coin-shaped spots on the skin. It's also called discoid eczema because the scaly patches look like discs. Its cause is unknown, although the spots, which can be dry and scaly or weeping (and may or may not be itchy) might be triggered by reactions to inflammation or dry skin. The lower legs, forearms, and trunk are the most commonly affected areas.


Question: Which non drowsy antihistamines can you take for chronic hives?

Answer: The meds come in different forms: Non-drowsy: Your doctor will probably want you to try over-the-counter options like cetirizine ( Zyrtec), fexofenadine ( Allegra), and loratadine ( Claritin) first. They won't make you sleepy. They usually only cause mild side effects, like dry mouth and eyes. It's important to take these every day, not just when you have a breakout.


Question: How is omalizumab (Xolair) used to treat chronic hives?

Answer: Omalizumab ( Xolair) is approved for those who don't get relief from antihistamines. Your doctor injects it under your skin. Experts think it blocks a different chemical in your immune system that contributes to hives.


Question: What are the side effects of omalizumab (Xolair) for chronic hives?

Answer: Side effects of this medication include: Headache Upset stomach A slightly higher chance of heart disease or a stroke Rarely, a severe allergic reaction called anaphylaxis If those drugs don't work, your doctor may try anti-inflammatory medications or something called an immunosuppressant, which curbs your immune system.


Question: How are antihistamines used for chronic hives?

Answer: Talk to your doctor about these options: These medications block something called histamine. That's a chemical in the skin that can cause allergy symptoms like hives.


Question: How do steroids work to treat chronic hives?

Answer: If antihistamines don't help, your doctor might prescribe a corticosteroid. These drugs calm the immune system. That can make your hives less severe. You can get them in a shot or a pill.


Question: Whatâs the treatment for thrush?

Answer: But the symptoms may be worse and harder to treat in people with weak immune systems. Your doctor will probably prescribe antifungal medications that you'll have to take for 10 to 14 days. These come in tablets, lozenges, or liquids, and are generally easy to take. Since the infection can be a symptom of other medical problems, your doctor may also want to run other tests to rule these out.


Question: What causes thrush?

Answer: Small amounts of the candida fungus are in your mouth, digestive tract, and skin. It's supposed to be there, and it's usually kept under control by the other bacteria in your body. But sometimes, certain illnesses or medications, like corticosteroids or antibiotics, can disturb the balance. This can cause the fungus to grow out of control. That's when you get thrush.


Question: What is thrush?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If you notice a strange white rash inside your mouth, you may have a condition called thrush. It's an infection caused by the candida fungus, which is yeast. You can get it in your mouth and other parts of the body. It can cause diaper rash in infants or vaginal yeast infections in women. Anyone can get thrush, but it happens most often to babies and toddlers, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.


Question: What other medical conditions can cause thrush?

Answer: So can a number of medical conditions, like: Uncontrolled diabetes HIV infection Cancer If you smoke or wear dentures that don't fit right might, you're also more likely to get thrush. And babies can pass the infection to their mothers while breastfeeding.


Question: How can thrush spread?

Answer: In very bad cases, they can spread into your esophagus and cause: Pain when you swallow or difficulty swallowing A feeling that food is stuck in your throat or in the middle of your chest Fever, if the infection spreads beyond the esophagus The fungus that causes thrush can spread to other parts of the body, like the lungs, liver, and skin. This happens more often in people with cancer, HIV, or other conditions that weaken the immune system.


Question: How can I prevent thrush?

Answer: Practice good oral hygiene. Brush your teeth at least twice a day and floss at least once a day. Get regular dental checkups. Especially if you have diabetes or wear dentures. Even if you're healthy and don't have dental issues, you should get your teeth cleaned by your dentist every 6 months. Treat chronic health issues. A condition such as HIV or diabetes can disturb the balance of bacteria in your body and lead to thrush. If you're taking medications for an ongoing health condition, take them regularly, as directed. Don't overuse mouthwashes or sprays. Rinse with an antibacterial mouthwash once or twice a day to help keep your teeth and gums healthy. Using any more than that may upset the normal balance of bacteria in your mouth. Clean inhalers after using them. If you have a condition like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD), clean your inhalers after each use to kill germs. Limit foods that contain sugar and yeast. Bread, beer, and wine will cause extra yeast growth. If you smoke, quit. Ask your doctor or dentist about ways to help you kick the habit.


Question: How effective is a cervical cap in preventing pregnancy?

Answer: Estimates vary, but the CDC says that of 100 women who use the cap, about 12 will accidentally get pregnant in a typical year. It's less effective if you've had a baby by vaginal birth. And you need to follow the instructions exactly for it to work right.


Question: How do I use a cervical cap?

Answer: The woman coats the inside of the cap with spermicide, and inserts it into her vagina and up to her cervix before sex. The cap blocks the cervix and the spermicide kills the sperm. You must keep the cap in place for at least 6 hours after sex. During that time, if you have sex again, you don't need to reapply the spermicide. But you should check that the cap is still in place. The woman uses her fingers to take the cap out. It's important to do that within 48 hours (2 days) after having sex. If you leave it in, there's a chance you could get a staph infection that gets out of control and becomes toxic shock syndrome, which needs immediate medical care.


Question: What does molluscum contagiosum look like?

Answer: The condition usually results in papules that: Are generally painless, but can itch Are small (2 to 5 millimeter diameter) Have a dimple in the center Are initially firm, dome-shaped, and flesh-colored Become softer with time May turn red and drain over time Have a central core of white, waxy material Molluscum contagiosum usually disappears spontaneously over a period of months to years in people who have normal immune systems.


Question: How is molluscum contagiosum diagnosed?

Answer: If the diagnosis is in question, a doctor can confirm the diagnosis with a skin biopsy -- the removal of a portion of skin for closer examination.


Question: How is molluscum contagiosum treated?

Answer: Molluscum contagiosum is usually self-limited, so treatment is not always necessary. However, individual lesions may be removed by scraping or freezing. Topical medications, such as those used to remove warts, may also be helpful in lesion removal. Note: The surgical removal of individual lesions may result in scarring.


Question: What causes molluscum contagiosum?

Answer: Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a virus (the molluscum contagiosum virus) that is part of the pox virus family. The virus is contagious through direct contact and is more common in children. However, the virus also can be spread by sexual contact and can occur in people with compromised immune systems. Molluscum contagiosum can spread on a single individual through scratching and rubbing.


Question: How does primary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) differ from other types of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A few things make it different from other types of MS: People with primary progressive MS are usually older when they're diagnosed -- an average age of 40. Roughly equal numbers of men and women get it. In other types of the disease, women outnumber men 3 to 1. It usually leads to disability earlier than the most common type, relapsing-remitting MS. You may have heard PPMS referred to as progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis ( PRMS), but this terminology is no longer used.


Question: What is the outlook for people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Eventually, most people with relapsing-remitting MS will move on to a secondary progressive phase of MS. After living with relapsing-remitting MS for many years, most people will get secondary progressive MS.


Question: What are the symptoms of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Eventually, most people with relapsing-remitting MS will move on to a secondary progressive phase of MS. After living with relapsing-remitting MS for many years, most people will get secondary progressive MS. In this type, symptoms begin a steady march without relapses or remissions. ( In this way, it's like primary progressive MS.) The change typically happens between 10 and 20 years after you're diagnosed with relapsing-remitting MS.


Question: What causes the shift from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: But scientists know a few things about the process: The older a person is when she's first diagnosed, the shorter the time she has before the disease becomes secondary progressive. People who don't fully recover from relapses generally move to secondary progressive MS sooner than those who do. The process of ongoing nerve damage changes. After the transformation, there's less inflammation and more of a slow decline in how well the nerves work.


Question: Are there different types of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Doctors have identified a few major types of MS. The categories are important, because they help predict how severe the disease can be and how well treatment will work.


Question: How effective are treatments for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Secondary progressive MS is tough to treat, and the disease can be hard to handle day to day. Symptoms get worse at a different rate for each person. Treatments work moderately well, but most people will have some trouble using their body like they used to.


Question: What are some drugs that turn down the immune system when dealing with severe eczema?

Answer: Drugs that turn down your immune system: Some steroid-free drugs can stop your immune system from overreacting and attacking your skin. Cyclosporine, methotrexate, and mycophenolate are pills taken by mouth to ease itching and give your skin a chance to heal. But they do come with side effects like increased blood pressure and an upset stomach. They also put you at an increased risk for infections and cancer.


Question: What should someone do if they have tried home remedies for severe eczema?

Answer: Be aware that once the steroids clear your system, your symptoms may come back.


Question: How does talk therapy treat severe eczema?

Answer: Talk therapy: Having eczema can make you feel anxious, angry, or hopeless. The stress you feel can make your skin worse. Talking to a therapist or counselor can help you realize that you do have some control over your health -- or at least how you react to it. You can also join a support group with others who have eczema and are dealing with many of the same feelings.


Question: What are some creams that can help treat severe eczema?

Answer: Crisaborole ( Eucrisa), pimecrolimus ( Elidel), and tacrolimus ( Protopc) are creams or ointments that can treat itching and rashes caused by eczema. Because there may be a rare link between these drugs and skin cancer, you should only use them for short periods of time. They should never be given to people with chronic health problems or to children younger than 2.


Question: How do antihistamines help with severe eczema?

Answer: Antihistamines: These drugs won't stop a flare, but they may be able to relieve itching. Diphenhydramine ( Benadryl), which you can buy at the store, is a good choice. So are hydroxyzine ( Atarax) and cyproheptadine ( Periactin), which your doctor can prescribe. Take them at night, as all of these will make you sleepy.


Question: How do antibiotics treat severe eczema?

Answer: Antibiotics: Antibiotics won't relieve your itching or skin redness. Still, you may take them if your eczema gets infected.


Question: How does phototherapy treat severe eczema?

Answer: Phototherapy: If your doctor suggests âlight therapy,â you'll sit under a special machine that emits UVB light. UVB rays are the type that can give you a sunburn. But when you're exposed to very small amounts, they actually help your skin. UVB rays can reduce itching and inflammation. They can also help your skin resist bacteria that can cause infections. Up to 70% of people with stubborn eczema see their symptoms improve after about a month of light therapy.


Question: How do diet changes help treat eczema?

Answer: Diet changes: A certain food is likely not the only cause of your eczema, but it could play a part. Certain foods may trigger a change in your skin within minutes or cause a flare days later. If you're having a hard time clearing up your eczema with medicines, your doctor could suggest you try a food elimination diet. You may also need to be tested for food allergies. This can confirm which foods are making your skin worse so you know to avoid them.


Question: How does stress reduction treat severe eczema?

Answer: Stress reduction: If you're not at ease talking with a therapist, there are other ways to ease your stress. Hypnosis, guided imagery, and meditation have all been shown to help ease eczema symptoms. You can also try biofeedback. During a treatment session, sensors attached to your body will measure your heart rate, muscle tension, and brain waves. Once you learn what it feels like when your body is upset or stressed, you can learn to calm yourself.


Question: How can weight loss help your knee osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: If you're overweight, you can cut your pain when you shed a few pounds. A leaner "you" can ease pressure on your joints, reduce inflammation, and help you get around more easily. Even if you don't have knee OA now, you may cut your risk of getting it if you keep your weight under control.


Question: What can you do to lose weight when you have knee osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: If you're very overweight or have other health problems, talk to your doctor about other options like low-calorie diets, gastric surgery, or weight loss medications.


Question: Why do you need to lose weight when you have knee osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: When you carry extra pounds you also speed up the loss of cartilage in your knees. That's the stuff that creates a cushion between your bones. If you don't have enough, your bones start to rub against each other. And that leads to irritation, pain, and swelling. When you drop a few pounds, you won't reverse your OA or create new cartilage. But it can ease your symptoms, improve how well you get around, and prevent more damage to your joints.


Question: What are other possible causes of strokes relative to carotid artery disease?

Answer: A stroke can occur if: The artery becomes extremely narrowed There's a rupture in an artery to the brain that has atherosclerosis A piece of plaque breaks off and travels to the smaller arteries of the brain A blood clot forms and obstructs a blood vessel Strokes can occur as a result of other conditions besides carotid artery disease. For example, sudden bleeding in the brain, called intracerebral hemorrhage, can cause a stroke. Other possible causes include: Sudden bleeding in the spinal fluid space -- subarachnoid hemorrhage Atrial fibrillation Cardiomyopathy High blood pressure Blockage of tiny arteries inside the brain The risk factors for carotid artery disease are similar to those for other types of heart disease.


Question: How is computerized tomography angiography (CTA) used to diagnose carotid artery disease?

Answer: More detailed than an X-ray, a CT uses X-rays and computer technology to produce cross-sectional images of the carotid arteries. Images of the brain can be collected as well. With this imaging test, the scan may reveal areas of damage on the brain. The CT scan uses a low level of radiation.


Question: How is a carotid ultrasound used to diagnose carotid artery disease?

Answer: This noninvasive, painless screening test uses high-frequency sound waves to view the carotid arteries. It looks for plaques and blood clots and determines whether the arteries are narrowed or blocked. A Doppler ultrasound shows the movement of blood through the blood vessels. Ultrasound imaging does not use X-rays.


Question: Whatâs the treatment for carotid artery disease?

Answer: To effectively treat carotid artery disease, doctors recommend the following: Following recommended lifestyle habits. Taking medications as prescribed. Considering a procedure to improve blood flow, if your doctor believes it could help reduce your risk of future stroke.


Question: How is carotid artery stenting (CAS) used to treat carotid artery disease?

Answer: Carotid artery stenting ( CAS) is a newer treatment option. It's less invasive than carotid endarterectomy and is performed in a catheterization laboratory. With CAS, a small puncture is made in the groin. A specially designed catheter is threaded to the area of narrowing in the carotid artery. Once in place, a small balloon tip is inflated for a few seconds to open the artery. Then, a stent is placed in the artery and expanded to hold the artery open. A stent is a small tube that acts as a scaffold to provide support inside your artery. The stent is usually made of metal and is permanent. It can also be made of a material that the body absorbs over time. Some stents have medicine that helps keep the artery from getting blocked again. CAS is a newer procedure, and there is still some controversy as to how well it prevents strokes caused by carotid artery disease. Research suggests that the standard CEA may be safer than CAS, which may raise the risk of stroke or death post procedure.


Question: What are some recommended lifestyle changes for people with carotid artery disease?

Answer: To keep carotid artery disease from progressing, the following lifestyle changes are recommended: Quit smoking. Control high blood pressure. Control diabetes. Have regular checkups with your doctor. Have your doctor check your cholesterol and get treatment, if necessary. Eat a heart-healthy diet. Maintain a healthy weight. Exercise at least 30 minutes most days of the week. Limit alcohol to 1 drink per day for women, 2 for men.


Question: What are the risk factors for carotid artery disease?

Answer: Other possible causes include: Sudden bleeding in the spinal fluid space -- subarachnoid hemorrhage Atrial fibrillation Cardiomyopathy High blood pressure Blockage of tiny arteries inside the brain The risk factors for carotid artery disease are similar to those for other types of heart disease. They include: Age Smoking Hypertension (high blood pressure) -- the most important treatable risk factor for stroke Abnormal lipids or high cholesterol Insulin resistance Diabetes Obesity Sedentary lifestyle Family history of atherosclerosis, either coronary artery disease or carotid artery disease Men younger than age 75 have a greater risk than women in the same age group. Women have a greater risk than men older than age 75. People who have coronary artery disease have an increased risk of developing carotid artery disease. Typically, the carotid arteries become diseased a few years later than the coronary arteries.


Question: How is a carotid endarterectomy (CEA) used to treat carotid artery disease?

Answer: This has been the commonly performed procedure for patients who have carotid atherosclerosis and TIAs or mild strokes. While you're under general anesthesia, an incision is made in the neck at the location of the blockage. The surgeon isolates the artery and surgically removes the plaque and diseased portions of the artery. Then, the artery is sewn back together to allow improved blood flow to the brain. The risks and benefits of CEA depend on your age, the degree of blockage, and whether you've had a stroke or TIA.


Question: What is flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Answer: A doctor uses it to view the lining of the rectum and the lower third of the colon.


Question: What happens after a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Answer: After the procedure, your doctor will talk with you about the results. You may go back to your normal diet and activities. If the doctor found any growths, or polyps, during the procedure, you may get a biopsy (removal of tissue) of the polyp or polyps. Or your doctor may recommend that you get a complete colon exam, by colonoscopy with polyp removal.


Question: How do you prepare for a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Answer: First, tell your doctor if you: Are pregnant Have a lung or heart condition Are allergic to any medications Have diabetes or take drugs that may affect blood clotting If you take certain medicines, your doctor may need to adjust them before you get this test. You may need to take antibiotics before the sigmoidoscopy if you: Have an artificial heart valve Have a history of endocarditis No.


Question: When do you need to take antibiotics before a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Answer: You may need to take antibiotics before the sigmoidoscopy if you: Have an artificial heart valve Have a history of endocarditis No.


Question: What happens during a flexible sigmoidoscopy?

Answer: A flexible sigmoidoscopy usually lasts from 10 to 20 minutes. You may not need to be sedated. Your doctor will have you lie on your left side, with your knees drawn up. He will insert the sigmoidoscope through the rectum and pass it into your sigmoid colon. The doctor will use a small amount of air to expand the colon to see the colon walls. You may feel mild cramping during the procedure. To lessen those cramps, you can take several slow, deep breaths. The doctor will slowly take the sigmoidoscope out while carefully examining the lining of your bowel.


Question: When should you see your health care provider for symptoms of prostate cancer?

Answer: That discussion, which allows men to make an informed decision, should take place based on the following schedule: Age 50 for men who have an average risk for prostate cancer and an expectation of living at least 10 years or more Age 45 for men in the high-risk group, such as African Americans and those with a father, brother, or son that was diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 65 Age 40 for men who have more than one close relative (father, brother, or son) who had proatate cancer at an early age See your health care provider if you have any of the following symptoms: Difficulty initiating or stopping a urine stream Frequent urination Pain on urination Pain on ejaculation Blood in your semen Go to the nearest hospital emergency department right away if you have any of the following symptoms: Urinary tract infection - Burning pain on urination, urgency, frequent urination, especially with fever Bladder obstruction - Not urinating or urinating very little despite drinking enough fluid; producing little urine despite straining; pain due to a full bladder Acute kidney failure - Not urinating or urinating little, with little discomfort, despite drinking enough fluid Deep bone pain, especially in the back, hips, or thighs, or bone fracture; this is a possible sign of advanced prostate cancer that has spread to the bones.


Question: Who should undergo regular screening for prostate cancer?

Answer: The American Cancer Society recommends that men should not be screened before they have received information from their health care provider during a discussion regarding the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening. That discussion, which allows men to make an informed decision, should take place based on the following schedule: Age 50 for men who have an average risk for prostate cancer and an expectation of living at least 10 years or more Age 45 for men in the high-risk group, such as African Americans and those with a father, brother, or son that was diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 65 Age 40 for men who have more than one close relative (father, brother, or son) who had proatate cancer at an early age See your health care provider if you have any of the following symptoms: Difficulty initiating or stopping a urine stream Frequent urination Pain on urination Pain on ejaculation Blood in your semen Go to the nearest hospital emergency department right away if you have any of the following symptoms: Urinary tract infection - Burning pain on urination, urgency, frequent urination, especially with fever Bladder obstruction - Not urinating or urinating very little despite drinking enough fluid; producing little urine despite straining; pain due to a full bladder Acute kidney failure - Not urinating or urinating little, with little discomfort, despite drinking enough fluid Deep bone pain, especially in the back, hips, or thighs, or bone fracture; this is a possible sign of advanced prostate cancer that has spread to the bones.


Question: When should you go to the emergency department for symptoms of prostate cancer?

Answer: That discussion, which allows men to make an informed decision, should take place based on the following schedule: Age 50 for men who have an average risk for prostate cancer and an expectation of living at least 10 years or more Age 45 for men in the high-risk group, such as African Americans and those with a father, brother, or son that was diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 65 Age 40 for men who have more than one close relative (father, brother, or son) who had proatate cancer at an early age See your health care provider if you have any of the following symptoms: Difficulty initiating or stopping a urine stream Frequent urination Pain on urination Pain on ejaculation Blood in your semen Go to the nearest hospital emergency department right away if you have any of the following symptoms: Urinary tract infection - Burning pain on urination, urgency, frequent urination, especially with fever Bladder obstruction - Not urinating or urinating very little despite drinking enough fluid; producing little urine despite straining; pain due to a full bladder Acute kidney failure - Not urinating or urinating little, with little discomfort, despite drinking enough fluid Deep bone pain, especially in the back, hips, or thighs, or bone fracture; this is a possible sign of advanced prostate cancer that has spread to the bones.


Question: What are the symptoms of aspirin sensitivity?

Answer: Common examples include: Ibuprofen Naproxen When you take one of the drugs listed above, you might notice: Itchy rash or hives Bloodshot eyes Facial flushing Swelling in your mouth or throat Headache Stuffiness or runny nose Wheezing or shortness of breath Nausea Belly cramping This combination of problems might also be referred to as aspirin triad, and aspirin-sensitive asthma.


Question: What are symptoms of bipolar depression or major depression?

Answer: 1) Bipolar mania or hypo-mania symptoms include: Euphoria or irritability Increased energy and activity Excessive talk; racing thoughts Inflated self-esteem Unusual energy; less need for sleep Impulsiveness, a reckless pursuit of gratification (shopping sprees, impetuous travel, more and sometimes promiscuous sex, high-risk business investments, fast driving) 2) Bipolar depression/major depression symptoms include: Depressed mood and low self-esteem Low energy levels and apathy Sadness, loneliness, helplessness, guilt Slow speech, fatigue, and poor coordination Insomnia or oversleeping Suicidal thoughts and feelings Poor concentration Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities


Question: What are the main symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: The primary symptoms of bipolar disorder are periods of elevated or irritable mood accompanied by dramatic increases in energy, activity, and fast thinking. The illness has two (bi) strongly contrasting phases (polar): 1) bipolar mania or hypo-mania and 2) depression.


Question: What are symptoms of bipolar mania or hypo-mania?

Answer: 1) Bipolar mania or hypo-mania symptoms include: Euphoria or irritability Increased energy and activity Excessive talk; racing thoughts Inflated self-esteem Unusual energy; less need for sleep Impulsiveness, a reckless pursuit of gratification (shopping sprees, impetuous travel, more and sometimes promiscuous sex, high-risk business investments, fast driving) 2) Bipolar depression/major depression symptoms include: Depressed mood and low self-esteem Low energy levels and apathy Sadness, loneliness, helplessness, guilt Slow speech, fatigue, and poor coordination Insomnia or oversleeping Suicidal thoughts and feelings Poor concentration Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities


Question: What can Medicare do to help the person with early-onset dementia?

Answer: Medicare: This federal health insurance program helps pay for some doctor's fees, medical items, outpatient prescription drugs, and all inpatient hospital care. It's for people over 65 who get Social Security retirement benefits. However, those with early-onset Alzheimer's are eligible after they get SSDI for at least 24 months. It also provides some short-term home health care in some cases.


Question: Why do you need an attorney for a person with early-onset dementia?

Answer: As soon as the person you're caring for is diagnosed with early-onset dementia, the two of you should meet with an attorney to create a Power of Attorney ( POA). This document gives you -- or whomever your loved one designates -- the right to make financial, property, and personal care decisions for the person with dementia. An attorney can also help your loved one create a will and other important legal documents.


Question: What can disability insurance do to help the person with early-onset dementia?

Answer: Specifically, ask about: Disability insurance: Early-onset Alzheimer's disease is recognized by the Social Security Administration, so your loved one may be eligible for Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI) and Supplemental Security Income ( SSI).


Question: How effective is tubal ligation?

Answer: Tubal ligation is almost -- but not quite -- 100% effective. There is a slight risk of becoming pregnant after tubal ligation. That can happen if the tubes grow back together, which is very rare.


Question: Can you get your tubes untied in tubal ligation?

Answer: But it's major surgery that requires a couple of days in a hospital. There is a good chance that you might not be able to get it reversed. It depends on what method of tubal ligation you got, how long ago that was, and whether your tubes are too damaged to undo it. Reversing a tubal ligation increases your likelihood of an ectopic pregnancy when compared to patients who have not had previous tubal surgery. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg is in the fallopian tube instead of in the uterus. It is a life-threatening condition.


Question: Does tubal ligation protect against STDs?

Answer: The procedure is just about preventing pregnancy. Male condoms provide the best protection from most sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs), including HIV.


Question: What are the three treatment options for tuberculosis?

Answer: These are the three treatment options: Isoniazid ( INH): This is the most common therapy for latent TB. You typically take an isoniazid antibiotic pill daily for 9 months. Rifampin ( Rifadin, Rimactane): You take this antibiotic each day for 4 months. It's an option if you have side effects or contraindications to INH. Isoniazid and rifapentine: You take both of these antibiotics once a week for 3 months under your doctor's supervision.


Question: What is the treatment for drug-resistant tuberculosis?

Answer: If several types of medications don't do the job, you have what doctors call âmultidrug-resistant TB.â You'll need to take a combination of medications for 20 to 30 months. They include: Antibiotics called fluoroquinolones An injectable antibiotic, such as amikacin ( Amikin), capreomycin ( Capastat), and kanamycin Newer antibiotic treatments, such as bedaquiline ( Sirturo), ethionamide ( Trecator), and para-amino salicylic acid. These are given in addition to other medications. The new drug Pretomanid is used in conjunction with bedaquiline and linezolid. Scientists are still studying these medicines. A rare and serious type of the disease is called "extensively drug-resistant TB." This means that many of the common medications -- including isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolones, and at least one of the antibiotics that are injected -- don't knock it out. Research shows that it can be cured around 30% to 50% of the time.


Question: What are the treatment medications for active tuberculosis?

Answer: If you have this form of the disease, you'll need to take a number of antibiotics for 6 to 9 months. These four medications are most commonly used to treat it: Ethambutol ( Myambutal) Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Rifampin Your doctor may order a test that shows which antibiotics will kill the TB strain. Based on the results, you'll take three or four medications for 2 months. Afterward, you'll take two medications for 4 to 7 months. You'll probably start to feel better after a few weeks of treatment. But only a doctor can tell you if you're still contagious. If you're not, you may be able to go back to your daily routine.


Question: What are side effects for treatments of tuberculosis?

Answer: Tell your doctor right away if you have any of the following symptoms: Fever for 3 or more days Pain in the lower abdomen Itchiness or a rash Nausea, vomiting, or no appetite Yellowish skin or eyes Dark or brown urine Tingling, burning, or numbness of the hands and feet Fatigue Easy bruising or bleeding Dizziness It's important to take every dose of your antibiotics.


Question: What are the two types of tuberculosis?

Answer: There are two types of TB -- latent and active. Depending on your risk factors, latent TB can re-activate and cause an active infection. That's why your doctor might prescribe medication to kill the inactive bacteria -- just in case.


Question: How do I get ready for an oral glucose tolerance test?

Answer: To get an accurate result on the OGTT, eat about 150 grams of carbohydrates each day for 3 days before the test. Don't eat or drink anything except water after about 10 o'clock the night before. You don't need to do any special prep before the pregnancy glucose challenge test. You can eat in the morning. Just avoid foods with a lot of sugar, such as doughnuts or orange juice.


Question: What problems can you get from taking an oral glucose tolerance test?

Answer: The OGTT has very few issues. Some people have minor side effects from the sugary drink or from the needle stick. Side effects from the drink include: Nausea Vomiting Bloating Headache Low blood sugar (rarely) Possible problems from the blood test include: Excess bleeding Fainting Infection More than one attempt to find a vein, which can hurt a little Your blood glucose level should rise after you finish the sugary drink.


Question: How is an oral glucose tolerance test done?

Answer: You'll get the OGTT at your doctor's office, a clinic, hospital, or lab. Here's what happens: A nurse or doctor will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm to test your starting blood sugar level. You'll then drink a mixture of glucose dissolved in water. You'll get another blood glucose test 2 hours later.


Question: What does an oral glucose tolerance test tell you?

Answer: Your blood sugar level can give your doctor important clues about your health, and an oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT) shows how well your body handles sugar from foods. It can tell whether you are at risk for diabetes or if you already have it. A shorter version of an OGTT checks for diabetes during pregnancy.


Question: What side effects are associated with the oral glucose tolerance test drink?

Answer: The OGTT has very few issues. Some people have minor side effects from the sugary drink or from the needle stick. Side effects from the drink include: Nausea Vomiting Bloating Headache Low blood sugar (rarely) Possible problems from the blood test include: Excess bleeding Fainting Infection More than one attempt to find a vein, which can hurt a little Your blood glucose level should rise after you finish the sugary drink.


Question: How does having diabetes affect glucose?

Answer: Normally when you eat, your blood sugar rises. Your pancreas, a long gland deep in the belly, releases a hormone called insulin. It helps move sugar from your blood into your cells for energy and storage. Then your blood sugar goes back down to normal. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body uses insulin poorly. Glucose builds up in your blood. This excess sugar can damage blood vessels around your body. Diabetes can lead to heart disease, nerve damage, eye disease, and kidney damage.


Question: What are possible problems from a blood glucose test?

Answer: Side effects from the drink include: Nausea Vomiting Bloating Headache Low blood sugar (rarely) Possible problems from the blood test include: Excess bleeding Fainting Infection More than one attempt to find a vein, which can hurt a little Your blood glucose level should rise after you finish the sugary drink.


Question: When should cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) be used, and how effective is it?

Answer: CPR should be used when a person stops breathing and his heart has stopped beating. CPR keeps oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and heart until a defibrillator or emergency team arrives to get the heart beating normally. When started immediately following cardiac arrest, CPR can double or triple the victim's chance of survival.


Question: What is automated external defibrillator (AED)?

Answer: The automated external defibrillator is a computerized device used to restart a heart that has stopped beating, or is beating too quickly to create a pulse. Defibrillators work by shocking the heart back into action. Many public places, including airports, casinos, gyms, malls, and sporting venues, have defibrillators on hand in case of emergency. In the past, only trained medical professionals were able to use defibrillators. However, today's new automated external defibrillators can be used by anyone.


Question: Why should I know cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED)?

Answer: Cardiac arrest, which often leads to a heart attack, is frighteningly common: every minute of every day there is another victim, according to the American Red Cross. Almost 80% of cardiac arrests occur at home and are witnessed by a family member. Would you know what to do if someone you loved experienced a cardiac emergency? Make sure you're prepared -- take a CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) class and get trained to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED. It could mean the difference between life and death.


Question: Where can I learn about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs)?

Answer: To become certified in CPR and in the use of automated external defibrillators, contact your local American Red Cross or American Heart Association to find a class in your area.


Question: How common is psoriasis?

Answer: So people have to learn how to deal with it in all parts of life, from clothing to romance to jobs. As more people learn more about the disease, though, those who have it may face less stigma and misunderstanding about their condition.


Question: What side effects of fibrates (triglyceride medicines) should make you call your doctor?

Answer: Common side effects include: Back pain Diarrhea or vomiting Gas or bloating Headache Nausea Mild stomach pain Call your doctor right away if you have any of these more severe symptoms: Chest pain or irregular heartbeat Dark-colored urine, pain or burning when you urinate, or decreased urination Muscle aches, cramps, pain, or weakness Severe stomach pain Yellow skin and eyes (jaundice) Never switch the type of niacin you take without talking to your doctor.


Question: What are examples of commonly used prescription drugs associated with serious alcohol interactions?

Answer: These include medications used for: Allergies, colds, and flu Angina and coronary heart disease Anxiety and epilepsy Arthritis Blood clots Cough Depression Diabetes Enlarged prostate Heartburn and indigestion High blood pressure High cholesterol Infections Muscle pain Nausea and motion sickness Pain, fever, and inflammation Seizures Severe pain from injury, post-surgical care, oral surgery, and migraine Sleep problems Examples of commonly used prescription drugs associated with serious alcohol interactions include heart medications, which can cause rapid heartbeat and sudden changes in blood pressure; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), which can increase risk of heart attacks, strokes, ulcers and stomach bleeding; blood-thinning medications, which can lead to internal bleeding; and sleep medications, which can lead to impaired breathing, drowsiness, motor control, and unusual behavior.


Question: What will your doctor ask during your doctor's visit for chronic constipation?

Answer: Your doctor will want to know as much as she can about how your constipation is affecting you. In addition to getting your family and medical history, she may ask you: When your symptoms started and how long they've been going on Whether your symptoms stop and start or happen all the time If anything seems to make your symptoms better or worse Whether you're having pain in your stomach or vomiting How much you've been eating or drinking If you've recently gained or lost weight Whether you have blood in your stool or when you wipe If you have to strain to poop Basic tests help your doctor tell if you have chronic constipation and what may be causing it.


Question: What should you do before your appointment to treat chronic constipation?

Answer: When you call to schedule your visit, ask if there's anything you need to do (or not do) before you come in. For example, you may need to change how you eat in the days leading up to your visit. Be sure you have all the information that will help your doctor best treat you, like: A list of all the symptoms you've been having Your medical history, including any medications, vitamins, or supplements you're taking and any family history of digestive problems Personal information that could be affecting your health, like pregnancy, stress, or recent travel If you have questions you'd like to ask the doctor, make sure to write them down ahead of time and bring them with you. You may want to take a friend or family member with you to the appointment, especially if they know some of your medical or symptom history. They can be another set of ears to listen and remember information during your visit.


Question: What questions might your doctor ask during your visit for chronic constipation?

Answer: Your doctor will want to know as much as she can about how your constipation is affecting you. In addition to getting your family and medical history, she may ask you: When your symptoms started and how long they've been going on Whether your symptoms stop and start or happen all the time If anything seems to make your symptoms better or worse Whether you're having pain in your stomach or vomiting How much you've been eating or drinking If you've recently gained or lost weight Whether you have blood in your stool or when you wipe If you have to strain to poop Basic tests help your doctor tell if you have chronic constipation and what may be causing it.


Question: How can colon transit time test help in the diagnosis of chronic constipation?

Answer: Colon transit time test. Your doctor will give you a small pill to swallow that has a radioactive marker. Then she will track how long it takes for the pill to pass out of your body. If it takes longer than 3 days, it means your digestive tract has a problem digesting food correctly. Once your doctor has the information she needs from the tests you have, she can recommend the best treatment for your constipation.


Question: What tests are used to see if you have a problem with your digestive system related to chronic constipation?

Answer: Tests that help the doctor figure out if you have a problem with your digestive system include: Anal manometry: This measures how well your anus works. It checks how tight the muscles around it are and how they respond to signals from your nerves. A technician puts a thin tube with pressure sensors and a balloon in your anus. Once the sensors are in the right place, she slowly pulls the tube out to gauge muscle tone and contractions. The test takes about a half hour. Balloon expulsion test. Your doctor will place a small balloon filled with water into your rectum and then ask you to push it out like you would stool. If it takes you longer than a minute to get it out, it tells your doctor that the muscles that help you pass a bowel movement may not be working the way they should. Defecography: This test helps your doctor gauge how well your pelvic floor muscles and rectum are working while you poop. A radiologist puts a barium paste in your rectum that mimics the feeling of stool. You sit on a toilet next to a video X-ray machine. First, you'll need to squeeze and hold in the paste. Then, you'll need to strain as if you're having a bowel movement. The radiologist looks for problems as you push it out. Colon transit time test. Your doctor will give you a small pill to swallow that has a radioactive marker. Then she will track how long it takes for the pill to pass out of your body. If it takes longer than 3 days, it means your digestive tract has a problem digesting food correctly.


Question: What basic tests can help your doctor diagnose chronic constipation?

Answer: In addition to getting your family and medical history, she may ask you: When your symptoms started and how long they've been going on Whether your symptoms stop and start or happen all the time If anything seems to make your symptoms better or worse Whether you're having pain in your stomach or vomiting How much you've been eating or drinking If you've recently gained or lost weight Whether you have blood in your stool or when you wipe If you have to strain to poop Basic tests help your doctor tell if you have chronic constipation and what may be causing it. They may include a rectal exam, blood tests, urine tests, and stool sample tests. They can be uncomfortable, but they give important information about what's going on. Your doctor will want to rule out any underlying health condition that may cause your problem. Tests that help your doctor see inside your intestines include: Flexible sigmoidoscopy.


Question: How can flexible sigmoidoscopy help in the diagnosis of chronic constipation?

Answer: This test looks inside your lower intestine and rectum with a thin, flexible tube. The tube has a tiny camera in it. With the camera, your doctor can see what's going on in your intestines and check for a problem.


Question: What things will my doctor consider before doing other cancer treatments if immunotherapy is not working?

Answer: If it turns out that immunotherapy isn't right for you, the treatment you try next will depend on a few things, including: Your health Your age The type of cancer you have Other treatments you've tried Side effects the other treatments caused More standard treatments you might try -- if you haven't already -- include: Radiation.


Question: When is hospice care for cancer recommended, and what can it include?

Answer: Palliative care can include: Diet, physical therapy, relaxation techniques, and medicine to ease side effects of treatment Counseling and other resources to help with the fear, anxiety, and depression your cancer might cause Help with health insurance, employment, and legal issues that arise from your cancer and its treatment Your doctor might recommend this if your treatments have stopped working and your cancer has spread. You can get it at a hospice center, nursing home, or in your own home. Hospice isn't a treatment or cure for your cancer. It's meant to keep you comfortable and help you and your family deal with your disease. Hospice care might include: Medicine to ease your pain Counseling Physical therapy Nutrition Massage Art or music therapy Support for your family members


Question: What types of cancer can secondhand smoke cause?

Answer: Secondhand smoke can cause other types of cancer: Bladder Brain Breast Larynx Pharynx Rectum Sinus Stomach You're also more likely to get heart disease and stroke.


Question: How can you treat night sweats related to HIV?

Answer: Night sweats: Do you wake up in the middle of the night drenched in sweat? It can be a symptom of HIV itself or other infections (like TB). The sweating will stop when your doctor figures out what's causing the problem and treats it. What else can you do in the meantime?


Question: How can you treat a fever related to HIV?

Answer: Other treatments include: Pain medicine Calamine lotion, colloidal oatmeal baths, or wet compresses to relieve itching Fever: Running a temperature usually means your body is fighting an infection. Your doctor may do some tests to figure out what's causing your fever so he or she can decide how to treat the problem. In addition to following your doctor's advice, do these things to bring down a fever: Take ibuprofen or acetaminophen Use cold compresses Nagging cough: A cough isn't always a sign of something serious.


Question: What's the outlook for treatments of HIV symptoms?

Answer: The symptoms and illnesses described above are likely the result of advanced HIV, which means that the virus has been growing unchecked in your body for months to years. If you're not on ART or you're not taking it exactly as you're supposed to, now is the time to start taking it correctly. These medications will lower the amount of the virus in your blood so your immune system can recover. Even people with uncontrolled HIV can get the right treatment and go on to live a healthy life. Make sure to follow your doctor's advice regarding your HIV medicine and other medicines prescribed for your specific conditions. You may need to change your meds if you can't stand the side effects or if they're not controlling your disease well. But don't stop taking them before you talk to your doctor.


Question: How can you treat weight loss from HIV?

Answer: Weight loss: Shedding pounds without trying is an obvious sign that your HIV may be going in the wrong direction. Untreated HIV itself or infections you get because of it can make you lose weight. Plus, if you're sick, you may not feel like eating. If you lose 10% or more of your body weight (like 15 pounds if you weigh 150 pounds), you could have what's called wasting syndrome. You also have diarrhea, weakness, and fever for about a month. This mostly affects people with advanced HIV. It's important to try to put weight back on. In addition to taking your HIV medications, a few things can help: Talk to a dietitian to make sure your diet is balanced and gives you the calories you need. Build up your muscle mass with workouts like weightlifting or resistance exercises, like pushups, planks, and squats. Try high-protein supplements. ( First, ask your doctor or dietitian if you need them.) Treat infections that may cause diarrhea or loss of appetite. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to help with wasting syndrome, called megestrol acetate ( Megace) and dronabinol ( Marinol).


Question: What should you know about treating HIV symptoms?

Answer: It's possible your HIV isn't under control. That's most likely to happen if you're not on antiretroviral therapy ( ART), medicines that fight the virus. However, it can also happen if you aren't taking ART correctly, or if the drugs aren't working for you. When HIV grows uncontrollably, the amount of virus in your blood goes up and hurts your immune system. It destroys cells called CD4s. Without enough of these, your body has a hard time fighting common infections and other health problems that it could normally handle easily. Call your doctor if you get new symptoms. She can get to the bottom of what's wrong and find ways to help you feel better.


Question: How can you treat painful, blistering rashes related to HIV?

Answer: Painful, blistering rash: It could be shingles if you've ever had chickenpox -- the same virus causes both. Usually, shingles affects people over age 60. But if you have HIV, you can get it even if you're younger. It's important to see your doctor if you think you have shingles. Antiviral medicines can help you get over it more quickly -- but you need to start taking them as soon as possible. Other treatments include: Pain medicine Calamine lotion, colloidal oatmeal baths, or wet compresses to relieve itching Fever: Running a temperature usually means your body is fighting an infection.


Question: How can you treat skin problems related to HIV?

Answer: Skin problems: Dry, itchy skin is a common issue for people whose immune systems are damaged from HIV. Skin infections like impetigo or tinea can be a problem, too. Treatments include: Antifungal or antibacterial creams Steroids and antihistamines Moisturizers Molluscum contagiosum is a viral infection that causes small, flesh-colored bumps on the skin. The virus can grow out of control in people with HIV, so see a dermatologist for treatment right away.


Question: How can you treat long-lasting diarrhea related to HIV?

Answer: Long-lasting diarrhea: People with weak immune systems can get infections that cause diarrhea. It can last for a few weeks. Your doctor will do a thorough workup to figure out the problem. To control symptoms, your doctor may suggest: Anti-diarrhea meds to slow down the waste in your intestines and keep you from going as often Soft, easy-to-digest foods like bananas, rice, and potatoes Plenty of water, tea, and other healthy drinks to stay hydrated Let your doctor know if your diarrhea gets worse or you get a fever, vomiting, or pain.


Question: Which foods other than fish should I avoid  if I have a fish allergy?

Answer: These foods may contain anchovies: Worcestershire sauce Barbecue sauces made with Worcestershire Caesar salad and Caesar dressing Caponata ( Sicilian eggplant relish) Other foods that have fish: Caviar and fish roe (fish eggs) Artificial fish like surimi, an imitation crabmeat sometimes used in sushi Fish sauce, oils, and gelatin Stay out of seafood restaurants. Even if you order the beef, bits of fish from a shared spatula, cooking oil, or grill can get in your food. That kind of cross-contact can happen in any place that uses a lot of fish or fish ingredients, including many ethnic restaurants.


Question: Can I eat shellfish if I have a fish allergy?

Answer: Ask your doctor if any fish or shellfish is safe to eat. Don't try out any kinds on your own, though. That could cause severe allergic reactions.


Question: Are there things other than foods that I should avoid if I have a fish allergy?

Answer: Other foods -- as well as lotions, cosmetics, and medicine -- may have fish in them.


Question: Do antidepressants help ADHD?

Answer: These nonstimulants are FDA-approved for ADHD in children and teens: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) Antidepressants aren't specifically approved to treat ADHD, but they can help with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. They're an option for children who haven't done well on a stimulant alone. Taking an antidepressant along with a stimulant seems to work well for children who have ADHD along with a mood disorder such as depression or anxiety.


Question: What specific non-stimulant drugs treat ADHD?

Answer: These nonstimulants are FDA-approved for ADHD in children and teens: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) Antidepressants aren't specifically approved to treat ADHD, but they can help with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.


Question: What is behavioral therapy for ADHD?

Answer: This type of therapy uses positive reinforcement for good behavior and negative reinforcement for unwanted behaviors. A mental health professional -- a psychologist, social worker, or family therapist -- works with you and your child's teachers to set up a program to improve your child's behaviors. Behavioral therapy is often used along with ADHD medications, but it can also be used alone.


Question: Is ADHD treatment safe for children and how do I know if treatment is right for my child?

Answer: These treatment options have been evaluated for safety, but no two children are alike, and what works for some kids may not work as well for yours. Together with the doctor, you'll develop a plan that meets your child's specific needs. It may take time to figure out what works best. The plan may include medications, behavioral therapy, or both.


Question: What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

Answer: These are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants for people with depression. These have been tried for ADHD: Escitalopram ( Lexapro) Sertraline ( Zoloft) Venlafaxine ( Effexor).


Question: Which specific drugs are considered stimulants?

Answer: Stimulants include: Amphetamine ( Adzenys XR- ODT) Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR) Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Quillivant XR) If the first drug the doctor prescribes doesn't seem to help with symptoms, he may raise the dosage, suggest a different medication, or suggest your child take another drug along with the stimulant.


Question: What is the Beta phase of Focus T25?

Answer: For another 5 weeks, you switch to the more challenging Beta phase, which includes another set of five 25-minute workouts: Core cardio Speed 2.0 Rip't circuit Dynamic core Upper focus In each video, Shaun focuses on one area at a time -- upper body, lower body, cardio -- for about a minute each until you fatigue the body part. Then you move on to another area.


Question: Why do I have high triglycerides?

Answer: Some people have high triglycerides because they inherited a genetic predisposition from their parents. One common inherited condition is called familial hypertriglyceridemia. You can also have high triglycerides for other reasons, especially if you're overweight, have an unhealthy diet, and aren't physically active.


Question: How will your doctor help you determine if you have high triglycerides?

Answer: Your doctor will ask you to take a blood test, after fasting, to check your blood's triglyceride level.


Question: What if lifestyle changes don't lower my triglyceride levels enough?

Answer: If lifestyle changes don't lower your triglyceride levels enough, your doctor may consider prescribing fibrates, niacin, omega-3 fatty acids, and statins to help lower your high triglycerides. However, you'll still need to keep up with diet and exercise to manage your triglyceride levels.


Question: What should I ask my parents about my family's medical history and triglycerides?

Answer: Ask them these three questions: Did anyone in your family have high triglycerides? Was anyone in the family diagnosed with heart disease before age 50? Did anyone in your family have a heart attack or stroke before age 50?


Question: Can supplements or dietary changes help treat ADHD?

Answer: Some kids with ADHD may benefit from changes in what they eat, such as going gluten-free or avoiding certain food dyes and additives, although research is limited on how well this works. Omega-3 supplements may also help some children, and one is available by prescription. Talk to your doctor to find out if a supplement, or a change in diet, may be a good option for your child. Both can be used along with other treatments, but only under the guidance of a doctor.


Question: Can a child take medication for both ADHD and depression?

Answer: For some kids, taking these two different types of drugs together can best manage behavior problems.


Question: How do stimulants and nonstimulant drugs differ and are they effectively used together to treat ADHD?

Answer: Despite the name, stimulants don't make a child excitable. They help them focus their thoughts and ignore distractions. They boost and balance certain brain chemicals. They stimulate the part of the brain that controls impulses. Nonstimulants can improve concentration and impulse control. They tend to have a longer-lasting, smoother effect than stimulants. For some kids, taking these two different types of drugs together can best manage behavior problems.


Question: Should stimulants and anti-depressants be used together for ADHD if my child doesn't have depression?

Answer: Even if your child doesn't have a mood disorder like depression, your doctor may still suggest a combination of these two types of drugs to help with your child's symptoms.


Question: Can stimulants and non-stimulants be used together for treatment of ADHD?

Answer: It may sound strange to take these medications at the same time, but this form of adjunctive therapy has worked for many kids.


Question: What types of drugs do doctors prescribe for ADHD?

Answer: Other kids may start out with a medication to help control symptoms. There are different types of drugs used for ADHD: stimulants, nonstimulants, and antidepressants.


Question: How much does timing of ADHD medication matter?

Answer: You need to make sure she takes her meds exactly as the doctor prescribes. Your child won't get the most benefit if you break from it. Be aware of how long each medication should stay in her system. Some are short-acting, but some work for as long as 24 hours. Make note of any changes in behavior or symptoms. Let the doctor know if you see anything that concerns you.


Question: If you have cockroach allergy, what are you allergic to?

Answer: Up to 60% of people with asthma who live in cities are allergic to cockroaches.


Question: What are the symptoms of cockroach allergy?

Answer: Chronic stuffy nose Frequent ear and sinus infections Itchy eyes and nose A cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath Wheezing Chest tightness Cockroach allergy can also cause rashes.


Question: Where is cockroach allergy most common?

Answer: Due to the warmer climate, cockroach allergy is especially common in the South, particularly in low-income families. But cockroaches can invade anyone's home.


Question: How are cockroach allergies treated?

Answer: If you are allergic to cockroaches, over-the-counter antihistamines and nasal corticosteroid sprays, or prescription allergy medication will help symptoms. If you have asthma, your doctor may prescribe other pills and an inhaler. Allergy shots may also help ease your symptoms. You'll get a series of shots over several years.


Question: How can aging cause skin cancer?

Answer: The more moles you have, the higher your chances of developing melanoma.


Question: Who is more likely to get skin cancer: men or women?

Answer: Men are more likely to get nonmelanoma skin cancer than women. However, women under 50 are more likely to develop melanoma than men their age.


Question: Is pain management important in treating lung cancer?

Answer: Pain management is also key. At any point in your treatment, tell your doctor if you're in pain. If your doctor mentions âpalliative care,â that includes helping you feel comfortable, managing pain, and improving your life as much as possible. It's not the same as hospice care, which focuses on preparing for the end of life.


Question: Is it important to pay attention to my emotions if I am diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: Pay attention to your emotions, too. Dealing with cancer is hard. It's normal to feel a lot of strong emotions, including fear, anger, and sadness. It can help to talk with a counselor or join a support group to help you work through those feelings and face the many challenges that come with a cancer diagnosis.


Question: Is non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) common?

Answer: Non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC) is the more common one. It accounts for about 85% of lung cancers. They include a group of cancers that generally grow and spread less rapidly than small-cell lung cancer.


Question: Who gets lung cancer?

Answer: It's much more common among people who smoke. Quitting makes that less likely, and never lighting up is even better. But people who have never smoked can get it too. Lung cancer is rare for people under 45 years old. On average, people are diagnosed at 70.


Question: Does diet affect lung cancer risk?

Answer: Some studies suggest that eating healthy can lower your risk, along with giving you many other benefits for the rest of your body. Many studies have tried to reduce the risk of lung cancer in current or former smokers by giving them high doses of vitamins or vitamin-like drugs, but none of these trials have worked out. In one study, a nutrient related to vitamin A called beta-carotene actually increased the rate of lung cancer for people who smoke. So, ask your doctor before you start any supplements.


Question: Iâm looking for a car seat for my child. How can I make sure itâs good quality?

Answer: Here are a few features to look for: Safety label. Make sure the seat has a label stating that it meets or exceeds Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213. Five-point harness. It will protect your baby better than a three-point harness or seatbelt. Ratings. Check the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's ( NHTSA) five-star ease of use ratings system. A seat that's earned four or five stars will have clear instructions and be easy to use. New car seat. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends buying a new car seat - unless you know the accident history of a used car seat.


Question: Should my child ride in the front seat or the back seat of my car, and which way should they face?

Answer: The CDC says all children younger than age 13 should ride in the back seat. That holds true if they're in a car seat, booster seat, or seat belt. The reason: air bags can hurt or even kill young children riding in the front. Experts recommend keeping babies under 2 in a rear-facing seat until they outgrow the car seat manufacturer's height and weight limit. A rear-facing car seat will protect your baby's delicate neck during a crash.


Question: My child rides in a car seat. How can I make sure that he wonât accidentally be left behind in a car or get trapped inside?

Answer: To minimize the risk that a child will accidentally be left behind in a car or get trapped inside: Leave a purse, briefcase, or cell phone in the back seat. That way, you get in the habit of checking in the back seat before leaving the vehicle. Make an arrangement with your child's daycare to have them call you if the child doesn't show up as expected. Always lock your car and car trunk, even if the car is parked in the driveway at home, and always keep keys and fobs out of the reach of little ones.


Question: What are some tips for installing a rear-facing or convertible car seat?

Answer: ONLY install the car seat in the back seat. That's where your child is safest until he or she turns 13 or reaches a height of 4 feet 9 inches. Follow the car seat's instructions exactly as you thread the seat belt through the car seat belt path and tighten it. Buckle and lock the seat belt. Press down on the seat firmly to tighten it. The car seat should not move more than 1 inch from side to side or forward and backward once it's installed. Check the car seat manufacturer's instructions to make sure the safety seat is reclined at the correct angle.


Question: What are some tips for choosing the right day care for my loved ones with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Local churches and senior centers may have a list of nearby programs. You can also check with assisted-living facilities and nursing homes. Find out about the center's application process, who they serve, and take a look at sample menus and activity calendars. Once you've done some basic research, there are a few things to consider: How long the program has been open Who owns or sponsors it When they're open How much does it cost?


Question: How is psychotic depression different from major or clinical nonpsychotic depression?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a person who is psychotic is out of touch with reality. People with psychosis may hear "voices." Or they may have strange and illogical ideas. For example, they may think that others can hear their thoughts or are trying to harm them. Or they might think they are possessed by the devil or are wanted by the police for having committed a crime that they really did not commit. People with psychotic depression may get angry for no apparent reason. Or they may spend a lot of time by themselves or in bed, sleeping during the day and staying awake at night. A person with psychotic depression may neglect appearance by not bathing or changing clothes. Or that person may be hard to talk to. Perhaps he or she barely talks or else says things that make no sense. People with other mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, also experience psychosis. But those with psychotic depression usually have delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with themes about depression (such as worthlessness or failure), whereas psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia are more often bizarre or implausible and have no obvious connection to a mood state (for example, thinking strangers are following them for no reason other than to harass them). People with psychotic depression also may be humiliated or ashamed of the thoughts and try to hide them. Doing so makes this type of depression very difficult to diagnose.


Question: What tips can I tell a young child to follow at school to avoid getting sick?

Answer: Also follow these tips: Tell your child not to share cups, glasses, and forks and spoons. Keep him at home when he's sick. Make sure he gets enough sleep, eats a healthy diet, and gets plenty of time to play outdoors. Replace his toothbrush and make sure he doesn't borrow one from his brother or sister.


Question: What advice should I give a student in dorms for preventing sickness?

Answer: Tell your student to follow some of the same advice he needed back when he was in preschool: Wash hands often, eat healthy foods, and get as much sleep as possible.


Question: What can older adults do to prevent catching colds?

Answer: As you get older, especially from age 65 and on, you're at more risk for getting colds, and they may stick around longer, too. To stay healthy, eat right, get plenty of exercise, drink lots of water, and get enough rest. Wash your hands thoroughly several times a day, and especially before eating and after you go to the bathroom. Also, never share a toothbrush, and make sure you replace your toothbrush regularly.


Question: Are colds and sicknesses common in young kids?

Answer: Most you kids get five to seven -- or more -- colds each year. And that's not all. Ear infections are common, especially for kids with brothers and sisters or who spend time with their friends in day care. For this age group, there's no big mystery about how colds spread. If your kid touches his runny nose and then puts his hands on a toy, those cold germs are still around when another child picks it up.


Question: Will breastfeeding prevent my child from getting sick?

Answer: To help your newborn from getting sick, breastfeed him if possible. It gives him antibodies that fight germs. If you bottle-feed, sterilize the bottles and nipples between feedings. To do this, boil them or put them in the dishwasher.


Question: When is a newborn most at risk for sickness?

Answer: Your little one is at higher risk for colds and other infections for the first 4 to 6 weeks. That's because his immune system -- the body's defense against germs -- isn't working at full speed yet.


Question: How should I teach my children to wash their hands?

Answer: Colds can spread easily in day care, so you'll want to take some extra steps to keep your child healthy. Teach him to wash his hands the right way. Make sure he gets them wet with water and plain soap and rubs for 20 to 30 seconds. An easy way for him to get the timing right -- sing " Happy Birthday" twice while he washes. Remind him to wash up before eating and after going to the bathroom.


Question: What can I do to prevent my newborn from catching a virus from someone?

Answer: Keep your little one away from anyone who's sick. If possible, avoid crowds and public transportation when you go out with your baby.


Question: What are performance anxiety treatments?

Answer: Eat a sensible meal a few hours before you are to perform so that you have energy and don't get hungry. A low-fat meal including complex carbohydrates -- whole-grain pasta, lentil soup, yogurt, or a bean and rice burrito -- is a good choice. Shift the focus off of yourself and your fear to the enjoyment you are providing to the spectators. Close your eyes and imagine the audience laughing and cheering, and you feeling good. Don't focus on what could go wrong. Instead focus on the positive. Visualize your success. Avoid thoughts that produce self-doubt. Practice controlled breathing, meditation, biofeedback, and other strategies to help you relax and redirect your thoughts when they turn negative. It is best to practice some type of relaxation technique every day, regardless of whether you have a performance, so that the skill is there for you when you need it. Take a walk, jump up and down, shake out your muscles, or do whatever feels right to ease your anxious feelings before the performance. Connect with your audience -- smile, make eye contact, and think of them as friends. Act natural and be yourself. Exercise, eat a healthy diet, get adequate sleep, and live a healthy lifestyle. Keep in mind that stage fright is usually worse before the performance and often goes away once you get started.


Question: What are performance anxiety symptoms?

Answer: Performance anxiety symptoms may include: Racing pulse and rapid breathing Dry mouth and tight throat Trembling hands, knees, lips, and voice Sweaty and cold hands Nausea and an uneasy feeling in your stomach Vision changes Simply put, stress and anxiety about performing in front of people causes performance anxiety.


Question: How should I dress a child with eczema?

Answer: Wash clothes before wearing. Avoid heavy, tight, or scratchy material such as wool, nylon, or synthetic fibers.


Question: What are tips to help prevent skin irritation in a child with eczema?

Answer: Keep your child's fingernails short and clean. Avoid any substance you know will trigger an allergy. Avoid irritants such as perfumed soaps and detergents. Use cold compresses to relieve the itch. Don't let your baby get too hot or sweaty. Either one can make eczema worse. Never give a baby an antihistamine without talking to a pediatrician first. Ask your pediatrician about medications to relieve itching and whether food or environmental allergens could be triggering the eczema.


Question: When should I call a doctor about my baby's eczema?

Answer: Your baby develops a new rash. The rash looks infected, appears redder, or has a yellow crust or ooze. Home eczema treatments aren't helping. Your baby has a fever associated with the rash.


Question: How long can you have diabetes before being at risk for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer: Although retinopathy usually does not appear for approximately five years after a type 1 diabetes diagnosis, it may already be present when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed. After 15 years of having diabetes, 98 percent of those with type 1 diabetes and 78 percent of those with type 2 have some degree of retinal damage.


Question: What are the consequences of untreated retinopathy?

Answer: Retinopathy can also lead to glaucoma, increased pressure within the eye that can further threaten vision. Untreated, retinopathy can lead to progressive and irreversible vision loss. This condition is the leading cause of blindness in people between the ages of 20 and 60. But if retinopathy is diagnosed early, blindness can be prevented. Although many people with diabetes develop impaired vision, fewer than 5% suffer severe vision loss.


Question: How does having diabetes affect your risk for retinopathy?

Answer: For a person who has diabetes, the risk of developing retinopathy is directly related to the length of time that he or she has had diabetes. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to retinal damage.


Question: What is estrogen vaginal cream for urinary tract infections?

Answer: If you get a lot of UTIs, your doctor may consider: A daily low dose of antibiotics, taken for 6 months or longer Having you test yourself for a UTI at home when you have symptoms Taking a single dose of antibiotics after having sex If you've gone through menopause, you could ask about estrogen vaginal cream. After menopause, women have less estrogen in their bodies, which can cause vaginal dryness and make the urinary tract more vulnerable to infection. The treatment can help balance the area's p H factor and allow âgoodâ bacteria to flourish again.


Question: Can cranberry juice help prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Answer: Over the years, a lot of studies have focused on a substance found in cranberries that's thought to prevent bacteria from sticking to the lining of the urinary tract. But none of these studies have shown how much of this substance it would take to help prevent UTIs. If you still want to give it a try, drinking cranberry juice or taking cranberry pills is probably fine to do. But there are some exceptions, like if you take a blood-thinning medication, a medication that affects the liver, or aspirin.


Question: What will your doctor consider if you get a lot of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Answer: If you get a lot of UTIs, your doctor may consider: A daily low dose of antibiotics, taken for 6 months or longer Having you test yourself for a UTI at home when you have symptoms Taking a single dose of antibiotics after having sex If you've gone through menopause, you could ask about estrogen vaginal cream.


Question: What medications can you use to treat occipital neuralgia?

Answer: If those don't help, your doctor may prescribe medications for you, including: Prescription muscle relaxants Antiseizure drugs, such as carbamazepine ( Tegretol) and gabapentin ( Neurontin) Antidepressants Nerve blocks and steroid shots. The nerve block that your doctor might do to diagnose your condition can be a short-term treatment, too. It may take two to three shots over several weeks to get control of your pain. It's not uncommon for the problem to return at some point and to need another series of injections.


Question: How is occipital neuralgia diagnosed?

Answer: Some medical conditions are linked to it, including: Trauma to the back of the head Neck tension or tight neck muscles Osteoarthritis Tumors in the neck Cervical disc disease Infection Gout Diabetes Blood vessel inflammation Your doctor will ask you questions about your medical history and about any injuries you've had. She'll do a physical exam, too. She'll press firmly around the back of your head to see if she can reproduce your pain. She may also give you a shot to numb the nerve, called a nerve block, to see if it gives you relief. If it works, occipital neuralgia is likely the cause of the pain. You might also have blood tests or an MRI scan if your doctor thinks your case isn't typical.


Question: How can I relieve pain from occipital neuralgia?

Answer: The first thing you'll want to do is to relieve your pain. You can try to: Apply heat to your neck.


Question: How can you relieve pain from occipital neuralgia?

Answer: The first thing you'll want to do is to relieve your pain. You can try to: Apply heat to your neck.


Question: What is occipital neuralgia?

Answer: Other symptoms include: Aching, burning, and throbbing pain that typically starts at the base of the head and goes to the scalp Pain on one or both sides of the head Pain behind the eye Sensitivity to light Tender scalp Pain when you move your neck Occipital neuralgia happens when there's pressure or irritation to your occipital nerves, maybe because of an injury, tight muscles that entrap the nerves, or inflammation.


Question: What are the causes of occipital neuralgia?

Answer: Other symptoms include: Aching, burning, and throbbing pain that typically starts at the base of the head and goes to the scalp Pain on one or both sides of the head Pain behind the eye Sensitivity to light Tender scalp Pain when you move your neck Occipital neuralgia happens when there's pressure or irritation to your occipital nerves, maybe because of an injury, tight muscles that entrap the nerves, or inflammation. Many times, doctors can't find a cause for it.


Question: What are the symptoms of occipital neuralgia?

Answer: Occipital neuralgia can cause intense pain that feels like a sharp, jabbing, electric shock in the back of the head and neck. Other symptoms include: Aching, burning, and throbbing pain that typically starts at the base of the head and goes to the scalp Pain on one or both sides of the head Pain behind the eye Sensitivity to light Tender scalp Pain when you move your neck Occipital neuralgia happens when there's pressure or irritation to your occipital nerves, maybe because of an injury, tight muscles that entrap the nerves, or inflammation.


Question: What are symptoms of occipital neuralgia?

Answer: Occipital neuralgia can cause intense pain that feels like a sharp, jabbing, electric shock in the back of the head and neck. Other symptoms include: Aching, burning, and throbbing pain that typically starts at the base of the head and goes to the scalp Pain on one or both sides of the head Pain behind the eye Sensitivity to light Tender scalp Pain when you move your neck Occipital neuralgia happens when there's pressure or irritation to your occipital nerves, maybe because of an injury, tight muscles that entrap the nerves, or inflammation.


Question: How does occipital neuralgia happen?

Answer: Other symptoms include: Aching, burning, and throbbing pain that typically starts at the base of the head and goes to the scalp Pain on one or both sides of the head Pain behind the eye Sensitivity to light Tender scalp Pain when you move your neck Occipital neuralgia happens when there's pressure or irritation to your occipital nerves, maybe because of an injury, tight muscles that entrap the nerves, or inflammation. Many times, doctors can't find a cause for it.


Question: What is the outlook of occipital neuralgia?

Answer: Occipital neuralgia is not a life-threatening condition. Most people get good pain relief by resting and taking medication. But if you still hurt, tell your doctor. She'll want to see if there's another problem that's causing your pain.


Question: Is occipital neuralgia similar to a migraine?

Answer: People can confuse it with a migraine or other types of headache, because the symptoms can be similar. But treatments for those conditions are very different, so it's important to see your doctor to get the right diagnosis.


Question: How serious is fluoride toxicity?

Answer: If a child ingests a large amount of fluoride in a short period of time, it may cause symptoms such as: Nausea Diarrhea Vomiting Abdominal pain Although fluoride toxicity usually doesn't have serious consequences, it sends several hundred children to emergency rooms each year. It's also important to monitor your child's use of fluoridated toothpaste. Only place a pea-sized amount of toothpaste on your child's toothbrush. That is sufficient for fluoride protection. Also teach your child to spit out the toothpaste after brushing instead of swallowing it. To encourage spitting, avoid toothpastes containing flavors that children may be likely to swallow.


Question: What is fluorosis?

Answer: It's caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. After the teeth come in, the teeth of those affected by fluorosis may appear mildly discolored. For instance, there may be lacy white markings that only dentists can detect. In more severe cases, however, the teeth may have: Stains ranging from yellow to dark brown Surface irregularities Pits that are highly noticeable Fluorosis first attracted attention in the early 20th Century.


Question: What are the symptoms of fluorosis?

Answer: Symptoms of fluorosis range from tiny white specks or streaks that may be unnoticeable to dark brown stains and rough, pitted enamel that is difficult to clean. Teeth that are unaffected by fluorosis are smooth and glossy. They should also be a pale creamy white. Contact your dentist if you notice that your child's teeth have white streaks or spots or if you observe one or more discolored teeth.


Question: What techniques are used to treat fluorosis?

Answer: Such techniques may include: Tooth whitening and other procedures to remove surface stains; note that bleaching teeth may temporarily worsen the appearance of fluorosis. Bonding, which coats the tooth with a hard resin that bonds to the enamel Crowns Veneers, which are custom-made shells that cover the front of the teeth to improve their appearance; these are used in cases of severe fluorosis. MI Paste, a calcium phosphate product that is sometimes combined with methods like microabrasion to minimize tooth discoloration Parental vigilance is the key to preventing fluorosis.


Question: What is key in preventing fluorosis?

Answer: MI Paste, a calcium phosphate product that is sometimes combined with methods like microabrasion to minimize tooth discoloration Parental vigilance is the key to preventing fluorosis. If your water comes from a public system, your doctor or dentist -- as well as your local water authority or public health department -- can tell you how much fluoride is in it. If you rely on well water or bottled water, your public health department or a local laboratory can analyze its fluoride content. Once you know how much fluoride your child is getting from drinking water and other sources such as fruit juices and soft drinks, you can work with your dentist to decide whether or not your child should have a fluoride supplement.


Question: What causes fluorosis?

Answer: A major cause of fluorosis is the inappropriate use of fluoride-containing dental products such as toothpaste and mouth rinses. Sometimes, children enjoy the taste of fluoridated toothpaste so much that they swallow it instead of spitting it out. But there are other causes of fluorosis. For example, taking a higher-than-prescribed amount of a fluoride supplement during early childhood can cause it. So can taking a fluoride supplement when fluoridated drinking water or fluoride-fortified fruit juices and soft drinks already provide the right amount.


Question: When will I see results of Kegel exercises?

Answer: It takes time to build your biceps, so it takes time to strengthen pelvic floor muscles, too. Give it 3 to 6 weeks. Do them daily.


Question: Can Kegel exercises help with sex?

Answer: When your pelvic floor muscles are in shape, they'll contract more strongly during an orgasm.


Question: What are common side effects from epinephrine auto-injector shots?

Answer: The common side effects from the epinephrine injection are dizziness, restlessness, anxiety, and shakiness. In rare cases, they may be more severe.


Question: What are general times to give an auto-injector shot?

Answer: There are many cases when you, or someone you know, need to use an auto-injector, but two general ones are: You have a life-threatening allergy and you know you've had contact with your allergy trigger. An example: If you have a peanut allergy and your boyfriend ate some peanuts and then kissed you, don't wait for symptoms -- take the epinephrine right away. You have allergy symptoms -- even if you don't know the trigger. Those symptoms can include: Trouble breathing, wheezing, or your airways shut down Your face, mouth, lips, or tongue swell Skin reactions like hives, itching, flushing Nausea, stomach pain, vomiting, or diarrhea You get dizzy, faint, or collapse Take these steps after the first injection: If there's no relief, take a second dose.


Question: What are tips to keep in mind about carrying my auto-injector?

Answer: The device won't do you any good if you don't have it with you. When you pick up your prescription at the drugstore, you'll get two injectors. Carry both with you at all times in case one doesn't work or you have a reaction needs a second dose. Extreme heat and cold can damage the medication in your auto-injectors, so store them at room temperature. Don't leave them in your car. The injectors are usually good for a year, so keep track of the date on the box.


Question: What is urinary stress incontinence?

Answer: Urinary stress incontinence occurs when an activity such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising causes a small amount of urine to leak from the urethra, which is the tube urine passes through. Stress incontinence ( SI) is the most common type of incontinence suffered by women, especially older women. In addition, women who have given birth are more likely to have stress incontinence.


Question: How can a pessary help treat stress incontinence?

Answer: Device: The doctor can insert a device called a pessary into the vagina to stop stress incontinence. A pessary is a ring that, when inserted, puts pressure on the urethra in order to keep it in its normal location. Doing so can reduce urine leakage. Possible side effects from using a pessary include vaginal discharge and infections.


Question: How can bladder training help treat stress incontinence?

Answer: Bladder training: In bladder training, you "stretch out" the intervals at which you go to the bathroom by waiting a little longer before you go. For instance, to start, you can plan to go to the bathroom once an hour. You follow this pattern for a period of time. Then you change the schedule to going to the bathroom every 90 minutes.


Question: How can bulking agent  help  treat stress incontinence?

Answer: Injections: Bulking agents are substances that are injected into the lining of the urethra. They increase the size of the urethra lining. Increasing the size creates resistance against the flow of urine. Collagen is one bulking agent that is commonly used.


Question: What surgical procedures can help with treating stress incontinence?

Answer: There are three types of surgery designed to help keep the bladder in place and treat stress incontinence: Retropubic suspension: In this procedure, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen. The surgeon then attaches the neck of the bladder to the pubic bone with sutures. Sling procedure: In this procedure, the surgeon uses a sling made of either natural (cadaveric) tissue or synthetic material. The sling goes around the urethra or bladder neck and is attached to the pubic bone. Artificial sphincters: Most frequently used for men but also may be appropriate for women. A fluid-filled cuff is implanted around the urethra that can be opened and closed by the patient and that serves as a valve to contain the bladder content that might otherwise leak.


Question: How can timed voiding help treat stress incontinence?

Answer: Timed voiding: Record the times that you urinate and when you leak urine. This will give you an idea of your leakage "patterns" so that you can avoid leaking in the future by scheduling bathroom visits at those times.


Question: How should you check your feet to check to prevent complications for diabetes?

Answer: Check your feet every day. Look for any cuts, sores, scrapes, blisters, ingrown toenails, redness, or swelling. Wash and dry your feet carefully each day. Use lotion to avoid dry skin or cracked heels. Wear shoes on hot pavement or on the beach, and socks and shoes in cold weather. Test bathwater before you get in to avoid burns on your feet. Keep your toenails trimmed and filed straight across.


Question: How does high blood sugar due to diabetes affect the kidneys?

Answer: Kidneys. Diabetes can affect blood vessels in your kidneys, too, so they may not work as well. After many years of trouble, they might stop working.


Question: How can you prevent eye complications of diabetes?

Answer: Protect your eyes. Get a yearly eye exam. Your doctor can look for damage or diseases.


Question: How does high blood sugar due to diabetes affect the skin?

Answer: Diabetes may make you more likely to have yeast infections, itching, or brown or scaly patches.


Question: How can you take care your skin to prevent complications from diabetes?

Answer: Take care of your skin. Keep it clean and dry. Use talcum powder in places where skin may rub together, like your armpits. Don't take very hot showers or baths, or use drying soaps or bath gels. Moisturize your skin with body and hand lotion. Stay warm in cold winter months. Use a humidifier in your bedroom if it feels too dry.


Question: How does high blood sugar due to diabetes affect nerves?

Answer: If high blood sugar damages your nerves, called diabetic neuropathy, you might feel pain, tingling, or numbness, especially in your feet.


Question: How often should you get a checkup to prevent diabetes?

Answer: Try to keep your BP below 140/90, and your total cholesterol at or below 200 mg/d L. Get regular checkups. Your doctor can check your blood, urine, and do other tests to spot any problems. These visits are especially important, since many diabetes complications don't have clear warning signs.


Question: How can diabetes affect your heart?

Answer: Years of high blood sugar may harm your body's blood vessels. That raises your chance of having heart disease, which can cause heart attacks or strokes later on. High blood pressure and high cholesterol make the problems even more likely.


Question: How often should you get an eye exam to prevent diabetes?

Answer: Protect your eyes. Get a yearly eye exam. Your doctor can look for damage or diseases.


Question: Can diabetes cause erection problems?

Answer: High blood sugar can harm blood flow and damage nerves, and that may cause cuts, scrapes, or sores to heal slowly.


Question: How can smoking affect your risk for diabetes?

Answer: High blood sugar can harm blood flow and damage nerves, and that may cause cuts, scrapes, or sores to heal slowly. You may lose some feeling in your feet, which keeps you from noticing injuries that can get infected. If an infection gets serious, it might mean you need to have a foot removed.


Question: What levels are blood sugar are least likely to cause health problems if you have diabetes?

Answer: Make these tips part of your regular health routine: Keep tight control of your blood sugar. It's the best way to avoid diabetes complications. Your levels should stay in these healthy ranges as much as possible: Between 70 and 130 mg/d L before meals Less than 180 mg/d L 2 hours after you start a meal Glycated hemoglobin or A1 C level around 7% Watch your blood pressure and cholesterol.


Question: Can you prevent health problems if you have diabetes?

Answer: Good habits go a long way toward preventing the other health problems that diabetes can cause.


Question: How does getting regular checkups help avoid health complications of diabetes?

Answer: Try to keep your BP below 140/90, and your total cholesterol at or below 200 mg/d L. Get regular checkups. Your doctor can check your blood, urine, and do other tests to spot any problems. These visits are especially important, since many diabetes complications don't have clear warning signs.


Question: How can diabetes affect your skin?

Answer: Diabetes may make you more likely to have yeast infections, itching, or brown or scaly patches.


Question: If allergies are causing your dry eyes and other symptoms, what helps?

Answer: Wear sunglasses or glasses when you're outside. This will help keep pollen out of your eyes. Use special mattress covers on your bed to cut down on dust mites. Use a dehumidifier when humidity in your house is high to help cut down on mold. Wash your hands after you pet a dog or cat.


Question: If allergies aren't the cause of your dry eyes, what's the treatment?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe cyclosporine, which helps fight inflammation. Or she might change one of your prescriptions if your dry eye is a medication side effect. You can also ask your eye doctor if your contact lenses are the problem. You might need to try different lenses, or even stop wearing them completely. It's not likely, but your doctor may recommend a procedure that only takes a minute to plug the holes that allow tears to drain from the eyes to the nose.


Question: What are possible side effects of benzodiazepines?

Answer: Possible benzodiazepine side effects include: Drowsiness or dizziness Lightheadedness Fatigue Blurred vision Slurred speech Memory loss Muscle weakness Benzodiazepines can be habit-forming and addictive.


Question: What happens if you have been taking benzodiazepines in high doses?

Answer: If you have been taking the benzodiazepines in high doses or for a long time, you may suffer withdrawal symptoms if you stop the drug suddenly. Talk with your doctor about whether you still need the medication and, if not, how to taper off the drug.