Question: What are posttraumatic stress disorder triggers?

Answer: Certain triggers can set off your PTSD. They bring back strong memories. You may feel like you're living through it all over again. Triggers can include sights, sounds, smells, or thoughts that remind you of the traumatic event in some way. Some PTSD triggers are obvious, such as seeing a news report of an assault. Others are less clear. For example, if you were attacked on a sunny day, seeing a bright blue sky might make you upset.


Question: How do you develop posttraumatic stress disorder triggers?

Answer: With PTSD, your brain doesn't process the trauma the right way. It doesn't file the memory of the event as being in the past. The result: You feel stressed and frightened even when you know you're safe. The brain attaches details, like sights or smells, to that memory. These become triggers. They act like buttons that turn on your body's alarm system.


Question: What is the outlook for people with depression?

Answer: The outlook for depressed people who seek treatment is very promising. By working with a qualified and experienced mental health care professional, you can regain control of your life.


Question: What are symptoms of depressive disorder with a winter pattern?

Answer: Symptoms of depression with a winter pattern may include the seasonal occurrence of: Fatigue Increased need for sleep Decreased levels of energy Weight gain Increase in appetite Difficulty concentrating Increased desire to be alone Symptoms of depression with a summer pattern may include the seasonal occurrence of: Weight loss Trouble sleeping Decreased appetite There is not just one cause of depression.


Question: What are symptoms of dysthymia relative to depression?

Answer: Symptoms of dysthymia include: Difficulty sleeping Loss of interest in activities or the ability to enjoy oneself Excessive feelings of guilt or worthlessness Loss of energy or fatigue Difficulty concentrating, thinking or making decisions Changes in appetite Thoughts of death or suicide Dysthymia differs from major depression in that dysthymia involves fewer of the above symptoms than occurs in major depression.


Question: What atypical antipsychotic medicines can help with treating depression?

Answer: Sometimes, certain atypical antipsychotic medicines or other drugs (such as lithium or other mood stabilizers) may be used in combination with antidepressants, when antidepressants alone are not fully effective at treating depression.


Question: What are the types of depression?

Answer: There are several different types or subtypes of depression, including: Major depressive disorder Dysthymia and chronic depression (now called persistent depressive disorder) Seasonal affective disorder Psychotic depression Bipolar depression An individual with major depression, or major depressive disorder, feels a profound and constant sense of hopelessness and despair.


Question: What are symptoms of major depression?

Answer: Symptoms of depression include: Sadness Irritability Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed Withdrawal from social activities Inability to concentrate Disrupted sleep Fatigue or loss of energy Appetite changes Thoughts of suicide Roughly 25% of people who are admitted to the hospital for depression suffer from what is called psychotic depression.


Question: How is psychotic depression different from other mental disorders?

Answer: While people with other mental disorders, like schizophrenia, also experience psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), people with psychotic depression typically have symptoms that reflect irrational levels of despair and negativism, such as profound feelings of hopelessness, being punished, or having committed a sin. People also may be ashamed or embarrassed and try to hide their psychotic symptoms, or minimize their intensity, which can make diagnosing this condition difficult. In psychotic depression, delusions and hallucinations also are not present unless a depressive syndrome also is present.


Question: What are symptoms of depressive disorder with seasonal pattern?

Answer: People who suffer from depressive disorder with seasonal pattern have the symptoms of a major depressive episode. These can include sadness, irritability, loss of interest in their usual activities, withdrawal from social activities, and inability to concentrate.


Question: What is depressive disorder with seasonal pattern?

Answer: Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern, formerly called seasonal affective disorder ( SAD), is a subtype of major depressive disorder that recurs each year at the same time, usually starting in fall or winter and ending in spring or early summer. It is more than just "the winter blues" or "cabin fever." A rare form of depressive disorder with seasonal pattern, known as "summer depression," begins in late spring or early summer and ends in fall.


Question: How long does vision loss in multiple sclerosis last?

Answer: They include: Blurred vision Graying of vision Blindness in one eye for a short time, especially during an MS flare Pain with eye movement) It's rare to get this condition in both eyes at once. Vision loss tends to get worse for a few days before it gets better. The inflammation could last anywhere from 4 to 12 weeks.


Question: How can double vision happen in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Double Vision This happens when the muscles that control an eye movement are not coordinated because one or more of them not working properly. In MS, the problem occurs in the part of the brain that controls the nerves that go to these muscles. It may be worse when you're tired or you strain your eyes, so try to rest them throughout the day.


Question: How does vision loss happen in people with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Vision Loss This happens when the optic nerve which connects the eye to the brain gets inflamed. It is called optic neuritis. About half of people with MS will have the condition at least once. It's often the first sign that someone has the disease. But other conditions can cause optic neuritis so it doesn't always mean that a person has or will get MS.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis cause uncontrolled eye movements?

Answer: Uncontrolled Eye Movements People with MS may develop, small, rapid and repetitive eye movements. They may lose control of how they move their eyes up and down or side to side (sometimes described as a quiver). The problem is called nystagmus. It may be mild or it may be severe enough to keep someone from seeing well. Some meds and special eyeglass prisms may ease the condition and improve vision.


Question: Is it common to get optic neuritis in both eyes?

Answer: They include: Blurred vision Graying of vision Blindness in one eye for a short time, especially during an MS flare Pain with eye movement) It's rare to get this condition in both eyes at once. Vision loss tends to get worse for a few days before it gets better. The inflammation could last anywhere from 4 to 12 weeks.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis cause double vision?

Answer: Double Vision This happens when the muscles that control an eye movement are not coordinated because one or more of them not working properly. In MS, the problem occurs in the part of the brain that controls the nerves that go to these muscles. It may be worse when you're tired or you strain your eyes, so try to rest them throughout the day.


Question: Does vision loss occur as a result of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Vision Loss This happens when the optic nerve which connects the eye to the brain gets inflamed. It is called optic neuritis. About half of people with MS will have the condition at least once. It's often the first sign that someone has the disease.


Question: How common are vision problems in people with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Vision problems are pretty common for people with MS. The symptoms usually come and go on their own, but you can talk to your doctor about treatments to protect your eyesight and what you should do if you start to have trouble seeing.


Question: How can uncontrolled eye movements happen in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Uncontrolled Eye Movements People with MS may develop, small, rapid and repetitive eye movements. They may lose control of how they move their eyes up and down or side to side (sometimes described as a quiver). The problem is called nystagmus. It may be mild or it may be severe enough to keep someone from seeing well. Some meds and special eyeglass prisms may ease the condition and improve vision.


Question: How is vision loss in multiple sclerosis treated?

Answer: If you start to have any symptoms, let your doctor know. IV steroids are generally used to treat the first episode of optic neuritis, but studies suggest that the use of low dose oral steroids may increase the chance of a recurrence. Although the symptoms can be disturbing, the best treatment may be no treatment at all.


Question: How is biopsy used to diagnose bile duct cancer?

Answer: The doctor removes a sample of bile duct cells or tissue and checks them under a microscope to confirm your diagnosis. You may not always get one before surgery. If other tests suggest a bile duct tumor, you may go straight to surgery.


Question: Why is a physical exam needed to make a bile duct cancer diagnosis?

Answer: Symptoms may differ according to the location, but they usually include: Jaundice Pain in your belly or sides Nausea and vomiting Fever Loss of appetite/weight loss Weakness Itching Light-colored stools Dark urine Your doctor will use several methods to figure out if you have bile duct cancer. Physical exam . He'll do a complete medical checkup and ask about your general health, family history of cancer and liver disease, lifestyle, and habits, including drinking alcohol and smoking. He'll also look for symptoms of bile duct cancer, like jaundice, which can appear as a yellowish tint to your skin and eyes.


Question: How are liver transplants used to treat bile duct cancer?

Answer: This is a rare treatment option. It may be hard to get a new liver, but it can cure the cancer. You might benefit from other treatments, too. Ask your doctor about your options.


Question: What are my surgical treatment options for bile duct cancer?

Answer: Bile duct cancer treatment may include a combination of these: Surgery. There are two types. Curative means the surgeon can get all the cancer out. Palliative means the disease is too widespread to be completely removed, but the operation will relieve symptoms or treat complications. The recovery time can last several weeks.


Question: Should I expect treatment of bile duct cancer to be successful?

Answer: The chances of successfully treating this type of cancer depend on its location and how far along it is when you're diagnosed. The bile duct is deep within your body, so unlike other cancers you won't see or feel problems in the early stages. There are no good screening tests, so most cases aren't found until after the tumors are big enough to cause symptoms. Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found early enough to be completely removed by surgery. People with cancers outside the liver fare better than those whose are inside the organ. But if the cancer has spread to other organs, the outcome is about the same. For information and support, visit the American Cancer Society at www.cancer.org.


Question: How is surgery used to treat bile duct cancer?

Answer: There are two types. Curative means the surgeon can get all the cancer out. Palliative means the disease is too widespread to be completely removed, but the operation will relieve symptoms or treat complications. The recovery time can last several weeks.


Question: How is a physical exam used to diagnose bile duct cancer?

Answer: He'll do a complete medical checkup and ask about your general health, family history of cancer and liver disease, lifestyle, and habits, including drinking alcohol and smoking. He'll also look for symptoms of bile duct cancer, like jaundice, which can appear as a yellowish tint to your skin and eyes. He'll check for masses, tenderness, or fluid buildup in your belly.


Question: When is chemotherapy used to treat bile duct cancer?

Answer: This treatment is mostly used before surgery to shrink the tumor and raise the chances that the operation will be successful. It may be used afterward to lower odds that the cancer will return. You can take chemo by mouth or an injection into a vein.


Question: What conditions can increase risk for bile duct cancer?

Answer: A long-term inflammation makes you more likely to get this cancer. Some conditions that can bring this on include: Primary sclerosing cholangitis: This inflammation of the bile duct leads to scarring.


Question: Why are blood tests needed to make a bile duct cancer diagnosis?

Answer: Some make sure your liver is working like it should. Others look for signs of tumors, called markers, that show up when you have bile duct cancer. Your doctor may also check levels of bilirubin, the substance in your blood that causes jaundice.


Question: How is cholangioscopy used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?

Answer: These imaging tests check your bile ducts for problems. In ERCP, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, the doctor can look for tumors there. You'll be lightly sedated.


Question: Why is an abdominal ultrasound used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?

Answer: Abdominal ultrasound .


Question: Who does bile duct cancer affect most often?

Answer: Bile duct cancer, also called cholangiocarcinoma, affects men slightly more than women. It tends to develop in people who are between 50 and 70.


Question: What are symptoms of bile duct cancer?

Answer: Some other conditions that can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer include: Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Obesity Diabetes Viral hepatitis Drinking alcohol Cancer can grow in any part of the bile duct. There are three types: intrahepatic (inside the liver), perihilar (where the ducts leave the liver), and distal (closer to the intestine). Symptoms may differ according to the location, but they usually include: Jaundice Pain in your belly or sides Nausea and vomiting Fever Loss of appetite/weight loss Weakness Itching Light-colored stools Dark urine Your doctor will use several methods to figure out if you have bile duct cancer.


Question: How is a CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging used to diagnose bile duct cancer?

Answer: A CT scan is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. An MRI uses high-powered magnets to make images of organs and structures inside your body. These show the tumor and pinpoint its size and location in your liver. They also help gauge how healthy the organ is. Your doctor will decide whether you need one or both.


Question: What is bile duct cancer?

Answer: This is a thin tube about 4 to 5 inches long that moves a fluid called bile from your liver and gallbladder to your small intestine. When it gets there, it helps digest fat in the food you eat.


Question: How is endoscopy used in the diagnosis of bile duct cancer?

Answer: It lets your doctor see inside your body without surgery. He can examine your esophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the lower intestine.


Question: How is radiation used to treat bile duct cancer?

Answer: This method uses high-energy rays or particles to kill cancer cells. Your doctor may use it before surgery to shrink the tumor and make the operation easier. After surgery it can kill any cancer cells that remain. If the cancer can't be surgically removed but hasn't spread throughout your body, radiation can help keep the disease under control.


Question: How is an ultrasound used to diagnose bile duct cancer?

Answer: You'll be asleep when the doctor does this test because it requires an incision in your belly.


Question: How is stent placement used to treat bile duct cancer?

Answer: A tube called a stent can go into a blocked duct. It allows bile to drain more easily from the liver to your intestine.


Question: What other conditions can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer?

Answer: Some other conditions that can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer include: Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Obesity Diabetes Viral hepatitis Drinking alcohol Cancer can grow in any part of the bile duct.


Question: Where can you get support if you have bile duct cancer?

Answer: For some people, treatment can destroy the cancer.


Question: What are the symptoms of bile duct cancer?

Answer: Some other conditions that can make you more likely to get bile duct cancer include: Inflammatory bowel disease (including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) Obesity Diabetes Viral hepatitis Drinking alcohol Cancer can grow in any part of the bile duct. There are three types: intrahepatic (inside the liver), perihilar (where the ducts leave the liver), and distal (closer to the intestine). Symptoms may differ according to the location, but they usually include: Jaundice Pain in your belly or sides Nausea and vomiting Fever Loss of appetite/weight loss Weakness Itching Light-colored stools Dark urine Your doctor will use several methods to figure out if you have bile duct cancer.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about bile duct cancer?

Answer: Where is my cancer? Has it spread beyond the bile duct? What stage is it? Do you think you'll be able to remove it completely through surgery? What are my treatment choices? What do you recommend and why? How much experience do you have treating this cancer? Should I get a second opinion? What's the goal of my treatment plan? What are the risks and side effects of the treatment? How will treatment affect my daily life? What are the chances my cancer will return after treatment? If it recurs or if treatment doesn't work, what else can we do? What type of follow-up care will I need?


Question: How is an endoscopy used to diagnose bile duct cancer?

Answer: This tool is sort of like a camera on the end of a cable. It lets your doctor see inside your body without surgery. He can examine your esophagus, stomach, and the beginning of the lower intestine.


Question: What should you expect if you have bile duct cancer?

Answer: The chances of successfully treating this type of cancer depend on its location and how far along it is when you're diagnosed. The bile duct is deep within your body, so unlike other cancers you won't see or feel problems in the early stages. There are no good screening tests, so most cases aren't found until after the tumors are big enough to cause symptoms. Only a small number of bile duct cancers are found early enough to be completely removed by surgery.


Question: How can endometrial atrophy cause postmenopausal bleeding?

Answer: Endometrial atrophy (thinning of the uterine lining): The endometrium is the tissue that lines your uterus. It responds to hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Low hormone levels after menopause can cause it to get too thin. This may trigger bleeding.


Question: How can vaginal atrophy cause postmenopausal bleeding?

Answer: Vaginal atrophy (thinning of vaginal tissue): Estrogen helps to keep this tissue healthy. After menopause, low estrogen levels can cause your vaginal walls to become thin, dry, and inflamed. That often leads to bleeding after sex.


Question: How is hysteroscopy used to treat postmenopausal bleeding?

Answer: Hysteroscopy: This procedure can remove polyps. Doctors also use it to remove thickened parts of the uterine lining caused by endometrial hyperplasia. She'll insert a hysteroscope into your vagina and pass tiny surgical tools through the tube.


Question: How can polyps cause post-menopausal bleeding?

Answer: A number of conditions may lead to postmenopausal bleeding: Polyps: These tissue growths show up inside your uterus or cervical canal, or on your cervix. They're usually not cancer, but they can cause spotting, heavy bleeding, or bleeding after sex.


Question: How can plantar fasciitis lead to foot pain?

Answer: This is the most common cause of arch pain. Plantar fasciitis can affect the heel, arch, or both. Treatment is the same regardless of the location. For persistent plantar fasciitis, an injection with a mixture of a steroid and local anesthetic can be helpful.


Question: How can heel spurs lead to foot pain?

Answer: These are abnormal growths of bone on the bottom of your heel. You can get them from wearing the wrong shoes or from an abnormal walk or posture, or even from activities like running. The spurs may hurt while you're walking or standing. Lots of people have them, but most don't have pain. People with flat feet or high arches are more likely to have painful heel spurs.


Question: How can a heel fracture lead to foot pain?

Answer: A heel fracture is usually a high-impact injury such as from a fall or car accident. Your heel bone may not just break, it could also shatter. Heel pain, bruising, swelling, or trouble walking are the main symptoms.


Question: How can hallux rigidus lead to foot pain?

Answer: Hallux rigidus (stiff big toe) is a type of arthritis at the base of the big toe. Symptoms are pain and stiffness of the joint that worsens over time. Treatment can include pain relievers and stretching exercises. Surgery may be needed in some cases.


Question: How can you treat heel pain?

Answer: To treat it: Rest your foot. Do heel and foot muscle stretches. Take over-the-counter pain relievers. Wear shoes with good arch support and a cushioned sole.


Question: How can a bunion lead to foot pain and how do you treat it?

Answer: A bunion is a bony bulge along the edge of the foot, next to the base of the big toe. It's associated with misalignment of the first toe joint. Anyone can get them, especially if they wear ill-fitting or uncomfortable shoes. It often shows up as people age. People with bunions often also have hammertoes as well. Try changing to more comfortable shoes or wearing shoe inserts. If you're still in pain, your doctor may suggest surgery.


Question: How can neuropathy lead to foot pain?

Answer: Neuropathy, or nerve damage in the feet, is most often caused by diabetes. The pain can be burning, stinging, or feel like electricity. It can happen anywhere in the feet. Ask your doctor about pain relief options and ways to prevent further worsening.


Question: How can a sesamoid fracture lead to foot pain and how can you treat it?

Answer: A sesamoid fracture is a break in the small bones (sesamoids) that are embedded in tendons attached to the big toe. Pain in and around the big toe is the main symptom. To treat it: Rest, ice, and elevate your foot. Wear stiff-soled shoes or foot pads to relieve pressure. Take pain relievers. If you're still in pain, talk to your doctor.


Question: How do fallen arches (flat feet) lead to foot pain?

Answer: Fallen arches , or flat feet, happen when the arches of the feet flatten out (often when standing or walking), causing foot pain and other problems. Flat feet can be treated with shoe inserts, shoe adjustments, rest, ice, using a walking cane or brace, or physical therapy. Sometimes surgery is necessary.


Question: How can you treat foot pain from a stone bruise?

Answer: In the meantime: Rest your foot. Ice the area. Take over-the-counter pain relievers.


Question: How can a toe sprain lead to foot pain?

Answer: A toe sprain may happen when you jam or stub your toe, damaging the tendon or soft tissues of the toe. If you don't have a fracture, the pain and swelling should go away within days.


Question: How do you treat pain on the foot's outer edge?

Answer: The outer edge of your foot, the fifth metatarsal bone, is a commonly broken bone in the foot. Pain, swelling, and bruising along the outer foot edge after an injury are symptoms. If you think you may have broken a bone, see a doctor and have an X-ray. To treat it: Take pain relievers. Rest, ice, and elevate your foot. Don't walk on it. Ask your doctor if surgery is necessary. A cast may be necessary in some circumstances.


Question: How can a stone bruise lead to foot pain?

Answer: A stone bruise is a deep bruise of the fat pad of the heel or ball of the foot. It's often from an impact injury, but it can also happen after stepping on a hard object. The pain feels like you're walking on a pebble. It will gradually go away on its own.


Question: How can an ingrown toenail lead to foot pain and how do you treat it?

Answer: An ingrown toenailis when skin on one or both sides of a toenail grow over the nail. It can be painful and may lead to infections. To treat it: Soak the foot in warm water four times a day. Once daily, wedge a piece of gauze between the nail and wet skin. If these treatments don't work, see a doctor.


Question: How can a claw toe lead to foot pain and how do you treat it?

Answer: Claw toe is when your toe points down or up and is unable to straighten. It's often the result of nerve damage from diseases like diabetes or alcoholism, which weakens the muscles in your foot. Without special footwear to accommodate the claw toe, you may develop irritation and calluses. To treat it: Change to better-fitting footwear. Avoid high heels and tight shoes. Do stretches for your toes and toe joints. Try shoe inserts. Ask your doctor about surgery.


Question: Should I tell my doctor if I am having fatigue from rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you've tried everything and still feel wiped out, let your doctor know. He can see what the problem is.


Question: How should I rest if I have fatigue from rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Don't stay in bed. It might make you feel more tired. Instead, take regular rest breaks during day. Find times that fit in with your life. Do you get more done in the morning? Then schedule some rest at noon. Do you need to regain energy before the kids get home from school? Then take a nap shortly before they get home. Two or three short periods of downtime may give you the boost you need.


Question: How can exercise help treat fatigue from rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: When you're exhausted, it's natural not to be in the mood for exercise. But if you work out anyway, you might feel more energetic. Studies show that aerobic activity -- the kind that makes your heart beat faster -- cuts fatigue in people who have an immune system disorder like RA. Exercise also strengthens the muscles around your joints, keeps your bones strong, and boosts your mood.


Question: How should I start exercising if I have fatigue from rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Start with a few minutes of brisk walking. Gradually work up to 30 minutes at least 5 times a week. Swimming or pool exercises are also good options, because the water is easy on your joints.


Question: Can anemia be the cause of my fatigue if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It could be that you have anemia, which happens when you don't have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen around your body. Anemia can start up because of long-term inflammation from RA or as a side effect of your medicines. Your doctor can check to see if you have it and get you started on treatment.


Question: What things might cause my fatigue from rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Some other things may be causing your fatigue, such as: Pain Depression Medication side effects Inflammation Weakness when you lose too much muscle Other medical issues, like an infection


Question: What are symptoms of black hairy tongue?

Answer: Other than the appearance of the tongue, most people with black hairy tongue don't have any symptoms or feel any discomfort. The exception is when there is too much growth of the yeast Candida albicans, which can cause a burning sensation on the tongue. This burning sensation is called glossopyrosis. Some people complain of a tickling feeling in the back of the roof of the mouth, a metallic taste in their mouth, or nausea. In more severe cases, the condition may lead to a gagging feeling. Sometimes, food getting caught inside the extra-long papillae can cause bad breath.


Question: What can cause black hairy tongue?

Answer: Black hairy tongue is caused by bacteria or fungi in the mouth, which make the tongue appear black and hairy. It's easily remedied by good old-fashioned oral hygiene.


Question: Who's most likely to get balck hairy tongue?

Answer: They include: poor oral hygiene smoking tobacco drinking a lot of coffee or tea using antibiotics (which may disrupt the normal balance of bacteria in the mouth) being dehydrated taking medications that contain the chemical bismuth (such as Pepto- Bismol for upset stomach) not producing enough saliva regularly using mouthwash that contains peroxide, witch hazel, or menthol getting radiation therapy to the head and neck Black hairy tongue is more common in men, people who use intravenous drugs, and those who are HIV-positive.


Question: When should you call your doctor or dentist about black hairy tongue?

Answer: Call your doctor or dentist if the problem doesn't get better on its own. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics or an antifungal drug to get rid of the bacteria or yeast. Topical medications, such as tretinoin ( Retin- A), are also sometimes prescribed. As a last resort, if the problem doesn't improve, the papillae can be surgically clipped off with a laser or electrosurgery.


Question: What causes hyperventilation?

Answer: Many conditions and situations can bring on hyperventilation, including: Anxiety disorder Panic attack Asthma Stress Worry or anxiety Hard exercise Emphysema or another lung disease Side effects from certain drugs High altitude Having a head injury Shock You may not always be aware that you're overbreathing.


Question: What are the symptoms of hyperventilation?

Answer: But signs may include: Shortness of breath, or feeling that you can't get enough air A faster than normal heartbeat Feeling faint, dizzy, or lightheaded Pain or tightness in your chest Frequent yawn or sighs A numb, tingly feeling in your hands or feet You may be able to stop yourself from hyperventilating if you focus on taking controlled breaths.


Question: What is low blood pressure?

Answer: ", "thumbnail Url": "https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/article_thumbnails/video/wibbitz/wbz-understanding-low-blood-pressure-the-basics.jpg", "upload Date": "06/23/2017 15:09:00", "duration" : " PT1 M3 S", "content URL" : "https://webmd-vh.akamaihd.net/i/delivery/delivery/12/f8/12f87b0c-ecec-42cd-9e48-3cb8e7146831/wbz-understanding-low-blood-pressure-the-basics_,400k,750k,1000k,.mp4" } Hypotension is the medical term for low blood pressure (less than 90/60). var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A blood pressure reading appears as two numbers. The first and higher of the two is a measure of systolic pressure, or the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and fills them with blood. The second number measures diastolic pressure, or the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats.


Question: What is the optimal blood pressure?

Answer: Optimal blood pressure is less than 120/80 (systolic/diastolic). In healthy people, low blood pressure without any symptoms is not usually a concern and does not need to be treated.


Question: Who can get postural hypotension?

Answer: Postural hypotension, which is low blood pressure when standing up suddenly, can happen to anyone for a variety of reasons, such as dehydration, lack of food, or being overly fatigued. It can also be influenced by genetic make-up, aging, medication, dietary and psychological factors, and acute triggers, such as infection and allergy.


Question: What can happen if you have chronic low blood pressure?

Answer: But health problems can occur when blood pressure drops suddenly and the brain is deprived of an adequate blood supply. This can lead to dizziness or lightheadedness. Sudden drops in blood pressure most commonly occur in someone who's rising from a lying down or sitting position to standing. This kind of low blood pressure is known as postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. Another type of low blood pressure can occur when someone stands for a long period of time. This is called neurally mediated hypotension. When it leads to passing out, if is called vasovagal syncope.


Question: How will ovary removal surgery affect fertility?

Answer: Younger women may have concerns about their fertility, or whether or not they can become pregnant. It will depend on your situation. For example, if only one ovary is removed, the remaining ovary will probably still produce estrogen. And you will still have a menstrual cycle and be able to become pregnant. And there are other methods to help you with fertility. Make sure you talk to your doctor about all your options.


Question: What are the risks of ovary removal surgery?

Answer: During surgery, there may be a risk of too much bleeding. This is usually fixed by blood transfusions. There could also be damage to surrounding organs like the bladder or bowel. This is rare and happens in less than 1% of all cases. Several days, or even several weeks after surgery, you may get an infection, which could cause a fever or redness and pain near your incision, for example. Or, you could develop a hernia, which is a weakness in the muscle near the incision. There are risks with all surgical procedures, and your doctor will discuss these risks with you before your surgery. But removal of your ovaries is usually considered a safe procedure. Always remember that if your doctor advises you to have this surgery it means the benefits outweigh the risks.


Question: What is an open procedure to take out the ovaries?

Answer: An âopenâ procedure is the traditional way to perform the surgery. Using this method, your doctor will make one large incision, or cut, in your belly. This will allow him to see your ovaries, to separate each one from other tissues and the arteries that supply blood, and then remove them.


Question: How long do you have to stay in the hospital after an ovary removal surgery?

Answer: For those procedures, you may stay in the hospital one day or be released the same day. You may stay in the hospital several days after an open procedure.


Question: What happens during ovary removal surgery?

Answer: Depending on the medical condition you're treated for, you may just have one ovary removed, both ovaries removed, or both ovaries removed as well as your fallopian tubes. Sometimes, surgery to remove the ovaries is also performed during hysterectomy, or the surgical removal of the uterus.


Question: How long does it take to recover from ovary removal surgery?

Answer: Your doctor will give you instructions about your return to an active lifestyle. But, in general, how quickly you can return to normal activities depends on your overall medical condition before surgery, the reason for your surgery, and the way your surgery was done. Most women return to an active life about 6 weeks after surgery. Women who had laparoscopic surgery or robot-assisted surgery generally have quicker recoveries of about 2 weeks.


Question: How often should someone with multiple sclerosis (MS) exercise and rest?

Answer: Exercise as often as you can without tiring yourself out. If the moves take too much effort, try working out in a cool-temperature pool. You'll put less pressure on your joints that way, so you'll use less energy. Rest when you need to. Stay active, but don't overdo it. Balance activity with periods of rest to give your muscles a chance to recover.


Question: What can help strengthen muscles for someone with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Exercise keeps your muscles flexible and strong. It's a good idea to combine three types of exercise: Strength training. To keep your muscles strong, work them with light weights or exercise bands a couple of times a week.


Question: What type of exercise can help symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Put yourself in motion. Exercise keeps your muscles flexible and strong. It's a good idea to combine three types of exercise: Strength training. To keep your muscles strong, work them with light weights or exercise bands a couple of times a week. If you get a muscle spasm in the middle of your routine, stop and wait a few minutes for it to relax. Also stop if you feel any pain. Exercise should never hurt.


Question: What can I do when I have multiple sclerosis to strengthen my muscles?

Answer: Medicine and physical therapy can strengthen your muscles, prevent stiffness, and improve flexibility when you have multiple sclerosis ( MS).


Question: Should I work on my range of motion if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: To prevent stiffness, do exercises that take your joints through their full range of motion. For example, lift your arm up and over your head, or bring your leg out to the side and back.


Question: Should I exercise if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Put yourself in motion. Exercise keeps your muscles flexible and strong.


Question: Should I stretch if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Do a series of stretches at least twice a week. Pay special attention to muscles that tend to get tight and spasm, like the quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves. As you stretch, slowly move each muscle into position. Hold the position for up to 1 minute. Then gently release it. You can do these exercises alone, or you can work with a physical therapist who will show you how to do each movement safely and effectively.


Question: How often should I rest when I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Rest when you need to. Stay active, but don't overdo it. Balance activity with periods of rest to give your muscles a chance to recover.


Question: Should I do strength training if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: To keep your muscles strong, work them with light weights or exercise bands a couple of times a week. If you get a muscle spasm in the middle of your routine, stop and wait a few minutes for it to relax. Also stop if you feel any pain. Exercise should never hurt.


Question: Should I exercise often if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Exercise as often as you can without tiring yourself out. If the moves take too much effort, try working out in a cool-temperature pool. You'll put less pressure on your joints that way, so you'll use less energy.


Question: Should I shift positions often to relieve muscle spasms from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Sometimes you can relieve muscle spasms just by shifting position. To ease spasms in your knees and hips, lie on your stomach. Or turn on your side and put a pillow or rolled-up towel between your knees.


Question: Should I try relaxation techniques to sleep at night if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Massage is another great way to soothe tight muscles so you can sleep.


Question: How is a fine-needle aspiration biopsy used to diagnose non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy takes cells from an abnormal growth or the fluid in your lungs.


Question: How is an endoscopic ultrasound used to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Endoscopic ultrasound is like the endobronchial ultrasound, but your doctor puts the endoscope down your throat into the esophagus.


Question: Is it important to take care of myself if I have lung cancer?

Answer: As you follow your treatment plan, pay attention to any changes you feel. Tell your doctor how you're doing, both physically and emotionally.


Question: How can you take care of yourself during treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: As you follow your treatment plan, pay attention to any changes you feel. Tell your doctor how you're doing, both physically and emotionally. Some days, your appetite may not be great. But you'll need to eat well to keep your strength and energy up. Try to eat several small meals throughout the day instead of a few large ones. If you have trouble breathing, oxygen from a tank may help. So can practicing relaxation techniques, like meditation, listening to music, or picturing yourself in a peaceful place. Complementary treatments, including gentle massage and aromatherapy, may put you more at ease. Talk to your doctor about what you can do when you're tired, in pain, or breathless. Finding out that you have cancer is very hard to deal with. You may be afraid, angry, or sad. Strong emotions are normal. A support group or a counselor who works with people who have cancer could help you work through your feelings. Look online or in your community, or ask your doctor for suggestions and about other professionals who can help support you -- perhaps social workers, nurses, clergy, or other doctors.


Question: What causes non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes this disease. Many people who get it have smoked or been around smoke. Other things that make lung cancer more likely are: Radon, a radioactive gas found naturally in soil and rocks Asbestos Mineral and metal dust Air pollution Radiation treatment to your chest or breast HIV/ AIDS It can also run in families.


Question: Will doctors examine the inside of the lungs to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor may want to look inside your lungs and chest using a thin, flexible tube with a light and tiny camera. He may also take samples of tissue, including from nearby lymph nodes, to check for cancer cells.


Question: How is laser and photodynamic therapy used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: This technique uses a special laser light to "turn on" special drugs that cancer cells have absorbed. This kills them and helps avoid damage to healthy tissue.


Question: How is a sputum cytology used to diagnose non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Sputum cytology is a lab test that checks the mucus you cough up for cancer cells.


Question: How can clinical trials help with non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Scientists are studying new ways to treat cancer. Check the National Cancer Institute's web site and ask your doctor if a clinical trial would be a good fit for you, what you should consider, and how to sign up.


Question: What should I do to manage my emotional wellbeing while dealing with lung cancer?

Answer: Finding out that you have cancer is very hard to deal with. You may be afraid, angry, or sad. Strong emotions are normal. A support group or a counselor who works with people who have cancer could help you work through your feelings. Look online or in your community, or ask your doctor for suggestions and about other professionals who can help support you -- perhaps social workers, nurses, clergy, or other doctors.


Question: How is radiation used to treat lung cancer?

Answer: It can kill cancer cells that remain after surgery. It also treats certain cancers that your doctor can't get rid of with surgery. The radiation comes either from a high-energy beam aimed at the cancer from outside of your body using a special machine, or from a radioactive substance put inside your body in or near the cancer.


Question: What tests are used to examine your lungs and chest when diagnosing non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor may want to look inside your lungs and chest using a thin, flexible tube with a light and tiny camera. He may also take samples of tissue, including from nearby lymph nodes, to check for cancer cells. He can do this a few different ways: Bronchoscopy goes through your nose or mouth and into your lungs. Endobronchial ultrasounduses bronchoscopy with an ultrasound placed at the tip of the tube to look at lymph nodes and other structures. Endoscopic ultrasound is like the endobronchial ultrasound, but your doctor puts the endoscope down your throat into the esophagus. Thoracoscopy uses a few small cuts along your side to look at the outside of your lung and the tissue around it. Mediastinoscopy makes a small cut just above your breastbone, in the space between your lungs.


Question: What should I expect if I am diagnosed with lung cancer?

Answer: If it's caught early enough, your cancer may be curable. Even if it's not, your treatment should help you live longer and feel better. Throughout your treatment, you can make choices about what's best for you.


Question: How are fine-needle aspiration biopsies used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy takes cells from an abnormal growth or the fluid in your lungs.


Question: What do the stages of non-small-cell lung cancer mean?

Answer: Based on what your doctor finds, he'll assign a stage, describing where the cancer is. That will help your medical team figure out the best treatment for you. You'll want to know what each stage means: Occult stage: " Occult" means "hidden." Cancer cells are in lung fluid or sputum, but the doctor can't find where the cancer is in your lungs. Stage 0: Cancer cells are in the lining of your airways. Stage I: A small tumor is in only one lung. The cancer hasn't spread to lymph nodes. Stage II: A larger tumor is in one lung, or the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: Cancer in one lung has spread to farther lymph nodes or into nearby structures. Stage IV: Cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid around the lungs, or to other parts of the body, such as the brain and liver.


Question: What should you expect if you have non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: If it's caught early enough, your cancer may be curable. Even if it's not, your treatment should help you live longer and feel better. Throughout your treatment, you can make choices about what's best for you.


Question: What are the stages of lung cancer?

Answer: You'll want to know what each stage means: Occult stage: " Occult" means "hidden." Cancer cells are in lung fluid or sputum, but the doctor can't find where the cancer is in your lungs. Stage 0: Cancer cells are in the lining of your airways. Stage I: A small tumor is in only one lung. The cancer hasn't spread to lymph nodes. Stage II: A larger tumor is in one lung, or the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. Stage III: Cancer in one lung has spread to farther lymph nodes or into nearby structures. Stage IV: Cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid around the lungs, or to other parts of the body, such as the brain and liver.


Question: What are the causes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure exactly what causes this disease. Many people who get it have smoked or been around smoke. Other things that make lung cancer more likely are: Radon, a radioactive gas found naturally in soil and rocks Asbestos Mineral and metal dust Air pollution Radiation treatment to your chest or breast HIV/ AIDS It can also run in families.


Question: What does the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer depend on?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest a combination of treatments, depending on what kind of cancer you have and where it is.


Question: Where can you get support for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: The Lung Cancer Alliance can help you find other people and families near you who have also faced this disease. Their support can make it easier to live with NSCLC.


Question: How is sputum cytology used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Sputum cytology is a lab test that checks the mucus you cough up for cancer cells.


Question: How is a mediastinoscopy used to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor might put it in your spinal fluid, a specific organ, or a space inside your body to target cancer cells in that area.


Question: Where can I get my support in dealing with lung cancer?

Answer: The Lung Cancer Alliance can help you find other people and families near you who have also faced this disease. Their support can make it easier to live with NSCLC.


Question: Who is most likely to get non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: People who smoke or who breathe a lot of smoke are most likely to get NSCLC. Many of them are over 65.


Question: How is surgery used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Surgery. If you're in an early stage, your doctor will probably recommend surgery to take out the cancer. You could have a part or all of your lung removed. Other types of surgery destroy cancer cells by freezing them or using a heated probe or needle.


Question: What should you let your doctor know when getting treatments for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Let your doctor know if you have any pain or shortness of breath. There are treatments for that so you can feel better.


Question: How is radiation used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: It can kill cancer cells that remain after surgery. It also treats certain cancers that your doctor can't get rid of with surgery. The radiation comes either from a high-energy beam aimed at the cancer from outside of your body using a special machine, or from a radioactive substance put inside your body in or near the cancer.


Question: How is a thoracoscopy used to diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: Endobronchial ultrasounduses bronchoscopy with an ultrasound placed at the tip of the tube to look at lymph nodes and other structures.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat lung cancer?

Answer: Whether you get it as pills or with a needle in a vein or muscle, the drugs travel throughout your body to kill the cancer. Your doctor might put it in your spinal fluid, a specific organ, or a space inside your body to target cancer cells in that area. You could get chemo before surgery to make a tumor smaller, after surgery, or both, or even if you don't have surgery.


Question: What are the symptoms of non-small-cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body?

Answer: Like other types of lung cancer, symptoms can include: Coughing that lasts or gets worse Chest pain that often hurts more when you cough, laugh, or take deep breaths Hoarseness or voice changes Harsh, raspy sounds when you breathe Wheezing Weight loss, little appetite Coughing up blood or mucus Shortness of breath Feeling weak or tired Lasting lung problems, like bronchitis or pneumonia If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, you may have: Bone pain Headache Dizziness or balance problems Numbness or weakness in an arm or leg Yellow skin or eyes First, your doctor will talk with you and ask questions like: When did you first notice problems?


Question: What are common symptoms when non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) spreads to other parts of the body?

Answer: Like other types of lung cancer, symptoms can include: Coughing that lasts or gets worse Chest pain that often hurts more when you cough, laugh, or take deep breaths Hoarseness or voice changes Harsh, raspy sounds when you breathe Wheezing Weight loss, little appetite Coughing up blood or mucus Shortness of breath Feeling weak or tired Lasting lung problems, like bronchitis or pneumonia If the cancer spreads to other parts of the body, you may have: Bone pain Headache Dizziness or balance problems Numbness or weakness in an arm or leg Yellow skin or eyes First, your doctor will talk with you and ask questions like: When did you first notice problems?


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Whether you get it as pills or with a needle in a vein or muscle, the drugs travel throughout your body to kill the cancer. Your doctor might put it in your spinal fluid, a specific organ, or a space inside your body to target cancer cells in that area. You could get chemo before surgery to make a tumor smaller, after surgery, or both, or even if you don't have surgery.


Question: What should I do if lung cancer affects my ability to breathe?

Answer: If you have trouble breathing, oxygen from a tank may help. So can practicing relaxation techniques, like meditation, listening to music, or picturing yourself in a peaceful place. Complementary treatments, including gentle massage and aromatherapy, may put you more at ease. Talk to your doctor about what you can do when you're tired, in pain, or breathless.


Question: Will lung cancer affect my appetite?

Answer: Some days, your appetite may not be great. But you'll need to eat well to keep your strength and energy up. Try to eat several small meals throughout the day instead of a few large ones.


Question: What does a low CO2 level in a bicarbonate blood test mean?

Answer: A normal result is between 23 and 29 mmol/ L. A low CO2 level can be a sign of several conditions, including: Kidney disease Diabetic ketoacidosis, which happens when your body's blood acid level goes up because it doesn't have enough insulin to digest sugars Metabolic acidosis, which means your body makes too much acid Addison's disease, a rare condition that affects the hormone-producing adrenal glands Ethylene glycol poisoning. This sweet-tasting chemical is in antifreeze, detergents, paints, and other household products. Aspirin overdose High CO2 in blood may point to: Lung diseases like COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Dehydration Anorexia Adrenal gland problems, such as Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome


Question: What should you tell your doctor about before starting Savella?

Answer: Also, before starting Savella, tell your doctor if you are nursing or pregnant or plan to become pregnant. And tell your doctor about any medical conditions you have, including: high blood pressure fast heart rate or other cardiac condition liver problems or a history of heavy alcohol use kidney problems history of mania or seizure disorders bleeding disorders Take these precautions while on Savella: Do not drive or use machinery until you are certain Savella is not affecting your mental or physical abilities.


Question: What should I do if some foods bother my digestive system?

Answer: If you're sensitive to certain types of food, such as dairy or gluten, stay away from these items or cut back on them. Talk with a nutritionist before you ban a food from your plate to make sure you still get important nutrients from other sources.


Question: What is celiac disease?

Answer: It's a problem that involves both the digestive tract and the immune system. It's also known as celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy. When you have celiac disease, eating foods with a form of protein called gluten makes your body attack your small intestine. The damage makes it hard for your body to absorb nutrients, especially fat, calcium, iron, and folate, from food.


Question: What is paranoid personality disorder (PPD)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Paranoid personality disorder ( PPD) is one of a group of conditions called " Cluster A" personality disorders which involve odd or eccentric ways of thinking. People with PPD also suffer from paranoia, an unrelenting mistrust and suspicion of others, even when there is no reason to be suspicious. This disorder usually begins by early adulthood and appears to be more common in men than in women.


Question: How is paranoid personality disorder (PPD) diagnosed?

Answer: Although there are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose personality disorders, the doctor might use various diagnostic tests to rule out physical illness as the cause of the symptoms. If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she might refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, health care professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a personality disorder.


Question: What is the outlook for people with paranoid personality disorder (PPD)?

Answer: The outlook for people with PPD varies. It is a chronic disorder, which means it tends to last throughout a person's life. Although some people can function fairly well with PPD and are able to marry and hold jobs, others are completely disabled by the disorder. Because people with PPD tend to resist treatment, the outcome often is poor.


Question: What are cavernous hemangiomas?

Answer: Cavernous hemangiomas (also called angioma cavernosum or cavernoma) are similar to strawberry hemangiomas but are more deeply situated. They may appear as a red-blue spongy mass of tissue filled with blood. Some of these lesions may disappear on their own -- usually as a child approaches school age.


Question: What are salmon patches?

Answer: Salmon patches (also called stork bites) are very common birthmarks and appear on newborn babies. These marks are small blood vessels (capillaries) that are visible through the skin. They are most common on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, between the eyebrows, and the back of the neck. Often, these marks fade as the infant grows.


Question: Do birthmarks need to be treated?

Answer: Most birthmarks need no treatment. They usually remain stable as a child grows older. However, some areas that can resemble blood vessel tumors -- called hemangiomas -- may need treatment because of their location. For example, a raised hemangioma near a child's eye may interfere with his or her ability to see. In rare cases, birthmarks are associated with other conditions, such as growths in the liver, lungs, stomach, or intestines.


Question: What are strawberry hemangiomas?

Answer: Types of hemangiomas and birthmarks include: Strawberry hemangiomas (also called strawberry mark, nevus vascularis, capillary hemangioma, hemangioma simplex) may appear anywhere on the body, but are most common on the face, scalp, back, or chest. They consist of small, closely packed blood vessels. They may be absent at birth, and develop during the first several weeks afterward. They usually grow rapidly, remain a fixed size, and then subside. In most cases, strawberry hemangiomas disappear by the time a child is 10 years old.


Question: What are signs of red birthmarks?

Answer: Signs of red birthmarks include: Skin markings that develop before or shortly after birth Skin markings that resemble blood vessels In most cases, a health professional can diagnose a red birthmark based on the appearance of the skin.


Question: What are hemangiomas?

Answer: The hemangioma is a common type of vascular tumor that may occur early in life and resemble a birthmark. It is usually painless and harmless and its cause is not known.


Question: What should you do if you think you have erectile dysfunction?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If you think you have ED, a good first step is to talk with your doctor. The treatment you need will depend on what's causing it. You may find that simple lifestyle changes will help, like losing weight, drinking less alcohol, or quitting smoking. If a medication is causing your ED, your doctor may lower your dose or try a different drug altogether.


Question: When can your child go back to school after having a flu?

Answer: The flu is very contagious, so it's important to keep your child home if he starts feeling sick. Once his fever has been gone for at least 24 hours -- without him taking fever-reducing medication -- it's safe to send him back to the classroom.


Question: Can antiviral drugs help a child who has the flu?

Answer: They're prescription medications that can treat the flu by preventing the virus from multiplying inside the body. But to work well, your child has to start taking them ASAP -- within 48 hours of when symptoms first appear. He'll probably take the medicine -- which comes in pill, liquid, or inhaler form -- for 5 days. Antiviral drugs can make his flu symptoms milder and help him get better faster. Studies also say they make people less likely to get other serious health problems, like pneumonia.


Question: Will you need surgery to treat autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: Sometimes, if you get cirrhosis or liver failure, you may need a liver transplant. This is surgery to take out the diseased liver and replace it with a healthy one from a donor.


Question: Who gets autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: There are two major types of autoimmune hepatitis, and both are rare. Type 1 is the more common of the two. You're more likely to get it if you're a woman ages 15 to 40, although people of any age or gender can get it. Type 2 usually happens to girls ages 2 to 14.


Question: What is the recovery like for autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: After 3 years of treatment, 80% of people find their disease is under control. You may be able to stop treatment while your doctor keeps an eye on your health. If your symptoms come back, you'll start treatment again.


Question: What are symptoms of cirrhosis from autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: If this happens to you, you may also have some of these symptoms: Itching Bruising Bleeding that won't stop Swollen stomach or ankles Spidery blood vessels You feel confused Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes) Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and how long you've had them. They'll also want to know what medications you take and how much alcohol you drink. Both can damage your liver.


Question: Is there a cure for autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: Both can damage your liver.


Question: What can you do to keep healthy with autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: There are also lifestyle changes that can help keep you healthy. Eat healthy foods and plenty of fruits and vegetables, and stay away from alcohol. Don't take any drugs or supplements without checking first with your doctor.


Question: What are the side effects of treatments for autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: Steroids can make your bones weak, cause you to add pounds, and give you eye problems. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine can lower the number of your white blood cells and raise your chances of getting cancer.


Question: How is autoimmune hepatitis diagnosed?

Answer: If this happens to you, you may also have some of these symptoms: Itching Bruising Bleeding that won't stop Swollen stomach or ankles Spidery blood vessels You feel confused Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes) Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and how long you've had them. They'll also want to know what medications you take and how much alcohol you drink. Both can damage your liver. They'll order blood tests that can rule out other causes like viral hepatitis. Blood tests can also spot substances called autoantibodies, which suggest you've got an autoimmune disease. Other blood tests can tell if your liver has been damaged. Your doctor will do a liver biopsy. They take out a small piece of your liver and look at the cells under the microscope.


Question: What are the signs of autoimmune hepatitis?

Answer: The most common sign of AIH is feeling tired. You may also notice problems like: Joint or muscle pain You're not hungry Nausea, vomiting, or belly pain Weight loss Acne and skin rashes Your pee is dark or extra yellow Your bowel movements look light Diarrhea If you're a woman, your periods stop Sometimes, AIH can cause liver damage called cirrhosis.


Question: How is rectal cancer staged?

Answer: The cancer is found only in the innermost lining of the colon.


Question: What is stage 3 colon cancer?

Answer: The cancer has spread outside the colon to other parts of the body, such as the liver or the lungs.


Question: What is stage 0 colon cancer?

Answer: This is the earliest stage. The cancer is found only in the innermost lining of the colon.


Question: What is stage 4 colon cancer?

Answer: The cancer has spread outside the colon to other parts of the body, such as the liver or the lungs. The tumor can be any size. It may or may not include affected lymph nodes.


Question: What is stage 2 colon cancer?

Answer: The tumor extends through the muscular wall of the colon and may also have invaded/adhered to nearby organs. But there is no cancer in the lymph nodes, which are small structures throughout the body that make and store cells that fight infection.


Question: Why do people get dialysis if kidney transplants are better?

Answer: Many people go on dialysis because they need to. They have no other choice while they're on a waiting list for a donor kidney. And for them, dialysis is a lifesaver.


Question: What are the advantages of kidney transplant?

Answer: Not only do people who get transplants usually live longer, they also tend to have: Better quality of life. They don't spend hours each week getting dialysis, and they're more likely to go back to work. Fewer limits on their diet Fewer long-term health problems from the transplant than people have with dialysis More energy Also, dialysis can take a toll on the body. It can cause problems ranging from anemia, where you have fewer red blood cells, to heart disease.


Question: Who may not be a good candidate for a kidney transplant?

Answer: People at almost any age, from children to older adults, can get a kidney transplant, but not everyone is healthy enough for one. If your loved one has any of these conditions, they're not likely to get a transplant: Active or recently treated cancer Illness that might limit their life to just a few more years Infection that can't be treated or keeps coming back Serious health condition -- like severe heart disease -- that means they're not healthy enough for surgery Very overweight The following problems could also prevent a transplant: Dementia Drug or alcohol abuse Hard time remembering to take medicine Mental health problems that aren't easily managed Even if your loved one is older or has a health condition like diabetes, your doctor can help you understand if a transplant is a safe option.


Question: What are the side effects of the medicines you take after a kidney transplant?

Answer: Like any medicine, the drugs used to prevent transplant rejections can have side effects. They generally work by making your immune system less active, which makes you more likely to get infections and can raise the odds of getting cancer. Other side effects may include acne, bone disease, and high blood pressure.


Question: What are the different kinds of injections for back pain?

Answer: You can get injections in the area around the inflamed or damaged nerves. There are several kinds of injections, including: Epidural Nerve block Discography In a nerve block, a doctor injects the area around the nerve with a numbing medicine, or anesthetic.


Question: What are nerve block injections?

Answer: There are several kinds of injections, including: Epidural Nerve block Discography In a nerve block, a doctor injects the area around the nerve with a numbing medicine, or anesthetic. Lidocaine is the anesthetic most commonly used. After a nerve block injection, you'll quickly have numbness with near-complete pain relief. It wears off after several hours.


Question: What are side effects of back pain injections?

Answer: Mild soreness or pain at the site after an injection for back pain is common. Headache, nausea, and vomiting can also happen. It's rare, but injections can cause bleeding or infection.


Question: How are nerve block injections used to diagnose the cause of back pain?

Answer: Some doctors use nerve block injections to try to diagnose what's causing the back pain. If your doctor does this, you'll be asked which injection causes the back pain to go away. That nerve may then be chosen for an epidural injection with both steroid and anesthetic medicine.


Question: Does exercise prevent acne?

Answer: When you exercise, avoid wearing clothing or using exercise equipment that rubs your skin and may cause irritation. Shower or bathe right after exercise.


Question: Does what you eat and drink cause acne?

Answer: Most experts agree that certain foods, like chocolate, don't cause pimples. Still, it makes sense to avoid greasy food and junk food and add more fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains to your diet. Dairy products and foods high in processed sugar may trigger acne. Avoid these.


Question: How can keeping your hands off your face help prevent acne?

Answer: Avoid touching your face or propping your cheek or chin on your hands. Not only can you spread bacteria, you can also irritate the already inflamed facial skin. Never pick or pop pimples with your fingers, as it can lead to infection and scarring.


Question: How can reducing the use of makeup help prevent acne?

Answer: During a breakout, avoid wearing foundation, powder, or blush. If you do wear makeup, wash it off at the end of the day. If possible, choose oil-free cosmetics without added dyes and chemicals. Choose makeup that is labeled as "noncomedogenic," meaning it should not cause acne. Read the ingredients list on the product label before buying.


Question: What happens if you can't stop your snoring on your own?

Answer: If none of these tips helps, talk to your doctor. There are a variety of medical treatments that may reduce or eliminate snoring. For mild forms of snoring caused by swelling of the lining of your nose, a doctor may prescribe a steroid nasal spray to take before going to sleep. He or she may also suggest dental appliances or nasal strips. For more severe forms of snoring due to sleep apnea, surgical procedures or continuous positive airway pressure may be prescribed.


Question: What are ways to avoid snoring for the occasional snorer?

Answer: Avoid tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and antihistamines before you go to bed. Avoid alcohol and heavy meals (or snacks) at least four hours before you sleep. Establish regular sleeping patterns. For example, try to go to bed at the same time every night. Sleep on your side rather than on your back. Raise the head of your bed up four inches. Raise the whole bed, not just pillows.


Question: Your doctor may recommend removing certain tissues of the soft palate that may be obstructing your breathing.

Answer: Surgery Surgery may be needed to correct a physical problem that is causing you to snore.


Question: Do I need surgery to treat my snoring?

Answer: Surgery Surgery may be needed to correct a physical problem that is causing you to snore. Surgical options include: Somnoplasty: A minimally invasive procedure to reduce the soft tissue in the upper airway or back of the throat Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: Removing the tonsils and/or adenoids may be needed to prevent snoring. Palate surgery: Your doctor may recommend removing certain tissues of the soft palate that may be obstructing your breathing. Upper airway stimulator: This device, called Inspire, is a treatment for people who have sleep apnea. It consists of a small pulse generator placed under the skin in the upper chest. A wire leading to the lung detects the person's natural breathing pattern. Another wire, leading up to the neck, delivers mild stimulation to nerves that control airway muscles, keeping them open. A doctor can program the device from an external remote. Also, the user has a remote to turn it on before bed and turn off upon waking in the morning.


Question: What is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for snoring?

Answer: Continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP) Continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP) is a treatment in which a mask is worn over the nose and/or mouth while you sleep. The mask is hooked up to a machine that delivers a continuous flow of air into the nostrils. The pressure from air flowing into the nostrils helps keep the airways open so that breathing is not impaired. Other PAP machines are also available, including the Bi PAP, which has two levels of air pressure, and the VPAP for varying levels of air pressure.


Question: Removing the tonsils and/or adenoids may be needed to prevent snoring.

Answer: Surgical options include: Somnoplasty: A minimally invasive procedure to reduce the soft tissue in the upper airway or back of the throat Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: Removing the tonsils and/or adenoids may be needed to prevent snoring.


Question: Why is breastfeeding good for my baby?

Answer: Breastfeeding has been linked to higher IQ scores in later childhood in some studies. What's more, the physical closeness, skin-to-skin touching, and eye contact all help your baby bond with you and feel secure. Breastfed infants are more likely to gain the right amount of weight as they grow rather than become overweight children. The AAP says breastfeeding also plays a role in the prevention of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). It's been thought to lower the risk of diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers as well, but more research is needed.


Question: Why is breastfeeding good for me?

Answer: Breastfeeding burns extra calories, so it can help you lose pregnancy weight faster. It releases the hormone oxytocin, which helps your uterus return to its pre-pregnancy size and may reduce uterine bleeding after birth. Breastfeeding also lowers your risk of breast and ovarian cancer. It may lower your risk of osteoporosis, too. Since you don't have to buy and measure formula, sterilize nipples, or warm bottles, it saves you time and money. It also gives you regular time to relax quietly with your newborn as you bond.


Question: What is breast engorgement?

Answer: But breast engorgement means the blood vessels in your breast have become congested. This traps fluid in your breasts and makes them feel hard, painful, and swollen. Alternate heat and cold, for instance using ice packs and hot showers, to relieve mild symptoms. It can also help to release your milk by hand or use a breast pump.


Question: Can I breastfeed if I'm sick or taking prescription medication?

Answer: Talk with your doctor before starting to breastfeed if you're taking prescription drugs of any kind. Your doctor can help you make an informed decision based on your particular medication. Having a cold or flu should not prevent you from breastfeeding. Breast milk won't give your baby the illness and may even give antibodies to your baby to help fight off the illness.


Question: Will I make enough milk to breastfeed?

Answer: As your baby needs more milk and nurses more, your breasts respond by making more milk. Experts recommend breastfeeding exclusively (no formula, juice, or water) for 6 months. If you supplement with formula, your breasts might make less milk. Even if you breastfeed less than the recommended 6 months, it's better to breastfeed for a short time than no time at all. You can add solid food at 6 months but also continue to breastfeed if you want to keep producing milk.


Question: Can you get blocked ducts from breastfeeding?

Answer: A single sore spot on your breast, which may be red and hot, can signal a plugged milk duct. This can often be relieved by warm compresses and gentle massage over the area to release the blockage. More frequent nursing can also help.


Question: What is colustrum?

Answer: The first few days after birth, your breasts make an ideal "first milk." It's called colostrum. Colostrum is thick, yellowish, and scant, but there's plenty to meet your baby's nutritional needs. Colostrum helps a newborn's digestive tract develop and prepare itself to digest breast milk.


Question: Can breastfeeding cause dry, cracked nipples?

Answer: Avoid soaps, perfumed creams, or lotions with alcohol in them, which can make nipples even more dry and cracked. You can gently apply pure lanolin to your nipples after a feeding, but be sure you gently wash the lanolin off before breastfeeding again. Changing your bra pads often will help your nipples stay dry. And you should use only cotton bra pads.


Question: Can I breastfeed if I have inverted nipples?

Answer: An inverted nipple doesn't poke forward when you pinch the areola, the dark skin around the nipple. A lactation consultant -- a specialist in breastfeeding education -- can give simple tips that have allowed women with inverted nipples to breastfeed successfully.


Question: What is the football position for breastfeeding?

Answer: Line your baby's back along your forearm to hold your baby like a football, supporting his head and neck in your palm. This works best with newborns and small babies. It's also a good position if you're recovering from a cesarean birth and need to protect your belly from the pressure or weight of your baby.


Question: Is my baby getting enough breast milk?

Answer: You're concerned your baby isn't gaining weight or getting enough milk.


Question: How do I get my baby to latch on when I try to breastfeed?

Answer: Position your baby facing you, so your baby is comfortable and doesn't have to twist his neck to feed. With one hand, cup your breast and gently stroke your baby's lower lip with your nipple. Your baby's instinctive reflex will be to open the mouth wide. With your hand supporting your baby's neck, bring your baby's mouth closer around your nipple, trying to center your nipple in the baby's mouth above the tongue. You'll know your baby is "latched on" correctly when both lips are pursed outward around your nipple. Your infant should have all of your nipple and most of the areola, which is the darker skin around your nipple, in his mouth.


Question: Can breastfeeding cause breast infections?

Answer: This occasionally results when bacteria enter the breast, often through a cracked nipple after breastfeeding. If you have a sore area on your breast along with flu-like symptoms, fever, and fatigue, call your doctor. Antibiotics are usually needed to clear up a breast infection, but you can most likely continue to breastfeed while you have the infection and take antibiotics.


Question: How do you store milk when breastfeeding?

Answer: Breast milk can be safely used within 2 days if it's stored in a refrigerator. You can freeze breast milk for up to 6 months. Don't warm up or thaw frozen breast milk in a microwave. That will destroy some of its immune-boosting qualities, and it can cause fatty portions of the breast milk to become super hot. Thaw breast milk in the refrigerator or in a bowl of warm water instead.


Question: Can you get sore nipples from breastfeeding?

Answer: You can expect some soreness in the first weeks of breastfeeding. Make sure your baby latches on correctly, and use one finger to break the suction of your baby's mouth after each feeding. That will help prevent sore nipples. If you still get sore, be sure you nurse with each breast fully enough to empty the milk ducts. If you don't, your breasts can become engorged, swollen, and painful. Holding ice or a bag of frozen peas against sore nipples can temporarily ease discomfort. Keeping your nipples dry and letting them "air dry" between feedings helps, too. Your baby tends to suck more actively at the start. So begin feedings with the less-sore nipple.


Question: How is biology related to depression?

Answer: Researchers have noted differences in the brains of people who have a clinical depression as compared to those who do not. For instance, the hippocampus, a small part of the brain that is vital to the storage of memories, appears to be smaller in some people with a history of depression than in those who've never been depressed.


Question: Is depression linked to chronic pain?

Answer: Hypothyroidism may also lead to depressed feelings. Researchers believe that treating the depression may sometimes also help the co-existing medical illness improve. When pain lingers for weeks to months, it's referred to as being "chronic." Not only does chronic pain hurt, it also disturbs your sleep, your ability to exercise and be active, your relationships, and your productivity at work.


Question: What is the link between depression and chronic illness?

Answer: In some people, a chronic illness causes depression. A chronic illness is an illness that lasts for a very long time and usually cannot be cured completely. However, chronic illnesses can often be controlled through diet, exercise, lifestyle habits, and certain medications. Some examples of chronic illnesses that may cause depression are diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, kidney disease, HIV/ AIDS, lupus, and multiple sclerosis ( MS). Hypothyroidism may also lead to depressed feelings. Researchers believe that treating the depression may sometimes also help the co-existing medical illness improve.


Question: Can major events cause depression?

Answer: So can moving, losing a job or income, getting divorced, or retiring. However, the syndrome of clinical depression is never just a "normal" response to stressful life events.


Question: Is yoga useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It eases stiffness and tension, and some poses also help your bones. Talk to your physical therapist or find an instructor who has taught people with arthritis. Once you know the postures, you can practice at home.


Question: Are stationary bikes and elliptical machines useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Does RA affect your back and hips? You may want to try a recumbent bike, in which you sit down with your legs stretched in front of you. It may feel better than an upright bike. Elliptical trainers give you a good workout and are easy on your knees.


Question: Is it good to exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you take corticosteroids for your RA, it's a good idea to step up your exercise to help keep your bones strong. You will also strengthen the muscles that support your joints, so you'll move better. You will also improve your heart health, energy level, mood, balance, and coordination.


Question: What triggers premature ventricular contractions?

Answer: Experts aren't sure what causes the extra beat known as PVC. They tend to happen for no real reason, but certain triggers and health conditions may play a role.


Question: What conditions can cause premature ventricular contractions?

Answer: Experts aren't sure what causes the extra beat known as PVC. They tend to happen for no real reason, but certain triggers and health conditions may play a role.


Question: What are the concerns about using isotretinoin for acne?

Answer: Many teens and their parents are concerned about the possible psychological effects of isotretinoin. What's the connection? Experts say that there have been a number of people using isotretinoin who had severe depression and attempted suicide. But no one knows whether the medicine was really the cause. The fact is that depression is more common in people with acne, regardless of the treatment. Parents, if you notice that your son or daughter is having mood swings, seeming down or angry, or losing interest in friends or the things that he or she usually enjoys, schedule an appointment with the doctor.


Question: How can topical antibiotics help with treating acne?

Answer: These acne medicines can kill some of the bacteria on the skin and reduce redness and inflammation. Examples of antibiotics include clindamycin ( Cleocin T, Clinda- Derm) and erythromycin ( Dapsone gel, Erythrocin).


Question: What are the side effects of topical treatments for acne?

Answer: Some prescription creams include two or more active ingredients. The typical side effects from these treatments are mild and confined to the skin. They include stinging, redness, irritation, and peeling. Retinoid creams can make skin more sensitive to sunlight. So when using these treatments, it's important to limit sun exposure, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., and apply sunscreen regularly. Protect exposed skin with a long-sleeved shirt, pants, and a large-brimmed hat. Make sure not to get any topical retinoids in your mouth, nose, or eyes.


Question: How do medications work in treating acne?

Answer: Acne medications help by interrupting this process in different ways. Some over-the-counter and prescription acne creams help by unplugging the follicles. Others, such as antibiotics, kill the bacteria that move into the follicles. The pill isotretinoin reduces oil production, unplugs the follicles, and targets inflammation and acne-causing bacteria. There is no best acne treatment. Some people do fine using one acne product, although many need a combination to control their teen acne.


Question: What are the side effects of oral antibiotics for acne?

Answer: The side effects of oral antibiotics depend on the medication, but they can cause problems like upset stomach, dizziness, skin color changes, and sun sensitivity. Tetracycline ( Sumycin) can yellow the teeth and affect bone formation, so it's not recommended for children under 14 or pregnant women. However, the newly approved tetracycline derivative sarecycline ( Almirall, Seysara) can be used in children from age 9 and above and you can take it once daily Doxycycline ( Acticlate, Monodox, Vibra- Tabs, Vibramycin) and minocycline ( Dynacin, Minocin) are also not recommended for children under 14 or pregnant women.


Question: Is depression linked to oversleeping?

Answer: Depression . Although insomnia is more commonly linked to depression than oversleeping is, roughly 15% of people with depression sleep too much. This may in turn make their depression worse. That's because regular sleep habits are important to the recovery process.


Question: Are headaches linked to oversleeping?

Answer: For some people prone to headaches, sleeping longer than usual on a weekend or vacation can cause head pain. Researchers believe this is due to the effect oversleeping has on certain neurotransmitters in the brain, including serotonin. People who sleep too much during the day and disrupt their nighttime sleep may also find themselves suffering from headaches in the morning.


Question: Is sleeping too much and sleeping too little linked to obesity?

Answer: Sleeping too much or too little could make you weigh too much, as well. One recent study showed that people who slept for nine or 10 hours every night were 21% more likely to become obese over a six-year period than were people who slept between seven and eight hours. This association between sleep and obesity remained the same even when food intake and exercise were taken into account.


Question: How can sudden changes in air pressure cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)?

Answer: Sudden changes in air pressure: Things like scuba diving or riding in an airplane while it lands may cause fluid in the inner ear to shift, causing a leakage or rupture. This may lead to inner ear nerve damage.


Question: How can too much earwax cause conductive hearing loss?

Answer: Causes include: Too much earwax: Doctors call this cerumen obstruction. Using a cotton swab can push the wax deeper into your ear. When it builds up, you don't hear as well. Your doctor can easily get rid of the wax during an office visit.


Question: How can Meniere's disease cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)?

Answer: Meniere's disease: This chronic condition can cause hearing loss that comes and goes, along with ringing in the ears (tinnitus) and vertigo.


Question: How can swimmer's ear cause conductive hearing loss?

Answer: Swimmer's ear: Your doctor may call this otitis externa. Water causes this infection of the outer ear canal. If your ear swells a lot, you might lose some hearing.


Question: How can aging cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)?

Answer: There are many causes: Aging: Simply growing older may make sensorineural hearing loss more likely. You may hear a doctor say "presbycusis." This is age-related hearing loss. It tends to run in families. You may first notice trouble hearing high-pitched sounds.


Question: How can autoimmune inner ear disease cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)?

Answer: Autoimmune inner ear disease: This rare condition causes various levels of hearing loss in both ears, which slowly gets worse over weeks to months. You may also have ringing in the ears and a feeling of fullness in the ears.


Question: How is hearing loss treated?

Answer: Medicine or surgery can treat some types of hearing loss. Others are permanent, but hearing aids or implants can help. It only takes a few minutes for a doctor to figure out which type you have.


Question: What are lifestyle tips for lowering blood pressure to help prevent heart failure?

Answer: Eat a healthy diet, don't smoke, and get exercise to help lower your BP. Have heart failure? You'll probably need to take medicine, too. Your doctor may prescribe a beta-blocker, an ACE inhibitor, or an angiotensin II receptor blocker.


Question: How can hypertension lead to heart failure?

Answer: Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart failure. That's because the force pushing on the walls of your arteries as blood moves through them is too strong. That pressure hurts your arteries and makes tiny tears in them that can turn into scar tissue, which makes it easier for cholesterol, fat, and other things to build up. That causes your vessels narrow and stiffen.


Question: Is sun damage to the skin always visible?

Answer: Sunburn is the most obvious sign that you've been sitting outside for too long. But sun damage isn't always visible. Under the surface, ultraviolet light can alter your DNA, prematurely aging your skin. Over time, DNA damage can contribute to skin cancers, including deadly melanoma.


Question: What wavelengths of ultraviolet light does the sun give off?

Answer: Under the skin, things get a little more complicated. The sun gives off three wavelengths of ultraviolet light: UVA UVB UVC UVC light doesn't reach the Earth's surface.


Question: Can staying hydrated provide sunburn relief?

Answer: Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of water and other fluids so that you don't become dehydrated.


Question: How common are sunburns?

Answer: More than one-third of adults and nearly 70% of children admit they've gotten sunburned within the past year, according to the CDC. Here's what you need to know about how to keep your skin safe and where to find sunburn relief if you do linger on your lounger too long.


Question: How soon does a sunburn begin?

Answer: How soon a sunburn begins depends on: Your skin type The sun's intensity How long you're exposed to the sun A blonde-haired, blue-eyed woman sunbathing in Rio de Janeiro will redden far sooner than an olive-complexioned woman sitting out on a sunny day in New York City.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy breast changes?

Answer: Recommendations: Wear a bra that provides firm support. Choose cotton bras or those made from natural fibers. Get a bigger bra as your breasts become larger and fuller. Your bra should fit well without irritating your nipples. Try maternity or nursing bras, which provide more support and can be used after pregnancy if you choose to breastfeed. Try wearing a bra during the night. Tuck a cotton handkerchief or gauze pad into each bra cup to absorb leaking fluid. You can also buy nursing pads in the drugstore or maternity/baby store that fit into your bra. Make sure to change these pads as needed so your skin doesn't get irritated. Wash your breasts with warm water and mild soap that will not cause dryness.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy nasal congestion?

Answer: Recommendations: Apply a warm, wet washcloth to your cheeks, eyes, and nose to reduce congestion. Avoid using nasal sprays unless prescribed by your doctor because they can aggravate your symptoms. Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day) to thin mucus. Elevate your head with an extra pillow while sleeping to prevent mucus from blocking your throat. Use a humidifier or vaporizer to add moisture to the air. Take a warm shower or bath.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy varicose veins?

Answer: Recommendations: Although varicose veins are usually hereditary, here are some preventive tips: Avoid standing or sitting in one place for long periods. It's important to get up and move around often. Avoid remaining in any position that might restrict the circulation in your legs (such as crossing your legs while sitting). Elevate your legs and feet while sitting. Exercise regularly. Wear support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight or constraining.


Question: What causes shortness of breath during pregnancy?

Answer: Shortness of breath can happen due to increased upward pressure from the uterus and changes in physiologic lung function.


Question: What are the recommendations for abdominal pain or discomfort during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: Change your position or activity until you are comfortable; avoid sharp turns or movements. If you have a sudden pain in your abdomen, bend forward to the point of pain to relieve tension and relax the tissue. Apply a hot water bottle or heating pad to your back, or take a warm bath or shower. Try a massage. Make sure you are getting enough fluids. Take Tylenol (acetaminophen) occasionally. Contact your health care provider if the pain is severe or constant or if you are less than 36 weeks pregnant and you have signs of labor. ( Signs of labor include repetitive cramping like contractions.)


Question: What causes pregnancy varicose veins?

Answer: Pregnancy may affect your circulation, which can enlarge or swell your legs' veins.


Question: What causes pregnancy hemorrhoids?

Answer: Hemorrhoids are swollen veins that appear as painful lumps on the anus. During pregnancy, they may form as a result of increased circulation and pressure on the rectum and vagina from your growing baby.


Question: What causes pregnancy breast changes?

Answer: Most pregnant women will feel some changes in their breasts. Your breasts will increase in size as your milk glands enlarge and the fat tissue enlarges, causing breast firmness and tenderness typically during pregnancy's first and last few months. Bluish veins may also appear as your blood supply increases. Your nipples can also darken, and sometimes a thick fluid called colostrum may leak from your breasts. All of these changes are normal.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy heartburn or indigestion?

Answer: Recommendations: Eat several small meals each day instead of three large meals. Eat slowly. Drink warm liquids. Avoid fried, spicy, or rich foods, or any foods that seem to give you indigestion. Don't lie down right after eating. Keep the head of your bed higher than the foot of your bed. Or, place pillows under your shoulders to prevent stomach acids from rising into your throat. Don't mix fatty foods with sweets in one meal, and try to separate liquids and solids at meals. Try heartburn relievers such as Tums, Maalox, Titralac, Mylanta, Riopan, or Gaviscon.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy stretch marks?

Answer: Recommendations: Be sure that your diet contains enough sources of the nutrients needed for healthy skin (especially vitamins C and E). Apply lotion to your skin to keep it soft and reduce dryness. Exercise daily.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy bleeding and swollen gums?

Answer: Recommendations: Get a dental checkup early in your pregnancy to make sure your teeth and mouth are healthy. See your dentist if you notice a particular problem. Brush your teeth, floss regularly and rinse daily with an antiseptic mouthwash.


Question: What causes difficulty sleeping during pregnancy?

Answer: Finding a comfortable resting position can become difficult later in pregnancy.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy hemorrhoids?

Answer: Recommendations: Try to avoid constipation. Constipation can cause hemorrhoids and will make them more painful. Avoid sitting or standing for long periods of time; change your position frequently. Don't strain during a bowel movement. Apply ice packs or cold compresses to the area or take a warm bath a few times a day to provide relief. Avoid tight-fitting underwear, pants, or pantyhose. If you still need more help, consult your health care provider.


Question: What are the recommendations for difficulty sleeping during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: Don't take sleep medication. Try drinking warm milk at bedtime. Try taking a warm shower or bath before bedtime. Use extra pillows for support while sleeping. Lying on your side, place a pillow under your head, abdomen, behind your back and between your knees to prevent muscle strain and help you get the rest you need. You will probably feel better lying on your left side; this improves circulation of blood throughout your body.


Question: What causes vaginal discharge during pregnancy?

Answer: Normal vaginal secretions increase during pregnancy due to greater blood supply and hormones. Normal vaginal discharge is white or clear, isn't irritating, is odorless, and may look yellow when dry on your underwear or panty liners.


Question: What are the recommendations for swelling in the feet and legs during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: Try not to stay on your feet for long periods of time. Avoid standing in one place. Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day). Avoid foods high in salt (sodium). Elevate your legs and feet while sitting. Avoid crossing your legs. Wear loose, comfortable clothing; tight clothing can slow circulation and increase fluid retention. Don't wear tight shoes; choose supportive shoes with low, wide heels. Keep your diet rich in protein; too little protein can cause fluid retention. Notify your health care provider if your hands or face swell. This may be a warning sign of preeclampsia. Rest on your side during the day to help increase blood flow to your kidneys.


Question: What are the recommendations for Braxton-Hicks contractions?

Answer: Recommendations: Try to relax Change positions. Sometimes this can ease the contractions. Call your doctor if they do not go away.


Question: What causes pregnancy backaches?

Answer: Backaches are usually caused by the strain put on the back muscles, changing hormone levels, and changes in your posture.