Question: What can I do to prevent denture problems?

Answer: Wearing dentures can be difficult at first. It may take time to get used to them. But you can prevent denture problems by taking good care of your dentures and seeing your dentist every six months for regular checkups. If you notice changes to the way your dentures fit or any other mouth problems, see your dentist right away.


Question: Who should I call if I have problems with my dentures?

Answer: Otherwise, the following problems may occur: Gum and mouth irritation Problems eating and speaking Dentures that move around in your mouth Mouth infections If you have problems with your dentures, see your dentist right away. Your dentures may need to be adjusted or replaced.


Question: What are some tips for cleaning your dentures?

Answer: Here are some tips for cleaning your dentures: Soak your dentures overnight in a denture cleaner. Thoroughly clean them each morning before putting them in your mouth. Use a soft-bristled brush or special denture-cleaning brush. You can use plain soap and warm water or ask your dentist to recommend a denture cleaner. Never use powdered household cleaners or bleach on your dentures, nor toothpaste, which is too abrasive.


Question: What are common problems when using dentures?

Answer: If you wear dentures, it is very important you keep your mouth clean and healthy. You should also only wear dentures that fit properly. Otherwise, the following problems may occur: Gum and mouth irritation Problems eating and speaking Dentures that move around in your mouth Mouth infections If you have problems with your dentures, see your dentist right away.


Question: What mouth infections are linked to dentures?

Answer: Some people who wear dentures get mouth infections, such as: Cheilitis. Both cheilitis and stomatitis can be treated with medicine and proper denture care.


Question: What are tips for when you first start to wear dentures?

Answer: Here are some ways to treat various denture problems: Make sure your dentures fit. Never try to adjust your dentures yourself. Speak slowly. If you are having trouble eating, follow these tips: Take small bites of soft foods, such as eggs and yogurt. Don't eat anything sticky. Chew your food slowly. In time, you should be able to eat most foods. When your dentures are not in your mouth, store them in a denture-cleaning solution or warm water.


Question: What are side effects of SAM-e?

Answer: SAM-e seems to be a relatively safe drug. High doses of oral SAM-e can cause symptoms like gas, upset stomach, diarrhea, constipation, dry mouth, headache, dizziness, anxiety, and skin rashes. SAM-e can also trigger an allergic reaction in some people.


Question: How much SAM-e should you take?

Answer: There is no established ideal dose of SAM-e. For depression, many studies have used between 800 -1,600 milligrams daily. For osteoarthritis, 600-1,200 milligrams daily of SAM-e divided into three doses is common. Ask your doctor for advice. Sometimes, the dose of SAM-e is increased gradually over a few weeks. This can help reduce side effects such as restlessness or anxiety.


Question: Why do people take SAM-e?

Answer: SAM-e has good evidence as a treatment for osteoarthritis pain. Some studies have found that oral SAM-e is as effective as NSAID painkillers, such as ibuprofen and Celebrex. SAM-e takes longer to act than drugs do, but it also has fewer side effects than NSAIDs. SAM-e has also been used to treat depression for many years. Some studies have found that SAM-e might work as well as tricyclic antidepressants in relieving symptoms.


Question: What are interactions of SAM-e?

Answer: SAM-e has also been used to treat depression for many years. If you have any medical issues, check with a doctor before you start using SAM-e supplements. SAM-e could also interact with some prescription painkillers, cough medicines, and treatments for diabetes and Parkinson's disease. Patients taking MAOIs should not use SAM-e without discussing it with their doctor.


Question: Who might benefit from shoulder replacement surgery?

Answer: You may have to have it done if you have a condition that makes it painful and hard to use your arm, such as: A serious shoulder injury like a broken bone Severe arthritis A torn rotator cuff Your doctor will probably try to treat you with drugs or physical therapy first. If those don't work, he may recommend surgery. Shoulder replacement surgery is less common than hip or knee replacements. But more than 50,000 shoulder replacements are done in the U. S. each year. An orthopedic surgeon will replace the natural bone in the ball and socket of your shoulder joint with a material that could be metal or plastic.


Question: What are complications of shoulder replacement surgery?

Answer: But as with any operation, there's a chance of complications. These may include: Infection or bleeding around the joint: You'll probably get antibiotics after your surgery to lower your chances of an infection. Dislocation: This happens when the ball slips out of the socket. Nerves around your shoulder may get damaged during surgery: They usually recover. After years of use, the replacement joint may become loose or separate from the bone: You may need surgery to fix it.


Question: How should you prepare for shoulder replacement surgery?

Answer: Before you get your new shoulder, you'll likely get a full physical exam and X-rays or other imaging tests so the surgeon can get a look at the joint. Talk to your doctor about any other conditions you have and any medications you take. You'll have to stop taking certain drugs, especially narcotic painkillers, several weeks before surgery. You may have to cut back on drinking and get more exercise, too. If you smoke, you'll be asked to quit. You can expect to spend 2 to 5 days in the hospital after your operation before going home.


Question: What happens after shoulder replacement surgery?

Answer: It's a major surgery that'll keep you in the hospital for several days. Before you get your new shoulder, you'll likely get a full physical exam and X-rays or other imaging tests so the surgeon can get a look at the joint. Your arm will be in a sling for most of your recovery. It may be 6 weeks or more before you can drive again. In the year after your surgery, you'll have several follow-up visits with your doctor so she can see how your recovery is going.


Question: What is intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer?

Answer: The IMRT technique is very precise. IMRT uses computer-generated images to plan and then deliver tightly focused radiation beams to prostate cancer tumors. With this capability, clinicians can vary the beam intensity to "paint" a precise radiation dose to the shape and depth of the tumor, while significantly reducing the harmful effects of doses on healthy tissue.


Question: How can you reduce skin reactions from radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Gently cleanse the treated area using lukewarm water and a mild soap such as Ivory, Dove, Neutrogena, Basis, Castile, or Aveeno Oatmeal Soap. Do not rub. Pat your skin dry with a soft towel or use a hair dryer on a cool setting. Try not to scratch or rub the treated area. Do not apply any ointment, cream, lotion, or powder to the treated area unless your radiation oncologist or nurse has prescribed it. Do not wear tight-fitting clothing or clothes made from harsh fabrics such as wool or corduroy. These fabrics can irritate the skin. Instead, choose clothes made from natural fibers such as cotton. Do not apply medical tape or bandages to the treated area. Do not expose the treated area to extreme heat or cold. Avoid using an electric heating pad, hot water bottle, or ice pack. Do not expose the treated area to direct sunlight, as sun exposure may intensify your skin reaction and lead to severe sunburn. Choose a sunscreen of SPF 30 or higher. Protect the treated area from direct sunlight even after your course of treatment is over.


Question: How can you minimize fatigue while you are receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: To minimize fatigue while you are receiving radiation treatment: Be sure to get enough rest. Eat well-balanced, nutritious meals. Pace your activities and plan frequent rest periods.


Question: What are the general guidelines of 3-D conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: All patients have a CT scan specifically for radiation therapy treatment and planning. The CT data is electronically transferred to the 3-dimensional treatment planning computer. The doctor defines the area to be treated along with surrounding areas, such as the bladder, rectum, bowel, and bones. An optimal radiation beam and dose are analyzed using a 3-dimensional computer-generated model. When the exact dose of radiation to the prostate is determined, the patient returns for a treatment simulation. The simulation process transposes or maps the computer-generated plan to the patient. The doctor will review the treatment course and side effects with the patient.


Question: Who can you contact if you have personal concerns about radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Many hospitals and clinics have a staff social worker who can help you during your treatment. Check with your doctor to see if this is available to you. The social worker can discuss any emotional issues or other concerns about your treatment or your personal situation and provide information about resources. The social worker can also discuss housing or transportation needs if necessary. People dealing with certain medical issues find it helpful to share experiences with others in the same situation. Your doctor can provide a list of support groups if you are interested. Your social worker can provide additional information, and you can look online for support group resources.


Question: Will radiation therapy for prostate cancer make you tired?

Answer: Everyone has his or her own energy level, so radiation treatment will affect each person differently. Patients often feel fatigue after several weeks of treatment. For most patients, this fatigue is mild. However, a loss of energy may require some patients to change their daily routine. If your doctor thinks you should limit your activity, he or she will discuss it with you.


Question: What happens during radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: External radiation therapy requires regular sessions (generally five days per weeks) during a period of about five to eight weeks. For each treatment, the radiation therapist will help you onto the treatment table and into the correct position. Once the therapist is sure you are positioned well, he or she will leave the room and start the radiation treatment. You will be under constant observation during the treatment. Cameras and an intercom are in the treatment room, so the therapist can always see and hear you. Be sure to remain still and relaxed during treatment. Let the therapist know if you have any problems or discomfort. The therapist will be in and out of the room to reposition the machine and change your position. The treatment machine will not touch you, and you will feel nothing during the treatment. Once the treatment is complete, the therapist will help you off the treatment table. The radiation therapist will take a port film, also known as an X-ray, on the first day of treatment and about every week thereafter. Port films verify that you are being positioned accurately during your treatments. Port films do not provide diagnostic information, so radiation therapists cannot learn about your progress from these films. However, port films are important to help the therapists make sure the radiation is delivered to the precise area that needs treatment.


Question: What are marks on the skin used for in radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Small marks resembling freckles will be made on your skin along the treatment area by the radiation therapist. These marks provide targets for the treatment and are a semi-permanent outline of your treatment area. Do not try to wash these marks off or retouch them if they fade. The therapist will re-mark the treatment area when necessary.


Question: What is the follow-up care like for radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: After your radiation therapy sessions are complete, you will visit your doctor for periodic follow-up exams and tests. Your doctor will tell you how often to schedule your follow-up appointments. You may be eligible to receive a Survivorship Care Plan outlining both what treatment you were given, what side effects may be expected in the short and long term, and who should be following you for what testing and care. Ask your doctor about it.


Question: What are possible side effects from 3-D conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: See Radioactive Seed Implants for more about this type of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Hair loss may occur in the area being radiated. Nausea and vomiting are uncommon unless the upper abdominal areas are radiated. Mild fatigue. Frequent urination, a weak urine stream, or a mild burning with urination. Diarrhea, though uncontrolled diarrhea is rare. Because the radiation beam passes through normal tissues, such as the rectum, bladder, and intestines on its way to the prostate, it kills some healthy cells. This is why diarrhea may result. Possible long-term problems, including proctitis (inflammation of the rectum) with bleeding, bowel problems such as diarrhea, incontinence, and impotence.


Question: How does radiation therapy treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Internal radiation therapy places radioactive implants directly into the tumor. See Radioactive Seed Implants for more about this type of radiation therapy for prostate cancer. These skin reactions are common and temporary. This therapy may be able to deliver more radiation specifically to a prostate cancer tumor with less damage to normal tissue.


Question: What are performance anxiety treatments?

Answer: Eat a sensible meal a few hours before you are to perform so that you have energy and don't get hungry. A low-fat meal including complex carbohydrates -- whole-grain pasta, lentil soup, yogurt, or a bean and rice burrito -- is a good choice. Shift the focus off of yourself and your fear to the enjoyment you are providing to the spectators. Close your eyes and imagine the audience laughing and cheering, and you feeling good. Don't focus on what could go wrong. Instead focus on the positive. Visualize your success. Avoid thoughts that produce self-doubt. Practice controlled breathing, meditation, biofeedback, and other strategies to help you relax and redirect your thoughts when they turn negative. It is best to practice some type of relaxation technique every day, regardless of whether you have a performance, so that the skill is there for you when you need it. Take a walk, jump up and down, shake out your muscles, or do whatever feels right to ease your anxious feelings before the performance. Connect with your audience -- smile, make eye contact, and think of them as friends. Act natural and be yourself. Exercise, eat a healthy diet, get adequate sleep, and live a healthy lifestyle. Keep in mind that stage fright is usually worse before the performance and often goes away once you get started.


Question: What are performance anxiety symptoms?

Answer: Performance anxiety symptoms may include: Racing pulse and rapid breathing Dry mouth and tight throat Trembling hands, knees, lips, and voice Sweaty and cold hands Nausea and an uneasy feeling in your stomach Vision changes Simply put, stress and anxiety about performing in front of people causes performance anxiety.


Question: What is stage fright (performance anxiety)?

Answer: Athletes, musicians, actors, and public speakers often get performance anxiety. Performance anxiety can prevent you from doing what you enjoy and can affect your career. Worst of all, performance anxiety can negatively affect your self-esteem and self-confidence. Although it may be impossible to totally overcome performance anxiety, there are many things you can do to control your emotions and reduce anxiety. Keep in mind that stage fright is usually worse before the performance and often goes away once you get started.


Question: How can you overcome performance anxiety?

Answer: Although it may be impossible to totally overcome performance anxiety, there are many things you can do to control your emotions and reduce anxiety. There are also mental tricks you can play to help you perform with less anxiety. These include: Focus on the friendliest faces in the audience. Laugh when you can, it can help you relax. Make yourself look good. When you look good, you feel good. In addition, beta-blockers such as propranolol that lower the heart rate and block the effects of adrenaline are sometimes used by people with performance anxiety. Confronting your fears and learning ways to reduce and manage them can be empowering. Not only will it make you feel good about yourself, you may discover that you are a more confident performer, too.


Question: What should you know about mold problems?

Answer: Whether or not you're allergic to molds, mold exposure can irritate your eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs. In people with asthma who are allergic to mold, breathing in spores can also cause asthma attacks. Avoid leaving damp towels on the floor or in laundry hamper.


Question: What are the treatments for a perforated septum?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have: Bleeding Fever Lots of fluid draining from your nose Pain and swelling that get worse Redness on the outside of your nose Trouble breathing Surgery isn't usually the first step in treatment. Your doctor may suggest an ointment or a regular saline rinse. If those ease your symptoms, you still need to go for regular checkups because the hole could grow. If it gets too big, your nose won't be as stable, and that may make the tip or middle of your nose start to droop. If those don't work, your doctor might look for other problems in your nose, especially if your main symptom is that you feel a blockage. That could be caused by something else, and surgery may not help. You also need to understand what led to the hole. If it was caused by an ongoing issue, like a tumor, infection, or drug use, your doctor should treat that first. Then you can think about care for your septum.


Question: What is a perforated nasal septum?

Answer: It's what divides your left nostril from your right. And it runs all the way up the inside of your nose. It's made of cartilage in the front and bone in the back. If it's perforated, that means you have a hole through part of it. It opens a path from one side of your nose to the other. A perforated septum doesn't always cause any symptoms, but they can include nosebleeds, trouble breathing, and the feeling that your nose is blocked up. You might make a whistling sound as you breathe.


Question: What causes a perforated nasal septum?

Answer: About half the time, this happens after you've had surgery to fix a different problem in your nose. Other causes include: Cautery, a treatment for nosebleeds Certain diseases, including lupus, some cancers, syphilis, and tuberculosis Damage to your nose, like breaking it or even from picking it too much Infections Using drugs that go into your nose too often, ranging from over-the-counter nasal sprays to cocaine Surgery can sometimes fix a perforated septum, but it doesn't always work, and it's not always needed.


Question: How can you protect your nose after perforated nasal septum surgery?

Answer: Typically, he'll take tissue from your nose, or even your mouth, to cover the hole. They'll stay in for a week or two. To protect your nose as it heals, it's best to: Not lift heavy things or bend over Not pick your nose or blow it too hard Rinse with saline as often as your doctor tells you to Sneeze with your mouth open Stay away from contact sports Most of the time, you'll feel back to normal within a few weeks.


Question: How common is epilepsy?

Answer: About 30% occur in children. Children and elderly adults are the ones most often affected. There is a clear cause for epilepsy in only a minority of the cases.


Question: What causes seizures in people with epilepsy?

Answer: Although the underlying causes of epilepsy are usually not known, certain factors are known to provoke seizures in people with epilepsy. Avoiding these triggers can help you avoid seizures and live better with epilepsy: Missing medication doses Heavy alcohol use Cocaine or other drug, such as ecstasy, use Lack of sleep Other drugs that interfere with seizure medications For about one out of every two women with epilepsy, seizures tend to occur more around the time of menstrual periods. Changing or adding certain drugs before menstrual periods can help.


Question: What causes epilepsy?

Answer: There is a clear cause for epilepsy in only a minority of the cases. Typically, the known causes of seizure involve some injury to the brain. Some of the main causes of epilepsy include: Low oxygen during birth Head injuries that occur during birth or from accidents during youth or adulthood Brain tumors Genetic conditions that result in brain injury, such as tuberous sclerosis Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis Stroke or any other type of damage to the brain Abnormal levels of substances such as sodium or blood sugar In up to 70% of all case of epilepsy in adults and children, no cause can be discovered.


Question: What are seizures?

Answer: A seizure occurs when a burst of electrical impulses in the brain escape their normal limits. They spread to neighboring areas and create an uncontrolled storm of electrical activity. The electrical impulses can be transmitted to the muscles, causing twitches or convulsions.


Question: When should you take your child to the doctor about a nose bleed?

Answer: Regardless of your child's age, you should take him to the doctor if: He gets nosebleeds often. The bleeding's caused by something he inserted into his nose. He bleeds heavily even when he has minor injuries. He bleeds from other areas of his body, like his gums. He develops bruises from minor injuries. The nosebleed(s) happened shortly after he started a new medication.


Question: When should you take your child to the ER for a nose bleed?

Answer: In some cases, your child might need immediate emergency care for a nosebleed. Take him to an ER if: He's bleeding heavily and/or they feel dizzy or weak. It happened because of a fall or an injury. The bleeding won't stop, even after two attempts to put pressure on his nose for 10 minutes at a time.


Question: Should I tell my doctor if I'm getting a lot of nose bleeds?

Answer: If you get nosebleeds a lot, you should talk to your doctor about them. Even if they're not serious enough to require emergency care, it's important for your doctor to know about them so she can figure out why they're happening.


Question: Can bleeding disorders cause nosebleeds

Answer: It's rare, but a bleeding disorder can cause nosebleeds. If you have one, your blood may not clot properly. If your nosebleeds are hard to stop and/or you get bleeding from your gums or from minor cuts, you should see a doctor immediately or get emergency care.


Question: When should you get medical help for a nose bleed?

Answer: You should get medical care immediately if: You're injured or go through something traumatic, like a car accident. There's more blood than you expect for a nosebleed. The bleeding won't stop, even after two attempts to put pressure on his nose for 10 minutes at a time.


Question: What does the lymphatic system do when you are sick?

Answer: They wait, poised for duty, in many different places in your body, including your: Thymus Spleen Tonsils Blood vessels Lymph nodes Small intestine Adenoids Blood vessels Your lymphatic system is like an inner highway that carries white blood cells through your body. When you're sick, you might notice your lymph nodes -- small glands in your neck, groin, armpits, and behind your knees -- are swollen. This is normal. It means your immune system has kicked into high gear to get rid of infection. Lymph nodes are also filters for your immune system. They catch germs and dead or damaged cells and destroy them.


Question: How do white blood cells react to germs?

Answer: It reads a tell-tale âfingerprintâ of proteins on the surface of cells, so it can tell the difference between your own cells and what shouldn't be there. Your white blood cells aim to destroy the unwelcome guests.


Question: How do white blood cells form and where do they live?

Answer: They get their start in your bone marrow. They have a short life -- ranging from a few days to a few weeks -- so your body constantly makes more. There are different types, and they all have the same goal: to fight infection. They wait, poised for duty, in many different places in your body, including your: Thymus Spleen Tonsils Blood vessels Lymph nodes Small intestine Adenoids Blood vessels Your lymphatic system is like an inner highway that carries white blood cells through your body.


Question: How does your immune system react to foreign bodies?

Answer: It releases white blood cells and other chemicals that destroy these threats. Or it causes a reaction, like a sneeze, to boot out a virus in your nose. It's an elite squad of agents that zap invaders -- like bacteria, viruses, and fungi -- ASAP.


Question: How does infection occur?

Answer: You nick your skin and bacteria get in. Or you rub your eyes, not realizing that the doorknob you touched had a cold virus on it. Or you ate something that maybe wasn't cooked or cleaned as well as it should have been. And just like that, you've got an unwanted guest in your body.


Question: How does your immune system get stronger over time?

Answer: Your immune system should know that there's a problem. Your white blood cells aim to destroy the unwelcome guests. The first time your body comes into contact with a certain type of germ, your immune response may take a while. You might need several days to make and use all the germ-fighting parts you need to get rid of your infection. It takes time to hack the germ's code and destroy it. If you come across that same germ later on, your body will remember and fight it off faster, so you can get over the infection and feel better.


Question: Does carbon monoxide cause headaches?

Answer: Like a lot of people, you may think of it as something that comes out of your car's tailpipe or leaks out of your furnace. But carbon monoxide is also in tobacco products. If you're a smoker, you may have high levels in your blood and brain. Carbon monoxide can trigger headaches.


Question: How can nicotine cause headaches?

Answer: The substance nicotine is no longer linked to migraines. Nicotine is a chemical in tobacco products. It causes the blood vessels in your body to narrow. This reduces blood flow to your brain. Previous studies indicated that this reduced blood flow could trigger a migraine. However, migraines are complex, and reduced blood flow is no longer considered a migraine trigger. In addition, no controlled trials or studies have clearly linked nicotine to migraines, although people still report an association between headaches and tobacco (nicotine) exposure. Nicotine can make it harder for you to get rid of your headache once it starts. That's because the chemical affects your liver's ability to break down headache medicine. The result is that the medication you're counting on to give you pain relief won't work as well, just when you need it the most.


Question: Are headache part of nicotine withdrawal symptoms?

Answer: The result is that the medication you're counting on to give you pain relief won't work as well, just when you need it the most. It's due to nicotine withdrawal. These withdrawal symptoms, including headaches, are usually worse during the first week after you quit tobacco. But don't let that get in the way of your no-smoking campaign. The troubles will get better over time.


Question: How can smoke cause headaches?

Answer: The substance nicotine is no longer linked to migraines. Nicotine is a chemical in tobacco products. It causes the blood vessels in your body to narrow. This reduces blood flow to your brain. Nicotine can make it harder for you to get rid of your headache once it starts. That's because the chemical affects your liver's ability to break down headache medicine. The result is that the medication you're counting on to give you pain relief won't work as well, just when you need it the most. Carbon monoxide. Like a lot of people, you may think of it as something that comes out of your car's tailpipe or leaks out of your furnace. But carbon monoxide is also in tobacco products. If you're a smoker, you may have high levels in your blood and brain. Carbon monoxide can trigger headaches. Sensitivity to smells. For some people, the smell that smoking gives off is enough to cause a headache or migraine. You can also have an allergy to cigarette smoke, which can trigger a headache when you're around it.


Question: Will quitting smoking stop headaches?

Answer: The chemicals in tobacco and the smell of the smoke are a big part of the problem. But if you take the right steps you can help keep some of your headaches at bay. For example, if you get cluster headaches, which causes sudden and severe pain around one eye or on one side of your head, you may notice improvement if you stop smoking.


Question: Are symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) linked to mood?

Answer: Symptoms aren't linked to mood. In other words, you may feel happy but start crying and not be able to stop. Or you could feel sad but start to laugh when you shouldn't. You might just cry or laugh a lot. Some people say the symptoms come on so quickly it's like a seizure. It's easy to mistake the symptoms for those of depression or bipolar disorder.


Question: What are the symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What are other names for pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What should I do if I think I have  pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: Other brain conditions commonly linked to PBA include: Alzheimer's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) Brain tumor Dementia Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Traumatic brain injury If you or someone you love is crying or laughing a lot and you don't know why, talk to a doctor. PBA is hard to diagnose because it mimics other problems like depression or other mood disorders. Tell the doctor about any symptoms, including when they happen and how long they last. It can help to keep a diary of crying and laughing episodes.


Question: What real emotions can come with having or caring for someone with pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: If you have PBA, you might get anxious or embarrassed in public. You might worry about a future episode and be tempted to cancel plans with friends or family. It can also lead to depression or anxiety. If you're caring for someone who has it, you might feel confused or frustrated. The emotional toll of the condition can greatly affect recovery and quality of life. It's important to seek care and treatment from a qualified doctor.


Question: What tests diagnose pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: But to rule out a form of epilepsy that can cause similar symptoms, they might order an electroencephalogram ( EEG), a painless test that tracks your brain waves. Two questionnaires help to tell if the laughing and weeping are signs of PBA: Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale ( PLACS): The doctor asks you questions about the episodes, including how long they lasted, how they were tied to your mood and social situation, and how upset you felt afterward. Center for Neurologic Study- Lability Scale ( CNS- LS): You answer questions about your symptoms. How often do you have them? How do they make you feel?


Question: What is used to diagnose pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: Your doctor won't need to do tests to diagnose PBA. But to rule out a form of epilepsy that can cause similar symptoms, they might order an electroencephalogram ( EEG), a painless test that tracks your brain waves. Two questionnaires help to tell if the laughing and weeping are signs of PBA: Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale ( PLACS): The doctor asks you questions about the episodes, including how long they lasted, how they were tied to your mood and social situation, and how upset you felt afterward. Center for Neurologic Study- Lability Scale ( CNS- LS): You answer questions about your symptoms. How often do you have them? How do they make you feel? For example, " I find myself crying very easily" or " I'm easily overcome with laughter."


Question: What are the symptoms of pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What is pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: Pseudobulbar affect is a nervous system disorder that can make you laugh, cry, or become angry without being able to control when it happens.


Question: How is pseudobulbar affect diagnosed?

Answer: PBA is hard to diagnose because it mimics other problems like depression or other mood disorders. Tell the doctor about any symptoms, including when they happen and how long they last. It can help to keep a diary of crying and laughing episodes.


Question: What causes pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: Scientists believe that pseudobulbar affect may result from damage to the prefrontal cortex, the area of your brain that helps control emotions. Damage to other parts of the brain as well as changes in brain chemicals linked to depression and hyper moods (mania) could also play a role.


Question: What is the treatment for pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: In 2010, the FDA approved dextromethorphan/quinidine ( Nuedexta), the first drug for PBA.


Question: What are other names for pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What causes pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: Scientists believe that pseudobulbar affect may result from damage to the prefrontal cortex, the area of your brain that helps control emotions. Damage to other parts of the brain as well as changes in brain chemicals linked to depression and hyper moods (mania) could also play a role. An injury or disease that affects your brain can lead to pseudobulbar affect. Other brain conditions commonly linked to PBA include: Alzheimer's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) Brain tumor Dementia Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Traumatic brain injury If you or someone you love is crying or laughing a lot and you don't know why, talk to a doctor. Talk with other people who have PBA.


Question: How can you live with pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: To help you and your loved ones ease anxiety during a PBA episode, and to feel more in control of your health, try these steps: Talk to people around you about PBA and how it affects you and your family. This will help keep them from being surprised or confused when an episode happens. If you feel a laughing or crying attack coming on, change how you're sitting or standing. Breathe slowly and deeply. Keep doing this during an episode until you feel in control. Relax. A flare-up is emotional and can make your muscles tense. Relax your shoulders and forehead after one happens.


Question: Is there a reason for laughing or crying suddenly, and uncontrollably?

Answer: Pseudobulbar affect is a nervous system disorder that can make you laugh, cry, or become angry without being able to control when it happens. The emotional toll of the condition can greatly affect recovery and quality of life.


Question: How can a doctor remove a wart if over-the-counter treatment doesn't work?

Answer: Examples of freezing treatments include Compound W, Dr. Scholl's Freeze Away, Histofreezer Wart Removal and Wartner Wart removal If over-the-counter treatment fails, your doctor can remove a wart by: Freezing it with liquid nitrogen. Burning it off with an electric needle or a laser. Applying acids to help destroy the wart. Injecting a drug called bleomycin into the wart (which kills the virus), used for severe cases. Injecting candida antigen to stimulate the body's immune system to fight off the wart. Prescribing a topical medication called imiquimod ( Aldara), which improves your body's fighting capabilities. This is mainly helpful for genital warts.


Question: How difficult is it to get rid of warts?

Answer: Getting rid of warts takes persistence. It is in the rare situation that a wart is gone with a single treatment. There is no treatment that your doctor can do that has been proven to be more effective than the over-the-counter treatment with salicylic acid and duct tape. Oftentimes, your doctor will do a treatment in the office while you continue to do at-home treatments.


Question: Why do joints crack?

Answer: Joint "cracking" can result from a negative pressure pulling nitrogen gas temporarily into the joint, such as when knuckles are "cracked." This is not harmful. " Cracking" sounds can also be heard if tendons snap over tissues because of minor adjustments in their gliding paths. This can occur with aging as muscle mass and action change.


Question: What causes ingrown nails?

Answer: Ingrown nails are most frequently caused by cutting your toenails too short or rounding the nail edges or by wearing ill-fitting shoes or tight hosiery that press the nail into your toe. You can also develop an ingrown nail after an injury, such as stubbing or jamming your toe. If the condition causing the ingrown toenail continues, overgrowth of the tissue over the nail can lead to permanent changes in the tissue that can cause infection, more pain, and more swelling.


Question: What is an ingrown nail?

Answer: People with curved or thick nails are most susceptible, although anyone can suffer from ingrown nails as a result of an injury, poorly fitting shoes, or improper grooming of the feet. People with diabetes, vascular problems, or numbness in the toes need to be aggressive in treating and preventing ingrown toenails because they can lead to serious complications, including the risk of losing a limb. A damaged or improperly trimmed nail can become ingrown, burrowing into the skin at the side of the nail. The site can become painful and infected, and may not heal until the nail is removed. To avoid ingrown nails, always trim nails straight across.


Question: Why is it important to get the phone number of my cancer doctor?

Answer: It's pretty much certain: once you get home, you'll think of many questions you wanted to ask about your cancer treatment but didn't. So always ask your doctor for his or her card. Find out how you can get in touch with your doctor -- or an oncology nurse in the office -- to ask further questions.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctors to make sure they are qualified to deal with cancer?

Answer: How much experience do you have in treating people with my type of cancer? How many people with my cancer have you treated in the past year? Are you board certified? If so, in what specialty or subspecialty? Do you have other relevant qualifications? Do you work closely with other specialists and health care providers who could be part of my cancer treatment team? What hospitals do you work with?


Question: Is it okay to ask my doctor about his or her qualifications?

Answer: You may feel awkward about quizzing your doctor about his or her experience. But doctors expect these questions and even welcome them. Doctors want their patients to feel comfortable and confident in their care, not intimidated.


Question: Why should I ask for information to bring home after a cancer appointment?

Answer: At the end of your meeting, see if your doctor has any literature or other sources of information about your cancer or the cancer treatments he or she has recommended. Having something you can read over at home -- when you're out of the stressful environment of the doctor's office -- can be enormously helpful.


Question: Why should I bring someone with me to my cancer appointment?

Answer: Here are some questions to ask before you partner with a doctor in your cancer treatment. Obviously, a friend or loved one can provide moral support during a tense conversation. Or he or she may prompt you to ask important questions that you forgot.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about my cancer?

Answer: What stage is it? What are my cancer treatment options? Are these cancer treatments proven or experimental? Are these cancer treatments covered by insurance? What should I expect from my cancer treatment? How long will it take? What side effects or complications could I face from my cancer treatment? Should I make any changes to my diet or lifestyle before starting cancer treatment?


Question: What is the difference between laparoscopic splenectomy and open surgery?

Answer: Laparoscopy is less invasive than open surgery, and usually results in less pain, a faster recovery, and a shorter hospital stay. But not everyone can have laparoscopic surgery. Which method you and your doctor choose depends on your overall health and the size of your spleen. It can be hard to remove a very large or swollen spleen using a laparoscope. Patients who are obese or who have scar tissue in the spleen area from a previous operation also may not be able to have their spleen removed laparoscopically.


Question: What are other common reasons for a splenectomy?

Answer: Other common reasons a person may need a spleen removal include: Blood disorders: Hereditary elliptocytosis (ovalocytosis) Hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia Hereditary spherocytosis Thalassemia ( Mediterranean anemia, or Thalassemia major) Blood vessel problems: Aneurysm in the spleen's artery Blood clot in the spleen's blood vessels Cancer: Leukemia, a blood cancer that affects cells that help the body fight infections.


Question: What are other complications related to splenectomy?

Answer: Other complications related to splenectomy include: Blood clot in the vein that carries blood to the liver Hernia at the incision site Infection at the incision site Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) Lung collapse Injury to the pancreas, stomach, and colon Call the doctor right away if you have any of the following after a splenectomy: Bleeding Chills Cough or shortness of breath Difficulty eating or drinking Increased swelling of the abdomen Pain that doesn't go away with prescribed medications Increasing redness, pain, or discharge (pus) at the incision site Nausea or vomiting that persists Fever over 101 degrees Children who have their spleen removed often need to take antibiotics every day to prevent them from developing bacterial infections.


Question: How is an open splenectomy performed?

Answer: The surgeon makes three or four small cuts in the abdomen, and inserts the laparoscope through one of them. The surgeon disconnects the spleen from surrounding structures and the body's blood supply, and then removes it through the largest surgical opening. The surgical openings are closed using stitches or sutures. Sometimes during laparoscopic splenectomy the doctor has to switch to the open procedure.


Question: Who needs a splenectomy?

Answer: Rarely, a piece of the spleen may break off with trauma, such as after a car accident. You may need to have your spleen removed if you have an injury that damages the organ, causing its covering to break open, or rupture. In some cases, an illness, such as sickle cell disease, can cause the spleen to shrivel up and stop functioning. This is called an auto-splenectomy. Certain types of lymphoma, a cancer that affects cells that help the body fight infections. Other: Cyst or abscess (collection of pus) in the spleen If your doctor thinks you have a ruptured spleen and you have signs of massive internal bleeding or unstable vital signs, such as low blood pressure, you will likely have spleen surgery right away. If you have an open splenectomy, you may be sent home within one week.


Question: Why do people snore?

Answer: Snoring occurs when the flow of air through the mouth and nose is physically obstructed. Air flow can be obstructed by a combination of factors, including: Obstructed nasal airways: Some people snore only during allergy seasons or when they have a sinus infection.


Question: Can snoring be a serious problem?

Answer: Snoring is a common condition that can affect anyone, although it occurs more frequently in men and people who are overweight. Snoring has a tendency to worsen with age. Occasional snoring is usually not very serious and is mostly a nuisance for your bed partner. However, if you are a habitual snorer, you not only disrupt the sleep patterns of those close to you, but you also impair your own sleep quality. Medical assistance is often needed for habitual snorers (and their loved ones) to get a good night's sleep.


Question: What problems can sleep apnea create?

Answer: Sleep apnea creates several problems, including: Long interruptions of breathing (more than 10 seconds) during sleep caused by partial or total obstruction or blockage of the airway. Frequent waking from sleep, even though you may not realize it. Light sleeping. Prolonged suffering from obstructive sleep apnea often results in higher blood pressure and may cause enlargement of the heart, with higher risks of heart attack and stroke.


Question: How do I know if I have hepatitis C?

Answer: Your doctor could find it when he checks your blood and sees that your level of certain liver enzymes is high. If that happens, he'll follow up with other tests to confirm you have the disease. Treatment can suppress the virus and maybe even cure you.


Question: How reliable is the antibody test for hepatitis C?

Answer: They usually show up about 12 weeks after infection. Non- Reactive or negative: You don't have hep C. If you've been exposed in the last 6 months, you'll need to be retested. If your antibody test is positive, you'll get this test: RNA: It measures the number of viral RNA (genetic material from the hepatitis virus) particles in your blood.


Question: How can you treat digestive problems from cystic fibrosis?

Answer: Treating Digestive Problems People with CF need to eat a well-balanced, high-calorie, high-protein diet. Those with severe digestive problems may need supplemental feedings with specialized, high-calorie formulas either with a feeding tube or, in rare cases, through a vein.


Question: What things can raise my odds of getting germ infections when Iâm being treated for cancer?

Answer: Because their job is to stop infections, it makes it tougher for your body to fight germs. Some things that can make it easier for you to get an infection include: Chemotherapy Radiation Stress Lack of sleep Poor nutrition Cancer that affects the blood or lymph nodes, such as leukemia or lymphoma Cancer that has spread to other parts of the body But you can do a few things to protect yourself.


Question: How should I protect my hands when Iâm being treated for cancer?

Answer: Be careful when you garden or do housework. Wear gloves so you don't hurt your hands or pick up germs from the soil. Use caution when you handle sharp things like scissors, knives, or gardening tools.


Question: What are some ways to avoid germs while Iâm being treated for cancer?

Answer: Be careful around people. If you know that someone has a fever, cold, flu, or any other infection, stay away from them until they feel better. It's also best to skip large groups of people, so avoid shopping, schools, traveling, and crowds. If you do go out in public, use cleaning wipes before you touch door handles, elevator buttons, ATM keypads, or any other surface used by a lot of people.


Question: When Iâm being treated for cancer, how often should I wash my hands?

Answer: Do it often, and use soap and water. Wash them before you eat and before you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Always clean up after you go to the bathroom, sneeze, cough, or blow your nose. Other times to wash: after you handle trash, go to a public place, or touch an animal. Carry an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with you in case you can't get to soap and water when you're out and about.


Question: What are tips for daily hygiene while Iâm being treated for cancer?

Answer: Some doctors say it's OK as long as you wash the produce very well. Take a shower or bath every day. Pay special attention to your feet, armpits, and other sweaty areas. When you're done, use lotion so your skin doesn't get dry and crack. Brush your teeth twice a day with a soft toothbrush. Ask if it's OK to floss gently. Don't use alcohol-based mouthwashes -- your doctor or dentist may give you a special mouthwash. Don't share towels, toothbrushes, or makeup, either.


Question: Should you see a rheumatologist if you have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your regular doctor may have diagnosed your RA. It's still a good idea to see a specialist, too. Rheumatologists are doctors who are experts in treating RA and other types of arthritis. A rheumatologist will have the most training in the medicines that treat RA and in finding the right ones for you. If you don't have one, ask your primary care doctor for a referral.


Question: Are there common mistakes people make in treating their rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You need rest, just not too much.


Question: Is it okay to skip medications for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may be tempted to skip your medications on days when you're feeling better. Don't do that. Missing a dose could cause the pain to return, and it may be harder to get relief later. Your RA could also worsen. Some drugs need to stay in your bloodstream at specific levels in order to be effective. If you skip them too often, blood levels of the medication will drop and you could end up with a flare of your RA.


Question: How active should you be if you have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: When you have joint pain and fatigue, it's hard to get up and get moving. But regular exercise is key for your health. Too much idle time makes pain, fatigue, and stiffness worse. When your RA flares, slow down but don't stop. Do gentle flexibility exercises, like yoga and tai chi. You may also be able to do some exercises in a warm pool, but take it easy. When you feel better, step up your activity. Add strength training (you can use weight machines at a gym, handheld weights, resistance bands, or your own body weight) to strengthen the muscles around your joints. You should also do cardio for your heart, bones, and mood. Talk to your rheumatologist, or a physical or occupational therapist, about the best exercises for you. Walking can be a good exercise for people with RA. It's low-impact, and you can do it anywhere for free. Swimming and water aerobics are also good choices.


Question: Is it bad not to take all my medications if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If your doctor prescribed more than one RA medicine, there's a good reason for that. One of those drugs may ease your pain, while the other helps to stop joint damage. If you're not sure what your drugs do or why you need them, ask your doctor. Also tell her if side effects or costs are problems.


Question: Is it bad not to see a rheumatologist if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Rheumatologists are doctors who are experts in treating RA and other types of arthritis. A rheumatologist will have the most training in the medicines that treat RA and in finding the right ones for you. If you don't have one, ask your primary care doctor for a referral.


Question: Why do you need to take so much medications for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If your doctor prescribed more than one RA medicine, there's a good reason for that. One of those drugs may ease your pain, while the other helps to stop joint damage. If you're not sure what your drugs do or why you need them, ask your doctor. Also tell her if side effects or costs are problems. She can help you look for solutions, whether it's another drug or help with costs, so you can keep up with your treatment.


Question: Do you need regular check-ups for rheumatoid arthritis even if you're feeling well?

Answer: During regular visits, your rheumatologist will check on how you're doing, how well your treatment is going, whether you have any side effects, and tweak your treatment, if needed. In addition to seeing your doctor, you also may need lab tests or X-rays now and then. Make sure you keep those appointments, too.


Question: Is it bad to overlook my mood if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: RA can be painful and challenging. It's normal to feel sad about that at times. But if you start to feel depressed -- for instance, your blue feelings don't lift, and you don't enjoy the things you used to like -- tell your doctor so you can get treated and feel better. Your doctor can refer you to a counselor for âtalk therapyâ and prescribe antidepressants if needed. You may also want to join a support group for people with RA, such as those offered by the Arthritis Foundation.


Question: What is adult testing for cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you might have CF and you weren't tested at birth, he may suggest that you have both a genetic test and a sweat test. Repeated bouts of pancreatitis (inflamed pancreas), nasal polyps, or frequent sinus and lung infections, are some things that may trigger your doctor's concern.


Question: What is a "sweat test" to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Answer: A âsweat testâ is thought to be the most reliable way to tell if someone has CF. It checks the amount of salt in your sweat. People with CF have higher levels of chloride, a compound in salt. This test can be done on people of any age. But some babies might not sweat enough and may need to be tested more than once.


Question: What happens in a sweat test for cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Answer: To do it, a doctor rubs a small area of the skin on your arm with a special gel that activates the sweat glands. He'll use a weak electrical current to push this medicine into the skin. It doesn't hurt, but may cause a tingling, warm feeling. Sweat will collect for 30 minutes in a special sweat collection device that is attached to your arm, and then the sample will be sent to a lab. High amounts of salt will confirm CF.


Question: How can doctors check for cystic fibrosis during prenatal testing?

Answer: This can be done by: Amniocentesis: Your doctor checks the amniotic fluid (which surrounds your baby in the womb) for any signs of birth defects. This is often done between the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy. Chorionic villus sampling ( CVS): A sample of tissue from the placenta can also be checked for the faulty CF gene. You can have this done between your 10th and 12th week of pregnancy.


Question: How can targeted therapy help treat my stage II breast cancer?

Answer: Biological therapy is a newer approach. In about 25% of women with breast cancer, an excess of a protein known as HER2 makes the cancer spread quickly. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine ( Kadcyla), lapatinib ( Tykerb), neratinib ( Nerlynx), pertuzumab ( Perjeta), and trastuzumab ( Herceptin) treat women with HER2-positive cancer. They stop this protein from making the cancer grow and can make some chemotherapy more effective. It's often used in combination with chemotherapy.


Question: When is chemotherapy used during the treatment of stage II breast cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy after surgery can help destroy remaining cancer cells that were missed. Some people have chemotherapy before surgery to try to shrink a tumor. If it works, the tumor might then be small enough to remove with a lumpectomy.


Question: When is surgery recommended for my stage II breast cancer?

Answer: Surgeryis standard. For smaller tumors, you might get a breast conserving surgery, or lumpectomy, in which only the tumor and some of the tissue around it are removed. For larger tumors, you might need a mastectomy, in which the breast is removed. In either case, the surgeon will likely remove some of the lymph nodes. After a mastectomy, you might choose breast reconstruction surgery.


Question: Do I have treatment options if I have stage II breast cancer?

Answer: Several treatments may help. You would likely use a combination of them. In either case, the surgeon will likely remove some of the lymph nodes.


Question: When is radiation therapy used to treat stage II breast cancer?

Answer: It can kill cancer cells that were missed during surgery. Some women who get a mastectomy will also have radiation, especially if the tumor was large or there were cancer cells in the lymph nodes. Biological therapy is a newer approach.


Question: Are clinical trials available to help treat my stage II breast cancer?

Answer: In stage II, the cancer is still contained within the breast and in some cases in nearby lymph nodes. Several treatments may help. Many new therapies -- new drugs, new treatments, and new combinations -- are in clinical trials now. Keep in mind that any successful treatment we have now started out in a clinical trial.


Question: What are symptoms of shellfish poisoning?

Answer: Shellfish poisoning can occur after eating clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, cockles, starfish, and crustaceans that consume dinoflagellates during a red tide. Symptoms of shellfish poisoning begin 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating and include: Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingertips.


Question: How do you get shellfish poisoning?

Answer: Shellfish poisoning can occur after eating clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, cockles, starfish, and crustaceans that consume dinoflagellates during a red tide. During a red tide, sea waters turn a reddish color because large numbers of red organisms (dinoflagellates) are present. Shellfish that is contaminated during a red tide does not have an abnormal taste, smell, or color, and the toxin is not destroyed by heating or cooking.


Question: What can happen if you have shellfish poisoning?

Answer: Shellfish poisoning can occur after eating clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, cockles, starfish, and crustaceans that consume dinoflagellates during a red tide. The person who has been poisoned may also develop the following conditions: Headache Lower-back pain Vertigo (dizziness) Loss of balance Drooling Blurred vision Temporary blindness Elevated heart rate Low blood pressure Altered temperature perception Ingesting large amounts of contaminated shellfish can result in coma and respiratory failure. Medical liquid charcoal to absorb the toxins may be given as a drink.


Question: How is anosmia caused by medications treated?

Answer: If you suspect a medication is affecting your sense of smell, talk to your doctor and see if there are other treatment options available that won't affect your ability to smell. However, never stop taking a medication without first talking with your doctor.


Question: What causes anosmia?

Answer: Nasal congestion from a cold, allergy, sinus infection, or poor air quality is the most common cause of anosmia. Other anosmia causes include: Nasal polyps -- small noncancerous growths in the nose and sinuses that block the nasal passage. Injury to the nose and smell nerves from surgery or head trauma. Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as pesticides or solvents. Certain medications, including antibiotics, antidepressants, anti-inflammatory medication, heart medications, and others. Cocaine abuse. Old age. Like vision and hearing, your sense of smell can become weaker as you age. In fact, one's sense of smell is most keen between the ages of 30 and 60 and begins to decline after age 60. Certain medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, nutritional deficiencies, congenital conditions, and hormonal disturbances. Radiation treatment of head and neck cancers.


Question: How is anosmia diagnosed?

Answer: If you experience a loss of smell that you can't attribute to a cold or allergy or which doesn't get better after a week or two, tell your doctor. Your doctor can take a look inside your nose with a special instrument to see if a polyp or growth is impairing your ability to smell or if an infection is present. Further testing by a doctor who specializes in nose and sinus problems -- an ear, nose, and throat doctor ( ENT, or an otolaryngologist) -- may be needed to determine the cause of anosmia. A CT scan may be necessary so that the doctor can get a better look of the area.


Question: What are the symptoms of anosmia?

Answer: The obvious sign of anosmia is a loss of smell. Some people with anosmia notice a change in the way things smell. For example, familiar things begin to lack odor.


Question: How is anosmia caused by polyps treated?

Answer: If a polyp or growth is present, surgery may be needed to remove the obstruction and regain your sense of smell.


Question: How is anosmia caused by nasal congestion treated?

Answer: Nasal congestion from a cold, allergy, sinus infection, or poor air quality is the most common cause of anosmia. Short-term use of over-the-counter decongestants may open up your nasal passages so that you can breathe easier. However, if the congestion gets worse or does not go away after a few days, see your doctor. You may have an infection and need antibiotics, or another medical condition may be to blame.


Question: If you have agoraphobia, what might you worry about?

Answer: With agoraphobia, you might worry when you are in: Public transportation (buses, trains, ships, or planes) Large, open spaces (parking lots, bridges) Closed-in spaces (stores, movie theaters) Crowds or standing in line Being outside your home alone You may be willing to go just a handful of places. This cuts down on the chances of panic. You may even dread leaving your house.


Question: What are symptoms of agoraphobia?

Answer: If you end up in one, you can become very anxious. Symptoms may include: Fast, pounding heart Sweating, trembling, shaking Breathing problems Feeling hot or cold Nausea or diarrhea Chest pain Problems swallowing Dizziness or feeling faint Fear of dying A lot of these symptoms are the same for other medical conditions like heart disease, stomach issues, and breathing problems. If you feel better and no longer are stressed when you're in places that used to scare you, your doctor may begin tapering off your medicine.


Question: What might your doctor do to find out if you have agoraphobia?

Answer: But when your fears keep you from getting out into the world, and you avoid places because you think you'll feel trapped and not be able to get help, you may have agoraphobia. Symptoms may include: Fast, pounding heart Sweating, trembling, shaking Breathing problems Feeling hot or cold Nausea or diarrhea Chest pain Problems swallowing Dizziness or feeling faint Fear of dying A lot of these symptoms are the same for other medical conditions like heart disease, stomach issues, and breathing problems. So you may make several trips to the doctor or emergency room before you and your doctor figure out what's really going on. Your doctor may ask: Do you find it scary or stressful to leave your house? Do you have to avoid some places or situations? What happens if you end up in one of them?


Question: Are lotions good if you have eczema?

Answer: Lotions are mostly made of water and have the lowest amount of oil. They don't usually work well for people with eczema. They evaporate quickly and may have ingredients that bother your skin.


Question: How can ointments help with treating eczema?

Answer: There are three types of moisturizers: lotions, creams, and ointments. They help it hold on to moisture. Some people like to use them overnight. This gives your skin time to absorb them fully. Petroleum jelly and mineral oil are examples.


Question: Is it OK to use moisturizer if you have eczema?

Answer: Pat your skin dry. The best options are: Fragrance free (not just unscented) Perfume free Dye free Unscented products may have still fragrances, so they can still irritate you skin. Check the label if you know you're allergic to a certain ingredient. Dab a pea-sized bit of any new product onto the crook of your elbow or the inside of your wrist. Wait 24 to 48 hours to see if it causes a rash, redness, or itching before you use it on your entire body.


Question: What are non-drug options for easing pain due to an illness?

Answer: There are a number of non-drug tools for coping with pain. They can be used on their own or in combination with drug therapies. Pet therapy.


Question: Which conditions are treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } RFA can be used to help patients with chronic (long-lasting) low-back and neck pain and pain related to the degeneration of joints from arthritis.


Question: How long does pain relief from radiofrequency ablation (RFA) last?

Answer: The degree of pain relief varies, depending on the cause and location of the pain. Pain relief from RFA can last from six to 12 months and in some cases, relief can last for years. More than 70% of patients treated with RFA experience pain relief.


Question: What are warnings about radiofrequency ablation (RFA)?

Answer: You will need to bring someone with you to drive you home after the procedure. Tell the emergency room staff that you just had RFA. A doctor must evaluate you for bleeding and injection complications.


Question: How do I prepare for radiofrequency ablation (RFA)?

Answer: If you have diabetes and use insulin, you must adjust the dosage of insulin the day of the procedure. Your primary care doctor will help you with this adjustment. Bring your diabetes medication with you so you can take it after the procedure. Continue to take all other medications with a small sip of water. Bring all medication with you so you can take it after the procedure. Please note: Do not discontinue any medication without first consulting with your primary or referring doctor. You will need to bring someone with you to drive you home after the procedure. You should not drive or operate machinery for at least 24 hours after the procedure. You will have a few restrictions immediately following radiofrequency ablation: Do not drive or operate machinery for at least 24 hours after the procedure.


Question: What are common triggers of hereditary angioedema (HAE)?

Answer: These may include: Extreme fatigue Muscle ache Tingling Headache Belly pain Hoarseness Mood changes Although you may not be able to tell what your triggers are, common ones include: Stress or anxiety Minor injury or surgery Illnesses such as colds or flu Physical activities such as typing, hammering, or pushing a lawn mower Medications, including some used for high blood pressure and congestive heart failure Women may notice a difference in the number or sharpness of attacks when they: Have their period Are pregnant.


Question: What can swelling in your belly from hereditary angioedema (HAE) cause?

Answer: Swelling in your belly can cause: Extreme pain Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea You may notice warning signs before swelling begins.


Question: How is hereditary angioedema (HAE) treated?

Answer: Doctors can use medications to treat or prevent attacks: C1 Esterase Inhibitor ( Berinert, Cinryze) Conestat alfa ( Rhucin, Ruconest) Ecallantide ( Kalbitor) Icatibant ( Firazyr) Lanadelumab ( Takhzyro, SHP643) You may also need oxygen or IV fluids to ease your symptoms. Your doctor will make recommendations for what you need.


Question: Where can you get support for hereditary angioedema (HAE)?

Answer: To learn more about HAE and to find the support of others who have it, visit the website of the U. S. Hereditary Angioedema Association at www.haea.org.


Question: How important is a correct diagnosis of hereditary angioedema (HAE)?

Answer: The right diagnosis is key. Sometimes people are treated for allergies when it's really HAE that causes their swelling. Antihistamines and corticosteroids that treat allergies don't work well for this disease. You can have severe stomach swelling, pain, and diarrhea and severe dehydration and if misdiagnosed, it can lead to surgery you don't need. Your doctor will do a physical exam. You'll need blood tests, too, to confirm that it's HAE. If you do have it, ask your doctor to refer you to a specialist familiar with the condition. You should also ask your doctor about having other members of your family tested, even if no one has symptoms.


Question: What is hereditary angioedema (HAE)?

Answer: Hereditary angioedema is a rare genetic condition that causes swelling under the skin and lining of the gut and lungs. It can happen in different parts of your body. You are born with hereditary angioedema ( HAE). Although you'll always have it, treatment helps you manage it. There have been big improvements in treatment, and researchers continue to look for new solutions. Symptoms most often initially show up in childhood and get worse during the teen years. Many people don't know HAE is causing their swelling until they're adults. With this disease, a certain protein in your body is not in balance. This causes tiny blood vessels to push fluid into nearby areas of your body. That leads to sudden swelling. Where you have it on your body, how often the bouts happen, and how strong they are different for everyone. The attacks can come and go as well as move to different spots during the same bout. The swelling typically goes away on its own but can also occur as a life-threatening event. Your throat can swell. That can cut off your airways and could be deadly. So if you know you have HAE and you feel any change like that, call 911 right away. The frequency of attacks can vary. You can have attacks as often as every 1 to 2 weeks or 1 to 2 per year, and they can be hard to manage.


Question: What can you do to take care of yourself if you have hereditary angioedema (HAE)?

Answer: Learn as much as you can about HAE so you can make informed decisions about your treatment and medications that you should be cautious with. If you can figure out your triggers, you can better avoid them. It helps to track your attacks and symptoms in a journal and look for patterns. Talk to your doctor before you have any dental work. He may want you to take medication to avoid a flare. Also talk with your doctor before you take any new prescription medicines. There is a chance they could trigger an attack. Carry your medical information with you at all times. If your child has HAE, note any changes in behavior that you see before an attack. As he gets older, he'll need to learn his triggers and treatment needs. Make sure all caregivers and family members know about the condition and what to do if an attack happens. Remember: Any swelling in the throat is an emergency. Take your medication for attacks and call 911. Connect with others who are living with HAE. They can share their insights and tips to help you manage your symptoms.


Question: Can capsaicin help with treating diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: It's thought to control a chemical called substance P, which helps send pain signals through your nerves. It can help in the short term, but there are concerns about long-term use. That's because these same nerves play a role in wound healing, a process that's already a problem if you have diabetes.


Question: What items are made with eggs?

Answer: Many other items may also, including: Breaded and batter-fried foods Caesar salad dressing Cream pies, fillings, and puffs Crepes and waffles Custards, puddings, and ice cream Eggnog Eggrolls Egg substitutes Coffee drinks like cappuccino (eggs are sometimes used to help create the foam) Fizzes Lollipops and other candies Marshmallows and marzipan Mayonnaise Meatloaf and meatballs Meringue and frostings Pastas Sauces, including Hollandaise and tartar sauce Simplesse (fat substitute) SoufflÃ©s Some soups and consommÃ©s Wine ( Egg whites may be used in the process of making wine.)


Question: What forms of eggs should you avoid if you have egg allergy?

Answer: Also avoid eggs in other forms, such as: Egg powder Dried eggs Egg solids You probably know that lots of baked goods have eggs in them.


Question: Why should you not take the yellow fever vaccine if you have egg allergy?

Answer: If you see these ingredients on food labels, it means the food may contain egg proteins: Albumin Globulin Lecithin Lysozyme Ovalbumin Ovovitellin If you have an allergy to eggs, talk to your doctor first before getting a vaccination. The yellow fever vaccine contains egg protein. The CDC and the World Health Organization say that you should not get this vaccine if you have a severe egg allergy.


Question: How will you know if a food has eggs?

Answer: If you still aren't sure, don't eat the food. Also check labels of cosmetics, shampoos, creams, and lotions. These can sometimes have eggs in them, too.


Question: What vaccines can you take if you have egg allergy?

Answer: The measles-mumps-rubella ( MMR) vaccine also may contain a trace amount of eggs. But several studies show that it's safe for people with egg allergies. Flu vaccines may also contain some egg protein. Experts have long advised people with allergies to eggs not to get the flu shot. A study published in Dec 2017 in Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology found the flu shot to be safe and recommended its use for people who are allergic to eggs. Someone who is allergic to eggs is not at an increased risk of experiencing an adverse reaction to the flu vaccine.


Question: What food ingredients are linked with eggs?

Answer: If you see these ingredients on food labels, it means the food may contain egg proteins: Albumin Globulin Lecithin Lysozyme Ovalbumin Ovovitellin If you have an allergy to eggs, talk to your doctor first before getting a vaccination.


Question: Can I get a flu vaccine that's made without eggs?

Answer: When you' or your children are allergic to them, you need to know what to look for on food labels and what you can use instead when you cook or bake. Someone who is allergic to eggs is not at an increased risk of experiencing an adverse reaction to the flu vaccine. it is no longer necessary to: See an allergy specialist for the flu shot.


Question: What do you need to know about egg allergy?

Answer: Most people with egg allergies react to the egg whites, not the yolk. To be safe, don't eat either part. Even if you separate them, the yolk is likely to have some of the white's proteins in it. If you see these ingredients on food labels, it means the food may contain egg proteins: Albumin Globulin Lecithin Lysozyme Ovalbumin Ovovitellin If you have an allergy to eggs, talk to your doctor first before getting a vaccination. There were concerns that an anesthesia medicine called propofol has egg protein in it and may cause a reaction in those who are allergic to eggs. Most young children outgrow their egg allergy, but to be sure, ask your child's doctor.


Question: What HPV vaccine is recommended as a routine vaccination?

Answer: One HPV vaccine, Gardasil is recommended as a routine vaccination for males and females aged 9-26 years old. Gardasil 9 has been expanded to include use by men and women up to age 45.


Question: How effective are HPV vaccines?

Answer: Like all vaccines, these HPV vaccines are not foolproof. They do not protect against all of the 100-plus types of HPV. But both vaccines are nearly 100% effective in preventing disease caused by high-risk strains of HPV -- HPV 16 and 18 -- which together account for 70% of all cervical cancers, as well as many cancers of the vagina and vulva.


Question: Who should get the HPV vaccine Gardasil?

Answer: Ideally, the vaccine should be given to girls and boys at ages 11 to 12, according to recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics and the CDC. The vaccine is best given at a young age, before sexual activity begins and before exposure to HPV. The vaccine can be given up to age 26. The recommendations note that girls as young as 9 can get the vaccine, and up to age 26 if they didn't get it when they were younger. The vaccine is also being studied in older women. Gardasil and Gardasil 9 are also indicated for boys and men ages 9-26; it protects against two types of HPV that cause 90% of genital warts.


Question: What can HPV vaccines protect against?

Answer: HPV infects at least 50% of sexually active people at some point in their lives. The virus often clears from the body on its own. If it persists, it can lead to cervical, anal, and throat cancers and to genital warts. They do not protect against all of the 100-plus types of HPV.


Question: What is large-plaque parapsoriasis?

Answer: Large-plaque: Rashes are bigger and sometimes irregularly shaped. Some people with this form develop a kind of lymphoma called mycosis fungoides. It's a cancer of the white blood cells that starts in the skin. Some doctors consider large-plaque parapsoriasis a separate disease. Others think it's just an early stage of mycosis fungoides.


Question: What is small-plaque parapsoriasis?

Answer: There are two kinds: Small-plaque: Rash spots are less than 5 cm across. It's usually considered harmless.


Question: What is the difference between psoriasis and parapsoriasis?

Answer: These skin problems can look similar at the skin surface, but they are different under a microscope. The rash pattern of guttate psoriasis looks like parapsoriasis and also shows up on your chest. But it tends to come on after an infection. The plaque form of psoriasis may look like parapsoriasis when you first notice it, but it eventually becomes thick patches of flaky skin, usually on your knees, elbows, scalp, and lower back.


Question: What is the treatment for parapsoriasis?

Answer: Your doctors may recommend light therapy to help with your symptoms. It's usually done in a doctor's office or with an at-home unit that delivers a controlled dose of UVB light. Sunlight may help, too. Moisturizers can make your skin look better. The skin problem can last for months or years.


Question: How often should I see my doctor if I have large-plaque parapsoriasis?

Answer: It should be checked twice a year because of its potential to become cancerous. You may need a biopsy every so often to see if it's progressed to lymphoma.


Question: What are the symptoms of parapsoriasis?

Answer: Spots are usually pink or red but also can appear brown or yellowish. They can be raised and bumpy with a scaly or wrinkly appearance. You typically get them on your chest, stomach, and back, but they also may appear on your arms and legs. They're generally round or oval but can be different sizes. You may itch, but you probably won't have any other symptoms. The rash pattern of guttate psoriasis looks like parapsoriasis and also shows up on your chest.


Question: What are diet pills and supplements for rapid weight loss?

Answer: Diet Pills and Supplements Dozens of diet supplements promise to speed weight loss. Generally, they claim either to block absorption of nutrients, increase metabolism, or burn fat.


Question: Does rapid weight loss work?

Answer: Aside from the very low-calorie diet and weight loss surgery, no other product, pill, or diet has been proven to work for fast weight loss. There are prescription medications for weight loss, although none is intended for rapid weight loss, and there can be side effects. In any rapid weight loss program, what really burns fat is not a pill or type of food.


Question: What are the risks of rapid weight loss?

Answer: Possible serious risks include: Gallstones, which occur in 12% to 25% of people losing large amounts of weight over several months Dehydration, which can be avoided by drinking plenty of fluids Malnutrition, usually from not eating enough protein for weeks at a time Electrolyte imbalances, which rarely can be life threatening Other side effects of rapid weight loss include: Headaches Irritability Fatigue Dizziness Constipation Menstrual irregularities Hair loss Muscle loss The dangers of rapid weight loss increase with the time spent on the diet. Most people seeking rapid weight loss, though, usually do it on their own.


Question: Why is an accurate diagnosis of Alzheimerâs disease important?

Answer: An early and accurate diagnosis can also give you or your loved one time to plan for the future. You can start using some medicines that help people in the earlier stages of Alzheimer's control some of their symptoms for a while, as well. On average, these drugs keep symptoms from getting worse for about 6 to 12 months in about half of the people who take them.


Question: How does neuropsychological testing help diagnose Alzheimerâs disease?

Answer: This studies the relationship between the brain and behavior. It helps in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect thinking, emotion, and behavior, including Alzheimer's. Doctors give you these tests along with a thorough interview. They may also give you other tests to check memory, language, the ability to plan and reason, and the ability to change behavior. Neuropsychological testing also can help the doctor and your family better understand the effect of a disorder on your everyday life.


Question: How do you diagnose Alzheimerâs disease?

Answer: Doctors can't definitely diagnose Alzheimer's disease until after death, when they can closely examine the brain under a microscope. But they can use tests to rule out other conditions that might cause the same symptoms. He'll want to know: Your symptoms, including any trouble you have with everyday tasks Other medical conditions you have now or had before Medications you take Your personal history, like your marital status, living conditions, employment, sexual history, and important life events Your mental state. The doctor will ask you a series of questions that help him figure out if you're having a mental health problem, like depression. CT scans can show brain changes that are common in the later stages of Alzheimer's. It can help doctors see if a tumor or a stroke has caused symptoms that look like Alzheimer's. This studies the relationship between the brain and behavior.


Question: Should I keep track of my ketone tests if I have diabetes?

Answer: Keep detailed records of any urine or ketone tests you perform. These can help alert you and your doctor to any problems. Bring them with you on every office visit.


Question: When should I test for ketones if I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you have type 2 diabetes, there isn't much chance you'll have too many ketones, even if you're taking insulin. But it could happen during a severe illness. Your doctor may tell you to check your urine when: You have a cold, the flu, or other illness or have unexplained nausea or vomiting. Your blood sugar level is over 300 mg/d L and continues to rise throughout the day.


Question: What ketone test results require a doctor?

Answer: A urine test for ketones should always be negative. Report a positive result to your doctor immediately. You should also let her know right away if your blood sugar remains high or if you have stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing, sweet-smelling breath, or if you're peeing a lot. The doctor may tell you to: Drink plenty of water and fluids to lower the amounts of ketones and stay hydrated. Continue to check your blood sugar. If it's high, you may need to give yourself a small amount of rapid-acting insulin. Go to the local emergency room so you can get intravenous fluids and insulin.


Question: How do I test for ketones?

Answer: Your doctor can check for ketone levels, or you can do it at home with an over-the-counter kit. You simply dip a test strip into your urine. It will change color, and you'll compare it to a chart to see what your reading means.


Question: How do people with diabetes check for kidney problems?

Answer: But early and tight control of your blood sugar and blood pressure, plus help from certain medications, can keep these organs working like they should To check for problems, your doctor can do a test that measures the amount of protein in your urine, called microalbuminuria. It shows up when small amounts of albumin (the main protein in your blood) seep into your pee. Without treatment to slow the leak, your kidneys could be damaged and eventually fail. You should get this test every year starting as soon as you're diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. That's because high blood sugar is usually present many years before you find out you have the disease. If you have type 1 diabetes, you probably won't get the test until you've been diagnosed for 5 years.


Question: When should someone call the doctor after a positive urine test?

Answer: A urine test for ketones should always be negative. Report a positive result to your doctor immediately. You should also let her know right away if your blood sugar remains high or if you have stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing, sweet-smelling breath, or if you're peeing a lot. The doctor may tell you to: Drink plenty of water and fluids to lower the amounts of ketones and stay hydrated. Continue to check your blood sugar. If it's high, you may need to give yourself a small amount of rapid-acting insulin. Go to the local emergency room so you can get intravenous fluids and insulin.


Question: When should I test for ketones if I have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: If you have type 1 diabetes, you may need to check your urine for ketones if: You feel sick (have a cold, the flu, or other illness) and have nausea or vomiting. You're pregnant. Your blood sugar level is over 300 mg/d L. You have symptoms of high blood sugar including extreme thirst or tiredness, a flushed or foggy feeling, or your breath smells fruity. The doctor tells you to.


Question: When should someone with type 2 diabetes check their urine for ketones?

Answer: If you have type 2 diabetes, there isn't much chance you'll have too many ketones, even if you're taking insulin. But it could happen during a severe illness. Your doctor may tell you to check your urine when: You have a cold, the flu, or other illness or have unexplained nausea or vomiting. Your blood sugar level is over 300 mg/d L and continues to rise throughout the day.


Question: How do doctors test for ketone levels in urine tests?

Answer: Your doctor can check for ketone levels, or you can do it at home with an over-the-counter kit. You simply dip a test strip into your urine. It will change color, and you'll compare it to a chart to see what your reading means.


Question: What tests other than blood tests do people with diabetes use?

Answer: Two simple ones that check your urine can help you and your doctor watch for kidney disease and severe high blood sugar. Keep detailed records of any urine or ketone tests you perform.


Question: What is the final word on the Flat Belly Diet?

Answer: The Final Word If you're not ready for a huge change in your diet, look elsewhere for weight loss. The extreme cut in calories in this diet is more likely to leave you discouraged instead of thinner. If you think you have it in you, go for it. Just have a plan in place for sticking with a more moderate weight loss plan in the long run.


Question: What is the promise in the Flat Belly Diet?

Answer: That's the promise of the Flat Belly Diet. Now for the fine print: The kind of fat matters. The plan focuses on monounsaturated fats, which you get from olive oil, nuts, and other plant foods. To do that and lose fat (not water weight), you'd have to cut about 1,600 calories out of your diet every day!


Question: What are risks of taking citicoline?

Answer: That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications. Side effects. Citicoline is usually well-tolerated but may cause nausea and diarrhea. Risks. Children, and women who are pregnant or breast feeding, should avoid using citicoline. We do not know if citicoline is safe for these groups. Interactions. If you take any medicines regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using any supplements.


Question: Why do people take citicoline?

Answer: Some research backs up these uses. Studies have found that citicoline supplements may help improve memory in older people.


Question: What food is a good source of citicoline?

Answer: Foods are not a good source of citicoline.


Question: What is the best dosage for citicoline?

Answer: The best doses of citicoline have not been set for any condition. Quality and ingredients in supplements may vary widely. This makes it hard to set a standard dose. Some studies have used doses of 1000 mg to 2000 mg a day. Ask your health care provider for advice.


Question: What are the symptoms of trochanteric bursitis?

Answer: Other causes of trochanteric bursitis include: muscle tears hip injuries hip surgery complications poor posture diseases such as gout (a form of arthritis with sudden, sharp attacks of pain, often at the base of the big toe) You'll first notice trochanteric bursitis when you feel pain at the outside of your hip. At first, the pain may be sharp, but with time, it may turn into a dull ache. Moving your hip, particularly going down stairs, might make the pain worse. If left untreated, the pain may start going down your upper leg. You'll likely feel it when you lay on the side of your affected hip and when getting up from a chair. The joint becomes stiff, and the bursa itself is sensitive to touch. In extreme cases, your hip joint may become red and swollen and you may even have a fever.


Question: How is trochanteric bursitis diagnosed?

Answer: When you visit your doctor, she'll most likely do a physical exam, focusing on how long you've had the condition and specific movements that cause the pain. She may order X-rays to rule out other issues, since bursitis itself doesn't show up on X-rays. You could get an ultrasound test, and you may get an MRI if your hip isn't responding to treatment. In some cases, your doctor may inject your bursa with an anesthetic. If the pain goes away at once, you most likely have trochanteric bursitis.


Question: What are other causes of trochanteric bursitis?

Answer: Other causes of trochanteric bursitis include: muscle tears hip injuries hip surgery complications poor posture diseases such as gout (a form of arthritis with sudden, sharp attacks of pain, often at the base of the big toe) You'll first notice trochanteric bursitis when you feel pain at the outside of your hip.


Question: What is trochanteric bursitis?

Answer: The outside point of the hip, which is called the greater trochanter, has a bursa called the trochanteric bursa. ( The other bursa, on the inside of the hip area, is called the iliopsoas bursa.) When that outside hip bursa gets inflamed, you have trochanteric bursitis. Also known as greater trochanteric pain syndrome ( GTPS), it is a common condition and easily treatable. You'll find bursa sacs at many of the body's major joints, including the elbow, shoulder, and knee. The small pouches are filled with a thick fluid and are meant to lubricate joints and protect body parts from friction. The trochanteric bursa, like other bursae, may become inflamed if the hip is overused or injured.


Question: What causes trochanteric bursitis?

Answer: The hip joint is one of the largest and strongest joints in the human body. The small pouches are filled with a thick fluid and are meant to lubricate joints and protect body parts from friction. The trochanteric bursa, like other bursae, may become inflamed if the hip is overused or injured. Trochanteric bursitis affects about five of every 1,000 adults and generally occurs in middle-aged or older people, though people of any age may get the condition. Active adults who regularly walk, run, or cycle may be susceptible to trochanteric bursitis. The side of the leg includes a long piece of connective tissue called the iliotibial band ( ITB), which runs from the hip to the knee. If the ITB is tight from hard use, it may rub against the trochanteric bursa and cause irritation, leading to bursitis.


Question: What types of vaginal estrogen treat vaginal dryness?

Answer: Most women use one of three types of vaginal estrogen: Ring ( Estring): You or your doctor inserts this soft, flexible ring into your vagina where it releases a steady stream of estrogen directly to the tissues. The ring is replaced every 3 months. Tablet ( Vagifem): You use a disposable applicator to put a tablet into your vagina once a day for the first two weeks of treatment. Then you do it twice a week until you no longer need it. Cream ( Estrace, Premarin): You use an applicator to get the cream into your vagina. You'll typically apply the cream daily for 1 to 2 weeks, then cut back to one to three times a week as directed by your doctor.


Question: What are other causes of vaginal dryness?

Answer: Estrogen levels can also drop because of: Childbirth and breastfeeding Radiation or chemotherapy treatment for cancer Surgical removal of the ovaries Anti-estrogen medications used to treat uterine fibroids or endometriosis Other causes of vaginal dryness include: SjÃ¶gren's syndrome (an autoimmune disorder that attacks cells in the body that produce moisture) Allergy and cold medications Certain antidepressants Douching Not enough foreplay before sex No matter what the cause, vaginal dryness can be extremely uncomfortable. It can lead to itching, burning, and painful intercourse.


Question: What should I avoid to prevent vaginal dryness?

Answer: Avoid using douches, bubble baths, scented soaps, and lotions around the sensitive vaginal area. These products can worsen dryness.


Question: How is vaginal dryness diagnosed?

Answer: Any burning, itching, or discomfort in the area is worth a call to your doctor or gynecologist. They'll ask about your past health and find out how long you've had symptoms and what seems to make them worse or better. Your doctor will do a pelvic exam, checking your vagina for any thinning or redness. The exam will help rule out other possible causes for your discomfort, including a vaginal or urinary tract infection. The doctor may also remove cells from your vaginal wall or cervix for a Pap test.


Question: What should you know about vaginal dryness?

Answer: It can happen at any age from a number of different causes. It may seem like a minor irritation. But the lack of vaginal moisture can have a huge impact on your sex life. Fortunately, several treatments are available to relieve vaginal dryness. Vaginal dryness is common symptom of menopause -- and close to one out of every three women deals with it while going through "the change." It becomes even more common afterward.


Question: How can you protect yourself from outside noise if you have tinnitus?

Answer: Here are some ways to protect yourself from our noisy world: Keep music at 60% of full volume or lower when using earbuds. Don't listen for more than 60 minutes at one time. Wear ear plugs at concerts, loud restaurants, or other loud events. If you can't hear someone standing an arm's length away, it's loud enough to cause hearing damage and make tinnitus worse. Use ear plugs or earmuffs when cutting the grass, using power tools, or using snow or leaf blowers. Always use ear protection in a noisy workplace.


Question: What can make tinnitus worse?

Answer: Some people report that certain foods, drinks, or drugs can make their symptoms worse. Not everyone is affected the same way, so try to avoid triggers one at a time and keep a written log. You may not need to avoid every possible trigger. Instead, notice which things affect your symptoms.


Question: What are triggers of tinnitus?

Answer: Some possible triggers include: Drinks with caffeine such as cola, coffee, tea, and energy drinks Alcohol Aspirin Salt Kick the habit, if you smoke.


Question: How can relaxation help tinnitus?

Answer: Plan time to relax every day. It's normal to feel anxious and annoyed when you first develop tinnitus or when it flares up. But stress and worry can make your symptoms worse. Try different ways to relax until you find what works best for you. Even 15 minutes of deep relaxation can ease stress and improve your mood.


Question: What are good sleep habits to help tinnitus?

Answer: Practice good sleep habits for more restful sleep: Make your bedroom dark and cool. Use a fan or white-noise machine if your bedroom is too quiet. Set aside 7 to 9 hours for sleep at night. Go to bed and get up at the same time every day. Develop a bedtime routine, such as taking a relaxing warm bath right before bedtime. Make sure your bed and pillows are comfortable and supportive. Avoid exercise, food, and alcohol 2 to 3 hours before going to sleep.


Question: How can you cope with tinnitus?

Answer: Tinnitus may bother you more when it's quiet. Follow these suggestions: Try not to notice the ringing or buzzing. Keep yourself distracted with work and favorite activities. Learn which coping techniques work for you and practice them regularly. Over time, you may find that you get used to tinnitus, and the sounds in your head no longer bother you.