Question: How can support groups help with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Participating in a support group puts you in contact with others who know exactly the effect IBD has on your day-to-day life, because they are going through the same things you are. They can offer support and tips on how to deal with symptoms and the effect they have on you.


Question: Are there complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: They include: Abdominal cramps and pain Diarrhea that may be bloody Severe urgency to have a bowel movement Fever Weight loss Loss of appetite Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss IBD can lead to several serious complications in the intestines, including: Profuse intestinal bleeding from the ulcers Perforation, or rupture of the bowel Narrowing - called a stricture -- and obstruction of the bowel; found in Crohn's Fistulae (abnormal passages) and perianal disease, disease in the tissue around the anus; these conditions are more common in Crohn's than in ulcerative colitis. Toxic megacolon, which is an extreme dilation of the colon that is life-threatening; this is associated more with ulcerative colitis than Crohn's. Malnutrition IBD, particularly ulcerative colitis, also increases the risk of colon cancer. IBD can also affect other organs; for example, someone with IBD may have arthritis, skin conditions, inflammation of the eye, liver and kidney disorders, or bone loss.


Question: How can a specific diet help with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Treatment for IBD involves a combination of self-care and medical treatment. Self-care Although no specific diet has been shown to prevent or treat IBD, dietary changes may be helpful in managing your symptoms. It's important to talk with your doctor about ways to modify your diet while making sure you get the nutrients you need. For instance, depending on your symptoms, the doctor may suggest that you reduce the amount of fiber or dairy products that you consume. Also, small, frequent meals may be better tolerated. In general, there is no need to avoid certain foods unless they cause or worsen your symptoms. One dietary intervention your doctor may recommend is a low-residue diet, a very restricted diet that reduces the amount of fiber and other undigested material that pass through your colon. Doing so can help relieve symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain. If you do go on a low-residue diet, be sure you understand how long you should stay on the diet, because a low-residue diet doesn't provide all the nutrients you need. Your doctor may recommend that you take vitamin supplements.


Question: What other radiologic tests are used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Computed tomography ( CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), and ultrasound have also been used in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.


Question: What are the major types of inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Two major types of IBD are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon or large intestine. Crohn's disease, on the other hand, can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. Most commonly, though, it affects the last part of the small intestine or the colon or both.


Question: When is surgery needed to treat inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Surgical treatment for IBD depends upon the disease. Ulcerative colitis, for instance, can be cured with surgery, because the disease is limited to the colon. Once the colon is removed, the disease doesn't come back. However, surgery will not cure Crohn's disease, although some surgeries may be used. Excessive surgery in people with Crohn's disease can actually lead to more problems.


Question: How is a stool exam used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: In addition, the stool will be examined for traces of blood that cannot be seen with the naked eye.


Question: What are the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: As with other chronic diseases, a person with IBD will generally go through periods in which the disease flares up and causes symptoms, followed by periods in which symptoms decrease or disappear and good health returns. Symptoms range from mild to severe and generally depend upon what part of the intestinal tract is involved. They include: Abdominal cramps and pain Diarrhea that may be bloody Severe urgency to have a bowel movement Fever Weight loss Loss of appetite Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss IBD can lead to several serious complications in the intestines, including: Profuse intestinal bleeding from the ulcers Perforation, or rupture of the bowel Narrowing - called a stricture -- and obstruction of the bowel; found in Crohn's Fistulae (abnormal passages) and perianal disease, disease in the tissue around the anus; these conditions are more common in Crohn's than in ulcerative colitis.


Question: What surgical options are available for inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Which one is right for you depends on several factors: The extent of your disease Your age Your overall health The first option is called a proctocolectomy. It involves the removal of the entire colon and rectum. The surgeon then makes an opening on the abdomen called an ileostomy that goes into part of the small intestine. This opening provides a new path for feces to be emptied into a pouch that's attached to the skin with an adhesive. Another commonly used surgery is called ileoanal anastomosis. The surgeon removes the colon and then creates an internal pouch that connects the small intestine to the anal canal. This allows feces to still exit through the anus.


Question: What is the outlook for people with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: When you have an IBD, the symptoms will come and go over a period of many years. That doesn't mean they control you; managing your condition with the help of your health care providers is the best way to stay as healthy as possible in the long term.


Question: What is inflammatory bowel disease like?

Answer: If you have an IBD, you know it usually runs a waxing and waning course. When there is severe inflammation, the disease is considered active and the person experiences a flare-up of symptoms. When there is less or no inflammation, the person usually is without symptoms and the disease is said to be in remission.


Question: How is a complete blood count used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: A nurse or lab technician will draw blood, which will then be tested in the lab. An increase in the white blood cell count suggests the presence of inflammation. And if you have severe bleeding, the red blood cell count and hemoglobin level may decrease.


Question: How can managing stress help with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Another important aspect of self-care is to learn how to manage stress, which may worsen your symptoms. One thing you might want to do is to make a list of things that cause you stress and then consider which ones you can eliminate from your daily routine. Also, when you feel stress coming on, it can help to take several deep breaths and release them slowly by blowing out. Learning to meditate, creating time for yourself, and regular exercise are all important tools for reducing the amount of stress in your life.


Question: What is the goal of medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Medical Treatment The goal of medical treatment is to suppress the abnormal inflammatory response so intestinal tissue has a chance to heal. As it does, the symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain should be relieved. Once the symptoms are under control, medical treatment will focus on decreasing the frequency of flare-ups and maintaining remission.


Question: How is a sigmoidoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: In this procedure, a doctor uses a sigmoidoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, to visually examine the last one-third of your large intestine, which includes the rectum and the sigmoid colon. The sigmoidoscope is inserted through the anus and the intestinal wall is visually examined for ulcers, inflammation, and bleeding. The doctor may also take samples -- biopsies -- of the intestinal lining with an instrument inserted through the tube. These will then be examined in a laboratory under a microscope.


Question: How common is surgery to treat inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Even though surgery will not cure Crohn's disease, approximately 50% of people with Crohn's require surgery at some point. If you have Crohn's disease and require surgery, your doctor will discuss your options with you. Be sure you ask questions and understand the goal or goals of the surgery, its risks and benefits, and what could happen if you don't have the surgery.


Question: How is a colonoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon or large intestine. A colonoscopy is similar to a sigmoidoscopy, except that the doctor will use a colonoscope, a longer flexible tube, to examine the entire colon. At the end of the procedure, the pictures are downloaded from the receiver onto a computer.


Question: How is a barium X-ray used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: You swallow a chalky white solution that coats the intestinal tract so it will be visible on X-rays. If a barium study is used to check the lower GI tract, you will be given an enema containing barium and asked to hold it in while X-rays are taken of the rectum and colon. Abnormalities caused by either Crohn's or ulcerative colitis may show up in these X-rays. If you have upper GI symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, a doctor will use an endoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, that will be inserted through the mouth -- to examine your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of your small intestine.


Question: What does medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease involve?

Answer: With this approach, the least harmful drugs or drugs that are only taken for a short period of time are used first. If they fail to provide relief, drugs from a higher step are used. Treatment typically begins with aminosalicylates, which are aspirin-like anti-inflammatory drugs such as balsalazide ( Colazal), mesalamine ( Asacol, Apriso, Lialda, Pentasa), olsalazine ( Dipentum), and sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine). Mesalamine can be taken orally or be administered as a rectal suppository or enema to treat ulcerative colitis. Because they are anti-inflammatory, they are effective in both relieving symptoms of a flare-up and maintaining remission. The doctor may also prescribe anti diarrheal agents, antispasmodics, and acid suppressants for symptom relief. You should not take anti-diarrheal agents without a doctor's advice. These medications are not used in acute flare-ups, because they may take as long as 2 to 3 months to take action.


Question: How are biologic therapies used for inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: When there is less or no inflammation, the person usually is without symptoms and the disease is said to be in remission. Other anti- TNF agents approved for Crohn's disease are adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira, and certolizumab ( Cimzia). An alternative to anti- TNF treatment for Crohn's disease are biologics that target integrin, two of which are natalizumab ( Tysabri) and vedolizumab ( Entyvio). Another drug, ustekinumab ( Stelara), blocks IL-12 and IL-23. Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), certolizumab ( Cimzia), golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria), Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), and infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) are some of the anti- TNF drugs currently approved by the FDA for ulcerative colitis.


Question: What is inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: It has often been thought of as an autoimmune disease, but research suggests that the chronic inflammation may not be due to the immune system attacking the body itself. Instead, it is a result of the immune system attacking a harmless virus, bacteria, or food in the gut, causing inflammation that leads to bowel injury. They include: Abdominal cramps and pain Diarrhea that may be bloody Severe urgency to have a bowel movement Fever Weight loss Loss of appetite Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss IBD can lead to several serious complications in the intestines, including: Profuse intestinal bleeding from the ulcers Perforation, or rupture of the bowel Narrowing - called a stricture -- and obstruction of the bowel; found in Crohn's Fistulae (abnormal passages) and perianal disease, disease in the tissue around the anus; these conditions are more common in Crohn's than in ulcerative colitis.


Question: How is capsule endoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: You swallow a small capsule that has a camera in it. Pictures are taken of the esophagus, stomach and small bowel and then sent to a receiver you wear on a belt. At the end of the procedure, the pictures are downloaded from the receiver onto a computer. The camera is passed through your body into the toilet. If you have Crohn's disease, especially if it's accompanied by a complication such as perianal disease (diseased tissue around the anus), the doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to be taken with your other medicines.


Question: When are antibiotics used to treat inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Antibiotics are less commonly used for ulcerative colitis. If you have Crohn's disease and require surgery, your doctor will discuss your options with you.


Question: Why is bone health important for those with lupus?

Answer: Good nutrition is important for strong bones and muscles. For people with lupus, bone health is a particular concern. That's because medications used to treat it can increase the risk for osteoporosis, a condition in which the bones become less dense and break easily.


Question: What should I do if achieving or maintaining a healthy weight with lupus is a problem?

Answer: If weight loss or gain is a problem, it is important to speak with your doctor or nurse. The doctor or nurse can assess your diet and suggest a program to help control your weight. The program will probably include a low-fat diet and exercise. A registered dietitian can help you design a diet specifically for your needs and lifestyle.


Question: What types of diets can help those with lupus that are at risk for heart disease?

Answer: If your doctor finds you have risk factors for heart disease -- including high blood pressure or high cholesterol -- a low-fat diet and exercise may help. Your doctor may prescribe a low-sodium diet for high blood pressure.


Question: What foods can help improve bone health for those with lupus?

Answer: Eating foods high in calcium and vitamin D is important for bone health. When buying dairy products, choose ones that are either low-fat or fat-free. Good choices include: 1% or 1/2% skim milk low-fat, low-sodium yogurt low-fat cheese If you cannot drink milk, good alternatives include: lactose-free milk soy milk almond milk juices that are fortified with calcium and Vitamin D Dark green vegetables are another source of calcium. If you don't get enough calcium in your diet, your doctor will probably recommend a calcium supplement.


Question: How can a healthy diet help lupus?

Answer: If you have lupus, following a varied, healthy diet may help: Reduce inflammation and other symptoms Maintain strong bones and muscles Combat the side effects of medications Achieve or maintain a healthy weight Reduce the risk of heart disease Here's what you need to know about lupus, diet, and nutrition to gain these important benefits.


Question: What foods should people with lupus avoid?

Answer: Saturated fats, on the other hand, can raise cholesterol levels and may contribute to inflammation. So they should be limited. Sources of saturated fats include fried foods, commercial baked goods, creamed soups and sauces, red meat, animal fat, processed meat products, and high-fat dairy foods. That includes whole milk, half and half, cheeses, butter, and ice cream.


Question: Can diet and nutrition help or cure lupus?

Answer: In general, people with lupus should aim for a well-balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It should also include moderate amounts of meats, poultry, and oily fish. It can also result from medications that cause stomach upset or mouth sores. That makes a heart-healthy diet an important part of a lupus treatment plan.


Question: Why could foods that fight inflammation help with lupus symptoms?

Answer: Still, good nutrition is an important part of an overall treatment plan for the disease. So it's possible, though not proven, that foods that fight inflammation could help lupus symptoms. On the other hand, foods that fuel inflammation could worsen them.


Question: My child prefers a limited diet. Should I be worried about that?

Answer: As long as growth and weight gain are normal and the baby is achieving his or her milestones, there's usually no reason to worry about a fussy baby who prefers a limited diet. But if you find yourself worried about infant feeding problems, talk to your pediatrician before trying the following tips.


Question: What are signs of a picky eater?

Answer: They can also be signs your little one is simply full, distracted, or not feeling well. A baby can seem picky for dozens of reasons -- or no reason at all. There's only one way to find out: Try slowing down the next feeding, or picking up the pace.


Question: What are some tips to help tame a picky eater?

Answer: Never force feed. Try different textures. Transform the tempo. Some babies want to eat fast, others slow. Minimize distractions. Turn off the TV, remove toys and books, and help your little one focus on one thing: Eating. Keep meal length reasonable. Although you shouldn't rush mealtime, don't let it go on much longer than 20-30 minutes. Let baby touch his food. Let your baby participate. By about 9 months, many babies are interested in trying to feed themselves. Don't let on that you're frustrated or angry. Understand who's responsible for what. It's your job to feed your baby, but it's your baby's responsibility to decide what and how much to eat.


Question: Which blood clots are treated with thrombolysis?

Answer: Thrombolysis is also used to treat blood clots in: Veins that cause deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) or clots in the legs, pelvic area, and upper extremities; if left untreated, pieces of the clot can break off and travel to an artery in the lungs, resulting in an acute pulmonary embolism. Bypass grafts Dialysis catheters If a blood clot is determined to be life threatening, thrombolysis may be an option if initiated as soon as possible -- ideally within one to two hours -- after the onset of symptoms of a heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism (once a diagnosis has been made).


Question: When should a thrombolysis be done when a blood clot is life threatening?

Answer: Bypass grafts Dialysis catheters If a blood clot is determined to be life threatening, thrombolysis may be an option if initiated as soon as possible -- ideally within one to two hours -- after the onset of symptoms of a heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism (once a diagnosis has been made).


Question: What risks are associated with thrombolysis?

Answer: These conditions include: Severe high blood pressure Active bleeding or severe blood loss Hemorrhagic stroke from bleeding in the brain Severe kidney disease Recent surgery Thrombolysis also may be associated with an increased risk of complications in patients who are pregnant or at an advanced age, and in people with other conditions. Patients who undergo thrombolysis have a small risk of infection (less than one in 1,000) as well as a slight risk of an allergic reaction to the contrast dye that may be needed for imaging. Besides risk of serious internal bleeding, other possible risks include: Bruising or bleeding at the access site Damage to the blood vessel Migration of the blood clot to another part of vascular system Kidney damage in patients with diabetes or other pre-existing kidney disease The most serious possible complication is intracranial bleeding, which is potentially fatal. But this complication is rare. Bleeding in the brain that causes stroke occurs in less than 1% of patients.


Question: How is a thrombolysis done?

Answer: Bypass grafts Dialysis catheters If a blood clot is determined to be life threatening, thrombolysis may be an option if initiated as soon as possible -- ideally within one to two hours -- after the onset of symptoms of a heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism (once a diagnosis has been made). But treatment for a severe blockage may be necessary for several days. During this procedure, a long catheter tipped with a tiny suction cup, rotating device, high-speed fluid jet, or ultrasound device is used to physically break up the clot. Thrombolysis may not be recommended for patients who use blood-thinning medication, herbs, or dietary supplements, or for people with certain conditions associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Although thrombolysis is usually successful, the treatment is not able to dissolve the blood clot in up to 25% of patients.


Question: What is the prognosis after thrombolysis?

Answer: Thrombolysis, also known as thrombolytic therapy, is a treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs. Another 12% of patients subsequently redevelop the clot or blockage in the blood vessel. In addition, thrombolysis alone -- even when successful -- cannot treat tissue that has already been damaged by compromised blood circulation. So, further treatment may be needed to address the underlying causes of the blood clot and repair damaged tissues and organs.


Question: Can you get vitamin E naturally from foods?

Answer: People on very low-fat diets may also have low levels of vitamin E. The recommended dietary allowance ( RDA) includes the vitamin E you get from both the food you eat and any supplements you take. Good sources of vitamin E include: Vegetable oils Green leafy vegetables, like spinach Fortified cereals and other foods Eggs Nuts The risks and benefits of taking vitamin E are still unclear.


Question: What are the risks of taking vitamin E?

Answer: However, the risks and benefits of taking vitamin E supplements are still unclear. Long-term use (over 10 years) of vitamin E has been linked to an increase in stroke. In addition, an analysis of clinical trials found patients who took either synthetic vitamin E or natural vitamin E in doses of 400 IU per day -- or higher -- had an increased risk of dying from all causes, which seems to increase even more at higher doses. Cardiovascular studies also suggest that patients with diabetes or cardiovascular disease who take natural vitamin E at 400 IU per day have an increased risk of heart failure and heart failure-related hospitalization. Vitamin E supplements might be harmful when taken in early pregnancy. One study found that women who took vitamin E supplementation during the first 8 weeks of pregnancy had a 1.7 to nine-fold increase in congenital heart defects. The exact amount of vitamin E supplements used by pregnant women in this study is unknown. A large population study showed that men using a multivitamin more than seven times per week in conjunction with a separate vitamin E supplement actually had a significantly increased risk of developing prostate cancer.


Question: What is vitamin E used for?

Answer: These are substances that protect cells from damage. However, the risks and benefits of taking vitamin E supplements are still unclear. They're more likely in people who have diseases, such as digestive problems and cystic fibrosis. Topical vitamin E can irritate the skin.


Question: Why do people take vitamin E?

Answer: But studies of vitamin E for preventing cancer, heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and many other conditions have been disappointing. So far, the only established benefits of vitamin E supplements are in people who have an actual deficiency. Vitamin E deficiencies are rare. They're more likely in people who have diseases, such as digestive problems and cystic fibrosis. People on very low-fat diets may also have low levels of vitamin E. The recommended dietary allowance ( RDA) includes the vitamin E you get from both the food you eat and any supplements you take. Cardiovascular studies also suggest that patients with diabetes or cardiovascular disease who take natural vitamin E at 400 IU per day have an increased risk of heart failure and heart failure-related hospitalization.


Question: Can death or loss cause depression?

Answer: Death or loss: Sadness and grief are normal reactions. Sometimes, though, such big stresses can bring serious symptoms of depression, like thoughts of suicide or feelings of worthlessness. Conflict: Personal turmoil or disputes with family or friends may lead to depression.


Question: What in your life can cause depression?

Answer: Life events: Even good things, like moving or graduating, could make you depressed. Other changes that can do that include: A new job Loss of employment or income Marriage Divorce Retirement Having a baby Other illnesses: Sometimes depression pairs with, or can be a reaction to, another illness.


Question: What illnesses can cause depression?

Answer: Examples include: Sleep problems Chronic pain Anxiety ADHD Medications: Depression can be a side effect of something you take for another condition.


Question: Are genetics linked to depression?

Answer: Genetics: A history of depression in your family may make it more likely for you to get it. It's thought that the condition can be passed down. The exact way this happens, though, isn't clear.


Question: What can raise your odds of depression?

Answer: Substance abuse: Nearly 30% of people who abuse drugs or alcohol have depression, too.


Question: Can medications cause depression?

Answer: Examples include: Sleep problems Chronic pain Anxiety ADHD Medications: Depression can be a side effect of something you take for another condition. If this happens to you, talk with your doctor about changing what you take.


Question: Can abuse cause depression?

Answer: Conflict: Personal turmoil or disputes with family or friends may lead to depression. Abuse: Past physical, sexual, or emotional abuse can bring it on, as well.


Question: Can substance abuse cause depression?

Answer: Substance abuse: Nearly 30% of people who abuse drugs or alcohol have depression, too. Some people misuse substances when they feel down. For others, heavy use of alcohol or drugs can bring on depression symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?

Answer: The classic symptoms of HSP are rash, joint pain and swelling, abdominal pain, and/or related kidney disease, including blood in urine. Before these symptoms begin, patients may have two to three weeks of fever, headache, and muscular aches and pains. Rarely, other organs, such as the brain, heart, or lungs, may be affected.


Question: What causes Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?

Answer: The body's immune system is believed to play a role in targeting the blood vessels involved. An abnormal immune response to an infection may be a factor in many cases. Approximately two-thirds of the cases of HSP occur days after symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection develop. Some cases of HSP have been linked to vaccinations for typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, measles, or hepatitis B; foods, drugs, chemicals, and insect bites. Some experts also say that HSP is associated with the colder weather of fall and winter.


Question: What is Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?

Answer: Henoch- Schonlein purpura ( HSP) is a disease involving inflammation of small blood vessels. It most commonly occurs in children. The inflammation causes blood vessels in the skin, intestines, kidneys, and joints to start leaking. The main symptom is a rash with numerous small bruises, which have a raised appearance, over the legs or buttocks.


Question: How is Henoch-Schonlein Purpura diagnosed?

Answer: The diagnosis of HSP may be clear when the typical rash, arthritis, and abdominal pain are present. A doctor may order some tests to rule out other diagnoses, confirm the diagnosis, and assess its severity. Occasionally, when the diagnosis is uncertain, particularly if the only symptom is the classic rash, your doctor may perform biopsies of the skin or kidney. Urine and blood tests will likely be done to detect signs of kidney involvement and may need to be repeated during follow-up to monitor any changes in kidney function.


Question: Does Henoch-Schonlein Purpura affect your kidneys?

Answer: In most patients, the kidney impairment is mild and goes away without any long-term damage. It's important to monitor the kidney problems closely and make sure they clear up, since about 5% of patients may develop progressive kidney disease. About 1% may go on to develop total kidney failure.


Question: Do birth control pills protect you from cancer?

Answer: One of the best âside effectsâ of the pill is that long-time use lowers your risk for ovarian and endometrial cancer. And if you took it for long enough, the payoff continues after you stop.


Question: Will acne and unwanted hair come back after I stop taking birth control pills?

Answer: The pill can correct the hormone imbalance that makes your skin break out and grow hair in unwanted places. But the fix is temporary: Once you stop the birth control, your hormones can get off-kilter again, bringing back those issues.


Question: What will happen to my menstrual cycle after I stop taking birth control pills?

Answer: Your cycle may get wacky. Even if your periods were like clockwork before you started birth control, it might take a few months for them to straighten out after you stop. And if you had irregular periods, you'll probably be off-kilter again -- the reliable schedule you enjoyed (or the long breaks between periods) came from the hormones in the pill. If your periods stopped altogether, it may take a few months for them to start up again.


Question: What will happen to my sex drive after I stop taking birth control pills?

Answer: You might feel friskier. A small number of women find that the pill drives their libido down, especially if they take some very low-dose pills.


Question: Will I lose weight after I stop taking birth control?

Answer: Women who used a progestin-only type (like injections, hormonal IUDs, or pills) may have gained a few pounds, so the scale might go down when they stop using them. It's unclear whether combo pills, patches, or rings lead to weight gain. If you want to lose weight, though, you'll probably get more results from a better diet and more exercise than from going off your birth control.


Question: Can PMS come back if I stop taking birth control pills?

Answer: The pill, especially some formulas, helps your body level out the hormonal chaos that can make you feel depressed, anxious, and irritable. Without that balancing, you may start feeling moody again.


Question: What happens to my periods after I stop taking birth control pills?

Answer: Your periods could be heavier and crampier. If you had lots of bleeding and pain before you started, it's likely your problems will return. But if you started as a teenager and now you're in your late 30s or 40s, you may not go back to that kind of heavy flow.


Question: Will my headaches go away when I stop taking birth control pills?

Answer: If the pill tended to give you headaches, you're likely to get relief when you stop taking it.


Question: What is the most common side effect of anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers?

Answer: Unlike the serious side effects of oral steroids, the most common side effects of anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers are hoarseness and thrush, especially in elderly adults. As with all asthma inhalers, you should rinse the mouth carefully after using your inhaler. Gargle with water after inhalation to help reduce the risk of oral thrush.


Question: When should prednisone be taken for my asthma?

Answer: Prednisone is an oral steroid medication. If you have serious worsening of asthma symptoms (an asthma attack), your doctor may prescribe a brief course of oral steroids such as prednisone. Oral steroids may also be prescribed when your asthma symptoms worsen but you do not require hospitalization.


Question: What are the side effects long-term steroid use for asthma?

Answer: Steroids have many potential side effects, especially when given orally and for a long period of time. Side effects with short-term steroid use include: Weight gain Fluid retention High blood pressure Elevated blood sugar Side effects with long-term steroid use include: Growth suppression Diabetes Cataracts of the eyes Bone-thinning osteoporosis Muscle weakness Anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers are often used as a first-line controller treatment for asthma.


Question: What are the side effects short-term steroid use for asthma?

Answer: Steroids have many potential side effects, especially when given orally and for a long period of time. Side effects with short-term steroid use include: Weight gain Fluid retention High blood pressure Elevated blood sugar Side effects with long-term steroid use include: Growth suppression Diabetes Cataracts of the eyes Bone-thinning osteoporosis Muscle weakness Anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers are often used as a first-line controller treatment for asthma.


Question: How safe is prednisone and other oral steroids in treating asthma?

Answer: Prednisone is an oral steroid medication. Besides prednisone, other systemic steroids used in the treatment of asthma include: Medrol, Methylpred, Solu- Medrol (methylprednisolone) Deltasone (prednisone) Prelone, Pediapred, Orapred, (prednisolone) Decadron (dexamethasone) While a two-week course or "short burst" of oral steroids like prednisone is relatively safe, it's important to avoid steroids on a long-term basis as there are potential serious side effects. Taking supplemental calcium may help to prevent osteoporosis or thinning of the bones, which is one of the side effects of long-term steroid use. Steroids have many potential side effects, especially when given orally and for a long period of time. After introduction of inhaled steroids, the need for oral steroids such as prednisone may decrease.


Question: What are other systemic steroids besides prednisone is used to treat asthma?

Answer: Prednisone is an oral steroid medication. Besides prednisone, other systemic steroids used in the treatment of asthma include: Medrol, Methylpred, Solu- Medrol (methylprednisolone) Deltasone (prednisone) Prelone, Pediapred, Orapred, (prednisolone) Decadron (dexamethasone) While a two-week course or "short burst" of oral steroids like prednisone is relatively safe, it's important to avoid steroids on a long-term basis as there are potential serious side effects.


Question: How long should I take prednisone in treating asthma?

Answer: Prednisone is an oral steroid medication. Sometimes systemic steroids like prednisone are taken in high doses for a few days. This is called a steroid burst. They may also be given in a low dose daily or every other day for long-term asthma control.


Question: What anti-inflammatory drug can be used for asthma as well as other lung diseases?

Answer: Prednisone and other steroids (inhaled, oral, or by injection) help calm airway inflammation in asthma. If you've ever had a serious asthma attack, you may have had high doses of steroids in the hospital administered intravenously. After introduction of inhaled steroids, the need for oral steroids such as prednisone may decrease.


Question: How do bowel habits vary related to constipation?

Answer: Bowel habits tend to vary with age and circumstances. Bottle-fed babies, for example, tend to have firmer stools and more bouts of constipation than breast-fed babies. Some children become constipated when they start school or other activities, because they are embarrassed to ask permission to use the toilet. Toddlers often become constipated during toilet training if he or she is unwilling or afraid to use the toilet. Being sensitive to pain, children may avoid the toilet if they have minor splits or tears in the anus from straining or other irritations. Kids can also become constipated from consuming certain foods, such as dairy products. Older people, especially those who are more sedentary, tend to develop constipation more often.


Question: What medications can cause constipation?

Answer: Medications that can cause constipation include narcotics, diuretics, iron supplements, antacids, and drugs for blood pressure, seizures, and depression.


Question: What is constipation?

Answer: As fecal material sits in the colon, the harder the stool becomes and the more difficult it is to pass. A normal stool should not be either unusually hard or soft, and you shouldn't have to strain unreasonably to pass it. Bowel habits tend to vary with age and circumstances.


Question: When is medication needed to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

Answer: Daily medication is usually recommended only for people who have symptoms of restless legs syndrome at least three nights a week, or as determined by your doctor. Keep in mind that drugs used to treat primary RLS do not cure the condition, but only relieve symptoms. People whose RLS symptoms occur sporadically may be prescribed medication to take only when they have symptoms.


Question: What are the first steps in treating restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The first line of defense against restless legs syndrome is to avoid substances or foods that may be causing or worsening the problem. Stay away from alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine. This may help relieve your symptoms. In addition, review all medications you are taking with your doctor to determine if any of these drugs could be causing the problem. Any underlying medical conditions, such as anemia, diabetes, nutritional deficiencies, kidney disease, thyroid disease, varicose veins, or Parkinson's disease, should be treated. Dietary supplements to correct vitamin or mineral deficiency may be recommended. For some people, these treatments are all that is needed to relieve RLS symptoms. You may also benefit from physical therapy and self-care treatments, such as stretching, taking hot or cold baths, whirlpool baths, applying hot or cold packs to the affected area, limb massage, or vibratory or electrical stimulation of the feet and toes before bedtime. Exercise and relaxation techniques also may be helpful.


Question: What medications do doctors use to treat restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

Answer: The following medications are the most widely prescribed to treat RLS. They may be given alone or, in certain cases, in combination. Your doctor will prescribe the best treatment plan for you. Dopamine agonists: These are most often the first medicines used to treat RLS. These drugs, including pramipexole ( Mirapex), rotigotine ( Neupro), and ropinirole ( Requip), act like the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. Side effects include daytime sleepiness, nausea, and lightheadedness. Dopaminergic agents: These drugs, including Sinemet -- a combination of levodopa and carbidopa -- increase the level of dopamine in the brain and may improve leg sensations in RLS. However, they may cause a worsening of symptoms for some people after daily use. Side effects can also include nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and involuntary movements (dyskinesias). Benzodiazepines: Benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam ( Xanax), clonazepam ( Klonopin), and temazepam ( Restoril), are sedatives. They do not so much relieve symptoms as help you sleep through the symptoms. Opiates: These drugs are most often used to treat pain, but they can also relieve RLS symptoms. Because opiates are very addictive, they are usually used only when other drugs don't work. Hydrocodone ( Vicodin, Norco) is one example. Anticonvulsants: These agents, such as gabapentin ( Neurontin) and gabapentin enacarbil ( Horizant), may help relieve the symptoms of RLS as well as any chronic pain or nerve pain. Alpha2 agonists: These agents stimulate alpha2 receptors in the brain stem. This activates nerve cells (neurons) that "turn down" the part of the nervous system that controls muscle involuntary movements and sensations. The drug clonidine ( Catapres) is an example.


Question: What should I know about treating restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

Answer: There are no cures for primary restless legs syndrome, or RLS, although various treatments often can help relieve symptoms. Treatment for secondary restless legs syndrome ( RLS caused by another medical problem) involves treating the underlying cause.


Question: How do I know if I have a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

Answer: Talk to your doctor. He or she can examine you and perform tests to determine if you have an STD.


Question: What are the symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Answer: Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina. Bleeding from the vagina other than during a monthly period. Don't have sex with someone whom you suspect may have an STD. Know the signs and symptoms of STDs.


Question: How can I avoid spreading a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

Answer: He or she can examine you and perform tests to determine if you have an STD. Follow your doctor's instructions for treatment. Use condoms whenever you have sex, especially with new partners. Don't resume having sex unless your doctor says it's okay. Return to your doctor to get rechecked. Be sure your sex partner or partners also are treated.


Question: How can I protect myself from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Answer: Here are some basic steps that you can take to protect yourself from STDs: Consider that not having sex or sexual relations (abstinence) is the only sure way to prevent STDs. Use a latex condom every time you have sex. Limit your number of sexual partners. This means having sex with only one person. Choose your sex partners with care. Get checked for STDs. Don't use alcohol or drugs before you have sex. You may be less likely to use a condom if you are drunk or high. Know the signs and symptoms of STDs.


Question: How are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) treated?

Answer: Treatment can: Cure many STDs Lessen the symptoms of STDs Make it less likely that you will spread the disease Help you to get healthy and stay healthy Many STDs are treated with antibiotics. If you are given an antibiotic to treat an STD, it's important that you take all of the drug, even if the symptoms go away. Some doctors, however, may provide additional antibiotics to be given to your partner so that you can be treated at the same time.


Question: What are the symptoms of heat rash?

Answer: Small, itchy red bumps on the skin are the symptoms of heat rash. The rash may feel prickly, stinging, or burning.


Question: What are side effects of HIV/AIDS drugs?

Answer: Effectiveness may be reduced if also taking ritonavir and Victrelis for hepatitis C. darunavir ( Prezista) Diarrhea, nausea, headache, skin rash Effectiveness may be reduced if also taking ritonavir and Victrelis for hepatitis C. fosamprenavir ( Lexiva) Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, rash, numbness around mouth, abdominal pain lopinavir/ritonavir ( Kaletra) Diarrhea, fatigue, headache, nausea, weakness, rash, insomnia Effectiveness may be reduced if also taking Victrelis for hepatitis C. nelfinavir ( Viracept ) Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, weakness, rash, anemia, joint pain ritonavir ( Norvir âââ)ââââ Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, taste changes, headache, dizziness, rash tipranavir ( Aptivus) Elevated liver enzymes and cholesterol levels, diarrhea, rash, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, fatigue, headache Fusion Inhibitor ( FI) Common Side Effects Special Precautions enfuvirtide ( Fuzeon) Redness, itching, or hard lumps at injection site, insomnia, depression, diarrhea, nausea, weakness, muscle pain, loss of appetite, weight loss, flu-like symptoms Entry Inhibitor Common Side Effects Special Precautions maraviroc ( Selzentry) Cough, stomach pain, tiredness, dizziness when standing Integrase Inhibitors Common Side Effects Special Precautions raltegravir ( Isentress) Headache, nausea, dizziness, tiredness, insomnia dolutegravir ( Tivicay) Headaches, insomnia elvitegravirâââââââ ( Vitekta) Diarrhea, nausea, headache Here are examples of more severe HIV drug side effects: Lactic acidosis leads to high levels of acid in the blood, which can be fatal.


Question: What HIV/AIDS drugs cause lactic acidosis?

Answer: It can result from the use of NRTIs. Symptoms of lactic acidosis include: Long-lasting nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain Unusual fatigue Shortness of breath Rapid breathing Enlarged or tender liver Cold or blue hands and feet Abnormal heart beat Weight loss Treatment of lactic acidosis may include: Changing your drug regimen, but only under the guidance of your doctor Intravenous fluids, possibly in the hospital Vitamin supplements Hyperglycemia occurs with higher-than-usual levels of blood sugar, called glucose.


Question: What HIV/AIDS drugs cause skin rashes?

Answer: These side effects range from mild to life threatening. All classes of HIV drugs, including fusion inhibitors, may cause this side effect. Symptoms of severe rashes include: Flat or raised red spots with blisters in the center Blisters in the mouth, eyes, genitals, or other moist areas Peeling skin that causes painful sores Fever Headache Treatment of skin rashes includes: A change in medications, but only under the guidance of your doctor Antihistamine drugs Hospitalization and intravenous fluids and medications for severe skin rashes


Question: What causes my baby to vomit during eating?

Answer: Vomiting, when food comes up more forcefully, can have many causes -- an immature digestive system, infection, medication, and motion sickness, to name a few. Although vomiting usually gets better on its own, call the pediatrician if your baby appears dehydrated, has forceful vomiting or vomits for more than 24 hours, you see blood in the vomit, the child seems to be in pain, or he or she can't retain fluids. Forceful vomiting in infants may be caused by a physical condition called pyloric stenosis, which blocks food from moving into the intestines from the stomach. This condition, which commonly happens between the ages of 4 and 8 weeks, requires surgical correction.


Question: Why does my baby avoid eating new foods?

Answer: Avoiding New Foods Just about every child goes through a period of rejecting new foods. Fortunately, most children grow out of this phase, though it can sometimes take weeks, even months. Help your baby accept new foods more easily by making sure the new food looks similar to a familiar favorite, for example pureed carrots and pureed sweet potato, or mashed potatoes and mashed sweet potatoes. Then, starting with very small portions, gently offer the new food to your child three times during a meal. If she refuses, don't overreact; just move on to something you know she likes. Try offering the same food at another meal.


Question: Why is my baby a picky eater?

Answer: There are many reasons infants may be finicky about food. They may be teething, tired, not yet ready for solids, or just don't need as much food as you're feeding them. Familiar foods provide your baby comfort in stressful, busy times. Although picky eating may linger awhile, it rarely lasts.


Question: What should I do if my baby has issues eating?

Answer: First, relax. Although feeding hurdles are frustrating, if your baby is growing and developing normally, there's usually no reason to worry.


Question: Why does my baby refuse to eat food?

Answer: Refusing Food Babies refuse food for many reasons: They may be full, tired, distracted, or sick. Perhaps baby's feeding schedule just isn't your feeding schedule. Don't worry, a baby will always eat if he's hungry, so if your little one is swatting at the spoon, turning away, or clamping his mouth shut, he's telling you that he's had enough for now. Just make sure your baby is being fed healthy foods and junk foods are not filling him up earlier. Try to trust that your baby knows how much food he needs, and never force feed your child, which can turn feeding time into fighting time. That said, if a refusal to eat has you worried, always talk to your pediatrician.


Question: How can I manage my baby's reflux?

Answer: To help manage reflux, feed baby a little less or more slowly at each meal; change or loosen baby's diaper; keep her upright after feeding for at least 30 minutes (for example, sit her in a swing or car seat); limit active play after eating; raise the head of baby's bed by propping up the mattress (not by pillows or stuffed animals) under the child's head.


Question: How can I stop my baby from spitting food?

Answer: The good news is that spitting up tends to fade as babies reach their first birthday. You can reduce the chances of your baby spitting up by burping him regularly, avoiding overfeeding, keeping baby upright as you feed him, and avoiding playing with baby immediately after eating.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my baby's eating problem?

Answer: Baby feeding problems can be caused by many things, so it's always a good idea to talk to your child's health care provider if you're concerned, especially if your child is not growing appropriately or is not reaching his milestones. Call your child's pediatrician if your baby appears to be losing weight, is lethargic, seems to be dehydrated, has vomiting, gagging, or diarrhea that is persistent or related to certain foods, has abdominal pain, or simply if you have questions or concerns.


Question: What happens during an echocardiogram?

Answer: During an echocardiogram, you will be given a hospital gown to wear. You will be asked to remove your clothing from the waist up. A cardiac sonographer will place three electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) on your chest. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiograph monitor ( ECG or EKG) that charts your heart's electrical activity. The sonographer will ask you to lie on your left side on an exam table. He or she will place a wand (called a sound-wave transducer) on several areas of your chest. The wand will have a small amount of gel on the end, which will not harm your skin. The gel is used to help produce clearer pictures. Sounds are part of the Doppler signal. You may or may not hear the sounds during the test. You may be asked to change positions several times during the exam in order for the sonographer to take pictures of different areas of your heart. You may also be asked to hold your breath at times during the exam.


Question: What is a transthoracic echocardiogram?

Answer: Transthoracic echocardiogram: This is the standard echocardiogram. It is a painless test similar to X-ray, but without the radiation. The procedure uses the same technology used to evaluate a baby's health before birth. A hand-held device called a transducer is placed on the chest and transmits high frequency sound waves (ultrasound). These sound waves bounce off the heart structures, producing images and sounds that can be used by the doctor to detect heart damage and disease.


Question: Is an echocardiogram painful?

Answer: You should feel no major discomfort during the test, although you may feel coolness from the gel on the transducer and a slight pressure of the transducer on your chest.


Question: What is a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)?

Answer: Transesophageal echocardiogram ( TEE): This test requires that the transducer be inserted down the throat into the esophagus (the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). Because the esophagus is located close to the heart, clear images of the heart structures can be obtained without the interference of the lungs and chest.


Question: What medications should I avoid before a stress echocardiogram?

Answer: Do not take the following heart medications for 24 hours before your test unless your doctor tells you otherwise, or unless the medication is needed to treat chest discomfort: Beta-blockers (for example, Tenormin, Lopressor, Toprol, or Inderal) Isosorbide dinitrate (for example, Isordil, Sorbitrate) Isosorbide mononitrate (for example, Ismo, Indur, Monoket) Nitroglycerin (for example, Deponit, Nitrostat, Nitropatches) Your doctor may also ask you to stop taking other heart medications on the day of your test. If you have any questions about your medications, ask your doctor. Do not discontinue any medication without first talking with your doctor. If you use an inhaler for your breathing, please bring it with you.


Question: Why do I need an echocardiogram?

Answer: Your doctor may perform an echocardiogram to: Assess the overall function of your heart Determine the presence of many types of heart disease Follow the progress of heart valve disease over time Evaluate the effectiveness of medical or surgical treatments There are several types of echocardiograms.


Question: What should I do to prepare for a stress echocardiogram?

Answer: If you are scheduled for a dobutamine stress echo AND you have a pacemaker, please contact your doctor for specific instructions. Your device may need to be checked before the test. On the day of the stress echocardiogram, do not eat or drink anything except water for four hours before the test. Do not drink or eat caffeinated products (cola, chocolate, coffee, tea) for 24 hours before the test. Caffeine will interfere with the results of your test. Do not take any over-the-counter medications that contain caffeine for 24 hours before the test. Ask your doctor, pharmacist, or nurse if you have questions about medications that may contain caffeine.


Question: What is an echocardiogram?

Answer: The test is used to evaluate your heart and valve function when you are unable to exercise on a treadmill or stationary bike.


Question: What is a stress echocardiogram?

Answer: Stress echocardiogram: This is an echocardiogram that is performed while the person exercises on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. This test can be used to visualize the motion of the heart's walls and pumping action when the heart is stressed. It may reveal a lack of blood flow that isn't always apparent on other heart tests. The echocardiogram is performed just prior and just after the exercise.


Question: What is an intravascular ultrasound?

Answer: Intravascular ultrasound: This is an ultrasound performed during cardiac catheterization. During this procedure, the transducer is threaded into the heart blood vessels via a catheter in the groin. It is often used to provide detailed information about the atherosclerosis (blockage) inside the blood vessels.


Question: What happens during the transesophageal echocardiogram?

Answer: Before the transesophageal echocardiogram, you will be asked to remove dentures. An intravenous line ( IV) will be inserted into a vein in your arm or hand so that medications can be delivered during the test. A technician will gently rub three small areas on your chest and place electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) on these areas. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiograph monitor ( ECG or EKG) that charts your heart's electrical activity during the test. A blood pressure cuff will be placed on your arm to monitor your blood pressure during the test. A small clip, attached to a pulse oximeter, will be placed on your finger to monitor the oxygen level of your blood during the test. A mild sedative (medicine to help you relax) will be given through your IV. Because of the sedative, you may not be entirely awake for the test. An ultrasound probe (viewing instrument) will be inserted into your mouth, down your throat, and into your esophagus. This won't affect your breathing. You may be asked to swallow at certain times to help the ultrasound probe pass into your esophagus. This part of the test lasts a few seconds and may be uncomfortable. Once the probe is positioned, pictures of the heart are obtained at various angles. You will not feel this part of the test.


Question: How should I prepare for the echocardiogram?

Answer: On the day of the echocardiogram, eat and drink as you normally would. Take all of your medications at the usual times, as prescribed by your doctor.


Question: What is a dobutamine stress echocardiogram?

Answer: Dobutamine stress echocardiogram: This is another form of stress echocardiogram. However, instead of exercising to stress the heart, the stress is obtained by giving a drug that stimulates the heart and makes it "think" it is exercising. The test is used to evaluate your heart and valve function when you are unable to exercise on a treadmill or stationary bike. It is also used to determine how well your heart tolerates activity and your likelihood of having coronary artery disease (blocked arteries), and evaluates the effectiveness of your cardiac treatment plan.


Question: How long does a stress echocardiogram take?

Answer: The appointment will take about 60 minutes. The actual infusion time is usually about 15 minutes. After the test, plan to stay in the waiting room until all of the symptoms you may have experienced during the test have passed. Your doctor will discuss the test results with you.


Question: What happens during a stress echocardiogram?

Answer: When getting a dobutamine-induced stress test, a technician will place electrodes (small, flat, sticky patches) on your chest. The technician will perform a resting echocardiogram, measure your resting heart rate, and take your blood pressure. The doctor or nurse will administer the dobutamine into the IV while the technician continues to obtain echo images. The medication will cause your heart to react as if you were exercising: your heart rate will rise and you may feel it beating more strongly. It may cause a warm, flushing feeling and in some cases, a mild headache. At regular intervals, the lab personnel will ask how you are feeling. Please tell them if you feel chest, arm, or jaw pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, dizziness or lightheadedness, or any other unusual symptoms. The lab personnel will watch for any changes on the ECG monitor that suggest the test should be stopped. The IV will be removed from your arm once all of the medication has entered your bloodstream. An intravenous line ( IV) will be inserted into a vein in your arm or hand so that medications can be delivered during the test. The electrodes are attached to an electrocardiograph monitor ( ECG or EKG) that charts your heart's electrical activity during the test.


Question: What should I do to prepare for a transesophageal echocardiogram?

Answer: If you have any questions about your medications, ask your doctor. On the day of a transesophageal echocardiogram, do not eat or drink anything for six hours before the test. Take all of your medications at the usual times, as prescribed by your doctor. If you must take medication before the test, take it with a small sip of water. If you have diabetes and take medication or insulin to manage your blood sugar, please ask your doctor or the testing center for specific guidelines about taking your diabetes medications before the test. Someone should come with you to your appointment to take you home, as you should not drive until the day after the test. The sedation given during the test causes drowsiness, dizziness, and impairs your judgment, making it unsafe for you to drive or operate machinery.


Question: How long does an echocardiogram take?

Answer: Your doctor will discuss the test results with you. The appointment will take about 60 minutes. You should not eat or drink until the anesthetic wears off -- about an hour after the test.


Question: What happens after a transesophageal echocardiogram?

Answer: Your doctor will discuss the test results with you. When completed, the probe is withdrawn. You will be monitored for about 20-30 minutes after the test, which takes about 10-30 minutes to perform. Someone will need to drive you home after the test. You should not eat or drink until the anesthetic wears off -- about an hour after the test.


Question: How do I reduce swelling and prevent injury of an area affected by fracture or dislocation?

Answer: Apply firm pressure to wound with clean cloth until bleeding stops. Elevate the injured area if possible.


Question: When do I need eye protection?

Answer: Sports like ice hockey, racquetball, and lacrosse can also lead to eye injury. Wear eye protection. Helmets with protective face masks or sports goggles with polycarbonate lenses will shield your eyes.


Question: What happens when you stare at a screen for too long?

Answer: Staring at a computer or phone screen for too long can cause: Eyestrain Blurry vision Trouble focusing at a distance Dry eyes Headaches Neck, back, and shoulder pain To protect your eyes: Make sure your glasses or contacts prescription is up to date and good for looking at a computer screen.


Question: Does smoking damage eyes?

Answer: It makes you more likely to get cataracts, damage to your optic nerve, and macular degeneration, among many other medical problems. If you've tried to kick the habit before only to start again, keep at it. The more times you try to quit, the more likely you are to succeed. Ask your doctor for help.


Question: What nutrients are good for eyes when you're older?

Answer: Nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, lutein, zinc, and vitamins C and E might help ward off age-related vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts.


Question: What's a good diet for healthy eyes?

Answer: Good eye health starts with the food on your plate. Nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, lutein, zinc, and vitamins C and E might help ward off age-related vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts. To get them, fill your plate with: Green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, and collards Salmon, tuna, and other oily fish Eggs, nuts, beans, and other nonmeat protein sources Oranges and other citrus fruits or juices Oysters and pork A well-balanced diet also helps you stay at a healthy weight. That lowers your odds of obesity and related diseases like type 2 diabetes, which is the leading cause of blindness in adults.


Question: How can a well-balanced diet keep your eyes healthy?

Answer: To get them, fill your plate with: Green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, and collards Salmon, tuna, and other oily fish Eggs, nuts, beans, and other nonmeat protein sources Oranges and other citrus fruits or juices Oysters and pork A well-balanced diet also helps you stay at a healthy weight. That lowers your odds of obesity and related diseases like type 2 diabetes, which is the leading cause of blindness in adults.


Question: Are there different types of eye doctors?

Answer: Depending on your eye health needs, you can see one of two types of doctors: Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialize in eye care. They can provide general eye care, treat eye diseases, and perform eye surgery. Optometrists have had 4 years of specialized training after college. They provide general eye care and treat the most common eye diseases. They don't do eye surgery.


Question: How can you protect your eyes from looking at a computer screen?

Answer: Staring at a computer or phone screen for too long can cause: Eyestrain Blurry vision Trouble focusing at a distance Dry eyes Headaches Neck, back, and shoulder pain To protect your eyes: Make sure your glasses or contacts prescription is up to date and good for looking at a computer screen. If your eye strain won't go away, talk to your doctor about computer glasses. Move the screen so your eyes are level with the top of the monitor. That lets you look slightly down at the screen. Try to avoid glare from windows and lights. Use an anti-glare screen if needed. Choose a comfortable, supportive chair. Position it so that your feet are flat on the floor. If your eyes are dry, blink more. Rest your eyes every 20 minutes. Look 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Get up at least every 2 hours and take a 15-minute break.


Question: What should you eat to keep your eyes healthy?

Answer: To get them, fill your plate with: Green leafy vegetables like spinach, kale, and collards Salmon, tuna, and other oily fish Eggs, nuts, beans, and other nonmeat protein sources Oranges and other citrus fruits or juices Oysters and pork A well-balanced diet also helps you stay at a healthy weight.


Question: How can wearing sunglasses help keep your eyes healthy?

Answer: The right pair of shades will help protect your eyes from the sun's ultraviolet ( UV) rays. Too much UV exposure boosts your chances of cataracts and macular degeneration. Choose a pair that blocks 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB rays. Wraparound lenses help protect your eyes from the side. Polarized lenses reduce glare while you drive. If you wear contact lenses, some offer UV protection. It's still a good idea to wear sunglasses for an extra layer.


Question: How can eating well help keep your eyes healthy?

Answer: Good eye health starts with the food on your plate. Nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, lutein, zinc, and vitamins C and E might help ward off age-related vision problems like macular degeneration and cataracts.


Question: What does a comprehensive eye exam include to keep your eyes healthy?

Answer: It makes you more likely to get cataracts, damage to your optic nerve, and macular degeneration, among many other medical problems.


Question: What kind of sunglasses protect eyes from UV rays?

Answer: Too much UV exposure boosts your chances of cataracts and macular degeneration. Choose a pair that blocks 99% to 100% of UVA and UVB rays. Wraparound lenses help protect your eyes from the side. Polarized lenses reduce glare while you drive. If you wear contact lenses, some offer UV protection. It's still a good idea to wear sunglasses for an extra layer.


Question: How do I protect my eyes while looking at a computer screen?

Answer: The more times you try to quit, the more likely you are to succeed. Staring at a computer or phone screen for too long can cause: Eyestrain Blurry vision Trouble focusing at a distance Dry eyes Headaches Neck, back, and shoulder pain To protect your eyes: Make sure your glasses or contacts prescription is up to date and good for looking at a computer screen. That lets you look slightly down at the screen. Use an anti-glare screen if needed. Position it so that your feet are flat on the floor. If your eyes are dry, blink more. Rest your eyes every 20 minutes. Look 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Get up at least every 2 hours and take a 15-minute break.


Question: What are symptoms of bread dough poisoning in dogs?

Answer: If your dog has eaten bread dough, he may have these symptoms: Swollen belly Abdominal pain You'll know your dog has abdominal pain if he has symptoms such as: Doesn't want to lie down Stretches front legs out with chest down and rear up Yelps when abdomen is touched Doesn't want to eat While caffeine may give you a sense of wakefulness and energy, it's toxic to your dog.


Question: What are symptoms of avocado poisoning in dogs?

Answer: Avocado poisoning in dogs can cause symptoms such as: Vomiting Diarrhea Keep bones from chicken, roasts, and other meats away from your dog.


Question: Why shouldn't dogs have xylitol?

Answer: The symptoms of macadamia nut poisoning often begin with: Weakness Vomiting Stumbling Shaking Fever This is used as a sweetener in gum, candy, many other foods and drinks, and toothpaste. Fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms also contain small amounts of xylitol. In dogs, this ingredient can cause insulin, a hormone, to soar. This causes their blood sugar to drop steeply. Xylitol can also cause liver damage. Dogs often vomit after they eat or drink xylitol. Other symptoms include: Weakness Clumsiness Seizures


Question: What are symptoms of alcohol poisoning in dogs?

Answer: Symptoms of alcohol poisoning in dogs include: Vomiting Excited behavior Clumsy movements Lack of energy Avocados and their seed and leaves contain a toxin called persin.


Question: What are symptoms of chocolate poisoning in dogs?

Answer: Symptoms from eating a small amount of chocolate include: Vomiting Diarrhea If your dog eats larger amounts it can also lead to: Hyperactivity Tremors and seizures Irregular heartbeat Garlic and onions contain a chemical that breaks down into a substance that damages the red blood cells of dogs.


Question: Why shouldn't dogs eat bones?

Answer: Avocado poisoning in dogs can cause symptoms such as: Vomiting Diarrhea Keep bones from chicken, roasts, and other meats away from your dog. He can choke while eating bones. Also, bones can break into sharp pieces that may cause bleeding and infection inside your dog.


Question: Why shouldn't dogs eat grapes and raisins?

Answer: Symptoms after eating these foods can include: Vomiting Diarrhea Drooling More symptoms may begin days later, such as: Stumbling Lack of interest in eating Dark urine Grapes, and the raisins made from them, can cause kidney failure in dogs. This doesn't affect every dog that eats grapes or raisins. Experts still aren't sure which ingredient in the fruit may cause this problem.


Question: Can dogs have caffeine?

Answer: If your dog has eaten bread dough, he may have these symptoms: Swollen belly Abdominal pain You'll know your dog has abdominal pain if he has symptoms such as: Doesn't want to lie down Stretches front legs out with chest down and rear up Yelps when abdomen is touched Doesn't want to eat While caffeine may give you a sense of wakefulness and energy, it's toxic to your dog. Keep these items away from him: Coffee or coffee grounds Tea Soda Energy drinks Tablets containing caffeine If your dog has caffeine poisoning he may have these symptoms: Hyperactive behavior Panting Clumsiness Muscle quivers Chocolate contains caffeine and a related chemical called theobromine that is also harmful to dogs.


Question: What are symptoms of grape and raisin poisoning in dogs?

Answer: Symptoms after eating these foods can include: Vomiting Diarrhea Drooling More symptoms may begin days later, such as: Stumbling Lack of interest in eating Dark urine Grapes, and the raisins made from them, can cause kidney failure in dogs. The most common symptom is vomiting. Later symptoms of kidney failure include pain in the belly and less urine.


Question: How do blood tests work for allergies?

Answer: A small amount of your blood is taken and analyzed. A lab checks for proteins called antibodies that your immune system might make in response to something you're allergic to. These blood tests may not give you results as specific as those from a skin test. They also tend to be more expensive. Talk to your doctor to see if they're the right thing for you to get to the bottom of your allergies.


Question: How many deaths were caused by swine flu in the U.S.?

Answer: Swine flu -- A new type that spread worldwide during 2009-2010, causing the first flu pandemic -- global outbreak of disease -- caused by a new flu virus in more than 40 years.


Question: What is the youngest age that you can have a flu shot?

Answer: 6 months -- The youngest age for which the CDC recommends a flu shot.


Question: How many flu vaccines are usually prepared in the U.S. each year?

Answer: December to February -- Peak flu season in the U. S. 171 million to 179 million -- Number of flu vaccine doses expected to be available in the U. S. for the 2015-2016 flu season.


Question: How many people die from the flu each year in the U.S.?

Answer: 3,000 to 49,000 -- Number of people who die each year from flu-related causes in the U. S. $10 billion+ -- Average costs of hospitalizations and outpatient doctor visits related to the flu.


Question: When is flu season in the U.S.?

Answer: December to February -- Peak flu season in the U. S. 171 million to 179 million -- Number of flu vaccine doses expected to be available in the U. S. for the 2015-2016 flu season.


Question: How long does it take for the flu to go away?

Answer: 3 to 7 days -- Time it takes for a regular case of the illness to go away. You might have a cough and fatigue for more than 2 weeks, though.


Question: How many people are hospitalized due to the flu each year in the U.S.?

Answer: 200,000 -- Average number of Americans hospitalized each year because of problems with the illness.


Question: How long does it take for flu symptoms to show up?

Answer: 1 to 4 days -- Typical time it takes for symptoms to show up once you've caught the virus. Adults can be contagious from the day before symptoms begin through 5 to 10 days after the illness starts.


Question: How long does it take for a flu vaccine to work?

Answer: 2 weeks -- Time it takes after vaccination for an adult to develop disease-fighting antibodies against the flu.


Question: What are the cons of taking NSAIDs for arthritis pain?

Answer: Like over-the-counter NSAIDs, taking these medications for a long time may cause serious side effects like a heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and stomach irritation and bleeding for some people, especially in those who are older. If you take a daily aspirin, you should also talk with your doctor about whether it's safe for you to take other NSAIDs. NSAIDs you rub on your skin, such as diclofenac cream, also work well for hand and knee arthritis and are less likely to cause side effects than pills that you swallow.


Question: What are some over-the-counter (OTC) pain medications for arthritis?

Answer: Acetaminophen can ease mild and moderate arthritis pain. But you have to take it carefully. Many other types of medications also have acetaminophen, so it's easy to take too much without realizing it. Make sure you don't take more than 3,000 milligrams per day. NSAIDs also lower swelling and ease pain. Most healthy people can safely take them for short periods without any problems. But NSAIDs can raise your odds of having a heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, and kidney disease. Skin creams made from capsaicin, an extract from chili peppers, may help relieve mild arthritis pain.


Question: What are some nondrug treatments arthritis pain?

Answer: But you have to do it regularly. Like most treatments, if you don't stick with exercise, the benefits go away. It also relieves pain and helps your joints work better. Losing at least 10% of your body weight (20 pounds in a 200-pound person) can cut your pain in half. Walking aids, such as canes, and knee braces also help, especially if your knee is out of alignment. Splints can help with OA of the thumb. Ask your doctor or physical therapist about any other devices that may help. Your doctor will decide if you need these drugs to treat your pain.


Question: Can I take steroids for arthritis pain?

Answer: They may not get rid of your pain totally, but they can often ease it enough for you to do the things you want and need to do. But you have to do it regularly. Pain relief drugs you can buy at the pharmacy, like acetaminophen and NSAIDs (such as or ), are usually easy to get and don't cost a lot. The most common side effect is pain where the needle went in.


Question: What are some pros and cons of using opioids for arthritis pain?

Answer: Like over-the-counter NSAIDs, taking these medications for a long time may cause serious side effects like a heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and stomach irritation and bleeding for some people, especially in those who are older. If other treatments don't work, your doctor may prescribe a medication related to opioids called tramadol ( Ultram). Keep in mind that they can cause some serious side effects if you use them for a long time, including dependence and addiction. Yet when you take them exactly as prescribed, these pain relievers can be safe and work well against pain. Injections of hyaluronic acid into joints may help relieve pain in some people with mild to moderate knee OA.


Question: How is milk thistle used?

Answer: Milk thistle is sometimes used as a natural treatment for liver problems. These liver problems include cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, and gallbladder disorders. Some claim milk thistle may also: Provide heart benefits by lowering cholesterol levels Help diabetes in people who have type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis Silymarin is the main active ingredient in milk thistle.


Question: How does milk thistle (silymarin) affect the liver?

Answer: At this point, there is not enough scientific data to say whether or not milk thistle can help liver problems. Some early research suggests milk thistle may aid people with alcohol-related liver disease. Other studies show no improvement in liver function in this group of people. Some studies also show milk thistle may offer a possible benefit for people whose liver is damaged by industrial toxins, such as toluene and xylene. More information is needed before doctors can say milk thistle actually benefits the liver.


Question: Does milk thistle work?

Answer: It's unclear what benefits, if any, this may have in the body.


Question: What can milk thistle (silymarin) do?

Answer: Some claim milk thistle may also: Provide heart benefits by lowering cholesterol levels Help diabetes in people who have type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis Silymarin is the main active ingredient in milk thistle.


Question: Who should avoid using milk thistle (silymarin)?

Answer: If you have a ragweed allergy, you should also avoid milk thistle. Milk thistle may cause a rash or lead to severe allergic reaction. Since milk thistle may mimic the effects of estrogen, some women should avoid this herb. This includes women who have fibroid tumors or endometriosis. Additionally, women with breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers should not take milk thistle.


Question: Does milk thistle (silymarin) work?

Answer: Some claim milk thistle may also: Provide heart benefits by lowering cholesterol levels Help diabetes in people who have type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis Silymarin is the main active ingredient in milk thistle. Silymarin is both an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. It's unclear what benefits, if any, this may have in the body.


Question: Is milk thistle (silymarin) good for the heart?

Answer: By lowering LDL "bad" cholesterol levels, milk thistle may help decrease the chance of developing heart disease. However, studies on possible heart benefits only have been done in people with diabetes. People with diabetes often have high cholesterol. It's unclear if milk thistle may have the same effects in other people. Milk thistle can also be taken in conjunction with cholesterol lowering medications, like statins. It can help prevent elevation of liver enzymes, which can be a side effect of the medication.


Question: Can milk thistle help people with diabetes?

Answer: Medical research does suggest that milk thistle, combined with traditional treatment, can improve diabetes. Studies have shown a decrease in blood sugar levels and an improvement in cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes. Researchers also have found that milk thistle improved insulin resistance, a key characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a serious condition. Talk to your doctor before taking any supplements, as they may interfere with your medication.


Question: What is milk thistle (silymarin)?

Answer: Some people also call it Mary thistle and holy thistle. Silymarin is both an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.


Question: What is milk thistle?

Answer: Some people also call it Mary thistle and holy thistle. Silymarin is both an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.


Question: How do you take milk thistle (silymarin)?

Answer: Milk thistle can also be taken in conjunction with cholesterol lowering medications, like statins. Milk thistle can be combined with other herbs.


Question: What should you tell your doctor if you're taking milk thistle (silymarin)?

Answer: Talk to your doctor before taking any supplements, as they may interfere with your medication. Milk thistle can also be taken in conjunction with cholesterol lowering medications, like statins.


Question: What are symptoms of migraine headaches?

Answer: You may also notice: Moderate to severe pain (often described as pounding, throbbing pain) that can affect the whole head, or can shift from one side of the head to the other Sensitivity to light, noise or odors Blurred vision Nausea or vomiting, stomach upset, abdominal pain Loss of appetite Sensations of being very warm or cold Paleness Fatigue Dizziness Fever (rare) Bright flashing dots or lights, blind spots, wavy or jagged lines (aura) If you feel a steady pain in the area behind your face that gets worse if you bend forward -- and if you also have nasal congestion -- you may have a sinus headache.


Question: What are the symptoms of chronic tension headaches?

Answer: Pain usually begins gradually, and often occurs in the middle of the day Pain may last from 30 minutes to several days Chronic Tension Headaches (occur more than 15 days per month) Pain may vary in intensity throughout the day, but the pain is almost always present Pain comes and goes over a prolonged period of time Associated Symptoms of Tension Headaches include: Headache upon awakening Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise General muscle aching With this type of headache, you'll probably notice: Intense pain on one side of your head.


Question: What are symptoms of sinus headaches?

Answer: This type can lead to: Deep and constant pain in the cheekbones, forehead or bridge of the nose Pain that gets worse with sudden head movement or straining Pain along with other sinus symptoms, like nasal discharge, a feeling of fullness in the ears, fever, and facial swelling.


Question: What are the symptoms of sinus headaches?

Answer: This type can lead to: Deep and constant pain in the cheekbones, forehead or bridge of the nose Pain that gets worse with sudden head movement or straining Pain along with other sinus symptoms, like nasal discharge, a feeling of fullness in the ears, fever, and facial swelling.


Question: What happens when you have headaches?

Answer: Although not all headaches are the same, they all share at least one thing in common -- they cause pain. But many headaches also cause other unwanted symptoms, including nausea and vomiting. There are different types: Episodic Tension Headaches (occur less than 15 days per month) Pain is mild to moderate, constant band-like pain or pressure Pain affects the front, top or sides of the head.


Question: If I have diabetes, can I wear dressy or uncomfortable shoes occasionally?

Answer: Enjoy Occasional Fancy Feet Having diabetes doesn't mean you have to wear sensible shoes every day for the rest of your life. " The need for being careful depends on how advanced the neuropathy is," Lee says. " The risks vary significantly depending on how advanced the disease is and how numb or how bad circulation is." If you have normal feeling and blood flow, it might even be OK to wear dressy shoes like high heels or pointy wing-tips for short periods of time, Lee says. Ask your foot doctor what's best for your feet, though.


Question: If I have diabetes, can I wear pointed toe shoes?

Answer: Look for shoes that don't have pointed toes. Instead, choose ones with a spacious "toe box," so your toes have plenty of wiggle room. That way they won't be crushed together. You'll have less chance of corns, calluses, and blisters that can turn into ulcers.


Question: If I have diabetes, can I buy shoes that I plan on breaking into?

Answer: Don't buy shoes that aren't comfortable, planning to break them in as you wear them. Shoes should feel good when you first try them on. If you take off new shoes after wearing them a couple of hours and find red, tender spots, don't wear them again.


Question: If I have diabetes and my feet hurt, how can I tell if it's because of the size of my shoe?

Answer: Your foot should fit comfortably on top of it with no overlap. If your foot is bigger than the insole, it will be crammed inside the shoe when you wear it. Choose a different shoe.


Question: How can diabetes affect my feet?

Answer: Shoes and Diabetes: What's on Your Feet Matters When you have diabetes, you need to take special care of your feet. That's why it's important to check your feet daily and choose your shoes wisely. Wear well-fitting, comfortable shoes to help keep small foot problems -- like a corn, blister, or a callus -- from turning into severe ones.


Question: If I have diabetes, how many pairs of shoes should I have?

Answer: Buy at least two pairs with good support. Each pair will likely have different pressure points on your feet, so change your shoes daily. Your shoes will also get to dry and air out when you don't wear them every day.


Question: If I have diabetes, can I wear slip-on shoes?

Answer: Consider laced shoes instead of slip-ons. They often provide better support and a better fit.


Question: If I have diabetes, when is the best time of day to try on shoes?

Answer: About 6 out of 10 people with diabetes wear the wrong-size shoes, a study at the University of Dundee in the United Kingdom shows. Your feet are more likely to be a little swollen. If shoes are comfortable when your feet are swollen, they should feel fine the rest of the time, too.


Question: If I have diabetes, can I wear high heels?

Answer: If you have nerve damage, you might not realize that area is sore or getting calluses. High heels can also cause balance issues, especially if you have nerve damage. Straps can put pressure on parts of your foot, leading to sores and blisters.


Question: What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine cell cancers?

Answer: In pancreatic cancer, the organ's cells grow abnormally. About 95% of pancreatic cancers are exocrine cell cancers, called adenocarcinoma. These cancers usually originate in the head of the pancreas. Endocrine cell cancers -- or pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors -- are slower growing tumors with a different prognosis and treatment than pancreatic adenocarcinoma.


Question: What are uncontrollable risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Others with an increased risk include: African- American males Those with a history of chronic pancreatitis Those with a family history of pancreatic cancer Other hereditary diseases associated with pancreatic cancer include familial breast cancer, familial melanoma syndrome, Peutz- Jeghers syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome, and hereditary pancreatitis.


Question: What are the main risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Aside from advanced age, smoking is the main risk factor for pancreatic cancer; a smoker is twice as likely as a nonsmoker to get the disease. People frequently exposed to certain chemical carcinogens may also be at increased risk. Excessive dietary fat and protein as well as low fiber intake may promote the disease. High body mass index (a measure of obesity), increased height, and a low level of physical activity increases the risk as well. Pancreatic cancer is more common in people with diabetes but the link is not fully understood.


Question: What cells are in the pancreas?

Answer: The organ has special cells called endocrine cells that make hormones and are clustered together in groups called islets that are found mostly in the tail and body sections of the gland. The pancreas also has exocrine cells, another type of specialized cell, which represent 95% of the cells in the pancreas. They are spread throughout the gland and perform the digestive functions.


Question: What is the pancreas?

Answer: It is about six inches long and less than 2 inches wide. It has two big manufacturing jobs in the body: It makes digestive juices that help the intestines break down food. The pancreas is divided into three sections: the head, the body, and the tail. These cancers usually originate in the head of the pancreas.


Question: What problems might caused by melatonin supplements taken with some medicines?

Answer: Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.


Question: How well does melatonin work?

Answer: Some studies say it could help with jet lag and some sleep issues like delayed sleep phase disorder, shift work disorder, and some sleep disorders with children. Other research shows it may let people with insomnia fall asleep slightly faster. It may also help you sleep better through the night, but not necessarily longer. Still more studies have shown that melatonin doesn't help sleep problems at all. There's also not enough research to say it helps with any issues not related to sleep.


Question: What are side effects of melatonin?

Answer: Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.


Question: Why should you talk to your doctor first before taking melatonin supplements?

Answer: Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.


Question: Why do people take melatonin?

Answer: People use melatonin when they have insomnia -- trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. They also take it for other sleep problems. That's the tired, run-down feeling some get when they're traveling across time zones. Doctors are also studying to see if melatonin can help with: Alzheimer's disease Cancer Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) High nighttime blood pressure Sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorders While melatonin generally brings fewer side effects than other sleep medicines, you could still have: Daytime sleepiness Headache Dizziness Stomach discomfort Anxiety Crankiness A "heavy head" feeling Short-lived depression Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning medications (anticoagulants) Drugs that suppress the immune system (immunosuppressants) Diabetes drugs Birth control pills Tell your doctor if you're thinking about taking any supplement, especially if you take any medicine or have a health condition.


Question: How can surgery treat kidney stones?

Answer: Surgery: Another way doctors can get rid of a kidney stone is to cut a small hole in your back and through your kidney in order to remove the stone. If this procedure is done, you could have to stay in the hospital for several days.


Question: How can ureteroscopy treat  kidney stones?

Answer: Your doctor uses a thin, flexible scope to find and remove stones. No cuts are made in your skin. You'll sleep through this procedure. Your doctor will pass the scope through your bladder and ureter into your kidney. She uses a small basket to remove small stones. If the stones are larger, the doctor will pass a laser through the scope to break them up. Typically, you are able to go home on the same day.


Question: How can shock wave lithotripsy treat kidney stones?

Answer: It uses shock waves, which can blast the stone into little pieces. Then, the smaller pieces can more easily be passed in your urine. The treatment takes about an hour, and you can usually go home about an hour later. This treatment doesn't involve any surgical cuts, but there's still some pain. Your doctor will talk over your options with you: sedation, local anesthesia (you're given something to numb the pain but stay awake), general anesthesia (you're not awake during the procedure).


Question: Which foods should I stay away from if I've had kidney stones?

Answer: Avoid certain foods and soft drinks: If you have already had at least one kidney stone, it's a good idea to limit the animal protein you eat each day to a piece about the size of a deck of cards. Some foods, such as eggs, spinach, beets, chocolate, and nuts, as well as colas, have been linked to kidney stones.


Question: What type of kidney stones are struvite stones?

Answer: Struvite stones: Infections, especially in the urinary tract, can cause you to have this kind of stone.


Question: When should I call my doctor about kidney stones?

Answer: They include: Pain in your side or back, below the ribs, which is severe Pain in your groin and lower abdomen Pain that comes and goes and ranges in severity Painful urination and going more often than you usually do Urine that is cloudy, pink, red, or brown, or that has a bad smell Feeling like you need to pee all the time Fever and chills if you have an infection Small amounts of urine when you do go If you are in really bad pain, you probably want to see a doctor. Other signs you should quickly seek medical care include: Being sick to your stomach and throwing up, while in pain Being feverish and cold off and on, while in pain Having bloody urine or a hard time going How does your doctor know if you really do have a kidney stone?


Question: What can cause kidney stones?

Answer: Similarly, if you don't have enough urine in your body to water down the high concentration of minerals, stones can form. Other things that can make you more likely to get kidney stones include: diet diarrhea (which can dehydrate you) obesity certain medical conditions and medications a family history of kidney stones.


Question: What are the symptoms of kidney stones?

Answer: Even if you have a kidney stone, you may not have any symptoms -- that is, until the stone goes on the move. They include: Pain in your side or back, below the ribs, which is severe Pain in your groin and lower abdomen Pain that comes and goes and ranges in severity Painful urination and going more often than you usually do Urine that is cloudy, pink, red, or brown, or that has a bad smell Feeling like you need to pee all the time Fever and chills if you have an infection Small amounts of urine when you do go If you are in really bad pain, you probably want to see a doctor. And that can cause stones to form.


Question: What are kidney stones?

Answer: Kidney stones are small -- usually between the size of a kernel of corn and a grain of salt. When your body has too much of certain minerals, and at the same time doesn't have enough liquid, these pebble-like objects can form. Both men and women can get kidney stones, but men's chances of getting them are about double that of women's. If your stone is bigger or you can't pass it, you might be in a fair amount of pain. Some of that liquid can be orange juice, lemonade, or limeade.


Question: What type of kidney stones are cystine stones?

Answer: Once you get a cystine stone, there is a chance that you may have one again. You inherit the possibility of getting them from your parents, both of whom would have to have the same type of genetic mutation. These include: Shock wave lithotripsy: This is the most common procedure for kidney stones in the United States.


Question: How much water do you need to drink each day to prevent kidney stones?

Answer: Once you get a cystine stone, there is a chance that you may have one again. To stop this from happening, try the following: Drink plenty of water: You should drink at least 64 ounces of water each day. Some of that liquid can be orange juice, lemonade, or limeade. But not taking in enough calcium can boost the level of the oxalates in your urine.


Question: How can drinking and eating enough calcium help prevent kidney stones?

Answer: Your doctor may want you to save the stone so it can be tested. Drink and eat enough calcium: This preventive step might sound a little confusing, as doctors will tell you that high calcium levels (because of too much sodium) in your urine can cause a stone. But not taking in enough calcium can boost the level of the oxalates in your urine. And oxalates can cause kidney stones. It's best to get your calcium from foods and beverages rather than supplements.


Question: What type of kidney stones are uric acid stones?

Answer: You could get this kind if you typically don't drink enough water or if you sweat a lot and don't replace the fluids you lose. Uric acid stones: Eating large amounts of animal proteins can cause uric acid to build up in the urine and eventually form a stone either with or without calcium. And that can cause stones to form.


Question: What type of kidney stones are calcium stones?

Answer: They include: Calcium stones: These are the most common ones. Even just eating some foods very high in oxalates, such as rhubarb, or taking unusually high levels of Vitamin D, can boost your chances of getting this type. But not taking in enough calcium can boost the level of the oxalates in your urine.