Question: Can primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) cause enlarged veins?

Answer: Enlarged veins: When blood can't flow freely through your portal vein, it can back up elsewhere, especially your stomach and esophagus. That leads to more pressure in your veins, which can trigger bleeding and enlarged blood vessels, called varices. This is serious, and you'd need to see a doctor right away.


Question: How can primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) cause gallstone and bile duct stones?

Answer: Gallstone and bile duct stones: When bile backs up and can't flow through the ducts, it can harden and turn into stones. You could also get stones if bile can't flow easily to and from your gallbladder. They're often painful and can lead to infections.


Question: How do clinical trials help treatment for prostate cancer?

Answer: These studies test new drugs to see if they're safe and if they work. They're often a way to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for you and how to find one. Clinical trials for people with prostate cancer let researchers find new methods to treat the cancer and manage symptoms and side effects.


Question: What are risks of clinical trial for prostate cancer?

Answer: The new treatment may not work as well as standard treatments. There's also a risk of side effects from the drug the clinical trial is testing. You won't know ahead of time if those side effects are worse than those of your current treatment.


Question: What is used to diagnose ulcers?

Answer: Endoscopy, in which a flexible fiber-optic tube is inserted down the throat to give the doctor a direct view of the inside of your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, is the most accurate diagnostic test to diagnose a peptic ulcer. This allows the doctor to determine the presence and cause of bleeding and test for any bacterial infection. During this exam, your doctor may also conduct a biopsy to check for cancer. For people who can't have an endoscopy, a barium swallow (or upper GI series of X-rays) can also allow your doctor to identify and locate the ulcer and determine its type and severity. The test requires you to drink a "barium milkshake," which has a liquid that will show up on an X-ray. You may be asked to eat only bland, easily digestible foods for two or three days before the test. After drinking the chalky liquid, you lie down on a tilting examining table, which evenly distributes the barium around your upper digestive tract and allows the X-ray to capture images at different angles.


Question: Why is somatic symptom disorder a difficult diagnosis?

Answer: Doctors need to perform many tests to rule out other possible causes before diagnosing SSD. The diagnosis of SSD can create a lot of stress and frustration for patients. They may feel unsatisfied if there's no better physical explanation for their symptoms or if they are told their level of distress about a physical illness is excessive. Stress often leads patients to become more worried about their health, and this creates a vicious cycle that can persist for years.


Question: What is conversion disorder?

Answer: This condition is diagnosed when people have neurological symptoms that can't be traced back to a medical cause. For example, patients may have symptoms such as: Weakness or paralysis Abnormal movements (such as tremor, unsteady gait, or seizures) Blindness Hearing loss Loss of sensation or numbness Stress usually makes symptoms of conversion disorder worse.


Question: How do you stop the spread of pubic lice and eggs?

Answer: Check other family members for crabs. Anyone who sleeps in the same bed as the person should be treated, even if no pubic lice are found. Wash clothes, bedding, or towels used by the person in the two days before treatment. Use hot water. Dry-clean or store Items that can't be washed in a plastic bag for 2 weeks. Treatment may need to be repeated 9 to 10 days later. Avoid sexual contact until the person and sexual partners have been treated and re-evaluated.


Question: What can treatment for sleep apnea caused by multiple sclerosis do?

Answer: The right treatment can help you breathe easier, sleep better, and feel more alert during the day.


Question: If I have multiple sclerosis and sleep apnea, what should I discuss with my doctor?

Answer: Go over all the medicines you take with your doctor. Ask if any of your MS drugs might affect your breathing at night. If so, see if you can switch to another medicine.


Question: If I have multiple sclerosis, how can I treat my sleep apnea by altering my daily routine?

Answer: A few changes to your daily routine can also help treat sleep apnea: If you're overweight, lose weight with diet and exercise. To keep your airway open, sleep on your side instead of your back. You can buy a special pillow to stop you from rolling over. If you smoke, ask your doctor for tips to help you quit. Smoking can make sleep apnea worse.


Question: How will my doctor know if I have sleep apnea?

Answer: Other signs of sleep apnea are: Dry mouth when you wake up Feeling tired in the daytime Headaches in the morning Mood swings and irritability Trouble remembering, learning, or concentrating During the exam, your doctor will check your mouth, nose, and throat. You might also have a sleep study to find out for sure if you have sleep apnea and, if so, how severe it is. You'll stay overnight in a lab or use a device at home to monitor your breathing while you sleep.


Question: How common is sleep apnea in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: In fact, while sleep apnea only affects about 3% of Americans overall, between 4% and 20% of people with MS have it.


Question: How can multiple sclerosis cause sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep apnea happens more often in people who are overweight. The extra tissue falls over your windpipe while you sleep, so less air gets into your lungs. MS can make you feel too tired to exercise. Both a lack of activity and the steroid drugs you might take to control MS can cause weight gain.


Question: What are my risks if I have multiple sclerosis and sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep apnea can do more than make you feel tired during the day. If you don't treat it, it can increase your risk for the following: Accidents, such as car accidents Diabetes Heart attack Heart failure High blood pressure Irregular heartbeat Obesity Stroke It can also affect your memory and make it harder for you to think clearly.


Question: If I have multiple sclerosis and sleep apnea, will my risk for other diseases increase?

Answer: It also raises your risk of conditions like heart disease and diabetes.


Question: Why is sleep apnea more common in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Sleep apnea is very common in people with MS for another reason. MS attacks myelin -- the coating that surrounds and protects nerve cells. It leaves behind scars called lesions in your brain and spinal cord. Damage from MS can make it harder for your brain to control your breathing while you sleep.


Question: What are common sleep problems that can occur with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Insomnia, restless legs syndrome, sleep apnea, and other sleep problems happen more often in people with MS.


Question: Does sleep apnea make you feel tired?

Answer: Sleep apnea can do more than make you feel tired during the day.


Question: How can I find the right machine and mask to treat my sleep apnea caused by multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your doctor can help you find the right type of CPAP machine and mask. Some masks are hard to fasten, which could be a problem if you have weakness or numbness in your hands. If you have damage to nerves in your face, choose a mask that doesn't put too much pressure there.


Question: What is an alternative treatment for sleep apnea caused by multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Another sleep apnea treatment is a mouthpiece called an oral appliance. This moves your lower jaw and tongue to keep your airway open. A dentist or orthodontist can fit you for one.


Question: What are things that my doctor may discuss before getting loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)?

Answer: Before you agree to get one, make sure your doctor explains: Why they want you to have one What the results could mean What the risks, benefits, and complications could be Who will do it If there are other options A LEEP usually takes about 10 to 20 minutes.


Question: How can I enhance my father-baby bonding?

Answer: Here are some ways to enhance the father-baby bonding experience: Try to begin bonding with your baby before he is born. Put your hand on your partner's belly to feel the baby kick, go with her to the doctor for prenatal visits, and start thinking about the kind of father you want to be. Be in the delivery room during the baby's birth and take part in the delivery as much as possible. Help out with the baby's care: take over a few late-night feedings, give the baby a bath, change diapers, or sing the baby to sleep. Walk with the baby in a carrier close to your body.


Question: Why am I not bonding with my baby?

Answer: Although bonding can be immediate for some people, others stare at the tiny, bawling creature they have just brought home from the hospital and wonder, " Who is this person?" Don't feel guilty if you aren't bonding with your baby right from the start. Remember that the process sometimes takes time. As you care for your new baby, you may find that your attachment grows. It may not be until the first time your baby shoots you a toothless grin that you suddenly realize you have bonded.


Question: How can you successfully set a bedtime routine for helping a baby sleep through the night?

Answer: Some parents start their baby's bedtime routine as early as 6 to 8 weeks old. Your baby's routine can be any combination of regular bedtime activities. The keys to success: Play active games during the day and quiet games in the evening. This keeps your baby from getting too excited right before bedtime but gets her tired from the day's activities. Keep activities the same and in the same order, night after night. Make every activity calm and peaceful, especially toward the end of the routine. Many babies enjoy bathing right before bedtime, which calms them down.


Question: How can I understand my baby's sleep needs?

Answer: Your baby may sleep from 10 to 18 hours a day, sometimes for 3 to 4 hours at a time. But babies don't know the difference between day and night. So they sleep with no regard for what time it is. That means your baby's wide-awake time may be from 1 a.m. to 5 a.m. By 3 to 6 months, many babies are able to sleep for a stretch of 6 hours. But just as you think your baby is getting into a nice routine -- usually between 6 and 9 months -- normal developmental stages can throw things off. For instance, when your baby begins to associate bedtime with being left alone, she may start crying just to keep you around.


Question: When should you put your baby to bed?

Answer: Starting when your baby is 6 to 12 weeks old, soothe her until she is drowsy. When she's on the verge of sleep, put her down and let her drift off on her own. Don't wait until she's fully asleep in your arms; this could be a behavior that may become a struggle to get rid of later in her life. This routine will teach your baby to soothe herself to sleep, and you won't need to rock or cuddle her to sleep every time she wakes up during the night.


Question: What is the Ferber Method of sleep training?

Answer: One crying-it-out type of sleep training is the well-known Ferber Method, also known as " Progressive Watching" or " Graduated Extinction." The goal is to teach your baby how to sleep on her own and put herself back to sleep if she wakes up during the night. Richard Ferber, MD, director of the Center for Pediatric Sleep Disorders at Children's Hospital Boston, developed this method. He advises parents not to start this training until their baby is at least 5 or 6 months old. Here's an overview of how it's done: Put your baby in her crib -- drowsy, but awake. Once you've finished her bedtime routine, leave the room. If your baby cries, wait a few minutes before you check on her. The amount of time you wait depends on you and your baby. You might start waiting somewhere between 1 and 5 minutes. When you re-enter your baby's room, try to console her. But do not pick her up and do not stay for more than 2 or 3 minutes, even if she's still crying when you leave. Seeing your face will be enough to assure your baby that you are close by so she can eventually fall asleep on her own. If she continues crying, gradually increase the amount of time you wait before going in to check on her again. For instance, if you wait 3 minutes the first time, wait 5 minutes the second time, and 10 minutes each time after that. The next night, wait 5 minutes the first time, 10 minutes the second time, and 12 minutes each time after that. Adopting this method might be difficult during the first few nights. But you'll likely see improvement in your baby's sleep pattern by day 3 or 4. Most parents see an improvement within a week.


Question: What should I know before trying the Ferber Method of sleep training my baby?

Answer: Tip: If you want to try the Ferber Method, make sure you're well rested before the first night of sleep training. For the first nights especially, you'll spend a lot of time listening for your baby's cries, checking your watch, and entering and exiting her room.


Question: What types of surgery can treat vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: One is surgery called a vitrectomy, which relieves the pulling on the macula by removing the jelly and replacing it with fluid or a temporary gas bubble. After the surgery, you may be asked to lie facedown so the bubble or fluid floats to the back of your eye, lessening the pull and hopefully allowing any damage to the macula to get better.


Question: What other treatments are available for vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: How well your vision gets better depends on: If you keep that face-down position while you're healing The amount of eye damage that you had How long the damage was there Another type of treatment is medication that's injected into your eye. It can lead to the release of the adhesion between the vitreous and macula, beginning the process of healing. Getting older has its challenges. Keeping your vision as sharp as possible is one of them. Regular eye exams can help spot early signs of vitreomacular adhesion.


Question: How do doctors treat vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: If your eye doctor says you have VMA but your symptoms aren't severe, she may want to wait and see if your vision gets better by itself. If things become serious, you have treatment options. The goal is to break the adhesion so that the vitreous no longer pulls on the macula.


Question: When should I call my doctor about painful ovulation?

Answer: Call your doctor if you experience any of the following symptoms during ovulation: Fever Pain with urination Redness or burning of the skin at the site of the pain Vomiting Mid-cycle pain lasting longer than a day You should also call your doctor if you missed your last menstrual period.


Question: What causes painful ovulation?

Answer: As an egg develops in the ovary, it is surrounded by follicular fluid. During ovulation, the egg and the fluid, as well as some blood, are released from the ovary. While the exact cause of mittelschmerz is unknown, it is believed that the fluid or blood may irritate the lining of the abdominal cavity, causing pain. The pain goes away soon after the egg is released or once the body absorbs the fluid or blood.


Question: How should you brush your hair to avoid damaging it?

Answer: Brush properly: Proper hair brushing can do as much for the condition of your hair as any over-the-counter product. Using a proper brush, apply full strokes from the scalp to the tips of your hair to distribute the hair's natural oil. Be gentle, and avoid brushing your hair when wet, when it is especially fragile. It is best to use a wide-toothed comb on wet hair.


Question: Can you prevent hair loss?

Answer: Many people put tremendous stress on their hair. Hair dryers, hot curlers, hair dyes, permanents, tight braids, and hair straightening products, and chemical-laden cosmetics may cause dry, brittle, and thinning hair. To prevent hair damage that may cause hair loss, follow these tips: Go natural: Leave your hair its natural color and texture.


Question: What are prescription medicines that can raise your glucose?

Answer: Drugs that treat anxiety, ADHD, depression, and other mental health problems. These can include clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and quetiapine. Birth control pills Drugs that treat high blood pressure, such as beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics Statins to lower cholesterol Adrenaline for severe allergic reactions High doses of asthma medicines, or drugs that you inject for asthma treatment Isotretinoin for acne Tacrolimus, which you get after an organ transplant Some medicines that treat HIV and hepatitis C OTC medicines that can raise your blood sugar include: Pseudoephedrine, a decongestant in some cold and flu medicines Cough syrup.


Question: If I have diabetes, can medicines raise my blood sugar?

Answer: If you have diabetes or high blood sugar, you probably know some of the things that cause your glucose (another name for blood sugar) to go up. Like a meal with too many carbohydrates, or not enough exercise. But other medicines you might take to keep yourself healthy can cause a spike, too.


Question: What should I do to keep my blood sugar levels under control?

Answer: Exercise, eat right, and take any diabetes medicines that you need.


Question: What is Buerger's disease?

Answer: Although the cause is unknown, there is a strong association with tobacco use or exposure. The arteries of the arms and legs become narrowed or blocked, causing lack of blood supply (ischemia) to the fingers, hands, toes and feet. Pain occurs in the arms, hands and, more frequently, the legs and feet, even when at rest. With severe blockages, the tissue may die (gangrene), requiring amputation of the fingers and toes. Superficial vein inflammation and symptoms of Raynaud's occur commonly in people with Buerger's disease.


Question: What is peripheral arterial disease (PVD)?

Answer: Peripheral vascular disease ( PVD) or peripheral arterial disease ( PAD) is sometimes called âpoor circulation.â It usually refers to the narrowing of arteries in the legs, causing less blood flow to the muscles. PAD can also affect the arms, stomach and neck. It is caused by atherosclerosis of the arteries (cholesterol plaques causing hardening and narrowing of the artery) due to high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, high blood pressure, inactivity and obesity. The most common symptom of PAD of the legs is claudication, which is pain occurring while walking and relieved with rest. You may also feel cramping or a tiredness in the leg or hip muscles while walking.


Question: What are blood clotting disorders?

Answer: Blood clotting disorders are conditions that make the blood more likely to form blood clots in the arteries and veins. These conditions may be inherited (congenital, occurring at birth) or acquired and include: Elevated levels of factors in the blood which cause blood to clot (fibrinogen, factor VIII, prothrombin) Deficiency of natural anticoagulant (blood-thinning) proteins (antithrombin, protein C, protein S) Elevated blood counts Abnormal fibrinolysis (the breakdown of fibrin) Abnormal changes in the lining of the blood vessels (endothelium) The lymphatic system is a circulatory system that includes an extensive network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes.


Question: What is lymphedema?

Answer: These conditions may be inherited (congenital, occurring at birth) or acquired and include: Elevated levels of factors in the blood which cause blood to clot (fibrinogen, factor VIII, prothrombin) Deficiency of natural anticoagulant (blood-thinning) proteins (antithrombin, protein C, protein S) Elevated blood counts Abnormal fibrinolysis (the breakdown of fibrin) Abnormal changes in the lining of the blood vessels (endothelium) The lymphatic system is a circulatory system that includes an extensive network of lymph vessels and lymph nodes. The lymphatic system helps coordinate the immune system's function to protect the body from foreign substances. Lymphedema is an abnormal build-up of fluid that causes swelling, most often in the arms or legs. Lymphedema develops when lymph vessels or lymph nodes are missing, impaired, damaged or removed. Primary lymphedema is rare and is caused by the absence of certain lymph vessels at birth, or it may be caused by abnormalities in the lymphatic vessels. Secondary lymphedema occurs as a result of a blockage or interruption that alters the lymphatic system. Secondary lymphedema can develop from an infection, malignancy, surgery, scar tissue formation, obesity, trauma, deep vein thrombosis ( DVT), radiation or other cancer treatment.


Question: What is peripheral venous disease?

Answer: When your muscles relax, the valves close, keeping blood flowing in one direction through the veins. If the valves inside your veins become damaged, the valves may not close completely. This allows blood to flow in both directions. When your muscles relax, the valves inside the damaged vein(s) will not be able to hold the blood. This can cause pooling of blood or swelling in the veins. The veins bulge and appear as ropes under the skin. The blood begins to move more slowly through the veins, it may stick to the sides of the vessel walls and blood clots can form.


Question: What does vascular pain feel like?

Answer: Symptoms may include: Pain or heaviness in the area affected Numbness, weakness, or a tingling in the affected area Therapies to treat vascular pain can include medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery.


Question: How can I be proactive about kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy) if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you have diabetes, get your urine tested every year to look for kidney disease. Your doctor should do a creatinine blood test to check how these organs are working. He'll also check your blood pressure regularly. It's key to slowing this disease. Your reading should be less than 130/80.


Question: How can you prevent skin problems if you have diabetes?

Answer: Many people with diabetes will have a skin condition related to it at some time in their lives. The sugar in your blood provides a perfect breeding ground for bacteria and fungi. It also lowers your body's ability to heal itself. Fortunately, most of these problems can be prevented and treated if caught early on. If you have type 2 diabetes and don't take care of yourself, a minor scratch could turn into a serious infection.


Question: How can I be proactive about heart disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: This is one of the most common diabetes complications. In office visits, your doctor may do tests that screen for heart disease to help you prevent serious problems. At every visit, he'll check your blood pressure. He'll probably test your blood for cholesterol level and triglycerides at your first visit. And he should do an EKG as part of a complete medical record. Learn more about your risks for heart disease. Does it run in your family? Do you smoke? Make a prevention plan that includes weight loss, regular exercise, and stress management, as well as keeping your blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides at normal levels.


Question: How can I be proactive about nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy) if I have diabetes?

Answer: Over time, diabetes can cause nerve damage. You might feel numbness, burning, or pain in your hands, feet, or legs. If your skin loses feeling, you may not notice small wounds that could grow to become bigger ones. Check these parts of your body daily for redness, calluses, cracks, or other damage. If you notice any of these symptoms, tell your doctor right away.


Question: Does diabetes cause dental problems?

Answer: The less controlled your blood sugar is, the more likely you'll have problems in your mouth. This is one of the reasons that the disease harms white blood cells, which are your body's main defense against oral infections. Brush, floss and rinse with antiseptic mouthwash each day.


Question: How can I be proactive about diabetes-related erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Sometimes all you need to do is adopt a healthier lifestyle, quit smoking, exercise regularly, and reduce stress. It's important to talk to your doctor about these problems. He can suggest medications or remedies like a vacuum constriction device and other products. For more detail, see Erectile Dysfunction & Diabetes.


Question: How can you prevent kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy) if you have diabetes?

Answer: If you have diabetes, get your urine tested every year to look for kidney disease. Your doctor should do a creatinine blood test to check how these organs are working. He'll also check your blood pressure regularly. It's key to slowing this disease. Your reading should be less than 130/80.


Question: How can you prevent erectile dysfunction if you have diabetes?

Answer: Sometimes all you need to do is adopt a healthier lifestyle, quit smoking, exercise regularly, and reduce stress. It's important to talk to your doctor about these problems. He can suggest medications or remedies like a vacuum constriction device and other products. For more detail, see Erectile Dysfunction & Diabetes.


Question: How can you prevent nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy) if you have diabetes?

Answer: Over time, diabetes can cause nerve damage. You might feel numbness, burning, or pain in your hands, feet, or legs. If your skin loses feeling, you may not notice small wounds that could grow to become bigger ones. Check these parts of your body daily for redness, calluses, cracks, or other damage. If you notice any of these symptoms, tell your doctor right away.


Question: How can you prevent eye damage (diabetic retinopathy) if you have diabetes?

Answer: To protect your vision, see an eye doctor at least once a year. He might dilate your pupils while you're there. People with type 1 diabetes who are older than 10 should start these visits within 3 to 5 years of diagnosis. If you have type 2 diabetes, make an appointment as soon as you're diagnosed. If you have problems, you'll need to go more often. If you get pregnant, schedule a comprehensive exam during the first trimester and a follow-up later in your pregnancy.


Question: How can I ease side effects of my treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: Since chemotherapy can sometimes upset your stomach, you can try changing some of your eating habits. For instance, stay away from fried or spicy foods. You can also try eating five or six small meals a day rather than the traditional three meals. If your treatment makes you tired, try to take short naps. You also might find that short walks can help boost your energy. If you're stressed about your treatment, sometimes deep breathing or meditation can help you relax. Reach out to family and friends who can give you emotional support when you need it.


Question: What should I expect after treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: After your treatment is over, you'll have regular visits to your doctor so she can check to make sure your cancer hasn't returned. Your doctor will also check for any lingering side effects of your therapy. For some people, treatment makes the cancer go away. For others, the cancer may not go away completely, or it may return. If that's the case, you may need regular treatment with chemotherapy or other drugs to keep it in check for as long as possible. It's possible that treatment to fight B-cell ALL may stop working. If that happens, you may want to focus on making sure you're as comfortable as possible, known as palliative care. You may not be able to control your cancer, but you can control choices about how you'll live your life. You don't have to face things alone. Consider joining a support group, where you can you share your feelings with others who understand what it's like.


Question: How does a stem cell transplant work for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: Before the transplant, you'll likely need to get treated with high doses of chemo for about a week or two. This can be a tough process, because you may get side effects like nausea and mouth sores. When the high-dose chemo is done, you'll start the transplant. The new stem cells are given to you through an IV. You won't feel any pain from this, and you're awake while it's happening. After your transplant, it could take 2 to 6 weeks for the stem cells to multiply and start making new blood cells. During this time you may be in the hospital, or at the very least, will need to make visits every day to get checked by your transplant team.


Question: How does chemotherapy with stem cell transplant help treat B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: Some people with B-cell ALL may need large doses of chemotherapy. But doctors hesitate to give large amounts, because it can damage your bone marrow. That's where a stem cell transplant can help. After your high-dose chemo, you'll get a transplant of stem cells that can help get your bone marrow working right again.


Question: How does chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy help in treating B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: CAR T-cell therapy uses some of your own immune cells, known as T cells, to treat your cancer. Doctors take the cells out of your blood and change them by adding new genes. The new T-cells can work better to find and kill cancer cells.


Question: What does Duane syndrome (DS) affect?

Answer: Most of the time, only one eye is affected -- usually the left one. But 20% of people have trouble with both eyes. Women are slightly more likely to have DS than men.


Question: Is there a cure for Duane syndrome (DS)?

Answer: But your doctor can do things to help your eyes line up when you're looking straight ahead and to protect your vision. Prescription glasses or contact lenses can also help.


Question: How do you get Duane syndrome (DS)?

Answer: It happens when the nerves that control the eye muscles don't grow normally during pregnancy or are missing. As a result, some muscles stretch when they should tighten or stay loose when they need to squeeze. DS doesn't cause blindness and doesn't usually lead to other health issues. In very rare cases, it has been linked to problems with bones, eyes, ears, kidneys, and the nervous system.


Question: What is Duane syndrome (DS)?

Answer: Duane syndrome ( DS) is a rare eye disorder some people are born with. The muscles and nerves around your eye don't work well together, and that keeps it from moving as it should. The disorder is also known as Duane's syndrome, Duane retraction syndrome, or Stilling- Turk syndrome.


Question: How is Duane syndrome (DS) diagnosed?

Answer: Because DS has clear symptoms, most people are diagnosed before age 10. The exam usually includes a close look at your eye along with a vision test and measurements of how far your eye can move. The doctor also may want to do a hearing test and examine your spine, the roof of your mouth, and your hands.


Question: How can social workers help with treating bipolar disorder?

Answer: Social workers are psychotherapists who often treat bipolar disorder using talk therapy. They do not prescribe medications. Some may have obtained a professional doctorate degree in social work ( DSW) and thus some can be nonmedical doctors.


Question: How can primary care doctors help with treating bipolar disorder?

Answer: Primary care doctors (also sometimes called general practitioners, or internists, or family practitioners, as well as pediatricians) are general medical doctors who obtain some training in mental health during medical school and residency. They often provide basic or initial assessment and medication treatment for common mental health problems such as depression or anxiety. Bipolar disorder is often misrecognized as "just" depression and usually a medical doctor who is not trained as a psychiatrist will refer patients with bipolar disorder to a psychiatrist or other mental health professional for more specialized care.


Question: Should I try psychotherapy for the emotional effects of diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Also consider trying psychotherapy if you're diagnosed with depression. Talking with a therapist will let you sort out problems or events in your life that may have led to depression. This can help you solve problems, regain a sense of control over your life, and help you enjoy it again.


Question: What medications should I take to treat the emotional effects of diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe medications that treat depression. These drugs can pull double duty, easing the physical pain and its emotional effects.


Question: Can I smoke if I have diabetes and nerve pain?

Answer: Research shows that smokers are at higher risk for pain in general. Also, smoking worsens peripheral neuropathy.


Question: Can I drink alcohol if I have diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Pain often disrupts sleep. So does alcohol.


Question: Should I join a support group for the emotional effects of diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: The American Pain Society and the National Pain Foundation both offer local support groups in many areas. You can meet people facing the same challenges as you. Plus, you can learn what pain-relieving tricks work for them. For example, some people say wearing socks to bed can help. You can also ask them if they've taken medications that have helped.


Question: What do I need to know about the rights for people with mental illness?

Answer: People with mental illness are entitled to fair treatment, and they should: Be treated with respect and dignity Have their privacy protected Receive services appropriate for their age and culture Understand treatment options and alternatives Get care that doesn't discriminate on the basis of age, race, or type of illness Laws that may cover their rights include: Americans with Disabilities Act.


Question: What might my doctor recommend to treat psoriasis around my mouth and nose?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend: A prescription corticosteroid you can drip in your ear or apply to the outside of your ear canal Calcipotriene or tazarotene usually mixed with a corticosteroid cream or ointment Mouth and Nose Your doctor may recommend: Steroid creams or ointments that are made for moist areas Rinsing often with a saline solution to relieve pain Low-potency corticosteroids like hydrocortisone 1% ointment Pimecrolimus or tacrolimus Here are a few basic tips: Use small amounts.


Question: How should I apply psoriasis medication to my face?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend: A prescription corticosteroid you can drip in your ear or apply to the outside of your ear canal Calcipotriene or tazarotene usually mixed with a corticosteroid cream or ointment Mouth and Nose Your doctor may recommend: Steroid creams or ointments that are made for moist areas Rinsing often with a saline solution to relieve pain Low-potency corticosteroids like hydrocortisone 1% ointment Pimecrolimus or tacrolimus Here are a few basic tips: Use small amounts. Be careful when you apply creams and ointments around the eyes. Some treatments can irritate them. Follow your doctor's instructions for taking the medication so you can prevent side effects, especially with steroids. Ask your doctor if you can use makeup to conceal the psoriasis on your face. Some products can prevent treatment from working. If your medication doesn't help or causes too many side effects, work with your doctor to figure out a treatment that will help.


Question: What topical treatment can be used to treat psoriasis on the face?

Answer: Crisaborole ( Eucrisa) ointment is another topical medicine recently approved by the FDA for eczema that can reduce inflammation. It can cause temporary burning or stinging upon application.


Question: How is psoriasis around your mouth and nose treated?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend: A prescription corticosteroid you can drip in your ear or apply to the outside of your ear canal Calcipotriene or tazarotene usually mixed with a corticosteroid cream or ointment Mouth and Nose Your doctor may recommend: Steroid creams or ointments that are made for moist areas Rinsing often with a saline solution to relieve pain Low-potency corticosteroids like hydrocortisone 1% ointment Pimecrolimus or tacrolimus Here are a few basic tips: Use small amounts.


Question: What might my doctor recommend for psoriais in the ear?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend: A prescription corticosteroid you can drip in your ear or apply to the outside of your ear canal Calcipotriene or tazarotene usually mixed with a corticosteroid cream or ointment Mouth and Nose Your doctor may recommend: Steroid creams or ointments that are made for moist areas Rinsing often with a saline solution to relieve pain Low-potency corticosteroids like hydrocortisone 1% ointment Pimecrolimus or tacrolimus Here are a few basic tips: Use small amounts.


Question: What should you know about treating psoriasis on the eyelids?

Answer: Be careful when you treat psoriasis around your eyes. The skin on eyelids is delicate and gets damaged easily. Tell your doctor about any problems you have. Psoriasis in the eye is very rare. If you have it, your eyes can be painfully dry. You may need antibiotics to treat an eye infection if you get one.


Question: How is psoriasis on the eyelids treated?

Answer: Eyelids To treat this area, your doctor may recommend: Special corticosteroids to treat scaling. But don't overuse them. If they get into your eyes, they can lead to glaucoma or cataracts. The eczema drugs crisaborole ( Eucrisa) ointment, pimecrolimus ( Elidel), or tacrolimus ( Protopic). They don't cause the side effects of steroids. They can sting the first few days you use them.


Question: What can happen if you have psoriasis on your eyelids?

Answer: The rims may turn up or down if they're inflamed for a long time.


Question: How can you know how to best treat psoriasis on the face?

Answer: In this area, the condition usually affects your: Eyebrows Skin between your nose and upper lip Upper forehead Hairline You have a lot of options for treating psoriasis in these areas. Work closely with your doctor to find what works best for you.


Question: How are retinoids used to treat psoriasis on the face?

Answer: Retinoids, such as tazarotene gel ( Tazorac), help remove scales and may ease inflammation. But skin irritation is a side effect.


Question: How is synthetic vitamin D used to treat psoriasis on the face?

Answer: Synthetic vitamin D , such as calcipotriene ( Dovonex, Sorilux) ointment or cream, slows the growth of skin cells. But it can also irritate your face. Calcitriol ( Rocaltrol, Vectical) is a newer vitamin D drug for psoriasis that some studies suggest may be better for sensitive skin.


Question: Should I be careful when I treat psoriasis on my eyelids?

Answer: Be careful when you treat psoriasis around your eyes. The skin on eyelids is delicate and gets damaged easily. Tell your doctor about any problems you have.


Question: What drugs are used to treat psoriasis on the face?

Answer: Pimecrolimus ( Elidel) and tacrolimus ( Protopic) are two drugs the FDA has approved for eczema, a different skin condition. Some dermatologists recommend these drugs for psoriasis on the face. But talk to your doctor about whether you need these medicines. The FDA says people should use them only for a short time since some studies have linked the drugs to cancer risks.


Question: What treatments for eczema may be used for psoriasis on your face?

Answer: Pimecrolimus ( Elidel) and tacrolimus ( Protopic) are two drugs the FDA has approved for eczema, a different skin condition. Some dermatologists recommend these drugs for psoriasis on the face. But talk to your doctor about whether you need these medicines. The FDA says people should use them only for a short time since some studies have linked the drugs to cancer risks.


Question: How does psoriasis affect the face?

Answer: Psoriasis on the face is different than on other parts of the body. Your skin there is thinner and may be more sensitive to treatments. In this area, the condition usually affects your: Eyebrows Skin between your nose and upper lip Upper forehead Hairline You have a lot of options for treating psoriasis in these areas.


Question: Where can psoriasis appear on your face?

Answer: Mouth You might have white and gray lesions: On your gums or tongue Inside the cheek Inside your nose On the lips Doctors aren't sure what causes psoriasis, but they know that genes and your immune system play a major role.


Question: What are the symptoms of psoriasis on the eyelids?

Answer: They vary depending on what part of your face the psoriasis affects: Eyelids Scales cover the lashes. The edges of your lids may get red and crusty. The rims may turn up or down if they're inflamed for a long time.


Question: For how long are people with swine flu contagious?

Answer: People who have it can spread it one day before they have any symptoms and as many as 7 days after they get sick. Kids can be contagious for as long as 10 days.


Question: What are the symptoms of swine flu?

Answer: These, too, are pretty much the same as seasonal flu. They can include: Cough Fever Sore throat Stuffy or runny nose Body aches Headache Chills Fatigue Like the regular flu, swine flu can lead to more serious problems including pneumonia, a lung infection, and other breathing problems. And it can make an illness like diabetes or asthma worse. If you have symptoms like shortness of breath, severe vomiting, pain in your belly or sides, dizziness, or confusion, call your doctor or 911 right away.


Question: How does a doctor test for swine flu?

Answer: To test for swine flu, your doctor runs a swab -- a bigger version of the ones in your bathroom -- up the inside of your nose around the back of your throat. But the test isn't as common or widespread as those for regular flu.


Question: How can I prevent getting swine flu?

Answer: Besides a flu shot, there are other things you can do to stay healthy: Wash your hands throughout the day with soap and water. Sing the " Happy Birthday" song twice to make sure you've washed long enough. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Don't touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Avoid people who are sick.


Question: Can heart failure affect your emotions?

Answer: Living with this condition can stir up a whole range of feelings, from fear and sadness to anxiety, depression, and even anger.


Question: Can knowing what you are dealing with in terms of heart failure, help deal with your emotions?

Answer: Also try these tips to help you manage your emotions: Know what you're dealing with. When you understand heart failure it will seem less scary. Ask your doctor about the disease and its outlook. Find out what you can do to help yourself feel better.


Question: Can talking about my heart failute help me deal with my emotions?

Answer: One of the best ways to deal with emotions like depression, anxiety, or anger is to talk about them. Turn to friends, family, co-workers, and members of your religious group for a caring shoulder to lean on.


Question: Is it important to treat your emotions if you have heart disease?

Answer: When you're diagnosed with a long-term disease like heart failure, it's normal to feel a lot of different emotions, including: Fear about the future Worry you'll lose control over your health Anger that you have heart failure, or that it interferes with your life Stress over your ability to manage your condition Loneliness because you worry other people don't understand what you're going through If you have these feelings and let them build up, it could make matters worse. Stress and anger can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work even harder. Both can be as bad for your heart as high blood pressure and cholesterol. Depression â which includes feeling sad for at least 2 weeks -- affects up to 70% of people with heart failure. If you don't treat your depression, it might be harder for you to control your heart disease.


Question: Are women who are diagnosed with heart failure more likely to be stressed and depressed than men?

Answer: Women are more likely than men to say that they feel stressed and depressed. Men can feel that way, too, but they may be less likely to say so.


Question: Which symptoms do IBS and lactose intolerance have in common?

Answer: IBS and lactose intolerance can both cause: Bloating or swelling in your belly Pain Diarrhea Gas IBS can also cause constipation.


Question: Is lactose intolerance related to any other digestive diseases?

Answer: You're also more likely to have it if you have another digestive disease, like: Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Celiac disease Only a doctor can tell if your symptoms come from IBS or lactose intolerance.


Question: What can raise your odds of getting IBS?

Answer: Although the cause is still a mystery, doctors do know some things that can raise your risk for IBS, including: Your genes Infections in your intestines Long-term stress or emotional trauma Lactose intolerance is better understood: The body can't digest the sugar in milk, called lactose.


Question: What increases your chances of lactose intolerance?

Answer: The problem can run in families. You're also more likely to have it if you have another digestive disease, like: Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Celiac disease Only a doctor can tell if your symptoms come from IBS or lactose intolerance.


Question: What causes lactose intolerance?

Answer: Although the cause is still a mystery, doctors do know some things that can raise your risk for IBS, including: Your genes Infections in your intestines Long-term stress or emotional trauma Lactose intolerance is better understood: The body can't digest the sugar in milk, called lactose. It happens when your body doesn't make enough of the enzyme lactase, which the gut uses to break down lactose. It's not a harmful condition, but it can keep you from getting the right amount of important nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, which most people get from dairy products.


Question: Is there a cure for lactose intolerance?

Answer: There is also no cure for lactose intolerance, but it usually helps to avoid milk, cheese, and other dairy foods. Some people with the condition can handle small amounts of them, and others have to cut them out completely. Your doctor or dietitian can help you figure out the right diet and suggest supplements that may help.


Question: What can irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and lactose intolerance cause?

Answer: IBS and lactose intolerance can both cause: Bloating or swelling in your belly Pain Diarrhea Gas IBS can also cause constipation.


Question: What are symptoms due to local growth of a tumor from small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Symptoms due to local growth of the tumor include the following: Cough Coughing up blood Shortness of breath Chest pain worsened by deep breathing Symptoms due to spread of the cancer to nearby areas include the following: Hoarse voice, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the vocal cords Shortness of breath, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the muscles of the diaphragm, or the lungs filling with fluid and stridor (sound produced by turbulent flow of air through a narrowed part of the respiratory tract) resulting from compression of the trachea (windpipe) or larger bronchi (airways of the lung) Difficulty swallowing, resulting from compression of the esophagus (food pipe) Swelling of the face and hands, resulting from compression of the superior vena cava (vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body) Symptoms due to distant cancer spread depend on the site of spread and can include the following: Spread to the brain can cause headache, blurring of vision, nausea, vomiting, weakness of any limb, mental changes, and seizures.


Question: When should you 911 about symptoms of small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Consult a doctor if any of the following symptoms are present: Shortness of breath Coughing up blood Unexplained weight loss Voice change New cough or change in the consistency of a cough Unexplained persistent fatigue Unexplained deep aches or pains Call 911 if any of the following symptoms are present: Coughing up large amounts of blood Chest pain Sudden shortness of breath Sudden or severe weakness of any limb Sudden vision problems Seizures Initial exams and tests for suspected lung cancer may include the following: Medical, surgical, work, and smoking history Physical exam to check for general signs of health Chest X-ray CT scan of the chest: An X-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of the inside of the chest from different angles.


Question: What are the two types of small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: There are 2 main types: Small-cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer) Combined small-cell carcinoma Both include many types of cells that grow and spread in different ways. They are named according to what the cells look like under a microscope. Small-cell lung cancer differs from non-small-cell lung cancer in the following ways: Small-cell lung cancer grows rapidly.


Question: What symptoms might you have if small-cell lung cancer spreads to distant parts of the body?

Answer: Symptoms due to local growth of the tumor include the following: Cough Coughing up blood Shortness of breath Chest pain worsened by deep breathing Symptoms due to spread of the cancer to nearby areas include the following: Hoarse voice, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the vocal cords Shortness of breath, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the muscles of the diaphragm, or the lungs filling with fluid and stridor (sound produced by turbulent flow of air through a narrowed part of the respiratory tract) resulting from compression of the trachea (windpipe) or larger bronchi (airways of the lung) Difficulty swallowing, resulting from compression of the esophagus (food pipe) Swelling of the face and hands, resulting from compression of the superior vena cava (vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body) Symptoms due to distant cancer spread depend on the site of spread and can include the following: Spread to the brain can cause headache, blurring of vision, nausea, vomiting, weakness of any limb, mental changes, and seizures. Spread to the vertebral column can cause back pain. Spread to the spinal cord can cause paralysis and loss of bowel or bladder function. Spread to the bone can cause bone pain. Spread to the liver can cause pain in the right upper part of the abdomen.


Question: What happens when you get video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) if you have lung cancer?

Answer: Video-assisted thoracoscopy ( VATS): A doctor will insert a lighted tube with a video camera through small openings in the chest. It's a way to look at the lungs and other tissue.


Question: When should you call a doctor about symptoms of small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Consult a doctor if any of the following symptoms are present: Shortness of breath Coughing up blood Unexplained weight loss Voice change New cough or change in the consistency of a cough Unexplained persistent fatigue Unexplained deep aches or pains Call 911 if any of the following symptoms are present: Coughing up large amounts of blood Chest pain Sudden shortness of breath Sudden or severe weakness of any limb Sudden vision problems Seizures Initial exams and tests for suspected lung cancer may include the following: Medical, surgical, work, and smoking history Physical exam to check for general signs of health Chest X-ray CT scan of the chest: An X-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of the inside of the chest from different angles.


Question: What happens when you get a CT scan of your chest and abdomen if you have lung cancer?

Answer: CT scan of the chest and abdomen: An X-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body from different angles. The doctor may inject a dye into a vein. A contrast agent may be given to swallow so that the organs or tissues more clearly show up on the scan.


Question: When might you start radiation therapy if you have small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: This depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer and the person's overall health. Radiation and chemotherapy: Sequential-radiation treatment may be given, followed by chemotherapy. However, in comparative studies, the earlier the radiation is started concurrently with chemotherapy (as early as the first cycle of chemotherapy), the better the outcome.


Question: What is palliative for small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative and terminal care Because small-cell lung cancer is diagnosed in most people when it is not curable, palliative care becomes important. The goal of palliative and terminal care is to manage pain and discomfort and enhance quality of life. Palliative care not only focuses on comfort but also addresses the concerns of the patient's family and loved ones. Caregivers may include family and friends in addition to doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals.


Question: Does surgery treat small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Surgery Surgery plays little, if any, role in the management of small-cell lung cancer, because almost all cancers have spread by the time they are discovered. The exceptions are the relatively small number of people (less than 15%) whose cancer is discovered at a very early stage of the disease, when the cancer is confined to the lung without any spread to the lymph nodes. However, surgery alone is not considered curative, so chemotherapy is also given. Sometimes radiation therapy will also be needed if the cancer had spread to the nearby lymph nodes.


Question: How do PET scans help diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: PET scan: A small amount of radioactive material is injected into the bloodstream and measures the metabolism of the organs to see if the cancer has spread.


Question: What is thoracentesis for suspected lung cancer?

Answer: Thoracentesis: The lungs are enclosed in a sac. Lung cancer can cause fluid to collect in this sac. This is called pleural effusion. In people who have cancer, this fluid may contain cancer cells.


Question: What is a bronchoscopy for testing for lung cancer?

Answer: Bronchoscopy: This is a procedure used to look inside the trachea (windpipe) and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope (a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a tiny camera on the end) is inserted through the mouth or nose and down the windpipe. From there, it can be inserted into the airways (bronchi) of the lungs. During bronchoscopy, the doctor looks for tumors and takes a biopsy (a sample of cells that is removed for examination under a microscope) from the airways.


Question: How can you treat corneal infections?

Answer: This virus is the most common eye infection that causes blindness in the U. S. Depending on the cause, treatment for corneal infections may include: Antibiotic, antibacterial, antifungal, or steroidal eye drops Topical or oral antiviral medication Phototherapeutic keratectomy (laser surgery) Corneal transplant Corneal dystrophies are somewhat rare conditions that cause changes to the cornea.


Question: How does herpes zoster (shingles) affect my cornea?

Answer: This infection is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. In some people, the infection becomes active again later in life, causing a painful, blistering rash called shingles. Shingles that develop on the face, head, or neck can also affect the cornea. Forty percent of people who get shingles in those areas will develop it on the cornea.


Question: How can corneal injuries occur?

Answer: Depending on the cause, symptoms of corneal damage may include: Redness and swelling of the eye tissues and eyelid Tearing Blurred vision Irritation Sensitivity to light Sensation of something in the eye Eye discharge Milky or cloudy area on the cornea Vision loss Corneal injuries can occur when a foreign object gets in the eye or from something striking the eye. This can cause cuts or scratches to the cornea. Common causes of cornea injury include: Chemical irritation An object in the eye, such as sand or dust Something striking the eye, such as a tree branch Radiation injury from the sun, sun lamps, welding, or sun reflected on snow (snow blindness) Complications of contact lens wear Minor corneal abrasions heal quickly, usually within two days.


Question: How long do corneal abrasions take to heal?

Answer: Common causes of cornea injury include: Chemical irritation An object in the eye, such as sand or dust Something striking the eye, such as a tree branch Radiation injury from the sun, sun lamps, welding, or sun reflected on snow (snow blindness) Complications of contact lens wear Minor corneal abrasions heal quickly, usually within two days. More serious wounds take longer to heal and can cause irritation, pain, tearing, and redness. If the cornea becomes deeply scarred it can cause vision problems.


Question: How do you know if you have corneal damage?

Answer: Depending on the cause, symptoms of corneal damage may include: Redness and swelling of the eye tissues and eyelid Tearing Blurred vision Irritation Sensitivity to light Sensation of something in the eye Eye discharge Milky or cloudy area on the cornea Vision loss Corneal injuries can occur when a foreign object gets in the eye or from something striking the eye.


Question: What does the treatment for corneal infections include?

Answer: This virus is the most common eye infection that causes blindness in the U. S. Depending on the cause, treatment for corneal infections may include: Antibiotic, antibacterial, antifungal, or steroidal eye drops Topical or oral antiviral medication Phototherapeutic keratectomy (laser surgery) Corneal transplant Corneal dystrophies are somewhat rare conditions that cause changes to the cornea.


Question: How does Fuchs' dystrophy affect the body?

Answer: Here are a few of the more common types of corneal dystrophies: Fuchs' dystrophy progresses slowly, usually affecting people in their 50s and 60s. The condition damages the endothelial cells in the cornea. Symptoms include swelling and blistering of the cornea, blurred vision, pain, and vision problems. Early on, drops, ointments, and special contact lenses may ease symptoms. At later stages, corneal transplants successfully restore vision.


Question: What are corneal opacities?

Answer: The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped area that covers the front of the eye. Light passes through the cornea before reaching the retina in the back of the eye, and so it must remain clear so light can pass through. Corneal opacities can cause anything from minor irritation to vision problems and even blindness. In fact, corneal problems are the fourth leading cause of blindness (after glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration).


Question: How often should I visit my doctor to prevent corneal opacities?

Answer: Have regular eye exams. Many eye conditions can be detected early, before symptoms develop. Also be sure to see your eye doctor right away if you injure your eye or develop any unusual eye symptoms or vision problems.


Question: How do you get a corneal injury?

Answer: Depending on the cause, symptoms of corneal damage may include: Redness and swelling of the eye tissues and eyelid Tearing Blurred vision Irritation Sensitivity to light Sensation of something in the eye Eye discharge Milky or cloudy area on the cornea Vision loss Corneal injuries can occur when a foreign object gets in the eye or from something striking the eye. This can cause cuts or scratches to the cornea. Common causes of cornea injury include: Chemical irritation An object in the eye, such as sand or dust Something striking the eye, such as a tree branch Radiation injury from the sun, sun lamps, welding, or sun reflected on snow (snow blindness) Complications of contact lens wear Minor corneal abrasions heal quickly, usually within two days.


Question: How do you get corneal opacities?

Answer: Injury, infection, and certain eye diseases can cause corneal opacities.


Question: How do I know if I am at risk for corneal opacities?

Answer: Know your family history for eye diseases. Because corneal dystrophies are hereditary, you may be at risk if someone in your family has eye disease.


Question: What can you do to prevent corneal opacities?

Answer: Although corneal opacities have many causes, there are a few things you can do to help prevent damage to your cornea: Wear protective eyewear. Protect your eyes with goggles or safety glasses during activities that can cause eye injury. This includes using power tools, chopping wood, or handling chemicals. Also be sure to wear sunglasses when spending time outdoors. Make sure your children also wear sunglasses. Use contact lenses correctly. Follow your eye doctor's instructions for properly handling, storing, disinfecting, and discarding and replacing soft contact lenses. Have regular eye exams. Many eye conditions can be detected early, before symptoms develop. Also be sure to see your eye doctor right away if you injure your eye or develop any unusual eye symptoms or vision problems. Know your family history for eye diseases. Because corneal dystrophies are hereditary, you may be at risk if someone in your family has eye disease.


Question: How are corneal injuries treated?

Answer: Treatment may include patching the eye, using a temporary contact lens, and prescription eye drops or ointments. If vision problems remain or the cornea becomes permanently damaged, you may need a cornea transplant. This surgery removes the damaged cornea and replaces it with a healthy donor cornea.


Question: What can cause corneal opacities?

Answer: Injury, infection, and certain eye diseases can cause corneal opacities.


Question: What are the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis (PsA)?

Answer: Often makes joints feel stiffer in the morning Can lead to fatigue, low-grade fever, and weight loss Psoriatic arthritis: Can affect joints in the back and pelvis in addition to the ones in fingers and toes Often affects only one side of your body; that means it's asymmetric. Sometimes causes foot pain, especially on the sole of your foot or the back of your heel May make your fingers swell up like sausages May make your nails pit and flake Tends to affect entheses, areas where tendons or ligaments attach to bones With both conditions, you'll probably have times when your symptoms get worse. These are called flares. In between these flares are times without symptoms called remissions.


Question: What are symptoms of psoriatic arthritis (PsA)?

Answer: Often makes joints feel stiffer in the morning Can lead to fatigue, low-grade fever, and weight loss Psoriatic arthritis: Can affect joints in the back and pelvis in addition to the ones in fingers and toes Often affects only one side of your body; that means it's asymmetric. Sometimes causes foot pain, especially on the sole of your foot or the back of your heel May make your fingers swell up like sausages May make your nails pit and flake Tends to affect entheses, areas where tendons or ligaments attach to bones With both conditions, you'll probably have times when your symptoms get worse. These are called flares. In between these flares are times without symptoms called remissions.


Question: How can I remember to do eat right, work out, and do other things that are good for me?

Answer: You can set up any kind of trigger: an alarm, a note, a text message. A good trigger is one you'll both notice and link to what you want to do. You also want to time it to coincide with the action you want to take.


Question: What are goals of using medications to treat epilepsy?

Answer: The goals of using medications to treat epilepsy include: Having no or few seizures Having no or few side effects Using only one epilepsy medication, called monotherapy Which epilepsy medication is best for you depends on many factors, including: Type of epilepsy.


Question: How do you take medicine for epilepsy?

Answer: Most epilepsy medications are taken by mouth. Depending on the type of drug, you may have to take it several times a day. Talk to your doctor about when you will need to take the medication, and how this affects your lifestyle. In rare cases, epilepsy medicine may be given by injection. This is most often done when seizures need to be immediately controlled.


Question: How can targeted therapy help with breast cancer?

Answer: Targeted therapy, also called biologic therapy, uses the body's immune system or hormonal system to fight breast cancer cells. That does less harm to healthy cells, so the side effects aren't usually as bad as from better-known treatments like chemotherapy. One type of targeted therapy uses antibodies to kill cancer cells or block them from growing. Antibodies are a part of the immune system made by special white blood cells. They can be made in a lab and given as medicine. Another type of this therapy uses drugs made of small molecules that block signals the cancer cells need to grow. The type of targeted therapy your doctor might recommend depends on the type of breast cancer you have.


Question: When should you call your doctor if you have breast cancer?

Answer: New mouth sores or patches, a swollen tongue, or bleeding gums A dry, burning, scratchy, or "swollen" throat A cough that is new or persistent Feeling the need to pee more often, stronger urges than usual, a burning feeling while peeing, or blood in your urine Heartburn, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 or 3 days Blood in your stools Shortness of breath Swelling in feet or ankles Severe tiredness or fatigue


Question: What are signal transduction inhibitors for breast cancer?

Answer: These antibodies block signals inside the cancer cell that help the cells divide, stopping the cancer from growing.


Question: How can lapatinib (Tykerb) help with treating HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: Lapatinib ( Tykerb) is an example of a small-molecule drug that you can take in a pill. Together with chemotherapy, it treats some advanced cases of HER2-positive breast cancer. Doctors often use it when other cancer medications haven't worked for someone.


Question: When should you call your doctor about side effects from breast cancer treatment?

Answer: Call your nurse or doctor if you have: A temperature over 100.4 F. If you have any fever and chills, tell your doctor immediately. If you can't reach your doctor, go to the emergency room. New mouth sores or patches, a swollen tongue, or bleeding gums A dry, burning, scratchy, or "swollen" throat A cough that is new or persistent Feeling the need to pee more often, stronger urges than usual, a burning feeling while peeing, or blood in your urine Heartburn, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 or 3 days Blood in your stools Shortness of breath Swelling in feet or ankles Severe tiredness or fatigue


Question: What are the side effects of botulinum toxin?

Answer: Botulinum toxin might cause: Weakness in the muscle and the ones near it after an injection that may keep you from using those parts of your body. The problem doesn't last long. It's rare, but some people get flu-like symptoms 1 week after the injections. They usually only last for about a day.


Question: How does multiple sclerosis distort the electrical messages in the muscles?

Answer: These messages travel from the nerves to the muscles via a chemical called acetylcholine. But if you have MS, the disease damages the nerves and throws those signals out of sync. It makes your muscles tense up and move when you don't want them to.


Question: Who gets histrionic personality disorder?

Answer: This disorder is more common in women than in men and usually is evident by adolescence or early adulthood.


Question: What health organizations provide information on diabetes?

Answer: Looking for organizations that provide information that can help you manage your diabetes? You may want to start with these groups.


Question: What are some diabetes journals/newsletters?

Answer: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (formerly the American Dietetic Association) 120 South Riverside Plaza, Suite 2000 Chicago, IL 60606-6995 800-877-1600www.eatright.org American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists ( AACE) 245 Riverside Avenue, Suite 200 Jacksonville, FL 32202 (904) 353-7878www.aace.com American Diabetes Association ( ADA) 2451 Crystal Drive, Suite 900 Arlington, VA 22202 800-342-2383www.diabetes.org American Association of Diabetes Educators ( AADE) 200 West Madison Street, Suite 800 Chicago, IL 60606 800-338-3633www.diabeteseducator.org Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International ( JDRF) 26 Broadway New York, NY 10004 800-533-2873www.jdrf.org National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( NIDDK) 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20892 (301) 496-3583http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/ Type One Nation Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International typeonenation.org Diabetes Forecast: The Healthy Living Magazine from the American Diabetes Associationhttp://www.diabetesforecast.org/ My Food Advisor: Recipes for Healthy Living from the American Diabetes Association http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/myfoodadvisor.html


Question: What other medications can be used to treat dry eyes?

Answer: Other medications andnutrition: You can use steroid eye drops, for short periods, along with long-term measures. Adding fish oil or omega-3 to your diet or can also help.


Question: How does nondissolving punctal plugs and punctal occlusion by cautery treat dry eyes?

Answer: If temporary plugs work well, your doctor may move to longer-lasting ones or may go right to a long-lasting plug. Or he or she could choose a procedure called cautery. You might get g a drug that relaxes you, then use a special tool to burn the opening shut. The scar that forms makes a permanent plug. These measures increase your tear level by blocking the âdrainpipeâ through which tears usually go from your eye to your nose. Tear plugs are easy to remove, but sometimes they come out on their own or fall down the tear drain. They can make your eyes feel better and lower your need for artificial tears.


Question: How does liftegrast (Xiidra) treat dry eyes?

Answer: These drops are taken twice daily to kick-start tear production.


Question: How are artificial tear drops and ointments used to treat dry eyes?

Answer: Treatments include: Artificial tear drops and ointments. This is the most common treatment. Many types of drops are available over the counter. No one product works for everyone, so you might have to try a few to figure out the one that's right for you. If you have chronic dry eye, you need to use the drops even when your eyes feel fine, or they won't stay wet enough. If your eyes dry out while you sleep, you can use a thick product, like an ointment, at night. You might think about sleeping with airtight goggles on. They'll create a mini "moisture chamber" for your eyes.


Question: What happens when dry eyes create too many tears?

Answer: When tears don't provide enough moisture, you might notice: A gritty feeling Feeling like there's something in your eye Itching Redness Blurry vision Light sensitivity Sometimes, dry eyes create too many tears. This confusing condition is called reflex tearing. It happens because the lack of moisture irritates your eye. It sends a distress signal through your nervous system for more lubrication. Your body sends a flood of tears to try to make up for the dryness. It's a lot like what happens when you get sand in your eye and it runs. But these tears are mostly water, so they don't act like normal tears. They can wash debris away, but they can't coat your eye's surface.


Question: How does testosterone cream treat dry eyes?

Answer: Dry eye can be related to a lack of testosterone in the oil glands on your eyelids. The doctor might give you a testosterone cream that you apply to your eyelids. It can help your oil glands work better.


Question: What other medications and supplements can I use to treat dry eyes?

Answer: Other medications andnutrition: You can use steroid eye drops, for short periods, along with long-term measures. Adding fish oil or omega-3 to your diet or can also help.


Question: How are dry eyes treated with artificial tear drops and ointments?

Answer: This is the most common treatment. Many types of drops are available over the counter. No one product works for everyone, so you might have to try a few to figure out the one that's right for you. If you have chronic dry eye, you need to use the drops even when your eyes feel fine, or they won't stay wet enough. If your eyes dry out while you sleep, you can use a thick product, like an ointment, at night. You might think about sleeping with airtight goggles on. They'll create a mini "moisture chamber" for your eyes.


Question: How are dry eyes treated with nondissolving punctual plugs and punctual occlusion by cautery?

Answer: If temporary plugs work well, your doctor may move to longer-lasting ones or may go right to a long-lasting plug. Or he or she could choose a procedure called cautery. You might get g a drug that relaxes you, then use a special tool to burn the opening shut. The scar that forms makes a permanent plug. These measures increase your tear level by blocking the âdrainpipeâ through which tears usually go from your eye to your nose. Tear plugs are easy to remove, but sometimes they come out on their own or fall down the tear drain. They can make your eyes feel better and lower your need for artificial tears.


Question: How are dry eyes treated with lifitegrast Xiidra)?

Answer: These drops are taken twice daily to kick-start tear production.


Question: What causes dry eyes?

Answer: Sometimes, there's a lack of balance in your tear-flow system. Or your air conditioner, heater, or other things around you could dry out your tear film.


Question: How does Lipiflow treat dry eyes?

Answer: This medical device uses heat and pressure to unclog blocked glands on your eyelids. These glands produce the oil in your tears. It keeps your eye moist and prevents your tears from evaporating.


Question: What does it mean when your have dry eyes but have too many tears?

Answer: When tears don't provide enough moisture, you might notice: A gritty feeling Feeling like there's something in your eye Itching Redness Blurry vision Light sensitivity Sometimes, dry eyes create too many tears. This confusing condition is called reflex tearing. It happens because the lack of moisture irritates your eye. It sends a distress signal through your nervous system for more lubrication. Your body sends a flood of tears to try to make up for the dryness. It's a lot like what happens when you get sand in your eye and it runs. But these tears are mostly water, so they don't act like normal tears. They can wash debris away, but they can't coat your eye's surface.


Question: What's in a tear?

Answer: What's in a tear? They're a mix of: Water, for moisture Oils, for lubrication Mucus, for even spreading Antibodies and special proteins that keep infection at bay The ingredients come from special glands around your eye. Dry eyes often mean your tear system is out of whack.


Question: How does temporary punctual occlusion treat dry eyes?

Answer: Your doctor might opt to close the punctum, or duct that drains tears from your eye. He or she might start with a temporary plug designed to dissolve over time. Based on how it works, your doctor will know whether permanent plugs will help.


Question: What happens when tears donât provide enough moisture?

Answer: When tears don't provide enough moisture, you might notice: A gritty feeling Feeling like there's something in your eye Itching Redness Blurry vision Light sensitivity Sometimes, dry eyes create too many tears.


Question: How does cyclosporine (Cequa, Restasis) treat dry eyes?

Answer: This prescription eye drop helps your eyes boost tear production.


Question: How can you know if tears aren't providing enough moisture?

Answer: When tears don't provide enough moisture, you might notice: A gritty feeling Feeling like there's something in your eye Itching Redness Blurry vision Light sensitivity Sometimes, dry eyes create too many tears.


Question: How are dry eyes treated using temporary punctual occlusion?

Answer: Your doctor might opt to close the punctum, or duct that drains tears from your eye. He or she might start with a temporary plug designed to dissolve over time. Based on how it works, your doctor will know whether permanent plugs will help.


Question: What are the symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer: People with schizotypal personality disorder display a combination of odd behavior, speech patterns, thoughts, and perceptions. Other people often describe these individuals as strange or eccentric. Additional traits of people with this disorder include the following: Dressing, speaking, or acting in an odd or peculiar way Being suspicious and paranoid Being uncomfortable or anxious in social situations due to their distrust of others Having few friends and being extremely uncomfortable with intimacy Tending to misinterpret reality or to have distorted perceptions (for example, mistaking noises for voices) Having odd beliefs or magical thinking (for example, being overly superstitious or thinking of themselves as psychic) Being preoccupied with fantasy and daydreaming Tending to be stiff and awkward when relating to others Coming across as emotionally distant, aloof, or cold Genetics may play some role in the development of schizotypal personality disorder.


Question: What complications are associated with schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer: People with this disorder might be at risk for developing anxiety or depression. They also tend to have poor social skills and lack fulfilling relationships. Without treatment, people with this disorder can become even more uncomfortable in social situations, which can lead to greater isolation.


Question: What are some other disorders that someone with schizotypal personality disorder may have?

Answer: People with schizotypal personality disorder who also suffer from another disorder, such as anxiety or depression, might benefit from medication, such as an antidepressant or anti-anxiety drug.


Question: How is schizotypal personality disorder diagnosed?

Answer: Although there are no lab tests to specifically diagnose personality disorders, the doctor might use various diagnostic tests to rule out physical illness as the cause of the symptoms. If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she might refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, health care professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate someone for a personality disorder.


Question: What are the symptoms of blocked hair follicles?

Answer: Other things can trigger breakouts: Smoking Being overweight For women, getting your period Hormone changes Heat Sweating At first, blocked hair follicles usually look like breakouts of pimples or boils. They usually form in places where your skin rubs together, like your armpits or groin. If you're a woman, you're more likely to have them on your genitals, upper thighs, or under your breasts. For a man, they happen more on your genitals and around your anus. The bumps may come and go or just stay the same. You might get them in the same spot every time, or they might move around your body. If your condition gets worse, you may have: Deep breakouts that hurt Bumps that burst, and maybe leak fluid that smells bad Scars after your breakouts heal. They may get thicker over time. Skin that looks spongy because of deep lines called tracts Infections In rare cases, skin cancer Your symptoms might change quickly, so blocked hair follicles can look different at different times. One week you might have bumps leaking fluid, and the next, the area may be cleared up.


Question: What can trigger blocked hair follicles?

Answer: Other things can trigger breakouts: Smoking Being overweight For women, getting your period Hormone changes Heat Sweating At first, blocked hair follicles usually look like breakouts of pimples or boils.


Question: What are some myths about blocked hair follicles?

Answer: Doctors know what doesn't cause the condition: It doesn't happen because you don't wash yourself well enough. You can't catch the disease from someone else.


Question: When should you see a doctor about blocked hair follicles?

Answer: Once you start to notice these breakouts, see your doctor as soon as you can to start tackling the problem. You can get treatments that can help clear your skin and maybe prevent more breakouts and complications.


Question: What leads to blocked hair follicles?

Answer: Doctors don't know for sure. Many think hormones might play a role, since the condition usually hits after puberty and breakouts can flare for women around the time they have their periods. The problem is three times more common for women than for men. It may also happen because of your immune system. Most people get clogged hair follicles from time to time, but if you have HS, your body may be overreacting to those blockages. Your genes may make a difference, too. One-third of people who have the condition are related to someone else who has it.


Question: Why do people take horny goat weed (epimedium)?

Answer: Some men take horny goat weed in the belief that it's a natural alternative to drugs for erectile dysfunction ( ED). Although still preliminary, there's new evidence to support the idea. A 2008 lab study found that a compound in the herb blocks the effects of an enzyme that restricts blood flow to the penis. Epimedium, the suspected active component of horny goat weed, appears to act as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, similar to some drugs used for ED. Horny goat weed has also been studied as a treatment for other conditions, like osteoporosis and hardening of the arteries. The results from studies conducted abroad show promise, however better clinical studies are still needed.


Question: What is horny goat weed (epimedium)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Horny goat weed is an herb that has been a traditional remedy in China for centuries. It's used for low libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, pain, and other conditions.


Question: What are the risks of taking horny goat weed (epimedium)?

Answer: But it may. It may cause upset stomach and dry mouth. In some, horny goat weed may result in irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, nosebleeds, and mood changes. High doses have been linked to spasms and respiratory failure. Risks. Always speak to your doctor before taking herbal supplements like horny goat weed. People with certain health conditions may be at higher risk for adverse side effects. Interactions. If you take any medicines or supplements regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using horny goat weed. It could interact with drugs including some blood thinners, aspirin, birth control pills, antidepressants, treatments for immune disorders and thyroid problems, and medicines that lower blood pressure or cholesterol. Using horny goat weed with nitroglycerin can be extremely dangerous. Similar to its use with pharmaceutical erectile dysfunction medicines, mixing nitroglycerin with horny goat weed can even be fatal due to the potential for severe drops in blood pressure. Given the possible risks, women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and children should not take horny goat weed.


Question: Can I get horny goat weed (epimedium) naturally from foods?

Answer: There are no natural food sources of horny goat weed.


Question: How much horny goat weed (epimedium) should I take?

Answer: Horny goat weed is an unproven treatment. There is no established dose.


Question: How will hydrocelectomy treat hydrocele in baby boys?

Answer: The doctor can remove a hydrocele in a brief operation called a hydrocelectomy. Your baby will get medicine to numb his body or to put him under completely. Then, a surgeon makes a cut in his scrotum or lower belly. The surgeon then drains the fluid and sews the sac closed. Once it's finished, your son can go home the same day. In the days after surgery, you'll need to keep the area clean and dry. The doctor and her team will show you how to care for your son as he heals. After a few days, you may need to take him back to the doctor to make sure he's healing well.


Question: What are the types of hydrocele in baby boys?

Answer: There are two types: Noncommunicating hydrocele happens when the sac closes like normal, but the boy's body doesn't absorb the fluid inside it. Communicating hydrocele happens when the sac doesn't seal. With this type, his scrotum may swell more over time. Babies born prematurely are more likely to have a hydrocele.


Question: How can I take care a minor scalp wound in my child?

Answer: You think the injury is serious or if your child: Is younger than 2 Has neck pain Keeps crying Needs stitches for a wide open wound Vomited several times Isn't crying but has clear fluid coming from the ear or nose Has blurry vision Has a bad headache Has memory loss Shows signs of confusion Has a history of brain injury Fell from a height greater than three feet Was struck in the head by an object travelling at a high speed Wash the area with mild soap and water. To stop bleeding, use a sterile cloth and apply pressure for 10 minutes. Ice the area for 20 minutes using ice wrapped in a towel or cloth. Ice the area again after an hour to reduce swelling and pain. Keep an eye on your child for 2 hours. Pay attention to how he walks and talks. Look for changes from his normal behavior. Watch for any signs listed above that indicate you should call the doctor. Give the child only clear liquids.


Question: When should I get medical care for my child after a minor injury?

Answer: Is not breathing Lost consciousness Had a seizure Is hard to wake up Is slurring speech or acting confused Wobbles when walking Has weak arms or legs Can't move his neck as usual Keeps bleeding Has a dent in the skull or a lot of swelling Minor head injuries in young children are scary. And although the wounds are usually small, some head injuries need immediate medical care. You think the injury is serious or if your child: Is younger than 2 Has neck pain Keeps crying Needs stitches for a wide open wound Vomited several times Isn't crying but has clear fluid coming from the ear or nose Has blurry vision Has a bad headache Has memory loss Shows signs of confusion Has a history of brain injury Fell from a height greater than three feet Was struck in the head by an object travelling at a high speed Wash the area with mild soap and water.


Question: What medications can prevent influenza A and B?

Answer: If you are pregnant you can only receive the injectable form.


Question: What are side effects of influenza vaccine?

Answer: Some people develop low fever and muscle aches as side effects of the vaccine.


Question: What do you need to know about the influenza vaccine?

Answer: The most effective way of preventing the flu is with an influenza vaccination. Every fall you should be immunized against strains that have developed since the previous outbreak. If you are vaccinated against three or more strains, you may still come down with flu, but symptoms are likely to be milder than they would have been had you not had an influenza vaccination.


Question: Can estrogen help treat osteoporosis?

Answer: Estrogen: While estrogen, another hormone, can help with osteoporosis in women who have been through menopause, it also has serious side effects, such as: Blood clots Breast cancer Endometrial cancer Heart disease Because of this, the FDA suggests taking only the smallest dose for the shortest possible time and only if you're highly likely to get fractures.


Question: How do bisphosphonates help treat osteoporosis?

Answer: This is the most commonly used class of medicines to treat osteoporosis in men and women. They work by slowing the rate of bone loss.


Question: How should I first treat allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: First, if stung on the hand, remove any rings from your fingers immediately. If stung by a bee, the insect usually leaves a sac of venom and a stinger in your skin. Remove the stinger within 30 seconds to avoid receiving more venom. Gently scrape the sac and stinger out with a fingernail or a stiff-edged object like a credit card. Do not squeeze the sac or pull on the stinger -- this will cause the release of more venom into the skin. Wash the stung area with soap and water and then apply an antiseptic.


Question: How can I prevent an allergic reaction?

Answer: Allergic reactions to insect stings can be prevented with allergy shots (also known as immuntherapy). The treatment is 97% effective in preventing future reactions and involves injecting gradually increasing doses of venom that stimulate your immune system to become resistant to a future allergic reaction. If you've had an allergic reaction, it's important to talk to an allergist, a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic disease. Based on your history and test results, the allergist will determine if you are a candidate for immunotherapy treatment.


Question: How can I avoid allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: You can lessen your chances of an insect sting by taking certain precautionary measures: Learn to recognize insect nests and avoid them. Yellow jackets nest in the ground in dirt mounds or old logs and walls. Honeybees nest in beehives. Hornets and wasps nest in bushes, trees, and on buildings. Wear shoes and socks when outdoors. Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, socks, and shoes when in wooded areas. Avoid wearing perfumes or brightly colored clothing. They tend to attract insects. If you have severe allergies, you should never be alone when hiking, boating, swimming, golfing, or otherwise involved outdoors, as you may need prompt medical treatment if stung. Use insect screens on windows and doors at home. Use insect repellents. Spray garbage cans regularly with insecticide and keep the cans covered. Avoid or remove insect-attracting plants and vines growing in and around the house. A severely allergic person should always wear a Medic Alert bracelet and keep a self-care kit (described below) on hand for emergency use in the case of severe symptoms.


Question: What should I know about allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Bee, wasp, yellow jacket, hornet, or fire ant stings most often trigger allergic reactions. However, most people are not allergic to insect stings and may mistake a normal sting reaction for an allergic reaction. By knowing the difference, you can prevent unnecessary worry and visits to the doctor.


Question: What are the symptoms of a mild allergic reaction to insect stings?

Answer: A mild allergic reaction to an insect sting may cause one or more of the following symptoms at the site of the sting: Pain Redness Mild to moderate swelling Warmth at the sting site Itching People who have experienced a severe systemic allergic reaction to an insect sting have a 60% chance of a similar or worse reaction if they are stung again.


Question: What are the different types of allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: The severity of an insect sting reaction varies from person to person. There are three types of reactions -- normal, localized, and allergic: A normal reaction will result in pain, swelling, and redness around the sting site. A large local reaction will result in swelling that extends beyond the sting site. For example, a person stung on the ankle may have swelling of the entire leg. While it often looks alarming, it is generally no more serious than a normal reaction. The most serious reaction to an insect sting is a systemic allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis(described below). This condition requires immediate medical attention.


Question: What medications can I take to treat allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: Take an over-the-counter oral antihistamine to reduce itching, swelling, and hives. However, this medication should not be given to children under 2 years of age or to pregnant women without prior approval from a doctor. The antihistamine can also make you drowsy, so do not drive or operate heavy machinery after taking it. To relieve pain, take a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID) such as ibuprofen.


Question: What are the symptoms of allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (called an anaphylactic reaction or anaphylaxis) may include one or more of the following: Difficulty breathing Hives that appear as a red, itchy rash and spread to areas beyond the sting Swelling of the face, throat, lips or tongue Wheezing or difficulty swallowing Restlessness and anxiety Rapid pulse Dizziness or a sharp drop in blood pressure Although severe allergic reactions are not that common, they can lead to shock, cardiac arrest, and unconsciousness in 10 minutes or less. This type of reaction can occur within minutes after a sting and can be fatal. Get emergency treatment as soon as possible.


Question: How can I treat swelling from allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: Wash the stung area with soap and water and then apply an antiseptic. If swelling is a problem, apply an ice pack or cold compress to the area.


Question: What are epinephrine sting kits for allergic reactions?

Answer: Do not wait to see if you are having a reaction before administering the pen because by then it may be too late. The two most common have the brand names Ana- Kit and Epi- Pen. However, these kits should not be used as a substitute for medical intervention. You should still see a doctor after being stung. Epinephrine alone is not always enough to reverse serious allergic sting reactions and may cause serious side effects in some people with heart conditions or people who are taking certain drugs. You will need a prescription from your doctor to purchase one of these kits. Each kit has two pens in case a repeat dosage is needed. Carry it with you at all times. Before using, be sure to let your doctor know about any medication you are taking to prevent drug interactions.


Question: What blood tests can help diagnose a stroke?

Answer: Complete blood count. This includes a check for your level of platelets, which are cells that help clot blood. A lab will also measure electrolyte levels in your blood to see how well your kidneys are working. Clotting time. A pair of tests called PT (prothrombin time) and PTT (partial thromboplastin time) can check how quickly your blood clots. If it takes too long, it could be a sign of bleeding problems.


Question: How can magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help diagnose a stroke?

Answer: This uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make a detailed picture of your brain. It's sharper than a CT scan and can show injuries earlier than a traditional CT. Carotid ultrasound.


Question: What are the signs of stroke?

Answer: The F- A- S- T test is an easy way to remember them: Face: Smile. Does one side of your face sag? Arms: Raise both and see if one droops. Speech: Say a common phrase: Does it sound strange or slurred? Time: Call 9-1-1 right away if you notice any of these symptoms. Note what time they started.


Question: What is the most common kind of stroke?

Answer: Your doctor may: Ask when your symptoms started and get information about your medical history Check how alert you are, and see if you can't move one side of the face or you have trouble with coordination and balance Check if you feel numb or weak in any part of your body See if you have trouble with your vision or speech Do a physical exam, take your blood pressure, and listen to your heart Your doctor then will need to do blood tests and imaging tests to figure out which type of stroke you might have had. The most common kind is called ischemic stroke. Almost 90% of people who have a stroke have this, and it happens when a clot blocks blood flow. A hemorrhagic stroke is when you have bleeding in your brain.


Question: How is stroke diagnosed?

Answer: At the hospital, your doctor will want to rule out other conditions that might cause your symptoms. These could include seizure, migraine, low blood sugar, or a heart problem. Your doctor may: Ask when your symptoms started and get information about your medical history Check how alert you are, and see if you can't move one side of the face or you have trouble with coordination and balance Check if you feel numb or weak in any part of your body See if you have trouble with your vision or speech Do a physical exam, take your blood pressure, and listen to your heart Your doctor then will need to do blood tests and imaging tests to figure out which type of stroke you might have had.


Question: How can angiograms of your head and neck help diagnose a stroke?

Answer: Your doctor will put dye in your blood so they can see your blood vessels with X-rays. This can help find a blockage or aneurysm.


Question: How can echocardiogram help diagnose a stroke?

Answer: Sometimes a clot forms in another part of the body (often the heart) and travels to the brain. This imaging test of the heart can look for clots in the heart or enlarged parts of the heart.


Question: What are the advantages of lasers over drills in dentistry?

Answer: Pros Compared to the traditional dental drill, lasers: May cause less pain in some instances, so reduces the need for anesthesia May reduce anxiety in patients uncomfortable with the use of the dental drill Minimize bleeding and swelling during soft tissue treatments May preserve more healthy tooth during cavity removal Cons The disadvantages of lasers are that: Lasers can't be used on teeth with fillings already in place.