Question: How is the functional system score (FSS) used to measure multiple sclerosis (MS) disability?

Answer: On a scale of 0 to 6, FSS measures how well your major central nervous systems are working and assigns a score to your disability. This incorporates information about your gait and use of assistive devices. It also involves observation of functions like these: Weakness or trouble moving limbs Tremor or loss of coordination Problems with speech, swallowing, or involuntary eye movements Numbness or loss of sensation Bowel and bladder function Visual function Mental functions With the help of the FSS, the examiner rates your disability on the EDSS scale.


Question: What is the ranking system for the EDSS scale for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It also involves observation of functions like these: Weakness or trouble moving limbs Tremor or loss of coordination Problems with speech, swallowing, or involuntary eye movements Numbness or loss of sensation Bowel and bladder function Visual function Mental functions With the help of the FSS, the examiner rates your disability on the EDSS scale. It ranges from 0 to 10, with half points for greater specificity. Lower numbers indicate less severe disability. Higher numbers reflect a greater degree of disability, mostly in relation to mobility: 0 = Normal 1-1.5 = No disability, but some abnormal neurological signs 2-2.5 = Minimal disability 3-4.5 = Moderate disability, affecting daily activities, but you can still walk 5-8 = More severe disability, impairing your daily activities and requiring assistance with walking 8.5-9.5 = Very severe disability, restricting you to bed 10 = Death It's important to recognize that a one-point change at the lower end of the scale reflects more subtle changes than at the upper end of the scale. For example, a one-point change between 2 and 3 is not as great a progression of disability as between 8 and 9.


Question: What is the multiple sclerosis progression expanded disability status scale?

Answer: The EDSS focuses mainly on your ability to walk. It is a less sensitive measure of other types of multiple sclerosis disability. It takes about 30 minutes to create a score. Then a few minutes are needed to establish the ratings in the EDSS scale.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis progression vary from person to person?

Answer: Multiple sclerosis progression varies from person to person. And, the various MS types of disease progress in different ways, too. Scans and other multiple sclerosis tests don't always tell the whole story about MS disability; signs and symptoms and how well you are functioning each day -- from seeing to moving to thinking -- are also important measures of how well your central nervous system is working. That's why a variety of tools are useful in assessing multiple sclerosis disability. These help you and your doctor gauge whether your MS is improving, progressing, or staying about the same. Doctors also use these measures in clinical studies. This helps to see how well multiple sclerosis treatment is working.


Question: What are measures that are used to assess multiple sclerosis disability?

Answer: Doctors also use these measures in clinical studies. In many cases, these are simple questionnaires. For example, the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life questionnaire asks you questions about your: Physical, cognitive, social, and sexual function Limitations due to physical or emotional problems Perceptions about your health Pain Energy Overall quality of life Emotional health Other scales measure specific aspects of disability such as: Bladder or bowel control Visual impairment Fatigue Mental health Pain Additional tests may help with measuring MS progression in the future.


Question: What are the disease steps (DS) of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The EDSS focuses mainly on your ability to walk. Doctors use it as a way to know when to begin therapy and to tell how you are responding to therapy. Scores range from 0, which is normal, to 6, which means you are unable to walk at all. To establish the rating, you walk 25 feet. In addition, the doctor takes a medical history and performs both physical and neurological exams. Altogether, the time needed to create the rating is no more than about 30 minutes.


Question: What happens when you have a stroke on the left side of your brain?

Answer: With a stroke on the right side of your brain, you might have: Problems judging distances and picking things up Trouble reading facial expressions or tone of voice Weakness or paralysis on your left side With a stroke on the left side of your brain, you might have: Slurred speech Trouble getting your words out or understanding others Weakness or paralysis on your right side


Question: What is a subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer: Subarachnoid hemorrhage: This is when a blood vessel around your brain bursts or leaks. It bleeds into the area between your brain and the tissue around it (the subarachnoid space). Like with an intracerebral hemorrhage, brain cells are damaged by lack of oxygen and added pressure. The more blood there is, the more pressure, and the more damage.


Question: What happens when you have a stroke on the right side of your brain?

Answer: With a stroke on the right side of your brain, you might have: Problems judging distances and picking things up Trouble reading facial expressions or tone of voice Weakness or paralysis on your left side With a stroke on the left side of your brain, you might have: Slurred speech Trouble getting your words out or understanding others Weakness or paralysis on your right side


Question: What is a thrombotic stroke?

Answer: This one's also caused by a clot in your brain. This time, a clot or blockage forms in one of the arteries that moves blood through your brain. Brain cells begin to die because blood flow is blocked.


Question: What is an embolic stroke?

Answer: In this case, a clot forms in some part of your body, often your heart, and starts floating through your blood vessels. Or a piece of plaque (a buildup of cholesterol, fat, and other substances in your arteries) might break off and move along in your blood. Eventually, the clot or chunk of plaque gets wedged in a small blood vessel in your brain. Once it's stuck, blood flow to that area stops.


Question: What is an intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer: Intracerebral hemorrhage: With this type, a blood vessel inside your brain bursts or leaks, and that affects how much oxygen your brain gets. So as blood starts to build up, it puts pressure on your brain, and that can cause damage, too. And as blood spreads through your brain, it can block nerve cells and keep them from sending messages to other parts of your body. That can affect how well you remember, speak, and move.


Question: Do I need to do anything to prepare for an estrogen test?

Answer: A man might have an estrogen test to: Check on whether puberty is delayed Diagnose enlarged male breasts, a condition with doctors call gynecomastia Find if high estrogen levels are due to low levels of testosterone or androgen --two key hormones in men Find tumors that make estrogen You don't need to do anything special to prepare for an estrogen test. You don't need to stop eating or drinking anything before it as you do with some types of blood tests. But before the test, you should tell your doctor about all the medications and supplements you take. It's especially important to tell your doctor if you take birth control pills or hormone therapy, which may affect the test results.


Question: What happens during an estrogen test?

Answer: An estrogen test measures any of three forms of the hormone: Estrone ( E1) Estradiol ( E2) Estriol ( E3) A test for one type may be called an âestrone testâ or an â E1 test,â for example. During the test, your doctor or another health care professional will take a little blood from a vein in your arm. A lab will then test that blood sample.


Question: How are denture adhesives applied?

Answer: Apply less than you think you need, and then gradually increase the amount until you feel comfortable. Distribute the adhesive evenly on the tissue bearing surface of the denture. Apply or reapply when necessary to provide the desired effect. Always apply the adhesive to a thoroughly clean denture. Remember adhesives work best with a well-fitting denture.


Question: Will dentures change how I speak?

Answer: After getting dentures, you may have difficulty pronouncing certain words. If so, practice by saying the difficult words out loud. With practice and with time you will become accustomed to speaking properly with dentures. If dentures "click" while you're talking, contact your dentist. Dentures may occasionally slip when you laugh, cough, or smile. Reposition the dentures by gently biting down and swallowing. If any speaking problem persists, consult your dentist or prosthodontist.


Question: Are there alternatives to dentures?

Answer: Yes, dental implants can be used to support cemented bridges, eliminating the need for a denture. The cost is usually greater, but the implants and bridges more closely resemble the feel of real teeth.


Question: Will eating with new dentures be difficult?

Answer: Eating with new dentures will take a little practice and may be uncomfortable for some wearers for a few weeks. To get used to the new denture, start with soft foods cut into small pieces. Chew slowly using both sides of your mouth. As you get used to new dentures, add other foods until you return to a normal diet. Be cautious with hot or hard foods and sharp-edged bones or shells. And, avoid foods that are extremely sticky or hard.


Question: Are denture adhesives safe?

Answer: Dental adhesives are safe as long as they are used as directed. If the denture is well-fitting and the adhesive is only used to give added stability, there should be no ill effects. If adhesives are used excessively to fill voids for an ill-fitting denture, they can be harmful to the underlying soft and hard tissues. Occasionally, in these cases, inflammation of the soft tissues can result. In addition, because of its movement on the soft tissue and underlying bone, an ill-fitting denture can cause bone loss.


Question: What are the types of denture adhesives?

Answer: Paste application. Apply this denture adhesive to a dry or preferably wet denture. Avoid placing adhesive close to the denture borders. For dentures on the upper jaw, apply three short strips of adhesive -- or a series of small dots -- along the ridge area and one down the center. For dentures on the lower jaw, apply three short strips of adhesive -- or a series of small dots -- in the center of the ridge area. Sprinkle a thin, uniform layer throughout the tissue-bearing surface of the denture. Shake off excess powder and press the denture into place. Powders may be preferred over pastes because they are easier to clean off the denture and tissue.


Question: What do new dentures feel like?

Answer: Cast a final denture Adjustments will be made as necessary New dentures may feel a little odd or loose for a few weeks until the muscles of the cheeks and tongue learn to keep them in place and you get comfortable inserting and removing them. Also, it is not unusual for minor irritation or soreness to occur and for saliva flow to increase when you first start wearing dentures, but these problems will diminish as the mouth adjusts. You should also avoid chewing gum while you wear the denture.


Question: When shouldn't you use denture adhesives?

Answer: Made after the teeth have been removed and the gum tissue has begun to heal, a conventional denture is ready for placement in the mouth about eight to 12 weeks after the teeth have been removed. There are situations when denture adhesives should not be used. Those cases include: When it is used as a "fix" for ill-fitting or poorly constructed dentures. When a dentist has not evaluated dentures for a long time. These developments may indicate the need for a denture adjustment or new dentures. Apply less than you think you need, and then gradually increase the amount until you feel comfortable.


Question: Does insurance cover the cost of dentures?

Answer: However, contact your company to find out the specifics of what they will cover. For dentures on the lower jaw, apply three short strips of adhesive -- or a series of small dots -- in the center of the ridge area.


Question: What are complete dentures?

Answer: Two types of dentures are available -- complete and partial dentures. Complete dentures are used when all the teeth are missing, while partial dentures are used when some natural teeth remain. Complete dentures can be either "conventional" or "immediate." You should also avoid chewing gum while you wear the denture.


Question: Will dentures make me look different?

Answer: Complete dentures are used when all the teeth are missing, while partial dentures are used when some natural teeth remain. In fact, dentures may even improve your smile and fill out your facial appearance. You should also avoid chewing gum while you wear the denture.


Question: When should you seek medical care for myxedema coma?

Answer: People who have hypothyroidism and develop fever, changes in behavior or mental status, shortness of breath, or increased swelling of the hands and feet should be taken to an emergency department.


Question: How can myxedema coma be prevented?

Answer: People with myxedema coma are in a coma or nearly in a coma.


Question: What are treatments for myxedema coma?

Answer: Intravenous fluids Electrolytes replacement as necessary Thyroid hormones are usually administered through a vein (intravenously or IV) to quickly correct the low thyroid hormone blood level. Oral thyroid hormone is usually not used for severe myxedema because it may take days or weeks to obtain the proper blood level, and swallowing pills may not be safe. Intravenous cortisol or other adrenal cortical hormone Warming blanket if body temperature is low Glucose supplements if the blood sugar level is low Antibiotics if an infection is present Following the start of treatment, careful monitoring, usually in the intensive care unit, is necessary.


Question: How can blood tests help in the diagnosis of myxedema coma?

Answer: Blood tests are performed to check blood cell count, electrolytes, sugar, and thyroid hormone levels. Tests are also performed to evaluate how the liver and adrenal glands are functioning.


Question: What are symptoms of myxedema coma?

Answer: If you have severe hypothyroidism, then any of the following can contribute to myxedema coma: Infections, especially lung and urine infections Heart failure Stroke Trauma Surgery Drugs, such as phenothiazines, amiodarone, lithium, and tranquilizers, and prolonged iodide use Not taking prescribed thyroid medications Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include the following: Weakness Confusion or non-responsiveness Feeling cold Low body temperature Swelling of the body, especially the face, tongue, and lower legs Difficulty breathing People who have myxedema coma are in or near a coma and not able to function normally. In the emergency room, they may be treated for shock, low blood pressure, hypothermia, and electrolyte abnormalities.


Question: What causes myxedema coma?

Answer: If you have severe hypothyroidism, then any of the following can contribute to myxedema coma: Infections, especially lung and urine infections Heart failure Stroke Trauma Surgery Drugs, such as phenothiazines, amiodarone, lithium, and tranquilizers, and prolonged iodide use Not taking prescribed thyroid medications Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include the following: Weakness Confusion or non-responsiveness Feeling cold Low body temperature Swelling of the body, especially the face, tongue, and lower legs Difficulty breathing People who have myxedema coma are in or near a coma and not able to function normally.


Question: What is myxedema coma?

Answer: People with hypothyroidism have problems that reflect underactivity of the organs of the body, resulting in symptoms such as fatigue, feeling cold, weight gain, dry skin, and sleepiness. When the levels of thyroid hormones become very low, the symptoms get worse and can result in a serious condition called myxedema coma. Myxedema coma is a rare but life-threatening condition. People with hypothyroidism who are in or near a coma should be taken to an emergency department immediately.


Question: What should you do when someone is in myxedema coma?

Answer: People with hypothyroidism who are in or near a coma should be taken to an emergency department immediately. If you have severe hypothyroidism, then any of the following can contribute to myxedema coma: Infections, especially lung and urine infections Heart failure Stroke Trauma Surgery Drugs, such as phenothiazines, amiodarone, lithium, and tranquilizers, and prolonged iodide use Not taking prescribed thyroid medications Symptoms of hypothyroidism may include the following: Weakness Confusion or non-responsiveness Feeling cold Low body temperature Swelling of the body, especially the face, tongue, and lower legs Difficulty breathing People who have myxedema coma are in or near a coma and not able to function normally. Friends or family members should take them to an emergency department immediately. Friends or family members should not give the person in myxedema coma any thyroid medication before taking him or her to the emergency department.


Question: Is early treatment important for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Even though there's nothing you can do to ensure you won't get it, keep in mind that early treatment can make your symptoms less painful and save your joints from damage. Ideally, you should begin treatment within 3 to 6 months of your first symptoms.


Question: Is there a way to prevent rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: And if you do get the disease, smoking can make it worse. There's no way to prevent RA, but you can lower your chances if you: Quit smoking.


Question: Is there a link between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease?

Answer: Take care of your gums: New research shows a link between RA and periodontal (gum) disease. Brush, floss, and see your dentist for regular checkups.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis affect the body?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) happens when your body's defenses -- your immune system -- target the synovium, a thin layer of tissue that lines your joint. Your joints are usually the most severely affected, but the inflammation can spread to other organs and systems. RA causes ongoing pain, fatigue, and other problems. It's different from osteoarthritis, which results from breakdown of cartilage, the squishy tissue that cushions the ends of your joints.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis happen?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) happens when your body's defenses -- your immune system -- target the synovium, a thin layer of tissue that lines your joint. Your joints are usually the most severely affected, but the inflammation can spread to other organs and systems. RA causes ongoing pain, fatigue, and other problems. It's different from osteoarthritis, which results from breakdown of cartilage, the squishy tissue that cushions the ends of your joints.


Question: Can you do anything to prevent rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Extra weight, especially if you're under 55. And if you do get the disease, smoking can make it worse. There's no way to prevent RA, but you can lower your chances if you: Quit smoking. It's the one sure thing besides your genes that boosts your odds of getting RA. Some studies show it also can make the disease get worse faster and lead to more joint damage, especially if you're ages 55 or younger. If you're overweight and a smoker, your chances of developing RA go up. Take care of your gums: New research shows a link between RA and periodontal (gum) disease. Brush, floss, and see your dentist for regular checkups. Even though there's nothing you can do to ensure you won't get it, keep in mind that early treatment can make your symptoms less painful and save your joints from damage. Ideally, you should begin treatment within 3 to 6 months of your first symptoms.


Question: What makes me more likely to get rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It isn't a normal part of aging. RA is more common in women than men. It's more likely in women who've never been pregnant and those who've recently given birth.


Question: What makes you more likely to get rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It isn't a normal part of aging. RA is more common in women than men. It's more likely in women who've never been pregnant and those who've recently given birth.


Question: What surfaces should be disinfected to prevent sickness?

Answer: Before, during, and after you prepare food Before you eat Before and after you care for a sick person Before and after you treat a cut or wound After you use the bathroom After you change a child's diaper or clean up after a child who's used the bathroom After you blow your nose, cough, or sneeze After you touch an animal or its waste After you feed your pet After you touch garbage Germs can linger on hard surfaces for hours or days. That's why it's important to keep places like counters, sinks, and faucets clean. You'll also want to wipe down phones, remotes, doorknobs, and light switches often.


Question: How do catchy infections spread?

Answer: Sickness spreads in many ways. You can breathe in germs when someone talks, coughs, or sneezes. You get some diseases, like chickenpox or pinkeye, if you touch a person who has it. And you can catch others, like hepatitis B, by having sex with an infected person or by coming in contact with their blood.


Question: Can sharing food make me sick?

Answer: Use soap. Before, during, and after you prepare food Before you eat Before and after you care for a sick person Before and after you treat a cut or wound After you use the bathroom After you change a child's diaper or clean up after a child who's used the bathroom After you blow your nose, cough, or sneeze After you touch an animal or its waste After you feed your pet After you touch garbage Germs can linger on hard surfaces for hours or days. One of the fastest ways for germs to spread from person to person is by mouth.


Question: How will ovary removal surgery affect fertility?

Answer: Younger women may have concerns about their fertility, or whether or not they can become pregnant. It will depend on your situation. For example, if only one ovary is removed, the remaining ovary will probably still produce estrogen. And you will still have a menstrual cycle and be able to become pregnant. And there are other methods to help you with fertility. Make sure you talk to your doctor about all your options.


Question: What are the risks of ovary removal surgery?

Answer: During surgery, there may be a risk of too much bleeding. This is usually fixed by blood transfusions. There could also be damage to surrounding organs like the bladder or bowel. This is rare and happens in less than 1% of all cases. Several days, or even several weeks after surgery, you may get an infection, which could cause a fever or redness and pain near your incision, for example. Or, you could develop a hernia, which is a weakness in the muscle near the incision. There are risks with all surgical procedures, and your doctor will discuss these risks with you before your surgery. But removal of your ovaries is usually considered a safe procedure. Always remember that if your doctor advises you to have this surgery it means the benefits outweigh the risks.


Question: What is an open procedure to take out the ovaries?

Answer: An âopenâ procedure is the traditional way to perform the surgery. Using this method, your doctor will make one large incision, or cut, in your belly. This will allow him to see your ovaries, to separate each one from other tissues and the arteries that supply blood, and then remove them.


Question: How long do you have to stay in the hospital after an ovary removal surgery?

Answer: For those procedures, you may stay in the hospital one day or be released the same day. You may stay in the hospital several days after an open procedure.


Question: What happens during ovary removal surgery?

Answer: Depending on the medical condition you're treated for, you may just have one ovary removed, both ovaries removed, or both ovaries removed as well as your fallopian tubes. Sometimes, surgery to remove the ovaries is also performed during hysterectomy, or the surgical removal of the uterus.


Question: How long does it take to recover from ovary removal surgery?

Answer: Your doctor will give you instructions about your return to an active lifestyle. But, in general, how quickly you can return to normal activities depends on your overall medical condition before surgery, the reason for your surgery, and the way your surgery was done. Most women return to an active life about 6 weeks after surgery. Women who had laparoscopic surgery or robot-assisted surgery generally have quicker recoveries of about 2 weeks.


Question: What is a robotic-assisted ovary removal surgery?

Answer: In robotic-assisted ovary removal, your doctor makes several small incisions to put the robot's camera and specialized instruments in place so the ovaries and other organs can be seen. Your doctor, who is always in control of the robotic device, will then use the robot's specialized instrument arms to remove the ovaries. Also, in some cases, you doctor may begin to remove your ovaries using a laparoscopic technique, but once she sees what is happening inside, may have to change to an open procedure to treat your condition.


Question: What are some reasons for ovary removal surgery?

Answer: Other women may have the operation to treat cancer. Problems like ovarian cysts, abscesses, benign tumors, or endometriosis are also conditions that may need this surgery. There are a few ways the surgery can be performed, and the method your doctor chooses depends on your particular situation.


Question: What anesthesia is used for surgery to take out ovaries?

Answer: That means only the area being worked on is numbed. Also, in some cases, you doctor may begin to remove your ovaries using a laparoscopic technique, but once she sees what is happening inside, may have to change to an open procedure to treat your condition. If you have not yet reached natural menopause and have surgery to remove your ovaries, you will have what is called âsurgicalâ menopause.


Question: I havenât had menopause yet. How will surgery to remove my ovaries affect me?

Answer: If your doctor performs an open procedure to remove your ovaries, you can expect to stay in the hospital longer than if you have a laparoscopic or robot-assisted operation. This can cause menopause symptoms like hot flashes, vaginal dryness, an increased risk of osteoporosis, as well as other things. Your doctor may recommend low-dose hormone therapy, or other medications and lifestyle changes, to help you with the symptoms.


Question: How is laparoscopic surgery used to take out the ovaries?

Answer: Your surgeon will insert a small camera, which is called a laparoscope, through a tiny cut in your belly button. She will then be able to see your ovaries, since this camera sends images to a monitor, just like a TV or computer screen. The doctor will also make several other small cuts, as necessary, in your belly, with special surgical tools. The ovaries are then removed through a small incision in your belly or vagina. Also, in some cases, you doctor may begin to remove your ovaries using a laparoscopic technique, but once she sees what is happening inside, may have to change to an open procedure to treat your condition.


Question: What is skin testing for allergies?

Answer: To avoid an allergic reaction, you need to know what you're allergic to. Skin testing one way your doctor can check on what causes your symptoms. These tests use extracts (a concentrated liquid form) of common allergens such as pollen, mold, dust mites, animal dander, and foods. Once those get in your skin, they could trigger a rash. Your skin will get irritated and may itch, like a mosquito bite. That reaction is how the doctor can tell you're allergic to something.


Question: What do I need to do to prepare for a skin test for allergies?

Answer: That reaction is how the doctor can tell you're allergic to something. Some drugs can affect the results, so your doctor will give you a list of medicines to avoid before the test. Since allergy medicines, such as OTC antihistamines, stop allergic reactions, you shouldn't take them for a few days before your appointment. You need to let your body react to the allergens in the test. Your doctor or allergist will use the results of your test to come up with a treatment plan for you.


Question: What happens when you get a patch test for allergies?

Answer: Patch test: Your doctor could put an allergen on a patch and then stick that on your arm or back. Patch tests take more time, and two visits to your doctor. You'll have to wear a patch for about 48 hours in case you have a delayed reaction to the allergen.


Question: How do you choose a program for alcohol use disorder?

Answer: You might want to make a list of questions to ask different programs, such as: What types of insurance do you take? How is your staff trained? Are they licensed? Can you send me a sample treatment plan? Do you offer counseling and medical services? How do you help prevent a relapse? Is there aftercare when I'm done with the program?


Question: What happens after you finish your alcohol use disorder program?

Answer: Ask about: Copays and other costs Services your plan covers, such as detox and inpatient or outpatient rehab How it decides what to cover Once you get back into the swing of your normal life, it might be easy to relapse and start drinking again. So you'll likely want follow-up care for at least a year. You have lots of options, including 12-step programs, private therapy, and group counseling.


Question: What are types of rehab programs for alcohol use disorder?

Answer: You may do this after partial hospitalization, detox, or residential rehab.


Question: What types of detox programs are there for alcohol use disorder?

Answer: Your two basic options for detox programs are: Inpatient, where you live at a hospital, detox clinic, or rehab center during the process. You'll have care around the clock to help you through. Outpatient, where you get some treatment during the day but live at home. This might be as simple as visiting your health care professional regularly to get meds.


Question: Do I need a detox program for alcohol use disorder?

Answer: You may have: Anxiety Delirium tremens ( DTs), a life-threatening issue that can make you restless, upset, and confused and cause fever, hallucinations, and seizures Depression Hallucinations, when you see or hear things that aren't there Problems sleeping Shakiness, especially in your hands Unstable changes in blood pressure and heart rate If you need alcohol for your body to feel normal, then you likely need help. That often includes medicine to help ease symptoms as well as care for medical and mental health conditions. You'll have care around the clock to help you through.


Question: What kind of help do I need if I have alcohol use disorder?

Answer: Everyone has different needs when it comes to treating alcohol use disorder ( AUD), a condition that can be diagnosed when your pattern of alcohol use is problematic and causes significant distress. The effects of withdrawal on your body and mind can be uncomfortable and dangerous. That's where detox comes in. Withdrawal symptoms are mild for some but much more serious for others.


Question: What is detox for alcohol use disorder?

Answer: Some people with AUD become dependent on alcohol and have withdrawal symptoms when they suddenly stop drinking. When someone with a dependence on alcohol suddenly stops drinking, usually within 6-24 hours after their last drink, they might develop withdrawal symptoms.


Question: Does insurance cover programs for alcohol use disorder?

Answer: Usually, some services will be covered, but how much you'll have to pay out of pocket depends on your health plan and the program you choose. Medicare Part A covers mental health care in hospitals, including AUD treatment. Medicare Part B pays for outpatient services for alcohol use disorder. Your best bet is to grab a pen and paper to take notes and call your health plan.


Question: How can your doctor diagnose fulminant hepatitis?

Answer: To help diagnose and find the cause of fulminant hepatitis, your doctor may perform: Blood and urine tests. Results can show how well your liver works. Your doctor will also do a test to see how long it takes for your blood to clot. When you have fulminant hepatitis, blood doesn't clot as fast as it should. Scans of your liver. Imaging tests allow your doctor to check the liver for damage, vein problems, tumors, or other issues. You may get an ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan.


Question: What medicines can help with treating fulminant hepatitis?

Answer: Infection from certain viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E, may lead to sudden liver failure. Medicines to treat hepatitis. Doctors use antiviral medicines to treat some forms of viral hepatitis. For example, if hepatitis B is the reason your liver is failing, an antiviral drug can fight the virus. Other antivirals may help if the herpes simplex virus is causing fulminant hepatitis. You may get steroids if autoimmune hepatitis is the cause.


Question: What tests would you need before electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for schizophrenia?

Answer: You and your doctor should talk about all your treatment options, in order to find those that are best for you. If your doctor recommends ECT, you should get a complete medical exam, including your medical history, physical and neurological exams, a heart test called an EKG, and lab tests. Your doctor should closely check what medicines you've taken or are taking, too.


Question: What should you consider about electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer: If your doctor recommends ECT, you should get a complete medical exam, including your medical history, physical and neurological exams, a heart test called an EKG, and lab tests. Your doctor should closely check what medicines you've taken or are taking, too. Keep in mind that you'll probably need medicine or other treatment to prevent a relapse. Many doctors suggest follow-up treatment that includes medicine or ECT given less often, called "maintenance ECT."


Question: What are the side effects of electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer: Short-term memory loss is the major one. This usually goes away within a few weeks after treatment ends.


Question: What are misunderstandings about electroconvulsive therapy?

Answer: Many people misunderstand ECT, even though it's been around since the 1940s. Many of the risks and side effects have been related to anesthesia, doctors using the equipment improperly or doing the ECT in the wrong way, and staff who haven't had the right training. There is also a misconception that ECT should only be a "last resort" form of treatment, or that it is used as a "quick fix" instead of long-term therapy or hospitalization. Movies and TV shows have shown it incorrectly, adding to the misunderstandings.


Question: What is the major side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for schizophrenia?

Answer: Short-term memory loss is the major one. This usually goes away within a few weeks after treatment ends.


Question: How is electroconvulsive therapy used?

Answer: In schizophrenia, ECT is often extremely effective for a syndrome called catatonia, a condition that may coincide with schizophrenia, some forms of depression, and other psychiatric disorders in which a person's body becomes rigid and cannot be moved. Doctors may also use ECT to ease other symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized thinking. ECT is traditionally used more often to treat depression or bipolar disorder, however, than schizophrenia. It is thought to be more effective for treating psychosis when mood symptoms are also present. The effectiveness of ECT has therefore not been as extensively studied for treatment of schizophrenia as for mood disorders. Many of the risks and side effects have been related to anesthesia, doctors using the equipment improperly or doing the ECT in the wrong way, and staff who haven't had the right training.


Question: How is electroconvulsive therapy done?

Answer: First, you get general anesthesia and a drug that relaxes your muscles. The doctor will send a finely controlled electric current through those electrodes for a very short time. This will cause a brief seizure in your brain. Because your muscles are relaxed, the seizure may only cause slight movement of your hands and feet. You'll âwake upâ minutes later, and probably won't remember the treatment. You may be confused for a short time afterward. Most people get ECT two to three times a week for 2-4 weeks. You'll probably also get psychotherapy and take medicine under a psychiatrist's care. You and your doctor should talk about all your treatment options, in order to find those that are best for you.


Question: What is SjÃ¶gren's syndrome?

Answer: This is a chronic autoimmune disease in which cells of a person's immune system attack the salivary and other moisture-producing glands, leading to dry mouth and eyes. About half of people with SjÃ¶gren's syndrome also have enlargement of the salivary glands on both sides of the mouth, which is usually painless.


Question: What are cysts of the salivary glands?

Answer: Cysts can develop in the salivary glands if injuries, infections, tumors, or salivary stones block the flow of saliva. Some babies are born with cysts in the parotid gland due to a problem with the development of the ears. It can appear as a blister or soft, raised area. Cysts may interfere with eating and speaking.


Question: What are tumors of the salivary glands?

Answer: Pleomorphic adenomas most commonly affect the parotid glands, but can also affect the submandibular gland and minor salivary glands. Pleomorphic adenomas are benign (noncancerous) and are more common in women than men. While most salivary gland tumors are benign, some can be cancerous.


Question: What viral infections can cause salivary gland swelling?

Answer: Viral infections such as mumps, flu, and others can cause swelling of the salivary glands. Other viral illnesses that cause salivary gland swelling include the Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV), cytomegalovirus ( CMV), Coxsackievirus, and the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV).


Question: What are the symptoms of botulism?

Answer: Some other possible, common symptoms of a variety of food poisonings might include: Bloating and gas Fever Muscle aches Weakness Abdominal pain and cramping You've probably heard of the some of the bad bugs that can cause food poisoning: Campylobacter E. coli Listeria Salmonella Shigella You've probably also heard of one of the nastiest: botulism, a rare but severe type of bacterial food poisoning. Symptoms of botulism might include: Slurred speech or blurred vision Muscle weakness Hard time swallowing Dry mouth Muscle paralysis from the head down through the body Vomiting Call 911 if you see any symptoms of botulism in yourself or a loved one.


Question: When should I call a doctor about the symptoms of food poisoning?

Answer: A mild case usually passes on its own with just rest and lots of fluids. You should call a doctor, however, if you or a loved one have: Any signs of dehydration: dry mouth, little or no urination, dizziness, or sunken eyes Any diarrhea in a newborn or infant Inability to hold down liquids without vomiting Diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 days (1 day in a child) or is severe Severe gut pain or vomiting Fever of 102 F or higher, or a rectal temperature of 100.4 F in a baby younger than 3 months Stools that are black, tarry, or bloody Muscle weakness Tingling in your arms Blurry vision Confusion Diarrhea or flulike illness in pregnant women Jaundice (yellow skin), which can be a sign of hepatitis A


Question: What are the symptoms of food poisoning?

Answer: That will depend on the kind of bacteria, virus, or parasite that's infected you, how much is in your system, and how well your immune system is fighting it off.


Question: How can I tell if I have food poisoning?

Answer: Despite the wide range of types, most cases of food poisoning cause some mix of the following: Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting If you have a mild case, you might think you have a stomach flu or virus. You may get better without any treatment.


Question: What are some signs I have food poisoning?

Answer: It depends on what is causing the infection. Some other possible, common symptoms of a variety of food poisonings might include: Bloating and gas Fever Muscle aches Weakness Abdominal pain and cramping You've probably heard of the some of the bad bugs that can cause food poisoning: Campylobacter E. coli Listeria Salmonella Shigella You've probably also heard of one of the nastiest: botulism, a rare but severe type of bacterial food poisoning. You should call a doctor, however, if you or a loved one have: Any signs of dehydration: dry mouth, little or no urination, dizziness, or sunken eyes Any diarrhea in a newborn or infant Inability to hold down liquids without vomiting Diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 days (1 day in a child) or is severe Severe gut pain or vomiting Fever of 102 F or higher, or a rectal temperature of 100.4 F in a baby younger than 3 months Stools that are black, tarry, or bloody Muscle weakness Tingling in your arms Blurry vision Confusion Diarrhea or flulike illness in pregnant women Jaundice (yellow skin), which can be a sign of hepatitis A


Question: What medical tests or exams may a doctor ask for during an ADHD diagnosis?

Answer: To rule out other conditions, a doctor may ask for tests, including: Hearing and eyesight A blood test for lead levels A blood test for diseases such as thyroid disease A test to measure electrical activity in the brain A CT scan or MRI to check for brain abnormalities To diagnose ADHD, doctors most often use guidelines established by the American Psychiatric Association.


Question: What is the Behavior Assessment System for Children?

Answer: This test looks for things like hyperactivity, aggression, and conduct problems. It also looks for anxiety, depression, attention and learning problems, and lack of certain essential skills.


Question: What is the Child Behavior Checklist/Teacher Report Form?

Answer: Among other things, this scale looks at physical complaints, aggressive or delinquent behavior, and withdrawal.


Question: What do doctors look for to diagnose ADHD?

Answer: Instead, doctors rely on several things, including: Interviews with the parents, relatives, teachers, or other adults Personally watching the child or adult Questionnaires or rating scales that measure symptoms of ADHD Psychological tests The doctor needs to see how much a person's symptoms are affecting his daily moods, behavior, productivity, and lifestyle habits. And he needs to rule out other conditions.


Question: What ratings scales do doctors use to evaluate and track ADHD symptoms?

Answer: Along with these APA guidelines, doctors may also use rating scales to help them evaluate and track ADHD symptoms. A few examples are The Vanderbilt Assessment Scale. This 55-question assessment tool reviews symptoms of ADHD. It also looks for other conditions such as conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, anxiety, and depression. The Child Attention Profile ( CAP). This scale is generally filled out by teachers and tracks common ADHD symptoms. Behavior Assessment System for Children ( BASC). This test looks for things like hyperactivity, aggression, and conduct problems. It also looks for anxiety, depression, attention and learning problems, and lack of certain essential skills. Child Behavior Checklist/ Teacher Report Form ( CBCL). Among other things, this scale looks at physical complaints, aggressive or delinquent behavior, and withdrawal.


Question: How is hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD diagnosed?

Answer: Hyperactive- Impulsive Type: A person must have at least 6 out these 9 symptoms, and few symptoms of inattentive type: Fidgets or squirms a lot Gets up from his seat a lot Runs or climbs at inappropriate times Has trouble playing quietly Always âon the goâ as if âdriven by a motor" Talks excessively Blurts an answer before the question has been completed Trouble waiting his turn Interrupts others 3.


Question: What might a doctor ask or look for during an ADHD diagnosis?

Answer: Instead, doctors rely on several things, including: Interviews with the parents, relatives, teachers, or other adults Personally watching the child or adult Questionnaires or rating scales that measure symptoms of ADHD Psychological tests The doctor needs to see how much a person's symptoms are affecting his daily moods, behavior, productivity, and lifestyle habits. And he needs to rule out other conditions. With children, the doctor will talk with the parents about ADHD symptoms they have seen. With adults, the doctor may want to talk with a spouse or other family members.


Question: How is ADHD diagnosed?

Answer: Instead, doctors rely on several things, including: Interviews with the parents, relatives, teachers, or other adults Personally watching the child or adult Questionnaires or rating scales that measure symptoms of ADHD Psychological tests The doctor needs to see how much a person's symptoms are affecting his daily moods, behavior, productivity, and lifestyle habits. To rule out other conditions, a doctor may ask for tests, including: Hearing and eyesight A blood test for lead levels A blood test for diseases such as thyroid disease A test to measure electrical activity in the brain A CT scan or MRI to check for brain abnormalities To diagnose ADHD, doctors most often use guidelines established by the American Psychiatric Association.


Question: What are physical symptoms of chronic stress?

Answer: Physical symptoms of chronic stress include: Headache Trouble sleeping, or sleeping too much Muscle pain or tension Digestive issues Change in sex drive High blood pressure Emotional symptoms of chronic stress include: Feeling you can't get things done Moodiness Anxiety Restlessness Lack of motivation Irritability Sadness or depression Sometimes you may feel like you have too much stress to handle.


Question: How is miraDry used to treat hyperhidrosis?

Answer: Microwave energy mira Dry is a treatment that was FDA approved in 2011 for the treatment of excessive underarm sweating. It is a noninvasive treatment using electromagnetic energy that targets heat on sweat glands, destroying them. Local anesthesia is used and the skin is cooled during this hour-long procedure. It can be repeated 2-3 times for optimal effect.


Question: How are oral drugs used for hyperhidrosis?

Answer: Oral anticholinergic drugs such as glycopyrrolate ( Robinul) are not commonly used for excessive sweating, because in order to work they often produce side effects like dry mouth, blurred vision, and urinary retention. Oral medication is typically reserved for people who have tried first-line treatments without success.


Question: How do over-the-counter antiperspirants help treat hyperhidrosis?

Answer: The approach to treating excessive sweating generally proceeds as follows: Over-the-counter antiperspirants containing a low dose of metal salt (usually aluminum) are usually tried first because they are readily available. Antiperspirants containing aluminum chloride (for example Certain Dri) may be more effective when other antiperspirants have failed. Prescription strength antiperspirants, which contain aluminum chloride hexahydrate. Iontophoresis, a device which passes ionized tap water through the skin using direct electricity. Oral medications, Anticholinergics reduce sweating. Botox (botulinum toxin)- A, has been approved in the U. S. by the FDA for treating excessive axillary (underarm) sweating. mira Dry. This technique uses microwave energy to permanently kill sweat glands. Lasers. Lasers can target and kill the underarm sweat glands. Surgery. A procedure called thoracic sympathectomy may be considered as a last resort.


Question: What is the treatment for hyperhidrosis?

Answer: An estimated 2%-3% of Americans suffer from excessive sweating of the underarms (axillary hyperhidrosis) or of the palms and soles of the feet (palmoplantar hyperhidrosis).


Question: How are lasers used to treat hyperhidrosis?

Answer: Lasers Lasers can focus heat a narrow beam of heat to destroy underarm sweat glands and can be done faster with a faster recovery.


Question: How is Botox used to reduce sweating?

Answer: A small amount of Botox is injected with a very fine needle into roughly 25 to 20 spots in each armpit. This may produce up to 14 months of relief from sweating. The injections are uncomfortable, but use of a very small injection needle makes them tolerable.


Question: How is iontophoresis used for hyperhidrosis?

Answer: Its exact mechanism of action is still unclear, although it probably works by temporarily blocking the sweat duct. The procedure uses water to conduct an electric current to the skin a few times each week, for about 10-20 minutes per session, followed by a maintenance program of treatments at 1- to 3-week intervals, depending on the patient's response. Iontophoresis treatments are not painful. Patients may purchase devices for this treatment through a doctor's prescription. Medical insurers sometimes cover the cost. Microwave energy mira Dry is a treatment that was FDA approved in 2011 for the treatment of excessive underarm sweating.


Question: Is Botox safe for helping hyperhidrosis?

Answer: An estimated 2%-3% of Americans suffer from excessive sweating of the underarms (axillary hyperhidrosis) or of the palms and soles of the feet (palmoplantar hyperhidrosis). Botox (botulinum toxin)- A, has been approved in the U. S. by the FDA for treating excessive axillary (underarm) sweating. Now that this treatment has received FDA approval for hyperhidrosis, many health insurers are providing coverage for the injections and the Botox itself after other treatments have failed. Sympathectomy is an operation intended to destroy part of the nerve supply to the sweat glands in the skin.


Question: How is botulinum toxin A (Botox) used for medical purposes?

Answer: Botox (botulinum toxin)- A, has been approved in the U. S. by the FDA for treating excessive axillary (underarm) sweating. Currently, the FDA has not approved Botox for sweating of the palms and soles of the feet, though some physicians are administering it as an off-label use, reportedly with success. Microwave energy mira Dry is a treatment that was FDA approved in 2011 for the treatment of excessive underarm sweating.


Question: How is surgery used to treat hyperhidrosis?

Answer: A procedure called thoracic sympathectomy may be considered as a last resort. The procedure uses water to conduct an electric current to the skin a few times each week, for about 10-20 minutes per session, followed by a maintenance program of treatments at 1- to 3-week intervals, depending on the patient's response. The surgeon inserts a special endoscopic instrument into the chest between two ribs just below the armpit. Sympathectomy is both effective and risky. Even with newer endoscopic techniques, the complications can include excessive sweating in other parts of the body and lung and nerve problems. As many of these complications are serious and not reversible, this option is rarely used, and then only as a last resort.


Question: What are the treatments for a vaginal yeast infection?

Answer: These can take from 1 to 7 days. Your doctor may also prescribe a single-dose pill with fluconazole (an antifungal medicine) for you to take. If you're pregnant, it's safe to use creams or suppositories, but avoid the fluconazole you take by mouth. It's important for you to know that some yeast infection medications weaken condoms or diaphragms. That makes it easier for you to get pregnant or contract a sexually transmitted disease. Be sure to read instructions and warnings before using. If you have diabetes or a weakened immune system, you may get yeast infections over and over again. It's a condition called recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis ( RVVC). If you get yeast infections at least four times a year, your doctor may recommend that you take a weekly fluconazole pill for 6 months to fight them.


Question: What causes vaginal yeast infections?

Answer: There are many reasons you could get a yeast infection, including: Hormones: Changes during pregnancy, breast-feeding or menopause (or if you're taking birth control pills) can change the balance in your vagina. Diabetes: If your diabetes is not well-controlled, the increase in sugar in the mucus membranes (moist linings) of your vagina can create a place for yeast to grow. Antibiotics: These drugs can kill off many of the good bacteria that live in your vagina. Douches and vaginal sprays: The use of these products can change the balance in your vagina. A weakened immune system: If you are HIV-positive or have another immune system disorder, the yeast may also grow uncontrolled. Sex: Though a yeast infection is not considered a sexually transmitted infection, it can be passed from person to person through sexual contact.


Question: What are the symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection?

Answer: Itchiness and discomfort are the main symptoms of a yeast infection, but there are others. You may also experience any or all of the following: Burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and the vulva (the outer part of the female genitals) Pain or burning when you pee Pain during sex A thick, white, odorless discharge, similar to cottage cheese If you think you have a yeast infection, see your doctor before treating yourself.


Question: How common are vaginal yeast infections?

Answer: But vaginal yeast infections are very common in women. It's estimated that 75% of women will have at least one yeast infection in her lifetime. Though yeast infections can happen to anyone at any time, there are certain things that make getting them more likely. Most infections can be cleared up quickly and easily.


Question: When does a vaginal yeast infection occur?

Answer: The vagina normally contains a healthy balance of bacteria and yeast. The hormone estrogen helps bacteria called lactobacilli to grow. These bacteria kill harmful organisms in the vagina and keep you healthy. But when something happens to tip that balance, a fungus called candida can grow out of control and cause a yeast infection.


Question: Do probiotics help prevent a vaginal yeast infection?

Answer: Some studies have shown that eating probiotic yogurt or taking Lactobacillus acidophilussupplements may slow the growth of yeast in the vagina, lowering the risk for infections. But more research is needed before a clear connection can be made.


Question: Can I treat my yeast infection myself?

Answer: Though yeast infections can happen to anyone at any time, there are certain things that make getting them more likely. You may also experience any or all of the following: Burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and the vulva (the outer part of the female genitals) Pain or burning when you pee Pain during sex A thick, white, odorless discharge, similar to cottage cheese If you think you have a yeast infection, see your doctor before treating yourself. The symptoms of yeast infections are similar to other, more serious conditions, including sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis (bacterial overgrowth in the vagina). An accurate diagnosis is important so you can get the best treatment.


Question: What causes chronic liver failure?

Answer: Hemochromatosis: This inherited disorder causes your body to absorb and store too much iron.


Question: What causes acute liver failure?

Answer: These symptoms include: Jaundice Bleeding easily Swollen belly Mental confusion (known as hepatic encephalopathy) Sleepiness The causes of acute liver failure, when the liver fails rapidly, include: Acetaminophen overdose: Large doses can damage your liver or lead to failure. Viruses including hepatitis A, B, and E, the Epstein- Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus: They lead to liver damage or cirrhosis.


Question: What symptoms of liver failure require urgent care?

Answer: Early symptoms include: Nausea Loss of appetite Fatigue Diarrhea But as liver failure progresses, the symptoms become more serious, needing care right away. These symptoms include: Jaundice Bleeding easily Swollen belly Mental confusion (known as hepatic encephalopathy) Sleepiness The causes of acute liver failure, when the liver fails rapidly, include: Acetaminophen overdose: Large doses can damage your liver or lead to failure.


Question: How does liver failure occur?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Liver failure happens when large parts of the liver become damaged beyond repair and the liver can't work anymore.


Question: What is liver failure?

Answer: Most often, liver failure happens gradually, over many years. But a rarer condition known as acute liver failure happens rapidly (in as little as 48 hours) and can be difficult to detect at first. Supportive care.


Question: How is liver failure treated?

Answer: Acetylcysteine can reverse acute liver failure caused by an acetaminophen overdose. If a virus causes liver failure, a hospital can treat your symptoms until the virus runs its course. In these cases, the liver will sometimes recover on its own. If your liver failure results from long-term damage, the first step may be to try to save whatever part of your liver still works. If that fails, you'll need a liver transplant. Fortunately, this procedure is often successful.


Question: How can liver failure be prevented?

Answer: Blood clotting problems. The best way to prevent liver failure is to limit your risk of getting cirrhosis or hepatitis. Here are some tips to help prevent these conditions: Get a hepatitis vaccine or an immunoglobulin shot to prevent hepatitis A and B. Eat a proper diet from all of the food groups. Do not drink alcohol in excess. Avoid alcohol when you are taking acetaminophen. Practice proper hygiene. Since germs are commonly spread by hands, be sure to wash your hands thoroughly after you use the bathroom. Also, wash your hands before you touch any food. Don't share any personal toiletry items, including toothbrushes and razors. If you get a tattoo or a body piercing, make sure the conditions are sanitary and all equipment is aseptic (free of disease-causing germs). Be sure to use barrier protection (condoms) when having sex. If you use illegal intravenous drugs, don't share needles with anyone.


Question: How can stress affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes?

Answer: This is your fight-or-flight response. It prompts your body to act like it's under attack. When this happens, your hormone levels go up. Your body burns its stored energy sources -- glucose and fat -- to meet the threat. When you have diabetes, insulin can't break through the cells to break down the glucose, and your levels rise. Stress can also cause blood sugar to rise indirectly. You may be less likely to take care of yourself by eating right, exercising, or taking your medicine when you're stressed out. Learn to relax. Try meditation, yoga, or massage.


Question: How do brushing and flossing affect glucose and blood sugar?

Answer: And serious gum disease can make it harder to keep your blood sugar under control. Like all infections, it may cause your glucose to rise. That, in turn, can make other infections more likely. Make sure you not only brush and floss your teeth but also rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash daily. Keep up with your dentist visits, work on managing your blood sugar, and, if you have gum disease, treat it -- and any other infection in any part of your body -- ASAP.


Question: How does smoking affect blood sugar?

Answer: If you light up, you raise your chances of getting diabetes. If you already have diabetes, you're more likely to have trouble finding the right dose of insulin and controlling your blood sugar. Smoking makes it harder to keep your blood sugar levels down. The lesson here: If you smoke, quit.


Question: How can dietary choices keep blood sugar levels under control?

Answer: Watch what you eat since that's one of the most important things you can do to control your blood sugar, also called blood glucose. That's because of the impact that carbohydrates -- the sugars and starches in foods -- can have.


Question: How can smoking affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes?

Answer: If you light up, you raise your chances of getting diabetes. If you already have diabetes, you're more likely to have trouble finding the right dose of insulin and controlling your blood sugar. Smoking makes it harder to keep your blood sugar levels down. The lesson here: If you smoke, quit. Blood sugar levels go up from time to time.


Question: What medications can raise my glucose levels?

Answer: But if you miss a dose or take the wrong dose of your medicine, you could cause your levels to spike. Some drugs, such as corticosteroids, can have the same effect. Other meds that could raise your glucose include: Diuretics (âwater pillsâ) Drugs used to treat depression Blood pressure medicines If you're on any of these medicines and you notice your blood sugar is high, talk to your doctor. He may adjust your diet or medications.


Question: What are tips to help get enough sleep if I have diabetes?

Answer: Remember all the things that help: Stick to a regular schedule, don't use your phone or tablet close to bedtime, and relax before you hit the hay. If you have diabetes, you're more likely to get gum disease.


Question: How can exercise affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes?

Answer: It also affects how well your body can control and break down blood sugar. Tough activities, like bench-pressing weights, or competitive ones, like running a race, can raise your blood sugar. That doesn't mean you can't sweat it out. Exercise is one of the best things you can do for your whole body. But ask your doctor what changes you may need to make in your treatment plan to keep your blood sugar in the right range. When you have diabetes, insulin can't break through the cells to break down the glucose, and your levels rise.


Question: How does getting enough sleep affect diabetes?

Answer: Not getting enough rest does more than make you groggy. It also affects how well your body can control and break down blood sugar. In one study, researchers asked healthy adults to sleep just 4 hours a night for 6 days. At the end of the study, their bodies' ability to break down glucose was 40% lower on average. You know that insulin can bring your blood sugar down.


Question: How can medications affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes?

Answer: Because you have diabetes, you know it's a must to keep your blood sugar levels under control. But if you miss a dose or take the wrong dose of your medicine, you could cause your levels to spike. Some drugs, such as corticosteroids, can have the same effect. Other meds that could raise your glucose include: Diuretics (âwater pillsâ) Drugs used to treat depression Blood pressure medicines If you're on any of these medicines and you notice your blood sugar is high, talk to your doctor. He may adjust your diet or medications.


Question: Can I eat fiber-rich foods if I have diabetes?

Answer: Because you have diabetes, you know it's a must to keep your blood sugar levels under control. Good choices are whole grains, fruits that are lower in sugar (apples and blueberries), veggies, and legumes.


Question: How does sleep affect blood sugar?

Answer: Not getting enough rest does more than make you groggy. It also affects how well your body can control and break down blood sugar. In one study, researchers asked healthy adults to sleep just 4 hours a night for 6 days. At the end of the study, their bodies' ability to break down glucose was 40% lower on average. Remember all the things that help: Stick to a regular schedule, don't use your phone or tablet close to bedtime, and relax before you hit the hay. You know that insulin can bring your blood sugar down. If you have diabetes, you're more likely to get gum disease.


Question: Can I eat carbohydrates if I have diabetes?

Answer: But choices that have too many carbs can cause your blood sugar to soar -- white rice, pasta, and highly processed or fried foods are examples. Some fruits are high in sugar, such as bananas. Good choices are whole grains, fruits that are lower in sugar (apples and blueberries), veggies, and legumes.


Question: How can psychologists help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: They can prescribe medications and do “talk therapy.” Psychologists They can’t prescribe medicine in most states. Psychiatrists and psychologists often work hand-in-hand and treat many of the same conditions. Psychologists can also give someone tests to see how well they’re able to handle normal daily life. You may want to look for a psychologist who does cognitive rehabilitation, remediation, or enhancement. This type of therapy teaches them how to communicate their own needs and show that they understand the needs of others.


Question: How can licensed clinical social workers and licensed professional counselors help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Licensed Clinical Social Workers ( LCSWs) and Licensed Professional Counselors ( LPCs) These professionals are trained to provide professional counseling for psychological, emotional, and behavioral issues. They can specialize in areas such as marital and family counseling, relaxation therapy, stress management, and sex therapy. Because LCSWs and LPCs are not medical doctors, they can’t prescribe medications.


Question: How can psychiatrists help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: A number of professionals can treat mental illnesses, including the following: Psychiatrists These doctors diagnose and specialize in the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental, emotional, or behavioral problems. They can prescribe medications and do “talk therapy.” Psychologists They can’t prescribe medicine in most states.


Question: How can you find the right mental health professional for schizophrenia?

Answer: How to Find the Right Mental Health Professional To get referrals, you could ask: Your doctor Your health insurance company Trusted friends, family, or clergy You can also: Use a referral service from a national professional organization for therapists or doctors. Call a local or national medical society or mental health organization.


Question: How can primary care doctors help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Primary Care Doctors In many cases, your regular doctor may diagnose your illness or refer you to a specialist.


Question: How can holistic and alternative medicine doctors help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Holistic and Alternative Medicine Doctors They specialize in complementary and alternative medicines, holistic medicine, nutritional medicine, and herbal medicine treatments. These doctors may be able to prescribe medications but often choose different approaches that may combine natural medicines with mental health therapies.


Question: What should you do before you schedule your first appointment with a therapist for schizophrenia?

Answer: A number of professionals can treat mental illnesses, including the following: Psychiatrists These doctors diagnose and specialize in the treatment of schizophrenia and other mental, emotional, or behavioral problems.


Question: How can psychoanalysts help with therapy for schizophrenia?

Answer: Psychoanalysts These psychiatrists, psychologists, or other mental health professionals have advanced training in psychoanalysis, which is a particular form of psychotherapy. But psychoanalysis isn’t considered an appropriate treatment for schizophrenia or other forms of psychosis. So this isn’t the type of specialist that your loved one needs.


Question: What are large-cell carcinomas of the lung?

Answer: Large cell carcinomas, sometimes referred to as undifferentiated carcinomas, are the least common type of NSCLC, accounting for 10%-15% of all lung cancers. This type of cancer has a high tendency to spread to the lymph nodes and distant sites.


Question: What are adenocarcinomas of the lung?

Answer: They are: Adenocarcinomas are the most common type of NSCLC in the U. S. and comprise up to 40% of lung cancer cases. While adenocarcinomas are associated with smoking like other lung cancers, this type is also seen in non-smokers -- especially women -- who develop lung cancer. Most adenocarcinomas arise in the outer, or peripheral, areas of the lungs. They also have a tendency to spread to the lymph nodes and beyond.


Question: What is the most common lung cancer?

Answer: NSCLC is the most common lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of all cases. NSCLC has three main types designated by the type of cells found in the tumor. Large cell carcinomas, sometimes referred to as undifferentiated carcinomas, are the least common type of NSCLC, accounting for 10%-15% of all lung cancers.


Question: What is small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)?

Answer: NSCLC is the most common lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of all cases. They also have a tendency to spread to the lymph nodes and beyond. Other types of cancers can arise in the lung; these types are much less common than NSCLC and SCLC and together comprise only 5%-10% of lung cancers: Bronchial carcinoids account for up to 5% of lung cancers. Unrelated to cigarette smoking, carcinoid tumors can metastasize, and a small proportion of these tumors secrete hormone-like substances.


Question: What are the types of lung cancer?

Answer: This classification is based upon the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells. These two types of cancers grow, spread, and are treated in different ways, so making a distinction between these two types is important. Other types of cancers can arise in the lung; these types are much less common than NSCLC and SCLC and together comprise only 5%-10% of lung cancers: Bronchial carcinoids account for up to 5% of lung cancers.


Question: What are squamous cell carcinomas of the lung?

Answer: NSCLC is the most common lung cancer, accounting for about 85% of all cases. Most adenocarcinomas arise in the outer, or peripheral, areas of the lungs. This type of lung cancer most often stays within the lung, spreads to lymph nodes, and grows quite large, forming a cavity.


Question: Who is a candidate for islet cell transplantation?

Answer: Typically, candidates for islet cell transplantation are between the ages of 18 and 65, have had type 1 diabetes for more than 5 years, and are experiencing diabetes-related complications, such as frequent periods of unconsciousness due to lack of insulin and early signs of kidney problems that could lead to kidney failure. As with all medical procedures, the benefits and risks must be weighed carefully.


Question: What does islet cell transplantation entail?

Answer: In islet cell transplantation, beta cells are removed from a donor's pancreas and transferred into a person with diabetes. Beta cells are one type of cell found in the islets of the pancreas and produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. Once transplanted, the donor islets begin to make and release insulin.


Question: Can islet cell transplantation be done at any hospital?

Answer: Because it is still considered an experimental therapy, islet cell transplantation for diabetes is not widely available. There are currently 17 U. S. centers participating in islet cell research programs. The American Diabetes Association recommends that pancreas or islet cell transplantation be performed only in certain major centers, which are best equipped to handle the complex and long-term medical and personal needs of transplant patients.


Question: What are the benefits of islet cell transplantation for people with diabetes?

Answer: Successful islet cell transplantation can provide the following benefits: Restore or improve the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. The need for frequent blood sugar measurements and daily insulin injections can be reduced, and in a minority of patients, eliminated three years after transplantation. Although being free from insulin injections may only last several months or a year, islet cell transplantation reduces episodes of low blood sugar for a longer time. Improve the quality of life. Reduce the progression of long-term complications of diabetes, including heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and nerve and eye damage.


Question: What is the future of islet cell transplantation research?

Answer: There are two main areas of focus in islet cell transplantation research: Collecting enough islet cells to do the transplant: Obtaining enough islet cells for transplantation is a major challenge. In most cases, islet cells from several different donors are needed. Because the need surpasses the number of human donors available, researchers are studying the use of cells from other sources, including fetal tissue and animals such as pigs. Researchers are also attempting to grow human islet cells in the laboratory. Preventing rejection: Researchers are continuously seeking to develop new and better anti-rejection drugs. Many advances have been made in anti-rejection drugs over the past 15 years. Newer drugs -- such as tacrolimus ( FK506) and rapamycin -- have fewer and less harmful side effects than some older drugs like cyclosporine and prednisone. Researchers are also working to develop methods of transplanting islet cells that will reduce or eliminate the risk of rejection and the need for immunosuppression. One approach involves coating the islet cells with a special gel that prevents the immune system from recognizing and targeting the donor cells.


Question: When was islet cell transplantation developed and how successful has it been?

Answer: Beta cells are one type of cell found in the islets of the pancreas and produce insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels. But in 1999, a clinical trial conducted at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, brought new hope. Using enhanced techniques to collect and prepare the extremely fragile donor islet cells, as well as using improved anti-rejection drugs, the researchers achieved a 100% success rate. All of the patients in their trial were freed from the need for insulin for at least one month. However, the success of the '' Edmonton Protocol,'' as it was called, was not as successful in later trials, and the number of islet cell transplantations has decreased in more recent years. The Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry reported in 2009 that 70% of adults with Type I diabetes were free of insulin injections at one year, 50% at two years, and 35% at three years. Researchers are also working to develop methods of transplanting islet cells that will reduce or eliminate the risk of rejection and the need for immunosuppression.


Question: What is the purpose of islet cell transplantation for people with diabetes?

Answer: Once transplanted, the islet cells resume their role of releasing insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels in response to food, exercise, and other changes in the body. Improve the quality of life.


Question: What are some symptoms of eczema?

Answer: People usually have their first eczema symptoms when they're babies. But children and adults can have the condition. No two people have exactly the same symptoms. In general, the disease often appears as skin patches that can be: Very itchy Red Dry Swollen Sore Rashes tend to come and go. With time, they can get crusty and scaly. Some types of eczema can also blister, leak fluid, crack, or peel. An infection or too much scratching can make your symptoms worse. It can even make your skin thick and leathery.


Question: Where are the most common places eczema can show up on the body?

Answer: You can have eczema anywhere on your body, but it often shows up on the: Insides of your elbows Backs of your knees Face, often on the cheeks Behind the ears Buttocks Hands and feet Sometimes, you may have other skin changes along with eczema, such as small raised bumps or hives. Or, you might have an extra fold of skin under your eyes.


Question: What is another name for eczema?

Answer: The way to know for sure whether you have it or not is to see a doctor. Some types of eczema can also blister, leak fluid, crack, or peel.


Question: What are some questions to ask the doctor about getting more information about eczema?

Answer: When you scratch too much, your skin might break open a little. Here are some questions to get you started: What's the cause of my eczema? What's the best way to treat it? Do I need a prescription? Is there anything new that might work better than what I've tried in the past? Can I prevent a new outbreak of eczema? When should I call you about my symptoms?


Question: What drugs can branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) interact with?

Answer: Talk with your doctor first if you are taking: Diabetes medications Parkinson's medications Corticosteroids Thyroid hormone Proglycem (diazoxide) Tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural.


Question: What are the side effects of taking branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?

Answer: When taken up to six months, oral supplements of BCAAs have not often been linked with harmful side effects. However, side effects may include: Nausea Pain Headache Risks.


Question: How can you get branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) naturally from foods?

Answer: You can get branched-chain amino acids from these foods: Whey, milk, and soy proteins Beef, chicken, fish, and eggs Baked beans and lima beans Chickpeas Lentils Whole wheat Brown rice Almonds, Brazil nuts, and cashews Pumpkin seeds Side effects.


Question: Why do athletes take branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?

Answer: Athletes may take oral supplements of branched-chain amino acids ( BCAAs) to try to help with recovery from workouts and enhance athletic performance. Studies suggest that BCAAs may prevent muscle breakdown during exercise.


Question: What are the risks of taking branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?

Answer: BCAAs may interfere with blood glucose levels during and after surgery. You may also be at increased risk if you have chronic alcoholism or branched-chain ketoaciduria. Also, avoid using BCAAs if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: How does human papillomavirus (HPV) cause cervical cancer?

Answer: Most of the time HPV infections go away on their own in 1 to 2 years. Yet some people stay infected for many years. If you don't treat an HPV infection, it can cause cells inside your cervix to turn into cancer. It can often take between 10 and 30 years from the time you're infected until a tumor forms.


Question: How do you get human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: HPV has been linked to cancers of the: Anus Throat Cervix Penis Vagina Vulva You can catch HPV through oral, vaginal, and anal sex. The virus is so common that most men and women who are sexually active will have HPV at some point. You can pass HPV to your partner even if you don't know you're infected. You can't catch HPV from a toilet set or swimming pool. It also doesn't pass from person to person through casual contact, like shaking hands.


Question: What cancers has human papillomavirus (HPV) been linked to?

Answer: HPV has been linked to cancers of the: Anus Throat Cervix Penis Vagina Vulva You can catch HPV through oral, vaginal, and anal sex.


Question: Does human papillomavirus (HPV) have symptoms?

Answer: Often HPV causes no symptoms. Some types of HPV can cause genital warts. Warts are single bumps, or clusters of bumps that look sort of like cauliflower. Genital warts can form around the: Vagina, vulva, groin, anus, mouth, or throat in women Penis, scrotum, thigh, groin, anus, mouth, or throat in men HPV can also cause cervical cancer. Symptoms of cervical cancer include: Bleeding between periods or after menopause Heavier than normal periods Abnormal discharge from the vagina Pain during sex Cervical cancer often doesn't cause symptoms until it has already spread. That's why it's important to get screened with a Pap test.


Question: What are the two types of human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: Sexually transmitted HPV comes in two different types: Low-risk HPV types cause genital warts on the penis or vagina.


Question: Why get a Pap test?

Answer: If you don't treat an HPV infection, it can cause cells inside your cervix to turn into cancer. One way to avoid HPV and cervical cancer is to get vaccinated. Talk to your doctor about your specific case. During a Pap test, the doctor takes a sample of cells from your cervix. That sample goes to a lab. It's tested to see if any of the cells have started to turn into cancer. Your doctor can also test the cells for HPV. Women should get screened: With a Pap test once every 3 years - beginning at age 21, then at ages 24 and 27 With a Pap test and HPV test from age 30 and every five years thereafter up to age 65 Women can elect to continue Pap testing only every 3 years (without an HPV test) Ask your doctor or gynecologist about your HPV and cervical cancer risks. Find out if you need to get vaccinated. And learn what other steps you can take to avoid cervical cancer.


Question: What causes cervical cancer?

Answer: HPV is the most common type of sexually transmitted disease, or STD. It has been FDA-approved to be given to males and females from ages 27 to 45.


Question: What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: But we know for sure that most cervical cancer is caused by a sexually transmitted disease called human papilloma virus, or HPV. It's not one, but a group of more than 200 closely related viruses.


Question: Can you prevent human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: It's also given in 3 doses. Gardasil 9. This vaccine is for boys and girls and is routinely given at 11 or 12 through age 26. It has been FDA-approved to be given to males and females from ages 27 to 45. You need to get all three doses of the HPV vaccine for it to work. Practicing safe sex is another way to avoid getting HPV. Use a latex condom every time you have sex. Condoms don't protect against HPV 100% of the time, but they can help. A Pap test is one way to screen for cervical cancer. Your doctor can also test the cells for HPV.


Question: Does high blood sugar cause blurred vision?

Answer: High blood sugar causes the lens of the eye to swell, which changes your ability to see. To correct this kind of blurred vision, you need to get your blood sugar back into the target range. For many people this is from70 mg/d L to 130 mg/d L before meals and less than 180 mg/d L one to two hours after the start of a meal. Ask your doctor what your personal target range should be. Blurred vision can also be a symptom of more serious eye problems. If your vision is blurred, contact your doctor.


Question: How often should I get my eyes checked if I have diabetes?

Answer: The American Diabetes Association offers these eye care guidelines for people with diabetes: Adults with type 1 diabetes should have a full dilated eye exam within 5 years of their diagnosis. Adults with type 2 diabetes should have a complete eye exam soon after they have been diagnosed. Get a dilated eye exam if you are pregnant or planning to get pregnant.


Question: What can cause blurred vision?

Answer: High blood sugar causes the lens of the eye to swell, which changes your ability to see. To correct this kind of blurred vision, you need to get your blood sugar back into the target range. For many people this is from70 mg/d L to 130 mg/d L before meals and less than 180 mg/d L one to two hours after the start of a meal. Ask your doctor what your personal target range should be. Blurred vision can also be a symptom of more serious eye problems. If your vision is blurred, contact your doctor.


Question: How can taking care of yourself help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: It can be draining to look after someone with schizophrenia. You need to make nurturing yourself a top priority every day. It's common for caregivers to feel sad, angry, alone, or afraid of what others will think. Reach out to friends and family, and tell them what you need. They can: Listen to you without judging you Find information and doctors Share hopeful stories, moral support, and spiritual guidance Offer financial assistance Do your housework and babysit your kids Most of all, eat well, get enough sleep, exercise, and take part in fun activities. You can't be âon callâ 24 hours a day. So schedule guilt-free vacations and give yourself a complete break from time to time.


Question: How can avoiding stress help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: Activities like yoga, tai chi, and meditation can make both of you feel more relaxed. Try to do them regularly so you can use them in a crisis.


Question: How can staying in touch help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: When a person with schizophrenia feels alone, his suicidal thoughts may increase. If you don't live close by, you can help by staying in touch via telephone, text, email, and mail. Sending short notes like postcards and greeting cards can remind him how much you care.


Question: How can being goal-oriented help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: A doctor will set up a wellness plan with your loved one that will include specific goals. If you're not sure who to call to get treatment started, try your family doctor, who may refer you to a psychiatrist. Your job as a caregiver is to remind your loved one how important it is to stick to his goals, and to encourage him to stay on his medication. He needs to follow his treatment plan to help prevent the disease from coming back and keep his symptoms from getting worse.


Question: How can joining support groups help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: Some things to include are: Your loved one's recent symptoms (what they are and when they started) Any other medical conditions he may have New sources of stress (these can include major life changes) Medications, vitamins, herbs, or any other supplements that he has taken, as well as the dosage Encourage your family member or friend to join a group, and make sure he gets to the meetings. In these support groups, he will be among other people with schizophrenia who will share their experiences. It may help him feel less alone. The Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America ( SARDAA) and National Alliance on Mental Illness ( NAMI) both offer support.


Question: How can learning how to respond help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: When someone with schizophrenia has hallucinations (hears or sees things that aren't there) or delusions (believes things that aren't true, even when he gets proof that they're false), he believes they are real. It doesn't help him to challenge his beliefs by saying they're not. Instead, tell him that you each see things in your own way. Be respectful, kind, and supportive, and call his doctor if needed. If he's acting out hallucinations, stay calm, call 911, and tell the dispatcher he has schizophrenia. While you wait for paramedics, don't argue, shout, criticize, threaten, block the doorway, touch him, or stand over him. Also avoid direct eye contact, which could make him feel threatened.


Question: How can knowing the signs of suicide help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: Most people with schizophrenia are harmless to others. They're more likely to hurt themselves than anybody else. Sometimes that includes trying to take their own life. You should take any suicidal talk seriously, and pay attention to poems, notes, or any other things your loved one creates that are about death. Also, be suspicious if he suddenly goes from depressed to cheerful. This change could mean he's thinking about suicide. For help on the spot, call your doctor and the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255.


Question: How can educating yourself help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: So learn as much as you can. The more information you have, the better prepared you will be to deal with it. You'll also be better able to support your family member with schizophrenia. And that can boost the odds that he will stick with his treatment, even when things gets tough. The Schizophrenia and Related Disorders Alliance of America ( SARDAA) and National Alliance on Mental Illness ( NAMI) both offer support.


Question: How can being ready to respond help someone you love with schizophrenia?

Answer: If you're not sure who to call to get treatment started, try your family doctor, who may refer you to a psychiatrist. If another person is available, ask them to stay with your loved one while you contact the doctor or 911. If your loved one threatens suicide, don't leave him alone. If his behavior becomes dangerous, immediately call 911 and ask for the police. Tell them he has schizophrenia and explain the situation, but let them handle it. Police are trained to evaluate and manage people with psychotic disorders and other types of emotional distress.


Question: What should you do when someone you love has schizophrenia?

Answer: Giving support to a family member or friend with schizophrenia means helping him get the medical and psychological treatment he needs. But it also means taking care of yourself at the same time. Use these 10 ideas to create an action plan that works for both of you. So learn as much as you can. Ask his doctor as many questions as you need, and keep details. In these support groups, he will be among other people with schizophrenia who will share their experiences. Also avoid direct eye contact, which could make him feel threatened. Call his doctor to let her know what's going on, as well. If you don't live close by, you can help by staying in touch via telephone, text, email, and mail.


Question: Should you get up and do something if you wake up in the middle of the night?

Answer: True: If you wake up in the night and can't fall back to sleep within about 15-20 minutes, get out of bed and do something relaxing. Do not sit in bed and watch the clock. Experts recommend going into another room to read or listen to music. Return to bed only when you feel tired.


Question: Does insomnia mean you only have difficulty falling asleep?

Answer: False: One or more of the following four symptoms are usually associated with insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep Waking up too early and not being able to get back to sleep Frequent awakenings Waking up feeling unrefreshed Daytime sleepiness means a person is not getting enough sleep.


Question: Can you cheat the amount of sleep you get?

Answer: False: Sleep experts say that most adults need between seven and nine hours of sleep each night for optimal health. Getting fewer hours of sleep will eventually need to be replenished with additional sleep in the next few nights. Our body does not seem to get used to less sleep than it needs.


Question: Does daytime sleepiness mean a person is not getting enough sleep?

Answer: False: While excessive daytime sleepiness often occurs if you don't get enough sleep, it can also occur even after a good night's sleep. Such sleepiness can be a sign of an underlying medical condition or sleep disorder such as narcolepsy or sleep apnea.


Question: Do teens need more sleep than adults?

Answer: True: Teens need at least 8.5 to 9.25 hours of sleep each night, compared to an average of seven to nine hours each night for most adults. The internal biological clocks of teenagers can keep them awake later in the evening and can interfere with waking up in the morning.


Question: Are health problems related to the amount and quantity of a person's sleep?

Answer: False: More and more scientific studies are showing correlations between poor quality sleep and/or insufficient sleep with a variety of diseases, including high blood pressure, diabetes, and depression. For example, insufficient sleep can impair the body's ability to use insulin, which can lead to the development of more severe diabetes. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes and sleep apnea have improvement of blood sugar control when treated for sleep apnea. This is also found in patients with high blood pressure and sleep apnea. When the sleep apnea is treated, the blood pressure also improves. In addition, too little sleep may decrease growth hormone secretion, which has been linked to obesity.


Question: Does your brain rest during sleep?

Answer: False: The body rests during sleep, not the brain. The brain remains active, gets recharged, and still controls many body functions including breathing during sleep.


Question: Can snoring be harmful?

Answer: True: Aside from bothering other people, snoring is not harmful. However, it can be a sign of sleep apnea, a sleep disorder that is associated with significant medical problems such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Sleep apnea is characterized by episodes of reduced or no airflow throughout the night. People with sleep apnea may remember waking up frequently during the night gasping for breath.


Question: Do older people need less sleep?

Answer: False: The average adult needs a total sleep time of seven to nine hours per day. While sleep patterns usually change as we age, the amount of sleep we generally need does not. Older people may sleep less at night due, in part, to frequent night waking, but their need for sleep is no less than that of younger adults.


Question: Does getting too little sleep impact weight?

Answer: True: How much a person sleeps at night can impact their weight. This is because the amount of sleep a person gets can affect certain hormones, specifically the hormones leptin and ghrelin, that affect appetite. Leptin and ghrelin work in a kind of "checks and balances" system to control feelings of hunger and fullness. Ghrelin, which is produced in the gastrointestinal tract, stimulates appetite, while leptin, produced in fat cells, sends a signal to the brain when you are full. When you don't get enough sleep, it drives leptin levels down, which means you don't feel as satisfied after you eat, and increases ghrelin levels, stimulating your appetite so you want more food. The two combined can set the stage for overeating, which in turn may lead to weight gain.


Question: What illnesses can you get from mosquito bites?

Answer: There's no vaccine to prevent the virus.


Question: What are precautions for kids who play sports outside in hot weather?

Answer: Slowly increase the intensity and length of workouts over 10 to 14 days. Children and teens who exercise hard or play sports on hot days should cut back their time on the playing field by taking more frequent breaks, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP). Young athletes should be well hydrated before they begin to play. Then, during play, coaches or parents should make sure children drink often -- even if the children aren't thirsty -- about every 20 minutes.


Question: How can you help your child's skin stay healthy and itch-free?

Answer: Try these tips: Dry the drool. Use fragrance- and dye-free cleansers and soaps. can't fight the urge to scratch that itch. Use lukewarm (not hot) water and avoid bubble baths. Keep baths short (3 to 5 minutes). Then use an ointment or cream, and don't be afraid to slather it on. Dress her in soft cotton fabrics. If you see symptoms of a skin infection -- pus or very red, sore, raised, hot, or crusty skin -- call your doctor.


Question: What are the main risk factors for type 1 diabetes?

Answer: This type usually starts in childhood. Your pancreas stops making insulin. You have type 1 diabetes for life. The main things that lead to it are: Family history. If you have relatives with diabetes, chances are higher that you'll get it, too. Anyone who has a mother, father, sister, or brother with type 1 diabetes should get checked. A simple blood test can diagnose it. Diseases of the pancreas. They can slow its ability to make insulin. Infection or illness. Some infections and illnesses, mostly rare ones, can damage your pancreas.


Question: What are some things that can lead to gestational diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes when you're expecting affects about 4% of all U. S. pregnancies. It's caused by hormones the placenta makes or by too little insulin. High blood sugar from the mother causes high blood sugar in the baby. That can lead to growth and development problems if left untreated. Things that can lead to gestational diabetes include: Obesity or being overweight. Extra pounds can lead to gestational diabetes. Glucose intolerance. Having glucose intolerance or gestational diabetes in the past makes you more likely to get it again. Family history. If a parent or sibling has had gestational diabetes, you're more likely to get it. Age. The older you are when you get pregnant, the higher your chances are. Ethnic background. Nonwhite women have a greater chance of developing it.


Question: How many Americans have diabetes?

Answer: That amounts to about 7 million Americans.


Question: What should I do if I am at risk for diabetes?

Answer: Keep your weight within or near a healthy range.


Question: What causes gestational diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes when you're expecting affects about 4% of all U. S. pregnancies. It's caused by hormones the placenta makes or by too little insulin. High blood sugar from the mother causes high blood sugar in the baby. That can lead to growth and development problems if left untreated.


Question: What are the three major types of diabetes?

Answer: If you have this kind, your body can't use the insulin it makes. Gestational diabetes.