Question: How do anticholinergics work to improve asthma control?

Answer: Anticholinergics relax and enlarge (dilate) the airways in the lungs, making breathing easier (bronchodilators). Tiotropium bromide is a maintenance medication used once a day along with other maintenance drugs when tighter control is needed for symptom relief . It is not a rescue inhaler. This drug may be used by individuals age 6 and older who have asthma.


Question: What are the main types of steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs for asthma?

Answer: The key treatments for asthma are steroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs. Other anti-inflammatory treatments include leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and immunomodulators.


Question: What are the side effects of anticholinergics for asthma?

Answer: The most common side effects of leukotriene modifiers are headache,nausea, vomiting, insomnia, and irritability. Other reactions include dizziness, diarrhea, cough, allergic rhinitis, urinary tract infections and urinary retention, yeast infections in the mouth or throat, and high blood pressure (hypertension).


Question: What are the side effects of leukotriene modifiers for asthma?

Answer: Leukotriene modifiers may interfere with other medications (for example, theophylline and the blood thinnerwarfarin). Make sure you inform your doctor of all the medications you are taking. The most common side effects are pharyngitis, headache, bronchitis, and sinusitis.


Question: How is asthma treated?

Answer: The key treatments for asthma are steroids and other anti-inflammatory drugs. As a result, the airways are less inflamed and less likely to react to asthma triggers , allowing people with symptoms of asthma to have better control over their condition. These steroids are anti-inflammatory drugs, the cornerstone of asthma therapy. Prednisone and other steroid drugs may be used to help control sudden and severe asthma attacks or in rare cases to treat long-term, hard-to-control asthma.


Question: How can I protect myself from pneumonia?

Answer: Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are similar to the flu, and include: Fever Dry cough Headache Sore throat Loss of appetite Muscle pain Added symptoms that may occur about a day later include: High fever Cough with mucus Shortness of breath Additional symptoms of severe cases can include: Extreme breathlessness Blue tint on lips or under the nails Get a viral influenza (flu) vaccine (shot) each year. Flu vaccines are prepared annually in anticipation of that year's virus strain. Influenza can make pneumonia infection more likely. Get the pneumonia vaccine to protect yourself against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Get treated for any other infections in the respiratory system, especially those in the lungs. Wash your hands before eating, before preparing food, and after going outside. Try to avoid people who have colds or the flu. Ask them to visit you when they are feeling better. Eat a healthy diet, exercise, and get plenty of rest. Contact your doctor if you think you have symptoms. Don't wait for symptoms to worsen, as you may develop an emergency condition. Don't smoke. Don't use alcohol heavily.


Question: Who should get the pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: Pneumonia is inflammation or swelling in the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other fluids, making it difficult for oxygen to reach the blood. Symptoms include: High fever (up to 105 degrees) Drowsiness Rapid breathing Chills Cough with mucus (may be greenish or have blood) Chest pain Blue tint on lips or under the nails (severe cases) You should get the pneumonia vaccine if you: Are over age 65. Have a chronic illness, such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, heart disease, or lung disease. Have HIV or AIDS. Have a weak immune system from another cause, such as from certain kidney diseases and some cancers, or have had your spleen removed. Are taking drugs, such as prednisone that weaken the immune system.


Question: What are symptoms of bacterial pneumonia?

Answer: Pneumonia is inflammation or swelling in the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other fluids, making it difficult for oxygen to reach the blood. Pneumonia can be typical or atypical. Symptoms include: High fever (up to 105 degrees) Drowsiness Rapid breathing Chills Cough with mucus (may be greenish or have blood) Chest pain Blue tint on lips or under the nails (severe cases) You should get the pneumonia vaccine if you: Are over age 65.


Question: What does the doctor need to know when diagnosing tinnitus?

Answer: What Your Doctor Needs to Know About Tinnitus How tinnitus affects your life is important for diagnosis and treatment. Your doctor may ask: What are your symptoms? Do the symptoms make it hard to concentrate, sleep, or work? Has tinnitus caused relationship problems or made it hard to do daily tasks? Loud noises and aging are common causes of tinnitus. A health problem, such as thyroid imbalance or high blood pressure, can also cause it. So can earwax, if it blocks the ear canal. Some medications may also trigger tinnitus. Sometimes, there is no clear cause.


Question: What can trigger tinnitus?

Answer: Certain things can trigger bouts of tinnitus, or worsen it. Your doctor may ask: Do you drink alcohol or caffeine? Do you smoke cigarettes? Are you under a lot of stress?


Question: What are some questions to ask about the treatment for tinnitus?

Answer: What is tinnitus? You may want to ask your doctor these questions to learn about your options: What are the treatments for tinnitus? Are there any risks or side effects from the treatment? What can I do on my own to manage tinnitus? How can I stop tinnitus from getting worse?


Question: What are questions doctors might ask to diagnose tinnitus?

Answer: What over-the-counter drugs, supplements, or natural remedies do you take, if any? Have you ever had any head or neck injuries? You may want to ask your doctor these questions to learn about your options: What are the treatments for tinnitus?


Question: What should patients ask their doctor about tinnitus?

Answer: Loud noises and aging are common causes of tinnitus. Ask your doctor these questions so you better understand your condition. Can you tell what's causing my tinnitus? Will it go away on its own? Can other people hear the noise in my ears? Will tinnitus damage my hearing? Does having tinnitus mean I have hearing loss?


Question: What is an electric implant?

Answer: Electric Implant : The Maestro Rechargeable System works like a pacemaker to deliver electrical pulses to a nerve between the stomach and the brain , called the vagus nerve. This nerve tells the brain when the stomach is full. The device is implanted in the abdomen and has a remote control that can adjust it from outside the body.


Question: What is an adjustable gastric?

Answer: Adjustable Gastric Band: The surgeon puts a small band around the top of your stomach. The band has a small balloon inside it that controls how tight or loose the band is. The band limits how much food can go into your stomach. This surgery is done using a laparoscope.


Question: What is a gastric sleeve?

Answer: Gastric Sleeve: This surgery removes most of the stomach and leaves only a narrow section of the upper part of the stomach, called a gastric sleeve. The surgery may also curb the hunger hormone ghrelin, so you eat less.


Question: Do you still have to eat healthy if you have weight loss surgery?

Answer: With any type of weight loss surgery, you still must focus on eating a healthy diet and becoming more active as part of your lifestyle.


Question: Can teens get weight loss surgery?

Answer: Teens usually don't get weight loss surgery unless they're extremely obese, with a body mass index ( BMI) of at least 35, and with a weight-related condition. If you're thinking about it, talk to your doctor about whether it's a good option for you.


Question: What is a duodenal switch?

Answer: Duodenal Switch: This is complicated surgery that removes most of the stomach and uses a gastric sleeve to bypass most of your small intestine. It limits how much you can eat. It also means your body doesn't get as much of a chance to absorb nutrients from your food, which could mean you don't get enough of the vitamins and minerals you need.


Question: What are benefits of weight loss surgery?

Answer: After weight loss surgery, most people lose weight for 18-24 months. At that point, many people start to regain some of their lost weight, but few regain it all. If you had any medical conditions related to obesity, those usually improve after weight loss surgery. Some conditions, such as diabetes, can improve quickly. Others, such as high blood pressure, may take a little longer.


Question: Can gallstones form after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Gallstones can form when you lose a lot of weight quickly. To help prevent them, your doctor may recommend taking supplemental bile salts for the first 6 months after surgery.


Question: Am I a candidate for weight loss surgery?

Answer: You're committed to making lifestyle changes to keep the weight off. It limits how much you can eat. If you had any medical conditions related to obesity, those usually improve after weight loss surgery.


Question: What are side effects of weight loss surgery?

Answer: It also means your body doesn't get as much of a chance to absorb nutrients from your food, which could mean you don't get enough of the vitamins and minerals you need. The device is implanted in the abdomen and has a remote control that can adjust it from outside the body. Symptoms include nausea, weakness, sweating, faintness, diarrhea after eating, and not being able to eat sweets without feeling very weak.


Question: What is a sports physical?

Answer: A sports physical -- also known as a pre-participation physical examination -- is a check-up to assess a teen's health and fitness as it relates to a sport. It is not the same as a regular physical. During the sports physical, the health care provider looks for any diseases or injuries that could make it unsafe to participate in sports by reviewing the family's medical history to ensure additional tests are performed if necessary.


Question: How can I be prepared for a drug allergy?

Answer: If you know you have a drug allergy, tell all your health care providers before you get any type of treatment, including dental care. It's also good idea to carry a card or wear a special bracelet or pendant that identifies your allergy, in case of emergency.


Question: What are symptoms of being allergic to medicine?

Answer: But during an allergic reaction, the release of histamine can cause symptoms like hives, a skin rash, itchy skin or eyes, congestion, and swelling in the mouth and throat.


Question: What are the most common drug allergies?

Answer: Other meds commonly found to cause allergic reactions include sulfa drugs, barbiturates, anti-seizure drugs, and insulin. Getting an allergy test to find out if the severe reaction was a "true" allergic response isn't needed if there are other drug options.


Question: Should my specialists for multiple sclerosis keep in touch?

Answer: If you have more than one specialist on your team, make sure they stay in touch. This is especially important if you have another health condition besides MS. Use only one pharmacy if you can.


Question: How do I make the most of multiple sclerosis doctor visits?

Answer: It's important to be able to discuss any concerns you have about your multiple sclerosis. Do your best to find a doctor who you're comfortable with -- someone who respects and listens to you. Think about other factors, too, like travel time for office visits and insurance coverage.


Question: What should I tell my doctor about my multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Let your doctor know if: You feel hopeless or like you can't handle the disease. You're afraid of any part of treatment, like needles or side effects. You've had a bad experience with other health care providers. You're confused by different messages from members of your health care team.


Question: How can I best prepare for my appointments with my multiple sclerosis doctor?

Answer: Do your best to find a doctor who you're comfortable with -- someone who respects and listens to you. Be as prepared as you can for your appointments. Some steps to try: Keep track of how you're feeling in a notebook, but remember that your symptoms may not all be due to MS. Note how often the symptoms happen, when you have them, and how bad they usually are. Give your doctor an updated list of all your medications and contact information for other doctors. Bring a list of your top questions to each of your visits. Ask your doctor about your biggest worry first. Are you feeling more depressed or anxious? Having trouble staying focused? Your doctor won't be able to guess what's on your mind. Speak up, even about issues that are hard to discuss, such as sexual changes, mood problems, or bowel troubles. Be as clear and concise as you can, but don't be afraid to ask for help understanding or for more information.


Question: If multiple sclerosis causes bowel problems, should I exercise to normalize my bowel movement?

Answer: It's a great way to get your digestive tract going.


Question: If multiple sclerosis causes bowel problems, should I use stool softeners to normalize my bowel movement?

Answer: But only if your doctor says it's OK.


Question: Do people with multiple sclerosis normally have diarrhea?

Answer: It usually happens because of allergies or sensitivity to spicy foods or dairy products, bad water or food, a change in activity level, or an infection. Diarrhea can also signal another problem. If it you have it often or all the time, see your doctor. In some cases, she may tell you to see a doctor who specializes in treating bowel problems, called a gastroenterologist.


Question: What are some struggles with having multiple sclerosis and bowel problems?

Answer: If you have multiple sclerosis ( MS), your bathroom habits may not be what they used to be. You might have bowel movements a lot more, not as much, or it may be harder to go. Talk to your doctor about these troubles. She can suggest ways to make things regular. But there are also simple ways to adjust your habits to make bathroom visits more predictable.


Question: How does exercise get bowel movements back to normal?

Answer: It's a great way to get your digestive tract going.


Question: How does drinking more fluids get bowel movements back to normal if you have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You might be tempted to cut back on it if your MS gives you bladder problems. But that makes constipation worse. Make your first beverage of the day something hot, such as hot water or apple cider, or drink 1/2 to 1 cup of prune juice in the morning to get things moving.


Question: Do people with multiple sclerosis normally have constipation?

Answer: It's very common for people with MS. The disease can interrupt the messages nerves send to and from the brain that signal that it's time for a bowel movement. MS can also keep pelvic floor muscles from relaxing, which helps your body get rid of stool. Also, it can stop the natural increase in activity of your colon after you eat.


Question: If multiple sclerosis causes bowel problems, should I stick to a schedule to normalize my bowel movement?

Answer: If it you have it often or all the time, see your doctor. Try going right after meals since eating is a natural way to prompt a bowel movement. Try to wait no more than 2 to 3 days between bowel movements.


Question: How does sticking to a schedule get bowel movements back to normal?

Answer: If it you have it often or all the time, see your doctor. Try going right after meals since eating is a natural way to prompt a bowel movement. Try to wait no more than 2 to 3 days between bowel movements.


Question: How can I control my diarrhea?

Answer: Diarrhea . Drink more liquids to make up for what your body is losing. Try water, lemonade or fruit-flavored drinks, fruit or vegetable juice, broth, milk, or soup. Talk with your doctor or dietitian about how much fiber you should eat. Eat soft foods that have a lot of liquid, such as sherbet, yogurt, and pudding. Ask your doctor whether changing your medications might help relieve the diarrhea.


Question: What are symptoms of pericoronitis?

Answer: If the pericoronitis is severe, the swelling and infection may extend beyond the jaw to the cheeks and neck. Symptoms of pericoronitis can include: Pain Infection Swelling in the gum tissue (caused by an accumulation of fluid) A "bad taste" in the mouth (caused by pus leaking from the gums) Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck Difficulty opening the mouth Your dentist will examine your wisdom teeth to see how they are coming in, and determine if they are partially erupted.


Question: What is pericoronitis?

Answer: Pericoronitis is a dental disorder in which gum tissue becomes swollen and infected around the wisdom teeth, the third and final set of molars that most people get in their late teens or early twenties. Pericoronitis can develop when wisdom teeth only partially erupt (break through the gum).


Question: How do you diagnose pericoronitis?

Answer: Symptoms of pericoronitis can include: Pain Infection Swelling in the gum tissue (caused by an accumulation of fluid) A "bad taste" in the mouth (caused by pus leaking from the gums) Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck Difficulty opening the mouth Your dentist will examine your wisdom teeth to see how they are coming in, and determine if they are partially erupted. He or she may take an X-ray periodically to determine the alignment of the wisdom teeth. Your dentist will also take note of any symptoms such as swelling or infection, and will check for the presence of a gum flap around a wisdom tooth.


Question: How do you treat pericoronitis?

Answer: You should also make sure that the gum flap has no food trapped under it. If your tooth, jaw, and cheek are swollen and painful, see your dentist right away. He or she can treat the infection with antibiotics (usually penicillin, unless you are allergic). You can also take pain relievers such as aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen. The dentist may also prescribe a pain medication. If the pain and inflammation are severe, or if the pericoronitis recurs, it may be necessary to have oral surgery to remove the gum flap or wisdom tooth.


Question: What causes pericoronitis?

Answer: Pericoronitis can develop when wisdom teeth only partially erupt (break through the gum). This allows an opening for bacteria to enter around the tooth and cause an infection. In cases of pericoronitis, food or plaque (a bacterial film that remains on teeth after eating) may get caught underneath a flap of gum around the tooth. If it remains there, it can irritate the gum and lead to pericoronitis.


Question: How should I chew my food to help treat the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea?

Answer: Chew food well and take your time to help digest your meals. It's better to let your teeth and saliva break down your food slowly than to wash it down with water or other drinks.


Question: Can peppermint oil help IBS-D symptoms?

Answer: Some researchers say this can ease muscle spasms that lead to pain as you digest your food. It could give you short-term relief from IBS- D pain, but it can also make heartburn worse.


Question: How can I change my diet to help ease the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea?

Answer: Some simple tweaks may help calm your symptoms. Sugary foods, sodas, caffeine, alcohol, and processed foods may be bad for your digestion. Instead, eat whole, natural foods. Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats found in salmon or nuts are better choices.


Question: Does it help to keep a food journal if you have IBS?

Answer: If you think some eats or drinks may trigger your symptoms, keep a food diary for a few weeks. Write down what you eat and when you have stomach problems. You may discover which meals or treats make you feel worse.


Question: What are some changes I can make to my diet to help calm symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: Some simple tweaks may help calm your symptoms. Sugary foods, sodas, caffeine, alcohol, and processed foods may be bad for your digestion. Instead, eat whole, natural foods. Fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats found in salmon or nuts are better choices. Be careful about getting too much fiber, including through fiber powders or drinks. There's no proof these ease IBS- D symptoms. Chew food well and take your time to help digest your meals. It's better to let your teeth and saliva break down your food slowly than to wash it down with water or other drinks. If you think some eats or drinks may trigger your symptoms, keep a food diary for a few weeks. Write down what you eat and when you have stomach problems. You may discover which meals or treats make you feel worse.


Question: What are probiotics?

Answer: Millions of tiny bacteria live in your gut. The right mix of âgoodâ bacteria in your intestines could help fight the bad bacteria. Foods or supplements with probiotics are one way to try and change the makeup in your gut.


Question: How does acupuncture help IBS-D symptoms?

Answer: This is a Chinese treatment that's been around for centuries. An acupuncturist or therapist will insert very thin needles into the surface of your skin at particular points. It's supposed to stimulate and regulate your flow of energy -- you may hear it called âqiâ -- to ease pain and anxiety. Acupuncture may ease your stress and help you relax. If you're tense, your IBS- D symptoms may flare up. Acupuncture may also calm stomach pain and muscle spasms in your gut.


Question: Do probiotics help treat IBS-D?

Answer: Millions of tiny bacteria live in your gut. The right mix of âgoodâ bacteria in your intestines could help fight the bad bacteria. Foods or supplements with probiotics are one way to try and change the makeup in your gut. Some experts think those products can help you ease the gas, pain, bloating, and diarrhea that come with IBS- D. It's still unclear if eating foods with probiotics or taking the supplements can really boost good bacteria, though.


Question: Can ginger help IBS-D symptoms?

Answer: This pungent plant can ease your nausea and make your stomach feel better. It may help calm inflammation in your gut, or even make your stomach lining stronger.


Question: How should much fiber should I eat to treat the symptoms irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea?

Answer: There's no proof these ease IBS- D symptoms.


Question: What is STW-5 and how does it help treat the symptoms of IBS-D?

Answer: This is a blend of nine different herbs: angelica, bitter candy-fruit, caraway, celandine, chamomile, licorice, melissa, milk thistle, and peppermint. It may help reduce gas and stomach acid. It can also improve digestion.


Question: Can herbal treatment help IBS-D?

Answer: They shouldn't take the place of your regular treatment, but they can work with it. You can take these as supplement pills or liquids, or add them to your food. Make sure to talk with your doctor before taking any of the supplements below. Acupuncture may ease your stress and help you relax.


Question: What are some natural remedies from irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: They shouldn't take the place of your regular treatment, but they can work with it. Some experts think those products can help you ease the gas, pain, bloating, and diarrhea that come with IBS- D. It's still unclear if eating foods with probiotics or taking the supplements can really boost good bacteria, though.


Question: Can natural remedies help ease my IBS-D?

Answer: They shouldn't take the place of your regular treatment, but they can work with it. Some are things you can do on your own at home. Others you can do with the help of your doctor or therapist. Talk to your doctor before trying any of the options below. Make sure you let him know if you're taking any over-the-counter herbs or supplements, or if you're changing what you eat to treat your IBS. Some experts think those products can help you ease the gas, pain, bloating, and diarrhea that come with IBS- D. It's still unclear if eating foods with probiotics or taking the supplements can really boost good bacteria, though.


Question: Which relaxation techniques help treat my IBS-D?

Answer: Some are things you can do on your own at home. A trained therapist can teach you to focus on soothing images or thoughts. This can help you learn to relax your tight stomach muscles. You can practice these techniques alone or in group sessions. You'll probably need to do hypnotherapy for a few months to feel any relief. You can learn to meditate so you can do it at home whenever you need to relax. Massage. People with IBS who make working out part of their routine have fewer symptoms. You can take walks, train at your local gym, or take exercise classes like gentle yoga.


Question: How do plant foods help with digestion?

Answer: Tap Into Plant Power Plant foods have fiber. This helps you stay regular. Bonus: It fills you up, which is a plus if you want to lose weight.


Question: How can a food diary help with digestion?

Answer: Dear ( Food) Diary Pay attention to foods that seem to trigger stomach discomfort. Write down what you ate and how you felt so you remember for next time. Some people find that acidic foods, like tomatoes or citrus fruits, trigger heartburn. For others, wheat, onion, or dairy products such as milk or cheese cause problems. Spicy food is a common cause of heartburn, stomach pain, or diarrhea, so you may want to stay away from anything that heats up your mouth.


Question: How can fluids help with digestion?

Answer: Have a Side of Soup Water and other fluids such as soup, broth, and juice can ease things through your system. Not a soup fan? Try herbal tea or water with a slice of cucumber, lemon, or lime. Or anything, really, as long as it doesn't have alcohol (which dehydrates you) or too much caffeine (which can stimulate your intestines too much). If you favor fizzy drinks, keep in mind that they increase stomach acid, which gives some people heartburn.


Question: How can exercise help with digestion?

Answer: Turns out that active people also have smoother digestion. Watch the timing. For some people, exercise right after a meal can cause indigestion. So schedule your workouts before meals or wait at least an hour after eating.


Question: Should I mix up positions and tasks when I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you work at a desk, make it a point to get up and move around throughout the day. Stretch at your desk, go for a brisk walk at lunchtime, and take the long way to the fax machine or restroom. If you can, switch between standing and sitting. Try to do different things during the day to give your joints a rest. If your job involves repetitive movement, such as turning bolts on machinery or typing, break it up with other duties if possible. Switch back and forth between light and heavy tasks.


Question: How should I lift the right way if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Use your largest and strongest joints to lift items. For instance, always use your leg muscles, bending at the knees, not the waist. Steady yourself with a heavy chair or other piece of furniture if you need to. Rely on your arms to lift rather than your hands. Use your palms or forearms - don't grip them with your fingers. Hold your arms and the item close to your body so you don't strain your back.


Question: Should I ask a pro for help at work if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your employer may be able to set up a professional evaluation of your workspace, so ask your HR department. An occupational or physical therapist can also help you learn how to do tasks on the job with less stress to your joints.


Question: Should I pay attention to posture when I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Whether you sit or stand on the job, good posture is extra important with RA. If yours is off, it will stress your joints and can boost fatigue, even when you're sitting down. To get back in alignment, imagine a string from the ceiling to the top of your head. Then lift your head, neck, and shoulders upward along that string. Keep your shoulders relaxed and your pelvis upright -- don't let it tilt forward or backward. And don't lock your knees.


Question: What kind of chair should I use at work to help treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Ask for an ergonomic chair that supports your lower spine, reclines, and rotates or swivels so you can move easily from one task to another. If your chair doesn't have back support, put a pillow or rolled-up towel between your lower back and the chair. Sit straight with your back and shoulders against the back of the chair. You may also need to adjust the height of your desk and chair. You should be able to sit with your feet flat on the floor, with your knees slightly higher than your hips. Prop your feet on a stool or book, if necessary.


Question: Should I rethink my computer use if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Keep your shoulders relaxed and your pelvis upright -- don't let it tilt forward or backward. Tilt the keyboard down and slightly away from you to take the strain off your wrists. The computer monitor should be directly in front of you (not off to the side) at eye level.


Question: Should I tweak my stance at work to help treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: This helps keep your pelvis in alignment. Switch feet every now and then. Women who wear high heels might want to reconsider their footwear. Go for shoes with good cushioning and support -- and keep heels to an inch high or less. Special inserts in your shoes (orthotics) may also help. Organize your work area to make it easier on your joints, so that you don't have to lift, reach, or carry too much. If you work in different areas throughout the day, consider whether an apron or tool belt would be an appropriate way to carry the items you need. Prop your feet on a stool or book, if necessary.


Question: What can't I eat if I have diabetes?

Answer: Magee's medical nutrition series includes the best-selling Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Diabetes (over 300,000 copies sold), Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Tell Me What to Eat If I Have Acid Reflux, and four others.


Question: What can I do if one of my recipes doesn't have enough carbs?

Answer: Magee wrote a syndicated column, The Recipe Doctor, for more than a decade, performing nutritional âmakeoversâ on America's favorite recipes.


Question: What is a recipe for a diabetes-friendly grilled tomato and cheese sandwich?

Answer: Magee is the author of 26 books on nutrition and healthy cooking. The series is being distributed all over the world, including China, Russia, Spain, Indonesia, and Arabic countries.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose allergic asthma?

Answer: These include: Smoke from tobacco, a fireplace, candles, incense, or fireworks Air pollution Cold air Exercise in cold air Strong chemical odors or fumes Perfumes, air fresheners, or other scented products Dusty rooms Your doctor can test you to see what causes your allergic asthma. The two most common (and recommended) methods are: Pricking your skin with a tiny amount of the allergen and measuring the size of the red bumps 20 minutes later A blood test known as a specific Ig E or s Ig E test To control your allergic asthma, you have to avoid breathing the allergens.


Question: What is an allergy?

Answer: Your immune system's job is to protect you from bacteria and viruses. If you have allergies, though, part of your immune system works too hard. It may attack harmless substances -- like cat dander or pollen -- in your nose, lungs, eyes, and under your skin. When your body meets an allergen, it makes chemicals called Ig E antibodies. They cause the release of chemicals like histamine, which cause swelling and inflammation. This creates familiar symptoms like a runny nose, itchy eyes, and sneezing as your body tries to remove the allergen.


Question: Which irritants can trigger an asthma attack?

Answer: You're likely to: Cough Wheeze Be short of breath Breathe quickly Feel your chest get tight Allergens, small enough to be breathed deep into the lungs, include: Windblown pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds Mold spores and fragments Animal dander (from hair, skin, or feathers) and saliva Dust mite feces Cockroach feces Keep in mind that allergens aren't the only thing that can make your allergic asthma worse. Irritants may still trigger an asthma attack, even though they don't cause an allergic reaction. These include: Smoke from tobacco, a fireplace, candles, incense, or fireworks Air pollution Cold air Exercise in cold air Strong chemical odors or fumes Perfumes, air fresheners, or other scented products Dusty rooms Your doctor can test you to see what causes your allergic asthma.


Question: What are common causes for allergic asthma?

Answer: You're likely to: Cough Wheeze Be short of breath Breathe quickly Feel your chest get tight Allergens, small enough to be breathed deep into the lungs, include: Windblown pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds Mold spores and fragments Animal dander (from hair, skin, or feathers) and saliva Dust mite feces Cockroach feces Keep in mind that allergens aren't the only thing that can make your allergic asthma worse.


Question: What is allergic asthma?

Answer: If you have allergic asthma, your airways are extra sensitive to certain allergens. Once they get into your body, your immune system overreacts. The muscles around your airways tighten. The airways become inflamed and over time are flooded with thick mucus.


Question: What should you know about allergic asthma?

Answer: Allergic asthma is the most common type of asthma. The symptoms that go along with allergic asthma show up after you breathe things called allergens (or allergy triggers) like pollen, dust mites, or mold. If you have asthma (allergic or non-allergic), it usually gets worse after you exercise in cold air or after breathing smoke, dust, or fumes. Sometimes even a strong smell can set it off. Because allergens are everywhere, it's important that people with allergic asthma know their triggers and learn how to prevent an attack. Whether you have allergic asthma or non-allergic asthma, the symptoms are generally the same.


Question: What are some tips to control allergic asthma?

Answer: The two most common (and recommended) methods are: Pricking your skin with a tiny amount of the allergen and measuring the size of the red bumps 20 minutes later A blood test known as a specific Ig E or s Ig E test To control your allergic asthma, you have to avoid breathing the allergens. Here are some tips to get relief: Stay inside when pollen counts are high. Avoid dust mites. Control indoor humidity. Check with an inexpensive meter. This will dry out the air and slow the growth of molds, cockroaches, and house dust mites. Choose air filters wisely. Be careful doing outside work.


Question: How can I reduce the stress of someone with psoriasis?

Answer: Stress is a known trigger for psoriasis. Obviously, no one's home can ever be stress-free. But talk to your loved one about things you could do to lower his or her stress level. Maybe swapping some responsibilities or allowing that person to have extra time to rest could be a good way of offering psoriasis support.


Question: Who should learn about psoriasis other than patients?

Answer: It's a condition that can affect entire families, both emotionally and sometimes financially. If you want to help a friend or family member with psoriasis, here's some advice: Learn about psoriasis. Start with the basics. If you have a loved one living with psoriasis, it's important that you really know about it -- the symptoms, the causes, and psoriasis treatments. Ask loved ones with psoriasis what they need.


Question: How can I help someone with psoriasis?

Answer: Ask loved ones with psoriasis what they need. Don't make assumptions about what sort of help psoriasis patients want. Do they want someone who will listen? Or just someone who will make them laugh -- and not mention the word "psoriasis" once? Take time to go out with friends and do things you like to do.


Question: How can I help someone with psoriasis who is frustrated with treatment?

Answer: While that's understandable, it's not a good idea. The vast majority of cases can be controlled. So if your loved one has stopped seeing a doctor, urge him or her to try again -- perhaps with a new dermatologist who has expertise in treating the condition. Lots of people living with psoriasis start to pull back from life, to isolate themselves. Encourage your loved one to stay connected with friends and do the things that he or she enjoys.


Question: What should I do if someone with psoriasis seems depressed?

Answer: One study showed that one out of four people living with psoriasis were also depressed. Since depression is a serious illness, don't ignore any signs -- like persistent sadness or loss of interest in daily activities. Encourage your loved one to see a doctor or a therapist as soon as possible. Take time to go out with friends and do things you like to do.


Question: How can I stay happy if someone close to me has psoriasis?

Answer: Living with psoriasis can be tough -- not just for the person with the diagnosis, but for his or her loved ones, too. Ask. Encourage your loved one to stay connected with friends and do the things that he or she enjoys. Treat signs of depression seriously. But if your loved one is an adult, you shouldn't take on all the responsibility yourself. Take care of yourself. It's important that you maintain your own life, too, something distinct for yourself.


Question: Is it possible to be too supportive to someone with psoriasis?

Answer: Encourage your loved one to get psoriasis treatment. But if your loved one is an adult, you shouldn't take on all the responsibility yourself. If you take charge of every aspect of that person's life and treatment, you'll wind up worn out and resentful. Remember, your job isn't to take care of your loved one; it's to help that person take care of himself.


Question: How can I keep someone with psoriasis from becoming isolated?

Answer: Living with psoriasis can be tough -- not just for the person with the diagnosis, but for his or her loved ones, too. Lots of people living with psoriasis start to pull back from life, to isolate themselves. If you can, try to intervene. Encourage your loved one to stay connected with friends and do the things that he or she enjoys.


Question: What causes epiglottitis?

Answer: In these cases, the epiglottitis from thermal injury is similar to the illness caused by infection.


Question: How does epiglottitis develop?

Answer: Respiratory infection, environmental exposure, or trauma may result in inflammation and infection of other structures around the throat. This infection and inflammation may spread to the epiglottis as well as other upper airway structures. Epiglottitis usually begins as an inflammation and swelling between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis. With continued inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, complete blockage of the airway may occur, leading to suffocation and death. Even a little narrowing of the windpipe can dramatically increase the resistance of an airway, making breathing much more difficult.


Question: When should you call 911 about epiglottitis?

Answer: Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room if you have a sore throat accompanied by any of the following signs and symptoms: Muffled voice Swallowing problems Difficulty speaking Fast heartbeat Irritability Bluish skin Respiratory distress characterized by drooling, shortness of breath, rapid shallow breathing, very ill-looking appearance, upright posturing with tendency to lean forward, and stridor (high-pitched sound when breathing in) Epiglottitis is a medical emergency.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of epiglottitis?

Answer: The most common symptoms include sore throat, muffling or changes in the voice, difficulty speaking, fever, difficulty swallowing, fast heart rate, and difficulties in breathing. Also, the anxiety from having blood drawn or cultures taken from the throat may cause the unstable epiglottis to close off, completely obstructing the airway and creating an emergency with only a few minutes to correct.


Question: What is epiglottitis?

Answer: The epiglottis is a flap of tissue at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea, or windpipe, during swallowing. When it gets infected or inflamed, it can obstruct, or close off, the windpipe, which may be fatal unless promptly treated. But if the person was not brought to the hospital early and was not appropriately diagnosed and treated, the prognosis may range from long-range illness to death.


Question: How can epiglottitis be prevented?

Answer: Adult vaccination is not routinely recommended, except for people with immune problems such as sickle cell anemia, splenectomy (removal of the spleen), cancers, or other diseases affecting the immune system. Media type: Illustration epiglottis, acute supraglottitis, thermal epiglottitis, peritonsillar abscess, croup, H influenzae type b, Hib, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, varicella-zoster, herpes simplex virus type 1, Staphylococcus aureus, inspiratory stridor, laryngoscopy, epiglottitis


Question: Are cigars safer than cigarettes?

Answer: Pipe and cigar smokers often wave off worries that smoking is bad for their health. They claim their habit is harmless and perpetuate the common misperception that pipes and cigars are somehow safer than cigarettes. In reality, these tobacco products carry the same health risks as cigarettes. A single large cigar can contain more than a 1/2 ounce of tobacco -- as much tobacco as an entire pack of cigarettes. One cigar also contains 100 to 200 milligrams of nicotine, while a cigarette averages only about 8 milligrams. That extra nicotine may be why smoking just a few cigars a week is enough to trigger nicotine cravings.


Question: What are the things that can cause gum pain?

Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. Sometimes tender and sore gums are simply a sign that you brush your teeth too hard. Other times your gums might hurt if they're irritated from braces or dentures. If you're a woman, hormone changes related to your period, pregnancy, or menopause can also cause your gums to become swollen and painful.


Question: How do I soothe sore gums and gum pain?

Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. These include: Mouthwashes containing hydrogen peroxide (such as Gly- Oxide) Gels that you apply directly to the sore gums (such as Anbesol) If your gums hurt and you have a white coating on your tongue or cheeks, you could have an infection called thrush. If your gums hurt or bleed for more than a week, head for your dentist's chair.


Question: What are some over the counter products to treat gum pain?

Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. Use over-the-counter ( OTC) painkillers, such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol), as directed. These include: Mouthwashes containing hydrogen peroxide (such as Gly- Oxide) Gels that you apply directly to the sore gums (such as Anbesol) If your gums hurt and you have a white coating on your tongue or cheeks, you could have an infection called thrush.


Question: When should I see my dentist if I have gum pains?

Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. See your dentist if you have ongoing gum pain or any of these symptoms: Bleeding gums Red, swollen gums Gums that pull back from your teeth Dentures that don't fit right anymore Pain when you chew Loose teeth Teeth that are sensitive to hot or cold To keep your gums healthy and prevent gum disease, the American Dental Association recommends brushing your teeth twice a day and flossing once a day.


Question: Why should I see my dentist if I have gum pains?

Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. If your gums hurt or bleed for more than a week, head for your dentist's chair. Red, swollen gums that bleed easily are a sign of the gum disease gingivitis. You can get your gums back to normal by brushing and flossing regularly and getting your teeth cleaned regularly. If you don't treat it, gingivitis can lead to a more serious form of gum disease called periodontitis, which can cause painful pockets of pus called abscesses. It can also lead to tooth loss. Gum disease has been linked to heart disease, so it's very important to take care of your mouth.


Question: When do you need to see a specialist for relapsing polychondritis?

Answer: Depending on how the disease affects you, you might need to see a specialist. This could be an expert in autoimmune disorders (rheumatologist), heart problems (cardiologist), or pain management.


Question: How can your doctor check if you have relapsing polychondritis?

Answer: To find out for sure if you have RP, your doctor might look for three or more of these: Inflammation of the cartilage in both your ears Inflammation of the cartilage in your nose Inflammation of the cartilage in your airway Arthritis in five or more joints at the same time Hearing or balance problems. In some cases, your doctor may want to take a small amount of tissue to look at under a microscope. This is known as a biopsy.


Question: Is there a cure for relapsing polychondritis?

Answer: There's no cure for RP, but your doctor can help you feel better and save your cartilage. Anti-inflammatories (like Motrin or Advil) can help with pain, especially for people who have a mild case of RP.


Question: What part of the body is affected by relapsing polychondritis?

Answer: The disease mostly affects cartilage (firm but flexible tissue) in your ears and joints. It also may show up in your nose, ribs, spine, and windpipe. It can affect any area where the tissue is similar to cartilage, like your eyes, heart, skin, kidney, ribs, blood vessels, and nervous system.


Question: How is relapsing polychondritis treated?

Answer: There's no cure for RP, but your doctor can help you feel better and save your cartilage. Anti-inflammatories (like Motrin or Advil) can help with pain, especially for people who have a mild case of RP. Your doctor also might suggest steroids (like prednisone) or other kinds of drugs to help with inflammation. In severe cases, she might recommend stronger drugs that slow down your immune system. And depending on which organs are affected, you might need surgery to fix a damaged heart valve or put in a breathing tube.


Question: Why does inflammation in the body occur?

Answer: Inflammation is your body's way to fight disease or injury. When your immune system thinks there's a problem (like a virus or bacteria), it releases certain cells in your blood, and more blood flows to the affected area. That can cause redness, warmth, swelling, or pain.


Question: How is relapsing polychondritis diagnosed?

Answer: There isn't a test for RP. Your doctor will examine you and ask questions about your symptoms. He might ask you to get a blood test to look for signs of inflammation or X-rays so he can see the affected areas better. To find out for sure if you have RP, your doctor might look for three or more of these: Inflammation of the cartilage in both your ears Inflammation of the cartilage in your nose Inflammation of the cartilage in your airway Arthritis in five or more joints at the same time Hearing or balance problems.


Question: What is relapsing polychondritis?

Answer: If you have painful joints and your ears or nose are red or don't look quite right, you might have relapsing polychondritis ( RP), a rare disease that causes inflammation.


Question: What severe issues can relapsing polychondritis cause?

Answer: Common signs of relapsing polychondritis include: A dip in the bridge of your nose ("saddle nose" or "pug nose") Ear pain and redness Red, painful, and swollen eyes Painful, swollen joints (hands, fingers, shoulders, elbows, knees, ankles, toes, pelvis) Rib pain Throat or neck pain Trouble breathing and speaking Trouble swallowing Rashes Depending on where RP affects you, it can cause problems with a heart valve or kidney issues as well. If RP affects your inner ear, you could feel sick to your stomach or have trouble with hearing and balance. If the disease gets into your windpipe, it can cause a cough and make it hard to breathe or swallow. You also can have severe RP pain in your breastbone and ribs.


Question: What is hyperpigmentation?

Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. In the case of illness or injury, the person's skin may change color, becoming darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation). Hyperpigmentation in skin is caused by an increase in melanin, the substance in the body that is responsible for color (pigment). Certain conditions, such as pregnancy or Addison's disease (decreased function of the adrenal gland), may cause a greater production of melanin and hyperpigmentation. Exposure to sunlight is a major cause of hyperpigmentaion, and will darken already hyperpigmented areas.


Question: What type of hyperpigmentation is melasma?

Answer: An example of hyperpigmentation is melasma. This condition is characterized by tan or brown patches, most commonly on the face. Melasma can occur in pregnant women and is often called the "mask of pregnancy;" however, men can also develop this condition. Melasma sometimes goes away after pregnancy. It can also be treated with certain prescription creams (such as hydroquinone).


Question: What type of hypopigmentation is albinism?

Answer: Albinism: Albinism is a rare inherited disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that produces melanin. This results in a complete lack of pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes. Albinos have an abnormal gene that restricts the body from producing melanin. There is no cure for albinism. People with albinism should use a sunscreen at all times because they are much more likely to get sun damage and skin cancer. This disorder can occur in any race, but is most common among whites.


Question: What type of hypopigmentation is pigmentation loss as a result of skin damage?

Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. Pigmentation loss as a result of skin damage: If you've had a skin infection, blisters, burns, or other trauma to your skin, you may have a loss of pigmentation in the affected area. The good news with this type of pigment loss is that it's frequently not permanent, but it may take a long time to re-pigment. Cosmetics can be used to cover the area, while the body regenerates the pigment.


Question: What can you do to deal with melasma?

Answer: An example of hyperpigmentation is melasma. This condition is characterized by tan or brown patches, most commonly on the face. Wear a broad-brimmed hat and use a sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher at all times, because sunlight will worsen your condition. Sunscreens containing the physical blockers zinc oxide or titanium dioxide are also helpful in blocking daylight's UVA rays, which makes hyperpigmentation worse.


Question: What type of hypopigmentation is vitiligo?

Answer: Hyperpigmentation in skin is caused by an increase in melanin, the substance in the body that is responsible for color (pigment). Examples of hypopigmentation include: Vitiligo: Vitiligo causes smooth, white patches on the skin. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the pigment-producing cells are damaged. There is no cure for vitiligo, but there are several treatments, including cosmetic cover-ups, corticosteroid creams, calcineurin inhibitors ( Elidel cream, Protopic ointment) or ultraviolet light treatments. New topical treatments using Janus Kinase inhibitors are being investigated.


Question: What is pigmentation?

Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. In the case of illness or injury, the person's skin may change color, becoming darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation). Pigmentation loss as a result of skin damage: If you've had a skin infection, blisters, burns, or other trauma to your skin, you may have a loss of pigmentation in the affected area.


Question: Which drugs can cause hyperpigmentation?

Answer: When a person is healthy, his or her skin color will appear normal. Hyperpigmentation in skin is caused by an increase in melanin, the substance in the body that is responsible for color (pigment). Hyperpigmentation can also be caused by various drugs, including some antibiotics, antiarrhythmics, and antimalarial drugs. Melasma sometimes goes away after pregnancy.


Question: What are the most common types of arrhythmia?

Answer: The most common types of arrhythmia include: Premature atrial contractions.


Question: What is the sinoatrial (SA) or sinus node?

Answer: There's a node in the upper right section of your heart that monitors your body's need for blood. It's called the sinoatrial ( SA) or sinus node, and it acts like a natural pacemaker. It's the main control and source of each heartbeat. It can speed up your heart rate when you need it, like when you exercise or get sick, or even when you feel happy.


Question: What are ventricular and supraventricular heart arrhythmias?

Answer: Heart arrhythmias fall into two categories. One starts from inside the heart's lower chambers. Doctors call this kind "ventricular" because the lower chambers of the heart are the ventricles. The other kind starts outside or above the ventricles. You may hear these called "supraventricular" arrhythmias.


Question: What are symptoms of a heart rhythm disorder?

Answer: Common symptoms include: Palpitations, or "skipped beats" Thumping or fluttering in the chest Sensation of the heart racing Other things that might happen: Feeling faint or tired Light-headedness or passing out Shortness of breath Chest pain or discomfort You may have these sensations and have no arrhythmias.


Question: What are the treatments for arrhythmias?

Answer: It can speed up your heart rate when you need it, like when you exercise or get sick, or even when you feel happy. If the arrhythmia doesn't happen often, your doctor will give you a Holter monitor or an "event recorder," which you can turn on when you feel the symptoms. For instance, a surgeon may place an implanted cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD) in your chest or belly. It will track your heart and reset your heart rhythm if it has a problem. Often, the ICD also works as a pacemaker to prevent you from developing a slow heart rate and to help your heart beat properly.


Question: Should I listen to music to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Slip on a pair of headphones for a few minutes. Play a song that gives you happy, soothing thoughts. Or listen to relaxing natural sounds, like ocean waves or a waterfall.


Question: Should I relax my muscles to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Slowly relax all the muscle groups in your body. Start with your feet and end with your head. First, tense the muscles for about 8 seconds. Then relax them, and feel the tension melt away.


Question: Should I think about what's stressing me if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Keep pictures on your desk or a slideshow of pictures on your computer that relax you. Think about what's stressing you. We often try to push stuff out of our heads to calm down. Did your boss say something that upset you? Once you have a clearer sense of the problem, you can come up with a solution. You'll feel more in control and less tense.


Question: Should I focus on a soothing image to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Keep pictures on your desk or a slideshow of pictures on your computer that relax you. Keep a bottle of scented hand lotion on your desk and use it when you need a little "aromatherapy." What is it that bothers you?


Question: Should I write in a journal to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Take a few deep breaths with your eyes closed or open. If keeping a journal feels awkward, write an email about your feelings to your best friend. When you're done, you can decide to send it or just keep it to yourself. What is it that bothers you?


Question: Do olives help your health?

Answer: This eating style has been linked to better health and a lower risk of chronic diseases. Olive leaves have also been used historically in the Middle East as an herbal treatment for various health problems. But there is very little scientific evidence supporting its use. Olives and olive oil are available in supermarkets. Olive leaf is used for making tea in some parts of the world.


Question: What are some key terms on the label for vitamins and minerals?

Answer: For example, here are some guidelines set up by the Institute of Medicine: The RDA ( Recommended Dietary Allowance) and the AI ( Adequate Intake) are the amounts of a vitamin or mineral you need to keep healthy and stay well-nourished. They're tailored to women, men, and specific age groups. The UL ( Tolerable Upper Intake Level) is the maximum amount of daily vitamins and minerals that you can safely take without risk of an overdose or serious side effects. Separate from the RDA and the UL, the Food and Drug Administration uses a different measure for the nutrients you need: The DV ( Daily Value) is the only measurement you'll find on food and supplement labels. That number is the amount of a vitamin or nutrient that you should get for top health from a diet of 2,000 calories a day. The DV is sometimes the same as the RDA.


Question: How do you know when it's OK to take more vitamins and minerals than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or daily value (DV)?

Answer: The UL ( Tolerable Upper Intake Level) is the maximum amount of daily vitamins and minerals that you can safely take without risk of an overdose or serious side effects. One way is to look for the UL (tolerable upper intake level) of a nutrient.


Question: What cautions should I take with vitamins and minerals?

Answer: High doses of vitamin A -- and other fat-soluble vitamins like E and K -- can build up in the body and become toxic. Supplements are designed to be additions to your diet. Many nutrients, in too high a dose, can be dangerous.


Question: What is congenital valve disease?

Answer: This form of valve disease most often affects the aortic or pulmonic valve. Valves may be the wrong size, have malformed leaflets, or have leaflets that are not attached correctly.


Question: What diagnostic tests can a doctor order to tell if you have heart valve disease?

Answer: After the physical exam, the doctor may order diagnostic tests. These may include: Echocardiography Transesophageal echocardiography Cardiac catheterization (also called an angiogram) By conducting some or all of these tests over time, your doctor can also see the progress of valve disease. This will help him or her make decisions about treatment.


Question: How are heart valve diseases diagnosed?

Answer: Your heart doctor can tell if you have heart valve disease by talking to you about symptoms, performing a physical exam, and performing other tests. During a physical exam, the doctor will listen to your heart to hear sounds the heart makes as the valves open and close. A murmur is a swishing sound made by blood flowing through a stenotic or leaky valve. A doctor can also tell if the heart is enlarged or if your heart rhythm is irregular. The doctor will listen to the lungs to hear if you are retaining fluid there, which shows the heart is not able to pump as well as it should. By examining your body, the doctor can find clues about circulation and the functioning of other organs.


Question: How many Americans are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year?

Answer: The American Heart Association website has a bacterial endocarditis wallet card that you may download; or call your local American Heart Association office or the national office at 1-800- AHA- USA1.


Question: What are the types of heart valve disease?

Answer: There are several types of heart valve disease: Valvular stenosis. This occurs when a heart valve doesn't fully open due to stiff or fused leaflets. The narrowed opening may make the heart work very hard to pump blood through it. This can lead to heart failure and other symptoms (see below). All four valves can develop stenosis; the conditions are called tricuspid stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or aortic stenosis. Valvular insufficiency. Also called regurgitation, incompetence, or "leaky valve," this occurs when a valve does not close tightly. If the valves do not seal, some blood will leak backwards across the valve. As the leak worsens, the heart has to work harder to make up for the leaky valve, and less blood may flow to the rest of the body. Depending on which valve is affected, the condition is called tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, or aortic regurgitation.


Question: How is heart valve disease treated?

Answer: Heart valve disease treatment depends on the type and severity of disease. There are three goals of treatment for heart valve disease: protecting your valve from further damage; lessening symptoms; and repairing or replacing valves.


Question: What are some other causes of valve disease?

Answer: Other causes of valve disease include: coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease), syphilis (a sexually transmitted disease), high blood pressure, aortic aneurysms, and connective tissue diseases. Less common causes of valve disease include tumors, some types of drugs, and radiation.


Question: What causes heart valve disease?

Answer: Heart valve disease can develop before birth (congenital) or can be acquired sometime during one's lifetime. Sometimes, the cause of valve disease is unknown.


Question: How can surgery and other procedures treat heart valve disease?

Answer: The diagnostic tests your heart doctor orders help to identify the location, type, and extent of heart valve disease. Surgical options include heart valve repair or replacement. Valves can be repaired or replaced with traditional heart valve surgery or a minimally invasive heart valve surgery. Heart valves may also be repaired by other procedures such as percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. Transcatheter aortic valve replacement ( TAVR) is a newer surgical option. Mitra Clip is a less invasive procedure in which a clip helps the mitral valve close more completely. Here are some tips to stay healthy: Know the type and extent of your heart valve disease.


Question: How do you live healthily with heart valve disease?

Answer: To protect yourself: Tell your doctors and dentist you have heart valve disease. Here are some tips to stay healthy: Know the type and extent of your heart valve disease. Tell all your doctors and dentist you have valve disease. Call the doctor if you have symptoms of an infection. Take good care of teeth and gums. Take antibiotics before you undergo any procedure that may cause bleeding. Carry a wallet card that may be obtained from the American Heart Association with specific antibiotic guidelines. Take your medications. Drugs are used to control symptoms and help the heart pump blood more efficiently. Follow your doctor's instructions about how and when to take medications. See your heart doctor for regular visits, even if you have no symptoms. Appointments may be scheduled once a year or more often, if your doctor feels you need to be followed more closely.


Question: What are other possible causes of ALS?

Answer: Scientists are also looking at these other possible causes: Glutamate. This chemical sends signals to and from the brain and nerves. It's a type of neurotransmitter. With ALS, glutamate builds up in the spaces around nerve cells and may damage them. The medications riluzole ( Rilutek) works by lowering glutamate levels and can help slow the development of the disease.. Immune system problems. Your immune system protects your body from foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. In your brain, microglia are the main type of immune cell. They destroy germs and damaged cells. With ALS, microglia might also destroy healthy motor neurons. Mitochondria problems. Mitochondria are the parts of your cells where energy is made. A problem with them might lead to ALS or make an existing case worse. Oxidative stress. Your cells use oxygen to make energy. Some of the oxygen your body uses to make energy may form into toxic substances called free radicals, which can damage cells.


Question: Is there a cure for ALS?

Answer: Yet scientists now know more about this disease than ever before. They are studying treatments in clinical trials.


Question: How can ALS affect how people function?

Answer: People with ALS can still think and learn. They have all of their senses -- sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. Yet the disease can affect their memory and decision-making ability.


Question: What is the outlook for people with ALS?

Answer: The loss of breathing causes many people with ALS to die within 3 to 5 years after they're diagnosed. Yet some people can live more than 10 years with the disease.


Question: What are the main types of ALS?

Answer: There are two types of ALS: Sporadic ALS is the most common form. It affects up to 95% of people with the disease. Sporadic means it happens sometimes without a clear cause. Familial ALS ( FALS) runs in families. About 5% to 10% of people with ALS have this type. FALS is caused by changes to a gene. Parents pass the faulty gene to their children. If one parent has the gene for ALS, each of their children will have a 50% chance of getting the gene and having the disease.


Question: What is ALS?

Answer: A French doctor named Jean- Martin Charcot discovered the condition in 1869. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } ALS is a progressive disease, which means it gets worse over time. It affects nerves in your brain and spinal cord that control your muscles. As your muscles get weaker, it gets harder for you to walk, talk, eat, and breathe. Some others include: primary lateral sclerosis ( PLS) progressive bulbar palsy ( PBP) pseudobulbar palsy With ALS, motor neurons in your brain and spinal cord break down and die. It affects up to 95% of people with the disease.


Question: What are some other motor neuron diseases besides ALS?

Answer: Some others include: primary lateral sclerosis ( PLS) progressive bulbar palsy ( PBP) pseudobulbar palsy With ALS, motor neurons in your brain and spinal cord break down and die. One change is to a gene that makes a protein called SOD1.


Question: What are the risks of taking evening primrose oil?

Answer: Most people will tolerate evening primrose oil without complications. But keep in mind that there have been reports of side effects such as: Headache Stomach upset Nausea Dizziness Rash Evening primrose oil may raise the risk of bleeding among people who take anticoagulant and antiplatelet medications. It may also raise the risk of seizures as well as serious nausea and vomiting for people taking a class of drugs known as phenothiazines. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.


Question: Why do people use evening primrose oil?

Answer: Evening primrose oil supplements usually come in capsule form. People take it to try to treat conditions such as: Rheumatoid arthritis Premenstrual syndrome ( PMS) Eczema or atopic dermatitis and other skin conditions Breast pain during menstruation ADD Asthma Reviews of the available scientific evidence have found no reason to recommend evening primrose oil to help the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome or breast pain.


Question: Can you get evening primrose oil naturally from foods?

Answer: GLA, thought to be the active ingredient in evening primrose oil, can be found in small amounts in a variety of food sources. However, it is most concentrated in plant oils such as evening primrose oil and borage oil. The doses used in most clinical trials would be hard to get from food sources.


Question: How effective is evening primrose oil?

Answer: People take it to try to treat conditions such as: Rheumatoid arthritis Premenstrual syndrome ( PMS) Eczema or atopic dermatitis and other skin conditions Breast pain during menstruation ADD Asthma Reviews of the available scientific evidence have found no reason to recommend evening primrose oil to help the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome or breast pain. There is some good research showing that evening primrose oil may be helpful in eczema or atopic dermatitis. And some studies suggest that supplements that contain gamma-linolenic acid ( GLA), including evening primrose oil, may be of some benefit to people with rheumatoid arthritis. But other research is conflicting, so more research is needed on the use of evening primrose oil for both of these conditions.


Question: What is evening primrose oil?

Answer: There is some good research showing that evening primrose oil may be helpful in eczema or atopic dermatitis. And some studies suggest that supplements that contain gamma-linolenic acid ( GLA), including evening primrose oil, may be of some benefit to people with rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is most concentrated in plant oils such as evening primrose oil and borage oil.


Question: What are some precautions for taking evening primrose oil?

Answer: Several other drug interactions have been noted. Evening primrose oil may cause seizures if used with anesthesia. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) does regulate dietary supplements; however, it treats them like foods rather than medications. Unlike drug manufacturers, the makers of supplements don't have to show their products are safe or effective before selling them on the market.


Question: What are other guidelines when taking Aldactone for heart failure?

Answer: Weigh yourself at the same time every day (on the same scale) and record your weight. Call your doctor if you gain 2 pounds in one day or 5 pounds in one week. While taking this drug, have your blood pressure and kidney function tested regularly, as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory so that your response to this medication can be monitored.


Question: What are the side effects of Aldactone for heart failure?

Answer: Side effects you may experience with Aldactone include: Extreme tiredness: This side effect may be strongest when you first start taking Aldactone. It should decrease as your body adjusts to the drug. Call your doctor if this symptom persists. Increased urination: This is normal and may last for up to six hours after a dose. Abnormal enlargement of one or both breasts in men: This may be associated with breast pain. Contact your doctor if this symptom persists or is severe. Upset stomach: Take this drug with meals or milk to reduce this symptom. Contact your doctor if this symptom persists or is severe. Skin rash or itching: Stop taking the medication and call your doctor right away. Shortness of breath: Call your doctor right away. Confusion; irregular heartbeat; nervousness; numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or lips: Contact your doctor right away.


Question: What are guidelines for taking medicine with Aldactone?

Answer: Here are some guidelines for taking food and medicine with Aldactone: Aldactone is generally prescribed in combination with an ACE inhibitor, digoxin, other diuretic and beta-blocker. If you experience an increase in side effects after taking your medications together, contact your doctor. Before this drug is prescribed, tell your doctor about all the other medications you are taking, particularly other drugs for high blood pressure, Sandimmune, potassium-containing drugs, digoxin, or lithium. Before this medication is prescribed, tell your doctor if you have diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, gout, a history of kidney stones, menstrual problems, or breast enlargement.


Question: How do I take Aldactone for heart failure?

Answer: If you are taking a single dose a day, you may wish to take it in the morning with your breakfast or right after eating your breakfast. If you are taking more than one dose a day, consider taking the last dose no later than 4 p.m so that you are not waking up late at night to urinate. The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and how long you need to take the medication will depend on your condition.


Question: What are side effects of Aldactone for heart failure?

Answer: Shortness of breath: Call your doctor right away. Confusion; irregular heartbeat; nervousness; numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or lips: Contact your doctor right away.


Question: Should I avoid certain food or drugs while taking Aldactone for heart failure?

Answer: Aldactone, an aldosterone inhibitor, is a potassium-sparing diuretic. Side effects you may experience with Aldactone include: Extreme tiredness: This side effect may be strongest when you first start taking Aldactone. Before this drug is prescribed, tell your doctor about all the other medications you are taking, particularly other drugs for high blood pressure, Sandimmune, potassium-containing drugs, digoxin, or lithium. Before this medication is prescribed, tell your doctor if you have diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, gout, a history of kidney stones, menstrual problems, or breast enlargement. Follow your doctor's dietary advice, which may include: following a low-sodium diet, or including (or avoiding) high-potassium foods (such as bananas and orange juice) in your diet.


Question: How is Aldactone used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Aldactone is usually prescribed to prevent heart failure symptoms from becoming worse. Aldactone protects the heart by blocking a certain chemical (aldosterone) in the body that causes salt and fluid build-up. When receiving aldactone, you may be given a low dose that does not provide enough diuretic effects by itself. Your doctor may prescribe another type of diuretic in addition to aldactone. Here are some guidelines for taking food and medicine with Aldactone: Aldactone is generally prescribed in combination with an ACE inhibitor, digoxin, other diuretic and beta-blocker.


Question: What is Aldactone?

Answer: Aldactone is usually prescribed to prevent heart failure symptoms from becoming worse. Here are some guidelines for taking food and medicine with Aldactone: Aldactone is generally prescribed in combination with an ACE inhibitor, digoxin, other diuretic and beta-blocker.


Question: What are other Aldactone guidelines?

Answer: The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and how long you need to take the medication will depend on your condition. Call your doctor if you gain 2 pounds in one day or 5 pounds in one week. While taking this drug, have your blood pressure and kidney function tested regularly, as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory so that your response to this medication can be monitored.


Question: What tests will my doctor do to see if I have ischemic colitis?

Answer: These include: The decongestant pseudoephedrine Some migraine and heart drugs Estrogen Ischemic colitis is a master of disguise. Its symptoms can mimic other conditions, including a flare of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Those long-lasting conditions result from a problem with your immune system, not low blood flow. Doctors may ask for any of these tests to decide if you have ischemic colitis: Imaging tests, like CT scans and angiograms. These use X-rays at different angles to get a detailed image of your colon and blood vessels. Stool samples. Doctors look for infections that may be causing your symptoms. Colonoscopy. This test looks inside your colon.


Question: How is ischemic colitis treated?

Answer: If you have a mild case -- and most cases are mild -- the inner lining of your colon is inflamed, sore, and bleeding. It usually heals on its own, but you may get antibiotics to prevent infection. You'll probably get IV fluids to keep you hydrated. To give your colon a rest while it heals, you won't be able to drink or eat anything for a few days. If you have a more serious case, a surgeon may need to remove dead tissue or repair your bowel.


Question: What are the causes of ischemic colitis?

Answer: Surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm (a bulge in the artery) can lead to ischemic colitis. Other operations in your belly or your circulatory system can also cause problems. The risk also goes up if you're a long distance runner. During a marathon, blood flow may shift away from your gut to meet the oxygen needs of your leg muscles. Dehydration could play a role, too. It's rare, but some medications can trigger an ischemic colitis attack. These include: The decongestant pseudoephedrine Some migraine and heart drugs Estrogen Ischemic colitis is a master of disguise.


Question: What is ischemic colitis?

Answer: Ischemic colitis is inflammation in your large intestine, or colon. It results from a lack of blood flow to the area, usually because an artery is blocked or narrowed. You need blood flow to your colon because it brings oxygen that keeps your tissues alive. If the blockage goes on for too long, it can cause serious problems. But if you get treatment soon, you should heal quickly. Ischemic colitis is more common in people over 60, but younger folks can get it, too.


Question: What are the symptoms of ischemic colitis?

Answer: You may notice: Bloody poop Pain on your left side Urgent need to go Diarrhea Nausea Swollen belly Doctors often can't pinpoint the cause of ischemic colitis. This condition results from a blocked artery. If you have ischemic colitis and have pain on your right side or sudden belly pain that's so severe you can't find a comfortable position, head to the ER or call 911. The artery feeding the right side of your colon also feeds part of the small intestine. A blockage there can quickly damage or kill tissue. If this life-threatening situation occurs, you'll need surgery to clear the blockage and to remove the damaged part of the intestine.


Question: Does ear candling really clear your mind?

Answer: Ear candlers believe that passages in your head are all connected. Clearing the ear canal, they say, will clean out the rest of the pathways and leave you with a clean head. It sounds like a peaceful way to get healthy, but the idea of a maze of connected pathways in your head is a myth. There are solid barriers there, like the eardrum, that stop this from happening.


Question: How is ear candling done?

Answer: Buy the candles, which are hollow fabric cones soaked in wax or paraffin. They're around 10 inches long and can cost a few dollars apiece. Cut a hole in a paper plate and stick the candle into it. This makes sure candle wax and ash don't fall on your face. Lie on your side. Place the candle in your ear canal. Get someone you trust to light the opposite end. Let it burn for about 15 minutes. Repeated with the other ear. Fans say that as the candle burns, it creates a low-level suction force that pulls wax and debris out of your ear. Others believe heat from the candle melts and softens the wax, which falls out over the next few days.


Question: Is ear candling safe?

Answer: At its best, ear candling is a lousy way to remove wax. At its worst, it can cause serious harm to your ear. It's also risky to hold a lit candle close to your face. The flame or the melted wax could burn you. Candle wax may even drip into your ear canal, clog the passage, and make you lose your hearing for a while. There are also reports of punctured eardrums after the candling process.


Question: What is inside the candle after ear candling?

Answer: Place the candle in your ear canal. When studied, it was revealed that the contents were a blend of burned candle wax and fabric.


Question: Should I eat fatty fish if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The omega-3 fatty acids in fish like herring, mackerel, salmon, and tuna -- as well as in fish oil supplements -- may help with RA pain and morning stiffness. Omega-3s contain a natural chemical that's similar to some painkillers.


Question: Should I drink alcohol if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Also, you may need to cut back on alcohol if you take medications for RA (like methotrexate). Some people can have one or two drinks a week at most. Ask your doctor what's OK for you.


Question: Should I follow an extreme diet if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Although no food plans are proven to help RA, you may read about some that claim to, or know of people with RA who say it worked for them. Before you try one, it's a good idea to discuss it with your doctor, especially if it calls for megadoses of supplements or cuts out whole food groups. If you do want to take supplements for your RA or try to use food as medicine, make sure to talk to your doctor first.


Question: Do certain foods help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: But research shows that some foods are better for you than others. It depends partly on your health and the medication you take.


Question: Should I eat olive oil if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Try it instead of other cooking oils. It's better for your heart and may block inflammation.


Question: Should I eat fiber if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Aim for: Lots of whole grains, vegetables, and fruits.


Question: Should I eat other vitamins and minerals if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: RA makes you more likely to have low levels of vitamins B6, B12, C, D, and E, and magnesium, selenium, and zinc. Ask your doctor if you might need more of these from foods or supplements.


Question: Should I eat processed foods if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may want to cut back on highly processed foods like packaged snacks, baked goods, and lunch meats. Some research shows that the saturated fat in them raises inflammation. It's not clear that these foods affect RA symptoms.


Question: Should I eat folic acid if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you take methotrexate, your doctor may recommend folic acid supplements. They can help prevent side effects. Folic acid is also in foods like spinach and citrus fruits.


Question: What is the best way to eat to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Experts keep studying the effects of diet on RA, but they still haven't found what everyone wants: a diet that improves RA or its symptoms. Until they do, planning your diet is simple. " People with RA should eat a healthy diet, just like anyone else," says Ruchi Jain, MD, a rheumatologist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago.


Question: Should I follow the Mediterranean diet if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Until they do, planning your diet is simple. " But cutting back on them may be good for you in general, so it's worth trying. It's rich in fruits, vegetables, olive oil, and fish and other lean proteins. One study found that people who stuck to the diet for a few months had more energy and fewer RA symptoms.


Question: Do nutrients affect rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: But research shows that some foods are better for you than others. It's better for your heart and may block inflammation. Ask your doctor what's OK for you. Eating more of some of these healthy foods -- and cutting back on the unhealthy ones -- is a good idea.


Question: Does deep breathing help with stress if you have ulcerative colitis?

Answer: You do it 24-7, usually without noticing it at all. Take a moment to tune in to your breathing. It's an easy, do-it-anywhere way to soothe your body and mind. Take a slow, deep breath, filling your lungs with air. Then let it out slowly and fully, feeling your muscles loosen up as you do. Take several deep breaths whenever you feel stressed out. Deep breathing not only relaxes your mind, but it also sends more blood flowing through your body.


Question: What are some ways to relax if you have ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Try 10 minutes in the morning and 10 minutes before you go to bed. Include some "me time" on your to-do list. Read a book. Spend some time in a park or your garden. Call a good friend. Take a yoga class. Try a new recipe. Use a foam roller or a tennis ball to unknot tense muscles. Take a warm shower or bath.


Question: Is exercise good for stress from ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Take several deep breaths whenever you feel stressed out. Studies show that exercise can also lower stress and relieve some UC symptoms. Depending on how severe your condition is, you may need to limit how much and how hard you exercise. Don't overdo it. Even a moderate 10-minute walk each day counts, and you'll feel better for it.


Question: Does stress trigger ulcerative colitis?

Answer: So make it a priority to notice and manage the things that get to you. Take a good look at how you respond. Then use these simple tips to tap into relaxation and relief. Studies show that exercise can also lower stress and relieve some UC symptoms.


Question: What is inflammatory breast cancer?

Answer: Inflammatory breast cancer ( IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer that often appears as a rash or an irritated area of skin. It blocks the lymph vessels in the skin of your breast. Inflammatory breast cancer may not show up on a mammogram or ultrasound and is often misdiagnosed as an infection. By the time it's diagnosed, it usually has grown into the skin of your breast. Often, it has already spread to other parts of the body, too.


Question: What are the symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer?

Answer: A bruise on the breast that doesn't go away Sudden swelling of the breast Itching of the breast Nipple changes or discharge Swelling of the lymph nodes under the arm or in the neck These changes often happen quickly, over a period of weeks.


Question: How does inflammatory breast cancer develop?

Answer: When compared to other forms of the disease, inflammatory breast cancer: Looks different -- often there are no lumps, but your breast might appear red, swollen, or inflamed Is harder to diagnose -- it doesn't show up well on a mammogram Is more aggressive and spreads more quickly than other types Tends to be diagnosed at a younger age, especially among African- American women Is more likely to affect overweight women Is often further along (your doctor may call this locally advanced, meaning it's moved into nearby skin) when it's diagnosed Has often spread past the breast (your doctor will say it has metastasized) when it's diagnosed, which makes it harder to treat Unlike more common types of breast cancer, this type generally doesn't show up as a lump. The disease grows as nests or sheets under the skin.


Question: How is inflammatory breast cancer treated?

Answer: Inflammatory breast cancer ( IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer that often appears as a rash or an irritated area of skin. This type of cancer is usually in one of three stages: Stage IIIB: All Inflammatory breast cancers start in this stage since they involve the skin of your breast. It may include: Chemotherapy . This drug treatment is given before surgery to shrink the tumor and make the cancer operable. It also lowers the chance the cancer will come back. Surgery. A mastectomy may be performed after chemotherapy. Hormone therapy. Certain medications may be given if the cancer cells have hormone receptors. These medicines block the receptors so they can't attach to the hormones. Radiation . Often, radiation treatments are given after chemotherapy and surgery to lower the chance of the cancer coming back.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose inflammatory breast cancer?

Answer: When compared to other forms of the disease, inflammatory breast cancer: Looks different -- often there are no lumps, but your breast might appear red, swollen, or inflamed Is harder to diagnose -- it doesn't show up well on a mammogram Is more aggressive and spreads more quickly than other types Tends to be diagnosed at a younger age, especially among African- American women Is more likely to affect overweight women Is often further along (your doctor may call this locally advanced, meaning it's moved into nearby skin) when it's diagnosed Has often spread past the breast (your doctor will say it has metastasized) when it's diagnosed, which makes it harder to treat Unlike more common types of breast cancer, this type generally doesn't show up as a lump. It's a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. PET scan . Used together with a CT scan, this test can help find cancer in lymph nodes and other areas of the body. If you're diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer, more tests can show how much of the breast and the area around it is affected.


Question: When should cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) be used, and how effective is it?

Answer: CPR should be used when a person stops breathing and his heart has stopped beating. CPR keeps oxygenated blood flowing to the brain and heart until a defibrillator or emergency team arrives to get the heart beating normally. When started immediately following cardiac arrest, CPR can double or triple the victim's chance of survival.


Question: What is automated external defibrillator (AED)?

Answer: The automated external defibrillator is a computerized device used to restart a heart that has stopped beating, or is beating too quickly to create a pulse. Defibrillators work by shocking the heart back into action. Many public places, including airports, casinos, gyms, malls, and sporting venues, have defibrillators on hand in case of emergency. In the past, only trained medical professionals were able to use defibrillators. However, today's new automated external defibrillators can be used by anyone.


Question: Why should I know cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED)?

Answer: Cardiac arrest, which often leads to a heart attack, is frighteningly common: every minute of every day there is another victim, according to the American Red Cross. Almost 80% of cardiac arrests occur at home and are witnessed by a family member. Would you know what to do if someone you loved experienced a cardiac emergency? Make sure you're prepared -- take a CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) class and get trained to use an automated external defibrillator, or AED. It could mean the difference between life and death.


Question: Where can I learn about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs)?

Answer: To become certified in CPR and in the use of automated external defibrillators, contact your local American Red Cross or American Heart Association to find a class in your area.


Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose Crohn's disease?

Answer: A capsule endoscopy uses a pill with a camera inside that is swallowed and takes pictures of the small intestine Blood tests: When testing the blood, the doctor will look for signs of anemia or a high white blood cell count that could indicate inflammation or infection somewhere in the body.


Question: How is Crohn's disease treated?

Answer: The goals for treatment are: to reduce inflammation to relieve symptoms of pain, diarrhea, and bleeding to eliminate nutritional deficiencies Treatment might involve drugs, nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of these therapies. Treatment choices depend upon where the disease is located and how severe it is. They also depend on the complications associated with the disease and the way the person has responded in the past to treatment when symptoms recurred.


Question: What biologic drugs are used to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: Immunosuppressants prescribed for Crohn's disease include: azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) cyclosporine 6-mercaptopurine (6 MP, Purinethol) tacrolimus ( Prograf) Methotrexate ( MTX, Rheumatrex, Trexall) Side effects of immunosuppressants may include: diarrhea higher susceptibility to infection nausea vomiting Biologic drugs such as infliximab ( Remicade) or infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade, are often prescribed when a person with Crohn's disease does not respond to the standard treatments of 5 ASA-containing drugs, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. Infliximab is an antibody that attaches itself to the inflammation-promoting protein, tumor-necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-alpha). Other anti- TNF medications are adalimumab ( Humira) and adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira. These drugs are also used to treat other immune system disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. Certolizumab ( Cimzia) is another anti- TNF blocker approved for Crohn's disease. There are other biologic alternatives to the anti- TNF blockers. Two drugs block alpha-4 integrin -- natalizumab ( Tysabri) and vedolizumab ( Entyvio). Ustekinumab ( Stelara) works in another way by targeting other proteins, IL-12 and IL-23.


Question: What other substances may be prescribed to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: Other substances that may be prescribed to treat Crohn's include: Antibiotics to treat bacterial infections and overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine; types of antibiotics commonly prescribed include: ampicillin ( Omnipen)cephalosporinsfluoroquinolones ( Ciprofloxacin)metronidazole ( Flagyl)sulfonamidestetracycline Antidiarrheal agents to stop diarrhea Fluid replacements to counteract dehydration Nutritional supplements to provide the nutrients that may not be absorbing properly


Question: What should treatment of Crohn's disease accomplish?

Answer: There is no cure for Crohn's disease. The goals for treatment are: to reduce inflammation to relieve symptoms of pain, diarrhea, and bleeding to eliminate nutritional deficiencies Treatment might involve drugs, nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of these therapies.


Question: What are other complications of Crohn's disease?

Answer: Symptoms can include: abdominal pain and tenderness (often on the lower right side of the abdomen) chronic diarrhea delayed development and stunted growth (in children) feeling of a mass or fullness in the lower right abdomen fever rectal bleeding weight loss Other symptoms can develop, depending on complications related to the disease. For example, a person with a fistula, an abnormal passageway, in the rectal area may have pain and discharge around the rectum. Other complications from Crohn's disease include: arthritis gallstones inflammation of the eyes and mouth kidney stones liver disease skin rashes or ulcers The cause of Crohn's disease is not known.


Question: How does Crohn's disease occur?

Answer: The disease, though, can occur in any part of the gastrointestinal system. Thus, the disorder may affect the large or small intestine, the stomach, the esophagus, or even the mouth. Crohn's can occur at any age. It is most commonly diagnosed in people who are between the ages of 15 and 30. An upper endoscopy may also be used to look down the esophagus, into the stomach and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.


Question: What kinds of drugs are used to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: The first step usually involves reducing inflammation. Many people are first treated with sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine). Mesalamine ( Asacol, Canasa, Pentasa) is another 5-aminosalicylic acid, or 5- ASA medication. Possible side effects of sulfasalazine and other mesalamine-containing drugs may include: nausea vomiting diarrhea heartburn headache If a person does not respond to sulfasalazine, the doctor may prescribe other types of drugs that contain 5- ASA. These other products include: olsalazine ( Dipentum) balsalazide ( Colazal, Giazol) mesalamine ( Asacol, Lialda, Pentasa, and others) Corticosteroids such as prednisone are another class of drugs that reduce inflammation. These drugs are also used to treat other immune system disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: What is chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU)?

Answer: CIU is when a person has these breakouts almost daily for at least 6 weeks, with no known cause. Your doctor will look for the cause of your welts. If she figures out what's making you have them, you don't have CIU.


Question: What do post-void residual urine test results mean?

Answer: If the test shows there's too much there after you pee, that can be a sign of a few things: There's an infection in your kidneys, bladder, or the tubes that connect them. Your bladder is blocked at the end so urine can't flow out. Your bladder has trouble pushing urine out. Your prostate is enlarged.


Question: What is a post-void residual urine test?

Answer: There are two ways to do a post-void residual urine test: Catheter: A nurse slides a thin, flexible tube called a catheter through your urethra (where pee comes out) and into your bladder, then takes out the urine. For example, if you're obese, the machine may not be able to get clear pictures of your bladder.


Question: How does the ultrasound method for a post-void residual urine test work?

Answer: Ultrasound: A machine uses sound waves to show live images of your bladder so your doctor can see how much urine is there. A nurse will ask you to pee right before the test. Pictures of your bladder will show up on a monitor, and your doctor will use them to measure the urine there. This method has a few advantages over the catheter method. The nurse doesn't need to see your private parts. It's safer for children and doesn't stress them out as much. But an ultrasound might not work for some people. For example, if you're obese, the machine may not be able to get clear pictures of your bladder.


Question: When should I seek medical care about whiplash?

Answer: See a doctor. Or go to a hospital emergency room if: Pain occurs after an injury or accident. Neck pain radiates down the arms and legs. Pain is accompanied by headaches, numbness, tingling, visual changes, nausea or weakness.