Question: Do children's cough and cold medicines work?

Answer: In 2008, the FDA strongly recommended against giving over-the-counter cough and cold medicines to children who are under age 2. However, rather than requiring manufacturers to warn consumers, the agency praised the voluntary actions of manufacturers to state on product labels not to give the medicines to children under age 4. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Evidence indicates that children's cold medicines don't really help and may pose a real (although small) risk of side effects, particularly to young children.


Question: Who is most likely to get sepsis?

Answer: Anyone can get it, but certain groups of people are at greater risk. They include: People whose immune systems are not working well due to illnesses like HIV/ AIDS or cancer People who take drugs that suppress the immune system, like steroids and those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs Very young babies The elderly, especially those with other health problems People who have recently been hospitalized and/or had major surgeries People with diabetes Because it can begin in different parts of the body, this illness can have many different symptoms.


Question: What is sepsis?

Answer: Sepsis is caused by your body's defense system (immune system) working overtime to fight infection. It's sometimes called septicemia. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The large number of chemicals released into the blood during this process triggers widespread inflammation. This can lead to organ damage. Blood clotting during sepsis reduces blood flow to limbs and internal organs. This deprives them of nutrients and oxygen. In severe cases, one or more organs may fail. In the worst cases, sepsis leads to a life-threatening drop in blood pressure. Doctors call this âseptic shock.â It can quickly lead to the failure of several organs -- lungs, kidneys, and liver. This can be fatal in some cases.


Question: What causes sepsis?

Answer: But sepsis can also result from other infections. It can begin anywhere bacteria or viruses enter the body. So, it could sometimes be caused by something as minor as a scraped knee or nicked cuticle. If you have a more serious medical problem such as appendicitis, pneumonia, meningitis, or a urinary tract infection, you're also at risk. If you have an infection of the bone, called osteomyelitis, it could lead to sepsis. In people who are hospitalized, the bacteria that trigger sepsis can enter the body through IV lines, surgical incisions, urinary catheters, and bed sores.


Question: What are the symptoms of sepsis?

Answer: They include: People whose immune systems are not working well due to illnesses like HIV/ AIDS or cancer People who take drugs that suppress the immune system, like steroids and those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs Very young babies The elderly, especially those with other health problems People who have recently been hospitalized and/or had major surgeries People with diabetes Because it can begin in different parts of the body, this illness can have many different symptoms. The first signs may include rapid breathing and confusion. Other common warning signs include: Fever and chills Very low body temperature Peeing less than normal Rapid pulse Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea If your doctor believes you might have sepsis, he'll do an exam and run tests to look for the following: Bacteria in the blood or other body fluids The source of the infection (he may use an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound) A high or low white blood cell count A low platelet count Low blood pressure Too much acid in the blood (acidosis) Altered kidney or liver function If you do have sepsis, your doctor will likely place you in the hospital's intensive care unit ( ICU).


Question: How is sepsis diagnosed?

Answer: Other common warning signs include: Fever and chills Very low body temperature Peeing less than normal Rapid pulse Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea If your doctor believes you might have sepsis, he'll do an exam and run tests to look for the following: Bacteria in the blood or other body fluids The source of the infection (he may use an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound) A high or low white blood cell count A low platelet count Low blood pressure Too much acid in the blood (acidosis) Altered kidney or liver function If you do have sepsis, your doctor will likely place you in the hospital's intensive care unit ( ICU).


Question: What happens after being diagnosed with sepsis?

Answer: Other common warning signs include: Fever and chills Very low body temperature Peeing less than normal Rapid pulse Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea If your doctor believes you might have sepsis, he'll do an exam and run tests to look for the following: Bacteria in the blood or other body fluids The source of the infection (he may use an X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound) A high or low white blood cell count A low platelet count Low blood pressure Too much acid in the blood (acidosis) Altered kidney or liver function If you do have sepsis, your doctor will likely place you in the hospital's intensive care unit ( ICU). There, he'll try to stop the infection, keep vital organs functioning, and regulate your blood pressure ( IV fluids and extra oxygen can help with this).


Question: How is sepsis treated?

Answer: Once your doctor knows for sure what's causing your sepsis, he'll put you on medicine that targets that specific germ. Often, doctors prescribe vasopressors (drugs that cause the blood vessels to narrow) to improve blood pressure. If your case is severe, you might need other types of treatment, like a breathing machine or kidney dialysis. Sometimes surgery is needed to drain or clean an infection.


Question: Can a cold increase the chances of laryngospasm?

Answer: Coughs from a cold can push more acid into the larynx, so a recent or current upper respiratory infection may increase the likelihood of developing laryngospasm.


Question: Is laryngospasm related to GERD?

Answer: Regular exposure to stomach acids can damage and inflame the delicate lining of the esophagus. This damage can lead to momentary spasms of the vocal cords, which close the airway and prevent air and oxygen from getting into the lungs. When stomach acids reach the larynx, the condition is called laryngopharyngeal reflux or LPR. The tissues of the larynx are even more delicate and prone to injury than the esophagus.


Question: Is laryngospasm related to SIDS?

Answer: In addition to experiencing laryngospasm episodes, people with this condition will typically have symptoms of GERD, which include: Chest pain Coughing Difficulty swallowing Heartburn Hoarseness Nausea Sore throat or need to clear the throat Experts say that in infants with GERD, laryngospasm might be involved in sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS).


Question: What are symptoms of laryngospasm?

Answer: When laryngospasm occurs, people describe the sensation of choking and are unable to breathe or speak. Sometimes, the episodes occur in the middle of the night. A person may suddenly awaken feeling as though he or she is suffocating. This condition is called sleep-related laryngospasm. It also is often related to GERD. Some people will actually lose consciousness during these episodes. As the airways slowly open, the person will make a high-pitched breathing sound (called stridor). The entire episode lasts only a minute or two before breathing returns to normal. But the experience can be terrifying.


Question: How you treat laryngospasm caused by anesthesia?

Answer: In children who develop laryngospasm as a complication of anesthesia during surgery, treatment usually involves moving the head and neck to open the airway. It also involves using a machine (continuous positive airway pressure, or CPAP) to deliver air directly into the airway. Some children need to have a tube placed into the throat to assist with breathing.


Question: How can you prevent laryngospasm?

Answer: You can also relieve GERD and LPR, and help prevent laryngospasm, by following these lifestyle tips: Avoid common heartburn triggers, such as fruit and fruit juices, caffeine, fatty foods, and peppermint. Eat smaller meals, and stop eating two to three hours before bedtime. If you smoke, quit. Also, limit alcohol consumption. Raise the head of your bed a few inches by putting wood blocks under the bedpost. Avoid allergies triggers. Breathing techniques including slow breathing and staying calm also may help.


Question: Can anesthesia cause laryngospasm?

Answer: Laryngospasm may also be a complication of surgery. In children who develop laryngospasm as a complication of anesthesia during surgery, treatment usually involves moving the head and neck to open the airway.


Question: What can trigger laryngospasm?

Answer: Laryngospasm may be associated with different triggers, such as asthma, allergies, exercise, irritants (smoke, dust, fumes), stress, anxiety or commonly gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. Laryngospasm may also be a complication of surgery. Anesthesia used during the surgery can irritate the vocal cords, especially in children. Laryngospasm caused by anesthesia can be life-threatening.


Question: What complications can happen in infants or children who have rumination disorder?

Answer: Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder in infants and children are: Malnutrition Lowered resistance to infections and diseases Failure to grow and thrive Weight loss Stomach diseases such as ulcers Dehydration Bad breath and tooth decay Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs) Choking Death In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally.


Question: How is rumination disorder treated in infants and children?

Answer: Treatment of rumination disorder mainly focuses on changing the child's behavior. Several approaches may be used, including: Changing the child's posture during and right after eating Encouraging more interaction between mother and child during feeding; giving the child more attention Reducing distractions during feeding Making feeding a more relaxing and pleasurable experience Distracting the child when he or she begins the rumination behavior Aversive conditioning, which involves placing something sour or bad-tasting on the child's tongue when he or she begins to vomit Psychotherapy for the mother and/or family may be helpful to improve communication and address any negative feelings toward the child due to the behavior.


Question: How common is rumination disorder in babies and children?

Answer: Rumination disorder most often occurs in infants and very young children (between 3 and 12 months), and in children with cognitive impairments. It is rare in older children, adolescents, and adults. It may occur slightly more often in boys than in girls, but few studies of the disorder exist to confirm this.


Question: Can you prevent rumination disorder?

Answer: There is no known way to prevent rumination disorder in infants and children. However, careful attention to a child's eating habits may help catch the disorder before serious complications can occur.


Question: What are symptoms of rumination disorder in infants and children?

Answer: Symptoms of rumination disorder in babies and young kids include: Repeated regurgitation of food Repeated re-chewing of food Weight loss Bad breath and tooth decay Repeated stomachaches and indigestion Raw and chapped lips In addition, infants with rumination may make unusual movements that are typical of the disorder.


Question: Do children and infants outgrow rumination disorder?

Answer: Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder in infants and children are: Malnutrition Lowered resistance to infections and diseases Failure to grow and thrive Weight loss Stomach diseases such as ulcers Dehydration Bad breath and tooth decay Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs) Choking Death In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally. For older children, this disorder can continue for months.


Question: What causes rumination disorder in infants and children?

Answer: The exact cause of rumination disorder is not known; however, there are several factors that may contribute to its development: Physical illness or severe stress may trigger the behavior. It may be a way for the child to gain attention. It may be a manisfestation of mental illness such as depression or anxiety Because most children outgrow rumination disorder, and older children and adults with this disorder tend to be secretive about it out of embarrassment, it is difficult to know exactly how many people are affected. Several approaches may be used, including: Changing the child's posture during and right after eating Encouraging more interaction between mother and child during feeding; giving the child more attention Reducing distractions during feeding Making feeding a more relaxing and pleasurable experience Distracting the child when he or she begins the rumination behavior Aversive conditioning, which involves placing something sour or bad-tasting on the child's tongue when he or she begins to vomit Psychotherapy for the mother and/or family may be helpful to improve communication and address any negative feelings toward the child due to the behavior.


Question: What is rumination disorder?

Answer: Rumination disorder is an eating disorder in which a person -- usually an infant or young child -- brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed. To be considered a disorder, this behavior must occur in children who had previously been eating normally, and it must occur on a regular basis -- usually daily -- for at least one month. The child may exhibit the behavior during feeding or right after eating. These movements may be done as the infant is trying to bring back up the partially digested food.


Question: How do doctors diagnose rumination disorder in infants and children?

Answer: The child may exhibit the behavior during feeding or right after eating. If symptoms of rumination are present in an infant or child, the doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical history and physical exam. The doctor may use certain tests -- such as X-rays and blood tests -- to look for and rule out possible physical causes for the vomiting, such as a gastrointestinal condition. Testing can also help the doctor evaluate how the behavior has affected the body by looking for signs of problems such as dehydration and malnutrition.


Question: What are symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: As time goes on, other symptoms can appear, including: Trouble focusing A hard time doing ordinary activities Feeling confused or frustrated, especially at night Dramatic mood swings -- outbursts of anger, anxiety, and depression Feeling disoriented and getting lost easily Physical problems, such as an odd walk or poor coordination Trouble communicating People with Alzheimer's might forget their loved ones.


Question: Does ApoE cause Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Researchers aren't sure what causes this damage or how it happens, but it could be a protein in blood called Apo E (for apolipoprotein E), which the body uses to move cholesterol in the blood. There are a few types of Apo E that may be linked to a higher risk of Alzheimer's. It could be that certain forms of it cause brain damage. Some scientists think it plays a role in building the plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer's.


Question: How long can you live with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: More often, however, people live with it for about 9 years.


Question: What is Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: As time goes on, other symptoms can appear, including: Trouble focusing A hard time doing ordinary activities Feeling confused or frustrated, especially at night Dramatic mood swings -- outbursts of anger, anxiety, and depression Feeling disoriented and getting lost easily Physical problems, such as an odd walk or poor coordination Trouble communicating People with Alzheimer's might forget their loved ones. They might forget how to dress themselves, feed themselves, and use the toilet. The disease makes brain tissue break down over time. It usually happens to people over age 65. Some scientists think it plays a role in building the plaques in the brains of people with Alzheimer's. There is some evidence that people with high blood pressure and high cholesterol have a greater chance of getting Alzheimer's.


Question: Who gets Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Alzheimer's is a disease that robs people of their memory. More rarely, head injuries may be a reason, too -- the more severe they are, the greater the risk of Alzheimer's later in life. Scientists are still studying many of these theories, but it's clear that the biggest risks linked to Alzheimer's disease are being older and having Alzheimer's in your family.


Question: How long do you need to take tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: You may have to take these medications for a long time. If you go off them because you feel better, your inflammation can come back. Some people can cut down their dose instead of stopping the drugs altogether. Always take your medication as your doctor prescribes.


Question: Do some people have allergic reactions to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction. If your lips swell, you have trouble breathing, or you feel dizzy, it could be an allergic reaction. Seek emergency care right away.


Question: How can inflammation damage the body?

Answer: Inflammation that's out of control can damage your body. You might have pain or swelling or feel ill. These drugs block the action of TNF.


Question: Are tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors made in the lab?

Answer: Your doctor wil help find one that is available and that's best for you: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-adaz ( Hyrimoz), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Etanercept-szzs ( Ereizi), a biosimilar to Enbrel Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade TNF inhibitors are antibodies made in a lab from human or animal tissue. ( Your body makes antibodies to fight off infections.) Once they're put into your blood, they cause a reaction in your immune system that blocks inflammation.


Question: What are the side effects of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: Like any drug, TNF inhibitors may have side effects. You may have redness, burning, or itching where the needle goes into your skin. This usually goes away in a few days. Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction. If your lips swell, you have trouble breathing, or you feel dizzy, it could be an allergic reaction. Seek emergency care right away.


Question: Am I at a higher risk of getting cancer if I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It's rare, but you also could be at higher risk of getting cancer if you take TNF inhibitors, including lymphoma or skin cancer. Some people may get serious brain reactions. Those with heart failure or multiple sclerosis shouldn't take these drugs.


Question: Should I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors during pregnancy?

Answer: You probably shouldn't take your TNF drug while pregnant because doctors don't yet know how they might affect your unborn baby. You may be able to take other treatments for your inflammation while you are pregnant.


Question: How do you take tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: Some TNF inhibitors, including Cimzia, Humira, Enbrel, Erelzi, and Simponi, are given as shots under the skin. You'll get your first one or two at your doctor's office; then your doctor or a nurse will show you how to give them to yourself. Once you get comfortable with that, pre-filled shots can be shipped to your home. Every 1 to 4 weeks, you'll inject your TNF inhibitor under the skin of your thigh or abdomen. You can use a different spot each time. Remicade, Inflectra, and Simponi Aria, a version of Simponi, are given as infusions at a clinic or your doctor's office. While you lie still, it's slowly dripped into your vein through a tube. For Remicade, each session can take around 2 hours, and you'll need treatment every 4 to 8 weeks. With Simponi Aria, the sessions last 30 minutes. After two starter doses one month apart, they're given once every 8 weeks.


Question: What should you do before taking tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: You should make sure you're up to date on all vaccines before taking TNF medications because after you start taking them, your immune system could be diminished. And you shouldn't get live viruses while taking these drugs because of possible adverse reactions and they can interfere with how well the vaccines work.


Question: How long will I need to take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may have to take these medications for a long time. If you go off them because you feel better, your inflammation can come back. Some people can cut down their dose instead of stopping the drugs altogether. Always take your medication as your doctor prescribes.


Question: When should you avoid taking tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: You probably shouldn't take your TNF drug while pregnant because doctors don't yet know how they might affect your unborn baby. You may be able to take other treatments for your inflammation while you are pregnant.


Question: What should you do if one tumor necrosis factor inhibitor doesn't work well for you?

Answer: If one TNF inhibitor doesn't work well for you, your doctor may switch you to another to see if it works better.


Question: What tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are available for use?

Answer: Your doctor wil help find one that is available and that's best for you: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-adaz ( Hyrimoz), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Etanercept-szzs ( Ereizi), a biosimilar to Enbrel Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade TNF inhibitors are antibodies made in a lab from human or animal tissue.


Question: What is a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor?

Answer: TNF inhibitors are drugs that help stop inflammation. They're used to treat diseases like rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis ( UC), and Crohn's disease. They're also called TNF blockers, biologic therapies, or anti- TNF drugs.


Question: What infections can be worsened by tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: Your doctor probably will test you for TB and hepatitis B before you start taking a TNF inhibitor to make sure you don't have either of those without knowing it. The drugs can make the effects of those infections worse. If you need antibiotics for an infection, you may have to stop taking your TNF inhibitor until the infection is cleared up. It's rare, but you also could be at higher risk of getting cancer if you take TNF inhibitors, including lymphoma or skin cancer. Some people may get serious brain reactions. Those with heart failure or multiple sclerosis shouldn't take these drugs.


Question: What are the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors available for prescription usage?

Answer: Your doctor wil help find one that is available and that's best for you: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-adaz ( Hyrimoz), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Etanercept-szzs ( Ereizi), a biosimilar to Enbrel Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade TNF inhibitors are antibodies made in a lab from human or animal tissue.


Question: Can I switch tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors that I use to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you need antibiotics for an infection, you may have to stop taking your TNF inhibitor until the infection is cleared up.


Question: Will I get tested for tuberculosis and hepatitis B before I start taking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor probably will test you for TB and hepatitis B before you start taking a TNF inhibitor to make sure you don't have either of those without knowing it. The drugs can make the effects of those infections worse.


Question: Should I be up to date on all vaccines if I'm going to take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You should make sure you're up to date on all vaccines before taking TNF medications because after you start taking them, your immune system could be diminished. And you shouldn't get live viruses while taking these drugs because of possible adverse reactions and they can interfere with how well the vaccines work.


Question: Can I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors if I'm also taking antibiotics for an infection?

Answer: If you need antibiotics for an infection, you may have to stop taking your TNF inhibitor until the infection is cleared up.


Question: What are the side effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Like any drug, TNF inhibitors may have side effects. You may have redness, burning, or itching where the needle goes into your skin. This usually goes away in a few days. Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction.


Question: How common is diabetic neuropathy?

Answer: Anywhere from 60%-70% of people with diabetes have some sort of neuropathy. Most get it after having the disease for 10 years or more. There are many types.


Question: What is peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: This is the most common form of diabetic joint pain. It can affect your legs, arms, hands, feet, fingers, and toes. With ongoing diabetes, joints can no longer respond like they should to the strain and stress placed on them. As a result, they sustain small traumas and even tiny breaks called microfractures.


Question: What is diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: It could be: Muscle strains or sprains A broken or dislocated bone Gout Hypothyroidism Leukemia Lupus Osteoarthritis Rickets Lyme disease Rheumatoid arthritis Your doctor might call it diabetic neuropathy. It's pain in your nerves, not in your bones. It happens when high blood sugar harms the nerve fibers. You can get it anywhere in your body, but it most often affects your legs and feet.


Question: What are causes of joint pain?

Answer: If you have it, you'll probably notice changes to your joint like: Stiffness Less range in motion Swelling Redness Tenderness or warmth A tougher time using it A difference in shape The causes of joint pain vary greatly. It could be: Muscle strains or sprains A broken or dislocated bone Gout Hypothyroidism Leukemia Lupus Osteoarthritis Rickets Lyme disease Rheumatoid arthritis Your doctor might call it diabetic neuropathy.


Question: What is joint pain and how common is it?

Answer: It's the leading cause of disability in the U. S. It affects more than 50 million adults. Often referred to as arthritis, it's broadly defined as discomfort where two or more bones meet. Though often mild, sometimes sporadic, and rarely an emergency, the pain can be severe, making it hard to move the joint.


Question: What does it feel like to have joint pain?

Answer: If you have it, you'll probably notice changes to your joint like: Stiffness Less range in motion Swelling Redness Tenderness or warmth A tougher time using it A difference in shape The causes of joint pain vary greatly.


Question: What is autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: This affects the part of your nervous system that controls your heart, lungs, bladder, digestive tract, sex organs, and eyes. It also goes after your blood vessels and can increase blood flow to your limbs.


Question: What are the symptoms of autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: Symptoms include: Bladder problems, including incontinence and urinary tract infections Constipation Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting Trouble swallowing Erectile dysfunction in men Vaginal dryness in women Increased or decreased sweating Lack of awareness of lower blood sugar levels Sharp drops in blood pressure Increased heart rate So if you have joint pain and one or more of the above symptoms, diabetic autonomic neuropathy might be the culprit.


Question: When should I call my doctor after treatment for prostate cancer?

Answer: When you go home from the hospital after prostate cancer treatment, call your doctor if you have: A fever higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit Increased pain not eased by pain medication Trouble urinating, such as an inability to urinate at all, pain with urination, blood in the urine (when it is not expected), or unusually frequent urination


Question: When can I start driving after prostate cancer surgery?

Answer: Small pieces of tape (called Steri- Strips), if used, may remain over the incision site and may be removed 10 to 14 days after surgery. Ask your doctor for specific advice.


Question: Why are women more prone to oral health problems?

Answer: Women may be more susceptible to oral health problems because of the unique hormonal changes they experience. Hormones affect not only the blood supply to the gum tissue but also the body's response to the toxins (poisons) that result from plaque buildup.


Question: When are women more at risk for oral health problems?

Answer: There are five situations in a women's life during which hormone fluctuations make them more susceptible to oral health problems â during puberty, at certain points in the monthly menstrual cycle, when using birth control pills, during pregnancy, and at menopause.


Question: What are tips to prevent oral health problems?

Answer: Some tips for preventing oral health problems like gum disease and tooth decay include: Brush your teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride-containing toothpaste. Floss and rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash at least once a day. Visit your dentist twice a year for a professional oral examination and cleaning. Eat a well balanced diet. Avoid sugary or starchy snacks. Ask your dentist if he or she thinks you should use an antimicrobial mouth rinse. If you have dry mouth, ask your dentist about treatments for this condition, such as artificial saliva. Biotene is one such product and is available over the counter.


Question: Why are women more at risk for oral health problems during the use of birth control pills?

Answer: Hormones affect not only the blood supply to the gum tissue but also the body's response to the toxins (poisons) that result from plaque buildup. Use of birth control pills Women who take certain birth control pills that contain progesterone, which increases the level of that hormone in the body, may experience inflamed gum tissues due to the body's exaggerated reaction to the toxins produced from plaque. Tell your dentist if you are taking an oral contraceptive.


Question: What results can you expect from pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD?

Answer: You're usually able to do more things without becoming short of breath. In a large analysis of some programs, nearly all people in pulmonary rehab had seen their symptoms get better. Almost all of them reported feeling: Less short of breath More energetic More in control of their COPD Being in rehab may help prevent you from going to the hospital because of COPD flare-ups, or âexacerbations.â Even people with advanced lung disease can get something out of rehab. For people who keep up their exercise level, the benefits from pulmonary rehab can last for years.


Question: How does pulmonary rehabilitation help you manage your COPD?

Answer: Many pulmonary rehab programs offer group or one-on-one education sessions to help you learn to better manage your COPD. Sessions might focus on things such as: Understanding your medication treatment plan.


Question: How does pulmonary rehabilitation help with COPD?

Answer: Basically, it's a formal program that will build your fitness and help you breathe as well as you possibly can. Pulmonary rehab will help you with: Exercise Breathing techniques Nutrition Relaxation Emotional and group support Learning more about your medications Strategies for living better with COPD To join a program, you'll probably need a referral from your doctor and a test that shows you've had COPD in the past year.


Question: How do doctors decide which medication to prescribe for epilepsy?

Answer: Even the best doctors don't know which drug will work best for any given person. As part of managing the condition, your doctors will try to get a sense of the full picture: your type of seizures, your age and gender, other medical conditions, medicines you're on or may be on later, and epilepsy drugs you've tried in the past. Based on that information, she may narrow down the field to a few drugs to try. But after that, it's an educated leap of faith.


Question: Can you switch your epilepsy medication to generic drugs?

Answer: Switching to a generic can lower the price tag of living with epilepsy. Other people don't choose to switch; their insurance company substitutes generic drugs for them. Though generics save money, there is concern. One generic drug is often switched for another, on as frequently as a monthly basis. Although generic drugs are tightly regulated by the FDA, small differences are allowed. Most epilepsy experts believe frequent switches among generic drugs can increase chances for seizures. Until scientific studies settle the issue, they generally advise sticking with brand-name drugs if you can afford them.


Question: How effective are epilepsy medications?

Answer: Or you might get your seizures under control but find you can't handle the drug's side effects. Over time, most people become seizure-free with minimal side effects while taking epilepsy drugs. Your doctor will work closely with you to decide on the next drug to try.


Question: Why is it important to make sure that a donor and recipient are a good match before doing an organ transplant?

Answer: The transplant team will put you through a series of tests to determine whether your blood and tissue types are compatible with the recipient's. Some medical centers can transplant an organ even if the donor's and recipient's blood and tissue types don't match. In that case, the recipient will receive special treatments to prevent his or her body from rejecting the donor organ.


Question: How can you become an organ donor?

Answer: To donate your organs after death, you can either register with your state's donor registry (visit Organ Donor.gov), or fill out an organ donor card when you get or renew your driver's license. To become a living donor, you can either work directly with your family member or friend's transplant team, or contact a transplant center in your area to find out who's in need of an organ.


Question: How is alcohol withdrawal diagnosed?

Answer: Those that do may also have: Confusion Racing heart High blood pressure Fever Heavy sweating If the doctor thinks you might have it, he'll ask you questions about your drinking history and how recently you stopped. He'll want to know if you've ever gone through withdrawal before. He'll also discuss your symptoms. During an exam, he'll look for other medical conditions to see if they could be to blame.


Question: What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?

Answer: They can range from mild to serious. What yours are depends on how much you drank and for how long. Mild symptoms usually show up as early as 6 hours after you put down your glass. They can include: Anxiety Shaky hands Headache Nausea Vomiting Insomnia Sweating More serious problems range from hallucinations about 12 to 24 hours after that last drink to seizures within the first 2 days after you stop.


Question: What causes alcohol withdrawal?

Answer: It slows down brain function and changes the way your nerves send messages back and forth. Over time, your central nervous system adjusts to having alcohol around all the time. Your body works hard to keep your brain in a more awake state and to keep your nerves talking to one another. When the alcohol level suddenly drops, your brain stays in this keyed up state. That's what causes withdrawal.


Question: What is alcohol withdrawal?

Answer: This is called alcohol withdrawal. Symptoms can range from mild to serious. What yours are depends on how much you drank and for how long.


Question: What is the treatment for alcohol withdrawal?

Answer: But if you've gone through alcohol withdrawal once, you're more likely to go through it again the next time you call it quits. That includes: A quiet place Soft lighting Limited contact with people A positive, supportive atmosphere Healthy food and lots of fluids If your blood pressure, pulse, or body temperature rises, or if you have more serious symptoms like seizures and hallucinations, your doctor could suggest inpatient care and drug treatment. Common medications include benzodiazepines to help treat symptoms like anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. You might also take anti-seizure meds and antipsychotics, along with other drugs.


Question: Can you prevent alcohol withdrawal?

Answer: This is called alcohol withdrawal. When you talk to your doctor about symptom relief, it's a good idea to discuss treatment for alcohol abuse or dependence. The doctor can give you advice to help you stop drinking.


Question: How can I get pelvic pain?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Although pelvic pain often refers to pain in the region of women's internal reproductive organs, pelvic pain can be present in men, too, and can stem from multiple causes. Pelvic pain may be a symptom of infection or may arise from pain in the pelvic bone or in non-reproductive internal organs, such as the bladder or colon. In women, however, pelvic pain can very well be an indication that there may be a problem with one of the reproductive organs in the pelvic area (uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, or vagina).


Question: How is pelvic pain treated?

Answer: Other tests that may be given include: Blood and urine tests Pregnancy tests in females of reproductive age Vaginal or penile cultures to check for sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and/or chlamydia Abdominal and pelvic X-rays Bone density screening (special type of X-ray to determine the strength of bone) Diagnostic laparoscopy (procedure allowing a direct look at the structures in the pelvis and abdomen) Hysteroscopy (procedure to examine the uterus) Stool test (checking a stool sample for microscopic blood) Lower endoscopy (insertion of a lighted tube to examine the inside of the rectum and part or all of the colon) Ultrasound (test that uses sound waves to provide images of internal organs) CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis (scan that uses X-rays and computers to produce an image of a cross-section of the body) The treatment of pelvic pain varies depending on the cause, how intense the pain is, and how often the pain occurs. Sometimes, pelvic pain is treated with medications, including antibiotics if necessary. If the pain results from a problem with one of the pelvic organs, the treatment may involve surgery or other procedures. A doctor can provide more information about various treatments for pelvic pain.


Question: How is the cause of pelvic pain determined?

Answer: Possible causes of pelvic pain in both men and women may include: Appendicitis Bladder disorders Sexually transmitted diseases Kidney infection or kidney stones Intestinal disorders Nerve conditions Hernia Pelvis disorder Broken pelvis Psychogenic pain Possible causes of pelvic pain in women only may include: Ectopic pregnancy Miscarriage Pelvic inflammatory disease Ovulation Menstrual cramps Ovarian cysts or other ovarian disorders Fibroids Endometriosis Uterine cancer Cervical cancer Worsening of menstrual cramps Menstrual pain Vaginal bleeding, spotting or discharge Painful or difficult urination Constipation or diarrhea Bloating or gas Blood seen with a bowel movement Pain during intercourse Fever or chills Pain in the hip area Pain in the groin area To determine what is causing pelvic pain, your doctor will first ask you several questions about your symptoms and past medical problems. He or she will also perform a physical exam and may offer you tests to determine what is causing your pain. Other tests that may be given include: Blood and urine tests Pregnancy tests in females of reproductive age Vaginal or penile cultures to check for sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and/or chlamydia Abdominal and pelvic X-rays Bone density screening (special type of X-ray to determine the strength of bone) Diagnostic laparoscopy (procedure allowing a direct look at the structures in the pelvis and abdomen) Hysteroscopy (procedure to examine the uterus) Stool test (checking a stool sample for microscopic blood) Lower endoscopy (insertion of a lighted tube to examine the inside of the rectum and part or all of the colon) Ultrasound (test that uses sound waves to provide images of internal organs) CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis (scan that uses X-rays and computers to produce an image of a cross-section of the body) The treatment of pelvic pain varies depending on the cause, how intense the pain is, and how often the pain occurs.


Question: What symptoms suggest problematic pelvic pain?

Answer: Possible causes of pelvic pain in both men and women may include: Appendicitis Bladder disorders Sexually transmitted diseases Kidney infection or kidney stones Intestinal disorders Nerve conditions Hernia Pelvis disorder Broken pelvis Psychogenic pain Possible causes of pelvic pain in women only may include: Ectopic pregnancy Miscarriage Pelvic inflammatory disease Ovulation Menstrual cramps Ovarian cysts or other ovarian disorders Fibroids Endometriosis Uterine cancer Cervical cancer Worsening of menstrual cramps Menstrual pain Vaginal bleeding, spotting or discharge Painful or difficult urination Constipation or diarrhea Bloating or gas Blood seen with a bowel movement Pain during intercourse Fever or chills Pain in the hip area Pain in the groin area To determine what is causing pelvic pain, your doctor will first ask you several questions about your symptoms and past medical problems.


Question: What should I ask my doctor if I have chronic constipation?

Answer: Since you were recently diagnosed with chronic constipation, ask your doctor these questions at your next visit. What is chronic constipation? Can the medications I take be the cause of chronic constipation? Are psyllium powder mixes or other over-the-counter ( OTC) remedies effective for ending constipation? How can exercise help me avoid chronic constipation?


Question: When is radiation therapy used to treat a prolactinoma?

Answer: In rare cases, radiation therapy is used if medicine and surgery don't bring down prolactin levels. This works for about 1 in 3 people.


Question: When is surgery needed to treat a prolactinoma?

Answer: If medication doesn't shrink the tumor, or you can't take it because of side effects (like nausea or dizziness), your doctor may recommend surgery to take the tumor out through your nasal cavity. This returns prolactin levels to normal for about 80% of people with small tumors. But it's successful for only 30% to 40% of people with larger tumors.


Question: Which women are more likely to get a prolactinoma?

Answer: For women, typical symptoms of a small tumor include: Irregular menstrual periods Lack of menstrual periods Low sex drive Painful intercourse (caused by vaginal dryness) Problems with fertility Unusual production of breast milk Because changes in a woman's period are obvious, prolactinomas are more likely to be found early in premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women, who no longer get their periods, may not notice symptoms when the tumor is small. When a prolactinoma becomes large, it may press up against other nearby tissues. Symptoms then can include vision loss, vision changes, and headaches.


Question: What are the signs of a prolactinoma in women?

Answer: The signs of a prolactinoma are different in men and women. For women, typical symptoms of a small tumor include: Irregular menstrual periods Lack of menstrual periods Low sex drive Painful intercourse (caused by vaginal dryness) Problems with fertility Unusual production of breast milk Because changes in a woman's period are obvious, prolactinomas are more likely to be found early in premenopausal women.


Question: What causes prolactinoma?

Answer: Doctors don't know what causes it, but it's fairly common. It happens more often in women than men, and it's rare in kids.


Question: How is prolactinoma found in postmenopausal women?

Answer: Postmenopausal women, who no longer get their periods, may not notice symptoms when the tumor is small. When a prolactinoma becomes large, it may press up against other nearby tissues. Symptoms then can include vision loss, vision changes, and headaches.


Question: What can I expect if prolactinoma is found in initial testing?

Answer: If a prolactinoma is found, you may need more blood tests to see if your pituitary gland is making other hormones like it should. You may also need more MRIs to see if the tumor grows and if it responds to treatment.


Question: How can I be tested for prolactinoma?

Answer: You can expect a physical exam, a medical history questionnaire, and a blood test. If the test shows a high prolactin level, your blood also may be tested to find out how well your thyroid is working. If your doctor thinks you might have a pituitary tumor, he may order an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). This uses powerful magnets and radio waves to get a clear picture of your pituitary gland.


Question: What is prolactinoma?

Answer: Sometimes, a tumor grows on the pituitary gland and makes too much prolactin. This kind of tumor is called a prolactinoma. It's the most common type of pituitary tumor and is most often benign, which means it's not cancer.


Question: What are the signs of a prolactinoma?

Answer: A new mom's prolactin levels go up every time her baby nurses. But for men or women who aren't nursing, high prolactin in the blood can be a sign of a prolactinoma.


Question: What is prolactin?

Answer: The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain.


Question: Can premenopausal women regain fertility after being treated for prolactinoma?

Answer: When medical treatment works, most premenopausal women get their periods again and regain their fertility.


Question: How is prolactinoma treated if medication doesn't work or can't be taken?

Answer: If medication doesn't shrink the tumor, or you can't take it because of side effects (like nausea or dizziness), your doctor may recommend surgery to take the tumor out through your nasal cavity. This returns prolactin levels to normal for about 80% of people with small tumors. But it's successful for only 30% to 40% of people with larger tumors. In rare cases, radiation therapy is used if medicine and surgery don't bring down prolactin levels. This works for about 1 in 3 people.


Question: What causes a prolactinoma?

Answer: It's the most common type of pituitary tumor and is most often benign, which means it's not cancer. The signs of a prolactinoma are different in men and women.


Question: What is high blood pressure?

Answer: Blood pumping through the circulatory system is under pressure, much like the water in the pipes of a house. And just as too much water pressure can damage pipes and faucets, high blood pressure can spell trouble. Hypertension occurs when the force exerted against artery walls is abnormally high. Over time, the increased pressure can cause a wide range of problems. Small bulges, called aneurysms, may form in blood vessels. The heart can become enlarged, increasing the danger of heart failure. Damage to blood vessels in the kidneys can cause them to fail. Because tiny blood vessels in the eyes are especially vulnerable to damage, hypertension can lead to vision problems and even blindness.


Question: What are other things you can do to prevent high blood pressure?

Answer: Along with a healthier diet, it is smart to be as active as possible to prevent high blood pressure. Researchers at the University of Minnesota published results from a study of almost 4,000 people between the ages of 15 and 30 who were followed over time. The more active they were, the lower their risk of developing hypertension. A few other changes can also keep your blood pressure in check. Both excessive alcohol consumption and smoking can raise blood pressure.


Question: How can I prevent high blood pressure?

Answer: How can I prevent high blood pressure? And the results show up fast -- often within two weeks. At the same time, cut down on salt (sodium chloride), which can raise blood pressure. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommends no more than 2,300 milligrams of sodium a day. The ideal is even lower -- only 1,500. For the average person, who consumes about 4,200 milligrams a day, that requires a big change. But studies show that the lower your salt intake, the lower your blood pressure.


Question: What are symptoms of too high or low blood sugar levels?

Answer: When your blood sugar is high, you can get symptoms like a foggy-headed feeling that makes it hard to focus or think clearly. Your energy may also take a dive, and you may feel nervous or moody. If your levels go too low, you could even pass out. In the long run, if your blood sugar stays up, you could be at risk for heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, or other problems.


Question: How much is normal for my blood sugar to spike after eating?

Answer: What levels are too high after a meal? Experts vary on what the number should be, but the ADA says a general goal is a blood sugar level under 180 mg/d L, 1 to 2 hours after a meal. Talk to your doctor about what you should aim for, and don't adjust your medicine without speaking to him first.


Question: Is it normal for my blood sugar to spike after eating if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you're trying to manage diabetes, you already know it's important to keep track of your blood sugar levels. But how do you handle a spike that comes after you eat? It's called "postprandial" blood glucose, and if you take some simple steps, you can get it under control and help avoid health problems.


Question: Does managing blood sugar before meals help spikes after meals?

Answer: Keep blood sugar in check before meals. That way, even if it goes up after you eat, it won't be so dramatic.


Question: Will walking after dinner help with post-meal blood sugar spikes?

Answer: Go for an after-dinner walk. It's a healthy habit for everyone, but if you have diabetes, it's also a good way to burn extra glucose from a meal.


Question: Can medicine help manage my after-meal spikes?

Answer: Get medicine that works for you. The right insulin or medication program can make a big difference. In general, to cover after-meal spikes, those that kick in quickly and for a short time are a better choice than ones that work slowly over a long period. Your doctor can explain your options.


Question: How does medicine manage blood sugar spikes?

Answer: Get medicine that works for you. The right insulin or medication program can make a big difference. In general, to cover after-meal spikes, those that kick in quickly and for a short time are a better choice than ones that work slowly over a long period. Your doctor can explain your options.


Question: How does watching what you eat manage blood sugar spikes?

Answer: They tend to trigger post-meal spikes. The type of fat you eat may play a role, as well. One study shows you may be able to curb blood sugar spikes after you eat if you skip foods with lots of butter and choose a meal made with a little olive oil instead.


Question: What blood sugar levels are too high after a meal?

Answer: Experts vary on what the number should be, but the ADA says a general goal is a blood sugar level under 180 mg/d L, 1 to 2 hours after a meal. Talk to your doctor about what you should aim for, and don't adjust your medicine without speaking to him first.


Question: What is postprandial blood glucose?

Answer: But how do you handle a spike that comes after you eat? It's called "postprandial" blood glucose, and if you take some simple steps, you can get it under control and help avoid health problems. Even when you're in a hurry to get out the door, don't be tempted to skip it.


Question: How should I measure spikes in my blood sugar level while eating?

Answer: Then do it again 1 to 2 hours after that first bite of food. Keep this up for a week or so. Write down the time and the blood sugar number. Make a note about anything you think might affect your levels, like medicine or exercise. Keep blood sugar in check before meals.


Question: Why is eating breakfast every morning important for people with diabetes?

Answer: Eat breakfast every morning. Even when you're in a hurry to get out the door, don't be tempted to skip it. A small study shows that when people ate a 500-calorie breakfast that was 35% protein, their post-meal blood sugar levels were lower than those who started their day with high-carb food. But check with your doctor to see what's right for you.


Question: Does the type of food I eat affect my blood sugar spikes after meals?

Answer: But how do you handle a spike that comes after you eat? They tend to trigger post-meal spikes. The type of fat you eat may play a role, as well.


Question: How does keeping blood sugar in check before meals manage blood sugar spikes?

Answer: The American Diabetes Association ( ADA) recommends you check your blood sugar levels right before mealtime with a blood sample from a finger stick. That way, even if it goes up after you eat, it won't be so dramatic.


Question: How often does autism happen to children in the United States?

Answer: Over the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of diagnosed cases of autism in the U. S. and around the world. Experts do not know if this is because the disorder is actually on the rise, or if doctors are simply diagnosing it more effectively. We should learn more answers to questions like these over the next few years. That's because many researchers are currently looking into autism's origins, prevalence, and treatment.


Question: What are signs and symptoms in children with autism?

Answer: Varying widely, signs and symptoms in children with autism typically include: Impaired communication skills Difficulty making eye contact Repetitive behaviors and activities such as arm flapping, head banging, or twirling an object over and over Rigid behavior and difficulty with change and transitions Narrow range of interests and activities Experts do not know exactly what causes autism.


Question: What is the treatment for children with autism?

Answer: There is no cure for autism, but early intervention using skills-training and behavior modification can yield excellent results. This type of educational and behavioral treatment tackles autism symptoms -- impaired social interaction, communication problems, and repetitive behaviors. It can also boost the chances of a child with child autism being able to go to school and participate in typical activities. Other treatment options for children with autism include: Medication .


Question: What are some features of autism?

Answer: Some features of autism include: Social withdrawal Verbal or nonverbal communication problems Rigid and repetitive behavior In severe cases, an autistic child may never learn to speak or make eye contact. But many children with autism and other autism spectrum disorders are able to live relatively normal lives.


Question: What does molluscum contagiosum look like?

Answer: The condition usually results in papules that: Are generally painless, but can itch Are small (2 to 5 millimeter diameter) Have a dimple in the center Are initially firm, dome-shaped, and flesh-colored Become softer with time May turn red and drain over time Have a central core of white, waxy material Molluscum contagiosum usually disappears spontaneously over a period of months to years in people who have normal immune systems.


Question: How is molluscum contagiosum diagnosed?

Answer: If the diagnosis is in question, a doctor can confirm the diagnosis with a skin biopsy -- the removal of a portion of skin for closer examination.


Question: How is molluscum contagiosum treated?

Answer: Molluscum contagiosum is usually self-limited, so treatment is not always necessary. However, individual lesions may be removed by scraping or freezing. Topical medications, such as those used to remove warts, may also be helpful in lesion removal. Note: The surgical removal of individual lesions may result in scarring.


Question: What causes molluscum contagiosum?

Answer: Molluscum contagiosum is caused by a virus (the molluscum contagiosum virus) that is part of the pox virus family. The virus is contagious through direct contact and is more common in children. However, the virus also can be spread by sexual contact and can occur in people with compromised immune systems. Molluscum contagiosum can spread on a single individual through scratching and rubbing.


Question: What is molluscum contagiosum?

Answer: It is a chronic infection, so lesions may persist from a few months to a few years. However, most cases resolve in six to nine months. To prevent molluscum contagiosum, follow these tips: Avoid direct contact skin-to-skin with anyone who may have the condition.


Question: How is the skin infection  molluscum contagiosum prevented?

Answer: Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection that causes either single or multiple raised, pearl-like bumps (papules) on the skin. The virus is contagious through direct contact and is more common in children. Remain sexually abstinent or have a monogamous sexual relationship with an uninfected individual. ( Male and female condoms cannot offer full protection, as the virus can be found on areas not covered by the condom.)


Question: Whatâs the treatment for a staph infection?

Answer: But there's been a gradual change in how well these antibiotics work. While most staph infections used to be treatable with penicillin, stronger antibiotics are now used. In about 50% of cases, however, resistance is seen to even these stronger antibiotics. These cases are no longer just happening in hospitals -- as once was true -- but now are occurring in the general community. That's been a problem. Many doctors are accustomed to using certain antibiotics, but those then fail because of antibiotic resistance. There are several more potent antibiotics now, but doctors need to know when to use them to prevent further antibiotic resistance. There's another treatment sometimes used with staph infections. If the infection goes so deep that it involves muscles or fibers that enclose muscles, it needs to be surgically cleaned.


Question: What is a staph infection of the skin?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A staph infection is caused by a Staphylococcus (or "staph") bacteria. Actually, about 25% of people normally carry staph in the nose, mouth, genitals, or anal area, and don't have symptoms of an infection. The foot is also very prone to picking up bacteria from the floor. The infection often begins with a little cut, which gets infected with bacteria. This can look like honey-yellow crusting on the skin. These staph infections range from a simple boil to antibiotic-resistant infections to flesh-eating infections. The difference between all these is the strength of the infection, how deep it goes, how fast it spreads, and how treatable it is with antibiotics. The antibiotic-resistant infections are more common in North America, because of our overuse of antibiotics.


Question: What is cellulitis?

Answer: It is treatable with antibiotics. This type of infection is very common in the general population -- and more common and more severe in people with weak immune systems. People who have diabetes or weakened immunity are particularly prone to developing cellulitis. Other staph infections of the skin include impetigo, a painful rash that is contagious, boils, and in babies and young children, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, which causes rash, blisters, and fever.


Question: What are the symptoms of a staph infection of the skin?

Answer: It is treatable with antibiotics. Other times, there is no obvious break in the skin at all. The signs of cellulitis are those of any inflammation -- redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Any skin sore or ulcer that has these signs may be developing cellulitis. If the staph infection spreads, the person may develop a fever, sometimes with chills and sweats, as well as swelling in the area. Other staph infections of the skin include impetigo, a painful rash that is contagious, boils, and in babies and young children, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, which causes rash, blisters, and fever.


Question: What is a concussion?

Answer: A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury ( TBI) that happens when the brain is jarred or shaken hard enough to bounce against the skull. This can happen when two athletes collide or when someone falls and hits his or her head.


Question: What are signs of a traumatic brain injury?

Answer: In 2008, the following activities resulted in the highest number of head injuries for all ages: Cycling Football Basketball Baseball and softball Riding powered recreational vehicles such as dune buggies, go-carts, and mini bikes According to the Brain Injury Association of America, the five leading activities responsible for concussions in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years of age are: Cycling Football Basketball Playground activities Soccer Signs of a TBI include: Confusion Depression Dizziness or balance problems Double or fuzzy vision Feeling foggy or groggy Feeling sluggish or tired Headache Memory loss Nausea Sensitivity to light or noise Sleep disturbance Trouble concentrating Trouble remembering Indications that a head injury is more serious than a concussion and requires emergency treatment include: Changes in size of pupils Clear or bloody fluid draining from the nose, mouth, or ears Convulsions Distorted facial features Facial bruising Fracture in the skull or face Impaired hearing, smell, taste, or vision Inability to move one or more limbs Irritability Lightheadedness Loss of consciousness Low breathing rate Restlessness, clumsiness, or lack of coordination Severe headache Slurred speech or blurred vision Stiff neck or vomiting Sudden worsening of symptoms after initial improvement Swelling at the site of the injury Persistent vomiting If you think you may have a concussion or suspect that someone else has one, the most important step to take is to prevent further injury.


Question: How do babies get microcephaly?

Answer: The child's brain stops growing as it should. This can happen while the baby is still in the mother's womb or within the first few years of birth. Your doctor may not be able to tell you why this happened to your baby. In most cases, the exact cause is unknown. It can be brought on by: A problem with your genes (congenital microcephaly) Something in your environment (acquired microcephaly) Congenital microcephaly is passed down through families.


Question: How is microcephaly treated?

Answer: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Other symptoms may include: Balance and coordination problems Developmental delays (delayed sitting, standing, walking) Trouble swallowing and problems with feeding Hearing loss Hyperactivity (trouble paying attention or sitting still) Seizures Short height Speech problems Vision problems There's no cure for microcephaly, but there are treatments to help with development, behavior, and seizures. If your child has mild microcephaly, he'll need regular doctor checkups to monitor how he grows and develops. Children who have more severe cases need lifelong treatment to control symptoms. Some, like seizures, can be life-threatening. Your doctor will discuss treatments to keep your child safe and improve his quality of life.


Question: What are long-term effects of microcephaly?

Answer: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Your child may need: Medicines to control seizures and hyperactivity and to improve nerve and muscle function Speech therapy Physical and occupational therapy How well your child does depends on what caused the brain to stop growing in the first place. Children with a mild form of this disorder may have no other problems. They grow normally during childhood and adolescence and still meet age-appropriate growth milestones as they get older. Others can have severe problems with learning and moving. Children with microcephaly are more likely to have other medical problems, like cerebral palsy and epilepsy.


Question: What is acquired microcephaly?

Answer: Microcephaly is a rare nervous system disorder that causes a baby's head to be small and not fully developed. The child's brain stops growing as it should. This can happen while the baby is still in the mother's womb or within the first few years of birth. Some things that may do this while a baby is in the womb are: Viral infections, including rubella ( German measles), chickenpox, and possibly Zika, which is spread by mosquitos Parasite infections, such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus Toxic chemicals such as lead Not getting enough food or nutrients (malnutrition) Alcohol Drugs Acquired microcephaly can also be caused by other things, including: Hemorrhage or stroke in the newborn Injury to the brain after birth Spine or brain defects Your doctor may diagnose microcephaly before or after the baby is born.


Question: How does a doctor know if a baby has microcephaly?

Answer: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Some things that may do this while a baby is in the womb are: Viral infections, including rubella ( German measles), chickenpox, and possibly Zika, which is spread by mosquitos Parasite infections, such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus Toxic chemicals such as lead Not getting enough food or nutrients (malnutrition) Alcohol Drugs Acquired microcephaly can also be caused by other things, including: Hemorrhage or stroke in the newborn Injury to the brain after birth Spine or brain defects Your doctor may diagnose microcephaly before or after the baby is born. During pregnancy, an ultrasound may show that the baby has a smaller-than-expected head size. After the baby is born, a health care worker will measure around the widest part of your child's head. Doing this tells the doctor how your child's head is growing compared to other kids of the same age and sex. If your child's head measurement falls a certain point below the average, it's considered microcephaly. A head measurement is taken during every checkup until age 2 or 3. If your child has microcephaly, the size of his head will be checked at every doctor's visit.


Question: How can microcephaly be prevented?

Answer: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Some things that may do this while a baby is in the womb are: Viral infections, including rubella ( German measles), chickenpox, and possibly Zika, which is spread by mosquitos Parasite infections, such as toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus Toxic chemicals such as lead Not getting enough food or nutrients (malnutrition) Alcohol Drugs Acquired microcephaly can also be caused by other things, including: Hemorrhage or stroke in the newborn Injury to the brain after birth Spine or brain defects Your doctor may diagnose microcephaly before or after the baby is born. While you're pregnant, you can take steps to try to prevent acquired microcephaly: Eat a healthy diet and take prenatal vitamins. Don't drink alcohol or do drugs. Stay away from chemicals. Wash your hands often, and get treated for any illness as soon as you feel sick. Have someone else change the litter box. Cat feces can spread the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. Use insect repellent when in wooded areas or countries known for mosquitos. The CDC says insect repellent is safe to use while pregnant. If you have a child with microcephaly and wish to get pregnant again, talk to your doctor. Genetic counseling may help you understand your family's risk for the disease.


Question: What is congenital microcephaly?

Answer: Microcephaly is a rare nervous system disorder that causes a baby's head to be small and not fully developed. The child's brain stops growing as it should. It can be brought on by: A problem with your genes (congenital microcephaly) Something in your environment (acquired microcephaly) Congenital microcephaly is passed down through families. It's caused by defects in genes linked to early brain development. Microcephaly is often seen in children with Down syndrome and genetic disorders.


Question: What are symptoms of microcephaly?

Answer: The child's brain stops growing as it should. During pregnancy, an ultrasound may show that the baby has a smaller-than-expected head size. Some children have normal intelligence. Others have problems learning, but they usually don't get worse as your child gets older. Children with a mild form of this disorder may have no other problems. They grow normally during childhood and adolescence and still meet age-appropriate growth milestones as they get older.


Question: What are other symptoms of microcephaly?

Answer: The child's brain stops growing as it should. Other symptoms may include: Balance and coordination problems Developmental delays (delayed sitting, standing, walking) Trouble swallowing and problems with feeding Hearing loss Hyperactivity (trouble paying attention or sitting still) Seizures Short height Speech problems Vision problems There's no cure for microcephaly, but there are treatments to help with development, behavior, and seizures. Children with a mild form of this disorder may have no other problems.


Question: Should you take supplements to get more omega-3s?

Answer: Fish oil has both EPA and DHA. Algae oil has DHA and may be a good option for people who don't eat fish. Talk to your doctor about taking a supplement first. He or she may have specific recommendations, or warnings, depending on your health and the other medicines you take. There are also Omega 3 prescriptions available. Epanova, Lovaza, Omtryg, and Vascepa contain DHA/ DPA and are recommended for adults with triglycerides 500 mg/dl or above. Unlike fish oil supplements, these medications are approved and monitored for quality and safety by the FDA for specific use.


Question: How much omega-3s should people with heart disease take?

Answer: People with heart disease are usually advised to take 1 gram (1,000 milligrams) daily of a combination DHA / EPA from fish oil.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Fish oil supplements ( EPA+ DHA) may curb stiffness and joint pain. Omega-3 supplements also seem to boost the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help depression?

Answer: Some researchers have found that cultures that eat foods with high levels of omega-3s have lower levels of depression. The effects of Fish oil supplements on depression has been mixed. More research is needed to see if it can make a difference.


Question: Do omega-3 fatty acids affect bleeding conditions?

Answer: Omega-3 supplements ( DHA/ EPA) can make bleeding more likely. If you have a bleeding condition -- or take medicines that could increase bleeding, like apixaban ( Eliquis), betrixaban ( Bevyxxa), chopidogrel ( Plavix), prasugrel ( Effient), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), ticagrelor ( Brilinta), warfarin ( Coumadin), and some NSAIDs -- talk to a doctor before using any omega-3 supplements.


Question: If I have heart disease or a heart condition, how much omega-3 fatty acid should I consume?

Answer: People with heart disease are usually advised to take 1 gram (1,000 milligrams) daily of a combination DHA / EPA from fish oil. People with some health conditions may take doses of up to 4 grams a day -- but only under a doctor's supervision.


Question: Should I get omega-3 through a supplement?

Answer: He or she may have specific recommendations, or warnings, depending on your health and the other medicines you take. There are also Omega 3 prescriptions available. Epanova, Lovaza, Omtryg, and Vascepa contain DHA/ DPA and are recommended for adults with triglycerides 500 mg/dl or above. Unlike fish oil supplements, these medications are approved and monitored for quality and safety by the FDA for specific use.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help baby development?

Answer: DHA appears to be important for visual and neurological development in infants.


Question: What are side effects of omega-3 supplements?

Answer: Omega-3 supplements ( DHA/ EPA) can make bleeding more likely. If you have a bleeding condition -- or take medicines that could increase bleeding, like apixaban ( Eliquis), betrixaban ( Bevyxxa), chopidogrel ( Plavix), prasugrel ( Effient), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), ticagrelor ( Brilinta), warfarin ( Coumadin), and some NSAIDs -- talk to a doctor before using any omega-3 supplements.


Question: Do omega-3 fatty acids induce side effects?

Answer: The most common side effects from fish oil are indigestion and gas. Getting a supplement with a coating might help.


Question: What are good sources of alpha-linolenic acid?

Answer: Good food sources of ALA are: Walnuts Flaxseed and flaxseed oil Canola oil Soybean oil Chia seeds While foods containing omega-3 fatty acids have health benefits, some -- like oils and nuts -- can be high in calories. So eat them in moderation.


Question: What are side effects from fish oil?

Answer: The most common side effects from fish oil are indigestion and gas. Getting a supplement with a coating might help.


Question: Is it bad to eat fatty fish to get more omega-3s?

Answer: These include: Anchovies Bluefish Herring Mackerel Marlin Orange roughy Salmon Sardines Sturgeon Lake trout Tuna While eating more fatty fish is a good idea, some are likely to have higher levels of ercury, polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs), or other toxins. These include mackerel, wild swordfish, tilefish, and shark.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help Alzheimer's disease and dementia?

Answer: Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Some research suggests that omega-3s may help protect against Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and have a positive effect on gradual memory loss linked to aging. But that's not certain yet.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help asthma?

Answer: A diet high in omega-3s lowers inflammation, a key component in asthma. But more studies are needed to show if fish oil supplements improve lung function or cut the amount of medication a person needs to control the condition.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help ADHD?

Answer: Some studies show that fish oil can reduce the symptoms of ADHD in some children and improve their mental skills, like thinking, remembering, and learning. But more research is needed in this area, and omega-3 supplements should not be used as a primary treatment.


Question: Where can you get omega-3s?

Answer: When it comes to fat, there's one type you don't want to cut back on: omega-3 fatty acids. Aim to eat non-fried, oily fish high in DHA and EPA omega-3 fatty acids at least two times a week. These include: Anchovies Bluefish Herring Mackerel Marlin Orange roughy Salmon Sardines Sturgeon Lake trout Tuna While eating more fatty fish is a good idea, some are likely to have higher levels of ercury, polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs), or other toxins.


Question: What should you know about omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: Two crucial ones -- EPA and DHA -- are primarily found in certain fish. ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), another omega-3 fatty acid, is found in plant sources such as nuts and seeds. Not only does your body need these fatty acids to function, but also they deliver some big health benefits. When possible, try to get omega-3 fatty acids from foods rather than supplements.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help your blood fat (triglycerides) levels?

Answer: Blood fat (triglycerides). Some researchers have found that cultures that eat foods with high levels of omega-3s have lower levels of depression.


Question: Which foods have omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: These include: Anchovies Bluefish Herring Mackerel Marlin Orange roughy Salmon Sardines Sturgeon Lake trout Tuna While eating more fatty fish is a good idea, some are likely to have higher levels of ercury, polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs), or other toxins. Good food sources of ALA are: Walnuts Flaxseed and flaxseed oil Canola oil Soybean oil Chia seeds While foods containing omega-3 fatty acids have health benefits, some -- like oils and nuts -- can be high in calories. So eat them in moderation.


Question: What are omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: Two crucial ones -- EPA and DHA -- are primarily found in certain fish. ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), another omega-3 fatty acid, is found in plant sources such as nuts and seeds. Not only does your body need these fatty acids to function, but also they deliver some big health benefits. When possible, try to get omega-3 fatty acids from foods rather than supplements.


Question: What can you expect your pediatrician to do during your baby's 18-month checkup?

Answer: Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines, including a flu shot in the fall/winter Has your child been having temper tantrums?


Question: What questions may your pediatrician ask during your baby's 18-month checkup?

Answer: Here's what to expect at your toddler's 18-month checkup. Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines, including a flu shot in the fall/winter Has your child been having temper tantrums? Is your child talking a lot? Pointing? Scribbling? Is she sleeping and napping well?


Question: What are the warning signs of a diabetic coma?

Answer: If you have diabetes and you've had a heavy thirst and gone to the bathroom more often than usual for a few weeks, check with your doctor -- especially if your blood sugar isn't well-controlled. As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital.


Question: What causes a diabetic coma?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital.


Question: How are diabetic comas treated?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital. You'll get an IV to replace lost fluids and electrolytes such as potassium. And you'll get insulin or other medication to control your blood sugar. The coma can lead to death if left untreated.


Question: How is a diabetic coma treated?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital. You'll get an IV to replace lost fluids and electrolytes such as potassium. And you'll get insulin or other medication to control your blood sugar. The coma can lead to death if left untreated.


Question: What can cause diabetic coma?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital.


Question: How is asthma that causes shortness of breath treated?

Answer: In addition to shortness of breath, it can cause: Coughing Tightness in the chest Wheezing To keep it under control, work with your doctor to create a treatment plan. First, avoid all triggers except exercise, which is important for your overall health. You can try two kinds of medicines. One is for long-term control and the other is for quick relief.


Question: How is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that causes shortness of breath treated?

Answer: Some other signs of COPD are: Coughing Frequent respiratory infections Blue lips or fingernails Fatigue Too much phlegm or mucus Wheezing COPD can be managed with medication, but there's no cure, and it gets worse over time. A change in lifestyle, including exercise and eating right, can help. You may need doses of extra oxygen from a tank or another device. Your doctor might recommend surgery to repair your damaged lungs.


Question: What can you do about shortness of breath?

Answer: Don't ignore your breathing troubles or put off getting help. Your body is trying to tell you something important. Get in touch with your doctor to find the source of the problem and learn how to get relief. Once you've got a diagnosis, you'll be one step closer to breathing easier.


Question: Could allergies be causing your shortness of breath?

Answer: Besides shortness of breath, you might have: Vomiting Hives or rash Coughing, sneezing, or runny nose Watery eyes Tightness in the throat Trouble swallowing or swelling of your tongue Dizziness Fatigue Some common foods that some people are allergic to are eggs, milk, nuts, shellfish, and wheat. Things in the air that can set off your allergies are dust, pollen, and pet dander -- tiny pieces of skin that are shed by cats, dogs, and other animals. It can be triggered by something you're allergic to, like pollen, or from an irritant in the air, like smoke.


Question: Is my cluster headache related to a brain condition?

Answer: An underlying brain condition, such as a tumor or aneurysm, won't cause these headaches.


Question: Are cluster headaches associated with any other symptoms?

Answer: They might even wake you up an hour or two after you go to bed.


Question: What is linked to cluster headaches?

Answer: Predictable: Attacks seem to be linked to the circadian rhythm, your body's 24-hour clock. They happen so regularly, generally at the same time each day, that they've been called "alarm clock headaches." They might even wake you up an hour or two after you go to bed. Nighttime attacks can be more severe than the daytime ones.


Question: When are cluster headaches more common?

Answer: When that happens, you may notice: Discomfort or a mild burning sensation Swollen or drooping eye Smaller pupil in the eye Eye redness or watering Runny or congested nose Red, warm face Sweating You're sensitive to light Cluster headaches are more common in people who smoke or are heavy drinkers. During a cluster period, you'll be more sensitive to alcohol and nicotine -- just a bit of alcohol can trigger a headache. But drinking won't trigger one during headache-free periods.


Question: How long does it take for cluster headaches to reach their full force?

Answer: They include: Speed: Cluster headaches generally reach their full force quickly -- within 5 or 10 minutes.


Question: Are cluster headaches common in people who smoke or drink?

Answer: When that happens, you may notice: Discomfort or a mild burning sensation Swollen or drooping eye Smaller pupil in the eye Eye redness or watering Runny or congested nose Red, warm face Sweating You're sensitive to light Cluster headaches are more common in people who smoke or are heavy drinkers. During a cluster period, you'll be more sensitive to alcohol and nicotine -- just a bit of alcohol can trigger a headache. But drinking won't trigger one during headache-free periods.


Question: How long does a cluster headache last?

Answer: They can be as short as 15 minutes or as long as 3 hours, but then they disappear. You'll probably get one to three of these headaches a day.


Question: How can you get cluster headaches?

Answer: These are the least common type of headaches, affecting less than 1 in 1,000 people. Men get them more than women do. You usually start getting them before age 30. Cluster headaches may disappear completely (go into remission) for months or years, but they can come back without any warning.


Question: Is surgery used to treat cluster headaches?

Answer: Surgery If nothing else works, surgery may be an option for people who don't get a break from cluster headaches. Deep brain stimulation, which involves placing an electrode deep into the brain, is losing favor to less invasive options. Most procedures involve blocking the trigeminal nerve, a main pathway for pain.


Question: What are warning signs of a cluster headache?

Answer: When that happens, you may notice: Discomfort or a mild burning sensation Swollen or drooping eye Smaller pupil in the eye Eye redness or watering Runny or congested nose Red, warm face Sweating You're sensitive to light Cluster headaches are more common in people who smoke or are heavy drinkers.


Question: When during the day do cluster headaches normally happen?

Answer: Predictable: Attacks seem to be linked to the circadian rhythm, your body's 24-hour clock. They happen so regularly, generally at the same time each day, that they've been called "alarm clock headaches." They might even wake you up an hour or two after you go to bed. Nighttime attacks can be more severe than the daytime ones.


Question: What are the usual warning signs of cluster headaches?

Answer: When that happens, you may notice: Discomfort or a mild burning sensation Swollen or drooping eye Smaller pupil in the eye Eye redness or watering Runny or congested nose Red, warm face Sweating You're sensitive to light Cluster headaches are more common in people who smoke or are heavy drinkers.


Question: What is the best way to treat cluster headaches?

Answer: Triptans: These drugs are among the best ways to treat the pain. You might get: Sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Sumavel), which works both as a shot or inhaled Zolmitriptan ( Zomig) Dihydroergotamine ( D. H. E. 45): This prescription medicine is based on the ergot fungus. You'll breathe it in through a face mask for 15 minutes.


Question: What is the neurological cause of a cluster headache?

Answer: The nerve that's affected, the trigeminal nerve, is responsible for sensations such as heat or pain in your face. An underlying brain condition, such as a tumor or aneurysm, won't cause these headaches. Most procedures involve blocking the trigeminal nerve, a main pathway for pain. It controls the area around your eye, but a misstep can cost weakness in your jaw and loss of sensation in your face and head.


Question: What are cluster headaches?

Answer: They happen so regularly, generally at the same time each day, that they've been called "alarm clock headaches." Frequent: Most people will get daily headaches for 2 weeks to 3 months; in between these periods, they'll be pain-free for at least 2 weeks.


Question: How often do cluster headaches occur?

Answer: These are the least common type of headaches, affecting less than 1 in 1,000 people. Frequent: Most people will get daily headaches for 2 weeks to 3 months; in between these periods, they'll be pain-free for at least 2 weeks.


Question: Should I take preventative medicine for cluster headaches?

Answer: Frequent: Most people will get daily headaches for 2 weeks to 3 months; in between these periods, they'll be pain-free for at least 2 weeks. Preventive medicine can often stop a headache before it starts, Your doctor can prescribe medication to shorten the length of the cluster as well as lessen the severity of your attacks, including: Corticosteroid, like prednisone, for a short time sodium ( Depakene, Depakote) Ergotamine tartrate ( Cafergot, Ergomar) Gabapentin carbonate Topiramate ( Qudexy XR, Topamax, Trokendi XR) Verapamil ( Calan, Covera, Verelan) Occipital nerve block (your doctor may also call it occipital nerve injection): The doctor will inject a mix of anesthetic and steroid into these nerves.


Question: What medicine should you take to prevent cluster headaches?

Answer: Frequent: Most people will get daily headaches for 2 weeks to 3 months; in between these periods, they'll be pain-free for at least 2 weeks. Preventive medicine can often stop a headache before it starts, Your doctor can prescribe medication to shorten the length of the cluster as well as lessen the severity of your attacks, including: Corticosteroid, like prednisone, for a short time sodium ( Depakene, Depakote) Ergotamine tartrate ( Cafergot, Ergomar) Gabapentin carbonate Topiramate ( Qudexy XR, Topamax, Trokendi XR) Verapamil ( Calan, Covera, Verelan) Occipital nerve block (your doctor may also call it occipital nerve injection): The doctor will inject a mix of anesthetic and steroid into these nerves.


Question: What are your options for treating advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Your main options for treating advanced prostate cancer are: Radiation Hormone therapy Surgery Watchful waiting or active surveillance Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells.


Question: How is vaccine therapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Most vaccines help your body prevent disease, but some also treat conditions like cancer. Sipuleucel- T ( Provenge) removes cells from your blood and exposes them to a protein from prostate cancer cells in a lab. Then your doctor injects the cells back in your body to attack the cancer. This treatment is for men with advanced disease when hormone therapy has stopped working.


Question: What are the side effects of hormone therapy?

Answer: Hormone therapy can cause side effects, such as: Low sex drive Erection problems Breast growth and tenderness Hot flashes Bone thinning Depending on how far your cancer has spread, your doctor might be able to remove it with one of two operations.


Question: Which antiandrogens are used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: They stop prostate cancer cells from using any male hormones, called androgens. You might take them along with a Gn RH agent. The drugs include: Bicalutamide ( Casodex) Flutamide Nilutamide ( Nilandron) Newer types of hormone therapy include: Abiraterone acetate ( Zytiga), which stops prostate cancer cells (and other cells) from making androgens.


Question: What are the side effects of radiation for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will do everything he can to keep from damaging other parts of your body, but some men have side effects from radiation, such as: Diarrhea, blood in their stool, and other bowel problems Trouble controlling urination, or a leaky bladder Erection problems Feeling tired Male hormones like testosterone fuel the growth of prostate cancer cells.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Drugs kill cancer cells throughout your body. You might get chemo if the disease has spread outside your prostate and hormone therapy isn't working. It might also ease symptoms.


Question: How is external beam radiation therapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Doctors might give you this therapy in a few of different ways: External beam radiation therapy ( EBRT) focuses X-rays on your prostate from a machine outside your body. The doctor will direct the radiation right to the gland and adjust the dose to target the cancer without damaging other parts of your body. The treatment takes just a few minutes, and it doesn't hurt. You'll probably go in to a clinic and get it 5 days per week for about 7 to 9 weeks.


Question: How can clinical trials help with advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Scientists are always looking for new ways to treat prostate cancer in clinical trials. These trials test new drugs to see if they're safe and if they work. They often are a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to anyone. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for you.


Question: Which GnRH agents are used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: They work in different ways to keep your body from making luteinizing hormone ( LH), which it needs to make testosterone. Drugs include: Buserelin ( Suprefact) Degarelix ( Firmagon) Goserelin ( Zoladex) Histrelin ( Vantas) Leuprolide ( Eligard, Lupron Depot) Triptorelin ( Trelstar) Anti-androgens.


Question: How are bisphosphonates used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: These drugs relieve the pain of prostate cancer that has spread to bones.


Question: What is the treatment for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: It can help shrink tumors and ease bone pain and other symptoms. This surgery does not cure the cancer, but it can ease symptoms, like problems controlling urine. You might get chemo if the disease has spread outside your prostate and hormone therapy isn't working.


Question: How is a transurethral resection of the prostate used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Doctors can treat this type of cancer, but they can't cure it. The doctor will direct the radiation right to the gland and adjust the dose to target the cancer without damaging other parts of your body. Doctors will give you medicine to put you to sleep or make your body numb, then put the pellets in through thin needles. Your doctor will inject it into your vein once a month.


Question: What types of surgery can treat vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: One is surgery called a vitrectomy, which relieves the pulling on the macula by removing the jelly and replacing it with fluid or a temporary gas bubble. After the surgery, you may be asked to lie facedown so the bubble or fluid floats to the back of your eye, lessening the pull and hopefully allowing any damage to the macula to get better.


Question: What other treatments are available for vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: How well your vision gets better depends on: If you keep that face-down position while you're healing The amount of eye damage that you had How long the damage was there Another type of treatment is medication that's injected into your eye. It can lead to the release of the adhesion between the vitreous and macula, beginning the process of healing. Getting older has its challenges. Keeping your vision as sharp as possible is one of them. Regular eye exams can help spot early signs of vitreomacular adhesion.


Question: How do doctors treat vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: If your eye doctor says you have VMA but your symptoms aren't severe, she may want to wait and see if your vision gets better by itself. If things become serious, you have treatment options. The goal is to break the adhesion so that the vitreous no longer pulls on the macula.