Question: How can you recognize and prevent depression in bipolar disorder?

Answer: If you are thinking about suicide or hurting yourself: Tell someone who can help you right now Call your mental health professional Call your doctor Call 911 or go to the emergency room The manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder don't necessarily follow a pattern. You can have a few bouts of depression before you have a manic phase. But over time, you'll notice things that cause changes in your mood and warning signs that depression could be setting in. When you catch those symptoms early, you can often avoid major depression. Keep a mood chart to track how you feel, your treatments, sleep, and other activities. Take note of times when you feel stressed -- maybe when you're with certain people or in a specific place. The first signs of depression could be that you feel tired and can't sleep. Short periods of depression can be a sign that a severe phase is coming. The people around you can help you recognize patterns, too. Ask your family and mental health professional to watch for changes in your behavior that signal an oncoming issue. They may be able to notice things that you don't. Even when you feel great, make sure to keep up with your treatment -- it can prevent a relapse of depression. Eat a healthy diet, exercise, and try new ways to ease stress and manage your moods: Join a support group, take up a hobby, or practice relaxation methods like meditation, yoga, or massage.


Question: What are the symptoms of depression in bipolar disorder?

Answer: During the depression phase of bipolar disorder, you might: Feel sad, worried, or empty Have little to no energy Feel like you can't enjoy anything Sleep too little or too much Have a hard time getting out of bed Eat too little or too much Have trouble focusing or remembering things Have a hard time making decisions Think about suicide or death You could have all of these symptoms or some of them. Someone with bipolar disorder can sometimes feel very sad but also full of energy. The surest sign of a phase of depression is that you feel down for a long time -- usually at least 2 weeks. You might have these episodes rarely or several times a year.


Question: What are other steps to fight depression in bipolar disorder?

Answer: You can take other steps to fight depression, too: Don't drink alcohol or use drugs. They can make your mood worse and keep your medications from working. Stick to a routine. Try to go to bed, wake up, exercise, and take your medicines at the same time every day. Don't make major life changes while you're depressed. Your doctor or therapist may be able to help you schedule absences from work if you need them. Ask a family member of friend for support. They can help you keep up with your appointments and medications.


Question: What should you do if you are thinking about suicide or hurting yourself if you have depression in bipolar disorder?

Answer: If you are thinking about suicide or hurting yourself: Tell someone who can help you right now Call your mental health professional Call your doctor Call 911 or go to the emergency room The manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder don't necessarily follow a pattern.


Question: Should I find someone for my child to talk to about multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You may want to get professional help for your child if she: Is depressed Has severe behavior problems or ones that don't go away Can't sleep or has nightmares for over a month Isn't hungry or eats too much Loses interest in schoolwork or hobbies Has mood swings or changes in her personality Find someone else your child can talk to about MS. You don't have to be the only person she can lean on. A trusting relationship with a friend or family member can be helpful.


Question: What reactions to multiple sclerosis should I watch for in my children?

Answer: Here are some signs to watch for in your child: More focus on her own body and wellness Not wanting to spend time with close friends Higher anxiety and stress Trying to act older or younger than she is Behaving badly in public Lying to friends about your illness Temper tantrums Waiting until you're tired at the end of day to ask for things (such as help with homework) Doing poorly in school Nightmares, bed-wetting, and trouble falling asleep. You may want to get professional help for your child if she: Is depressed Has severe behavior problems or ones that don't go away Can't sleep or has nightmares for over a month Isn't hungry or eats too much Loses interest in schoolwork or hobbies Has mood swings or changes in her personality Find someone else your child can talk to about MS. You don't have to be the only person she can lean on.


Question: Should I talk to my children about multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Once you learn you have multiple sclerosis ( MS), it may take you some time to adjust to your symptoms and to know what to expect from your disease. The same goes for your children. They might be even less sure of what to expect than you are. They might also feel scared, sad, angry, or helpless about your diagnosis. The most important thing to do is to talk to your children about how MS affects you and see what they're thinking. Open communication can help you ease their fears, answer their questions, and let them know how you feel.


Question: Should I include my child in family decisions about multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Include your child in family decisions. Whether you're divvying up the household chores or going to the hospital for treatment, it's important to involve your child in some decisions. It will give her a sense of control and belonging.


Question: What should you know about panic disorder?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A panic attack can happen anywhere, at any time. You may feel terrified and overwhelmed, even though you're not in any danger. If this kind of random event has happened to you at least twice, and you constantly worry and change your routine to keep from having one, you might have panic disorder -- a type of anxiety disorder. One in 10 adults in the U. S. have panic attacks each year. About a third of people have one in their lifetime. But most of them don't have panic disorder. Only about 3% of adults have it, and it's more common in women than in men.


Question: How long does an attack last in panic disorder?

Answer: You'll have four or more of these signs: Pounding or fast heartbeat Sweating Trembling or shaking Shortness of breath or a feeling of being smothered A choking feeling Chest pain Nausea or stomach pains Feeling dizzy or faint Chills or hot flashes Numbness or tingling in the body Feeling unreal or detached A fear of losing control or going crazy A fear of dying An attack usually passes in 5-10 minutes, but it can linger for hours. It can feel like you're having a heart attack or a stroke. So people with panic attacks often wind up in the emergency room for evaluation.


Question: How is panic disorder diagnosed?

Answer: There isn't a lab test specifically for panic disorder. Your doctor probably will examine you and rule out other health issues. If you've had two or more random panic attacks and live in fear of a repeat episode, you likely have panic disorder.


Question: What has been shown about changing the ingredients of vision supplements for eye health?

Answer: This study sought to see if adding other vitamins and mineral to the supplement would improve results of the AREDS. The first addition was omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil), and the second was a combination of two carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, which are found in leafy green vegetables and highly colored fruits and vegetables. The research showed: Beta-carotene did not lower the risk of progression of AMD. Adding omega-3 to the AREDS formula did not lower the risk of progression of AMD. The AREDS formula was still found to be protective with less zinc added. People who took a formula with lutein and zeaxanthin (and who may not have been taking enough in their diet) showed further improvement with the new AREDS formula. In general, people who took lutein and zeaxanthin instead of beta-carotene had more of a benefit. This supplement regimen, however, was not shown to prevent the onset of AMD, slow its progression in early stages, or improve vision already lost. If you or someone you care about has AMD in one of the two categories listed, an eye doctor may recommend taking a vision supplement.


Question: What has been shown to contribute to chronic dry eye syndrome in vision supplements for healthy eyes?

Answer: In another example, studies have shown that deficiencies of antioxidants contribute to the development of chronic dry eye syndrome. Nutritional supplements containing the essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 are available to help restore and maintain tear formation and eye lubrication. Again, check with your doctor first.


Question: What are good multivitamins and vitamin supplements to help my vision?

Answer: Lutein: None Calcium: 1000 mg- men and women : 1200 mg- women over 51 and men over 71 Thiamin: men - 1.2 mg, women - 1.1 mg. (1.4 mg if pregnant or nursing) Folic acid: Adult: 400 mcg Dietary Folate Equivalents (600 mcg DFE is pregnant, 500 mcg DFE if breat feeding) Omega-3 essential fatty acids (including flaxseed oil): None; but for cardiovascular benefits, the American Heart Association recommends approximately 1,000 mg daily.


Question: What can you do to protect your eye health and eyesight using vision supplements?

Answer: Important: Your doctor is your first resource for information about your health. Regardless of dosage, supplements are not a cure for health problems or a substitute for medication your doctor has recommended. Always check with your doctor before beginning to take any dietary supplement, including vision supplements.


Question: What specialists can work as a team for palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: They'll work as a team, and they could be: Nurses or nurse practitioners Home health aides Social workers Psychologists Respiratory therapists Pharmacists Dietitians Clergy Volunteers Hospice is care that's given at the end of your life.


Question: How can surgery help when you get it as palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative care treatments like surgery can help you breathe better. Your doctor can draw out some of the fluid in your lungs or put in stents that hold open your airways. This can help you get enough oxygen when you breathe.


Question: What are examples of palliative care for your lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative care for your lung cancer may include: Anti-nausea drugs Counseling to deal with your emotions or fears Drugs to treat bloody coughs Oxygen therapy or a portable oxygen tank Pain medicine like morphine Steroids or other drugs to ease swelling in your lungs Treatments to ease your cough Treatments to boost your appetite or keep your weight up Treatments to ease pain or discomfort from cancer surgery Doctors who are specially trained in palliative care will manage your treatment.


Question: What does palliative care for lung cancer include?

Answer: Your palliative care may include radiation or chemotherapy too. Brachytherapy, or radiation seeds that are planted inside your lungs, can open up narrow air passages and help you breathe. Palliative chemotherapy can help ease your pain or cough. You can get extra oxygen through small tubes that go into your nose. This can be done at home. It can help ease fluid buildup so you can breathe. Palliative care for your lung cancer may include: Anti-nausea drugs Counseling to deal with your emotions or fears Drugs to treat bloody coughs Oxygen therapy or a portable oxygen tank Pain medicine like morphine Steroids or other drugs to ease swelling in your lungs Treatments to ease your cough Treatments to boost your appetite or keep your weight up Treatments to ease pain or discomfort from cancer surgery Doctors who are specially trained in palliative care will manage your treatment.


Question: What are some palliative care options for lung cancer, and how can they help you feel better?

Answer: Some drugs can help open your air passages or calm swelling. Others control blood clots that can block your airways. You may also need medications to help ease your anxiety or depression. Your palliative care may include radiation or chemotherapy too. Brachytherapy, or radiation seeds that are planted inside your lungs, can open up narrow air passages and help you breathe. Palliative chemotherapy can help ease your pain or cough.


Question: When can you get palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: This special form of medical treatment can help you handle lung cancer issues like: Pain from your tumor or cancer surgery Stress, depression, guilt, or anxiety Chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatment side effects Shortness of breath Not getting enough oxygen Nausea Loss of appetite Constipation Fatigue Confusion Weight loss If your cancer can't be treated, you can get palliative care to ease your pain and make you more comfortable. But this type of treatment isn't just something you get once you're in hospice or at the end of your life. You can get it anytime you need it.


Question: Who provides palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative care for your lung cancer may include: Anti-nausea drugs Counseling to deal with your emotions or fears Drugs to treat bloody coughs Oxygen therapy or a portable oxygen tank Pain medicine like morphine Steroids or other drugs to ease swelling in your lungs Treatments to ease your cough Treatments to boost your appetite or keep your weight up Treatments to ease pain or discomfort from cancer surgery Doctors who are specially trained in palliative care will manage your treatment. They'll keep your oncologist (cancer doctor) or primary-care doctor up to date on your progress. You may get palliative care treatments from many other specialists too. They'll work as a team, and they could be: Nurses or nurse practitioners Home health aides Social workers Psychologists Respiratory therapists Pharmacists Dietitians Clergy Volunteers Hospice is care that's given at the end of your life.


Question: Who should get palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Anyone with lung cancer can get palliative care to ease pain, poor breathing, fatigue, or anxiety. Get palliative care sooner rather than later so you have the best results. Your family members and loved ones can get palliative care too. Counseling can help them cope with their stress or fears. They can also get advice on how to deal with decisions they need to make about your cancer treatment or end-of-life care.


Question: What is palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: You may need extra help with it comes to managing severe pain, nausea, fatigue, depression, or other symptoms. That's where palliative care comes in. It can help ease those symptoms and improve your daily life. It's a range of therapies that help you feel better, and help you manage your cancer and treatments. You may also hear it called supportive care.


Question: Will insurance cover palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Medicare and Medicaid also cover some palliative care and hospice treatment. Talk to your insurance provider to find out what your policy covers. In some states, laws allow you to turn some life insurance policy death benefits into money to use for palliative care while you're alive. A social worker, insurance agent, or financial consultant can also advise you on ways to pay for your palliative care.


Question: How is palliative care for lung cancer different from hospice?

Answer: It's designed to make you feel comfortable, treat your pain, or to create a peaceful setting. Palliative care is part of hospice. But you don't have to be in hospice or at the end of your life to need or get it.


Question: How does palliative care for lung cancer help?

Answer: This special form of medical treatment can help you handle lung cancer issues like: Pain from your tumor or cancer surgery Stress, depression, guilt, or anxiety Chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatment side effects Shortness of breath Not getting enough oxygen Nausea Loss of appetite Constipation Fatigue Confusion Weight loss If your cancer can't be treated, you can get palliative care to ease your pain and make you more comfortable. But this type of treatment isn't just something you get once you're in hospice or at the end of your life. You can get it anytime you need it.


Question: Do other drugs besides regular medications treat severe headaches?

Answer: Along with traditional headache medications, other drugs -- like antidepressants -- can help you have fewer and less-severe headaches.


Question: How can over-the-counter (OTC) drugs cause heart failure?

Answer: Other types of drugs that can bring on heart failure include: Antifungal medications Cancer medications Stimulants Antidepressants Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) inhibitors You may not think twice about taking over-the-counter ( OTC) drugs for minor things like a headache or stuffy nose. But if you're at risk of heart failure, or if you already have it, you might want to limit or avoid some medications. OTC NSAIDs, just like the prescription ones, can make heart failure worse. They can even make it more likely that you'll go to the hospital for heart failure. Watch out for cold medicines. Some have NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Others have sodium or ingredients that can worsen your heart failure or conditions that come along with it. Nasal decongestants often contain drugs that narrow your blood vessels. Look for the word vasoconstrictor on the label. These can cause heart problems when you take more than you should for a long time. Ask your doctor for a list of safe OTC drugs and tips on what to look for on product labels.


Question: What are some precautions for taking natural supplements to prevent heart failure?

Answer: In the meantime: Don't take vitamins or supplements to prevent cardiovascular problems or improve heart failure symptoms. Avoid products that contain ephedra (you may see ephedrine as part of their name). They affect your blood pressure and heart rate. Avoid products that can interact with heart medications, like digoxin and blood thinners. Keep everyone on your health care team in the loop about the drugs and supplements you take.


Question: What are some tips for medications that can cause heart failure?

Answer: Keep everyone on your health care team in the loop about the drugs and supplements you take. This keeps your risk low. It's also a good idea to limit any drugs or supplements you don't need. Some tips: At each doctor visit, provide a list of each drug and supplement you take. Include the dose and how often you take it. Ask your doctor if there are any medications you can limit or stop taking. If you have multiple doctors, ask one to be in charge of your medications. Update her when you get a new prescription or when one of your prescriptions changes. That way you'll know about any increased heart risk before you make a medication change.


Question: How can blood pressure medicine cause heart failure?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers can worsen edema or fluid that stays in your body's tissues. Central agonists (clonidine, moxonidine) cause changes in the way your body releases hormones that affect your heart.


Question: How can natural supplements cause heart failure?

Answer: There's no government regulation of natural supplements, so you can't always be sure the package contains what the label says it does. Some can cause serious risks, especially if you have a health condition. That goes for vitamins, too. They seem harmless because they occur naturally in food. But in pill form, it's a different story. More than 400 IU of vitamin E daily can increase your chances of developing heart failure. Supplements can also interact with other drugs. One natural product may be fine for your neighbor but put your health at risk.


Question: How can prescription drugs cause heart failure?

Answer: Some drugs and natural supplements cause or worsen heart failure because they: Are toxic to your heart Affect the strength of heart muscle contractions Make high blood pressure worse Prevent heart failure medications from working well People with heart failure take an average of 6.8 prescription medicines a day. The more drugs you take, the more likely you are to have a drug-drug interaction. This can put your heart at risk.


Question: How can medications cause heart failure?

Answer: Some drugs and natural supplements cause or worsen heart failure because they: Are toxic to your heart Affect the strength of heart muscle contractions Make high blood pressure worse Prevent heart failure medications from working well People with heart failure take an average of 6.8 prescription medicines a day.


Question: What other types of drugs can cause heart failure?

Answer: Other types of drugs that can bring on heart failure include: Antifungal medications Cancer medications Stimulants Antidepressants Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) inhibitors You may not think twice about taking over-the-counter ( OTC) drugs for minor things like a headache or stuffy nose.


Question: How can nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause heart failure?

Answer: These drugs can raise your risk of heart failure or related problems: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs). Prescription NSAIDs include diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and ketorolac. More than 70 million prescriptions are written every year for this type of pain reliever. NSAIDs can boost heart failure odds because they make you retain water and salt, make it harder for your blood to flow, and make it tougher for diuretic drugs (often used to treat high blood pressure) to work.


Question: When do growing pains usually hit?

Answer: The pain is usually felt in the late afternoon and evening, right before dinner time, and at bedtime. The leg pains may hurt so much that they may wake your child from sleep. If your child seems perfectly fine in the morning, don't be quick to think he or she was faking. Growing pains disappear in the morning. They usually do not interfere with the child's ability to play sports or be active.


Question: When are leg pains not  growing pains?

Answer: Call your child's doctor or nurse if leg pain occurs with the following symptoms. They aren't symptoms of growing pains, but your doctor will need to examine your child and run tests: injury, such as a fall fever loss of appetite limping or difficulty walking rash red, warm, painful, swollen joints tiredness weakness weight loss And of course, call your doctor if you have any other concerns.


Question: How can I ease my child's growing pains?

Answer: Stretching the leg muscles. This may be difficult for younger kids. Placing a warm cloth or heating pad on the sore leg. Be careful not to burn the skin and do not use during sleep. If the pain does not get better, ask your health care provider if it's OK to give your child an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Ask about the appropriate dose for your child. Never give aspirin to a child. Aspirin use in children has been linked to a life-threatening disease called Reye's syndrome.


Question: How do I know my child has growing pains and not something else?

Answer: When deciding whether to call the doctor, it's important to remember that growing pains are almost always felt in both legs. Pain that is only in one leg may be a sign of a more serious condition. Call your health care provider if this happens. It's also important to remember that growing pains affect muscles, not joints. And they do not cause limping or fever.


Question: How do growing pains affect children?

Answer: Growing pains are different for everyone. Some kids have a lot of pain, others do not. Most kids do not have pain every day. Growing pains can come and go. They may be experienced for months or even years. Most kids outgrow growing pains within a few years.


Question: Do growing pains affect children later in life?

Answer: Studies suggest that children who have growing pains may be more sensitive to pain. Children who have growing pains are also more likely to have headaches and abdominal pain.


Question: What's causing my child's growing pains?

Answer: Despite the name "growing pains," there is no firm evidence that growing pains are linked to growth spurts. Instead, growing pains may simply be muscle aches due to intense childhood activities that can wear your child's muscles out. These activities include running, jumping, and climbing. Growing pains seem to be more common after a kid has a particularly full day of sports.


Question: Which body parts are affected by growing pains?

Answer: In general, growing pains are felt in both legs, especially in the front of the thighs, back of legs (calves), or behind the knees.


Question: What should I do before a spinal tap?

Answer: Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the counter and prescription drugs. Also tell your doctor if you're allergic to any medicine. Do not stop taking your medications without talking with your primary doctor and the doctor who orders the spinal tap. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant (or think you might be), or if you have diabetes. Make sure your doctor knows if you take any blood thinners -- like clopidogrel ( Plavix), dipyridamole ( Persantine), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you do take blood thinners, ask if and when they should be stopped before the test. Let your doctor know if you have been taking aspirin or any products that contain it, and ask if you should stop taking it before the procedure. Ask your doctor about alcohol use before the test. Generally, you should not drink any beer, wine, or liquor for at least 24 hours beforehand. Make arrangements for someone to take you home when it's over. You should not drive right after the test. Do not bring valuables such as jewelry or credit cards. You'll need to give verbal and written consent for the spinal tap. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before you give consent. For example, you may want to know about the steps of the procedure and its risks and benefits.


Question: Can I eat before a spinal tap?

Answer: You may be allowed to eat a light breakfast the morning of the test, or you may be told to fast.


Question: What should I do if I have diabetes and am having a spinal tap?

Answer: Your doctor will likely tell you to take your usual dose of insulin and eat a light breakfast on the morning of your test. When you arrive for the test, be sure to remind the doctor that you have diabetes.


Question: What should you do before a spinal tap if you have diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor will likely tell you to take your usual dose of insulin and eat a light breakfast on the morning of your test. When you arrive for the test, be sure to remind the doctor that you have diabetes.


Question: What should you do before a spinal tap?

Answer: Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the counter and prescription drugs. Also tell your doctor if you're allergic to any medicine. Do not stop taking your medications without talking with your primary doctor and the doctor who orders the spinal tap. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant (or think you might be), or if you have diabetes. Make sure your doctor knows if you take any blood thinners -- like clopidogrel ( Plavix), dipyridamole ( Persantine), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you do take blood thinners, ask if and when they should be stopped before the test. Let your doctor know if you have been taking aspirin or any products that contain it, and ask if you should stop taking it before the procedure. Ask your doctor about alcohol use before the test. Generally, you should not drink any beer, wine, or liquor for at least 24 hours beforehand. Make arrangements for someone to take you home when it's over. You should not drive right after the test. Do not bring valuables such as jewelry or credit cards. You'll need to give verbal and written consent for the spinal tap. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before you give consent. For example, you may want to know about the steps of the procedure and its risks and benefits.


Question: Are there different types of spinal cord injury?

Answer: In a complete injury, a person loses all ability to feel and voluntarily move below the level of the injury. In an incomplete injury, there is some functioning or feeling below the level of the injury.


Question: How is spinal cord injury different from back injury?

Answer: Spinal cord injury is not the same as back injury.


Question: What happens when the spinal cord is injured?

Answer: Spinal cord injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spinal cord or the result of compression, damage from inflammation, infections, bleeds or clots, neoplasms, or spinal arthritis. Spinal cord damage results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. In most people who have acute, traumatic spinal cord injury, the spinal cord is not fully severed but is bruised or torn.


Question: What is the first step in diffusing a child's temper tantrum?

Answer: The first step in diffusing a temper tantrum is to keep your own temper in check. You're not going to get anywhere with your child if both of you are screaming at each other. Spanking your child is also not a good option, and it will only make the tantrum worse. Take a deep breath, gain control over your emotions, and then discipline your child by calmly but firmly letting him know that tantrums are not acceptable behavior.


Question: What can trigger my herpes symptoms?

Answer: Remember that triggers may not be the same for everyone, and doctors are not certain how much lifestyle affects herpes symptoms. If you think one triggers your symptoms, ask your doctor what you should do about it.


Question: How can you immobilize a broken arm?

Answer: For less serious injuries: Cut away the sleeve if it cannot be removed without moving the injured arm. If you can without moving the arm, carefully tape it to rolled-up newspaper or a ruler with first aid tape.


Question: How can you reduce the swelling of a broken arm?

Answer: Apply ice. Elevate the arm above the heart, if possible.


Question: What are the risks associated with taking over-the-counter decongestants?

Answer: Pseudoephedrine may increase blood pressure and heart rate. Do not take it without first checking with a doctor if you have heart disease, high blood pressure, prostate problems, diabetes, or thyroid problems. Over-the-counter decongestants containing phenylpropanolamine have been pulled voluntarily from the shelves because they increase the risk of stroke. If you have a drug containing this ingredient, also called PPA, throw it away.


Question: Which herbs are not helpful for colds?

Answer: Little research exists to support the use of other herbs, such as astragalus, eyebright, elder flower, garlic, ginseng, goldenseal, or yarrow.


Question: What is the point of treating a cold?

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Question: How do you treat a sore throat from a cold?

Answer: Otherwise, allow yourself to cough as you need to (always covering your mouth as you do), because coughing removes mucus and germs from your throat and lungs.


Question: What should I consider before taking over-the-counter cold and flu medications?

Answer: Think twice before using heavily advertised over-the-counter cold and flu medications, which likely contain drugs for symptoms you don't have and therefore may result in needless overtreatment. The FDA and manufacturers now say that over-the-counter cough and cold drugs should not be given to children under age 4.


Question: Does vitamin C help for preventing or treating a cold?

Answer: After much research, vitamin C is believed to have a small effect in preventing colds, and no benefit in treating a cold.


Question: How do you treat aches and pains from a cold?

Answer: No specific treatment exists for the virus that is causing your cold, but in treating the symptoms you can find relief. For aches and pains accompanied by a fever of 100.5 degrees or higher, give Tylenol rather than aspirin in children to avoid the risk of Reye syndrome, a sometimes fatal condition that may occur in children with viral illnesses. Adults can take Tylenol, aspirin or Naproxen OTC. There is a soft recommendation to avoid ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin), which may increase replication of rhinovirus.


Question: Do over-the-counter medicines for coughing work?

Answer: Over-the-counter cough suppressants, such as those containing dextromethorphan, can be helpful if your cough is so severe that it interferes with sleeping or talking. Otherwise, allow yourself to cough as you need to (always covering your mouth as you do), because coughing removes mucus and germs from your throat and lungs. Antihistamines seem to help some people, but their effect during colds remains controversial.


Question: How much rest do you need to fight a cold?

Answer: Lots of rest is the key treating a cold. You may find you need 12 hours of sleep each night, so don't set that alarm. You'll be most comfortable in a warm, humid environment. It's also important to stay hydrated by drinking lots of water and avoiding alcohol and caffeine.


Question: What is the best nutrition to get to fight a cold?

Answer: Both vitamin C and zinc are essential for production of infection-fighting neutrophils; without adequate levels, you're an easy mark for all types of infections. Evidence shows zinc may shorten the duration of a cold, especially in adults if taken within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. Avoid zinc nasal spray as it may lead to permanent loss of smell.


Question: Is eating soup good for fighting colds?

Answer: Recent scientific evidence shows mild support for the notion that chicken soup reduces cold symptoms, especially congestion. Asian healing treatments often use hot soups to treat upper respiratory infections, making use of red pepper, lemongrass, and ginger, in particular. Any food spicy enough to make your eyes water will have the same effect on your nose, promoting drainage. If you feel like eating, a hot, spicy soup may help ease your cold symptoms.


Question: Is it effective to take echinacea to prevent colds?

Answer: Echinacea may help strengthen the immune system by stimulating the activity of white blood cells, but there is little evidence that it can prevent colds in particular. Several studies show adults using echinacea at the first sign of a cold suffered shorter and less severe illness. Because herbs are so poorly regulated and labeled in the U. S., however, it's difficult to know if the product you're using contains the right species and active ingredient. If you decide to try echinacea, take small doses for no more than eight weeks, since prolonged use may suppress your immune system.


Question: How common is diabetic neuropathy?

Answer: Anywhere from 60%-70% of people with diabetes have some sort of neuropathy. Most get it after having the disease for 10 years or more. There are many types.


Question: What is peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: This is the most common form of diabetic joint pain. It can affect your legs, arms, hands, feet, fingers, and toes. With ongoing diabetes, joints can no longer respond like they should to the strain and stress placed on them. As a result, they sustain small traumas and even tiny breaks called microfractures.


Question: What is diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: It could be: Muscle strains or sprains A broken or dislocated bone Gout Hypothyroidism Leukemia Lupus Osteoarthritis Rickets Lyme disease Rheumatoid arthritis Your doctor might call it diabetic neuropathy. It's pain in your nerves, not in your bones. It happens when high blood sugar harms the nerve fibers. You can get it anywhere in your body, but it most often affects your legs and feet.


Question: What are causes of joint pain?

Answer: If you have it, you'll probably notice changes to your joint like: Stiffness Less range in motion Swelling Redness Tenderness or warmth A tougher time using it A difference in shape The causes of joint pain vary greatly. It could be: Muscle strains or sprains A broken or dislocated bone Gout Hypothyroidism Leukemia Lupus Osteoarthritis Rickets Lyme disease Rheumatoid arthritis Your doctor might call it diabetic neuropathy.


Question: What is joint pain and how common is it?

Answer: It's the leading cause of disability in the U. S. It affects more than 50 million adults. Often referred to as arthritis, it's broadly defined as discomfort where two or more bones meet. Though often mild, sometimes sporadic, and rarely an emergency, the pain can be severe, making it hard to move the joint.


Question: What does it feel like to have joint pain?

Answer: If you have it, you'll probably notice changes to your joint like: Stiffness Less range in motion Swelling Redness Tenderness or warmth A tougher time using it A difference in shape The causes of joint pain vary greatly.


Question: What is autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: This affects the part of your nervous system that controls your heart, lungs, bladder, digestive tract, sex organs, and eyes. It also goes after your blood vessels and can increase blood flow to your limbs.


Question: What are the symptoms of autonomic neuropathy?

Answer: Symptoms include: Bladder problems, including incontinence and urinary tract infections Constipation Diarrhea Nausea and vomiting Trouble swallowing Erectile dysfunction in men Vaginal dryness in women Increased or decreased sweating Lack of awareness of lower blood sugar levels Sharp drops in blood pressure Increased heart rate So if you have joint pain and one or more of the above symptoms, diabetic autonomic neuropathy might be the culprit.


Question: What is mandibular/maxillary advancement surgery?

Answer: The surgeon moves the jaw bone and face bones forward to make more room in the back of the throat. It's an intricate procedure that doctors only do for people who have severe sleep apnea and problems with their head or face.


Question: What are symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in children?

Answer: Symptoms in children may not be as obvious. They may include: Bedwetting Choking or drooling Sweating a lot at night Ribcage moves inward when they exhale Learning and behavior disorders Problems at school Sluggishness or sleepiness (often misinterpreted as laziness in the classroom) Snoring Teeth grinding Restlessness in bed Pauses or absence of breathing Unusual sleeping positions, such as sleeping on the hands and knees, or with the neck hyperextended Talk to your doctor if you notice any of these problems.


Question: Can surgery be used to treat obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: Surgery is for people who have extra or misshapen tissue that blocks airflow through the nose or throat. For example, a person with a deviated nasal septum, enlarged tonsils and adenoids, or a small lower jaw that causes the throat to be too narrow might benefit from surgery. Doctors usually try other treatments first.


Question: How is obstructive sleep apnea diagnosed?

Answer: Other risk factors include: Smoking Diabetes High blood pressure Being at risk for heart failure or stroke Your doctor will give you a checkup and ask about your sleep. He may also want to ask people who live with you about your shut-eye habits. You may need to spend a night in a sleep lab or have a sleep study done at your house. You'll wear monitors to measure things such as: Air flow Blood oxygen levels Breathing patterns Electrical activity of the brain Eye movements Heart rate Muscle activity The study will track how many times your breathing was impaired during sleep.


Question: What are symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea in adults?

Answer: The most common obstructive sleep apnea warning signs include: Daytime sleepiness or fatigue Dry mouth or sore throat when you wake up Headaches in the morning Trouble concentrating, forgetfulness, depression, or irritability Night sweats Restlessness during sleep Problems with sex Snoring Waking up suddenly and feeling like you're gasping or choking Trouble getting up in the mornings If you share a bed with someone, they'll probably notice it before you do.


Question: What are oral devices for treating obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: For some people with mild sleep apnea, dental appliances or oral "mandibular advancement" devices that prevent the tongue from blocking the throat or advance the lower jaw forward can be made.


Question: What is a somnoplasty?

Answer: Doctors use radiofrequency energy to tighten the soft palate at the back of the throat.


Question: What is an upper airway stimulator?

Answer: This device, called Inspire, has a small pulse generator that the surgeon places under the skin in your upper chest. A wire leading to the lung detects your natural breathing pattern. Another wire, leading up to the neck, delivers mild stimulation to nerves that control airway muscles, keeping them open. A doctor can program the device from an external remote. Also, people who have Inspire use a remote to turn it on before bed and turn it off when they wake up in the morning.


Question: What is a CPAP machine for treating obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: This device includes a mask that you wear over your nose or mouth, or both. An air blower forces constant and continuous air through the nose or mouth.


Question: What is a UPPP, or UP3?

Answer: UPPP, or UP3, is a procedure that removes soft tissue in the back of the throat and palate, increasing the width of the airway at the throat opening. ( UPPP stands for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, if you were wondering.)


Question: Whatâs the treatment for a staph infection?

Answer: But there's been a gradual change in how well these antibiotics work. While most staph infections used to be treatable with penicillin, stronger antibiotics are now used. In about 50% of cases, however, resistance is seen to even these stronger antibiotics. These cases are no longer just happening in hospitals -- as once was true -- but now are occurring in the general community. That's been a problem. Many doctors are accustomed to using certain antibiotics, but those then fail because of antibiotic resistance. There are several more potent antibiotics now, but doctors need to know when to use them to prevent further antibiotic resistance. There's another treatment sometimes used with staph infections. If the infection goes so deep that it involves muscles or fibers that enclose muscles, it needs to be surgically cleaned.


Question: What is a staph infection of the skin?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A staph infection is caused by a Staphylococcus (or "staph") bacteria. Actually, about 25% of people normally carry staph in the nose, mouth, genitals, or anal area, and don't have symptoms of an infection. The foot is also very prone to picking up bacteria from the floor. The infection often begins with a little cut, which gets infected with bacteria. This can look like honey-yellow crusting on the skin. These staph infections range from a simple boil to antibiotic-resistant infections to flesh-eating infections. The difference between all these is the strength of the infection, how deep it goes, how fast it spreads, and how treatable it is with antibiotics. The antibiotic-resistant infections are more common in North America, because of our overuse of antibiotics.


Question: What are the symptoms of myositis?

Answer: The main symptom of myositis is muscle weakness. The weakness may be noticeable or may only be found with testing. Muscle pain (myalgias) may or may not be present. Dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and other inflammatory myositis conditions tend to cause weakness that gets worse slowly over weeks or months. The weakness affects large muscle groups, including the neck, shoulders, hips, and back. Muscles on both sides are usually affected.


Question: How is a muscle biopsy used to diagnose myositis?

Answer: This is the most accurate test for diagnosing myositis. A doctor identifies a weak muscle, makes a small incision, and removes a small sample of muscle tissue for testing. Muscle biopsy leads to a final diagnosis in most people with myositis.


Question: How is an MRI scan used to diagnose myositis?

Answer: An MRI scan can help identify areas of myositis and changes in the muscles over time.


Question: How is myositis caused by inflammatory conditions treated?

Answer: Myositis treatment varies according to the cause. Inflammatory conditions causing myositis may require treatment with drugs that suppress the immune system, including: Prednisone Azathioprine ( Imuran) Methotrexate Myositis caused by infection is usually due to a virus, and no specific treatment is necessary.


Question: How is myositis caused by infection treated?

Answer: Inflammatory conditions causing myositis may require treatment with drugs that suppress the immune system, including: Prednisone Azathioprine ( Imuran) Methotrexate Myositis caused by infection is usually due to a virus, and no specific treatment is necessary. Myositis caused by bacteria is uncommon and usually requires antibiotics to prevent life-threatening spread of the infection.


Question: How can rhabdomyolysis cause myositis?

Answer: Rhabdomyolysis occurs when muscles break down quickly. Muscle pain, weakness, and swelling are symptoms of rhabdomyolysis. Urine may also turn a dark brown or red color.


Question: How is myositis caused by drugs treated?

Answer: Myositis related to a drug is treated by stopping the medication. In cases of myositis caused by statin drugs, muscle inflammation usually subsides within a few weeks after stopping the medicine.


Question: How is an electromyography (EMG) used to diagnose myositis?

Answer: By inserting needle electrodes into muscles, a doctor can test the response of muscles to electrical nerve signals. EMG can identify muscles that are weak or damaged by myositis.


Question: What causes myositis?

Answer: Myositis is caused by any condition that leads to inflammation in the muscles.


Question: How do Pick's disease and Alzheimer's differ?

Answer: Pick bodies in the speech section of your brain can cause problems with: Recalling names of common objects Copying simple shapes with pencil and paper Understanding written words Speaking because of halted or stilted speech Occasionally, people with Pick's disease might also have: Memory loss Problems moving Stiff or weak muscles Trouble peeing Trouble with coordination Pick's disease has many of the same causes and symptoms that Alzheimer's does. But there are key differences. Unlike people with Alzheimer's disease, people with Pick's disease: Are diagnosed earlier in life Don't have hallucinations or delusions Don't tend to get lost in familiar places Have a harder time making sense of their words or the words of others Have behavior problems early on (behavior problems usually come late in Alzheimer's) Don't have as many memory loss problems To find out if you have Pick's disease, your doctor will ask about your symptoms and go over your medical history.


Question: Can Pick's disease cause speech problems?

Answer: Problems with language usually happen early in the disease. Pick bodies in the speech section of your brain can cause problems with: Recalling names of common objects Copying simple shapes with pencil and paper Understanding written words Speaking because of halted or stilted speech Occasionally, people with Pick's disease might also have: Memory loss Problems moving Stiff or weak muscles Trouble peeing Trouble with coordination Pick's disease has many of the same causes and symptoms that Alzheimer's does.


Question: What are the symptoms of Pick's disease?

Answer: You may: Act aggressively toward others Be uninterested in everyday activities Be very aware of everything you do all the time Feel irritable or agitated Have drastic and quick mood swings Have trouble feeling warmth, sympathy, or concern for others Have trouble with unplanned activities Make rash decisions Repeat actions over and over Say and do inappropriate things Some people become hungry all the time, and some develop an unhealthy "sweet tooth" and eat much more sugar than they should.


Question: How does Pick's disease develop?

Answer: Your brain uses a transport system to help move around the nutrients it needs. This system is made of proteins that like railroad tracks guiding trains guide nutrients where they need to go. The proteins that keep the tracks straight are called tau proteins. When you have Pick's disease, the tau proteins don't work the way they should. You may also have more of them in your brain than other people. These abnormal clumps of tau proteins are called Pick bodies. Pick bodies "derail" your transport system. The track is no longer straight, and nutrients in the brain can't get where they need to go. This causes brain damage that can't be reversed.


Question: What are symptoms of stress?

Answer: Stress symptoms vary greatly from one person to the next, but the most universal sign of stress is a feeling of being pressured or overwhelmed. Other symptoms include: Physical complaints (stomachaches, headaches, chest pains, nausea, and diarrhea, and a sensation of numbness or tingling in your hands, arms, and face.) Problems getting along with family members, friends, and teachers. Changes in behavior at home (short temper, unexplained anger, crying for no reason). Regression -- behavior that is not age-appropriate. Dysfunctional sleep patterns, including nightmares, too little sleep, difficulty falling asleep, or even oversleeping. Communication difficulty or personality changes, such as becoming withdrawn or requiring much more attention than usual. Impatience.


Question: What is positive versus negative stress?

Answer: Stress can be positive or negative, depending on the situation. Positive stressors (called eustress) may include an upcoming wedding, the holidays, or pregnancy. On the other hand, negative stress (called distress) results in the full-blown stress response. If continuous, negative stress can lead to loss of productivity, health problems, and exhaustion.


Question: How can chronic stress affect your health?

Answer: Chronic, or long-term, stress often results in high anxiety, insomnia, depression, gastrointestinal problems, and can even lead to dependency on drugs and alcohol (a self-medication solution that makes an already bad problem worse). Some studies show that the hormones associated with chronic stress are linked to increased fat in the abdomen. That, in turn, increases the risk of chronic and serious illness such as diabetes.


Question: What things can raise my odds of getting germ infections when Iâm being treated for cancer?

Answer: Because their job is to stop infections, it makes it tougher for your body to fight germs. Some things that can make it easier for you to get an infection include: Chemotherapy Radiation Stress Lack of sleep Poor nutrition Cancer that affects the blood or lymph nodes, such as leukemia or lymphoma Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body But you can do a few things to protect yourself.


Question: How should I protect my hands when Iâm being treated for cancer?

Answer: Be careful when you garden or do housework. Wear gloves so you don't hurt your hands or pick up germs from the soil. Use caution when you handle sharp things like scissors, knives, or gardening tools.


Question: What are some ways to avoid germs while Iâm being treated for cancer?

Answer: Be careful around people. If you know that someone has a fever, cold, flu, or any other infection, stay away from them until they feel better. It's also best to skip large groups of people, so avoid shopping, schools, traveling, and crowds. If you do go out in public, use cleaning wipes before you touch door handles, elevator buttons, ATM keypads, or any other surface used by a lot of people.


Question: When Iâm being treated for cancer, how often should I wash my hands?

Answer: Do it often, and use soap and water. Wash them before you eat and before you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Always clean up after you go to the bathroom, sneeze, cough, or blow your nose. Other times to wash: after you handle trash, go to a public place, or touch an animal. Carry an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with you in case you can't get to soap and water when you're out and about.


Question: How big should my toothbrush be?

Answer: The best toothbrush head for you should allow you easy access to all surfaces of your teeth. For most adults, a toothbrush head a half-inch wide and one-inch tall will be the easiest to use and the most effective. Though there are larger toothbrush heads available, you may find that it is difficult to maneuver them to clean certain hard-to-reach areas, such as the sides and backs of your molars. The toothbrush should have a long enough handle so you can comfortably hold it in your hand.


Question: What are tips for picking bristles on a toothbrush?

Answer: For the vast majority of people, a soft-bristled toothbrush will be the most comfortable and safest choice. Depending on how vigorously you brush your teeth and the strength of your teeth, medium- and hard-bristled brushes could actually damage the gums, root surface, and protective tooth enamel. For even more tooth protection when you brush, be sure the bristles on the toothbrush you select have rounded tips.


Question: Who is at risk for sleep disorders?

Answer: Anyone can get one, but they're more likely among: Middle-aged women, who are likelier to get insomnia Overweight, middle-aged men, who have a greater chance of getting sleep apnea Kids and teens are more likely to sleepwalk than other people.


Question: What are sleep disorder treatments?

Answer: If your doctor tells you that you have a sleep disorder, the treatment depends on what the disorder is and how severe it is. First, you'll probably make lifestyle changes. You'll want to improve your sleep habits, avoid caffeine and alcohol, manage your stress, and get more exercise. If you have sleep apnea, your doctor may recommend a CPAP machine to help keep your breathing regular while you snooze. Losing extra weight also helps. If you take sleeping pills that don't need a prescription, you should tell your doctor if you use them for more than 2 weeks. Be sure to follow the instructions on the label.


Question: What is the source of chronic pain?

Answer: Some kinds of chronic pain have numerous causes. Back pain, for example, may be caused by a single factor, or any combination of these factors: Years of poor posture Improper lifting and carrying of heavy objects Being overweight, which puts excess strain on the back and knees A congenital condition such as curvature of the spine Traumatic injury Wearing high heels Sleeping on a poor mattress No obvious physical cause Ordinary aging of the spine (degenerative changes) Disease can also be the underlying cause of chronic pain. Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia are well-known culprits, but persistent pain may also be due to such ailments as cancer, multiple sclerosis, stomach ulcers, AIDS, and gallbladder disease. In many cases, however, the source of chronic pain can be a very complex and even mysterious issue to untangle. Although it may begin with an injury or illness, ongoing pain can develop a psychological dimension after the physical problem has healed. This fact alone makes pinning down a single course of treatment tricky, and it is why health care providers often find they have to try a number of different types of curative steps.


Question: What factors can cause chronic pain?

Answer: Some kinds of chronic pain have numerous causes. Back pain, for example, may be caused by a single factor, or any combination of these factors: Years of poor posture Improper lifting and carrying of heavy objects Being overweight, which puts excess strain on the back and knees A congenital condition such as curvature of the spine Traumatic injury Wearing high heels Sleeping on a poor mattress No obvious physical cause Ordinary aging of the spine (degenerative changes) Disease can also be the underlying cause of chronic pain.


Question: How do hydrofluoroalkane inhalers (HFA) work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: There are three basic types: Hydrofluoroalkane inhalers or HFA (formerly metered dose inhaler or MDI) Dry powder inhalers ( DPI) Soft mist inhalers ( SMI) HFAs contain a liquid medication that you get through an aerosol spray. The medicine is in a pressurized canister that has a metering valve. You can close your lips around the mouthpiece or place the mouthpiece 1 to 2 inches from your mouth and breathe in slowly as you press down on the inhaler. Another method that many people like is to use a spacer. It's a hollow plastic tube that is attached between the mouthpiece and the canister of medicine. A spacer makes it easier to get the full dose of medication all the way to your lungs.


Question: How do soft mist inhalers (SMI) work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: An SMI is a newer type of inhaler that provides a pre-measured amount of medicine in a slow-moving mist that helps you inhale the medicine. You put your lips on the mouthpiece while you hold the device horizontally. Be careful not to cover the air vents. This type of device actively delivers medicine in a way that doesn't depend on how fast you breathe in the air from the inhaler.


Question: Do all inhalers work the same way?

Answer: While inhalers use the same general principle, they don't all work the same way. For instance, you should shake an HFA before using it, but you never shake a DPI. Each device is cleaned differently and has a different way of tracking when it's empty. Always follow the instructions for your specific device.


Question: What two ways can inhaled medicine be used to help with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: There are two main ways inhaled medicine is used: with an inhaler, and with a nebulizer. Inhalers and nebulizers have the same purpose: to get the medicine into your lungs. Both deliver the same type of medicine, and they work equally well when you use them properly. Inhalers and nebulizers are only available by prescription. While you might see some bronchodilator inhalers sold over the counter, don't use them unless your doctor recommends it. They could be dangerous for people with certain health conditions, such as heart problems.


Question: How do nebulizers work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: These machines change a liquid medicine into a mist that you inhale into your lungs. Nebulizers aren't particularly portable, so you keep a nebulizer at home. To use it, you measure out the medicine into a cup and attach the cup with tubing to the machine. Then you turn it on, relax, and breathe the mist in deeply through a mouthpiece or mask. Depending on the medication, it usually takes 20 minutes or less to inhale the medicine. Afterward, you need to clean the nebulizer and mouthpiece or mask with water (and soap every now and then) before you use it again.


Question: How do dry powder inhalers (DPI) work to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Answer: A DPI is similar to an HFA, but it releases a puff of dry powder instead of a liquid mist. You shouldn't use a DPI with a spacer. Instead, close your mouth tightly around the mouthpiece of the DPI inhaler and inhale rapidly and steadily. It's important to remove the device from your mouth before you exhale, so that humid air doesn't get into the device and make the powder clump.


Question: What are side effects of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: DBS can cause serious issues. Many go away in a few days or weeks, but some don't. You could have: Stroke symptoms, like numbness and slurred speech Changes in your mood, memory, and thinking Seizures Movement and speech problems that get worse Headache, dizziness, and tingling You might have problems with the DBS device, like a loose wire or lead in the wrong place.


Question: What do I need to know about deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Deep brain stimulation ( DBS) is a treatment for symptoms of Parkinson's disease, including tremors, stiffness, and trouble walking. It can also treat side effects of Parkinson's medicines. DBS isn't a cure for Parkinson's and won't stop it from getting worse. But it may be an option if you've had the disease at least 5 years and don't get enough relief from medicine. For some people, DBS is life-changing. For others, the results aren't as good. If it doesn't help you, your doctor can take the device out.


Question: What is the conventional medicine for gallstones?

Answer: Of the various conventional treatments that are available, surgical removal of the gallbladder is the most widely used.


Question: How are gallstones treated?

Answer: In most cases, treatment of gallstones is considered necessary only if you are having symptoms. Of the various conventional treatments that are available, surgical removal of the gallbladder is the most widely used. Some alternative treatments have also been found to be effective in alleviating the symptoms of troublesome gallstones.


Question: How is surgery done to treat gallstones today and how effective is it?

Answer: Patients faced a two- or three-day hospital stay plus several weeks of recovery at home. Today, however, the most commonly used surgical technique is a much simpler approach known as laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The doctor makes several small incisions in the abdomen, then uses special pencil-thin instruments to remove the gallbladder. A tiny microscope and video camera, snaked through the incision to the site, allow the surgeon to view the operation. Laparoscopic surgery is highly effective and very safe. It has reduced the hospital stay to a day or two. Patients report less pain and are generally able to resume a normal lifestyle in a short period of time. However, people who are obese or who have a severe infection or inflammation in the gallbladder may still be considered candidates for traditional open surgery.


Question: Is it normal to have heavy periods?

Answer: Others may start to have heavy periods after having normal periods for years or decades. It's always wise to discuss your heavy periods with your doctor, especially if the problem is new for you. It could lead to anemia (low levels of red blood cells), which can make you feel weak, tired, or out of breath. Women who have menorrhagia may have to: Change pads or tampons at least once an hour for an entire day or more Change pads in the middle of the night Wear two pads at a time to manage heavy flow They may also: Skip things they like doing, due to painful cramps Pass blood clots that are the size of quarters Have periods that last longer than 7 days Feel tired or short of breath Bleed between periods Bleed after menopause There are many reasons why some women have heavy periods.


Question: How can a hysterectomy help with a heavy period?

Answer: In extreme cases, you may need this surgery, which will remove your uterus. You won't get your period anymore, but you also won't be able to get pregnant.


Question: What health problems can cause a heavy period?

Answer: Women who have any of these conditions may have heavy periods: Endometriosis Thyroid problems Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) Kidney disease Liver disease Your doctor will ask about your health history, and she'll want you to describe your symptoms.


Question: Why is my period so heavy?

Answer: But it's not common to have the medical condition known as menorrhagia, which means âheavy periods.â If you have this problem, your flow will be so heavy that you'll need to change your tampon or pad every hour for at least an entire day, and you'll also have cramps so severe that they'll stop you from doing your usual activities. Heavy periods are sometimes caused by subtle health problems, and they can lead to other health issues. If you soak through a pad or tampon every hour or so on a regular basis, talk with your doctor. She may be able to help.


Question: What can I do if I have a heavy period?

Answer: Women who have menorrhagia may have to: Change pads or tampons at least once an hour for an entire day or more Change pads in the middle of the night Wear two pads at a time to manage heavy flow They may also: Skip things they like doing, due to painful cramps Pass blood clots that are the size of quarters Have periods that last longer than 7 days Feel tired or short of breath Bleed between periods Bleed after menopause There are many reasons why some women have heavy periods.


Question: How can problems related to pregnancy cause a heavy period?

Answer: In rare cases, after sperm and egg meet, the growing ball of cells implants itself outside the uterus instead of inside. This is called an ectopic pregnancy. It can't ever be a viable pregnancy, and it may cause serious health problems, such as heavy bleeding, which you may mistake for a heavy period. A miscarriage, which is when an unborn baby dies in the womb, can also be the cause of heavy bleeding.


Question: How can growths in the uterus cause a heavy period?

Answer: Polyps are growths within the lining of the uterus. Fibroids are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that grow within the uterus. Both can make your periods much heavier or make them last longer than they should.


Question: How can hormone problems cause a heavy period?

Answer: Every month, a lining builds up inside your uterus (womb), which you shed during your period. If your hormone levels aren't balanced, your body can make the lining too thick, which leads to heavy bleeding when you shed the thicker lining. If you don't ovulate (release an egg from an ovary), this can throw off the hormone balance in the body, too, leading to a thicker lining and a heavier period.


Question: Should I talk to my doctor about my problems related to sex and Crohn's disease?

Answer: She can help you manage Crohn's-related problems that affect your sex life. Don't be shy. Bring up your concerns about your sex life. Fistulas in your rectum or vagina can be painful for women with Crohn's. These ulcer-like sores can be inflamed, get infected, or even tear into other tissues during intercourse. The doctor can give you drugs like antibiotics or anti-inflammatories. If they don't work, ask if surgery is an option for you.


Question: How can I talk to my partner about my Crohn's disease?

Answer: If you're with someone new, be up front. Tell him how you feel about your body and sex. Make sure he accepts you as you are. You want to be comfortable with that person so you can relax and enjoy sex. If your partner asks questions about your Crohn's, be open and honest with your answers. If you have a long-term partner, the disease can change your sex life. But it doesn't have to end it. Talk about each other's needs and concerns. You may find out you're focused on something that doesn't bother him at all. You'll be less stressed about sex if you're open about your worries.


Question: How can I start to exercise if I have pain?

Answer: Conditions: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, back pain, migraine, nerve pain, undiagnosed Symptoms: Stiffness, joint pain, muscle pain, lower back pain, upper back pain, tenderness, weight gain, weakness, pain, pain when standing, pain with movement, aching, back pain, joint pain, joint tenderness, pain at night, pain worse in A. M., all over pain, spine pain, painful periods, tender points Triggers: Treatments: Categories: Exercise 21 If you're new to exercise, start by asking your doctor what activity level is right for you. For example, if you have acute back pain you may have to avoid exercise until your back has healed. Also, ask what types of exercise suit your condition. Water aerobics is often ideal for people with arthritis because it supports joints. Remember, exercise shouldn't hurt. If you notice an increase in pain, stop and tell your doctor. There may be other types of exercise that you can do.


Question: What happens when a person gets stung by an insect?

Answer: A sting is what happens when an insect injects poison (venom) into your skin. The venom travels through the bug's stinger. That's what it uses to defend itself from harm. If you get stung, you'll feel pain. Your skin may turn red or swell at the site of the sting. In some cases, people who are allergic to the venom can have a life-threatening reaction. Doctors call this anaphylaxis.


Question: When should you seek medical care for myxedema coma?

Answer: People who have hypothyroidism and develop fever, changes in behavior or mental status, shortness of breath, or increased swelling of the hands and feet should be taken to an emergency department.


Question: How can myxedema coma be prevented?

Answer: People with myxedema coma are in a coma or nearly in a coma.


Question: What are treatments for myxedema coma?

Answer: Intravenous fluids Electrolytes replacement as necessary Thyroid hormones are usually administered through a vein (intravenously or IV) to quickly correct the low thyroid hormone blood level. Oral thyroid hormone is usually not used for severe myxedema because it may take days or weeks to obtain the proper blood level, and swallowing pills may not be safe. Intravenous cortisol or other adrenal cortical hormone Warming blanket if body temperature is low Glucose supplements if the blood sugar level is low Antibiotics if an infection is present Following the start of treatment, careful monitoring, usually in the intensive care unit, is necessary.


Question: How can blood tests help in the diagnosis of myxedema coma?

Answer: Blood tests are performed to check blood cell count, electrolytes, sugar, and thyroid hormone levels. Tests are also performed to evaluate how the liver and adrenal glands are functioning.


Question: What are symptoms of myxedema coma?

Answer: If you have severe hypothyroidism, then any of the following can contribute to myxedema coma: Infections, especially lung and urine infections Heart failure Stroke Trauma Surgery Drugs, such as phenothiazines, amiodarone, lithium, and tranquilizers, and prolonged iodide use Not taking prescribed thyroid medications Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include the following: Weakness Confusion or non-responsiveness Feeling cold Low body temperature Swelling of the body, especially the face, tongue, and lower legs Difficulty breathing People who have myxedema coma are in or near a coma and not able to function normally. In the emergency room, they may be treated for shock, low blood pressure, hypothermia, and electrolyte abnormalities.


Question: What causes myxedema coma?

Answer: If you have severe hypothyroidism, then any of the following can contribute to myxedema coma: Infections, especially lung and urine infections Heart failure Stroke Trauma Surgery Drugs, such as phenothiazines, amiodarone, lithium, and tranquilizers, and prolonged iodide use Not taking prescribed thyroid medications Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include the following: Weakness Confusion or non-responsiveness Feeling cold Low body temperature Swelling of the body, especially the face, tongue, and lower legs Difficulty breathing People who have myxedema coma are in or near a coma and not able to function normally.


Question: What is myxedema coma?

Answer: People with hypothyroidism have problems that reflect underactivity of the organs of the body, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, feeling cold, weight gain, dry skin, and sleepiness. When the levels of thyroid hormones become very low, the symptoms get worse and can result in a serious condition called myxedema coma. Myxedema coma is a rare but life-threatening condition. People with hypothyroidism who are in or near a coma should be taken to an emergency department immediately.


Question: What is Felbamate (Felbatol)?

Answer: Felbamate ( Felbatol) Treats partial seizures alone and some partial and generalized seizures in Lennox- Gastaut Syndrome; is used rarely and only when no other medications have been effective. Side effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, inability to sleep, headache, and depression. Although rare, the drug may cause bone marrow or liver failure. Therefore, the use of the drug is limited and patients taking it must have blood cell counts and liver tests regularly during therapy. Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy.


Question: What problems are cuased by sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep apnea creates several problems, including: Interruptions of breathing (lasting from a few seconds to minutes) during sleep caused by partial or total obstruction or blockage of the airway Frequent waking from sleep, even though you may not realize it Light sleeping. Waking up so many times a night interferes with the normal pattern of sleep, causing more time to be spent in light sleep than in more restorative, deeper sleep. Strain on the heart. Prolonged suffering from obstructive sleep apnea often results in higher blood pressure and may cause enlargement of the heart, with higher risks of heart attack and stroke. Poor night's sleep. This leads to drowsiness during the day and can interfere with your quality of life and increase risk for car accidents.


Question: What disorders can affect my nervous system?

Answer: Still, things can go wrong with your nervous system just like any other part of your body. When a disorder damages it, that affects the communication between your brain, your spinal cord, and your body. Examples of these disorders include: Infections like meningitis, encephalitis, or polio Physical problems like an injury, Bell's palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome Conditions like Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimer's disease Issues with your blood vessels, like strokes, transient ischemic attacks ( TIAs), or subdural hematoma (when blood collects outside your brain, typically after a serious head injury) Just like other parts of your body, your brain needs sleep for rest and repair, so a good regular sleep schedule is key.


Question: How effective is garcinia cambogia for weight loss?

Answer: A review published in the Journal of Obesityfound that people who took garcinia cambogia in studies lost about 2 pounds more than people who didn't take it. The reviewers couldn't say for sure that the weight loss was because of the supplement. It could have been from the lower-calorie diet and exercise programs the people in the studies typically followed. Better studies are needed to find out if HCA really helps people lose a lot of weight and keep it off.


Question: What has bad interactions with the use of garcinia cambogia?

Answer: Garcinia cambogia may interact badly with: Asthma and allergy medicines such as Accolate and Singulair Diabetes medicines, including pills and insulin Iron, for anemia Pain medicines Prescriptions for psychiatric conditions Statins, drugs that lower cholesterol Warfarin, a blood thinner You definitely don't want to use it when you're pregnant or nursing, or if you have kidney or liver problems.


Question: Who should avoid garcinia cambogia?

Answer: Garcinia cambogia may interact badly with: Asthma and allergy medicines such as Accolate and Singulair Diabetes medicines, including pills and insulin Iron, for anemia Pain medicines Prescriptions for psychiatric conditions Statins, drugs that lower cholesterol Warfarin, a blood thinner You definitely don't want to use it when you're pregnant or nursing, or if you have kidney or liver problems. It is possible that manic symptoms may emerge as a side effect.


Question: How can garcinia cambogia help people with high cholesterol?

Answer: While some research suggests the supplement is safe for your liver, other research says no. Garcinia cambogia may interact badly with: Asthma and allergy medicines such as Accolate and Singulair Diabetes medicines, including pills and insulin Iron, for anemia Pain medicines Prescriptions for psychiatric conditions Statins, drugs that lower cholesterol Warfarin, a blood thinner You definitely don't want to use it when you're pregnant or nursing, or if you have kidney or liver problems.


Question: Should you buy garcinia cambogia?

Answer: Since study results are mixed, you should talk with your doctor to help you decide if taking garcinia cambogia is a good idea. Even if it's safe, it may not help you lose much weight. It's probably wiser to spend your money on healthy food or an exercise DVD.


Question: How is radiation therapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. You may get it to make your tumors smaller and ease symptoms.


Question: When should you start chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: If other treatments stop working and your cancer grows, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy. When to start chemo depends upon many things, such as: Which types of treatment you already had Whether you need radiation first How well you tolerate chemo Which other options are available to you There are many types of chemo drugs. You get them by IV or as a pill. They travel throughout your body to destroy cancer cells. Doctors often combine the chemo drug docetaxel ( Taxotere) with prednisone, a steroid, for men with hormone-resistant prostate cancer that has spread.


Question: When is surgery used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Your testicles make most of your testosterone. Surgery to remove the testicles (called an orchiectomy) is a type of hormone therapy because it quickly cuts your testosterone levels. This operation used to be common, but most men with prostate cancer don't get it any more. Instead, they take medicines that lower hormone levels while leaving the testicles in place.


Question: What are the goals of hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: The goal is to cut the supply of hormones that fuel your prostate cancer.


Question: What are combinations of medicine for arthritis pain?

Answer: Some products also combine ingredients. For example, aspirin may be combined with acetaminophen in a single tablet for arthritis relief. Some medicines combine OTC pain relievers with other drugs, such as antihistamines, decongestants, or pain medicines to help you sleep.


Question: What over-the-counter NSAIDs are used to treat arthritis?

Answer: NSAIDs work similarly to aspirin to ease joint pain. Although there are more than a dozen NSAIDs available by prescription, only two are currently available OTC: ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin IB) and naproxen sodium ( Aleve). Ibuprofen is also available in many generic and store-brand products and, like acetaminophen, may be the active ingredient in products labeled "non-aspirin pain relief."


Question: What can happen if you take more than one over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever for arthritic pain?

Answer: Because many OTC products contain the same ingredients, it's important to know what's in the medicines you take. Otherwise, if you take more than one product, you may get too much of one ingredient. Overdoses of any of these pain relievers can increase the risk of side effects and even be fatal.


Question: How are anxiety disorders diagnosed?

Answer: If you have symptoms, your doctor will examine you and ask for your medical history. She may run tests to rule out medical illnesses that might be causing your symptoms. No lab tests can specifically diagnose anxiety disorders. If your doctor doesn't find any medical reason for how you're feeling, she may send you to a psychiatrist, psychologist, or another mental health specialist. Those doctors will ask you questions and use tools and testing to find out if you may have an anxiety disorder. Your doctor will consider how long and how intense your symptoms are when diagnosing you. She'll also check to see if the symptoms keep you from carrying out your normal activities.


Question: What are the symptoms of anxiety disorders?

Answer: All anxiety disorders share some general symptoms: Panic, fear, and uneasiness Sleep problems Not being able to stay calm and still Cold, sweaty, numb or tingling hands or feet Shortness of breath Heart palpitations Dry mouth Nausea Tense muscles Dizziness Researchers don't know exactly what brings on anxiety disorders.


Question: What causes anxiety disorders?

Answer: All anxiety disorders share some general symptoms: Panic, fear, and uneasiness Sleep problems Not being able to stay calm and still Cold, sweaty, numb or tingling hands or feet Shortness of breath Heart palpitations Dry mouth Nausea Tense muscles Dizziness Researchers don't know exactly what brings on anxiety disorders. Like other forms of mental illness, they stem from a combination of things, including changes in your brain and environmental stress, and even your genes. The disorders can run in families and could be linked to faulty circuits in the brain that control fear and other emotions.


Question: How is psychotherapy used to treat anxiety disorders?

Answer: Psychotherapy: This is a type of counseling that addresses the emotional response to mental illness. A mental health specialist helps you by talking about how to understand and deal with your anxiety disorder. Cognitive behavioral therapy: This is a certain type of psychotherapy that teaches you how to recognize and change thought patterns and behaviors that trigger deep anxiety or panic.


Question: How are medications used to treat anxiety disorders?

Answer: Most people with the condition try one or more of these therapies: Medication: Many antidepressants can work for anxiety disorders. They include escitalopram ( Lexapro) and fluoxetine ( Prozac). Certain anticonvulsant medicines (typically taken for epilepsy) and low-dose antipsychotic drugs can be added to help make other treatments work better. Anxiolytics are also drugs that help lower anxiety. Examples are alprazolam ( Xanax) and clonazepam ( Klonopin). They're prescribed for social or generalized anxiety disorder as well as for panic attacks.


Question: How do I know if I have breast calcifications?

Answer: Breast calcifications do not cause symptoms, as they are too small to be felt during a routine breast exam. Usually, breast calcifications are first noticed on a mammogram.


Question: What happens if my doctor finds breast calcifications on my mammogram?

Answer: If you have macrocalcifications, no further testing or treatment is needed, because they are not harmful. If microcalcifications are seen on your mammogram, another mammogram may be performed to get a more detailed look at the area in question.


Question: How can you deal with irritable bowel syndrome at work?

Answer: Let them know that symptoms may force you to leave a meeting or go to the bathroom often, but that you'll be able to do your job after the pain and discomfort subsides. If your supervisor isn't sympathetic, you may want to ask your doctor to write a note explaining that IBS is a real illness, and that certain symptoms may occur.


Question: How much does it cost to care for irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: The direct and indirect cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the U. S. has been estimated at between at about $1.5 billion each year.


Question: What are the costs of care for irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: The direct and indirect cost of irritable bowel syndrome in the U. S. has been estimated at between at about $1.5 billion each year. The numbers alone are staggering.


Question: How should I give myself time to prepare if I have irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: To reduce your own potential economic loss, Roberts suggests giving yourself time to prepare for work. He has IBS, and gives himself at least two hours to get ready in the morning.


Question: What are the treatments for irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: Once IBS symptoms do flare up at work, little can be done except to bear through the discomfort and pain. Deep breathing and walking around may help during episodes of pain. But experts say the best way to deal with IBS at work is to try to prevent symptoms. Your doctor may prescribe medicine to prevent IBS symptoms. Some drugs may take a few weeks to take full effect.


Question: What are some natural ways to treat irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: Other strategies that may help prevent flare-ups of IBS symptoms at work include: Changes in your diet Stress management Acupuncture and other alternative therapies Talk with a doctor about which IBS prevention and treatment strategies may work best for you.


Question: What happens after hip replacement surgery?

Answer: You will likely stay in the hospital for four to six days and may have to stay in bed with a wedge-shaped cushion between your legs to keep the new hip joint in place. A drainage tube will likely be placed in your bladder to help you go to the bathroom. Physical therapy usually begins the day after surgery and within days you can walk with a walker, crutches, or a cane. You will continue physical therapy for weeks to months following the surgery.


Question: What is a hip replacement surgery?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Hip replacement surgery is a procedure in which a doctor surgically removes a painful hip joint with arthritis and replaces it with an artificial joint often made from metal and plastic components. It usually is done when all other treatment options have failed to provide adequate pain relief. The procedure should relieve a painful hip joint, making walking easier.


Question: What are possible risks of hip replacement surgery?

Answer: Infection and bleeding are also possible, as are risks associated with using general anesthesia. Other less common concerns that you and your doctor must watch out for are: Your legs may not be of equal length after the surgery. You must be careful not to cross your legs or not to sit too low because the joint may be dislocated. Pieces of fat in the bone marrow may become loose, enter the bloodstream and get into the lungs, which can cause very serious breathing problems. Nerves in the hip area may be injured from swelling or pressure and can cause some numbness. The replacement parts may become loose, break, or become infected.


Question: How long will my new joint last after hip replacement surgery?

Answer: We now know that about 85% of the hip joint implants will last 20 years. Improvements in surgical technique and artificial joint materials should make these implants last even longer. If the joint does become damaged, surgery to repair it can be successful but is more complicated than the original procedure.


Question: Is hip replacement surgery safe?

Answer: Hip replacements surgery has been performed for years and surgical techniques are being improved all the time. As with any surgery, however, there are risks. Since you will not be able to move around much at first, blood clots are a particular concern. Your doctor will give you blood thinners to help prevent blood clots from occurring. Infection and bleeding are also possible, as are risks associated with using general anesthesia.


Question: How do you treat a bee sting?

Answer: If you only have a reaction at the sting site, a cold compress or an ice pack should be enough treatment. For pain, take aspirin, an anti-inflammatory like Advil, or acetaminophen ( Tylenol). Don't give aspirin to a child under age 19 because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, which affects the liver and brain. Try diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) or another nonprescription antihistamine to calm the itch. Or you can use an over-the-counter steroid cream.


Question: What are the signs of anaphylactic shock?

Answer: If you have a serious reaction called anaphylactic shock, call 911. The symptoms are: Trouble breathing Hives or swelling Swelling of your lips or tongue Swelling or tightness in your throat Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Dizziness or fainting Fast heartbeat Low blood pressure Stomach pain If you have a severe allergic reaction, or a known bee sting allergy, make sure you have prescribed epinephrine injections handy.


Question: How do you know if your allergic to a bee sting?

Answer: If yours is like this, your doctor can tell if you're allergic to bees or wasps with a simple skin test that uses purified, freeze-dried venom. But if you had a severe or anaphylactic reaction, he may do a blood test called a RAST instead. It's safer for you, though it takes more time and is more expensive.


Question: How can I avoid getting stung by a bee?

Answer: You can also lower your odds of a sting by avoiding brightly colored, white, or pastel clothing. Don't use cosmetics or perfume with floral scents. Food odors attract insects, especially yellow jackets, so be alert when you cook or eat outdoors.


Question: What are the dangers of hypothyroidism in newborns and infants?

Answer: A lack of thyroid hormones in the system at an early age can lead to the development of cretinism (intellectual disability) and dwarfism (stunted growth). Most infants now have their thyroid levels checked routinely soon after birth. If they are hypothyroid, treatment begins immediately. In infants, as in adults, hypothyroidism can be due to these causes: A pituitary disorder A defective thyroid Lack of the gland entirely A hypothyroid infant is unusually inactive and quiet, has a poor appetite, and sleeps for excessively long periods of time.


Question: What thyroid problems can happen with untreated hypothyroidism?

Answer: Untreated for long periods of time, hypothyroidism can bring on a myxedema coma, a rare but potentially fatal condition that requires immediate hormone treatment.


Question: What are thyroid problems?

Answer: Through the hormones it produces, the thyroid gland influences almost all of the metabolic processes in your body. Thyroid disorders can range from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no treatment to life-threatening cancer. The most common thyroid problems involve abnormal production of thyroid hormones. Too much thyroid hormone results in a condition known as hyperthyroidism. Insufficient hormone production leads to hypothyroidism. Although the effects can be unpleasant or uncomfortable, most thyroid problems can be managed well if properly diagnosed and treated.


Question: What causes thyroid problems?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } All types of hyperthyroidism are due to an overproduction of thyroid hormones, but the condition can occur in several ways: Graves' disease: The production of too much thyroid hormone. Toxic adenomas: Nodules develop in the thyroid gland and begin to secrete thyroid hormones, upsetting the body's chemical balance; some goiters may contain several of these nodules. Subacute thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid that causes the gland to "leak" excess hormones, resulting in temporary hyperthyroidism that generally lasts a few weeks but may persist for months. Pituitary gland malfunctions or cancerous growths in the thyroid gland: Although rare, hyperthyroidism can also develop from these causes.


Question: What causes hypothyroidism relative to thyroid problems?

Answer: Since your body's energy production requires certain amounts of thyroid hormones, a drop in hormone production leads to lower energy levels. Causes of hypothyroidism include: Hashimoto's thyroiditis : In this autoimmune disorder, the body attacks thyroid tissue. The tissue eventually dies and stops producing hormones. Removal of the thyroid gland: The thyroid may have been surgically removed or chemically destroyed. Exposure to excessive amounts of iodide: Cold and sinus medicines, the heart medicine amiodarone, or certain contrast dyes given before some X-rays may expose you to too much iodine. You may be at greater risk for developing hypothyroidism if you have had thyroid problems in the past. Lithium: This drug has also been implicated as a cause of hypothyroidism.


Question: What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism in infants?

Answer: In infants, as in adults, hypothyroidism can be due to these causes: A pituitary disorder A defective thyroid Lack of the gland entirely A hypothyroid infant is unusually inactive and quiet, has a poor appetite, and sleeps for excessively long periods of time.


Question: How is an Achilles tendon injury diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will do a physical exam. She may want to see you walk or run to look for problems that might have led to your injury. She also might do something called the calf squeeze test. You'll kneel on a chair or bench or lie on your stomach on the exam table. Then she'll gently squeeze the calf muscle on your healthy leg. This will pull on the tendon and make your foot move. Next, she'll do the same thing on your other leg. If your Achilles tendon is torn, your foot won't move because your calf muscle won't be connected to your foot.


Question: What can make you more likely to get an Achilles tendon injury?

Answer: These things also can make you more likely to have this kind of injury: You wear high heels, which can stress the tendon. You have "flat feet," also called fallen arches. This means that when you take a step, the impact causes the arch of your foot to collapse, stretching the muscles and tendons. Your leg muscles or tendons are too tight. You take medicines called glucocorticoids or antibiotics called fluoroquinolones.


Question: What causes an Achilles tendon injury?

Answer: Achilles tendon injuries are common in people who do things where they quickly speed up, slow down, or pivot, such as: Running Gymnastics Dance Football Baseball Softball Basketball Tennis Volleyball These injuries tend to happen when you start moving suddenly as you push off and lift your foot rather than when you land.


Question: What are the symptoms of an Achilles tendon injury?

Answer: The most obvious sign is pain above your heel, especially when you stretch your ankle or stand on your toes. It may be mild and get better or worse over time. If the tendon ruptures, the pain is instant and severe. The area may also feel tender, swollen, and stiff. If your Achilles tendon tears, you may hear a snapping or popping noise when it happens. You could have bruising and swelling, too. You also may have trouble pointing your toes and pushing off your toes when you take a step.


Question: How do people usually get an Achilles tendon injury?

Answer: Achilles tendon injuries are common in people who do things where they quickly speed up, slow down, or pivot, such as: Running Gymnastics Dance Football Baseball Softball Basketball Tennis Volleyball These injuries tend to happen when you start moving suddenly as you push off and lift your foot rather than when you land. For instance, a sprinter might get one at the start of a race as he surges off the starting block. The abrupt action can be too much for the tendon to handle. Men over 30 are particularly prone to Achilles tendon injuries.


Question: What is the treatment for an Achilles tendon injury?

Answer: Minor to moderate Achilles tendon injuries should heal on their own. To speed the process, you can: Rest your leg. Avoid putting weight on your leg as best you can. You may need crutches. Ice it. Ice your injury for up to 20 minutes at a time as needed. Compress your leg. Use an elastic bandage around the lower leg and ankle to keep down swelling. Raise (elevate) your leg. Prop your leg up on a pillow when you're sitting or lying down. Take anti-inflammatory painkillers. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen will help with pain and swelling. Follow the instructions on the label to help prevent side effects, such as bleeding and ulcers. Take them with food. Check with your doctor first if you have any allergies, medical problems or take any other medication. If you need them for longer than 7 to 10 days, call your doctor. Use a heel lift. Your doctor may recommend that you wear an insert in your shoe while you recover. It will help protect your Achilles tendon from further stretching. Practice stretching and strengthening exercises as recommended by your doctor, physical therapist, or other health care provider.


Question: Are warts contagious?

Answer: Unfortunately, yes. You can get warts from touching a wart on someone else's body, or by coming in contact with surfaces that touched someone's warts, such as towels or bathmats.


Question: Why do some warts have black dots in them?

Answer: These specks are visible blood vessels that are supplying the wart with nutrients and oxygen. Though skin warts can't be prevented, there are a number of precautionary measures you can take to minimize your risk of acquiring warts.


Question: Can warts be prevented?

Answer: Though skin warts can't be prevented, there are a number of precautionary measures you can take to minimize your risk of acquiring warts. One of the most important things you can do is to wash your hands regularly. Also, try to keep your skin healthy, moisturized, and free of cuts. If you bite your fingernails or cuticles, do your best to stop. Biting nails creates an opening for virus to enter your skin. Be careful to use clean, fresh towels at the gym or in other public locations, and always wear rubber-soled flip-flops or sandals in public locker rooms and showers.


Question: When is surgery needed for UTIs?

Answer: It's not likely that you'll need an operation. But you might if your UTI is due to an anatomical problem. Or you could need an operation if a blockage, such as a kidney stone or enlarged prostate, is the cause.