Question: How does smoking affect tinnitus?

Answer: It harms blood flow to the sensitive nerve cells that control your hearing. It also acts as a stimulant in your body. This can make the ringing in your ears sound louder. But stress and worry can make your symptoms worse.


Question: How can joining a support group help tinnitus?

Answer: It may seem hard to believe, but learning to ignore your tinnitus can help you cope with it. Learn which coping techniques work for you and practice them regularly.


Question: Can sleep apnea cause bed-wetting in kids?

Answer: Bed-wetting in children may also be caused by sleep apnea. Although immaturity of the bladder or other medical conditions are more common, the possibility of sleep apnea must be considered when a child is being evaluated for bed-wetting problems.


Question: What might it mean if your child continues to wet the bed past age 6?

Answer: Children who continue to wet the bed beyond age 6 may not be producing enough ADH hormone at appropriate times, or may not yet be attuned to their bodies' signals, or both.


Question: How common is bedwetting in kids?

Answer: About 5 to 7 million children over age 6 regularly wet their bed. Most children do not need bed-wetting treatment and outgrow it. Although immaturity of the bladder or other medical conditions are more common, the possibility of sleep apnea must be considered when a child is being evaluated for bed-wetting problems. Parents should consider treatment for bed-wetting if their child is still wetting the bed between ages 6 and 7, according to the National Enuresis Society -- or sooner if the child seems troubled by bed-wetting.


Question: What is step 2 in a laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy?

Answer: Your surgeon will carefully free the colon in sections, starting with the rectum and sigmoid colon, and finishing with the ascending (right) colon. He will also cut and close the main blood vessels (arteries) that supply blood to the colon throughout the surgery. During the procedure, the surgeon will use a paddle-like instrument to hold loops of the intestine up and out of the way. When the entire large intestine is freed, the surgeon will free the right colon from the ileum. Then he'll identify the part of the ileum that he will join with the rectum. Finally, your surgeon will pass a snare-like instrument over the colon to make sure that all of the attachments to the tissue have been cut. This tool is designed to hold a wire loop, which the surgeon tightens around any remaining tissue growths to remove them. Once this is complete, he will make one of the surgical cuts bigger and pull the colon out of the abdominal cavity.


Question: What is a laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy?

Answer: Doctors use it to help treat conditions including: Inflammatory conditions of the intestine, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis Familial polyposis, an inherited (hereditary) condition in which hundreds to thousands of polyps (small growths) form along all of the large intestine The term "laparoscopic" refers to a type of surgery called laparoscopy, which lets the surgeon do the operation through very small cuts in the abdomen. They use a laparoscope, which is a tool with a small camera on it, to see inside you. When the entire large intestine is freed, the surgeon will free the right colon from the ileum.


Question: What is the recovery like after a laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy?

Answer: He will also cut and close the main blood vessels (arteries) that supply blood to the colon throughout the surgery. After surgery, your doctor will encourage you to boost your activity level steadily once you are home. If you are fit and did regular exercise before surgery, you may resume exercising when you feel comfortable and your doctor approves. However, you should avoid strenuous exercise, heavy lifting, and abdominal exercises such as sit-ups for 6 weeks after surgery. When you go home, your doctor will probably recommend a âsoftâ diet, which means you can eat almost everything except raw fruits and vegetables. You should continue this diet until your post-surgical checkup. If the diet makes you constipated, call your doctor's office for advice.


Question: How will your doctor check aneurysm?

Answer: To figure out if what you're feeling is an aneurysm, your doctor will ask you questions, including whether another member of your family has had one. Then, she'll give you a complete exam, during which she'll: Listen to your heart Check your blood pressure Listen to the arteries in your neck Feel your abdomen for a mass If your doctor thinks you have an aneurysm in your aorta, the main artery in your body, you may get an ultrasound test so she can see if there is one.


Question: What if surgery can't repair an aneurysm?

Answer: For inoperable aneurysms, you may be prescribed drugs to lower your blood pressure or ease the force of your heart's beating. Your chance of it bursting will go down.


Question: How can you prevent aneurysm?

Answer: The most important thing you can do to prevent aneurysms is to control your blood pressure. If you have a family history of stroke or heart disease, make changes in your diet and lifestyle to improve your health. Exercise regularly. Watch what you eat. If you smoke, stop.


Question: How can surgery help with treating aneurysm?

Answer: An MRI can also be used to check your aorta or blood vessels in your brain. A surgeon can treat it by inserting a clip that cuts off blood flow to the affected area.


Question: How is an aneurysm treated?

Answer: The only way to get rid of an aneurysm is to have it repaired with surgery or an endovascular procedure. Even for an operable aneurysm, your doctor may first try medication and a wait-and-see approach, with tests every now and then to track its growth.


Question: What are complications related to obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: Increasing evidence suggests that obstructive sleep apnea is strongly associated with conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, heart attack, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease, nocturnal angina, heart failure, hypothyroidism, and an abnormal heart rhythm. About half of sleep-apnea patients have hypertension, and untreated obstructive sleep apnea increases the risk of heart-related illness and death. In addition, obstructive sleep apnea is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness, which increases the risk for motor vehicle accidents and depression. Some complications may be related to the release of stress hormones, which may be triggered by frequent decreases in blood oxygen levels and reduced sleep quality. Stress hormones can increase heart rate and also can lead to the development or worsening of heart failure.


Question: Who is most likely to get obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: In middle-aged adults, the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea is estimated to be 4%-9%, although the condition is often undiagnosed and untreated. Among people over age 65, it's estimated that at least 10% have the condition. Aging affects the brain's ability to keep upper airway throat muscles stiff during sleep, increasing the likelihood that the airway will narrow or collapse. Obstructive sleep apnea is up to four times as common in men as in women, but women are more likely to develop sleep apnea during pregnancy and after menopause. In older adults, the gender gap narrows after women reach menopause.


Question: What are other risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: In addition to obesity, other anatomical features associated with obstructive sleep apnea -- many of them hereditary -- include a narrow throat, thick neck, and round head. Contributing factors may include hypothyroidism, excessive and abnormal growth due to excessive production of growth hormone (acromegaly), and allergies and other medical conditions such as a deviated septum that cause congestion in the upper airways. In adults, smoking, excessive alcohol use, and/or the use of sedatives is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea.


Question: What are the medical treatments for obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: Medical treatment -- which includes control of risk factors, use of continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP) or oral appliances, and surgery -- may improve signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and its complications.


Question: What is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children?

Answer: In children, causes of obstructive sleep apnea often include enlarged tonsils or adenoids and dental conditions such as a large overbite. Less common causes include a tumor or growth in the airway, and birth defects such as Down syndrome and Pierre- Robin syndrome. Down Syndrome causes enlargement of the tongue, adenoids and tonsils and there is decreased muscle tone in the upper airway. Pierre- Robin syndrome actually has a small lower jaw and the tongue tends to ball up and fall to the back of the throat. Although childhood obesity may cause obstructive sleep apnea, it's much less commonly associated with the condition than adult obesity.


Question: Who is least likely to get obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: Postmenopausal women who receive hormone replacement therapy are significantly less likely than those who don't to develop obstructive sleep apnea, suggesting that progesterone and/or estrogen may be protective. But hormone replacement therapy is not considered to be an appropriate therapy for the condition, because it can affect health in other ways.


Question: What can untreated obstructive sleep apnea lead to?

Answer: Regardless of age, untreated obstructive sleep apnea can lead to serious complications, including cardiovascular disease, accidents, and premature death. So it's important that anyone with signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea -- especially loud snoring and repeated nighttime awakenings followed by excessive daytime sleepiness -- receive appropriate medical evaluation.


Question: How are obstructive sleep apnea and being overweight connected?

Answer: More than half of people with obstructive sleep apnea are either overweight or obese, which is defined as a body mass index ( BMI) of 25-29.9 or 30.0 or above, respectively. In adults, excess weight is the strongest risk factor associated with obstructive sleep apnea. Although modest weight loss improves obstructive sleep apnea, it can be difficult for fatigued and sleepy patients to lose weight. In extremely obese patients, bariatric surgery is associated with an 85% success rate in improving the symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea.


Question: What are other factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: But many other factors also are associated with the condition in adults. About 25%-40% of people with obstructive sleep apnea have family members with the condition, which may reflect an inherited tendency toward anatomical abnormalities. Ethnicity. Sleep apnea also is more common in African- Americans, Hispanics, and Pacific Islanders than in whites.


Question: What is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in adults?

Answer: During sleep, when throat and tongue muscles are more relaxed, this soft tissue can cause the airway to become blocked. But many other factors also are associated with the condition in adults. In adults, excess weight is the strongest risk factor associated with obstructive sleep apnea.


Question: What is obstructive sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep apnea has many different possible causes. In this syndrome, which affects up to 25% of the extremely obese, excess body fat not only interferes with chest movement but also compresses the lungs to cause shallow, inefficient breathing throughout the day and night. Obstructive sleep apnea is up to four times as common in men as in women, but women are more likely to develop sleep apnea during pregnancy and after menopause.


Question: How is plantar fasciitis diagnosed?

Answer: With the right treatment, this condition usually goes away in several months. To speed up your recovery and rule out other injuries, you may want to see your doctor. This could be something like a broken bone or pinched nerve. There are a few options your doctor could try to ease your pain and reduce inflammation in your foot.


Question: What are options to ease your pain if you have plantar fasciitis?

Answer: There are a few options your doctor could try to ease your pain and reduce inflammation in your foot. She might even recommend you try a few therapies at the same time. These include: Medication . These options include: Shock-wave therapy. This literally âshocksâ your plantar fascia with sound waves. It also stuns your nerves to stop pain. Tenex procedure. An ultrasound is used to target and remove scar tissue. Surgery. This operation takes your plantar fascia off of your heel bone. Surgery is usually the last resort if you have severe pain or a stubborn injury that other treatments don't help.


Question: What is mitral valve regurgitation?

Answer: Mitral valve regurgitation, when some of your blood flows the wrong way through a valve in your heart, doesn't have to slow you down. This is especially true if you have a mild case of it. There are lots of ways to help you or a loved one manage the condition and stay as healthy as possible. They include exercise, eating well, support groups, and regular doctor's visits, among other things. Some people may need surgery, while lifestyle changes or medications are best for others.


Question: How can lifestyle choices help manage mitral valve regurgitation?

Answer: Mitral valve regurgitation, when some of your blood flows the wrong way through a valve in your heart, doesn't have to slow you down. Exercise: It plays a big role in managing many types of heart disease. You'll need to talk to your doctor about what kinds of physical activity are safest for you. It can trigger a heart attack or chest pain in some people. Medication (prescribed by a doctor), exercise, and relaxation therapy are a few ways to reduce tension. Smoking: It increases your risk for heart attacks and makes regurgitation worse. If you are a smoker and have trouble stopping, talk to your doctor about ways you can break the habit.


Question: How is mitral valve regurgitation diagnosed?

Answer: Mitral valve regurgitation, when some of your blood flows the wrong way through a valve in your heart, doesn't have to slow you down. Your doctor has several ways to get a better idea of how your condition has progressed: Exercise stress test, in which you are monitored while on a treadmill Chest X-ray CT scan, which uses many X-ray images to create a picture of your heart Echocardiogram, which uses sound waves to make an image of the beating heart, similar to an ultrasound test Cardiac catheterization, in which a thin, flexible tube is guided from a blood vessel to your heart so the doctor can do tests You may get follow-up tests from time to time, depending on your case.


Question: How can you tell if you have treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Has your treatment helped a bit, but you still don't feel like your old self? Have the side effects of your medication been hard to handle? If the answer is yes to any of these, you need to see your doctor. Whether or not you actually have treatment-resistant depression, you need expert help.


Question: Who should you see if you think you might have treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Although a primary care doctor can treat depression (research suggests that 60%-65% of antidepressants are prescribed by primary care physicians), it may be best to see a specialist, like a psychiatrist, if you think you may have treatment-resistant depression. It's a good idea to also work with a therapist, like a psychologist or social worker, because the best treatment is often a combination of medicine and therapy.


Question: What should you know about treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Does it help a bit, but you still don't feel as if the darkness has lifted? Perhaps you feel the treatment isn't working at all. If so, you could have treatment-resistant depression, also called refractory depression. Unfortunately, depression treatments don't always work. As many as two-thirds of people with depression aren't helped by the first antidepressant they try. Up to a third don't respond to several attempts at treatment. Treatment-resistant depression ( TRD) can leave you feeling hopeless and discouraged. Months or even years can go by without any relief. And after the effort it took to get help, it can be demoralizing when you're just not getting better. But if your depression treatment isn't working, don't give up. Many people can get their treatment-resistant depression under control. You and your doctor just need to find the right approach. This might include different drugs, therapy, and other treatments.


Question: What are considerations when getting help for treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: You may wonder why some people do so well with the first medication they try, while you continue to suffer. Experts don't know for sure, but we do know that not all depressions are the same across every sufferer. Evidence also suggests that people who have especially severe depression or long-term depression may be harder to treat.


Question: How do medications work to help with treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Different antidepressants work in different ways to affect specific chemicals (neurotransmitters) that transmit information along brain circuits that regulate mood. If your current medicine isn't helping - or isn't helping enough - other drugs might. There are two basic approaches: Switching medicines.


Question: How is treatment-resistant depression diagnosed?

Answer: Sometimes, other conditions or problems can cause similar symptoms. So when you meet with your doctor, he or she will want to: Confirm the diagnosis. Some people who apparently have treatment-resistant depression were misdiagnosed. They never had only depression in the first place. Instead, they have conditions like bipolar disorder (where antidepressants may be less effective than in unipolar depression), or problems with drugs or alcohol that can cause or worsen depression, or a medical condition (such as hypothyroidism) that can cause symptoms of depression, and may have been getting the wrong treatment. When major depressive disorder is accompanied by other medical or psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders, or personality disorders), the depression often is harder to treat, particularly if the additional disorders that are present don't receive their own independent treatment. Make sure you've been using your medicine correctly. Up to half of all people who get prescribed drugs for depression don't take them as recommended. They miss doses or stop taking them because of side effects. Some give up too soon - it can take 4-12 weeks for a medicine to take effect. Sometimes taking a medicine at too low a dose also explains an inadequate response. Check for other causes. Other issues - ranging from thyroid problems to substance abuse - can worsen or cause depression. So can many medicines used to treat common medical problems. Sometimes, switching medicines or treating an underlying condition can resolve a hard-to-treat depression. Life with depression is hard, but treatment-resistant depression can be especially brutal.


Question: What are the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: Symptoms: Gradual pain in the lower back and buttocks Lower back pain that worsens and works its way up the spine Pain felt between the shoulder blades and in the neck Pain and stiffness in the back, especially at rest and when getting up Pain and stiffness that get better after activity Pain in the middle back and then upper back and neck (after 5-10 years) If the condition worsens, your spine may become stiffer. It may become hard to bend for everyday activities.


Question: What doctors treat rheumatic diseases?

Answer: If your regular doctor thinks you have a rheumatic disease, he'll probably send you to a rheumatologist -- a doctor who's specially trained to treat them.


Question: What are the symptoms of lupus?

Answer: Symptoms: Joint pain Fatigue Joint stiffness Rashes, including a "butterfly" rash across the cheeks Sun sensitivity Hair loss Blue or white fingers or toes when exposed to cold (called Raynaud's phenomenon) Problems in other organs such as the kidneys Blood disorders, such as anemia and low levels of white blood cells or platelets Chest pain from inflammation of the lining of the heart or lungs Seizures or strokes Diagnosis: Your doctor will ask about your medical history, do a physical exam, and order lab tests of blood and urine samples.


Question: Are there distinct rheumatic diseases?

Answer: Years ago, conditions like this fell under the broad heading of rheumatism. Now there are more than 200 distinct rheumatic diseases. Among the most common ones are: Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) Lupus Spondyloarthropathies -- ankylosing spondylitis ( AS) and psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) Sjogren's syndrome Gout Scleroderma Infectious arthritis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis Polymyalgia rheumatica Most of these conditions happen when your immune system goes awry and attacks your own tissues.


Question: What are the symptoms of Sjorgen's syndrome?

Answer: Symptoms: Dry eyes (the glands in your eyes don't make enough tears) Eye irritation and burning Dry mouth (the glands in your mouth don't make enough saliva) Tooth decay, gum disease, or thrush Swollen glands on the sides of your face Joint pain and stiffness (rarely) Internal organ diseases (rarely) Diagnosis: Your doctor will do a physical exam and ask about your medical history.


Question: What are symptoms of lupus?

Answer: Symptoms: Joint pain Fatigue Joint stiffness Rashes, including a "butterfly" rash across the cheeks Sun sensitivity Hair loss Blue or white fingers or toes when exposed to cold (called Raynaud's phenomenon) Problems in other organs such as the kidneys Blood disorders, such as anemia and low levels of white blood cells or platelets Chest pain from inflammation of the lining of the heart or lungs Seizures or strokes Diagnosis: Your doctor will ask about your medical history, do a physical exam, and order lab tests of blood and urine samples.


Question: What is osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: It results from damage to cartilage, the cushiony material on the end of your bones. As it wears down, your joints hurt and become harder to move. It usually affects the knees, hips, lower back, neck, fingers, and feet.


Question: What is ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: Anti-double stranded DNA antibody ( Anti-ds DNA) Anti- Smith antibody ( Anti- Sm) â¢ Ankylosing Spondylitis What it is: Ankylosing spondylitis usually starts gradually as lower back pain. It usually involves the joints where the spine attaches to the pelvis, known as the sacroiliac joints. Ankylosing spondylitis is more common in young men, especially from the teenage years to age 30.


Question: What is the diagnosis for ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: Diagnosis: Your doctor will give you a physical exam and ask you about your medical history. You may get X-rays of your back, looking at the sacroiliac joints. A blood test for a protein called HLA- B27 may help confirm a diagnosis.


Question: What is SjÃ¶gren's syndrome?

Answer: â¢ Sjogren's Syndrome What it is: Sjogren's syndrome causes parts of your body to dry out, like the eyes or mouth. Some people also have RA and lupus. Others just have Sjogren's. The cause is unknown, but it happens when your immune system attacks those body parts. It's more common in women than men.


Question: What is the treatment plan for rheumatic diseases?

Answer: Your rheumatologist will examine you to diagnose your condition, then oversee a treatment plan for you that will likely include medications, regular exercise, a healthy diet, stress management, and rest.


Question: How is osteoarthritis (OA) diagnosed?

Answer: Diagnosis: Your doctor will ask about your medical history and symptoms. You'll also get a physical exam. You may also need to get blood tests or let your doctor take a sample of fluid from an affected joint. Usually by the time someone with OA seeks treatment, there are changes visible on an X-ray of the joint. The X-ray may show narrowing of the joint space or the presence of bone spurs. In some cases, your doctor might request an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to provide a picture of the inside of your joint.


Question: What is the diagnosis for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Symptoms: Pain and swelling in multiple joints (usually the same joints on both sides of your body, like both wrists or both ankles) Problems in other organs such as the eyes and lungs Joint stiffness, especially in the morning Fatigue Lumps called rheumatoid nodules Diagnosis: You'll get a checkup and tell your doctor about your health history. The doctor may take X-rays and samples of your joint fluid.


Question: How is SjÃ¶gren's syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: You may also get other tests. To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor may do a biopsy, taking tissue from your inner lip to check in a lab. The doctor will ask about medical history and do a physical exam.


Question: How is lupus diagnosed?

Answer: Blood tests for lupus include: Antinuclear antibody test ( ANA). Most people with lupus have a positive ANA blood test. The doctor will ask about medical history and do a physical exam.


Question: How do you treat Bell's palsy?

Answer: There's no test that can tell you for sure if you have Bell's palsy. If your doctor suggests your symptoms might be triggered by the herpes virus (herpes simplex 1) or by shingles (herpes zoster), he may give you an antiviral medication, like acyclovir. Your doctor may also give you a short course of corticosteroids (like prednisone). In the meantime, your doctor will tell you to take extra care to protect your eye on the affected side. He may suggest you wear an eye patch, since you won't be able to blink. In very rare cases -- where symptoms don't improve after some time -- he may suggest surgery to reduce pressure on your facial nerve.


Question: How can you tell if you have Bell's palsy?

Answer: That means in most cases, they determine you have Bell's palsy only after other conditions have been ruled out. Your doctor will start by doing a complete and careful physical exam. If he suspects you have Bell's palsy, he'll try to close your eyelid on the affected side of your face. If it doesn't close, it'll signal that you have what doctors call âthe Bell phenomenon.â With this condition, your eye rolls upward and outward when you try to close it. He'll probably test your hearing and sense of balance. It may also help him predict how fast and fully you'll recover. There aren't any that can stop it.


Question: How often should you have a clinical breast exam?

Answer: You should have a clinical breast exam every one to three years starting at age 20 and every year starting at age 40. A clinical breast exam may be recommended more frequently if you have a strong family history of breast cancer.


Question: What is important for early breast cancer detection?

Answer: Clinical exams and breast self-awareness are important methods of early breast cancer detection and should be performed along with mammography. All three of these methods provide complete breast cancer screening.


Question: What happens during a breast exam?

Answer: Before your breast exam, your health care provider will ask you detailed questions about your health history, including your menstrual and pregnancy history. Questions might include what age you started menstruating, if you have children, and how old you were when your first child was born. A thorough breast exam will be performed. For the exam, you undress from the waist up. Your health care provider will look at your breasts for changes in size, shape, or symmetry. Your provider may ask you to lift your arms over your head, put your hands on your hips or lean forward. He or she will examine your breasts for any skin changes including rashes, dimpling, or redness. This is a good time to learn how to do a breast self-exam if you don't already know how. As you lay on your back with your arms behind your head, your health care provider will examine your breasts with the pads of the fingers to detect lumps or other changes. The area under both arms will also be examined. Your health care provider will gently press around your nipple to check for any discharge. If there is discharge, a sample may be collected for examination under a microscope.


Question: What are some tips to keep in mind when screening your moles for skin cancer?

Answer: Keep these tips in mind when screening your moles for skin cancer: Use a full-length mirror if you have one. Start at your head and work your way down, looking at all the areas of your body (including the front, backs, and sides of each area, and your fingernails and toenails). Also be sure to check the "hidden" areas: between your fingers and toes, the groin, the soles of your feet, and the backs of your knees. Don't forget to thoroughly check your scalp and neck for moles. Use a handheld mirror or ask a family member to help you look at these areas. Keep track of all the moles on your body and what they look like. Take a photo and date it to help you monitor them. This way, you'll notice if the moles change. If they do change in any way (in color, shape, size, border, etc.) or exhibit other ABCDE features, see your doctor. Also, if you have any new moles that you think look suspicious, see your doctor.


Question: How is acupuncture used to treat headaches?

Answer: Studies have shown that this practice of placing thin needles at specific points on the body may help relieve tension and migraine headaches.


Question: What is the treatment for sinus headaches?

Answer: Sinus headaches: Decongestants and antibiotics usually help if you have a bacterial infection.


Question: What is the treatment for cluster headaches?

Answer: Cluster headaches : Simple pain relievers do little for these, because they don't work fast enough. But doctors have found that inhaling high doses of pure oxygen can bring relief. Pain medicine such as lidocaine that goes inside the nose helps some people. Triptans such as ergotamine or sumatriptan ( Imitrex), given as shots, also might help if you take them at the first sign of a cluster headache. Preventive medicines often work when you take them at the first sign of a new cluster of headaches. Choices include the blood pressure medicine verapamil or a short course of a steroid like prednisone.


Question: What can help treat my headache?

Answer: When it comes to headache remedies, medications can ease your pain, but they aren't the only option. Changing your lifestyle to control stress or avoid triggers may work well, too. These tactics may even prevent you from getting headaches. What works for one person may not work for another, so talk to your doctor to figure out the best remedy for you.


Question: What medicines will my doctor suggest for a prolonged migraine?

Answer: These could include: Blood pressure drugs like propranolol ( Inderal), verapamil ( Calan SR, Isoptin SR), and others Antidepressants Anti-seizure drugs like topiramate ( Topamax) Calcitonin gene-related peptide ( CGRP) inhibitors like erenumab ( Aimovig), galcanezumab-gnlm ( Emgality),and fremanezumab ( Ajovy) Muscle relaxants Relaxation and biofeedback techniques Avoiding foods that trigger your migraines Devices to prevent migraines include: Cefaly: This small headband device sends electrical pulses through your forehead to stimulate a nerve linked with migraines Spring TMS or e Neura s TMS: This device gives off a magnetic pulse that stimulates part of your brain. You hold it against the back of your head at the first sign of a headache.


Question: What preventive medicines can I take for my cluster headache?

Answer: Preventive medicines often work when you take them at the first sign of a new cluster of headaches. Choices include the blood pressure medicine verapamil or a short course of a steroid like prednisone.


Question: Can therapy help treat my headaches?

Answer: CBT mixes meditation and relaxation with education in motivation, behavior, and how to handle emotions. With the help of a psychotherapist, you can learn to change negative thoughts and attitudes and the way you respond to stress. Those skills may help you avoid tension-type and migraine headaches.


Question: How is biofeedback and relaxation used to treat headaches?

Answer: Biofeedback helps you control how muscle groups react to stress. This may help prevent or relieve tension headaches.


Question: How is mind-body medicine used to treat headaches?

Answer: It may be especially helpful for tension headaches. Hypnosis also may lower your perception of pain. Cognitive behavioral therapy. CBT mixes meditation and relaxation with education in motivation, behavior, and how to handle emotions. With the help of a psychotherapist, you can learn to change negative thoughts and attitudes and the way you respond to stress. Those skills may help you avoid tension-type and migraine headaches.


Question: What medicine can help relieve a sinus headache?

Answer: Sinus headaches: Decongestants and antibiotics usually help if you have a bacterial infection.


Question: What medicine should I take to relieve a migraine headache?

Answer: Migraine headaches : One class of drug, called triptans, is the mainstay of migraine treatment. They include eletriptan ( Relpax), naratriptan ( Amerge), rizatriptan ( Maxalt), sumatriptan ( Imitrex), zolmitriptan ( Zomig), and others. You can take them as pills, shots, or nasal spray. A form of ergotamine, called dihydroergotamine ( DHE), also treats migraine headaches. You can get it as a shot or as a nasal spray.


Question: How can biofeedback and relaxation treat my headaches?

Answer: Biofeedback helps you control how muscle groups react to stress. This may help prevent or relieve tension headaches.


Question: What is the treatment for migraine headaches?

Answer: Migraine headaches : One class of drug, called triptans, is the mainstay of migraine treatment. They include eletriptan ( Relpax), naratriptan ( Amerge), rizatriptan ( Maxalt), sumatriptan ( Imitrex), zolmitriptan ( Zomig), and others. You can take them as pills, shots, or nasal spray. A form of ergotamine, called dihydroergotamine ( DHE), also treats migraine headaches. You can get it as a shot or as a nasal spray. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) also can help if you take them at the first sign of a migraine attack. NSAIDs also include ibuprofen and naproxen.


Question: What questions should I include in my headache diary?

Answer: To learn more about what brings on your attacks, keep a headache diary that includes answers to these questions: When did your headaches first start? How often do you have them? Do you have any symptoms before the headache starts? Where is the pain? How long does it last? At what time of day do the headaches happen? Do you seem to get them after you eat certain types of food? For women, at what time in your monthly cycle do they happen? Are the headaches triggered by something in your environment, such as smells, noise, or some kinds of weather? How would you describe the pain: throbbing, stabbing, blinding, or piercing, for example?


Question: Can Botox help treat my headaches?

Answer: Best known as Botox, a treatment for wrinkles, the FDA has approved it to prevent chronic migraine headaches in adults. If you have a migraine 15 or more days per month, you can get Botox shots in your head and neck about every 3 months.


Question: What medicine should I take to relieve a tension-type headache?

Answer: Tension headaches: Pain relievers like acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen usually help. But be careful. Taking too many of these pills can cause hard-to-treat rebound headaches. If you need to take these drugs often, see your doctor. Don't give aspirin to anyone under age 19 -- it raises their chance of having a serious condition called Reye's syndrome.


Question: Are there certain therapies that can bring relief or prevent headache attacks?

Answer: Other treatments can bring you relief or even prevent attacks.


Question: How is Botox used to treat headaches?

Answer: Best known as Botox, a treatment for wrinkles, the FDA has approved it to prevent chronic migraine headaches in adults. If you have a migraine 15 or more days per month, you can get Botox shots in your head and neck about every 3 months.


Question: How can I learn about what triggers my headache?

Answer: If you have four or more severe, prolonged migraine headache days each month, your doctor may suggest you try medicine and other things to prevent your attacks. How often do you have them? Do you have any symptoms before the headache starts? Where is the pain? How long does it last? At what time of day do the headaches happen? Do you seem to get them after you eat certain types of food? For women, at what time in your monthly cycle do they happen? Are the headaches triggered by something in your environment, such as smells, noise, or some kinds of weather? How would you describe the pain: throbbing, stabbing, blinding, or piercing, for example?


Question: Can chiropractic and osteopathy therapy help relieve my headaches?

Answer: Osteopaths also can use manipulation and soft tissue techniques on the head, neck, and upper back. It may be especially helpful for tension headaches.


Question: What is the treatment for hemiplegic migraines?

Answer: Doctors disagree over how to treat hemiplegic migraines. Your doctor might prescribe drugs to prevent hemiplegic migraine, to stop them once they've started, and to relieve your symptoms. Your doctor will discuss the best options for you.


Question: What medical tests can diagnose hemiplegic migraine?

Answer: See your doctor for a full exam to figure out what's going on. A CT scan or an MRI of your head can show signs of a stroke. Tests of your heart and the blood vessels in your neck can rule out symptoms caused by blood clots.


Question: What are symptoms of hemiplegic migraine headaches?

Answer: Sometimes, before the actual headache pain, you'll get other symptoms that it's coming. These early symptoms, called auras, can include short-term trouble with muscle control and sensation: Severe, throbbing pain, often on one side of your head A pins-and-needles feeling, often moving from your hand up your arm Numbness on one side of your body, which can include your arm, leg, and half of your face Weakness or paralysis on one side of your body Loss of balance and coordination Dizziness or vertigo Nausea and vomiting You may also have problems with your senses, communication, and drowsiness: Seeing zigzag lines, double vision, or blind spots Extreme sensitivity to light, sound, and smell Language difficulties, such as mixing words or trouble remembering a word Slurred speech Confusion Loss of consciousness or coma (rare) Auras usually come on gradually over a half hour and then can last for hours to slowly resolve.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose hemiplegic migraine headaches?

Answer: See your doctor for a full exam to figure out what's going on. A CT scan or an MRI of your head can show signs of a stroke. Tests of your heart and the blood vessels in your neck can rule out symptoms caused by blood clots. If you have a family member with similar symptoms, your doctor may want to do genetic testing. Familial hemiplegic migraine ( FHM) means it runs in your family, and you could pass it on to your children. People who don't have problems with those three genes have sporadic hemiplegic migraine ( SHM).


Question: Do hemiplegic migraines follow a particular pattern?

Answer: There's not a predictable pattern with this type of migraine. Usually pain follows the paralysis, but it might come before, or you might not get a headache at all. You may hurt a lot and feel only a little weak; then the next attack might bring severe paralysis without much pain.


Question: What is the pattern of hemiplegic migraine headaches?

Answer: There's not a predictable pattern with this type of migraine. Usually pain follows the paralysis, but it might come before, or you might not get a headache at all. You may hurt a lot and feel only a little weak; then the next attack might bring severe paralysis without much pain. It's uncommon, but over time, some people can have long-lasting trouble with movement and coordination.


Question: How are hemiplegic migraine headaches treated?

Answer: Doctors disagree over how to treat hemiplegic migraines. Your doctor might prescribe drugs to prevent hemiplegic migraine, to stop them once they've started, and to relieve your symptoms. Your doctor will discuss the best options for you. Some doctors are feeling more comfortable that drugs called triptans, which are used for migraine headaches, are safe and effective for relieving hemiplegic migraine when you get them, too. Still, they are contraindicated based on package labelling. There is anecdotal evidence that triptans, beta blockers, and ergotamine derivatives may lead to ischemia in patients to treat patients with hemiplegic migraine. CGRP inhibitors are a new class of preventive medicine for treating most common migraines, but indications suggest this treatment would not be effective for hemiplegic migraines.


Question: How long do symptoms last in hemiplegic migraine headaches?

Answer: These early symptoms, called auras, can include short-term trouble with muscle control and sensation: Severe, throbbing pain, often on one side of your head A pins-and-needles feeling, often moving from your hand up your arm Numbness on one side of your body, which can include your arm, leg, and half of your face Weakness or paralysis on one side of your body Loss of balance and coordination Dizziness or vertigo Nausea and vomiting You may also have problems with your senses, communication, and drowsiness: Seeing zigzag lines, double vision, or blind spots Extreme sensitivity to light, sound, and smell Language difficulties, such as mixing words or trouble remembering a word Slurred speech Confusion Loss of consciousness or coma (rare) Auras usually come on gradually over a half hour and then can last for hours to slowly resolve. They can be more severe and last longer than with other types of migraine. The stroke-like symptoms can range from worrisome to disabling. Unlike a stroke, they come on slowly and build and then may completely go away. Muscle problems usually go away within 24 hours, but they may last a few days.


Question: What causes hemiplegic migraine headaches?

Answer: So far, researchers have found four genes linked with hemiplegic migraine: CACNA1 A ATP1 A2 SCN1 A PRRT2 Defects, or mutations, in any of these lead to a breakdown in your body's ability to make a certain protein. Without it, nerve cells have trouble sending out or taking in signals that go between them. One of these chemical messengers, or neurotransmitters, is serotonin. About half of the people with hemiplegic migraine inherited the genes from a parent with the condition.


Question: When will the doctor do genetic testing to diagnose a hemiplegic migraine?

Answer: Familial hemiplegic migraine ( FHM) means it runs in your family, and you could pass it on to your children. Your doctor might prescribe drugs to prevent hemiplegic migraine, to stop them once they've started, and to relieve your symptoms.


Question: How does a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) vaccine work?

Answer: Doctors took samples of their blood and separated out certain cells called dendritic cells. These are inflammatory cells of the immune system. The tol DC treatment -- a first-in-class immunotherapy for RA -- will be given to people with RA who have anti- CCP in their bodies and take the drug methotrexate.


Question: Is a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) vaccine available for treatment?

Answer: Fortunately, today's drugs go a long way to help control the disease and its symptoms. Because it isn't a biologic, researchers say it may cost less and be easier to make than biologics. Now the Australians are conducting the first human trial of DEN-181.


Question: What should you do to someone with a snakebite while waiting for medical help?

Answer: Have the person lie down with wound below the heart. Keep the person calm and at rest, remaining as still as possible to keep venom from spreading. Cover the wound with loose, sterile bandage. Remove any jewelry from the area that was bitten. Remove shoes if the leg or foot was bitten. At the hospital, treatment will depend on the type of snake.


Question: Does my child need surgery for amblyopia?

Answer: If strabismus prevents her eyes from moving together like they should, your doctor might recommend surgery on her eye muscles. You can talk about what treatment is best for her.


Question: Do you need surgery to treat amblyopia?

Answer: If strabismus prevents her eyes from moving together like they should, your doctor might recommend surgery on her eye muscles. You can talk about what treatment is best for her.


Question: How can amblyopia be treated?

Answer: Then he'll give her a patch to wear over her strong eye. At first, she'll have a hard time seeing with just the weak eye. But it's important that she wear the patch. Her vision will get better, though it might take weeks or months for that to happen. Follow the doctor's instructions carefully and bring your child in for scheduled visits so the doctor can see how the treatment is working.


Question: Who can get amblyopia?

Answer: If amblyopia runs in your family, your child is more likely to get it. Remember, you can't tell just by looking at her if she has it. Early diagnosis and treatment are the keys to good results.


Question: How is amblyopia diagnosed?

Answer: All children should be tested before they are school-age. Your child's doctor or the vision program at school will check to make sure that: Nothing blocks the light coming into her eyes. Both eyes see equally well. Each eye moves like it should.


Question: How does amblyopia begin?

Answer: Amblyopia commonly starts when one eye has much better focus than the other. Sometimes, one is more farsighted or has lots of astigmatism, but the other doesn't.


Question: What if the doctor says my child's vision is normal after amblyopia?

Answer: After the doctor says her vision is back to normal, she won't have to wear the patch all the time. But sometimes when kids go back to using both eyes, they lose some vision in the weak eye. If that happens, she might have to wear the patch again.


Question: How do children get a lazy eye from amblyopia?

Answer: If your child has it, her brain will ignore the image from the eye that isn't aligned. Vision in that eye will get worse. It's this misalignment that led to the term "lazy eye."


Question: How is amblyopia treated?

Answer: The most common method is to force your child's brain to start using the weak eye. First, the doctor will correct any underlying problems in that eye, like nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. Most kids with amblyopia also need glasses to help their eyes focus. If a cataract is blocking light from her eye, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove it.


Question: What is the long-term outlook of amblyopia?

Answer: With early diagnosis and treatment, most children will gain vision. Amblyopia becomes much harder to treat after about 7-9 years of age, so make sure your child gets eye exams early on. And follow your doctor's advice about treatment, even when it's hard. Most kids don't want to wear an eye patch every day. Ask your doctor if atropine is an option for your child.


Question: What does it mean when a child cant see well out of one eye?

Answer: One could turn in or out. If a cataract is blocking light from her eye, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove it.


Question: What is the long-term outlook for amblyopia?

Answer: Early diagnosis and treatment are the keys to good results. Amblyopia becomes much harder to treat after about 7-9 years of age, so make sure your child gets eye exams early on. And follow your doctor's advice about treatment, even when it's hard. Most kids don't want to wear an eye patch every day. Ask your doctor if atropine is an option for your child.


Question: Who is more likely to get amblyopia?

Answer: If amblyopia runs in your family, your child is more likely to get it. With early diagnosis and treatment, most children will gain vision.


Question: What should I do if I think there is something wrong with my child's vision?

Answer: If you feel something's wrong with your child's vision -- even if nothing shows up at the vision check -- make an appointment with a pediatric eye doctor. Some eye care experts say kids should get an eye exam at 6 months, 3 years, and then every year while they're in school. Ask your doctor what's right for your child. If a cataract is blocking light from her eye, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove it.


Question: What is peppermint oil vapor used for?

Answer: In dietary supplements, peppermint oil has been tried for a variety of digestive problems including: Irritable bowel syndrome Indigestion Heartburn Dietary supplements containing peppermint oil are also used by some people for the following conditions, although there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Nausea Vomiting Morning sickness Cramps of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts Diarrhea Gas Colds Coughs Inflammation of the mouth and throat Sinus and respiratory infections Menstrual problems Skin preparations containing peppermint oil are used by some people for the following conditions, although, again, there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Headache Muscle pain Nerve pain Toothache Inflammation of the mouth Joint conditions Itchiness Allergic rash Repelling mosquitoes In addition, peppermint oil vapor is sometimes inhaled to treat symptoms of colds and coughs. Also, some doctors add peppermint oil to a barium solution to relax the colon during barium enemas.


Question: What conditions can skin preparations containing peppermint oil help with?

Answer: In dietary supplements, peppermint oil has been tried for a variety of digestive problems including: Irritable bowel syndrome Indigestion Heartburn Dietary supplements containing peppermint oil are also used by some people for the following conditions, although there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Nausea Vomiting Morning sickness Cramps of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts Diarrhea Gas Colds Coughs Inflammation of the mouth and throat Sinus and respiratory infections Menstrual problems Skin preparations containing peppermint oil are used by some people for the following conditions, although, again, there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Headache Muscle pain Nerve pain Toothache Inflammation of the mouth Joint conditions Itchiness Allergic rash Repelling mosquitoes In addition, peppermint oil vapor is sometimes inhaled to treat symptoms of colds and coughs.


Question: Is peppermint oil safe to use?

Answer: In most adults, the small doses of peppermint oil contained in dietary supplements and skin preparations appear to be safe.


Question: Where is peppermint oil derived from?

Answer: Peppermint oil is commonly used as flavoring in foods and beverages and as a fragrance in soaps and cosmetics.


Question: What are possible side effects of using peppermint oil?

Answer: Possible side effects of peppermint oil include: Heartburn Allergic reactions such as flushing, headache, and mouth sores Anal burning during bouts of diarrhea Although enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules may reduce the risk of heartburn, their protective coating can break down more quickly and increase the risk of heartburn when taken at the same time as prescription and over-the-counter medications that decrease stomach acid and which are often used for heartburn or acid reflux.


Question: What are ointments containing peppermint oil used for?

Answer: In dietary supplements, peppermint oil has been tried for a variety of digestive problems including: Irritable bowel syndrome Indigestion Heartburn Dietary supplements containing peppermint oil are also used by some people for the following conditions, although there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Nausea Vomiting Morning sickness Cramps of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts Diarrhea Gas Colds Coughs Inflammation of the mouth and throat Sinus and respiratory infections Menstrual problems Skin preparations containing peppermint oil are used by some people for the following conditions, although, again, there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Headache Muscle pain Nerve pain Toothache Inflammation of the mouth Joint conditions Itchiness Allergic rash Repelling mosquitoes In addition, peppermint oil vapor is sometimes inhaled to treat symptoms of colds and coughs.


Question: What are the benefits of peppermint oil?

Answer: Several studies suggest that enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules -- which allow the oil to pass through the stomach so it can dissolve in the intestines -- may help relieve common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome such as abdominal pain, bloating, and gas. Non-enteric coated forms of peppermint oil, however, actually may cause or worsen heartburn and nausea. Preliminary studies also suggest that dietary supplements containing a combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil may help relieve indigestion.


Question: What can peppermint oil treat?

Answer: In dietary supplements, peppermint oil has been tried for a variety of digestive problems including: Irritable bowel syndrome Indigestion Heartburn Dietary supplements containing peppermint oil are also used by some people for the following conditions, although there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Nausea Vomiting Morning sickness Cramps of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts Diarrhea Gas Colds Coughs Inflammation of the mouth and throat Sinus and respiratory infections Menstrual problems Skin preparations containing peppermint oil are used by some people for the following conditions, although, again, there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Headache Muscle pain Nerve pain Toothache Inflammation of the mouth Joint conditions Itchiness Allergic rash Repelling mosquitoes In addition, peppermint oil vapor is sometimes inhaled to treat symptoms of colds and coughs. Also, some doctors add peppermint oil to a barium solution to relax the colon during barium enemas.


Question: What are the medicinal benefits of peppermint oil?

Answer: Several studies suggest that enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules -- which allow the oil to pass through the stomach so it can dissolve in the intestines -- may help relieve common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome such as abdominal pain, bloating, and gas. Non-enteric coated forms of peppermint oil, however, actually may cause or worsen heartburn and nausea. Preliminary studies also suggest that dietary supplements containing a combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil may help relieve indigestion.


Question: What medical conditions is peppermint oil used for?

Answer: In dietary supplements, peppermint oil has been tried for a variety of digestive problems including: Irritable bowel syndrome Indigestion Heartburn Dietary supplements containing peppermint oil are also used by some people for the following conditions, although there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Nausea Vomiting Morning sickness Cramps of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts Diarrhea Gas Colds Coughs Inflammation of the mouth and throat Sinus and respiratory infections Menstrual problems Skin preparations containing peppermint oil are used by some people for the following conditions, although, again, there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Headache Muscle pain Nerve pain Toothache Inflammation of the mouth Joint conditions Itchiness Allergic rash Repelling mosquitoes In addition, peppermint oil vapor is sometimes inhaled to treat symptoms of colds and coughs.


Question: What are the side effects of using peppermint oil?

Answer: Peppermint oil may cause side effects such as heartburn and it may interact with certain medications. Talk to your health care provider before using peppermint oil.


Question: What conditions can peppermint oil help with?

Answer: In dietary supplements, peppermint oil has been tried for a variety of digestive problems including: Irritable bowel syndrome Indigestion Heartburn Dietary supplements containing peppermint oil are also used by some people for the following conditions, although there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Nausea Vomiting Morning sickness Cramps of the upper gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts Diarrhea Gas Colds Coughs Inflammation of the mouth and throat Sinus and respiratory infections Menstrual problems Skin preparations containing peppermint oil are used by some people for the following conditions, although, again, there is no clear evidence that they are helpful: Headache Muscle pain Nerve pain Toothache Inflammation of the mouth Joint conditions Itchiness Allergic rash Repelling mosquitoes In addition, peppermint oil vapor is sometimes inhaled to treat symptoms of colds and coughs.


Question: What is peppermint oil and how is it used?

Answer: Peppermint oil is commonly used as flavoring in foods and beverages and as a fragrance in soaps and cosmetics. Peppermint oil also is used for a variety of health conditions and can be taken orally in dietary supplements or topically as a skin cream or ointment.


Question: How should you take peppermint oil capsules to avoid side effects?

Answer: Possible side effects of peppermint oil include: Heartburn Allergic reactions such as flushing, headache, and mouth sores Anal burning during bouts of diarrhea Although enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules may reduce the risk of heartburn, their protective coating can break down more quickly and increase the risk of heartburn when taken at the same time as prescription and over-the-counter medications that decrease stomach acid and which are often used for heartburn or acid reflux. It's best to take such drugs at least two hours after taking enteric-coated peppermint oil products. A stomach condition called achlorhydria, in which the stomach doesn't produce hydrochloric acid, also may hasten the coating's breakdown. So people with the condition are advised against using peppermint oil.


Question: Is peppermint oil safe?

Answer: Peppermint oil may cause side effects such as heartburn and it may interact with certain medications. Talk to your health care provider before using peppermint oil. In most adults, the small doses of peppermint oil contained in dietary supplements and skin preparations appear to be safe.


Question: What are possible drug interactions with peppermint oil?

Answer: Peppermint oil also is used for a variety of health conditions and can be taken orally in dietary supplements or topically as a skin cream or ointment. Peppermint oil may cause side effects such as heartburn and it may interact with certain medications. Talk to your health care provider before using peppermint oil. Be cautious about combining peppermint oil with certain drugs because it may inhibit the body's ability to metabolize the drugs and increase the risk of side effects.


Question: Who should avoid peppermint oil?

Answer: When used as directed, dietary supplements and skin preparations containing peppermint oil are likely safe for most adults. Pregnant and breastfeeding women, however, should avoid such products because little is known about their safety during pregnancy and lactation.


Question: How can peppermint oil be used medicinally?

Answer: It may also help indigestion and prevent spasms in the GI tract caused by endoscopy or barium enema. Some studies show that used topically it may help sooth tension headaches and cracked nipples from breastfeedingâbut more research is needed to confirm these studies. Several studies suggest that enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules -- which allow the oil to pass through the stomach so it can dissolve in the intestines -- may help relieve common symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome such as abdominal pain, bloating, and gas.


Question: How can I control the swelling and pain from a toothache?

Answer: Apply a warm, moist compress to outside of mouth or cheek. Give acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) for pain. Do not give aspirin to anyone under age 18. Do not put aspirin against gums near aching tooth. It can burn gum tissue.


Question: When should I see a dentist about my toothache?

Answer: See a dentist if: The person has any pain whether it resolves or not. Even short lived pain can indicate a dental problem that needs attention. The person has jaw pain accompanied by a popping or clicking noise; this could signal temporomandibular joint disorder ( TMJ).


Question: What should I expect if I see a dentist about a toothache?

Answer: If you seek dental care: The dentist will examine the person's teeth and may take an X-ray in order to diagnose the origin of the pain and make treatment recommendations. If there are signs of infection, the dentist may prescribe an antibiotic. Treatment for TMJ may include a mouth guard to prevent tooth grinding, stress reduction techniques, or surgery.


Question: If I have a toothache, how can I clean my mouth?

Answer: Have the person rinse mouth with warm water. The person should gently floss teeth to remove food particles from area.


Question: What foods can help with psoriasis?

Answer: Anti-inflammatory foods are generally healthy, so it shouldn't hurt to give them a try. They include: Fruits and veggies, especially berries, cherries, and leafy greens Salmon, sardines, and other fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids Antioxidant-rich herbs and spices, like thyme, sage, cumin, and ginger Heart-healthy sources of fat, like olive oil, seeds, and nuts Some foods can make inflammation worse.


Question: How can losing weight help with psoriasis?

Answer: Eat less of these: Processed foods and refined sugars Fatty cuts of red meat Dairy People who are overweight or obese have a greater chance of getting psoriasis, and their symptoms tend to be worse. Studies suggest that your skin may get better if you shed extra pounds. This may be because fat cells make certain proteins that can trigger inflammation and make the condition worse. You might eat smaller portions, limit carbs or fat, or follow a combination of diet strategies your doctor recommends.


Question: How does alcohol affect psoriasis?

Answer: The link between alcohol and psoriasis isn't clear, but experts say if you drink, be moderate. For men, that means no more than two drinks a day, and for women no more than one. Studies show that men who drink heavily don't respond to psoriasis treatments as well. And some research suggests that people who have psoriasis and drink heavily may find that their skin gets better when they stop. If your condition is especially severe or you take certain medications, like methotrexate and acitretin, your doctor may tell you to stay away from alcohol completely.


Question: What foods can make psoriasis worse?

Answer: Eat less of these: Processed foods and refined sugars Fatty cuts of red meat Dairy People who are overweight or obese have a greater chance of getting psoriasis, and their symptoms tend to be worse. Studies suggest that your skin may get better if you shed extra pounds. This may be because fat cells make certain proteins that can trigger inflammation and make the condition worse.


Question: How does diet affect psoriasis?

Answer: There's no scientific proof that staying away from certain foods or following a specific diet will help your condition. But what you eat and drink may make a difference. They include: Fruits and veggies, especially berries, cherries, and leafy greens Salmon, sardines, and other fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids Antioxidant-rich herbs and spices, like thyme, sage, cumin, and ginger Heart-healthy sources of fat, like olive oil, seeds, and nuts Some foods can make inflammation worse.


Question: How can a gluten free diet help with psoriasis?

Answer: You may wonder whether your psoriasis would get better if you ate a gluten-free diet. Although you may hear about success stories from others who have tried it, so far studies aren't clear that it helps. This kind of eating plan is needed if you have celiac disease, which, like psoriasis, is an autoimmune disease. Research suggests that people with psoriasis are more likely to also have another autoimmune disease. If you go gluten-free, it means you have to cut out foods that have grains like wheat, barley, and rye. The downside is that those foods are also heart healthy, and psoriasis raises your chance of getting heart disease. Talk to your doctor before you make any changes in the food you eat.


Question: What is vitamin D?

Answer: What it is: A nutrient that your bones, muscles, and immune system need. Your doctor can check your vitamin D level with a blood test.


Question: Why does someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) need calcium?

Answer: Why you need it: If you take corticosteroids for your RA, it's harder for your body to absorb calcium from your diet. That can lead to osteoporosis, which make fractures more likely. RA itself can also lead to bone loss.


Question: What are some other vitamins and minerals someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) needs?

Answer: You may have heard that not getting enough vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium, zinc, and selenium can affect RA symptoms. While your body needs all of these, there's no proof that taking extra helps RA.


Question: Why does someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) need vitamin D?

Answer: Why you need it: Your body needs it to use the calcium you get from food or supplements. RA tends to be worse in people who are low in vitamin D, but it isn't clear why.


Question: What is folic acid?

Answer: What it is: It's a B vitamin called âfolic acidâ in supplements and fortified foods, and âfolateâ in its natural form in many plant foods.


Question: How much folic acid do I need if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Most experts recommend that adults with rheumatoid arthritis take 1 milligram of folic acid every day or 5 milligrams once a week.


Question: How much calcium do I need if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How much you need: It depends on your age, gender, and whether you're pregnant. Adults younger than 50: 1,000 milligrams of calcium per day Pregnant women: 1,300 milligrams per day Women age 51 and older: 1,200 milligrams per day Men age 71 and older: 1,200 milligrams a day Your doctor might recommend an even higher amount, so ask what you need.


Question: How much folic acid does someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) need?

Answer: How much you need: Adults should get 400 micrograms of folate or folic acid daily. Two exceptions: Pregnant women should get 600 micrograms per day, and breastfeeding women should get 500 micrograms per day. Most experts recommend that adults with rheumatoid arthritis take 1 milligram of folic acid every day or 5 milligrams once a week.


Question: How do I get folic acid if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How to get it: Foods rich in folic acid include asparagus, spinach, collards, broccoli, garbanzo beans, lentils, peas, and oranges. Some items -- such as orange juice, bread, and cereal -- are fortified with folic acid. The product label will say so.


Question: What are omega-3s ?

Answer: Egg yolks, salmon, tuna, and sardines naturally have some vitamin D. Your body also makes vitamin D in sunshine, but because you'll need to wear sunscreen to protect your skin, you might not want to rely on sun exposure for your vitamin D. What they are: Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of healthy fat.


Question: How much of omega-3s does someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) need?

Answer: How much you need: There's no RDA (recommended dietary allowance) for omega-3s, so ask your doctor what you need. Studies show that people with RA have lower-than-average levels of EPA and DHA, two omega-3 fatty acids.


Question: How does someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) get folic acid?

Answer: How to get it: Foods rich in folic acid include asparagus, spinach, collards, broccoli, garbanzo beans, lentils, peas, and oranges. Some items -- such as orange juice, bread, and cereal -- are fortified with folic acid. The product label will say so.


Question: How does someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) get omega-3s?

Answer: How to get it: Your body can't make omega-3s. You can get EPA and DHA from salmon, tuna, sardines, and other fatty fish. ( Many experts recommended eating fish at least twice a week.) Some plant foods, such as flaxseeds, leafy green vegetables, nuts, canola oil, and soy oil, have ALA, another type of omega-3 fatty acid.


Question: Why do I need calcium to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: What it is: It's a mineral that your bones and muscles need. Why you need it: If you take corticosteroids for your RA, it's harder for your body to absorb calcium from your diet. That can lead to osteoporosis, which make fractures more likely. RA itself can also lead to bone loss.


Question: How much omega-3 fatty acids do I need to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How much you need: There's no RDA (recommended dietary allowance) for omega-3s, so ask your doctor what you need. Studies show that people with RA have lower-than-average levels of EPA and DHA, two omega-3 fatty acids.


Question: Why do you need vitamin D to treat rheumatoid arthrits?

Answer: Why you need it: Your body needs it to use the calcium you get from food or supplements. RA tends to be worse in people who are low in vitamin D, but it isn't clear why.


Question: What is calcium?

Answer: What it is: It's a mineral that your bones and muscles need.


Question: How do I get omega-3 fatty acids to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How to get it: Your body can't make omega-3s. You can get EPA and DHA from salmon, tuna, sardines, and other fatty fish. ( Many experts recommended eating fish at least twice a week.) Some plant foods, such as flaxseeds, leafy green vegetables, nuts, canola oil, and soy oil, have ALA, another type of omega-3 fatty acid.


Question: Why do you need omega-3 fatty acids to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Why you need them: Omega-3s may help prevent heart problems linked to RA, and high doses might ease RA symptoms like morning stiffness.


Question: What is folic acid, or folate?

Answer: What it is: It's a B vitamin called âfolic acidâ in supplements and fortified foods, and âfolateâ in its natural form in many plant foods.


Question: What are omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: Egg yolks, salmon, tuna, and sardines naturally have some vitamin D. Your body also makes vitamin D in sunshine, but because you'll need to wear sunscreen to protect your skin, you might not want to rely on sun exposure for your vitamin D. What they are: Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of healthy fat.


Question: How much vitamin D do you treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor can check your vitamin D level with a blood test. How much you need: All adults up to age 70 should get 600 international units ( IU) of vitamin D per day. Starting at age 71, you should get 800 IU per day. You may need more if you are low in vitamin D. Your doctor can check your vitamin D level with a blood test.


Question: Is diet important when I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your diet is key. It's the best source of nutrients. Go for foods that are rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. You can ask your doctor if you also need to take supplements. Why you need it: Your body needs it to use the calcium you get from food or supplements.


Question: What is the best way for someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to get the nutrients they need?

Answer: Your diet is key. It's the best source of nutrients. Go for foods that are rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. You can ask your doctor if you also need to take supplements. Why you need it: Your body needs it to use the calcium you get from food or supplements.


Question: How do I get vitamin D to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The product label will say so. How to get it: It's added to almost all milk and to some orange juices, breakfast cereals, and soy and nut milks. Egg yolks, salmon, tuna, and sardines naturally have some vitamin D. Your body also makes vitamin D in sunshine, but because you'll need to wear sunscreen to protect your skin, you might not want to rely on sun exposure for your vitamin D. What they are: Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of healthy fat.


Question: How can I get calcium to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The product label will say so. How to get it: You can get calcium from dairy products, canned sardines and salmon, almonds, broccoli, kale, and fortified products, such as orange juice, cereal, and some soy and almond milks (check the label).


Question: What should I do if I have shingles on or around my ears?

Answer: Shingles in your eyes can cause: Sores and scarring on the surface Swelling and redness Glaucoma, a disease in which pressure builds in your eye Damage to the nerves See your doctor as soon as possible if you get shingles on or around your ears. If you don't get treated, it can lead to Ramsay Hunt syndrome, which can cause: Dizziness and other balance problems Earaches Hearing loss Loss of ability to move parts of your face Ringing in your ear, called âtinnitusâ This condition is rare, but with early treatment, you have a good chance of full recovery.


Question: Why is shingles especially risky if it's near your eyes?

Answer: If you have shingles in or near your eyes, forehead, or nose, see your doctor right away. Without treatment, it can lead to pain in your eyes but also to permanent loss of vision. Shingles in your eyes can cause: Sores and scarring on the surface Swelling and redness Glaucoma, a disease in which pressure builds in your eye Damage to the nerves See your doctor as soon as possible if you get shingles on or around your ears.


Question: What is postherpetic neuralgia?

Answer: When you have shingles, you tend to focus on the short-term -- how to get relief from the pain and discomfort you have right now. But for some people, complications come up. These can include: Postherpetic neuralgia, or PHN, is the most common problem that shingles causes. Your symptoms usually go away when the rash is gone. But with PHN, you may feel pain, itching, burning, and tingling for months after the rash has healed. Sometimes, it starts to get better after a few months. In other cases, it lasts for years and could be permanent.


Question: How is high blood sugar treated?

Answer: Your blood sugar may rise if you: Skip or forget your insulin or oral glucose-lowering medicine Eat too many grams of carbohydrates for the amount of insulin you took, or eat too many carbs in general Have an infection Are ill Are under stress Become inactive or exercise less than usual Take part in strenuous physical activity, especially when your blood sugar levels are high and insulin levels are low Early signs include: Increased thirst Headaches Trouble concentrating Blurred vision Frequent peeing Fatigue (weak, tired feeling) Weight loss Blood sugar more than 180 mg/d L Ongoing high blood sugar may cause: Vaginal and skin infections Slow-healing cuts and sores Worse vision Nerve damage causing painful cold or insensitive feet, loss of hair on the lower extremities, or erectile dysfunction Stomach and intestinal problems such as chronic constipation or diarrhea Damage to your eyes, blood vessels, or kidneys If you have diabetes and notice any of the early signs of high blood sugar, test your blood sugar and call the doctor. He may ask you for the results of several readings. He could recommend the following changes: Drink more water.


Question: What are the two types of high blood sugar?

Answer: There are two main kinds: Fasting hyperglycemia. This is blood sugar that's higher than 130 mg/d L (milligrams per deciliter) after not eating or drinking for at least 8 hours. Postprandial or after-meal hyperglycemia. This is blood sugar that's higher than 180 mg/d L 2 hours after you eat. People without diabetes rarely have blood sugar levels over 140 mg/d L after a meal, unless it's really large.


Question: How can drinking more water treat high blood sugar?

Answer: H20 helps remove excess sugar from your blood through urine, and it helps you avoid dehydration.


Question: What should you check for if you have diabetes and have high blood sugar?

Answer: Caution: If you have type 1 diabetes and your blood sugar is high, you need to check your urine for ketones. When you have ketones, do NOT exercise. If you have type 2 diabetes and your blood sugar is high, you must also be sure that you have no ketones in your urine and that you are well-hydrated. Then your doctor might give you the OK to exercise with caution as long as you feel up to it.


Question: Can you die from high blood sugar if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you have type 2 diabetes or if you're at risk for it, extremely high blood sugar can lead to a potentially deadly condition in which your body can't process sugar. It's called hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome ( HHNS). You'll pee more often at first, and then less often later on, but your urine may become dark and you could get severely dehydrated.


Question: How can exercising more treat high blood sugar?

Answer: Working out can help lower your blood sugar. But under certain conditions, it can make blood sugar go even higher. Ask your doctor what kind of exercise is right for you.


Question: What are early signs of high blood sugar?

Answer: Your blood sugar may rise if you: Skip or forget your insulin or oral glucose-lowering medicine Eat too many grams of carbohydrates for the amount of insulin you took, or eat too many carbs in general Have an infection Are ill Are under stress Become inactive or exercise less than usual Take part in strenuous physical activity, especially when your blood sugar levels are high and insulin levels are low Early signs include: Increased thirst Headaches Trouble concentrating Blurred vision Frequent peeing Fatigue (weak, tired feeling) Weight loss Blood sugar more than 180 mg/d L Ongoing high blood sugar may cause: Vaginal and skin infections Slow-healing cuts and sores Worse vision Nerve damage causing painful cold or insensitive feet, loss of hair on the lower extremities, or erectile dysfunction Stomach and intestinal problems such as chronic constipation or diarrhea Damage to your eyes, blood vessels, or kidneys If you have diabetes and notice any of the early signs of high blood sugar, test your blood sugar and call the doctor.


Question: What happens when someone with type 2 diabetes has extremely high blood sugar?

Answer: If you have type 2 diabetes or if you're at risk for it, extremely high blood sugar can lead to a potentially deadly condition in which your body can't process sugar. It's called hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome ( HHNS). You'll pee more often at first, and then less often later on, but your urine may become dark and you could get severely dehydrated. It's important to treat symptoms of high blood sugar right away to help prevent complications.


Question: How should you switch your medications to treat high blood sugar?

Answer: Your doctor may change the amount, timing, or type of diabetes medications you take. Don't make changes without talking to him first.


Question: When should you test for ketones if you have high blood sugar and diabetes?

Answer: Caution: If you have type 1 diabetes and your blood sugar is high, you need to check your urine for ketones.


Question: What happens if someone with diabetes has ongoing high blood sugar?

Answer: Your blood sugar may rise if you: Skip or forget your insulin or oral glucose-lowering medicine Eat too many grams of carbohydrates for the amount of insulin you took, or eat too many carbs in general Have an infection Are ill Are under stress Become inactive or exercise less than usual Take part in strenuous physical activity, especially when your blood sugar levels are high and insulin levels are low Early signs include: Increased thirst Headaches Trouble concentrating Blurred vision Frequent peeing Fatigue (weak, tired feeling) Weight loss Blood sugar more than 180 mg/d L Ongoing high blood sugar may cause: Vaginal and skin infections Slow-healing cuts and sores Worse vision Nerve damage causing painful cold or insensitive feet, loss of hair on the lower extremities, or erectile dysfunction Stomach and intestinal problems such as chronic constipation or diarrhea Damage to your eyes, blood vessels, or kidneys If you have diabetes and notice any of the early signs of high blood sugar, test your blood sugar and call the doctor.


Question: What is hyperglycemia?

Answer: High blood sugar, or hyperglycemia, is a major concern, and can affect people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes . There are two main kinds: Fasting hyperglycemia. When you have ketones, do NOT exercise.


Question: Should I consider a wig during chemotherapy?

Answer: If you decide to wear one, do your shopping at the beginning of your treatment so you can match the natural color, texture, and style of your hair.


Question: How can someone protect their hair while resting?

Answer: Wearing a soft cap or turban around your head at night can help collect loose hair as it falls out. Don't braid your hair or put it into a ponytail, since both can tug on it. A silk pillowcase will also reduce friction when you're asleep.


Question: What hairstyle can someone have that makes their hair look fuller and thicker?

Answer: Try a shorter style. Shorter hair doesn't lie flat against your head, so it can make your hair look thicker and fuller. ( It's also easier to manage under wigs.) If you choose to shave your head, use an electric shaver or have it done at a barbershop. Plastic razors can cut your scalp.


Question: Why is it important for someone to prepare their family for hair loss from chemotherapy?

Answer: Depending on their age, children may be scared or even embarrassed by your hair loss. Let them know what to expect and why your treatment is so important. The more positive you can be, the better they'll react.


Question: What are some of the best ways to take care of hair before hair loss?

Answer: Go easy on your hair. To slow down hair loss, stay away from shampoos that contain strong fragrances, alcohol, or salicylic acid. For now, don't color, perm, or chemically straighten your hair. Don't use rollers, curling irons, or straightening irons. Use a soft-bristle hairbrush, and instead of using a blow-dryer, let your hair air-dry.


Question: How does taking care of skin affect hair loss?

Answer: Take care of your skin. As you lose your hair, your scalp may get tender or itchy. Some people even feel a tingling sensation. A moisturizing shampoo and conditioner can help, as will a gentle lotion you massage into your scalp.


Question: What is scalp cooling for chemotherapy?

Answer: Ask your doctor about âscalp cooling.â A tight cap filled with cold gel reduces hair loss for some people. The temperature narrows blood vessels underneath the scalp, limiting the amount of medicine that reaches hair follicles.


Question: Can I go to a support group for hair loss during chemotherapy?

Answer: It's normal to feel anxious, depressed, or self-conscious about losing your hair. And women often have a harder time with it than men. A support group can connect you with others going through the same thing. They can share your feelings and offer advice.


Question: Should I cut my hair if I am doing chemotherapy?

Answer: Try a shorter style. Shorter hair doesn't lie flat against your head, so it can make your hair look thicker and fuller. ( It's also easier to manage under wigs.) If you choose to shave your head, use an electric shaver or have it done at a barbershop. Plastic razors can cut your scalp.


Question: How can I make hair loss from chemotherapy less intense?

Answer: Go easy on your hair. To slow down hair loss, stay away from shampoos that contain strong fragrances, alcohol, or salicylic acid. For now, don't color, perm, or chemically straighten your hair. Don't use rollers, curling irons, or straightening irons. Use a soft-bristle hairbrush, and instead of using a blow-dryer, let your hair air-dry.


Question: How long does it take for hair to grow back after chemotherapy?

Answer: Be patient. Most people notice their hair growing back within a few weeks to months after they've finished chemotherapy. Many times, it's a different color or texture, but this change is usually temporary.


Question: How do I know if my chemotherapy will cause hair loss?

Answer: Not all drugs will affect your hair the same way. Some only cause gradual hair thinning. Others may cause your hair to fall out in clumps. Make hair loss less scary by asking your doctor what exactly will happen.


Question: Do all cancer drugs cause hair loss?

Answer: Not all drugs will affect your hair the same way. Many times, it's a different color or texture, but this change is usually temporary.


Question: Should I cover my scalp during chemotherapy?

Answer: A silk pillowcase will also reduce friction when you're asleep. If you choose not to wear one, don't forget to apply sunscreen to your scalp to protect against sunburn.


Question: How can I prepare my scalp for chemotherapy?

Answer: Get informed. Some people even feel a tingling sensation. A moisturizing shampoo and conditioner can help, as will a gentle lotion you massage into your scalp.


Question: How can weather affect hair loss?

Answer: A silk pillowcase will also reduce friction when you're asleep. If you choose not to wear one, don't forget to apply sunscreen to your scalp to protect against sunburn. Women may want to use makeup like an eyebrow pencil or fake eyelashes to play up other features.


Question: How can drugs affect hair?

Answer: Not all drugs will affect your hair the same way. Some only cause gradual hair thinning. Others may cause your hair to fall out in clumps. Make hair loss less scary by asking your doctor what exactly will happen. As you lose your hair, your scalp may get tender or itchy.


Question: How can I feel pretty after hair loss due to chemotherapy?

Answer: If you choose to shave your head, use an electric shaver or have it done at a barbershop. If you decide to wear one, do your shopping at the beginning of your treatment so you can match the natural color, texture, and style of your hair.


Question: Are there side effects and complications with dermabrasion and microdermabrasion?

Answer: Dermabrasion side effects include: Uneven changes in skin color (temporary or permanent) Formation of a scar Swelling Infection Darkening of the skin (usually temporary but may be permanent); this is caused by sun exposure in the days and months following the procedure.


Question: How does dermabrasion work?

Answer: Dermabrasion is done in the doctor's office. You may get medication to relax you before the procedure starts. Your skin will be thoroughly cleansed, and you'll get shots of numbing medicine to anesthetize the area to be treated. The doctor will use a high-speed instrument with an abrasive wheel or brush to remove the outer layers of your skin and improve any irregularities in your skin's surface.


Question: When is dermabrasion used?

Answer: It's not effective in treating congenital skin defects, most moles, pigmented birthmarks, or scars caused by burns. Dermabrasion is generally only safe for people with fair skin. For people with darker skin, dermabrasion can result in scarring or discoloration. It is not effective for deeper problems such as scars, stretch marks, wrinkles, or deep acne scars.


Question: What is dermabrasion and microdermabrasion?

Answer: Microdermabrasion works on all skin types and colors. The doctor will use a high-speed instrument with an abrasive wheel or brush to remove the outer layers of your skin and improve any irregularities in your skin's surface. In microdermabrasion, tiny crystals are sprayed onto the skin to gently remove the outer layer of your skin.


Question: What happens after dermabrasion?

Answer: After a dermabrasion procedure, your skin will feel as though it has been severely "brush-burned" for a few days. Your doctor can prescribe or recommend medications to ease any discomfort you may feel. Healing usually happens within seven to 10 days. Your new skin, which is pink at first, gradually develops a normal color. In most cases, the pinkness largely fades by six to eight weeks. When outdoors, use a broad spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or more, and wear a wide-brimmed hat. Avoid sun exposure for a few days immediately after the procedure.


Question: When is microdermabrasion used?

Answer: It works best on problems such as dull skin, brown spots, and age spots. Microdermabrasion works on all skin types and colors. It makes subtle changes, causing no skin color change or scarring. It is not effective for deeper problems such as scars, stretch marks, wrinkles, or deep acne scars.


Question: Does taking antidepressants make you weak?

Answer: Fact: Like medical conditions such as diabetes or high cholesterol, major depression is a condition that often responds to medication. When depression interferes with your ability to function normally, seeking treatment is not a sign of weakness. It's a sign of good self-care.


Question: Do antidepressants make you gain weight?

Answer: Fact: Like all drugs, antidepressants have side effects, and weight gain can be a common one of many of them. Some antidepressants may be more likely than others to cause weight gain; others may actually cause you to lose some weight. If this is a concern, talk with your doctor.


Question: Do antidepressants change your personality or turn you into a zombie?

Answer: Fact: When taken correctly, antidepressants will not change your personality. They will help you feel like yourself again and return to your previous level of functioning. ( If a person who isn't depressed takes antidepressants, they do not improve that person's mood or functioning - it's not a "happy pill.") Rarely, people experience apathy or loss of emotions while on certain antidepressants. When this happens, lowering the dose or switching to a different antidepressant may help.


Question: Do antidepressants affect your sex life?

Answer: Fact: Some antidepressants can have an effect on sex. The problem is usually in having an orgasm rather than a lack of desire. But because depression itself decreases libido, a medication that eases depression may improve your sex life. As with other side effects, certain antidepressants may be more likely than others to cause sexual problems.


Question: Are antidepressants covered by insurance?

Answer: Fact: Antidepressants are usually covered by insurance plans with prescription drug coverage. The cost of antidepressants varies widely, depending on the dosage, the drug you are taking, and whether it is available as a generic. Even without insurance coverage, it is possible to purchase a generic antidepressant for as little as $4 per month.


Question: Do you have to take antidepressants for the rest of your life?

Answer: Fact: Most people who take antidepressants for a first-time episode of depression need to take them continuously for six to nine months, not necessarily a lifetime. Once an antidepressant gets depression under control, you should work with your doctor to decide when to stop your medication and then decrease your dose gradually. Discontinuing them suddenly may cause problems such as headaches, dizziness, and nausea.


Question: Do antidepressants make you forget your problems rather than deal with them?

Answer: Fact: Antidepressants can't make you forget your problems, but they may make it easier for you to deal with them. Being depressed can distort your perception of your problems and sap you of the energy to address difficult issues. Many therapists report that when their patients take antidepressants, it helps them make more progress in psychotherapy.


Question: Is walking good for certain parts of your body?

Answer: Core: No. Walking doesn't specifically target your core. Arms: No. This workout doesn't target your arms. Legs: Yes. Walking works the major muscles in your legs. Glutes: Yes. Walking uphill is great for your glutes. Back: No. This workout doesn't focus on your back muscles.


Question: How does walking benefit my body?

Answer: Your legs will get stronger from walking regularly. You can walk anywhere. You can shed pounds and lower your blood pressure and your cholesterol -- all in your own neighborhood, mall, park, or on your treadmill. You can start slowly with just 5 or 10 minutes a day and work up to at least 30 minutes on most days of the week to get the full cardio benefits. You can use it as your main workout, or use it along with another program to mix things up and avoid boredom. Walking is also a great way to get fit and stay healthy if you are pregnant.


Question: What do doctors say about walking?

Answer: Walk at a brisk pace for 30 minutes or more on most days. If you walk outside, walk in safe areas, stay cool, drink water, and wear sunscreen!


Question: What is the main task of a doctor when examining an ankle injury?

Answer: The following signs and symptoms call for immediate care at an emergency department: Gross deformity of the ankle bones Bones visible outside your skin Intolerable pain despite over-the-counter pain medications Inability to move your toes Inability to move your ankle at all Ankle numbness or partial numbness Cold or blue foot When a doctor evaluates your ankle, the main task is to determine if you have fractured a bone or if the joint has been damaged sufficiently to have become unstable. Joint instability often suggests multiple fractures, a fracture with a ligament injury, or sometimes ligament injury alone.


Question: When can you put weight on an ankle fracture?

Answer: With any injured ankle, you should not bear weight until your doctor says it is OK to do so.


Question: How is a fractured ankle diagnosed?

Answer: For the most part, your concern is the same as the doctor's: Is there a broken bone? It is often impossible to diagnose a fracture (broken bone) rather than a sprain, a dislocation, or tendon injury without X-rays of the ankle.


Question: Will I need a splint or cast for an ankle fracture?

Answer: The doctor will seek a history of the injury and will ask the following.


Question: When should you go to an emergency department about an ankle fracture?

Answer: If you are unable to see your doctor and have any of the signs or symptoms of an ankle fracture, you should go to an emergency department as soon as possible. The following signs and symptoms call for immediate care at an emergency department: Gross deformity of the ankle bones Bones visible outside your skin Intolerable pain despite over-the-counter pain medications Inability to move your toes Inability to move your ankle at all Ankle numbness or partial numbness Cold or blue foot When a doctor evaluates your ankle, the main task is to determine if you have fractured a bone or if the joint has been damaged sufficiently to have become unstable.


Question: What stabilizes the ankle joint?

Answer: The ankle joint is made up of 3 bones coming together.


Question: What is the joint capsule and join architecture in the ankle?

Answer: A fibrous membrane called the joint capsule, lined with a smoother layer called the synovium, encases the joint architecture. The joint capsule contains the synovial fluid produced by the synovium. The synovial fluid allows for smooth movement of the joint surfaces.


Question: What is the most common complaint about an ankle fracture?

Answer: You can do this in several ways: Rolling the ankle in or out Twisting the ankle side to side Flexing or extending the joint Applying severe force to the joint by coming straight down on it as in jumping from a high level Signs and symptoms of ankle injuries and fractures tend to be obvious. Pain is the most common complaint. Often the pain will not come from the exact area of the fracture. You may experience associated fractures of your foot (especially on the side of the small toe) or knee that also cause pain. It is usually pain in the ankle that stops you from walking.


Question: What might happen to your ankle in a severe fracture?

Answer: In severe fractures you may see obvious deformities of bones around the ankle. Your skin may be stretched over an underlying broken bone. You may see actual exposed bone.


Question: Will I need prescription drugs for an ankle fracture?

Answer: Depending on the degree of pain you are experiencing, your doctor may give you prescription-strength pain medication. These should be used only as needed. You should not drive or operate heavy machinery while using these medications.


Question: What are questions that your doctor might ask about your injured ankle?

Answer: The doctor will seek a history of the injury and will ask the following. These questions are important because different mechanisms of injury are associated with different fracture patterns. Where does it hurt now? How long ago did your injury happen? Does your knee, shin, or foot hurt also? How did the injury happen? Did your ankle turn in or out? Did you hear a crack or a pop? Were you able to walk immediately after the injury? Can you walk now? Do you have any new numbness or tingling in your leg, ankle, or foot? Have you had previous ankle fractures, sprains, or surgeries?


Question: Does bruising happen with a fractured ankle?

Answer: You may see bruising ("black and blue") about the joint, although not immediately. This bruising can track down toward the sole of your foot or toward the toes.


Question: What happens if you injure nerves or blood vessels that supply your foot in an ankle fracture?

Answer: If you injure nerves or blood vessels that supply your foot, you may experience even more pain along with pale skin in the foot, numbness, or inability to move your foot or toes.


Question: What can you do until you can get to a hospital or doctor's office about an ankle fracture?

Answer: If you suspect a fracture, you should call your doctor or go to a hospital's emergency department immediately. You can do the following until you can get to a hospital or doctor's office: Stay off the injured ankle so you do not injure it further. Keep the ankle elevated to help decrease swelling and pain. Apply cold packs to the injured area to decrease swelling and pain. Do not apply ice directly. Cold packs are effective for up to 48 hours.