Question: What are disadvantages of stopping taking my epilepsy medicine?

Answer: On the plus side: An end to side effects Fewer chances of drug interactions Possible cost savings Feeling more positive about your health On the minus side: Seizures could come back. You could feel unsure about the future and less in control. Drugs might not work if epilepsy returns (a slim chance). You may not be able to drive for a period of time.


Question: How do you treat depression?

Answer: Treatment choices for depression depend on how serious the illness is. Major depressive disorder is treated with psychotherapy (counseling, or talk therapy with a psychologist, psychiatrist, or licensed counselor), medications, or a combination of the two. The most effective treatment for depression is often a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Drugs tend to work more quickly to decrease symptoms while psychotherapy helps people learn coping strategies to prevent the onset of future depressive symptoms.


Question: How are sleep and depression linked?

Answer: An inability to sleep, or insomnia, can be one of the signs of depression (a small percentage of depressed people, approximately 15%, oversleep or sleep too much). Lack of sleep alone cannot cause depression, but it does play a role. Lack of sleep caused by another medical illness or by personal problems can make depression worse. An inability to sleep that lasts over a long period of time is also an important clue that someone may be depressed.


Question: What can help you sleep if you have depression?

Answer: Psychotherapy can also address coping skills to improve a person's ability to fall asleep. In addition to trying medications, here are some tips to improve sleep: Learn relaxation or mindfulness-based meditation and deep-breathing techniques. Clear your head of concerns by writing a list of activities that need to be completed the next day and tell yourself you will think about it tomorrow. Get regular exercise, no later than a few hours before bedtime. Don't use caffeine, alcohol, or nicotine in the evening. Don't lie in bed tossing and turning. Get out of bed and do something in another room when you can't sleep. Go back to bed when you are feeling drowsy. Use the bed only for sleeping and sexual activity. Don't lie in bed to watch TV or read.


Question: Where should I go for urinary incontinence treatment?

Answer: For urinary incontinence treatment, start with your primary care doctor. Tell him or her you are having problems with bladder control. If your primary care doctor is unable to help, ask for a referral to a specialist. Doctors who specialize in treating urinary incontinence include urogynecologists, gynecologists with extra training in urinary incontinence, or urologists, doctors who specialize in problems of the urinary tract system in men and women.


Question: How successful is treatment for urinary incontinence?

Answer: For urinary incontinence treatment, start with your primary care doctor. Tell him or her you are having problems with bladder control. If your primary care doctor is unable to help, ask for a referral to a specialist.


Question: What food ingredients are associated with wheat allergy?

Answer: Foods with wheat protein include: Bran Bread crumbs Bulgur Couscous Durum, durum flour, and durum wheat Einkorn Farina Farro (also known as emmer) Kamut Semolina Sprouted wheat Triticale Wheat (bran, germ, gluten, grass, malt, starch) Wheat berries Wheat flour (all types, including all-purpose, cake, enriched, graham, high protein or high gluten, and pastry) If you see any of these listed on a label, the food may have wheat in it: Gelatinized starch Gluten or vital gluten Hydrolyzed vegetable protein Natural flavoring Starch, modified starch, modified food starch Vegetable gum or starch You may be allergic to some other grains, too.


Question: What foods can trigger wheat allergy?

Answer: Foods with wheat protein include: Bran Bread crumbs Bulgur Couscous Durum, durum flour, and durum wheat Einkorn Farina Farro (also known as emmer) Kamut Semolina Sprouted wheat Triticale Wheat (bran, germ, gluten, grass, malt, starch) Wheat berries Wheat flour (all types, including all-purpose, cake, enriched, graham, high protein or high gluten, and pastry) If you see any of these listed on a label, the food may have wheat in it: Gelatinized starch Gluten or vital gluten Hydrolyzed vegetable protein Natural flavoring Starch, modified starch, modified food starch Vegetable gum or starch You may be allergic to some other grains, too.


Question: How should you prepare for a mammogram?

Answer: Before your mammogram, inform your doctor or the technologist performing the test if you are pregnant or think that you may be pregnant. No dietary changes are necessary. Take your medicines as usual. Do not wear body powder, cream, deodorant, or lotion under your arms or on your chest the day of the test. These substances may interfere with the X-rays. You will be asked to remove all clothing above the waist and you will be given a hospital gown to wear. You may want to wear a two-piece outfit the day of the test. You will be asked to remove all jewelry.


Question: What is a mammogram?

Answer: For a routine breast screening, two pictures are taken of each breast.


Question: What happens during a mammogram?

Answer: You will be asked to stand in front of an X-ray machine. A technologist will place your breast on an X-ray plate. A clear plastic paddle will gently compress your breast until taut. Compression is necessary to obtain the clearest possible picture with the least amount of radiation. Your cooperation for these few seconds is important to get a clear picture. If you feel that the pressure on your breast is too great, tell the technologist. If you feel some discomfort from this pressure, it will only last for a few seconds while the X-ray is being taken. To minimize discomfort during compression, you may want to consider scheduling your appointment seven to 10 days after the start of your period, when your breasts are least likely to be tender. The breast will be imaged in several positions to enable the radiologist to visualize all breast tissue adequately. For a routine breast screening, two pictures are taken of each breast. The exam takes about 5-10 minutes.


Question: How can uveitis be treated?

Answer: If you don't get better with those treatments, or if your uveitis is severe, your doctor may prescribe stronger drugs. These drugs may include immunosuppressives. Those dampen your immune system. You'd use them with corticosteroids. If you have anterior uveitis, your doctor will probably prescribe eye drops at first. If you have intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis, they may give you injections, oral medications, or an immunosuppressive drug. They could also suggest an implantable device that slowly releases medication.


Question: Who is most likely to get uveitis?

Answer: Folks with certain gene combinations and those who smoke seem to be at greater risk. Some diseases also increase the chances, including: AIDS Ankylosing spondylitis Behcet's disease CMV retinitis Herpes zoster infection Histoplasmosis Kawasaki disease Multiple sclerosis Psoriasis Reactive arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Sarcoidosis Syphilis Toxoplasmosis Tuberculosis Ulcerative colitis Vogt- Koyanagi- Harada disease They can affect one or both eyes, and they may come on quickly.


Question: What causes uveitis?

Answer: Many things, and they're all tied to inflammation. For example, a toxic substance could get into your eye and cause inflammation. So could a bruise to your eye. Uveitis may also be caused by an autoimmune disease, meaning your body is attacking itself. That attack causes inflammation, and so do infections and tumors in your eye or other parts of your body.


Question: What causes  hair loss?

Answer: People lose hair for various reasons. Illness and medication (like chemotherapy to treat cancer) can cause hair loss. Hair loss can also be inherited from a parent. Often, hair thins because it is fine-textured -- or because too many harsh chemicals have been used on it -- so it breaks easily.


Question: How can steroids help treat carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: You can sometimes take these medicines as pills. It's also possible your doctor gives it to you as a shot in your wrist that goes right into the carpal tunnel. It can give you temporary relief from pain and swelling, but it's not a long-term solution.


Question: What are alternative medicine approaches to treating carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Some people with carpal tunnel syndrome have success with alternative or complementary medicine. Always check with your doctor before trying it. Some options are: Yoga . Research shows that it eases pain and boosts grip strength. Ultrasound therapy. This treatment uses sound waves to raise the temperature in your hand and wrist. The heat can relieve pain and help with healing. Results from studies are mixed, but some people find it useful. Acupuncture . Again, research hasn't clearly shown that acupuncture helps with carpal tunnel syndrome, but people in some studies found it helpful.


Question: How can physical and occupational therapy help treat carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: An occupational or physical therapist can help in a couple of ways. They may give you exercises to stretch and strengthen your hand and wrist muscles. They can also show you how to change your routine motions in a way that eases stress on your hands and wrists.


Question: How do antiseptics and powered toothbrushes help prevent dental problems?

Answer: Antiseptic rinses help get rid of bacteria that cause gum disease and bad breath. Fluoride rinses help prevent tooth decay. Dentists recommend rinsing once or twice a day. You may find a powered toothbrush better, especially if you have hand, arm, or shoulder problems that make manual brushing difficult. If you have children, be sure to buy them child-sized brushes so they fit their hands and mouth, and are easier to use.


Question: What should I put in a safe deposit box if a loved one has Alzheimer's?

Answer: Fill a safe deposit box. Here's what should go in it: Birth certificate Blank checks Car title Deeds (real estate, personal property, burial plot) Driver's license Family trees or genealogy records Health insurance cards Insurance policies and cards Legal documents List of bank accounts List of credit, debit, and ATM numbers List of type and model of medical equipment Marriage certificate Medical records Medicare card Military service serial numbers Organ donor card Passport Personal property inventory Social Security card Stock certificates Putting all these ducks in a row is a big responsibility, so tackle it a piece at a time.


Question: What financial information will I need if a loved one has Alzheimer's?

Answer: A list of numbers you'll need to hunt down include: Account numbers Bank balances Investment holdings Insurance policies and payouts Total assets Outstanding debts Ongoing expenses You'll need to plan for the cost of care, pay bills, arrange benefit claims, make investment decisions, and prepare tax returns.


Question: How can I help a loved one who has Alzheimer's manage their finances?

Answer: A list of numbers you'll need to hunt down include: Account numbers Bank balances Investment holdings Insurance policies and payouts Total assets Outstanding debts Ongoing expenses You'll need to plan for the cost of care, pay bills, arrange benefit claims, make investment decisions, and prepare tax returns. These can be touchy issues, since the person with Alzheimer's has to hand over control and fully trust your judgment. And money can be a great divider of families. Your loved one can sign over durable power of attorney, giving you the right to make financial choices on their behalf. You can also hire a trusted third party: a CPA, family banker, estate planning attorney, or financial planner. Don't forget to put this in the computer file and thumb drive. The data should include who has Power of Attorney, along with any advance directive or living will.


Question: How long do tension headaches last?

Answer: These headaches can last from 30 minutes to a few days. The episodic kind usually starts gradually, often in the middle of the day.


Question: Are over-the-counter painkillers used to treat tension headaches?

Answer: For prevention, you can: Take medications Avoid the causes or triggers Manage your stress or learn relaxation techniques Practice biofeedback Try home remedies, like a hot bath, ice packs, or better posture Over-the-counter ( OTC) painkillers are often the first treatments doctors recommend for tension headaches. People with the chronic kind can use some of these drugs to prevent headaches. If OTC pain relievers don't help, your doctor may recommend a prescription-strength med or a muscle relaxant.


Question: How often do people get chronic tension headaches?

Answer: Many people with the chronic type have usually had them for more than 60-90 days.


Question: How often do people get episodic tension headaches?

Answer: Most people with episodic tension headaches have them no more than once or twice a month, but they can happen more often.


Question: Are there side effects to treating tension headaches?

Answer: Plus, all medicines have side effects. If you take one regularly, including products you buy over-the-counter, talk about the pros and cons with your doctor. You'll still need to find out and deal with the things that are causing your headaches, too.


Question: How often do episodic tension headaches occur?

Answer: Up to 80% of adults in the U. S. get them from time to time. About 3% have chronic daily tension headaches. Women are twice as likely to get them as men.


Question: What are the symptoms of tension headaches?

Answer: A few common ones include: Mild to moderate pain or pressure in the front, top, or sides of the head Headache that starts later in the day Trouble sleeping Feeling very tired Irritability Trouble focusing Mild sensitivity to light or noise Muscle aches Unlike migraine headaches, you won't have other nerve symptoms, such as muscle weakness or blurred vision. And they don't usually cause severe sensitivity to light or noise, stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting.


Question: How many Americans suffer from tension headaches?

Answer: Up to 80% of adults in the U. S. get them from time to time. About 3% have chronic daily tension headaches. Women are twice as likely to get them as men.


Question: Do tension headaches affect your daily activities?

Answer: See More: How to Help Headache Pain Although your head hurts, tension headaches usually don't keep you from your daily activities, and they don't affect your vision, balance, or strength.


Question: Do tension headaches cause other nerve symptoms?

Answer: A few common ones include: Mild to moderate pain or pressure in the front, top, or sides of the head Headache that starts later in the day Trouble sleeping Feeling very tired Irritability Trouble focusing Mild sensitivity to light or noise Muscle aches Unlike migraine headaches, you won't have other nerve symptoms, such as muscle weakness or blurred vision. And they don't usually cause severe sensitivity to light or noise, stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting.


Question: How long do chronic tension headaches tend to affect people?

Answer: Many people with the chronic type have usually had them for more than 60-90 days.


Question: What are common symptoms of tension headaches?

Answer: A few common ones include: Mild to moderate pain or pressure in the front, top, or sides of the head Headache that starts later in the day Trouble sleeping Feeling very tired Irritability Trouble focusing Mild sensitivity to light or noise Muscle aches Unlike migraine headaches, you won't have other nerve symptoms, such as muscle weakness or blurred vision.


Question: How do drugs that work on your immune system treat eczema?

Answer: Your doctor may consider these medicines -- such as azathioprine, cyclosporine, or methotrexate -- if other treatments don't help. There are also prescription creams and ointments that treat eczema by controlling inflammation and reducing immune system reactions. Examples include pimecrolimus ( Elidel), which is a cream, and crisaborole ( Eucrisa) and tacrolimus ( Protopic), which are ointments. You should only use these for a short time if other treatments don't work -- and you should never use them on kids younger than 2, according to the FDA.


Question: What medicines are used to treat eczema?

Answer: If your doctor decides you need meds to treat your eczema, those may include: Hydrocortisone. Over-the-counter cream or ointment versions of it may help mild eczema. If yours is severe, you may need a prescription dose. Antihistamines. Ones you take by mouth are available over-the-counter and may help relieve symptoms. Some of these make you drowsy, but others don't. Corticosteroids. Your doctor may prescribe these if other treatments don't work. Always follow your doctor's directions when taking steroids by mouth. Ultraviolet light therapy. This may help if your skin condition is severe.


Question: How do short, warm showers help treat eczema?

Answer: Short, warm showers. Don't take very hot or very long showers or baths.


Question: How does soap and moisturizer help treat eczema?

Answer: The basics: Soap and moisturizer. Use a mild soap or soap substitute that won't dry your skin. You'll also want a good moisturizer in cream, lotion, or ointment form. Smooth it on right after a shower or bath, as well as one other time each day. If your eczema is severe, you may find that it helps to take baths with a small amount of bleach added to the water. That kills bacteria that live on the skin of people with eczema.


Question: How can getting a humidifier help treat eczema?

Answer: Get a humidifier. Dry air can be stressful for your skin.


Question: How do prescription-strength moisturizers help treat eczema?

Answer: Prescription-strength moisturizers.


Question: How can visualization help me reduce stress around symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: It's like taking a mental vacation to distract you from your worries and pain. Imagine yourself in a place you find calm and relaxing. Maybe it's in a boat on a mountain lake. Feel the warm sun on your face. Dip your toes in the water. Listen to the birds chirp. Smell the mountain air. Go back to that place every time you feel stressed or when symptoms bother you.


Question: Can I reduce stress around unpredictable symptoms of my irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Remember to follow your doctor's instructions exactly when taking any medication for your IBS- D. Unpredictable symptoms can leave you stressed and anxious, which can lead to more problems. But when you learn ways to worry less, that can break the circle.


Question: How can mindfulness meditation help me reduce stress around symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: This can calm your mind, ease stress, and help manage pain. It's taught in a class or group session. You'll learn breathing, visualization, and relaxation techniques to lessen your stress. The main goal here is to help you focus on the present instead of worrying about the past or future.


Question: How can psychodynamic therapy help me reduce stress around symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Psychodynamic therapy looks at how your emotions affect your symptoms. Often you're taught ways to help you relax.


Question: Are there medications that can help my irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) feel better?

Answer: If your doctor prescribes these, you may wonder how they could help you.


Question: Should I follow my doctor's instructions for taking medications for my irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Remember to follow your doctor's instructions exactly when taking any medication for your IBS- D. Unpredictable symptoms can leave you stressed and anxious, which can lead to more problems.


Question: What is eluxadoline and how can it help treat my irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Eluxadoline ( Viberzi) works in your digestive system to lessen bowel contractions and slow the motion in your intestines. You take it twice a day with food. It works best if you take it regularly for as long as your doctor feels is needed.


Question: How can hypnosis help me reduce stress around symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: This puts you in a different state of awareness and uses the power of suggestion to help you feel better. The hypnotist may use calm imagery to help relax the muscles in your gut.


Question: What medications can I take to help cramping that comes from my irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: You might hear your doctor call these "anticholinergic and antispasmodic drugs." She's talking about prescription meds like dicyclomine ( Bentyl) and hyoscyamine ( Levsin), which lessen bad cramping and unusual colon contractions. They may help more if you take them before you have symptoms. For instance, if you usually have pain or diarrhea after eating, it's probably better to take them before a meal.


Question: What are ways to calm down my symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: There's evidence that two may calm your symptoms: Peppermint oil.


Question: How can low-dose antidepressants help treat my irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: If your doctor prescribes these, you may wonder how they could help you. Some may work because they weaken pain signals your gut sends to your brain. They can also improve diarrhea by slowing the flow of food through your stomach and intestines.


Question: How can anti-anxiety drugs help my irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Your doctor might prescribe these if anxiety triggers your symptoms. Clonazepam ( Klonopin), diazepam ( Valium), and lorazepam ( Ativan) can help take the edge off. Usually they're not used for a long time because of the risk of addiction.


Question: How can you take care of yourself when you have non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?

Answer: Look for creative ways to adjust to your shifting sleep patterns. Think about what's important to you and how you can make positive changes in your life. For instance, you may need to ask your boss for flexible working hours. If you're a student, consider taking classes online or viewing lectures on video. Ask your school about getting a flexible exam schedule or taking a lighter course load. Keep in mind that Non-24 is considered a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Schools and employers must make reasonable accommodations for you, such as part-time or altered schedules.


Question: How effective is the treatment for non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?

Answer: Treatment success varies from person to person. One survey found that a combination of therapies brought "moderate" or "marked" improvement in 31% of people. If you still have some symptoms after treatment, get help from your doctor and family members about managing your lifestyle to fit your changing sleep-wake cycle. You may need advice from a mental health professional to help you work through the challenges of a shifting schedule.


Question: What are symptoms of non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?

Answer: Other causes include: Developmental brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorder Brain damage from head injury or tumors When you have Non-24 you feel sleepy during the day and have trouble falling asleep at night. Since your sleep schedule moves around the clock, you may feel normal for days and weeks at a time. But as your bedtime pattern shifts, you'll go back to having problems in getting to sleep at night.


Question: How can medications help with treating non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?

Answer: This is a hormone that controls the sleep-wake cycle.


Question: How can phototherapy help with treating non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?

Answer: You are exposed to bright light early in the morning from a light box. Late in the day, you wear special goggles to avoid light. Doctors usually try light therapy only after your sleep hours are back to normal, and it works only in people who have vision. It helps your eyes send the right signal to your brain about light and dark.


Question: What is the cure for non-24-hour-sleep-wake disorder?

Answer: There's no cure, but treatments, including hormones, medicine, and light therapy, can help get you closer to a normal sleeping pattern.


Question: What causes a baby to have a cold?

Answer: Babies get so many colds because their immune system isn't yet ready to fight off the 100 or so viruses that cause these infections. The cold virus spreads through the air when someone who's sick coughs or sneezes. It also lands on surfaces such as toys and tables. When babies touch these surfaces and then put their hands in their mouths -- which they do a lot -- they give the cold virus an easy entry route. Babies often pick up colds at day care. Or they can catch it from older brothers and sisters who bring the virus home from school -- or from grown-ups who shook hands with someone who should have stayed home from work.


Question: Is early treatment effective for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you have RA, early treatment can greatly limit joint damage. Your treatment plan will likely include these key parts: Medications.


Question: When should I see my doctor for my joint stiffness?

Answer: See a doctor if your joint stiffness, pain, or swelling lasts more than 2 weeks. She may refer you to a rheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in arthritis and other diseases of joints, muscles, and bones. At your appointment, share your list of symptoms and also mention anything that's not related to your joints, such as fatigue or weight loss. Your doctor may ask you to move the joint so he can see its range of motion. He will also check your joint for swelling, enlargement, and tenderness. You might also take some blood tests to help find out what the problem is.


Question: How can pacing yourself help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: At least once a day, gently move your joints through their range of motion. If needed, use assistive devices to make your daily tasks easier.


Question: How do you know if your joint stiffness is caused by rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: See a doctor if your joint stiffness, pain, or swelling lasts more than 2 weeks. She may refer you to a rheumatologist, a doctor who specializes in arthritis and other diseases of joints, muscles, and bones.


Question: Does joint stiffness mean I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Although stiff joints are a classic symptom of rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), you can also get them for other reasons.


Question: How does your doctor check if your joint stiffness is caused by rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: At your appointment, share your list of symptoms and also mention anything that's not related to your joints, such as fatigue or weight loss. Your doctor may ask you to move the joint so he can see its range of motion. He will also check your joint for swelling, enlargement, and tenderness. You might also take some blood tests to help find out what the problem is.


Question: How does physical therapy and exercise help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These will help you move better and with less pain. You can also use moist heat (like a warm shower) to loosen up stiff joints, and ice packs (or even a bag of frozen peas) to curb inflamed joints. Relaxation techniques also ease muscle tension. An occupational therapist can show you how to do everyday activities.


Question: How does exercise affect blood sugar related to type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Remember how much exercise does for you, including: Helps your body use insulin, which controls your blood sugar Burns extra body fat Strengthens muscles and bones Lowers blood pressure Cuts LDL (âbadâ) cholesterol Raises HDL (âgoodâ) cholesterol Improves blood flow Makes heart disease and stroke less likely Boosts energy and mood Tames stress When you exercise, your body needs extra energy from blood sugar, also called glucose. When you do something quickly, like a sprint to catch the bus, your muscles and liver release glucose for fuel. The big payoff comes when you do moderate exercise for a longer time, like a hike. Your muscles take up much more glucose when you do that. This helps lower your blood sugar levels. If you're doing intense exercise, your blood sugar levels may rise, temporarily, after you stop.


Question: What are the possible health risks of cosmetics?

Answer: Today's multibillion dollar cosmetic industry must meet strict government regulations about what it can and cannot include in products and must follow safe manufacturing guidelines. Today, the most serious injury you're likely to receive from your cosmetics is an irritation from a product that is too harsh for your skin, or an allergic rash from a fragrance or a preservative in the product.


Question: How does human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer?

Answer: Most of the time HPV infections go away on their own in 1 to 2 years. Yet some people stay infected for many years. If you don't treat an HPV infection, it can cause cells inside your cervix to turn into cancer. It can often take between 10 and 30 years from the time you're infected until a tumor forms.


Question: How do you get human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: HPV has been linked to cancers of the: Anus Throat Cervix Penis Vagina Vulva You can catch HPV through oral, vaginal, and anal sex. The virus is so common that most men and women who are sexually active will have HPV at some point. You can pass HPV to your partner even if you don't know you're infected. You can't catch HPV from a toilet set or swimming pool. It also doesn't pass from person to person through casual contact, like shaking hands.


Question: What cancers has human papillomavirus (HPV) been linked to?

Answer: HPV has been linked to cancers of the: Anus Throat Cervix Penis Vagina Vulva You can catch HPV through oral, vaginal, and anal sex.


Question: Does human papillomavirus (HPV) have symptoms?

Answer: Often HPV causes no symptoms. Some types of HPV can cause genital warts. Warts are single bumps, or clusters of bumps that look sort of like cauliflower. Genital warts can form around the: Vagina, vulva, groin, anus, mouth, or throat in women Penis, scrotum, thigh, groin, anus, mouth, or throat in men HPV can also cause cervical cancer. Symptoms of cervical cancer include: Bleeding between periods or after menopause Heavier than normal periods Abnormal discharge from the vagina Pain during sex Cervical cancer often doesn't cause symptoms until it has already spread. That's why it's important to get screened with a Pap test.


Question: What are the two types of human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: Sexually transmitted HPV comes in two different types: Low-risk HPV types cause genital warts on the penis or vagina.


Question: How often do you need to replace a diaphragm for birth control?

Answer: You'll have to replace it at least every 2 years or more often if it gets damaged. You may need a different size if you get pregnant, have pelvic surgery, or gain or lose more than 15 pounds.


Question: What is a diaphragm for birth control?

Answer: It's a small, flexible cup made of silicone or latex that goes inside the vagina to block sperm from reaching an egg. It has very few risks and can be up to 94% effective.


Question: What are the risks in using a diaphragm for birth control?

Answer: The most serious one is toxic shock syndrome, a condition you get from a bacterial infection. You can avoid it by not leaving a diaphragm in for more than 24 hours. The device also can cause irritation or a reaction if you're allergic to latex. And some women get urinary tract infections more often when they use a diaphragm.


Question: What are the risks of taking evening primrose oil?

Answer: Most people will tolerate evening primrose oil without complications. But keep in mind that there have been reports of side effects such as: Headache Stomach upset Nausea Dizziness Rash Evening primrose oil may raise the risk of bleeding among people who take anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications. It may also raise the risk of seizures as well as serious nausea and vomiting for people taking a class of drugs known as phenothiazines. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.


Question: Why do people use evening primrose oil?

Answer: Evening primrose oil supplements usually come in capsule form. People take it to try to treat conditions such as: Rheumatoid arthritis Premenstrual syndrome ( PMS) Eczema or atopic dermatitis and other skin conditions Breast pain during menstruation ADD Asthma Reviews of the available scientific evidence have found no reason to recommend evening primrose oil to help the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome or breast pain.


Question: Can you get evening primrose oil naturally from foods?

Answer: GLA, thought to be the active ingredient in evening primrose oil, can be found in small amounts in a variety of food sources. However, it is most concentrated in plant oils such as evening primrose oil and borage oil. The doses used in most clinical trials would be hard to get from food sources.


Question: How effective is evening primrose oil?

Answer: People take it to try to treat conditions such as: Rheumatoid arthritis Premenstrual syndrome ( PMS) Eczema or atopic dermatitis and other skin conditions Breast pain during menstruation ADD Asthma Reviews of the available scientific evidence have found no reason to recommend evening primrose oil to help the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome or breast pain. There is some good research showing that evening primrose oil may be helpful in eczema or atopic dermatitis. And some studies suggest that supplements that contain gamma-linolenic acid ( GLA), including evening primrose oil, may be of some benefit to people with rheumatoid arthritis. But other research is conflicting, so more research is needed on the use of evening primrose oil for both of these conditions.


Question: How can I prevent tooth discoloration?

Answer: By making a few simple lifestyle changes, you may be able to prevent teeth discoloration. For example, if you are a coffee drinker and/or smoker, consider cutting back or quitting all together. Also, improve your dental hygiene by brushing, flossing, and using a mouthwash daily, and getting your teeth cleaned by a dental hygienist every 6 months. If your teeth appear to be an abnormal color without ready explanation and, if other symptoms are also present, make an appointment to see your dentist.


Question: What treatment options are available to whiten teeth?

Answer: Treatment options to whiten teeth can vary depending on the cause of the discoloration and may include: Using proper tooth brushing and flossing techniques Avoidance of the foods and beverages that cause stains Bondings Veneers Using over-the-counter whitening agents In-home whitening agents purchased from your dentist In-office whitening procedures


Question: Is early treatment important for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Even though there's nothing you can do to ensure you won't get it, keep in mind that early treatment can make your symptoms less painful and save your joints from damage. Ideally, you should begin treatment within 3 to 6 months of your first symptoms.


Question: Is there a way to prevent rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: And if you do get the disease, smoking can make it worse. There's no way to prevent RA, but you can lower your chances if you: Quit smoking.


Question: Is there a link between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease?

Answer: Take care of your gums: New research shows a link between RA and periodontal (gum) disease. Brush, floss, and see your dentist for regular checkups.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis affect the body?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) happens when your body's defenses -- your immune system -- target the synovium, a thin layer of tissue that lines your joint. Your joints are usually the most severely affected, but the inflammation can spread to other organs and systems. RA causes ongoing pain, fatigue, and other problems. It's different from osteoarthritis, which results from breakdown of cartilage, the squishy tissue that cushions the ends of your joints.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis happen?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) happens when your body's defenses -- your immune system -- target the synovium, a thin layer of tissue that lines your joint. Your joints are usually the most severely affected, but the inflammation can spread to other organs and systems. RA causes ongoing pain, fatigue, and other problems. It's different from osteoarthritis, which results from breakdown of cartilage, the squishy tissue that cushions the ends of your joints.


Question: Can I still work if I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: After you're diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, you may worry about how your condition could affect your work life. You can work with MS. Many people who have it stay in their job for years after they're diagnosed. It varies greatly from person to person. In time, you may need to ask for accommodations so you can continue there. You may even find other kinds of work that you can do.


Question: What are alternatives I can make if I have multiple sclerosis (MS) and want to work?

Answer: It's your choice whether to stay in your current job. Your symptoms may be mild for a while, or they may go away. You might be able to control your condition with treatments, so you can work. If your symptoms make it hard to do your job, you may need to make changes. You could: Work fewer hours or part-time Find a job you can do despite your MS symptoms Train for another type of work Find a job you can do at home or online If you need to stop working, you can still volunteer.


Question: What should I do if I have multiple sclerosis (MS) and already have a job?

Answer: If you already have a job and develop MS: You don't have to tell your boss anything unless you ask for accommodations. Your employer does have the right to ask why you need new equipment or a change in work hours, so you'll have to give information to back up your request.


Question: What should I do if I have multiple sclerosis (MS) and are applying for a new job?

Answer: If you have MS and apply for a new job: You don't have to tell anyone during theinterview process unless you ask for accommodations. Any employer can ask you if you're able to do the necessary tasks. If it requires you to lift heavy boxes or type at a certain speed, you may have to show that you can do that.


Question: What are alternatives if I'm concerned about what the future may bring if I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: If you're worried about what the future, try something called a work self-assessment. You can take online tests to help you figure out if your MS symptoms could affect your job. These tools can help you decide which changes you need to make now, and which may need to consider down the road.


Question: What can I do in order to work if I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: These tweaks can include: Special tools or devices Different work hours Use of unpaid leave or vacation time for medical treatment Changing or swapping of tasks that aren't key to your job A reserved parking spot In any case, you'll need to be able to do the main functions of your job. For example, if you're a receptionist, the ability to answer phone calls is a basic part of the role. If MS makes it hard to use the phone, and there's no one else to help you, you may need to find other work. If you have MS, you may qualify for Social Security benefits. That doesn't mean that you can't work at any job or that you automatically qualify for disability. Talk with a lawyer who specializes in disability claims to find out if you're entitled to benefits.


Question: What are alternatives if I have multiple sclerosis (MS) and need to stop working?

Answer: You could: Work fewer hours or part-time Find a job you can do despite your MS symptoms Train for another type of work Find a job you can do at home or online If you need to stop working, you can still volunteer. This can boost your pride, and allow you to teach or help others.


Question: What can I do if I have multiple sclerosis (MS) and want to work?

Answer: Planning or analysis may also get tougher the longer you have MS. First, don't panic. The Americans with Disabilities Act protects your right to have a job you're qualified to do, even if you have a condition like MS. The law allows you to ask for reasonable accommodations, so you can do your job. These tweaks can include: Special tools or devices Different work hours Use of unpaid leave or vacation time for medical treatment Changing or swapping of tasks that aren't key to your job A reserved parking spot In any case, you'll need to be able to do the main functions of your job.


Question: How do I get rid of dust mites in my bedroom?

Answer: These microscopic bugs can trigger allergies and asthma. They can often be found living in your bedding. You can take some steps to get rid of them: Put dust-mite-proof covers on pillows, comforters, mattresses, and box springs. Wash your blankets, sheets, and pillowcases every week in water that is at least 130 F. Dry everything in a hot dryer.


Question: How can roaches in bedrooms cause allergies?

Answer: These microscopic bugs can trigger allergies and asthma.


Question: How can pets cause allergy problems in bedrooms?

Answer: But dander, saliva, and pee from furry animals can carry allergens. Ideally, your dog or cat should sleep somewhere else. If not, do your best to reduce dander. For example, vacuum more often.


Question: How do you know if your swollen ankles and feet are caused by an infection?

Answer: Swelling in the feet and ankles can be a sign of infection. People with diabetic neuropathy or other nerve problems of the feet are at greater risk for foot infections. If you have diabetes, it is important to inspect feet daily for blisters and sores, because nerve damage can blunt the pain sensation and foot problems can progress quickly. If you notice a swollen foot or blister that appears to be infected, contact your doctor right away.


Question: How do you know if your swollen ankles and feet are caused by a foot or ankle injury?

Answer: An injury to the foot or ankle can lead to swelling. The most common is a sprained ankle, which occurs when an injury or misstep causes the ligaments that hold the ankle in place to be stretched beyond their normal range. To reduce the swelling from a foot or ankle injury, rest to avoid walking on the injured ankle or foot, use ice packs, wrap the foot or ankle with compression bandage, and elevate the foot on a stool or pillow. If swelling and pain is severe or doesn't improve with home treatment, see your doctor.


Question: What should you do if your medications are causing swollen ankles and feet?

Answer: If you suspect swelling may be related to a drug you are taking, speak to your doctor. Although the benefits of the drug may be worth enduring some swelling, more severe swelling could make it necessary to change the medication or its dosage.


Question: How do you know if your swollen ankles and feet are caused by pregnancy complications?

Answer: Some swelling of the ankles and feet is normal during pregnancy. Sudden or excessive swelling, however, may be a sign of preeclampsia, a serious condition in which high blood pressure and protein in the urine develop after the 20th week of pregnancy. If you experience severe swelling or swelling accompanied by other symptoms such as abdominal pain, headaches, infrequent urination, nausea and vomiting, or vision changes, call your doctor immediately.


Question: How do you know if your swollen ankles and feet are caused by lymphedema?

Answer: This is a collection of lymphatic fluid in the tissues that can develop because of the absence of or problems with the lymph vessels or after the removal of lymph nodes. Lymph is a protein-rich fluid that normally travels along an extensive network of vessels and capillaries. It is filtered through the lymph nodes, which trap and destroy unwanted substances, such as bacteria. When there is a problem with the vessels or lymph nodes, however, the fluid's movement can be blocked. Untreated, lymph buildup can impair wound healing and lead to infection and deformity. Lymphedema is common following radiation therapy or removal of the lymph nodes in patients with cancer. If you have undergone cancer treatment and experience swelling, see your doctor right away.


Question: How do you know if your swollen ankles and feet are a serious problem?

Answer: But feet and ankles that stay swollen or are accompanied by other symptoms could signal a serious health problem.


Question: How do you know if your swollen ankles and feet are caused by a blood clot?

Answer: Blood clots that form in the veins of the legs can stop the return flow of blood from the legs back up to the heart and cause swelling in the ankles and feet. Blood clots can be either superficial (occurring in the veins just beneath the skin), or deep (a condition known as deep vein thrombosis). Deep clots can block one or more of the major veins of the legs. These blood clots can be life-threatening if they break loose and travel to the heart and lungs. If you have swelling in one leg, along with pain, low-grade fever, and possibly a change in color of the affected leg, call your doctor immediately. Treatment with blood thinners may be necessary.


Question: What medications can cause swollen ankles and feet?

Answer: Medication side effect. Many drugs can cause swelling in the feet and ankles as a possible side effect. They include: Hormones such as estrogen (found in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy) and testosterone Calcium channel blockers, a type of blood pressure medication, which includes nifedipine ( Adalat, Afeditab, Nifediac, Nifedical, Procardia), amlodipine ( Norvasc), diltiazem ( Cardizem, Cartia, Dilacor, Diltia, Tiazac), felodipine ( Plendil), and verapamil ( Calan, Covera- HS, Isoptin, Isoptin SR, Verelan) Steroids, including androgenic and anabolic steroids and corticosteroids such as prednisone Antidepressants, including: tricyclics, such as nortriptyline ( Pamelor, Aventyl), desipramine ( Norpramin), and amitriptyline ( Elavil, Endep, Vanatrip); and monoamine oxidase ( MAO) inhibitors such as phenelzine ( Nardil) and tranylcypromine ( Parnate) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Diabetes medications.


Question: How often do you need to take the fecal occult blood test?

Answer: The fecal immunochemical test ( FIT) is the test of choice over the fecal occult blood test. This test can be done at home.


Question: How can gastrointestinal bleeding be seen relative to the fecal occult blood test?

Answer: Blood may appear in the stool because of one or more of the following conditions: Benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) growths or polyps of the colon Hemorrhoids (swollen blood vessels near the anus and lower rectum that can rupture, causing bleeding) Anal fissures (splits or cracks in the lining of the anal opening) Intestinal infections that cause inflammation Ulcers Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Diverticular disease, caused by outpouchings of the colon wall Abnormalities of the blood vessels in the large intestine Gastrointestinal bleeding may be microscopic (invisible to the eye) or may be easily seen as red blood or black tar-like bowel movements, called melena.


Question: What is neurofeedback and how does it help ADHD?

Answer: Neurofeedback teaches a person with ADHD how to change brain waves to focus better. Scientists can study these to look for patterns. There are four waves the brain makes: alpha (medium), beta (fast), theta (slow), and delta (deep sleep). Neurofeedback is based on findings that people with ADHD have more theta waves than other people. They also have fewer beta waves. Supporters believe that training the brain to increase the fast beta waves and decrease the slow theta waves can lower ADHD symptoms.


Question: Can chiropractic medicine help with ADHD?

Answer: But no research has been done to see if it works. Many ADHD doctors do not support it. One theory is that an imbalance in muscle tone causes an imbalance in brain activity. According to this theory, when chiropractors adjust the ADHD patient's spine, balance is restored in the brain.


Question: How does applied kinesiology help ADHD?

Answer: Applied kinesiology, or neural organization technique, is another theory some chiropractors use with people who have ADHD. It's based on the thought that the bones of the skull can become misaligned, causing unequal pressure on different parts of the brain. They say this causes the brain to work improperly. To treat it, the chiropractor does adjustments that put the skull bones back to their proper position. But most doctors believe the bones of the skull do not move, so they cannot be misaligned.


Question: Why do kids seem hyper when they eat a lot of sugar?

Answer: Research does show that refined sugar and carbohydrates can affect your child's activity level. Kids can feel a rush because refined sugar quickly enters the bloodstream. That boosts blood sugar fast. When blood sugar spikes, your child may become much more active. The burst of energy is from an adrenaline rush caused by the rise in blood sugar.


Question: Is it safe to put my child on an elimination diet for ADHD?

Answer: If you decide to try an elimination diet for ADHD, be careful. You don't want to hurt your child's overall nutrition and have them miss out on important vitamins or minerals. Don't be too restrictive. It's best to talk with your child's doctor before trying any ADHD treatment.


Question: How does going to a chiropractor help ADHD?

Answer: One theory is that an imbalance in muscle tone causes an imbalance in brain activity. According to this theory, when chiropractors adjust the ADHD patient's spine, balance is restored in the brain.


Question: What are some alternative treatments for ADHD that work?

Answer: Working Memory Training ( COGMED) Many people with ADHD have trouble with working memory.


Question: How does omega-3 supplements affect ADHD symptoms?

Answer: One nutrition move that has shown promise is taking omega-3 supplements. Research has shown that children with ADHD have lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their blood than the typical child. As a result, some doctors recommend that they take omega-3 supplements. Children who were given omega-3s showed a small improvement in how severe their symptoms were when compared to children who took a placebo. The FDA has approved Vayarin, a "medical food" containing omega-3s, for treating ADHD.


Question: Does neurofeedback really help ADHD symptoms?

Answer: While there has been some promising research in this area, more research is needed to see how well neurofeedback works on ADHD symptoms.


Question: What should parents do when considering any ADHD treatments?

Answer: It's best to talk with your child's doctor before trying any ADHD treatment. She can help you make a healthy eating plan for your child. Or she can refer you to a registered dietitian who can help you with a meal plan and snack ideas. It's important to consider what your child will be able to eat when he or she is away from home, like at school, a birthday party, summer camp, or a friend's house. This can make a restrictive diet harder to follow. Also, consider whether the whole family, including siblings, will follow the same restrictions.


Question: What is working memory training and how does it help ADHD?

Answer: Working Memory Training ( COGMED) Many people with ADHD have trouble with working memory. That's remembering information and doing things with it over a short amount of time. Using computer programs to do brain training seems to help people improve their ability to concentrate, control impulsive behaviors, and improve problem-solving skills. Several studies seem to point to some programs making a difference over the short term. But other studies suggest that maybe only visual memory skills can be improved.


Question: Can working memory training help ADHD?

Answer: That's remembering information and doing things with it over a short amount of time. Using computer programs to do brain training seems to help people improve their ability to concentrate, control impulsive behaviors, and improve problem-solving skills. Several studies seem to point to some programs making a difference over the short term. But other studies suggest that maybe only visual memory skills can be improved.


Question: How does neurofeedback work?

Answer: To train them, a medical professional watches the brain waves of the person with ADHD. When their brainwaves reach the right frequency, the health professional lets them know. Through training and practice, they can ultimately learn how to change brain waves on their own. While there has been some promising research in this area, more research is needed to see how well neurofeedback works on ADHD symptoms. A big drawback is the high cost of the treatment.


Question: Do omega-3 supplements help with ADHD?

Answer: One nutrition move that has shown promise is taking omega-3 supplements. Research has shown that children with ADHD have lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids in their blood than the typical child. As a result, some doctors recommend that they take omega-3 supplements. Children who were given omega-3s showed a small improvement in how severe their symptoms were when compared to children who took a placebo.


Question: What can I do to keep my kids from becoming hyper from sugar?

Answer: Nutritionists say to add more fiber to your child's diet to help keep blood sugar levels even. High-fiber foods include berries and other fruits, whole grains, and oatmeal.


Question: Is there a specific diet to help with ADHD?

Answer: Years ago, Ben Feingold, MD, an allergist, created a popular elimination diet designed to treat hyperactivity. With elimination diets for ADHD, you take certain foods out of your child's diet to see if they affect your child's behavior.


Question: What should parents know about an elimination diet for ADHD symptoms?

Answer: But some experts don't think it's the changes in what the children eat that makes a difference. A popular theory is that the child's behavior improves because the parents treat their child differently when they're on the special diet. If you decide to try an elimination diet for ADHD, be careful. You don't want to hurt your child's overall nutrition and have them miss out on important vitamins or minerals. Don't be too restrictive.


Question: How much can I change my eating habits to lose weight if I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you drop even 10 or 15 pounds, that has health perks, such as: Lower blood sugar Lower blood pressure Better cholesterol levels Less stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet More energy Brighter mood Keep tight control over your blood sugar levels while you lose weight. You don't want to get high or low levels while you change your eating habits. It's generally safe for someone with diabetes to cut 500 calories a day. Trim from protein, carbohydrates, and fat. The USDA says that calories for adults should come from: 45% to 55% carbs 25% to 35% fat 10% to 35% protein Carbs have the biggest effect on blood sugar. Those that have fiber (whole-grain bread and vegetables, for example) are much better than eating sugary or starchy carbs, because they're less likely to spike your blood sugar and quickly make it crash.


Question: If I am losing weight and have diabetes, should I eat carbs?

Answer: The USDA says that calories for adults should come from: 45% to 55% carbs 25% to 35% fat 10% to 35% protein Carbs have the biggest effect on blood sugar. Those that have fiber (whole-grain bread and vegetables, for example) are much better than eating sugary or starchy carbs, because they're less likely to spike your blood sugar and quickly make it crash.


Question: What can lower my blood sugar and improve my health if I am overweight and have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you're overweight and have type 2 diabetes, you will lower your blood sugar, improve your health, and feel better if you lose some of your extra pounds. You'll want to work closely with your doctor or diabetes educator, because your blood sugar, insulin, and medications will need special attention while you're losing weight.


Question: How much does weight loss help with type 2 diabetes symptoms?

Answer: If you're overweight and have type 2 diabetes, you will lower your blood sugar, improve your health, and feel better if you lose some of your extra pounds. You'll want to work closely with your doctor or diabetes educator, because your blood sugar, insulin, and medications will need special attention while you're losing weight. If you drop even 10 or 15 pounds, that has health perks, such as: Lower blood sugar Lower blood pressure Better cholesterol levels Less stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet More energy Brighter mood Keep tight control over your blood sugar levels while you lose weight.


Question: Can exercising regularly help manage my diabetes?

Answer: Over time, as you exercise regularly and work with your doctor, you may be able to lower doses of medications and insulin.


Question: What levels should I manage while losing weight with diabetes?

Answer: If you drop even 10 or 15 pounds, that has health perks, such as: Lower blood sugar Lower blood pressure Better cholesterol levels Less stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet More energy Brighter mood Keep tight control over your blood sugar levels while you lose weight. You don't want to get high or low levels while you change your eating habits.


Question: If I have diabetes and am trying to lose weight, how should I change my diet?

Answer: It's generally safe for someone with diabetes to cut 500 calories a day. Trim from protein, carbohydrates, and fat. The USDA says that calories for adults should come from: 45% to 55% carbs 25% to 35% fat 10% to 35% protein Carbs have the biggest effect on blood sugar.


Question: What is medical treatment for a rotator cuff tendon rupture?

Answer: More than 90% of tendon injuries are long term in nature, and 33-90% of these chronic rupture symptoms go away without surgery. In contrast, acute rupture, as occurs with trauma, may or may not be repaired surgically depending on the severity of the tear. If the tear is either less than 50% of the cuff thickness or less than 1 cm in size, the dead tissue is removed arthroscopically. A small incision is made and a tool called an arthroscope is passed into the joint. Through it, the surgeon can see and remove dead tissue without actually cutting the joint open. The shoulder is then left to heal.


Question: When should you get medical care about a ruptured tendon?

Answer: Call a doctor if you hear or feel a snap or pop, have severe pain, rapid or immediate bruising after an accident, and are unable to use the affected arm or leg. You may have a tendon rupture.


Question: What is medical treatment for a bicep tendon rupture?

Answer: Biceps Most surgeons prefer not to operate on a ruptured biceps tendon because function is not severely impaired with its rupture. Studies suggest that after biceps rupture, only a small fraction of elbow flexion is lost and approximately 10%-20% strength reduction in supination (ability to turn the hand palm up). This is considered to be a moderate loss and not worth the risk of surgery in middle-aged and older people.


Question: What tests can be done to diagnose bicep tendon ruptures?

Answer: Biceps X-rays may show that your upper arm bone is out of place or that the place where the muscle attaches has changed. If your biceps tendon is completely ruptured, the biceps retracts toward the elbow causing a swelling just above the crease in your arm. This is called the Popeye deformity. You will experience decreased strength of elbow flexion and arm supination (moving the hand palm up). You will have decreased ability to raise the arm out to the side when the hand is turned palm up.


Question: What are signs or symptoms of a tendon rupture?

Answer: Rotator cuff tendon rupture may be caused by: Lifting a heavy object overhead Direct trauma Attempting to break a fall with an outstretched hand Biceps tendon rupture may result from: Forced flexion of the arm Lifting 150 pounds or more (traumatic rupture) Advanced age resulting in gradual weakening of the tendon May occur spontaneously An injury that is associated with the following signs or symptoms may be a tendon rupture: A snap or pop you hear or feel Severe pain Rapid or immediate bruising Marked weakness Inability to use the affected arm or leg Inability to move the area involved Inability to bear weight Deformity of the area Symptoms associated with specific injuries include the following: Achilles tendon rupture: You will be unable to support yourself on your tiptoes on the affected leg (you may be able to flex your toes downward because supporting muscles are intact).


Question: When is surgery recommended for a rotator cuff tendon rupture?

Answer: Rotator cuff Many surgeons will not attempt surgical repair until nonoperative treatment has failed, even in cases of larger tears. Surgical treatment is usually reserved for a severe tear in a young person or in an older person (aged 60-70 years) who is suddenly unable to externally rotate their arm.


Question: What is the biceps tendon?

Answer: The rotator cuff tendon is one of the most common areas in the body affected by tendon injury. Some studies of people after death have shown that 8% to 20% have rotator cuff tears. Biceps The biceps muscle of the arm functions as a flexor of the elbow. This muscle brings the hand toward the shoulder by bending at the elbow. Ruptures of the biceps are classified as proximal (close) or distal (far). Distal ruptures are extremely rare. The proximal rupture occurs where the biceps attaches at the top of your shoulder.


Question: What tests can be done to diagnose a quadricep tendon rupture?

Answer: Tendon rupture is usually diagnosed using a physical examination. Any imaging is done to confirm the diagnosis and decide the severity of the rupture Quadriceps X-rays often show that your patella (kneecap) is lower than its normal position on a side view of the knee. Using an MRI, your doctor can tell whether your rupture is partial or complete.


Question: What is chafing?

Answer: If you are an exercise enthusiast, or if you are overweight, you have probably experienced skin chafing, the annoying and often painful result of skin rubbing against skin or clothing. Chafing can occur anywhere on your body, but the thighs, groin, underarms, and nipples are particularly vulnerable.


Question: How can staying dry prevent chafing?

Answer: Wet skin can make chafing worse. Before you head out the door, apply talcum and alum powders to areas that get the most sweaty. Powders can help wick moisture away from the skin. Don't stay in wet or sweaty clothes.


Question: What should you wear to prevent chafing?

Answer: Do not exercise in cotton. Compression shorts, such as those worn by cyclists, may help reduce thigh chafing. Also, less is more when it comes to dressing for exercise. If it is warm outside, consider running without a shirt if you are a man and in only a jogging bra if you are a woman. Lastly, choose exercise clothes and bras that have smooth seams to avoid rubbing.


Question: How do you treat chafing?

Answer: After cleaning the area, apply a substance like petroleum jelly. If the area is very painful, swollen, bleeding, or crusted, your health care provider may recommend a medicated ointment. Give your skin some time to heal from chafing before being active again. Continued friction will only make it worse and could lead to infection. If your skin chafing does not improve after trying these self-care measures, make an appointment to see your doctor. You may need an antibiotic ointment if the area becomes infected.


Question: How can lubricating your skin prevent chafing?

Answer: Apply petroleum jelly, or a similar product, to hot spots. Lubricants can help reduce friction to the skin. Petroleum jelly is inexpensive and widely available; several types of lubricants are available over the counter. You may have to try a few before you find the one that works best for you.


Question: How can exposure to sunlight lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Because the body makes vitamin D when your skin is exposed to sunlight, you may be at risk of deficiency if you are homebound, live in northern latitudes, wear long robes or head coverings for religious reasons, or have an occupation that prevents sun exposure.


Question: How important is vitamin D?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Vitamin D is essential for strong bones, because it helps the body use calcium from the diet. Traditionally, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with rickets, a disease in which the bone tissue doesn't properly mineralize, leading to soft bones and skeletal deformities. But increasingly, research is revealing the importance of vitamin D in protecting against a host of health problems.


Question: What are the symptoms and health risks of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Symptoms of bone pain and muscle weakness can mean you have a vitamin D deficiency. However, for many people, the symptoms are subtle. Yet, even without symptoms, too little vitamin D can pose health risks. Low blood levels of the vitamin have been associated with the following: Increased risk of death from cardiovascular disease Cognitive impairment in older adults Severe asthma in children Cancer Research suggests that vitamin D could play a role in the prevention and treatment of a number of different conditions, including type1 and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and multiple sclerosis.


Question: How is vitamin D deficiency diagnosed?

Answer: People with a body mass index of 30 or greater often have low blood levels of vitamin D. The most accurate way to measure how much vitamin D is in your body is the 25-hydroxy vitamin D blood test. A level of 20 nanograms/milliliter to 50 ng/m L is considered adequate for healthy people. A level less than 12 ng/m L indicates vitamin D deficiency.


Question: How can dark skin lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: The pigment melanin reduces the skin's ability to make vitamin D in response to sunlight exposure. Some studies show that older adults with darker skin are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency.


Question: How can my digestive tract cause vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Your digestive tract cannot adequately absorb vitamin D. Certain medical problems, including Crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, and celiac disease, can affect your intestine's ability to absorb vitamin D from the food you eat.


Question: How can my kidneys cause vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: As people age, their kidneys are less able to convert vitamin D to its active form, thus increasing their risk of vitamin D deficiency.


Question: How can obesity lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Vitamin D is extracted from the blood by fat cells, altering its release into the circulation. People with a body mass index of 30 or greater often have low blood levels of vitamin D. The most accurate way to measure how much vitamin D is in your body is the 25-hydroxy vitamin D blood test.


Question: What can lead to vitamin D deficiency?

Answer: Vitamin D deficiency can occur for a number of reasons: You don't consume the recommended levels of the vitamin over time. This is likely if you follow a strict vegan diet, because most of the natural sources are animal-based, including fish and fish oils, egg yolks, fortified milk, and beef liver.


Question: When should you call your doctor about your stye?

Answer: But it's a good idea to make an appointment if: It doesn't get better after a few days, or it gets worse. Your eye (not just your eyelid) hurts a lot. You can't see well. Your eyelid swells, turns very red, and won't open completely. You keep getting styes.


Question: What should you do if you get styes often?

Answer: If you get styes often, scrub your eyelids every couple of days with watered-down baby shampoo on a washcloth, or use an over-the-counter lid scrub.


Question: What can you do to treat styes?

Answer: But cleaning it will help bring the pus out. Then it will drain on its own. You can do a few things to get rid of it faster: Soak a clean washcloth in very warm water and put it over the stye (wash your hands first). Do this for 5 to 10 minutes several times a day. Afterwards, gently massage the area to try to get the clogged gland to open so the stye can drain. Keep your face and eyes very clean, and get rid of any crust you see around your eye.


Question: What does a physical exam for Chiari malformation check?

Answer: The doctor will also check functions controlled by the cerebellum and spinal cord. These functions include: balance touch reflexes sensation motor skills The doctor may order diagnostic tests, such as: X-ray CT scan MRI An MRI is the test most often used to diagnose Chiari malformations.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of Chiari malformation?

Answer: Older children with type II Chiari malformation may develop head pain associated with: coughing or sneezing bending over strenuous physical activities straining to have a bowel movement Some of the most common symptoms are linked to problems with the function of nerves in the brain stem. These include: weakness of vocal cords swallowing difficulties breathing irregularities serious changes in the function of nerves in the throat and tongue If a Chiari malformation is suspected, a doctor will perform a physical exam.


Question: What are the treatments for Chiari malformations?

Answer: If Chiari malformations cause no symptoms and do not interfere with activities of daily living, no treatment is necessary. In other cases, medications can be used to manage symptoms such as pain. Surgery is the only treatment that can correct functional defects or stop progression of damage to the central nervous system. In both type I and type II Chiari malformations, the goals of surgery are to: Relieve pressure on the brain and spinal cord Re-establish normal fluid circulation through and around the area In adults and children with Chiari malformations, several types of surgery can be performed.


Question: What are the diagnostic tests for Chiari malformation?

Answer: These functions include: balance touch reflexes sensation motor skills The doctor may order diagnostic tests, such as: X-ray CT scan MRI An MRI is the test most often used to diagnose Chiari malformations.


Question: When do Chiari malformations happen?

Answer: Most Chiari malformations occur during fetal development. Much less commonly, Chiari malformations can occur later in life.


Question: Does surgery work for Chiari malformation?

Answer: According to Children's Hospital in Boston, which specializes in the treatment of Chiari malformations, surgery virtually eliminates symptoms in 50% of pediatric cases. Surgery substantially reduces symptoms in another 45% of cases.


Question: What are the symptoms of Chiari malformation?

Answer: Some people with Chiari malformations may have no symptoms. Others may have symptoms such as: dizziness muscle weakness numbness vision problems headaches problems with balance and coordination Chiari malformations affect females more often than males.


Question: What are the symptoms of type 2 Chiari malformation?

Answer: Dizziness and problems with balance and coordination Swallowing difficulties Sleep apnea Most children born with type II Chiari malformation have hydrocephalus. Older children with type II Chiari malformation may develop head pain associated with: coughing or sneezing bending over strenuous physical activities straining to have a bowel movement Some of the most common symptoms are linked to problems with the function of nerves in the brain stem.


Question: What is Chiari malformation?

Answer: That's the part of the brain that controls balance.


Question: How do pill organizers work?

Answer: They come with separate sections for days of the week and times of the day. This allows you to sort drugs according to exactly when you need to take them. Most medications can be stored in compartments with other drugs for short periods of time without interacting. But check with your doctor or pharmacist to make sure.


Question: How can keeping a checklist help me take my medicine?

Answer: A written chart that shows which medications to take and when to take them is another good way to stay organized. You can find them online or make your own. Include the name of the medicine, the dose, when you take it, and what the pill looks like. Also mark any special instructions, such as whether it should be taken with food. Leave space to check off that you've taken each dose. Update your drug list as soon as you change prescriptions.


Question: What are the different types of pill organizers?

Answer: Other variations on the theme: Try automatic pill dispensers that help you organize your pills. Or put medications in different colored bottles for separate times of day. You can also ask your pharmacy for pills that come in "multi-dose" packages. They group meds that need to be taken together into packets marked with the date and time. Make sure you don't order too many in advance, though, in case there's a change in your prescriptions.


Question: Why is a support system important in managing chronic cancer and who should be a part of it?

Answer: Even if your cancer is stable and life feels normal, it's important to have a good support system. You may be independent, strong, and feel healthy, but chronic conditions have ups and downs, and the road ahead of you can be long. There's lots of support these days for the families of people with cancer. Making sure your caregivers are cared for can make a big difference for you. Cancer care centers offer support groups, wellness groups, social workers, psychologists, and counselors as part of their work with families. Give the people around you the power to help you as much as you can. Extra hands will make your journey with cancer much easier. Also, including other doctors in this support system can be the difference between surviving and thriving. For instance, a family doctor can help you keep track of everything outside of your cancer, like taking your annual flu shot and making sure the rest of your body is working at its best.


Question: What is a chronic disease?

Answer: It's a condition you can control with treatment for months. Asthma, diabetes, and depression are common examples. Often they don't have a cure, but you can live with them and manage their symptoms. Sometimes, your doctor might say controlled or stable to describe your cancer if it's unchanged over time. The disease can also go through cycles of growing, shrinking, and staying the same.


Question: How can a doctor remove a wart if over-the-counter treatment doesn't work?

Answer: Examples of freezing treatments include Compound W, Dr. Scholl's Freeze Away, Histofreezer Wart Removal and Wartner Wart removal If over-the-counter treatment fails, your doctor can remove a wart by: Freezing it with liquid nitrogen. Burning it off with an electric needle or a laser. Applying acids to help destroy the wart. Injecting a drug called bleomycin into the wart (which kills the virus), used for severe cases. Injecting candida antigen to stimulate the body's immune system to fight off the wart. Prescribing a topical medication called imiquimod ( Aldara), which improves your body's fighting capabilities. This is mainly helpful for genital warts.


Question: How difficult is it to get rid of warts?

Answer: Getting rid of warts takes persistence. It is in the rare situation that a wart is gone with a single treatment. There is no treatment that your doctor can do that has been proven to be more effective than the over-the-counter treatment with salicylic acid and duct tape. Oftentimes, your doctor will do a treatment in the office while you continue to do at-home treatments.


Question: What happens after my dog gets a heartworm treatment?

Answer: Six months after the heartworm treatment, your vet will do a blood test to check for worms. If they're still there, your dog will need another round of shots. If they're all gone, you continue the preventive medicine for the rest of your dog’s life and test for heartworms each year.


Question: How do you deworm a dog?

Answer: Your vet will give your dog medicine by mouth or in a shot to kill the worms. Many of these drugs are described as “broad-spectrum,” because they're good for treating a wide range of parasites, including worms that live in the gut. They're poisonous to pests, but safe for pets.


Question: What are heartworms in dogs?

Answer: These foot-long worms live in the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Mosquitoes carry the worms’ offspring from one dog’s blood to another’s. The vet will do a blood test to tell if your dog has heartworms.


Question: How does the vet diagnose your dog with worms?

Answer: Most worms that infect dogs -- including roundworms, tapeworms, hookworms, and whipworms -- live in the intestines, so that’s the first place for your vet to look. If it’s time for your dog’s annual check-up, or if you or your vet thinks your dog has worms, provide a fresh stool sample. Simply scoop up some of your pet’s poop, seal it in a clean plastic bag, and bring it to the appointment. If you can't do that, your vet can take a sample during the office visit. He'll check it under a microscope to see if it has worms or worm eggs, and, if so, what kind.


Question: When should I deworm my puppy?

Answer: The first round kills the worms that are there at the time.


Question: Can you catch worms from your dogs?

Answer: If you’re worried about catching worms from dogs, don't let them lick or kiss you or your kids. And make them sleep on their own bed -- not yours.


Question: How do you get hallucinations if you have Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia?

Answer: They cause changes in the brain that can bring on hallucinations. It may be more likely to happen when your disease is advanced.


Question: What tests do you need to treat hallucinations?

Answer: He may need to do tests to help figure out the problem. For instance, an EEG, or electroencephalogram, checks for unusual patterns of electrical activity in your brain. It could show if your hallucinations are due to seizures. You might get an MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of the inside of your body. It can find out if a brain tumor or something else, like an area that's had a small stroke, could be to blame.


Question: How do you get hallucinations from epilepsy?

Answer: The seizures that go along with this disorder can make you more likely to have hallucinations. The type you get depends on which part of your brain the seizure affects.


Question: How often do people with schizophrenia get hallucinations?

Answer: More than 70% of people with this illness get visual hallucinations, and 60%-90% hear voices. But some may also smell and taste things that aren't there.


Question: What is gustatory hallucination?

Answer: Causes can include: Head injury Cold Temporal lobe seizure Inflamed sinuses Brain tumors Parkinson's disease You may feel that something you eat or drink has an odd taste.


Question: What is auditory hallucination?

Answer: You may sense that the sounds are coming from inside or outside your mind. You might hear the voices talking to each other or feel like they're telling you to do something.


Question: What physical traits can make Iliotibial (IT) band syndrome more likely?

Answer: Some traits raise your chances of getting IT band syndrome: Bowed legs Knee arthritis One leg that's longer than the other Rotating your foot or ankle inward when you walk or run Rotating your whole leg inward when you walk or run Weakness in your abs, glutes, or hip muscles The main symptom is pain on the outer side of your knee, just above the joint.


Question: What surfaces can make IT band syndrome more likely?

Answer: Running downhill Running only on one side of the road. Because roads slope toward the curb, your outside foot is lower, which tilts your hips and throws your body off. Training on banked, rather than flat, surfaces. Most running tracks are slightly banked.


Question: How does joint replacement help with treating knee and hip osteoarthritis?

Answer: Joint replacement gets rid of pain. When other things don't provide enough relief, your doctor may recommend a hip or knee replacement. Your surgeon may replace all of the joint or part of it. After recovery, most people can walk more easily and are mostly pain-free.


Question: How does osteoarthritis happen?

Answer: Cartilage covers your joints and lets them glide smoothly. Over time, it can wear away, particularly in the knee and hip joints. The result is that the bones of the joints rub against each other without enough cushioning. This is called osteoarthritis ( OA).


Question: What are first signs of knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: The first sign of knee OA is often pain and stiffness. Just like hip trouble, it usually aches more in the morning. You may find that your knee locks or buckles when you walk. Eventually it starts to hurt and you may have trouble flexing the joint. You may feel worse when you kneel or go up and down stairs.


Question: What happens to knee and hip osteoarthritis without treatment?

Answer: Without treatment, OA usually gets worse. As the cartilage continues to wear away, your joint may get swollen and painful. In severe cases, bone rubs directly against bone, which makes it hurt a lot when you move. Even at this point, though, you can still take steps to slow the damage.


Question: How can I relieve osteoarthritis at home?

Answer: You can relieve OA at home. Make sure you get enough rest. While it's important to stay active, give your joints time off when they hurt. You can also try acetaminophen ( Tylenol) and anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) or naproxen ( Aleve) if your doctor says these are safe for you. They provide fast relief for mild to moderate arthritis pain.


Question: How can losing weight help with knee and hip osteoarthritis?

Answer: You can ease pain and stiffness if you lose weight. Being overweight puts extra stress on your knees and hips. Doctors say that every 10 pounds you lose can lower your arthritis pain by as much as 20%.


Question: Are you awake when you get deep brain stimulation (DBS) for epilepsy treatment?

Answer: DBS is usually done while you're awake. You'll get medicine to relax you and prevent pain. Your doctor will attach a metal frame to your head to keep you still during the surgery. He'll shave your hair in the part of your head where the procedure will be done.


Question: When might you get deep brain stimulation to treat epilepsy?

Answer: DBS is an option if other epilepsy treatments don't work or your doctor doesn't recommend them.


Question: What is blood in semen (hematospermia)?

Answer: This is especially true for men who: Have repeated episodes of blood in the semen Have related symptoms while urinating or ejaculating Are at risk for cancer, a bleeding disorder, or other conditions Blood in the semen is called hematospermia or hemospermia. When men ejaculate, they typically don't examine their semen looking for blood. So it's not known how common the condition is.


Question: How can blood in semen (hematospermia) come from a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

Answer: These include: Prostate(the gland that produces the fluid part of semen) Urethra (the tube that carries urine and semen from the penis) Epididymis and vas deferens (tiny tube-like structures where sperm mature before ejaculation) Seminal vesicles (which add more fluid to the semen) It can also come from an STI (sexually transmitted infection) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, or from another viral or bacterial infection. Infection and inflammation are the culprits behind nearly four out of every ten cases of blood in the semen.


Question: How can tumors and polyps cause blood in semen (hematospermia)?

Answer: One review of over 900 patients with blood in semen found only 3.5% actually had a tumor. Most of these tumors were in the prostate. Blood in semen, though, can be linked to cancer of the testicles, bladder, and other reproductive and urinary tract organs. Men -- especially older men -- with risk factors for cancer should be evaluated if they have blood in their semen. Untreated cancer is a life-threatening disease. Polyps in the reproductive tract, which are benign growths that don't cause any medical problem, can also cause blood in semen.


Question: What is the treatment for blood in semen (hematospermia)?

Answer: Treatments target the known cause: Antibiotics are used for infections. An anti-inflammatory medication may be prescribed for some types of inflammation. If an STD or medical condition such as high blood pressure or liver disease is the culprit, the doctor will treat that condition. When blood in semen stems from a recent urology procedure, such as a prostate biopsy, it usually disappears by itself in a matter of weeks.


Question: What are some related symptoms of blood in semen (hematospermia)?

Answer: When looking for an underlying cause of blood in the semen, the doctor will ask about any related symptoms, including: Blood in the urine (called hematuria) Hot, burning urination or other symptoms of painful urination Difficulty emptying your bladder completely A painful bladder that feels distended Painful ejaculation Swollen or painful areas on the sex organs or obvious scrapes from injury Penis discharge or other signs of an STD Fever, racing pulse, and higher-than-normal blood pressure To diagnose blood in the semen the doctor will take a complete medical history.


Question: How is blood in semen (hematospermia) tested for and evaluated?

Answer: When looking for an underlying cause of blood in the semen, the doctor will ask about any related symptoms, including: Blood in the urine (called hematuria) Hot, burning urination or other symptoms of painful urination Difficulty emptying your bladder completely A painful bladder that feels distended Painful ejaculation Swollen or painful areas on the sex organs or obvious scrapes from injury Penis discharge or other signs of an STD Fever, racing pulse, and higher-than-normal blood pressure To diagnose blood in the semen the doctor will take a complete medical history. That will include a history of any recent sexual activity. The doctor will also perform a physical exam. This will include examining the genitals for lumps or swelling and a digital rectal exam to check the prostate for swelling, tenderness, and other symptoms. The doctor may also ask for the following tests: Urinalysis or urine culture to identify infection or other abnormalities. STD testing if a sexually transmitted disease is suspected. The "condom test" if there's a possibility that blood in the semen is actually coming from a sexual partner's menstrual cycle. The man will be told to wear a condom and then examine the "protected" semen for blood. PSA testing, to test for prostate cancer by measuring a substance called prostate-specific antigen in the blood. Other urological tests such as cystoscopy, ultrasound, CT, and MRI to further evaluate the patient.


Question: Does blood in semen (hematospermia) disappear on its own?

Answer: That means that the blood in the semen goes away by itself without medical treatment.


Question: How can blood vessel problems cause blood in semen (hematospermia)?

Answer: All of the delicate structures involved in ejaculation, from the prostate to the tiny tubes that carry sperm, contain blood vessels. These can be damaged resulting in blood in the semen.


Question: When should I worry about blood in semen (hematospermia)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } But for men 40 and over, chances are higher that blood in the semen needs evaluation and treatment. This is especially true for men who: Have repeated episodes of blood in the semen Have related symptoms while urinating or ejaculating Are at risk for cancer, a bleeding disorder, or other conditions Blood in the semen is called hematospermia or hemospermia.


Question: What causes blood in semen (hematospermia)?

Answer: This is the most common cause of blood in the semen. Blood can come from an infection or inflammation, in any of the glands, tubes, or ducts that produce and move semen from the body. These include: Prostate(the gland that produces the fluid part of semen) Urethra (the tube that carries urine and semen from the penis) Epididymis and vas deferens (tiny tube-like structures where sperm mature before ejaculation) Seminal vesicles (which add more fluid to the semen) It can also come from an STI (sexually transmitted infection) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, or from another viral or bacterial infection.


Question: Who is more likely to get Lyme disease?

Answer: Unlike RA, Lyme is most common in children, older adults, and people who spend more time outdoors, like park rangers and firefighters. The more time you spend outside, the greater your chance of running into the ticks that carry the disease.


Question: How can you rule out rheumatoid arthritis if you might have Lyme disease?

Answer: To rule out RA, he'll ask you about your symptoms and medical history. You might get a blood test to look for antibodies linked to the disease. Your doctor may send you to a rheumatologist, who'll look over your joints for tenderness, swelling, or limited movement.


Question: How common is Lyme disease?

Answer: It's the most common tick-borne disease in the U. S. The disease was named for the place it was first reported in 1975 -- Old Lyme, CT. About 30,000 cases are reported each year, but the CDC believes the number is 10 times higher than that.


Question: What are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Treatment for RA includes long-term: Medication Physical therapy Exercise Education You may also need surgery at some point.


Question: What should you do if you think you might have Lyme disease?

Answer: Early treatment is key with Lyme. If you don't get it, your symptoms may disappear for a while. But they'll return, with more complications. So if you suspect you have Lyme disease -- if you've been exposed to ticks or had a rash -- talk with your doctor right away.


Question: What is Lyme disease?

Answer: Symptoms can include: Morning joint stiffness that lasts more than an hour Less range of motion Swollen joints Some people call Lyme disease âthe great imitator,â because it can be confused with a number of other conditions, including: Chronic fatigue syndrome Food poisoning Fibromyalgia Multiple sclerosis Depression Of course, rheumatoid arthritis Lyme disease comes from a bacterial infection that's spread through the bite of several different kinds of ticks.


Question: What causes phantom limb pain?

Answer: One possible explanation: Nerves in parts of your spinal cord and brain ârewireâ when they lose signals from the missing arm or leg. As a result, they send pain signals, a typical response when your body senses something is wrong. Another example of this rewiring: When you touch one body part -- say, your hip or your forearm -- your brain might sense it on your missing limb. Other possible causes of phantom limb pain include damaged nerve endings and scar tissue from the amputation surgery.


Question: What does phantom limb pain feel like?

Answer: Your pain may feel like it's: Burning Shooting Like âpins and needlesâ Twisting Crushing Like an electric shock Aside from pain, you may also sense other feelings from a body part that's no longer there: Movement Temperature Pressure Vibration Itch No drugs specifically treat phantom limb pain.


Question: How can trauma and infection affect the body?

Answer: Infections tend to become walled off from surrounding tissue, producing small abscesses. This may give them the appearance of cysts. If you think you have an infection, see your doctor. Your doctor will usually prescribe antibiotics, although many times the infection will come back and may require the removal of the infected tissue. Cysts may produce pain, but breast cancer rarely does -- although pain does not rule out the possibility of cancer.


Question: What are breast lumps?

Answer: Breast lumps come in many forms, including cysts, adenomas, and papillomas. They differ in size, shape, and location, as well as in causes and treatment. About half of all women have lumpy breasts, or fibrocystic change. They are more common during the premenstrual period and usually disappear after menopause. Most lumps are benign and do not signal cancer; however, any time you find a new or unusual lump, have your doctor check it to make sure it is not precancerous or cancerous.


Question: How can teachers create a more comfortable learning environment for kids with ADHD?

Answer: It may be helpful for teachers to: Pair written instructions with oral instructions. Give clear, concise instructions. Ask a volunteer in the class to repeat the directions. Use a timer to help with transitions and organizations. Speak when the child is paying attention. Set up clear rules of behavior and consequences for breaking these rules. Set up a program that rewards appropriate behavior. Seat the child near a good role model or near the teacher and away from distractions. Establish a nonverbal cue to get the child's attention. Establish a routine so the child knows what to expect (this may be a daily agenda or checklist that can be posted visibly in the classroom).


Question: How do most bedwetting alarms work?

Answer: Although the basics of the alarms are the same -- a sensor in the underwear or pajamas detects moisture and triggers an alarm -- there are some slight differences among models. In most models, a wire runs from the sensor to an audible alarm, which is attached with Velcro to the shoulder of the child's pajamas. The alarm is loud enough to awaken the child and a parent, who can lead to the child to the bathroom and make sure he changes his underwear before going back to sleep. Adolescents, however, may prefer a wireless bed-wetting alarm that vibrates when it senses moisture. Because it is wireless and silent, only the wearer is aware when the alarm goes off.


Question: How effective are bed-wetting alarms?

Answer: Although bed-wetting alarms require time to work, they are a highly effective bed-wetting treatment when children and parents are willing to make the commitment to using them consistently. Be sure to check with your child's doctor to determine if a bed-wetting alarm is the appropriate intervention for your child.


Question: How likely is it that I've been infected with genital herpes if my partner has it?

Answer: That depends on several things, including whether you and your partner always use a condom and how long you've been sexually intimate with each other. If you've had sex only once or twice, and if you used a condom each time, the risk is lower than if you've had unprotected sex for a long time. But you could have been infected during any one encounter.


Question: Can drinking alcohol cause sleep problems?

Answer: While alcohol may induce sleep, the quality of sleep is often fragmented during the second half of the sleep period. Alcohol increases the number of times you awaken in the later half of the night, when the alcohol's relaxing effect wears off. It prevents you from getting the deep sleep and REM sleep you need, because alcohol keeps you in the lighter stages of sleep.


Question: How can hormone therapy for prostate cancer lead to erectile dysfunction?

Answer: When hormone therapy is used, erectile dysfunction and decreased sexual desire may result approximately two to four weeks after the start of therapy. This is due to the testosterone-reducing action of the drugs.


Question: How are penile suppositories used to treat erectile dysfunction from prostate cancer?

Answer: For this treatment, the patient places a suppository into the urinary tube (urethra) using a plastic applicator. The suppository contains the drug alprostadil, which travels to the erection chambers. Alprostadil relaxes the muscle in the erection chamber, allowing blood to flow into the penis.


Question: How can you treat erectile dysfunction from surgery for prostate cancer?

Answer: Recovery of erectile function after a non-nerve-sparing surgery is unlikely, but possible. The use of vacuum devices or erectile dysfunction drugs after the body has healed from surgery may improve the quality of erections and speed the return of normal sexual function (see below). If an erection can be achieved after surgery, one does not lose the ability to have an orgasm. However, they may be "dry" orgasms in which little (if any) ejaculate is produced. This results in infertility for most men, although most men are older when they are diagnosed for prostate cancer and may not be concerned. If desired, you could talk to your doctor about "banking" sperm before the procedure.


Question: How effective are oral erectile dysfunction drugs?

Answer: Current treatment options for erectile dysfunction for men who have received treatment for prostate cancer include: Oral medications, such as tadalafil ( Cialis), vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn), avanfil ( Stendra), or sildenafil ( Viagra) Injections of medicine into the penis before intercourse (called intracavernous injection therapy) Use of a vacuum constriction device to draw blood into the penis to cause an erection Drugs taken as a suppository placed in the penis prior to intercourse Penile implants Following surgery, up to 70% of men who have had nerves spared on both sides of the prostate will regain erections with the use of one or more oral drugs for erectile dysfunction. Results are less favorable for men who have had a single nerve spared or no nerves spared. Following radiation therapy, overall, 50% to 60% of men regain erections with medication. However, current data are rather limited, especially for patients treated with radioactive seed implants. Hormone therapy.