Question: What are other causes of pulmonary edema?

Answer: Other causes include: A condition called ARDS, or acute respiratory distress syndrome Blood clots Exposure to ammonia, chlorine, or other toxins Inhaling smoke that contains certain chemicals Injury or trauma to the brain or nervous system Lung injury after removal of blood clots Near-drowning incidents Reaction to some drugs Viral infections Pulmonary edema also can be brought on from being in high altitudes, usually above 8,000 feet.


Question: What are the symptoms of chronic pulmonary edema?

Answer: When the problem happens over time, it's called chronic pulmonary edema. You may: Be tired Gain weight rapidly (this may be a sign of fluid buildup and congestive heart failure) Have more breathing problems than usual during physical activity Have swollen legs and feet Have trouble breathing when lying down Wake up at night with a breathless feeling that gets better if you sit up Wheeze Pulmonary edema is usually caused by a problem with the heart.


Question: How is pulmonary edema diagnosed?

Answer: Mountain climbers should get to lower ground and seek medical attention if they have: Chest discomfort Cough Cough with frothy spit that may have some blood in it Fast, irregular heartbeat Fever Headache Shortness of breath when they're active that gets worse over time Trouble walking uphill that leads to trouble walking on a flat surface To help the doctor find out what's going on, you may need to: Answer questions about your medical history Have a physical exam Get a chest X-ray so the doctor can study your heart and lungs Have heart tests to measure how well your heart beats Have a blood test to find out how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are in your blood If you're having trouble breathing, you'll get oxygen right away if your oxygen level is low.


Question: What lifestyle changes can treat pulmonary edema?

Answer: He or she also may recommend some lifestyle changes to help keep the pulmonary edema in check, including: Eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains Eating less salt Getting regular exercise Quitting smoking if you smoke Losing weight if you have extra pounds


Question: What does it mean if you have pulmonary edema?

Answer: Normally when you take a breath, your lungs fill with air. If you have pulmonary edema, they fill with fluid instead. When that happens, oxygen from the air can't get from the lungs into the blood where it's needed. When it comes on suddenly it's called acute pulmonary edema, and can it be life threatening.


Question: When should you call 911 about pulmonary edema?

Answer: If you have any of these symptoms, call 911 right away: Sudden shortness of breath Trouble breathing with a lot of sweating Breathing that sounds bubbly or like wheezing or gasping Coughing up pink, frothy spit Skin that looks blue or gray Feeling lightheaded, dizzy, weak, or sweaty, which can signal a drop in blood pressure Don't delay. You need immediate medical care. When the problem happens over time, it's called chronic pulmonary edema.


Question: When should you consider being tested for diabetes?

Answer: Talk to your doctor about being tested, especially if you're experiencing any of the following symptoms: increased thirst increased hunger fatigue frequent urination, especially at night unexplained weight loss blurred vision sores that don't heal Plenty.


Question: Why is type 2 diabetes bad?

Answer: That's bad for many reasons. High glucose levels damage nerve and blood vessels, leading to heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, and gum infections. Advanced type 2 diabetes can result in blindness and the need to amputate limbs that no longer get adequate circulation.


Question: How many people in the U.S. have diabetes?

Answer: The rates of diabetes have dramatically increased in all states. Twenty-six million children and adults in the United States -- 8% of the population -- have diabetes. The risk for type 2 diabetes typically increases with age. In the absence of risks, testing should begin after age 45.


Question: How can diet help prevent diabetes?

Answer: Experts say that a healthy diet designed to prevent type 2 diabetes should emphasizewhole grains, fruits and vegetables, and small amounts of sugar and refined carbohydrates. Studies suggest that alcohol may actually protect against diabetes. Combining data from 15 studies, researchers writing in the journal Diabetes Carefound that moderate alcohol consumption reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by almost 30%. Excessive drinking, however,increased the risk.


Question: What is another cause of type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Another driver of type 2 diabetes, also linked to the others, is inactivity. Lack of activity increases the risk of obesity, of course. But a sedentary lifestyle may contribute directly to type 2 diabetes risk, as well. Studies show that overweight or obese people who become active improve their blood sugar control, even if they don't lose weight.


Question: What do I do if I am diagnosed with diabetes?

Answer: Keep your weight in the normal range and stay active, experts say, and you stand an excellent chance of never getting diabetes. A diabetes diagnosis isn't the end of the world. In some cases, lifestyle changes can keep the disease entirely under control. Still, many people with diabetes need to take oral medications that lower blood sugar levels.


Question: When should you go to the emergency room for frostbite?

Answer: Some warning signs may include: Your skin color changes color or becomes hard. Your skin stays numb (you can't feel anything). You have severe pain as your skin thaws. Skin blisters start.


Question: What is the advanced stage of frostbite?

Answer: Intermediate stage Skin becomes hard It looks shiny or waxy When the skin thaws, blisters filled with fluid or blood form Advanced stage Skin is very hard and cold to the touch Skin darkens quickly. It may look blue and later turn black Some people don't know they have frostbite because as it gets worse, you can't feel the area anymore.


Question: What are some layering tips to avoid frostbite?

Answer: These cold-weather clothing tips can help: Layer your clothing, loosely. Tight clothing raises your risk of frostbite. Instead, choose loose layers that allow body heat to get around. You want three layers: The first should be of a material that helps keep you dry. The second goes over the first and should be made of an insulator like wool or fleece. The third should be worn on top and should be wind- and waterproof.


Question: What should you watch for in frostbite?

Answer: It may look blue and later turn black Some people don't know they have frostbite because as it gets worse, you can't feel the area anymore. That's why it's important to watch for changes in skin color.


Question: What are the side effects of taking insulin?

Answer: The major ones include: Low blood sugar Weight gain when you first start using it Lumps or scars where you've had too many insulin injections Rash at the site of injection or, rarely, over your entire body With inhaled insulin, there's a chance that your lungs could tighten suddenly if you have asthma or the lung disease COPD.


Question: What types of insulin are there?

Answer: Regular- or short-acting insulin takes about 30 minutes to work fully and lasts for 3 to 6 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin takes 2 to 4 hours to work fully. Its effects can last for up to 18 hours. Long-acting insulin can work for an entire day. Your doctor may prescribe more than one type.


Question: How do you store injectable insulin?

Answer: Always have two bottles of each type you use on hand. You don't need to refrigerate vials of insulin that you're using. A good rule of thumb is that if the temperature is comfortable for you, the insulin is safe. You can store the bottle that you're using at room temperature (not higher than 80 F) for 30 days. You don't want it to get too hot or too cold, and keep it out of direct sunlight. You should keep your extra backup bottles in the refrigerator. The night before you're going to start using a new bottle, take it out and let it warm up. Don't let your insulin freeze. Always look at your insulin inside the bottle before you draw it into the syringe. Rapid-acting, short-acting, and certain long-acting types should be clear. Other forms may look cloudy, but they shouldn't have clumps. If you carry a bottle with you, be careful not to shake it. That makes air bubbles, which can change the amount of insulin you get when you withdraw it for an injection. For insulin pens, check the package insert for storage instructions Check the directions on the package.


Question: When do you take insulin for diabetes?

Answer: You want to time your shot so that the glucose from your food gets into your system at about the same time that the insulin starts to work. This will help your body use the glucose and avoid low blood sugar reactions. For example, if you use a rapid-acting insulin, you'd likely take it 10 minutes before or even with your meal. If you use regular- or intermediate-acting insulin, you should generally take it about a half-hour before your meals, or at bedtime. Follow your doctor's advice. The major ones include: Low blood sugar Weight gain when you first start using it Lumps or scars where you've had too many insulin injections Rash at the site of injection or, rarely, over your entire body With inhaled insulin, there's a chance that your lungs could tighten suddenly if you have asthma or the lung disease COPD. Always have two bottles of each type you use on hand.


Question: How do you store inhaled insulin?

Answer: For insulin pens, check the package insert for storage instructions Check the directions on the package. You should keep a sealed package in the refrigerator until you're ready to start using it. If you don't, you must use it within 10 days. You can refrigerate packages you've opened, but let a cartridge warm up to room temperature for 10 minutes before you use it.


Question: When is pain from bursitis the most severe?

Answer: The pain from bursitis tends to be most severe while you use the joint, but it can also hurt at night.


Question: When are you most likely to get bursitis and where?

Answer: You're more likely to get bursitis at an older age. One of the most common places it strikes is the shoulder, which has the greatest range of motion of all the body's major joints. If you get bursitis there, you'll likely feel pain along the outside top of your shoulder. Besides the shoulder, other joints where you can get bursitis are the elbows, hips, and knees.


Question: Who's most likely to get bursitis?

Answer: Bursitis may show up in people such as: Manual workers. If you do a lot of heavy lifting or repetitive motion on the job, it can strain your joints and bring on bursitis. Athletes. We're not only talking about professional players here. Even if you're just a weekend warrior, you can get bursitis after running, throwing, jumping, or making aggressive arm swings in tennis, baseball, and even bowling. Couch potatoes. No, you won't get bursitis from sitting on the sofa watching TV. But if you're out of shape and push your body too hard during exercise, you can raise your chance of having the condition. Always start a new workout routine gradually.


Question: What is the first sign of bursitis?

Answer: The first sign of trouble is pain, along with swelling and tenderness in the area.


Question: What is sarcoidosis?

Answer: Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that affects multiple organs in the body, but mostly the lungs and lymph glands. In people with sarcoidosis, abnormal masses or nodules (called granulomas) consisting of inflamed tissues form in certain organs of the body. These granulomas may alter the normal structure and possibly the function of the affected organ(s).


Question: Who gets sarcoidosis?

Answer: Sarcoidosis most often occurs between 20 and 40 years of age, with women being diagnosed more frequently than men. The disease is 10 to 17 times more common in African- Americans than in Caucasians. People of Scandinavian, German, Irish, or Puerto Rican origin are also more prone to the disease.


Question: What medications treat sarcoidosis?

Answer: Good health practices include: Getting regular check-ups with your healthcare provider Eating a well-balanced diet with a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables Drinking enough fluids every day Getting six to eight hours of sleep each night Exercising regularly and managing your weight Quitting smoking Drug treatments are used to relieve symptoms and reduce the inflammation of the affected tissues. The oral corticosteroid prednisone is the most commonly used treatment. Fatigue and persistent cough are usually improved with steroid treatment. If steroids are prescribed, you should see your doctor at regular intervals so that he or she can monitor the disease and the side effects of treatment. Other treatment options include methotrexate( Otrexup, Rheumatrex), hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), and other drugs.


Question: Is there a cure for sarcoidosis?

Answer: There is no cure for sarcoidosis, but the disease may get better on its own over time. Many people with sarcoidosis have mild symptoms and do not require any treatment. Treatment, when it is needed, is given to reduce symptoms and to maintain the proper working order of the affected organs.


Question: What causes sarcoidosis?

Answer: It may be a type of autoimmune disease associated with an abnormal immune response, but what triggers this response is uncertain.


Question: What lifestyle changes can help treat sarcoidosis?

Answer: Good health practices include: Getting regular check-ups with your healthcare provider Eating a well-balanced diet with a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables Drinking enough fluids every day Getting six to eight hours of sleep each night Exercising regularly and managing your weight Quitting smoking Drug treatments are used to relieve symptoms and reduce the inflammation of the affected tissues.


Question: How is sarcoidosis diagnosed?

Answer: There is no single way to diagnose sarcoidosis, since all the symptoms and laboratory results can occur in other diseases. For this reason, your doctor will carefully review your medical history and examine you to determine if you have sarcoidosis. The main tools your doctor will use to diagnose sarcoidosis include: Chest X-rays to look for cloudiness (pulmonary infiltrates) or swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy). HRCT scan (high resolution CT) to provide an even more detailed look at the lungs and lymph nodes than provided by a chest X-ray. Pulmonary function (breathing) tests to measure how well the lungs are working. Bronchoscopy to inspect the bronchial tubes and to extract a biopsy (a small tissue sample) to look for granulomas and to obtain material to rule out infection. Bronchoscopy involves passing a small tube (bronchoscope) down the trachea (windpipe) and into the bronchial tubes (airways) of the lungs.


Question: How does sarcoidosis affect your body?

Answer: In many people with sarcoidosis, the disease appears briefly and then disappears without the person even knowing they have the disease. Twenty percent to 30% of people have some permanent lung damage. For a small number of people, sarcoidosis is a chronic condition. In some people, the disease may result in the deterioration of the affected organ. Rarely, sarcoidosis can be fatal. Death usually is the result of complications with the lungs, heart, or brain.


Question: What is neurodermatitis?

Answer: Neurodermatitis is a skin condition that's also known as lichen simplex chronicus. It causes patches of itchy skin that lead to scratching, which makes you feel even itchier. You may also have patches around your vagina that are leathery, scaly, raised, rough, red, or darker than the rest of your skin. The condition isn't contagious. It may be due to something that irritates your skin, like a bug bite or tight clothes that trigger the itch-scratch cycle Lichen sclerosus is a skin condition where patches of skin become white and get thinner.


Question: What is molluscum contagiosum?

Answer: This is a virus that causes a skin infection. It leads to patches of small, red, and shiny bumps that can occur on many parts of the body, including your pubic area. The bumps don't hurt or itch. But they can get infected and become red, swollen, and uncomfortable. The virus is spread through skin-to-skin contact with someone who has it. You can also get it by touching an object (like a towel) that has the virus on it.


Question: What are bunions?

Answer: If you're like many people, your big toe may lean slightly toward your other toes. Over time, the base of the big toe pushes outward against the first metatarsal bone, which is directly behind it. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The result is a bunion -- a bony, often painful hump at the base of the big toe.


Question: When should you call a doctor about bunions?

Answer: If you see a bony bump there with your big toe headed in the opposite direction, you probably have a bunion.


Question: What are the symptoms of bunions?

Answer: See where the bottom of your big toe connects to your foot? If you see a bony bump there with your big toe headed in the opposite direction, you probably have a bunion. It may sometimes swell, turn red, feel tender to the touch, or even hurt. Over time, it may also become shiny and feel warm when you touch it.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of hypoxia?

Answer: Although they can vary from person to person, the most common hypoxia symptoms are: Changes in the color of your skin, ranging from blue to cherry red Confusion Cough Fast heart rate Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Slow heart rate Sweating Wheezing If you have symptoms of hypoxia, call 911.


Question: How can you prevent hypoxia when you have asthma?

Answer: The best way to prevent hypoxia is to keep your asthma under control, every day. Stick with your asthma treatment plan. Take your medicine to help prevent flares and the need to use your rescue inhaler. Eat right and stay active. Know your asthma triggers, and find ways to avoid them.


Question: What is hypoxia?

Answer: Hypoxemia (low oxygen in your blood) can cause hypoxia (low oxygen in your tissues) when your blood doesn't carry enough oxygen to your tissues to meet your body's needs. The word hypoxia is sometimes used to describe both problems.


Question: How would I know if I had a silent heart attack?

Answer: It can be a challenge. In some cases, you'll get symptoms after the heart attack, including: Feeling very tired Heartburn that won't go away Swelling in your legs Trouble breathing when you never had it before Other times, it's just chance that you find out you had a heart attack. You could go to your doctor months later and just happen to get some tests that show it. Your doctor can do a few things to check for signs that you've had one, such as: Blood tests to look for certain proteins that your heart makes when it's been damaged Electrocardiogram ( EKG), which checks the electrical signals in your heart Echocardiogram, a type of ultrasound imaging that looks at the heart You need to take a silent heart attack just as seriously as one that has clear symptoms.


Question: Do I need to pay attention to caloric intake and burning if I want to lose weight?

Answer: That's just one approach. To create your own weight loss plan, you might ask your doctor to refer you to a registered dietitian, who can give you eating tips and help you make a plan.


Question: What are some small long-term diet goals for people with diabetes?

Answer: Try these goals on for size. Which ones fit your lifestyle? I'll eat whole-grain cereal and skim milk instead of a muffin for breakfast 4 days a week. I'll cut back on eating out, or I'll plan before I do by looking at the menu online and deciding ahead of time what to order. I'll eat blueberries and nonfat yogurt instead of ice cream. I'll use the " Plate Method" to help manage my portions. Non-starchy vegetables and fruits go on half the plate, starchy foods such as brown rice go on 1/4 of the plate, and lean proteins such as skinless poultry, fish, and lean meat go on the other 1/4th. I'll write down everything I eat for 2 weeks.


Question: How can I avoid getting bored with my exercises for diabetes?

Answer: Plan different activities you can do during the week. Experts recommend a mix of aerobic and strength-training exercises. Aerobic exercise could include walking, climbing stairs, dancing, or swimming. Strength training uses weights or exercise bands to strengthen muscles. It should be part of your exercise routine at least 2-3 days a week. Tell your doctor before you start an exercise program to make sure it's safe for you.


Question: Where do I begin if I want to lose weight for diabetes?

Answer: Start with these three steps: Ask yourself why you want to lose weight, and why now. Set clear goals that you can follow to help you lose weight and keep it off. Think about the hurdles you might face, and plan ways to get over them.


Question: How can I go about making small daily changes to lose weight?

Answer: Diabetes and Your Weight: Healthy Weight Loss Tips Plan for Weight Loss Challenges Think about all the things that happen during the day that make you want to overeat or make less-than-healthy choices. Job stress can be one, especially if your office mate keeps a tin of chocolate on her desk. Boredom can also trigger mindless snacking, and so can watching TV. Create a list of your biggest hurdles and how to deal with each one. At work, for example, vary your path to your desk so you don't see your colleague's tempting chocolate. At home, take on a small project or new hobby that keeps you away from the TV.


Question: How can I lose weight to improve diabetes without making big life changes?

Answer: Anything... Read the Women's Top Diabetes Concerns article > > You can do it by making small changes in what and how much you eat and by getting exercise most days. This can help you lose 1 to 2 pounds a week. In 7 to 10 weeks, you can lose about 10 pounds. You'll improve your health, and you might even be able to cut back on your diabetes drugs if your doctor gives you the OK. You might be thinking, " Well, I've tried this before and never got anywhere." The key is to think in terms of small steps. You're not trying to lose 50 pounds -- just a few pounds will do.


Question: How can I avoid unhealthy snacking during the day?

Answer: Keep on hand healthy snacks that are also tasty and filling for the times when cravings are likely to strike. Keep water handy as well, and don't forget to drink it. Water can make you feel full and has zero calories.


Question: What are some small long-term exercise goals for people with diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes and Your Weight: Healthy Weight Loss Tips Set Fitness Goals You Can Meet Be active every day. It will help you control blood sugar levels and boost your energy and overall mood. Moving your body every day will also help you take off extra weight. Look over these goals: I will walk around the neighborhood after dinner for 30 minutes on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. I will get off the bus two stops early and walk the rest of the way to work. I will sign up for the weekly low-impact aerobics class at the gym. I will track my exercise every day by writing it on my personal calendar.


Question: Why does my weight keep coming back after losing it?

Answer: Set Eating Goals You Can Meet Crash diets or those that limit you to a few foods are tough to keep up over the long haul, and your lost weight is likely to come back. In the long run, it's better to start with a smaller goal, like losing 10 pounds. Set a doable date for reaching this goal. Then focus on making healthy changes in your eating and exercise habits.


Question: How many calories do I need to burn to lose weight?

Answer: Calories and Weight Loss Keep in mind that you need to burn 3,500 more calories than usual to lose 1 pound. To lose 1 pound a week, you could cut 500 calories a day from what you eat, or bump up your exercise to burn 500 more calories a day. Or you could do some of each. For instance, if you skip the cheese on your lunchtime sandwich, drink seltzer with lime instead of a regular soda, and eat a fun-sized candy bar instead of a large one, you'll cut out 300 calories. ( Food labels and serving sizes can help you know how much you're cutting.) Add a 30-minute brisk walk and you'll burn about 200 more calories. You've met the 500 calorie goal!


Question: What can you do to treat weakness and fatigue from breast cancer treatment?

Answer: Many parts of cancer treatment can make you feel weak or tired, including the treatment itself, worry or depression, not eating, pain, and too few blood cells in your body. Make sure you get enough rest. Sleep at least 8 hours a night, and try to lie down during the day to rest if you're still tired. Avoid caffeine late in the day. Exercise. Short walks can give you more energy. If you're more active, you'll rest better. Save your energy for the things that are really important to you. Get help from family and friends with errands and other chores. If you feel pain, let your doctor know. There are almost always treatments that can help. Eat plenty of iron-rich foods, like lean meat, beans, dark, leafy vegetables, and iron-fortified cereals or pasta. If your body has too few red blood cells, a condition called anemia, your doctor may recommend erythropoietin or darbepoetin, treatments that stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells. You can get them by injection, which you can sometimes do on your own at home. If you get this treatment, your doctor will watch you to see if you have rashes, allergic reactions, and problems with blood pressure.


Question: When should you call your doctor about the side effects of breast cancer treatment?

Answer: Call your nurse or doctor if you have: A temperature over 100.4 F. If you have any fever or chills, tell your doctor right away. If you can't get in touch with your doctor, go to the emergency room. New mouth sores, patches, a swollen tongue, or bleeding gums A dry, burning, scratchy, or "swollen" throat A cough that is new or doesn't go away Changes in how your bladder works, including a need to go urgently or more often, burning when you pee, or blood in your urine Digestive changes, including heartburn; nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea that is severe or lasts longer than 2 or 3 days; or blood in your stools


Question: What can you do to treat loss of appetite from breast cancer treatment?

Answer: Breast cancer treatment may make you feel not hungry, which can make it hard to get the nutrition you need. Try these tips to make sure you're eating a healthy diet: Eat a few small meals during the day instead of three large ones. Try an "instant breakfast" mix or other nutritional shakes between meals. Eat your largest meal of the day when you are most hungry. Drink water or other beverages either a half hour before or after meals so they don't make you too full. Try moderate exercise to increase your appetite, as long as your doctor says it's OK.


Question: What are the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation for breast cancer?

Answer: But these treatments can also affect healthy cells and can change how you feel. They might cause: Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Weakness and fatigue Mouth sores Hair loss Weight gain Early menopause A higher risk of infections Bleeding Diarrhea Medications and other therapies can help ease many of these side effects.


Question: How can you gain weight from breast cancer treatment?

Answer: Some women with breast cancer gain weight from: Being less active during treatment Focusing more on eating Medications Depression Hormone changes If you notice you're gaining weight, let your doctor know and see what she thinks might help you. Don't go on a diet on your own -- your body needs a lot of nutrients during breast cancer treatment.


Question: Can cat coughing be prevented?

Answer: You can lessen the chances that your cat will get the problems that lead to coughs: Have him tested for internal parasites. Don’t use perfumes, room fresheners, carpet deodorizers, hairspray, or aerosol cleaners that can irritate his lungs. Look for cat litter that doesn’t create dust or have added scent. Keep your pet active so his weight stays down. Cut stress. Many cats get ill when their surroundings or routines change. Keep feeding routines, play, and cleaning schedules the same each day. Run a humidifier when the air is dry, especially during cold winter months. Don’t expose your cat to cigarette smoke, especially if he has asthma. Give him a heartworm prevention medication, especially if you live in an area with mosquitos.


Question: What are other causes of coughing in cats?

Answer: Fungal lung infection.


Question: What can you do to help your vet diagnose your cat's cough?

Answer: Give her detailed information about the cough: Its quality: Does it sound wet or dry? Timing: When it happens at night, that's often a sign of fluid in the lungs or heart failure. Triggers: If your cat coughs after exercise, he might have heart disease. If it happens after a meal, it could mean problems with his larynx or esophagus. Knowing this can help your vet pinpoint the most likely causes, choose tests to confirm a diagnosis, and prescribe the best treatment.


Question: What causes asthma in cats?

Answer: Asthma causes include: Pollen Mold Cat litter dust Cigarette smoke Perfume Obesity Stress If you notice your pet coughing, take him to the vet.


Question: How common is asthma in cats?

Answer: It’s the most common feline respiratory disorder. About 800,000 American cats -- or 1 percent of all domestic cats in the U. S. -- have some form of it. Ones that spend at least part of their time outdoors are most likely to get it.


Question: Can heavy drinking still be good for heart health?

Answer: Heavy drinking can make you more likely to get serious health problems like liver disease, cancer, and peptic ulcers, among others. Regular or high alcohol use can hurt your heart and lead to diseases of the heart muscle, called cardiomyopathy. Drinking alcohol regularly also can raise your blood pressure. Binge drinking -- four or more drinks for women and five or more for men in about 2 hours -- can cause irregular heart rhythms called arrhythmias. So even if you don't have any alcohol during the week, you shouldn't save all of your drinking for the weekend and overdo it.


Question: What are risk factors for protein in urine (proteinuria)?

Answer: The two most common risk factors for proteinuria are: Diabetes High blood pressure (hypertension) Both diabetes and high blood pressure can cause damage to the kidneys, which leads to proteinuria.


Question: What is orthostatic proteinuria?

Answer: Some people get more protein into urine while standing than while lying down. That is known as orthostatic proteinuria.


Question: How is mild or temporary protein in urine (proteinuria) treated?

Answer: In mild or temporary proteinuria, no treatment may be necessary.


Question: What types of kidney disease can cause proteinuria other than diabetes and hypertension?

Answer: Other types of kidney disease unrelated to diabetes or high blood pressure can also cause protein to leak into the urine. Examples of other causes include: Medications Trauma Toxins Infections Immune system disorders Increased production of proteins in the body can lead to proteinuria. Examples include multiple myeloma and amyloidosis.


Question: Does proteinuria always need to be treated?

Answer: So its treatment depends on identifying and managing its underlying cause. If that cause is kidney disease, appropriate medical management is essential. Untreated chronic kidney disease can lead to kidney failure. In mild or temporary proteinuria, no treatment may be necessary.


Question: What is proteinuria?

Answer: Healthy kidneys do not allow a significant amount of protein to pass through their filters. But filters damaged by kidney disease may let proteins such as albumin leak from the blood into the urine. Proteinuria can also be a result of overproduction of proteins by the body. Kidney disease often has no early symptoms.


Question: How is protein in urine (proteinuria) treated?

Answer: If that cause is kidney disease, appropriate medical management is essential.


Question: What can untreated chronic kidney disease lead to?

Answer: Untreated chronic kidney disease can lead to kidney failure.


Question: What are other causes of protein in urine (proteinuria)?

Answer: Other types of kidney disease unrelated to diabetes or high blood pressure can also cause protein to leak into the urine. Examples of other causes include: Medications Trauma Toxins Infections Immune system disorders Increased production of proteins in the body can lead to proteinuria.


Question: Do certain foods cause eczema?

Answer: The common offenders are: Milk Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts Wheat Fish Shellfish Soy While trigger foods can make eczema worse, experts don't think they're really the original cause. Instead, it seems to result from "leakiness" in the outer layer of skin that lets in irritants, germs, and allergens.


Question: What can you do to avoid food triggers of eczema?

Answer: Be methodical. Only eliminate one food at a time. If you ban dairy and gluten at the same time and symptoms get better, you won't know which one made the difference. Use a food diary to keep track of what you get rid of, and the changes that brings. Move slowly. A positive skin test isn't reason enough to cut out a food. Lots of kids test positive for foods that don't really cause symptoms. Plus, if you get rid of too many foods, you could cut out nutrients your child needs to grow and develop. So for his sake and yours, be sure before you take a food from your child's diet permanently. Work with your doctor. Keep using other treatments. Even if you find a trigger food, getting rid of it may not make the rash disappear. Stick with the other things your doctor recommends -- like skin ointments, lotions, and medicines. Continue to steer clear other allergens like dust mites, pollen, or pet dander, too.


Question: Which foods trigger eczema?

Answer: The common offenders are: Milk Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts Wheat Fish Shellfish Soy While trigger foods can make eczema worse, experts don't think they're really the original cause. Instead, it seems to result from "leakiness" in the outer layer of skin that lets in irritants, germs, and allergens. Some are obvious.


Question: Can food cause eczema flare-ups in children?

Answer: Up to 1 in 3 kids with eczema has a food allergy that could make symptoms worse. If you remove some choices, it could make a big difference.


Question: What is pica?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Pica is the persistent eating of substances such as dirt or paint that have no nutritional value.


Question: How is pica diagnosed?

Answer: If symptoms are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical history and physical exam. The doctor may use certain tests -- such as X-rays and blood tests -- to check for anemia and look for toxins and other substances in the blood, and to check for blockages in the intestinal tract. The doctor also may test for possible infections caused by eating items contaminated with bacteria or other organisms. A review of the person's eating habits also may be conducted. Before making a diagnosis of pica, the doctor will evaluate the presence of other disorders -- such as intellectual disabilities, developmental disabilities, or obsessive-compulsive disorder -- as the cause of the odd eating behavior. This pattern of behavior must last at least one month for a diagnosis of pica to be made.


Question: Can pica be prevented?

Answer: However, it is likely to be more difficult to manage in children who are developmentally disabled.


Question: How common is pica?

Answer: The Handbook of Clinical Child Psychologycurrently estimates that prevalence rates of pica range from 4%-26% among institutionalized populations. Research among non-institutionalized populations takes the form of individual case studies, making prevalence rates difficult to estimate.


Question: How do I take activated charcoal?

Answer: The activated charcoal that is used to treat a poisoning is a powder that is mixed with a liquid. Once mixed, it can be given as a drink or through a tube that has been placed through the mouth and into the stomach. Activated charcoal is also available in tablet or capsule forms to treat gas. This form is not used to treat a poisoning.


Question: Can activated charcoal help with hangovers?

Answer: As for hangover remedies with activated charcoal, there isn't really any evidence that it works.


Question: What are the side effects of taking activated charcoal?

Answer: When used to treat a poisoning or overdose, activated charcoal is usually safe, but it needs to be administered only in a health care facility. Side effects are more likely when it is used on a long-term basis to treat conditions like excess gas. Side effects. When you take it by mouth, activated charcoal can cause: Black stools Black tongue Vomiting or diarrhea Constipation In more serious cases, it can cause gastrointestinal blockages.


Question: What are some other, less studied uses of activated charcoal?

Answer: Other less studied uses of activated charcoal include: Treat a condition of pregnancy in which the normal flow of bile is affected (cholestasis) Prevent gas Reduce high cholesterol Prevent a hangover Early research about using activated charcoal to treat cholestasis of pregnancy is very limited.


Question: How does activated charcoal interact with medication?

Answer: Activated charcoal may reduce or prevent the absorption of certain drugs. This may include drugs such as: Acetaminophen Digoxin Theophylline Tricyclic antidepressants Do not use activated charcoal as a supplement if you take these medications. Activated charcoal may also reduce absorption of certain nutrients. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) does regulate dietary supplements; however, it treats them like foods rather than medications. Unlike drug manufacturers, the makers of supplements don't have to show their products are safe or effective before selling them on the market. Be sure to tell your doctor about any supplement you're taking, even if it's natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications, foods, or other herbs and supplements. He or she can let you know if the supplement might increase your risks.


Question: How is tubal ligation reversal done?

Answer: If he decides it's OK to do the reversal, your doctor then makes a small surgical cut, called a "bikini cut," near your pubic hair line. Microscopic instruments attached to the end of the laparoscope let him remove any clips or rings that were used to block your tubes, and reconnect the ends of the tubes to the uterus, using very small stitches. The surgery usually takes about 2 to 3 hours.


Question: What are some complications and risks of tubal ligation reversal?

Answer: It's rare, but it's possible you could have bleeding, infection, damage to nearby organs, or reactions to anesthesia. Tubal reversal also gives you a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy, a life-threatening condition in which a fertilized egg grows outside your womb. And sometimes, the area where you had the tubal reversal forms scar tissue and blocks the fallopian tubes again.


Question: What is tubal ligation reversal?

Answer: A surgeon will reopen, untie, or reconnect your fallopian tubes so you can have a baby again.


Question: Who are the best candidates for tubal ligation reversal?

Answer: In general, tubal reversal could be right for you if you had only small parts of your fallopian tubes removed, or if your tubes were closed with rings or clips. Some surgeons say the best candidates for tubal reversal are women younger than 40 who had their tubes tied right after childbirth, a procedure called postpartum tubal ligation.


Question: What are the chances of pregnancy after tubal ligation reversal?

Answer: If your remaining fallopian tubes are healthy, and you and your partner don't have any other infertility issues, you have a good chance of getting pregnant after tubal reversal. Keep in mind, though, that it doesn't work for everyone. Age plays an important role in whether you get pregnant after tubal reversal. Older women are much less likely than younger woman to have success.


Question: What tests are needed before tubal ligation reversal?

Answer: Your exam may include blood and imaging tests to make sure your ovaries are normal. You'll also need a test called a hysterosalpingogram ( HSG), to check the length and function of your remaining fallopian tubes. An HSG can be done using dye and X-rays or saline and air along with ultrasound.


Question: What is recovery like after a tubal ligation reversal?

Answer: But today, tubal reversal surgery is most often done using "microsurgical" techniques. An overnight hospital stay may not be needed. Women who have the microsurgical method usually go home the same day, typically within 2to 4 hours after the surgery is complete. Your doctor will prescribe painkillers to help you manage any discomfort. Most women go back to their normal activities within 2 weeks.


Question: How can you control the swelling of a broken finger?

Answer: Cool the finger by applying ice that is wrapped in a towel -- don't apply ice directly to the skin; it can cause a burn.


Question: How can you immobilize a broken finger?

Answer: Tape the broken finger to an adjacent non-broken finger.


Question: What is the main task of a doctor when examining an ankle injury?

Answer: The following signs and symptoms call for immediate care at an emergency department: Gross deformity of the ankle bones Bones visible outside your skin Intolerable pain despite over-the-counter pain medications Inability to move your toes Inability to move your ankle at all Ankle numbness or partial numbness Cold or blue foot When a doctor evaluates your ankle, the main task is to determine if you have fractured a bone or if the joint has been damaged sufficiently to have become unstable. Joint instability often suggests multiple fractures, a fracture with a ligament injury, or sometimes ligament injury alone.


Question: When can you put weight on an ankle fracture?

Answer: With any injured ankle, you should not bear weight until your doctor says it is OK to do so.


Question: How is a fractured ankle diagnosed?

Answer: For the most part, your concern is the same as the doctor's: Is there a broken bone? It is often impossible to diagnose a fracture (broken bone) rather than a sprain, a dislocation, or tendon injury without X-rays of the ankle.


Question: Will I need a splint or cast for an ankle fracture?

Answer: The doctor will seek a history of the injury and will ask the following.


Question: When should you go to an emergency department about an ankle fracture?

Answer: If you are unable to see your doctor and have any of the signs or symptoms of an ankle fracture, you should go to an emergency department as soon as possible. The following signs and symptoms call for immediate care at an emergency department: Gross deformity of the ankle bones Bones visible outside your skin Intolerable pain despite over-the-counter pain medications Inability to move your toes Inability to move your ankle at all Ankle numbness or partial numbness Cold or blue foot When a doctor evaluates your ankle, the main task is to determine if you have fractured a bone or if the joint has been damaged sufficiently to have become unstable.


Question: What stabilizes the ankle joint?

Answer: The ankle joint is made up of 3 bones coming together.


Question: What is the joint capsule and join architecture in the ankle?

Answer: A fibrous membrane called the joint capsule, lined with a smoother layer called the synovium, encases the joint architecture. The joint capsule contains the synovial fluid produced by the synovium. The synovial fluid allows for smooth movement of the joint surfaces.


Question: What is the most common complaint about an ankle fracture?

Answer: You can do this in several ways: Rolling the ankle in or out Twisting the ankle side to side Flexing or extending the joint Applying severe force to the joint by coming straight down on it as in jumping from a high level Signs and symptoms of ankle injuries and fractures tend to be obvious. Pain is the most common complaint. Often the pain will not come from the exact area of the fracture. You may experience associated fractures of your foot (especially on the side of the small toe) or knee that also cause pain. It is usually pain in the ankle that stops you from walking.


Question: What might happen to your ankle in a severe fracture?

Answer: In severe fractures you may see obvious deformities of bones around the ankle. Your skin may be stretched over an underlying broken bone. You may see actual exposed bone.


Question: Will I need prescription drugs for an ankle fracture?

Answer: Depending on the degree of pain you are experiencing, your doctor may give you prescription-strength pain medication. These should be used only as needed. You should not drive or operate heavy machinery while using these medications.


Question: What are questions that your doctor might ask about your injured ankle?

Answer: The doctor will seek a history of the injury and will ask the following. These questions are important because different mechanisms of injury are associated with different fracture patterns. Where does it hurt now? How long ago did your injury happen? Does your knee, shin, or foot hurt also? How did the injury happen? Did your ankle turn in or out? Did you hear a crack or a pop? Were you able to walk immediately after the injury? Can you walk now? Do you have any new numbness or tingling in your leg, ankle, or foot? Have you had previous ankle fractures, sprains, or surgeries?


Question: Does bruising happen with a fractured ankle?

Answer: You may see bruising ("black and blue") about the joint, although not immediately. This bruising can track down toward the sole of your foot or toward the toes.


Question: What happens if you injure nerves or blood vessels that supply your foot in an ankle fracture?

Answer: If you injure nerves or blood vessels that supply your foot, you may experience even more pain along with pale skin in the foot, numbness, or inability to move your foot or toes.


Question: What can you do until you can get to a hospital or doctor's office about an ankle fracture?

Answer: If you suspect a fracture, you should call your doctor or go to a hospital's emergency department immediately. You can do the following until you can get to a hospital or doctor's office: Stay off the injured ankle so you do not injure it further. Keep the ankle elevated to help decrease swelling and pain. Apply cold packs to the injured area to decrease swelling and pain. Do not apply ice directly. Cold packs are effective for up to 48 hours.


Question: What will the physical exam of an ankle injury be like?

Answer: The doctor will perform a physical exam, looking at or for the following: Evidence of bruising, abrasions, or cuts Swelling, bleeding, and tissue damage Pain, deformities, and the grinding or movement of broken bones of the knee, shin, ankle, and foot Pain, excess looseness of a joint, or complete tear in ligaments Fluid in the joint and joint stability Pulse and evidence of injured blood vessels Sensation and movement in both your ankle and foot If the doctor suspects a broken bone, he or she will ask for ankle X-rays.


Question: When should you see your doctor about an ankle injury?

Answer: Home care fails to reduce your pain. If you are unable to see your doctor and have any of the signs or symptoms of an ankle fracture, you should go to an emergency department as soon as possible. The following signs and symptoms call for immediate care at an emergency department: Gross deformity of the ankle bones Bones visible outside your skin Intolerable pain despite over-the-counter pain medications Inability to move your toes Inability to move your ankle at all Ankle numbness or partial numbness Cold or blue foot When a doctor evaluates your ankle, the main task is to determine if you have fractured a bone or if the joint has been damaged sufficiently to have become unstable.


Question: Can you fix thinning hair?

Answer: Short of a transplant, is there anything you can do to stop thinning hair?


Question: How can targeted therapy help treat my stage II breast cancer?

Answer: Biological therapy is a newer approach. In about 25% of women with breast cancer, an excess of a protein known as HER2 makes the cancer spread quickly. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine ( Kadcyla), lapatinib ( Tykerb), neratinib ( Nerlynx), pertuzumab ( Perjeta), and trastuzumab ( Herceptin) treat women with HER2-positive cancer. They stop this protein from making the cancer grow and can make some chemotherapy more effective. It's often used in combination with chemotherapy.


Question: When is chemotherapy used during the treatment of stage II breast cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy after surgery can help destroy remaining cancer cells that were missed. Some people have chemotherapy before surgery to try to shrink a tumor. If it works, the tumor might then be small enough to remove with a lumpectomy.


Question: When is surgery recommended for my stage II breast cancer?

Answer: Surgeryis standard. For smaller tumors, you might get a breast conserving surgery, or lumpectomy, in which only the tumor and some of the tissue around it are removed. For larger tumors, you might need a mastectomy, in which the breast is removed. In either case, the surgeon will likely remove some of the lymph nodes. After a mastectomy, you might choose breast reconstruction surgery.


Question: How are bladder infections treated?

Answer: If it doesn't, it's usually treated with antibiotics. You usually start to feel better in a day or so, but be sure take all the medicine as directed. Women with a basic infection usually take antibiotics for 3 to 7 days, though some doctors may give you an antibiotic you can take just once. For stronger infections, or if you get them often, you may take antibiotics for 7 to 10 days. And, if you have another health condition, such as diabetes, you may get a stronger antibiotic to take over a longer time. For women past menopause, your doctor may also suggest a vaginal cream with estrogen, if it's safe for you. For men who have a bladder infection caused by a prostate infection, you may be on antibiotics for several weeks. Your doctor may also give you medicine to help with symptoms such as pain or the constant urge to pee.


Question: How do you treat pustules or cysts?

Answer: When many pustules or cysts appear on the face and upper body, you'll need an oral antibiotic. Your doctor also can inject cysts with anti-inflammatory steroid solutions to help decrease their size.


Question: How does acne happen due to puberty?

Answer: To understand acne, you need to know how your skin works. The pores in your skin contain oil glands. When you hit puberty, there's an increase in sex hormones called androgens. The excess hormones cause your oil glands to become overactive, enlarge, and produce too much oil, or sebum. When there's too much sebum, the pores or hair follicles become blocked with skin cells. The increase in oil also results in an overgrowth of bacteria called Propionibacterium acnes.


Question: How does benzoyl peroxide help acne?

Answer: For instance, if you have an occasional inflamed pimple, you may use skin compounds containing: Azelaic acid Benzoyl peroxide Glycolic acid Lactic acid Retinoids (medications that come from vitamin A) Salicylic acid Various fruit acids Benzoyl peroxide reduces oil production and has antibacterial properties. But use it carefully, as it might leave your skin dry and flaky. ( It can also bleach out clothing, towels and bedsheets.) Try to use it just before bedtime.


Question: When should I call my doctor about acne?

Answer: Treating acne early is the key to avoiding permanent scarring.


Question: Does a myringotomy require surgery?

Answer: Tubes also: Reduce pain Improve hearing Cut down on the number of infections your child may have When younger children get these ear tubes, it's surgery. They will need to go to the hospital and take something to sleep during the procedure, which usually lasts about 15 minutes. Older children and adults can have it done while they're awake. For them, it can be done in their doctor's office.


Question: What are indications of a myringotomy?

Answer: If an infection causes serious complications, fluid remains in the ear for a long time, or your child has ear infections that keep coming back, your doctor might want to do a procedure called a myringotomy.


Question: What will happen if I go to the doctor for an earache?

Answer: She will look at the eardrum with an instrument called an otoscope for signs of infection.


Question: Is it normal to have cold symptoms along with an earache?

Answer: You or your child may have a sore throat, stuffy nose, or fever along with an earache. These are signs of a possible infection. Call your doctor so she can find out for sure what's going on. If it is an infection, she can recommend the best treatment for your case.


Question: How effective is myringotomy typically?

Answer: If the tubes come out and the infections return, talk to your doctor about more treatments.


Question: What is a myringotomy?

Answer: She creates a small hole in the eardrum so fluids such as water, blood, or pus can drain out. In many cases, she will put in a tube so it won't get backed up again. The tube, which will usually fall out on its own in about 6 to 18 months, lets the fluid out and air flow through to keep the middle ear dry. Tubes also: Reduce pain Improve hearing Cut down on the number of infections your child may have When younger children get these ear tubes, it's surgery.


Question: Do I need to take all my ear infection antibiotics?

Answer: Take all of the doses even if you or your child are feeling better. Call your doctor or pharmacist if you skip a dose or feel sick from the medicine. If you don't take the whole course, your infection could come back and become resistant to more treatments.


Question: What are at-home treatments for an ear infection?

Answer: You can do things at home to ease your symptoms. Talk to your doctor first about these tips: Warmth: You may find a heated compress brings comfort. Feedings: If you feed your baby with a bottle, do it standing up. Don't put your infant to bed with one. Try to take your child off it as soon as the doctor thinks he's ready. Gargling: In older children or adults, salt water helps soothe a raw throat and may help clear the Eustachian tubes. Stand tall: Holding your head erect can help drain your middle ear. Fresh air: Smokers should refrain from smoking inside the house or anywhere near your child.


Question: How are ear infections treated?

Answer: Often, a virus causes an ear infection, in which case antibiotics won't help. If, based on the history, your doctor suspects that bacteria may have caused the infection, she will prescribe an antibiotic. You may also talk to your doctor about things you can do at home.


Question: Why do children get ear infections so often?

Answer: Adults get them, too, but youngsters have them much more often. That's because they don't fight off viruses and bacteria as well, and their little ears aren't good at draining fluids yet.


Question: How can I relieve ear infection pain?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend a pain reliever, typically acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin), which also helps reduce a fever. Aspirin should be avoided in children because of the threat of Reye's syndrome, a rare condition that can cause swelling in the brain or liver. Pain can also be reduced by using low heat from a heating pad. Be very careful using a heating pad with children.


Question: Who can get ear infections?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If you care for children, you likely know already how often they come down with earaches. Adults get them, too, but youngsters have them much more often. That's because they don't fight off viruses and bacteria as well, and their little ears aren't good at draining fluids yet.


Question: How is drainage used to treat ear infections?

Answer: If an infection causes serious complications, fluid remains in the ear for a long time, or your child has ear infections that keep coming back, your doctor might want to do a procedure called a myringotomy. She creates a small hole in the eardrum so fluids such as water, blood, or pus can drain out. In many cases, she will put in a tube so it won't get backed up again. The tube, which will usually fall out on its own in about 6 to 18 months, lets the fluid out and air flow through to keep the middle ear dry. Tubes also: Reduce pain Improve hearing Cut down on the number of infections your child may have When younger children get these ear tubes, it's surgery.


Question: How do you know if you have an ear infection?

Answer: You or your child may have a sore throat, stuffy nose, or fever along with an earache. These are signs of a possible infection. Call your doctor so she can find out for sure what's going on. If it is an infection, she can recommend the best treatment for your case.


Question: How effective is drainage for treating ear infections?

Answer: If the tubes come out and the infections return, talk to your doctor about more treatments.


Question: How is an ear infection treated?

Answer: Often, a virus causes an ear infection, in which case antibiotics won't help. If, based on the history, your doctor suspects that bacteria may have caused the infection, she will prescribe an antibiotic. You may also talk to your doctor about things you can do at home.


Question: How is drainage performed to treat ear infections in younger children?

Answer: Tubes also: Reduce pain Improve hearing Cut down on the number of infections your child may have When younger children get these ear tubes, it's surgery. They will need to go to the hospital and take something to sleep during the procedure, which usually lasts about 15 minutes.


Question: What can you do to stay safe when taking vitamins and supplements?

Answer: The FDA does not review these supplements for safety or efficacy before they hit the market. The bottom line: Do your research and be careful when you're shopping for new products. Other ways to stay safe: If you eat a balanced diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, you likely do not need to take a multivitamin. Talk to your doctor to see if you need any specific vitamins if you have a restricted diet. Although these nutrients are essential to our bodies, some can be harmful in high doses. It's especially important to avoid getting too much of vitamins A, D, E, and K, because these build up in your body and can become toxic.


Question: What anticonvulsant medications are used to treat bipolar disorder, and what symptoms do they treat?

Answer: Anticonvulsants used to treat bipolar disorder include: Depakote, Depakene (divalproex sodium, valproic acid, or valproate sodium) Lamictal (lamotrigine) Tegretol (carbamazepine) These medicines differ in the types of bipolar symptoms they treat. Depakote and Tegretol, for example, tend to be more effective in treating mania than depressive symptoms while Lamictal appears to have stronger antidepressant than antimanic effects. Lamictal also is used more often to prevent future episodes (rather than treat current episodes). Depakote and Tegretol are used to treat acute episodes more than as preventative treatments.


Question: What are some warnings about anticonvulsant medication?

Answer: In general: Pregnant women should not take anticonvulsants without consulting with their doctor, because some of these drugs may increase the risk of birth defects. Some anticonvulsants can cause problems with the liver over the long term, so your doctor may monitor your liver periodically. Anticonvulsants can interact with other drugs -- even aspirin -- to cause serious problems. Be sure to tell your doctor about any drugs, herbs, or supplements you take. Don't take any other substance during treatment without talking with your doctor. Always talk to your doctor before stopping an anticonvulsant. Sometimes, stopping one too quickly can raise the risk of having a seizure.


Question: Who's most likely to get osteoporosis?

Answer: Some of these risk factors -- such as age and gender -- are not under your control. Osteoporosis is more likely in older people. Women are more likely than men to get osteoporosis. Family history increases the chances that you, too, will develop it. The condition may not have been diagnosed in your parents. However, if one or both had a noticeable amount of height loss, they may have had fractures in the spine, and that could be the result of osteoporosis. If you have a small, thin frame, you are more likely to get osteoporosis.


Question: How do doctors diagnose osteoporosis?

Answer: To make a diagnosis, a doctor will usually take a full medical history, order a bone density test, and possibly other tests. During an exam, your doctor will: Look at your age, consider whether women have reached menopause, whether you have ever broken a bone as an adult, your own family history, and your habits such as drinking, eating, and exercise. Ask about which medications you take. Some, such as corticosteroids, can weaken the bones if taken long term. Measure you to see if you have lost height. The doctor will inspect your spine. If it abnormally curves forward, that could be a sign that you've already had spinal fractures due to osteoporosis.


Question: What surgical procedures can be done for osteoporosis?

Answer: Two surgical procedures, both minimally invasive, can be done for fracture-related back pain: Kyphoplasty involves inserting a balloon to expand the fractured vertebrae. The space created by the balloon is then filled with bone cement. The balloon is withdrawn. Vertebroplasty involves injection of the cement, but without the use of the balloon.


Question: Are women at higher risk for major depression?

Answer: Almost twice as many women as men have major or clinical depression; hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, miscarriage, and menopause, may increase the risk. Other factors that boost the risk of clinical depression in women who are biologically vulnerable to it include increased stress at home or at work, balancing family life with career, and caring for an aging parent. Raising a child alone will also increase the risk.


Question: Can major depression run in the family?

Answer: Major depression can sometimes occur from one generation to the next in families, but often it may affect people with no family history of the illness.


Question: What are common triggers of major depression (clinical depression)?

Answer: Some common triggers or causes of major depression include: Loss of a loved one through death, divorce, or separation Social isolation or feelings of being deprived Major life changes -- moving, graduation, job change, retirement Personal conflicts in relationships, either with a significant other or a superior Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse A health professional -- such as your primary care doctor or a psychiatrist -- will perform a thorough medical evaluation.


Question: How common is major depression among adults in the U.S.?

Answer: Those symptoms might include: Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day Feelings of worthlessness or guilt almost every day Impaired concentration, indecisiveness Insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping) almost every day Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities nearly every day (called anhedonia, this symptom can be indicated by reports from significant others) Restlessness or feeling slowed down Recurring thoughts of death or suicide Significant weight loss or gain (a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month) Major depression affects about 6.7% of the U. S. population over age 18, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Overall, between 20% and 25% of adults may suffer an episode of major depression at some point during their lifetime.


Question: If I've had an episode of major depression, can I prevent another one?

Answer: Once you have had an episode of major depression, you are at high risk of having another. The best way to prevent another episode of depression is to be aware of the triggers or causes of major depression (see above) and to continue taking the prescribed medication to avoid relapse. It is also important to know what the symptoms of major depression are and to talk with your doctor early if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: What should someone do if they have any doubts about the nutritional facts?

Answer: To know for sure what kind of sweetener a food product contains, check the Nutrition Facts label. In the Carbohydrate section, you can see how many carbohydrates the product has, and how much of these carbohydrates are in the form of sugar or sugar alcohol.


Question: What are the different types of sweeteners?

Answer: When you're comparing sweeteners, keep these things in mind: Sugars are naturally occurring carbohydrates. These include brown sugar, cane sugar, confectioners' sugar, fructose, honey, and molasses. They have calories and raise your blood glucose levels (the level of sugar in your blood). Reduced-calorie sweeteners are sugar alcohols. You might know these by names like isomalt, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol. You'll often find them in sugar-free candy and gum. They have about half the calories of sugars and can raise your blood sugar levels, although not as much as other carbohydrates. Artificial sweeteners are considered "free foods." They were designed in a lab, have no calories, and do not raise your blood sugar levels.


Question: How can I know if I can eat a sweet if I have diabetes?

Answer: To know for sure what kind of sweetener a food product contains, check the Nutrition Facts label. In the Carbohydrate section, you can see how many carbohydrates the product has, and how much of these carbohydrates are in the form of sugar or sugar alcohol. For even more nutrition information, read the Ingredients list. It should show any added sweeteners, whether they are sugars, sugar alcohols, or artificial. By understanding more about artificial sweeteners and diabetes, you will be able to make better food choices as you balance sweetness with good blood sugar control.


Question: What are some tips for taking medication after an organ transplant?

Answer: Taking medication is absolutely crucial to staying healthy. Here are some tips. When it comes to taking organ transplant drugs, strictly follow your health care provider's advice. Use weekly or daily pillboxes to set up doses beforehand, and keep track. Use alarm clocks, timers, or digital watches to help you remember doses. Ask your family members to help you stay on a medication schedule. Keep drugs away from children and pets. Store medication in a cool, dry place. Keep a list of all your drugs somewhere obvious. If you miss a dose, don't assume you can double up with your next one. Keep track of how much medicine you have left. Always call the pharmacy for refills early. If your doctor agrees, take medication with food to prevent gastrointestinal side effects. Set up doses so that they coincide with other daily activities, such as brushing your teeth, eating lunch, or going to bed. Never stop taking a medication without your health care provider's approval.


Question: How do immunosuppressant drugs work?

Answer: Immunosuppressant drugs can block the effects of these natural defenses. They usually allow your body to live in relative harmony with a donor organ. The catch is that by blocking your defenses, you become more vulnerable to infections. It's the trade-off of getting a transplant. "


Question: Are immunosuppressant drugs effective?

Answer: Immunosuppressant drugs can block the effects of these natural defenses. They usually allow your body to live in relative harmony with a donor organ. The catch is that by blocking your defenses, you become more vulnerable to infections. It's the trade-off of getting a transplant. "


Question: How many medications are normal to have to take after an organ transplant?

Answer: Living with an organ transplant usually means taking a lot of medication, probably for the rest of your life. Most people take six to 12 different medications daily, Punch says.


Question: What happens six months after an organ transplant?

Answer: Over the next six months to a year after an organ transplant, your health care team will probably reduce your medication. You'll settle into the "maintenance phase" on a lower dose. At this point, you can usually relax some of your safety measures. You won't be as susceptible to infection. But you should still take precautions. Wash your hands regularly and limit contact with people who are sick or recently vaccinated.


Question: What does stress do to your body?

Answer: Stress triggers a chemical tsunami in your body. You may have heard it called the âfight or flightâ reaction. Humans could not have survived without such a powerful response to stress. Among other changes, adrenaline and other hormones speed your heart rate and breathing and raise blood sugar levels. This reaction makes your heart require extra oxygen and energy to allow you to, say, run from a tiger.


Question: What happened to people who took an 8-week program on coping skills for stress?

Answer: People who took an 8-week course of coping skills and mindfulness that encouraged relaxation and anxiety relief showed improvement over the course of a year, compared with people who did not.


Question: If you have heart failure, what are some healthy ways to ease your stress?

Answer: Meditation, for example, is thought to help the body and mind unwind. One study found that people with heart failure who were taught the principles of meditation said they had better quality of life. It even improved their performance on a 6-minute walk test. Another stress reliever is exercise, which can ease muscle tension and release chemicals in your body that improve your mood.


Question: What are creative ways to lower your stress if you have heart failure?

Answer: Some people hospitalized for heart failure had a drop in stress hormones during a session with a therapy dog. There are lots of ways you can lower your stress. Choose whatever healthy means works for you, whether it's gardening, walking, or finding a few quiet minutes every day for meditation and deep breathing.


Question: Why might ongoing stress be unhealthier than usual if you have heart failure?

Answer: Problem is, the body isn't made to bathe in stress hormones over the long haul. For example, increased stress has been associated with a higher chance of dying. The relationship may be even stronger among people with weakened hearts.


Question: What are drawbacks of using salicylic acid to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Shampoos with salicylic acid can make your scalp dry, and that can lead to more flaking. They also can irritate your skin, make you nauseous, or cause other problems if you use it too long and over too big of an area of your head. Talk to your doctor before trying one of these.


Question: How are steroid shampoos used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: You'll need a prescription from your doctor for these. They're usually used for only a few weeks to help with swelling and redness. After that, your doctor may suggest you switch to a coal tar shampoo. Don't wet your hair before using this shampoo -- you put it on your scalp when your hair is dry and leave it for 15 minutes. Then wet your hair, lather in the shampoo, and rinse it out. Be sure to keep it off your face and away from your ears -- your skin is thinner in those areas. It's also important to wash your hands well afterward.


Question: How does salicylic acid help treat psoriasis?

Answer: Salicylic acid works well for a lot of skin problems because it helps you shed dead skin. With psoriasis, it helps lift, soften, and get rid of scales on your scalp. To use one of these shampoos, wet your hair and work the shampoo into a lather. Rinse and repeat. Use it at least twice a week or follow your doctor's advice. Try not to get it in your mouth, eyes, or nose, and don't use it if you have a rash or a cut.


Question: What are drawbacks of using coal tar?

Answer: Be aware, though, that shampoo with coal tar might make your scalp more sensitive to the sun. Tar can stay on your skin for 24 hours or longer, and your chances of sun damage go up during that time. Protect your head with a hat or stay in the shade if you're outside. If you have blond or other light-colored hair, shampoo with coal tar could make it darker. Treatments with coal tar also can stain clothes or skin. Some people don't like the way coal tar shampoos smell. You may want to use a regular shampoo and conditioner afterward to make your hair smell good and keep it shiny.


Question: How does coal tar help with psoriasis?

Answer: It's also important to follow your doctor's instructions Coal tar has been used to treat psoriasis for more than 100 years. You can find it in shampoos as well as creams, oils, and lotions. Shampoos with coal tar help with scaling, hardening, and thickening of the skin on your scalp by slowing down the growth of skin cells. They also can ease itching and make your scalp look better overall. To use this kind of shampoo, massage it into your scalp, leave it on for 5 to 10 minutes, and then rinse.


Question: What is psoriasis shampoo made out of?

Answer: These shampoos have some of the same ingredients as the medicines and lotions your doctor might recommend for psoriasis on other parts of your body. You can get ones that treat mild to moderate psoriasis off the shelf at your local pharmacy. The two main ingredients in those are coal tar and salicylic acid. If you need something stronger, your doctor can prescribe it for you.


Question: What other uses do shampoos with salicylic acid have?

Answer: Some salicylic acid shampoos have sulphur, which can stop fungus. If you also have a yeast infection on your scalp, this kind of shampoo may be right for you. You may need to use it once or twice a week after the infection has gone away to keep your scalp healthy.


Question: How long should psoriasis shampoo be used for?

Answer: Whether prescription or over-the-counter, these shampoos should only be used for short periods of time. And you'll need to be gentle with them. Your psoriasis can get worse if you scrub too hard. It's also important to follow your doctor's instructions Coal tar has been used to treat psoriasis for more than 100 years.


Question: Do cluster headaches have a list of triggers?

Answer: Cluster headaches don't have a long list of triggers, the way migraines do. Some people, though, say drinking alcohol or smoking can set off an episode or make it worse. You may find your trouble begins during a change of season; for example, at the start of fall or spring.


Question: How do cluster headaches start?

Answer: They come on quickly. Each one can last for about 15 minutes up to 3 hours. As the name suggests, they come in clusters, often around the same time each day. You might get up to eight a day for a few weeks or months. Then they'll go away for months or years, which doctors call remission.


Question: Is it possible to treat migraine or cluster headaches?

Answer: Whichever kind of headache is giving you problems, you've got two basic strategies. You either try to prevent the pain or ease it once it begins. There are medicines and other treatments that can do both.


Question: What should you do if you have a migraine or cluster headache?

Answer: You don't have to put up with either type of headache. Once you and your doctor figure out what's going on, you can make a plan to deal with it. Whichever kind of headache is giving you problems, you've got two basic strategies. You either try to prevent the pain or ease it once it begins. There are medicines and other treatments that can do both.


Question: What are signs of hair loss and hair conditions in children and young adults?

Answer: The signs of hair loss and hair conditions in men may include: Thinning hair on the scalp A receding hairline A horseshoe-shaped pattern that leaves the crown of the head exposed Signs of hair loss and hair conditions in women may include: General hair thinning, especially at the crown of the head Signs of hair loss and hair conditions in children and young adults may include: Sudden loss of patches of hair Complete loss of all hair on the body Patches of broken hairs and incomplete hair loss on the scalp and/or eyebrows Excessive shedding of hair, but not complete baldness, after various illnesses and drug treatments, rapid weight loss, anemia, or stress You or your child have a sudden loss of patches of hair Your child has patches of broken hairs and incomplete hair loss on the scalp and/or eyebrows Your child is rubbing or pulling out his or her hair You or your child suffer an unexplained loss of hair on any part of the body


Question: How does hair loss differ in men and women?

Answer: The signs of hair loss and hair conditions in men may include: Thinning hair on the scalp A receding hairline A horseshoe-shaped pattern that leaves the crown of the head exposed Signs of hair loss and hair conditions in women may include: General hair thinning, especially at the crown of the head Signs of hair loss and hair conditions in children and young adults may include: Sudden loss of patches of hair Complete loss of all hair on the body Patches of broken hairs and incomplete hair loss on the scalp and/or eyebrows Excessive shedding of hair, but not complete baldness, after various illnesses and drug treatments, rapid weight loss, anemia, or stress You or your child have a sudden loss of patches of hair Your child has patches of broken hairs and incomplete hair loss on the scalp and/or eyebrows Your child is rubbing or pulling out his or her hair You or your child suffer an unexplained loss of hair on any part of the body


Question: Who should not take ginseng?

Answer: Given the lack of evidence about its safety, ginseng is not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: Can I get ginseng naturally from foods?

Answer: Ginseng is sometimes added to energy drinks and foods.


Question: How effective is ginseng?

Answer: Some studies have found that ginseng may boost the immune system. There is some evidence that one particular type of American ginseng extract might decrease the number and severity of colds in adults. Several studies in people have also shown that ginseng may lower blood sugar levels. There is some early evidence that ginseng might temporarily -- and modestly -- improve concentration and learning. In some studies of mental performance, ginseng has been combined with ginkgo. While these studies are intriguing, many experts feel that we need more evidence. Ginseng has also been studied as a way to improve mood and boost endurance as well as treat cancer, heart disease, fatigue, erectile dysfunction, hepatitis C, high blood pressure, menopausal symptoms, and other conditions. While some of these uses are promising, the evidence isn't conclusive.


Question: How common is ginseng?

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Question: What inflammatory conditions can glucocorticoids treat?

Answer: Glucocorticoids treat many conditions that are caused by inflammation, such as: Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD) Allergies Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis Crohn's disease and other types of inflammatory bowel disease Eczema and other skin conditions Multiple sclerosis Tendinitis Lupus Doctors also prescribe glucocorticoids for people who get organ transplants.


Question: What are the types of glucocorticoids?

Answer: A glucocorticoid is a kind of steroid. The type you need depends on the specific health condition you have. Among the most common ones are: Cortisone: a shot that can ease inflammation in your joints Prednisone and dexamethasone: pills that treat allergies, arthritis, asthma, vision problems, and many other conditions Triamcinolone: a cream that treats skin conditions Budesonide: a pill for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, autoimmune diseases that affect your digestive tract How glucocorticoids affect you will depend on the specific drug or the dose you take.


Question: When should I tell people after being diagnosed with breast cancer?

Answer: If you tell people about your cancer, you give them a chance to help and share their support. Only you know who you feel comfortable telling and when is the right time. Some people may seem uneasy and won't know what to say.


Question: How can you create a support system after being diagnosed with breast cancer?

Answer: You may feel better talking to other people who have cancer. They're going through the same things you are and share the same feelings. Ask your doctor or search online to find a breast cancer support group. Or you may prefer talking to a close friend or family member, a counselor, or a member of your religious group. Choose someone you know is a good listener.


Question: Should I get a second opinion after being diagnosed with breast cancer?

Answer: You might feel like you need to hurry and get treatment right away. But it's often a good idea to make sure your diagnosis is right and your treatment plan is on track. Ask your doctor -- or another doctor you trust -- to refer you to a breast cancer specialist. Bring all your medical records so she can get a complete picture of your health. Call your insurance provider.


Question: What does it mean when babies walk on tiptoes?

Answer: Walking on tiptoes should disappear by the time a child is between ages 2 and 3. Many babies practice walking on tiptoe as they are first learning to walk. Only later, after 6 to 12 months or so of practice, will they learn to walk with a mature heel-to-toe gait.


Question: Are baby's bowed legs a concern?

Answer: Bowed legs are a common concern of new parents who may not realize that nearly every baby has bowed legs at birth. This outward curve of the leg bones usually resolves itself by age 2. Toddlers usually sway from side to side rather than move forward, at first, making their bowed legs look even more exaggerated. Bowed legs don't cause delayed walking or affect your baby's ability to learn to walk.


Question: Can flat feet delay walking in babies?

Answer: Just about every baby has flat feet at birth. It takes time for the foot's natural arch to develop. Flat feet rarely cause any problem with walking and often disappear by ages 2 or 3. Extremely flat feet can make your baby's ankles appear to bend inward as he or she walks. This happens if the arches don't fully develop to realign the foot and ankle. Treatment is rarely needed except in the most severe cases, and is not generally considered until a child grows past the early infant years. A tendency to flat feet can run in families.


Question: When should you see a doctor about delayed walking in babies?

Answer: Your baby's legs, feet, and motor skills will be checked as part of the normal well-baby visit. But see your baby's doctor if you're concerned about delayed walking.


Question: What are developmental milestones for walking in babies?

Answer: By 6 to 10 months: Most babies will pull themselves up to stand. Between 7 and 13 months: Most babies will be happily 'cruising' around the furniture (as mentioned before). Babies will be able to walk a little with support from a parent (note: early walking should not be forced). Between 11 and 14 months: Babies will start to walk alone -- by 14 months most babies will walk alone to some degree.


Question: How often do you need to get oral cancer screenings?

Answer: The American Cancer Society recommends oral cancer screening exams every three years for persons over age 20 and annually for those over age 40. During your next dental appointment, ask your dentist to perform an oral exam. Early detection of oral cancer can improve the chance of successful treatment.


Question: How many times does your heart beat each day?

Answer: This fist-sized powerhouse beats (expands and contracts) 100,000 times per day, pumping five or six quarts of blood each minute, or about 2,000 gallons per day.


Question: How do heart valve works?

Answer: The aortic and pulmonic valves lie between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart. The heart valves work the same way as one-way valves in the plumbing of your home. They prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction. Each valve has a set of flaps, called leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve has two leaflets; the others have three. The leaflets are attached to and supported by a ring of tough, fibrous tissue called the annulus. The annulus helps to maintain the proper shape of the valve.


Question: Where in your body is your heart located?

Answer: The heart is located under the rib cage, slightly to the left of your breastbone (sternum) and between your lungs.


Question: What are collateral blood vessels in the heart?

Answer: If this happens, a network of tiny blood vessels in the heart that aren't usually open called collateral vessels may enlarge and become active.


Question: What is the circulatory system?

Answer: As the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, called the circulatory system. The vessels are elastic, muscular tubes that carry blood to every part of the body.


Question: How will my child's pediatrician help with ADHD?

Answer: Pediatrician The same doctor that takes care of your child's overall health can treat his ADHD, too. He'll map out an action plan that's based on guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics. If your child is 4 to 5 years old, that will likely mean behavior therapy. If he's 6 or older, medicine will also be part of it. Since other conditions sometimes tag along with ADHD, your pediatrician may also test your child for things like anxiety, depression, and learning disorders such as dyslexia.


Question: How can cognitive behavioral therapy help my child with ADHD?

Answer: It uses what your child's psychologist may call "mindfulness" techniques. To help your child improve his focus and concentration, he'll find out how to become aware and more accepting of his own thoughts and feelings.


Question: How can I support my child with ADHD at school?

Answer: School Support Team If ADHD gets in the way of your child's ability to learn, he may qualify for special accommodations under a law known as " Section 504." His teachers and other members of the school staff can help set up an agenda called a "504 plan." It will outline adjustments to the lesson plans for your child, specialized teaching techniques, behavior management methods, and beefed-up parent/teacher collaboration.


Question: How can a psychiatrist help my child with ADHD?

Answer: Psychiatrist He can prescribe and manage your kid's medication. Your pediatrician can do the same, of course, but a psychiatrist has the expertise to closely monitor the effects of different drugs. A psychiatrist can also help if your child has some other conditions that sometimes go along with ADHD, such as anxiety, mood disorders, seizures, and sleep problems.


Question: How can an occupational therapist help my child with ADHD?

Answer: He'll evaluate your child at home and school to figure out how his ADHD affects his ability to keep up with things like assignments and regular family life. Then he'll work with your kid to help him get organized and manage his time better.


Question: How will a psychiatrist help my child with ADHD?

Answer: Psychiatrist He can prescribe and manage your kid's medication. Your pediatrician can do the same, of course, but a psychiatrist has the expertise to closely monitor the effects of different drugs. A psychiatrist can also help if your child has some other conditions that sometimes go along with ADHD, such as anxiety, mood disorders, seizures, and sleep problems.


Question: How does behavioral therapy help a child with ADHD?

Answer: The goal is to help your child change some of the ways he acts. It might be helpful for some practical everyday things like trouble finishing schoolwork. Or the psychologist can show him how to work through emotionally tough events. This kind of therapy can also teach your child to monitor his behavior. He'll learn how to praise himself or give himself rewards when he controls his anger or thinks before acting.


Question: How can a pediatrician help my child with ADHD?

Answer: Pediatrician The same doctor that takes care of your child's overall health can treat his ADHD, too. He'll map out an action plan that's based on guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics. If your child is 4 to 5 years old, that will likely mean behavior therapy. If he's 6 or older, medicine will also be part of it. Since other conditions sometimes tag along with ADHD, your pediatrician may also test your child for things like anxiety, depression, and learning disorders such as dyslexia.


Question: How will a psychologist help my child with ADHD?

Answer: Psychologist He'll give your child tools to manage some of his behavior and emotional problems. He'll show him ways to control angry outbursts, for instance, or stay focused in the classroom. He may also teach your child social skills, like how to wait his turn, share toys, ask for help, or respond to teasing.


Question: How can behavioral therapy help my child with ADHD?

Answer: The goal is to help your child change some of the ways he acts. It might be helpful for some practical everyday things like trouble finishing schoolwork. Or the psychologist can show him how to work through emotionally tough events. This kind of therapy can also teach your child to monitor his behavior.


Question: How can a school support team help my child with ADHD?

Answer: School Support Team If ADHD gets in the way of your child's ability to learn, he may qualify for special accommodations under a law known as " Section 504." His teachers and other members of the school staff can help set up an agenda called a "504 plan." It will outline adjustments to the lesson plans for your child, specialized teaching techniques, behavior management methods, and beefed-up parent/teacher collaboration.


Question: How will an occupational therapist help my child with ADHD?

Answer: He'll evaluate your child at home and school to figure out how his ADHD affects his ability to keep up with things like assignments and regular family life. Then he'll work with your kid to help him get organized and manage his time better.


Question: What factors play into deciding treatment for breast cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will also consider the tumor size and grade, the number of hormone receptors in your cancer, and your age before recommending a treatment plan. A large study called the TAILORx trial is under way with women who have a mid-range score. Researchers want more precise information on which types of breast cancer need chemo to stop them from coming back, and which cancers don't.


Question: What do the scores mean in an Oncotype DX if you have carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

Answer: If you've been diagnosed with DCIS, the results are called a DCIS score , and the numbers are different: A score of 38 or lower means you have a low risk of cancer returning, and the risks of radiation treatments outweigh any benefits for you. A score between 39-54 means you're at medium risk and it's unclear if radiation will help. A score greater than 54 means you're at high risk of the cancer coming back. You'll likely benefit most from radiation therapy.


Question: How can gene tests help with treating breast cancer?

Answer: Other genome tests show promise in helping treat early-stage breast cancer, but more research is needed. Mamma Print looks at 70 different genes within the cells of a breast tumor and helps predict whether cancer is likely to spread beyond the breast. This test can be used for tumors that are ER+ or ER-. The Mammostrat test measures five genes to determine the risk for early-stage hormone receptor-positive disease coming back. The Prosigna assay looks at early-stage hormone receptor-positive disease in postmenopausal women (with up to three positive lymph nodes). It analyzes 58 genes and calculates the risk of cancer coming back somewhere else in the body within 10 years of diagnosis after hormone therapy.


Question: What do scores mean in an Oncotype DX test for breast cancer?

Answer: The test looks at 21 different genes within the cells of a tumor sample. Certain patterns suggest a more aggressive cancer that is more likely to come back after treatment. The test results show a score between 0 and 100.


Question: Who shouldn't take decongestants?

Answer: Decongestants can also cause side effects, such as: Nervousness Sleeplessness Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure You shouldn't take decongestants if you have certain health issues, including high blood pressure or heart problems. If you have prostate problems that make it hard to pee, these drugs can make the problem worse. Don't use decongestant nasal sprays for more than 3 days in a row, as they may make your nasal congestion and swelling worse and last longer. Check the drug label for more information about side effects.


Question: What causes Fournierâs gangrene in children?

Answer: Sources of the infection can include: Urinary tract infections Bladder infections Hysterectomies Abscesses (swollen body tissue that contains pus) Piercings In children, the causes can include: Insect bites Burns Circumcision While not actually considered causes of Fournier's gangrene, there are other conditions and medications that experts believe may make you more likely to get this disease, including: Diabetes Alcohol abuse Trauma to the genital area Steroids Chemotherapy HIV Obesity Cirrhosis (a liver disease) A certain type of diabetes medicine called sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 ( SGLT2) inhibitor Doctors can find the cause of Fournier's gangrene in about 90% of the cases.


Question: What are the symptoms of Fournier's gangrene?

Answer: People with Fournier's gangrene can have various symptoms, including: Fever Pain and swelling in the genitals or anal area Unpleasant odor coming from the affected skin tissue Crackling sound when touching the affected area Dehydration Anemia You should see a doctor immediately.


Question: What are some other treatments for Fournier's gangrene?

Answer: You may also need reconstructive surgery after your infection is under control. And some people need colostomies (for getting rid of poop) and catheters (for getting rid of pee), depending on the area that's affected. Some people also need hyperbaric oxygen therapy -- this means you are given pure oxygen while in a pressurized room. You may also get a tetanus shot if you have an injury.


Question: How is Fournier's gangrene treated?

Answer: People with Fournier's gangrene can have various symptoms, including: Fever Pain and swelling in the genitals or anal area Unpleasant odor coming from the affected skin tissue Crackling sound when touching the affected area Dehydration Anemia You should see a doctor immediately. Treatments include: Antibiotics given by IV (through your veins). Surgery to remove the dead and dying tissue and to confirm the diagnosis.


Question: How can I lower my chances of getting Fournier's gangrene?

Answer: There are some steps you can take to lower your chances of getting Fournier's gangrene: If you have diabetes, check your genitals and surrounding areas for wounds or signs of infection, as well as for swelling or drainage. If you are obese or even just overweight, try to lose some weight. If you smoke or chew tobacco, stop. Tobacco use can damage blood vessels. To lower your risk of infection, wash open wounds with soap and water and keep them dry and clean until they heal.


Question: How common is Fournierâs gangrene?

Answer: Fournier's gangrene is rare. While it's more common in men, women and children also can get it. The disease is most often found in men between the ages of 50 and 60. Men are 10 times more likely than women to have Fournier's gangrene.