Question: How are checkpoint inhibitors used to treat lung cancer?

Answer: There are a couple of different types: Checkpoint inhibitors: Part of your immune system's job is to not attack normal cells in the body. To do this it uses so-called âcheckpoints,â molecules that must be turned on or off to trigger an immune response. Cancer cells sometimes use these checkpoints to avoid being targeted by your immune system. But four new drugs -- atezolizumab ( Tecentriq), durvalumab ( Imfinzi), nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) -- target these checkpoints and basically take the brakes off your immune system so that it can mount a better attack.


Question: Is there a way to screen people at high risk for lung cancer?

Answer: There are surgical advances, improvements in radiation, and new drugs that target specific traits of the cancer and stimulate your immune system to fight the disease. One of the things that makes lung cancer dangerous is the fact that symptoms don't usually appear until the disease is at a late stage. Doctors can now check for lung cancer in people at high risk for it using what's known as a low-dose computed tomography ( LDCT) scan.


Question: How does video-assisted thoracic surgery help with lung cancer detection?

Answer: Doctors can treat some small lung tumors using this operation. Your surgeon removes parts of your lung through smaller incisions. This makes the procedure less painful. It also can make your recovery faster. A newer approach to VATS is known as ârobotic-assisted surgery.â Your surgeon sits at a control panel inside the operating room to maneuver long surgical instruments using robotic arms.


Question: Are there any new treatments for lung cancer?

Answer: There are surgical advances, improvements in radiation, and new drugs that target specific traits of the cancer and stimulate your immune system to fight the disease.


Question: What should you keep in mind regarding Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: It's important to keep several facts in mind: GERD is common among American adults. Only a small percentage of people with GERD (less than one out of every 10) develop Barrett's esophagus. Less than 1% of those with Barrett's esophagus each year go on to develop esophageal cancer. A diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is not a cause for major alarm. Barrett's esophagus, however, can lead to precancerous changes in a small number of people and has an increased risk for cancer. So, a diagnosis is a reason to work with your doctor to be watchful of your health


Question: Why do you need a repeat endoscopy for Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: If you have Barrett's esophagus but no cancer or precancerous cells are found, the doctor will still most likely recommend that you have periodic endoscopies. This is a precaution, because cancer can develop in Barrett tissue years after diagnosing Barrett's esophagus. If precancerous cells are present in the biopsy, your doctor will discuss treatment and surveillance options with you.


Question: What is Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Barrett's esophagus is a potentially serious complication of GERD, which stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease. In Barrett's esophagus, normal tissue lining the esophagus -- the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach -- changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. About 10% of people with chronic symptoms of GERD develop Barrett's esophagus. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Barrett's esophagus does not have any specific symptoms, although patients with Barrett's esophagus may have symptoms related to GERD. It does, though, increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is a serious, potentially fatal cancer of the esophagus.


Question: How is an endoscopy done to diagnose Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: To perform an endoscopy, a doctor called a gastroenterologist inserts a long flexible tube with a camera attached down the throat into the esophagus after giving the patient a sedative. The process may feel a little uncomfortable, but it isn't painful. Most people have little or no problem with it. Once the tube is inserted, the doctor can visually inspect the lining of the esophagus. Barrett's esophagus, if it's there, is visible on camera, but the diagnosis requires a biopsy. The doctor will remove a small sample of tissue to be examined under a microscope in the laboratory to confirm a diagnosis. The sample will also be examined for the presence of precancerous cells or cancer. If the biopsy confirms the presence of Barrett's esophagus, your doctor will probably recommend a follow-up endoscopy and biopsy to examine more tissue for early signs of developing cancer.


Question: Are there treatments that specifically target Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Those medications may include: Proton pump inhibitors that reduce the production of stomach acid Antacids to neutralize stomach acid H2 blockers that lessen the release of stomach acid Promotility agents -- drugs that speed up the movement of food from the stomach to the intestines There are several treatments, including surgery, that are designed specifically to focus on the abnormal tissue. They include: Radiofrequency ablation ( RFA) uses radio waves delivered through an endoscope inserted into the esophagus to destroy abnormal cells while protecting the healthy cells underneath. Photodynamic therapy ( PDT) uses a laser through an endoscope to kill abnormal cells in the lining without damaging normal tissue. Before the procedure, the patient takes a drug known as Photofrin, which causes cells to become light-sensitive. Endoscopic spray cryotherapy is a newer technique that applies cold nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas, through the endoscope to freeze the abnormal cells. Endoscopic mucosal resection ( EMR) lifts the abnormal lining and cuts it off the wall of the esophagus before it's removed through the endoscope. The goal is to remove any precancerous or cancer cells contained in the lining. If cancer cells are present, an ultrasound is done first to be sure the cancer hasn't moved deeper into the esophagus walls. Surgery to remove most of the esophagus is an option in cases where severe precancer (dysplasia) or cancer has been diagnosed. The earlier the surgery is done following the diagnosis, the better the chance for the cure.


Question: How common is Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Although the risk of this cancer is higher in people with Barrett's esophagus, the disease is still rare. Less than 1% of people with Barrett's esophagus develop this particular cancer. Nevertheless, if you've been diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus, it's important to have routine examinations of your esophagus. With routine examination, your doctor can discover precancerous and cancer cells early, before they spread and when the disease is easier to treat.


Question: What are the side effects of leukotriene modifiers for allergies?

Answer: Side effects of these drugs are rare but may include: Stomach pain or stomach upset Heartburn Fever Stuffy nose Cough Rash Headache Irritability Some simple over-the-counter products can help with allergy symptoms.


Question: How are mast cell stabilizers used to treat allergies?

Answer: Mast cell stabilizers can be used to treat mild to moderate inflammation in allergy sufferers. Mast cell stabilizers are available as eyedrops for allergic conjunctivitis, and nasal sprays for nasal allergy symptoms. Like with many drugs, it may take several weeks before the full effects are felt.


Question: What are the side effects of mast cell stabilizers for allergies?

Answer: Throat irritation, coughing or skin rashes sometimes can occur. Mast cell stabilizers in the form of eye drops may cause burning, stinging, or blurred vision when they are administered.


Question: What are the side effects of decongestants for allergies?

Answer: Decongestants may raise blood pressure, so they typically are not recommended for people who have blood pressure problems or glaucoma. They may also cause insomnia or irritability and restrict urinary flow.


Question: How do leukotriene modifiers work to treat allergies?

Answer: Leukotriene modifiers block the effects of leukotrienes, chemicals produced in the body in response to an allergic reaction.


Question: How do antihistamines work to treat allergies?

Answer: When you are exposed to an allergen -- for example ragweed pollen -- it triggers your immune system. People with allergies demonstrate an exaggerated immune response. Immune system cells known as "mast cells" release a substance called histamine, which attaches to receptors in blood vessels, causing them to enlarge. Histamine also binds to other receptors causing redness, swelling, itching, and changes in secretions. By blocking histamine and keeping it from binding to receptors, antihistamines prevent these symptoms.


Question: What are possible complications of a hysterectomy?

Answer: Complications are rare, but can include excessive bleeding, infection, or damage to your urinary system or intestines.


Question: Is radical hysterectomy performed through the abdomen or vagina?

Answer: Most of the time, this surgery is performed through your abdomen. But your doctor may be able to use laparoscopy to remove your uterus through your vagina. This results in less blood loss, and maybe a shorter hospital stay.


Question: Why would I need a catheter for cervical cancer?

Answer: And, depending on where the cancer has spread, he may take your bladder, vagina, rectum, and part of your colon. If your doctor has to remove part of your bladder or colon, he'll have to create a new way for you to remove waste. You may have to have a catheter. Or, he'll attach a plastic bag to the front of your abdomen to catch urine, called a urostomy, or feces, called a colostomy.


Question: What happens during a pelvic exenteration for cervical cancer?

Answer: If you've had cervical cancer that came back, your doctor may suggest this as a surgical option. He'll remove your cervix, uterus, and surrounding organs and tissues. He'll also remove nearby lymph nodes. And, depending on where the cancer has spread, he may take your bladder, vagina, rectum, and part of your colon.


Question: What is the chance of cervical cancer returning after trachelectomy?

Answer: The chance of your cancer coming back after this operation is very low. Studies show that women who have a trachelectomy have a 50% chance of getting pregnant 5 years later. But they also are at a higher risk of miscarriage than women who haven't had this surgery.


Question: What is laser surgery for cervical cancer?

Answer: This is performed in your doctor's office or clinic and is usually reserved for stage 0 cervical cancer. Your doctor uses a laser beam to burn off the cancer cells on your cervix. He may also cut a small piece of tissue to examine in a lab. He'll numb your cervix so you won't have any pain.


Question: What happens during radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer?

Answer: During this surgery, the surgeon removes your uterus and the tissues next to it. He'll also remove about 1 inch of the vagina next to your cervix. And, he may take some of the lymph nodes from your pelvic area. These are pockets of immune system tissue that are about the size of a pea. He'll leave your ovaries and fallopian tubes, unless it's medically necessary to take them, too.


Question: How does cryosurgery treat cervical cancer?

Answer: Your doctor uses a gas called liquid nitrogen to freeze the abnormal cancer cells on your cervix. An âice ballâ forms, and the bad cells die. Your doctor can perform this procedure in his office or clinic.


Question: How are hysterectomies performed?

Answer: Surgeons perform hysterectomies in one of three ways: through a cut in the abdomen (abdominal hysterectomy); through the vagina (vaginal hysterectomy); or with the help of robotic instruments (laparoscopic hysterectomy).


Question: What is the recovery time for radical hysterectomy?

Answer: Full recovery time is 4 to 6 weeks. Call your doctor right away if you have excessive bleeding, trouble peeing, or believe your wound is infected.


Question: How long does pelvic exenteration recovery take?

Answer: Recovery from pelvic exenteration can take 6 months or more.


Question: What does hysterectomy for cervical cancer consist of?

Answer: In this procedure, a surgeon removes your uterus and cervix. Your other reproductive organs -- your ovaries and fallopian tubes -- are left in place, unless there's a medical reason they should be removed, too.


Question: How do you know if you have atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: When your heart's electrical signals aren't working right, it can lead to a heartbeat that's too fast or too slow. This abnormal heart rhythm is what doctors call atrial fibrillation, or AFib for short.


Question: When are you more likely to get atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: You're more likely to get atrial fibrillation if you have: Heart disease Heart failure Valve disease Had a heart attack or heart surgery Any type of AFib can lead to a stroke or heart failure.


Question: What medications are used to treat atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: Once your heart rate is under control, they may suggest long-term treatment with a wider choice of beta-blockers: Atenolol ( Tenormin) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta, Ziac) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Esmolol ( Brevibloc) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol) Nadolol ( Corgard) Pindolol ( Visken) Timolol ( Betimol, Istalol) Or they might have you try one of the calcium channel blockers -- diltiazem or verapamil.


Question: What can happen if you don't get treated for atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: If you don't get treated, over time the condition can damage your heart muscle and lead to heart failure.


Question: What causes atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: You might feel: Like your heart is beating too fast Chest pain Dizzy Faint Short of breath Tired Weak Electrical signals make your heart beat in a coordinated way. First, the atria squeeze, or contract. Then the signal travels to the lower chambers, or ventricles. They squeeze and pump out blood to your lungs and body. In AFib, these signals don't go out correctly. Instead of contracting, the atria quiver. The flutters are too weak to send enough blood into the ventricles. In AFib with rapid ventricular response, the ventricles also beat too fast. These beats are too weak to push enough blood out of the heart to your lungs and body.


Question: How is an ultrasound used inside the body?

Answer: Sometimes, however, doctors and technicians can get a better diagnostic image by inserting a special transducer into one of the body's natural openings: In a transvaginal ultrasound, a transducer wand is placed in a woman's vagina to get better images of her uterus and ovaries. A transrectal ultrasound is sometimes used in the diagnosis of prostate conditions. A transesophageal echocardiogram uses the transducer probe in the esophagus so that the sonographer can obtain clearer images of the heart.


Question: What are the therapeutic applications of ultrasound?

Answer: Therapeutic applications.


Question: How is ultrasound used for diagnostics?

Answer: Doctors employ ultrasound imaging in diagnosing a wide variety of conditions affecting the organs and soft tissues of the body, including the heart and blood vessels, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, uterus, ovaries, eyes, thyroid, and testicles. Ultrasounds do have some diagnostic limitations, however; sound waves do not transmit well through dense bone or parts of the body that may hold air or gas, such as the bowel.


Question: What imaging tests can be done with an ultrasound?

Answer: Additionally, ultrasound technology has advanced to allow for different types of imaging: Doppler is a special type of ultrasound that creates images of blood flow through vessels. Bone sonography helps doctors diagnose osteoporosis. Echocardiograms are used to view the heart.


Question: How is ultrasound used during medical procedures?

Answer: Ultrasound imaging can help doctors during procedures such as needle biopsies, which require the doctor to remove tissue from a very precise area inside the body for testing in a lab.


Question: What are the advantages of ultrasound?

Answer: Ultrasounds offer many advantages: They are generally painless and do not require needles, injections, or incisions. Patients aren't exposed to ionizing radiation, making the procedure safer than diagnostic techniques such as X-rays and CT scans. In fact, there are no known harmful effects when used as directed by your health care provider. Ultrasound captures images of soft tissues that don't show up well on X-rays. Ultrasounds are widely accessible and less expensive than other methods.


Question: How will a trained professional decide the best way to  remove your tattoo?

Answer: You should first schedule a consultation with a trained professional who can evaluate your tattoo and advise you on the process. The number of treatments you will need will depend on the age, size, and color(s) of your tattoo. The color of your skin, as well as how deep the tattoo pigment goes, will also affect the removal technique.


Question: Can lasers remove tattoos?

Answer: Lasers remove tattoos by breaking up the pigment colors with a high-intensity light beam. Black tattoo pigment absorbs all laser wavelengths, making it the easiest color to treat. Other colors can only be treated by selected lasers based upon the pigment color.


Question: Do you need anesthesia for laser tattoo removal?

Answer: Laser tattoo removal is uncomfortable, but most patients don't need anesthesia. Depending on the location of your tattoo, you may want to apply a topical anesthesia cream beforehand.


Question: What should you expect during a laser tattoo removal session?

Answer: In general, this is what you should expect during a laser tattoo removal session: You'll be given a pair of protective eye shields. The technician will test your skin's reaction to the laser to determine the most effective energy for treatment. The technician uses the laser to pass pulses of intense light through the top layers of your skin that will be absorbed by the tattoo pigment only.


Question: How many laser tattoo removal sessions do you need to completely get rid of your tattoo?

Answer: Smaller tattoos will require fewer pulses while larger ones will need more to remove them. In either case, to completely get rid of a tattoo, it will take several treatments. After each visit, your tattoo should become progressively lighter.


Question: What are other non-food related causes of hyperlipidemia?

Answer: These include: Cheese Egg yolks Fried and processed foods Ice cream Pastries Red meat Don't exercise much? That can lead to putting on extra pounds, which can raise your cholesterol. As you get older, your cholesterol levels often creep up, too. Hyperlipidemia can run in families. People who inherit the condition can get very high cholesterol. That means they have a much greater chance of having a heart attack, even when they're young.


Question: How does a stem cell transplant for testicular cancer work?

Answer: How it works: The stem cells in this kind of treatment don't come from embryos. Instead, they come from your own marrow, which is inside your bones, or from your blood. In some cases, another person donates some of their blood or marrow. The stem cells are frozen and stored. After your chemo, they are thawed and returned back to you through a process called infusion.


Question: Where can I find support if I am diagnosed with testicular cancer?

Answer: Many boys and men find professional counseling or support groups help them handle the emotions that come with testicular cancer. If you notice that you're feeling depressed or anxious, talk to your doctor or a social worker about professionals you can meet with in your area.


Question: What does chemotherapy for testicular cancer do?

Answer: This uses medicine to fight cancer cells, either by killing them or stopping them from splitting into more and more cells. You may take pills or get drugs through a tube placed in a vein. It depends on your particular case. Your doctor might suggest that you get âchemo,â as it is often called, either before or after you have lymph node surgery. You might get several rounds of treatment that last for 3 or 4 weeks each, and you would take breaks in between them.


Question: What is radiation therapy for testicular cancer?

Answer: This uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. People who have the type of testicular cancer known as seminoma often get this. Sometimes, the lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen are radiated to kill any tumor cells that may have spread to them.


Question: Can stem cell transplant be used for testicular cancer?

Answer: This procedure is not very common. But if you have a cancer that needs a stronger treatment, this procedure helps your body handle even higher doses of chemotherapy. It replaces blood-forming cells that are killed by the cancer treatment.


Question: What are the different types of radiation therapy for testicular cancer?

Answer: There are two types of this treatment: External therapy uses a machine that aims the radiation directly at the cancer to kill it. Internal therapy involves a radioactive substance in needles, wires or thin, flexible tubes called catheters. It is placed into the cancer cells or near them.


Question: What does surgery for testicular cancer consist of?

Answer: A surgeon removes a testicle for almost all stages and types of this cancer. The surgeon makes an incision â a small cut -- into the abdomen just above the pubic area. He takes out the whole testicle. He then cuts what's called the spermatic cord, which holds the vessels that carry blood and fluid to the testicles. He does this to keep cancer cells from reaching the rest of the body. The actual surgery usually takes about 30 minutes, and you usually go home the same day.


Question: What does lymph node removal for testicular cancer consist of?

Answer: Sometimes, the surgery to take out a testicle isn't enough, because cancer has spread to the lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen. Your doctor may take those out as well. This operation might happen at the same time as the testicle surgery, or it might be done later. You would get something to make you sleep through this surgery. It usually takes about 6 hours. Sometimes, your doctor can take out the lymph nodes using much smaller cuts and long, thin tools. This is known as laparoscopic surgery. It's easier to recover from this type of procedure.


Question: What are the side effects of radiation therapy for testicular cancer?

Answer: Side effects: You could feel very tired, want to throw up or have diarrhea. Talk to your doctor about what you can do to ease them. Doctors try to protect your remaining testicle from radiation, which can affect your sperm count. You are more likely to be infertile if you have this treatment. If you want to have children in the future, you should ask your doctor about saving some of your sperm before you start.


Question: What is radial keratotomy eye surgery?

Answer: This procedure was once of the most common ways to correct nearsightedness. But with the rise of more effective procedures like LASEK, LASIK and PRK, it's now considered outdated.


Question: How can you avoid mold allergy?

Answer: Like many other allergies, the warning signs can include: Wheezing Stuffy or runny nose Itchy, watery eyes Rash or hives You might not be able to totally avoid mold when you're allergic to it. But you can lower your risk of a reaction to food-borne mold by carefully choosing what you eat. Check everything you eat for signs of mold before you chow down. Don't smell foods to see if they're spoiled, because inhaling mold spores can set off an allergic reaction.


Question: What foods are likely to trigger a mold allergy?

Answer: Common culprits include: Cheese Mushrooms Vinegar and foods containing vinegar, such as salad dressing, catsup, and pickles Sour cream, sour milk, and buttermilk Meat or fish Breads and other food made with yeast Jarred jams and jellies Sauerkraut Pickled and smoked meats and fish Dried fruits such as dates, prunes, figs, and raisins Soy sauce Hot dogs, sausages Canned juices Leftovers that are more than 3 or 4 days old


Question: When should I see my doctor about my child spitting up?

Answer: Unlike happy spitters, babies with GERD may have: Discomfort and pain caused by the reflux Breathing problems, like gagging, choking, coughing, wheezing, and, worst-case scenario, pneumonia from inhaling their stomach contents into their lungs Sometimes poor growth, because vomiting keeps them from getting enough nutrients If your baby has any of these symptoms, talk to your pediatrician, who can see if your baby has GERD.


Question: Why does my baby spit up?

Answer: After your baby swallows milk, it glides past the back of his throat and goes down a muscular tube, called the esophagus, to his stomach. A ring of muscles connects the esophagus and stomach. It opens to let the milk go into the stomach, and then it closes back up. If that ring, called the lower esophageal sphincter, doesn't tighten again, the milk can come back up. That's reflux.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Have you treated someone with CML before? What tests should I take to confirm a diagnosis? What phase of CML am I in? What treatment do you recommend for me? How will the therapy make me feel? What if the treatment doesn't work? How do I find a support group?


Question: What are symptoms of the chronic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: CML has three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blastic. Your symptoms depend on which one you're in. Chronic phase. It's the earliest stage and the easiest to treat. You might not even have symptoms.


Question: What are symptoms of the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: You're more likely to get some of these symptoms: Feel very tired Have a fever Get bruises Have night sweats Be short of breath Lose some weight Feel less hungry Get swelling or pain on your left side (which could be a sign of an enlarged spleen) Feel pain in your bones Other symptoms may include stroke, changes in your vision, ringing in your ears, you feel like you're in a daze, and you get prolonged erections.


Question: What causes chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Most people will never know what caused them to get CML. You don't typically get it from your parents or from infections. Your smoking habits and diet don't seem to raise your chance of getting it either. The only known risk is if you've been in contact with high levels of radiation.


Question: What is sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea occurs when the upper airway becomes completely or partially blocked, interrupting regular breathing for short periods of time -- which then wakes you up. It can cause severe daytime sleepiness. If left untreated, severe sleep apnea may be associated with high blood pressure and the risk of stroke and heart attack.


Question: How does pregnancy affect sleep?

Answer: Pregnancy and Sleep Women often experience sleepless nights and daytime fatigue in the first and third trimesters of their pregnancy. During the first trimester, frequent trips to the bathroom and morning sickness may disrupt sleep. Later in pregnancy, vivid dreams and physical discomfort may prevent deep sleep.


Question: What are night terrors?

Answer: Night Terrors and Sleepwalking Both night terrors and sleepwalking arise during NREM sleep and occur most often in children between the ages of 3 and 5 years old. A night terror can be dramatic: Your child may wake up screaming, but unable to explain the fear. Sometimes children who have night terrors remember a frightening image, but often they remember nothing.


Question: How can snoring cause sleep problems?

Answer: Snoring Many adults snore. The noise is produced when the air you inhale rattles over the relaxed tissues of the throat. Snoring can be a problem simply because of the noise it causes. It may also be a marker of a more serious sleep problem called sleep apnea.


Question: What causes restless legs syndrome?

Answer: Restless Legs Syndrome There are many possible causes of restless legs syndrome, including kidney failure, nerve disorders, vitamin and iron deficiencies, pregnancy, and some medications (such as antidepressants). Recent studies have shown a strong genetic link and researchers have been able to isolate a gene that may be responsible for at least 40% of all cases of the disorder.


Question: What causes nightmares and night terrors?

Answer: Nightmares and Night Terrors Nightmares can be triggered by a frightening or stressful event, a fever or illness, or use of some medications or alcohol. Night terrors are most common in pre-school children, but they also can affect adults who are experiencing emotional or psychological problems.


Question: Which herbs and spices make good replacements for salt for people with diabetes?

Answer: Herbs and spices are the answer to improving the natural flavors in food without using salt. These salt-free seasonings include: Basil Celery seeds Chili powder Chives Cinnamon Cocoa powder Cumin Curry Dill Flavoring extracts (vanilla, almond, etc.) Garlic Garlic powder Lemon or lime juice Marjoram Mint No-salt seasoning blends Nutmeg Onion powder Oregano Paprika Parsley Pepper Pimiento Rosemary Sage Savory Thyme Homemade herb and spice blends can help you cut down on your salt use.


Question: What seasonings can you use to replace salt if you have diabetes?

Answer: Herbs and spices are the answer to improving the natural flavors in food without using salt. These salt-free seasonings include: Basil Celery seeds Chili powder Chives Cinnamon Cocoa powder Cumin Curry Dill Flavoring extracts (vanilla, almond, etc.) Garlic Garlic powder Lemon or lime juice Marjoram Mint No-salt seasoning blends Nutmeg Onion powder Oregano Paprika Parsley Pepper Pimiento Rosemary Sage Savory Thyme Homemade herb and spice blends can help you cut down on your salt use.


Question: What is the recipe for saltless surprise herb blend?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary These tips will help you limit salt while eating out at restaurants: Appetizers Select fresh fruit or vegetables.


Question: Which salads should you have to limit salt if you have diabetes?

Answer: Salads Select fresh fruits and vegetables. Avoid pickles, canned or marinated vegetables, cured meats, seasoned croutons, cheeses, salted seeds. Order salad dressings on the side, and use small amounts of them.


Question: What are low-salt dessert options in restaurants?

Answer: Desserts Select fresh fruits, ices, sherbet, gelatin, and plain cakes.


Question: How can I order a low-salt salad in restaurants?

Answer: Salads Select fresh fruits and vegetables. Avoid pickles, canned or marinated vegetables, cured meats, seasoned croutons, cheeses, salted seeds. Order salad dressings on the side, and use small amounts of them.


Question: What is a good recipe for a spicy seasoning?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary These tips will help you limit salt while eating out at restaurants: Appetizers Select fresh fruit or vegetables.


Question: Why are herbs and spices good for people with diabetes?

Answer: Garlic Garlic powder Lemon or lime juice Marjoram Mint No-salt seasoning blends Nutmeg Onion powder Oregano Paprika Parsley Pepper Pimiento Rosemary Sage Savory Thyme Homemade herb and spice blends can help you cut down on your salt use.


Question: What are the ingredients for saltless surprise to help lower your salt intake if you have diabetes?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary These tips will help you limit salt while eating out at restaurants: Appetizers Select fresh fruit or vegetables.


Question: What are some tips to lower the amount of salt in your diet if you have diabetes?

Answer: For favorite recipes, you may need to use other ingredients and delete or decrease the salt you would normally add. You can take salt out of most recipes, but don't try it if the recipe calls for yeast. Try orange or pineapple juice as a base for meat marinades. Avoid canned soups, entrees, and vegetables; pasta and rice mixes; frozen dinners; instant cereal; and pudding, gravy, and sauce mixes. Select frozen entrees that have fewer than 600 milligrams of sodium per serving (140 mg of sodium per serving is considered low sodium). Check the nutrition facts label on the package for sodium content. Limit yourself to one frozen entree per day. Use fresh, frozen, or no-added-salt canned vegetables. You can use low-sodium canned soups. Avoid mixed seasonings and spice blends that include salt, such as garlic salt. After about 2 weeks, your body will adjust and you will not miss the added salt in your diet.


Question: Which high-salt foods should be avoided for people with diabetes?

Answer: Getting too much sodium can raise your blood pressure, too. So your doctor or dietitian may ask you to limit or avoid these high-salt foods: Salt and seasoned salt (or salt seasonings) Boxed mixes of potatoes, rice, or pasta Canned meats Canned soups and vegetables (with sodium) Cured or processed foods Ketchup, mustard, salad dressings, other spreads, and canned sauces Packaged soups, gravies, or sauces Pickled foods Processed meats: lunch meat, sausage, bacon, and ham Olives Salty snack foods Monosodium glutamate or MSG (often added to Chinese food) Soy and steak sauces If you have diabetes, these tips can help you lower the amount of salt in your diet: Use fresh ingredients or foods with no salt added.


Question: What is a good recipe for herb seasoning?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary These tips will help you limit salt while eating out at restaurants: Appetizers Select fresh fruit or vegetables.


Question: What is a good recipe for a spicy salt-free substitute?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary These tips will help you limit salt while eating out at restaurants: Appetizers Select fresh fruit or vegetables.


Question: What are the ingredients for herb seasoning to help lower your salt intake if you have diabetes?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary These tips will help you limit salt while eating out at restaurants: Appetizers Select fresh fruit or vegetables.


Question: Which foods should you avoid if you have diabetes?

Answer: Getting too much sodium can raise your blood pressure, too. So your doctor or dietitian may ask you to limit or avoid these high-salt foods: Salt and seasoned salt (or salt seasonings) Boxed mixes of potatoes, rice, or pasta Canned meats Canned soups and vegetables (with sodium) Cured or processed foods Ketchup, mustard, salad dressings, other spreads, and canned sauces Packaged soups, gravies, or sauces Pickled foods Processed meats: lunch meat, sausage, bacon, and ham Olives Salty snack foods Monosodium glutamate or MSG (often added to Chinese food) Soy and steak sauces If you have diabetes, these tips can help you lower the amount of salt in your diet: Use fresh ingredients or foods with no salt added.


Question: Which desserts should you have if you have diabetes?

Answer: Desserts Select fresh fruits, ices, sherbet, gelatin, and plain cakes.


Question: What are the ingredients for spicy blend to help lower your salt intake if you have diabetes?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary These tips will help you limit salt while eating out at restaurants: Appetizers Select fresh fruit or vegetables.


Question: What does the hCG diet for weight loss entail?

Answer: The h CG diet limits you to 500 calories a day for 8 weeks while taking h CG, either by getting a shot or by taking a âhomeopathicâ product, such as oral drops, pellets, or sprays, which you can buy at the store.


Question: What are the limitations of sugar on the hCG diet for weight loss?

Answer: You can use sugar substitutes but not sugar to sweeten drinks. Butter and oils aren't allowed.


Question: What is the promise behind the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) diet for weight loss?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Take a "natural" hormone the body makes during pregnancy -- and lose a lot of weight? That's the promise that's turned the h CG Diet -- named after that hormone -- into a craze that just won't quit. If you also go on an ultra-low-calorie diet, backers claim, h CG can âreset your metabolismâ so you lose as much as a pound a day without feeling hungry or weak.


Question: What are the fruit options for the hCG diet for weight loss?

Answer: If you also go on an ultra-low-calorie diet, backers claim, h CG can âreset your metabolismâ so you lose as much as a pound a day without feeling hungry or weak.


Question: What are the limitations of bread on the hCG diet for weight loss?

Answer: Each meal has to include one protein, one vegetable, one bread, and one fruit.


Question: How much are you supposed to eat on the hCG diet for weight loss?

Answer: Bread can be one breadstick or one piece of melba toast. For fruit, you can choose an orange, an apple, a handful of strawberries, or half a grapefruit. The diet allows as much water, coffee, and tea as you want. You can also have up to 1 tablespoon of milk per day.


Question: How hard is it to stick to the hCG diet for weight loss?

Answer: Not only is it uncomfortable to live on just 500 calories a day, it can be dangerous. It's impossible to meet all your nutritional needs on so few calories. You may not get enough protein, either. If you're getting less than 1,200 calories a day, it's going to be challenging to get enough vitamins and minerals without supplements.


Question: What does science say about hCG for weight loss?

Answer: Here's what the science says: Any super-low-cal diet will result in weight loss. Most studies have found that h CG (stands for human chorionic gonadotropin) has nothing to do with it.


Question: What are the meat options for the hCG diet for weight loss?

Answer: You can broil or grill veal, beef, chicken breast, fresh white fish, lobster, crab, or shrimp as long you don't eat any visible fat. No salmon, eel, tuna, herring, or dried or pickled fish are allowed.


Question: Which medical problems could be affecting your weight?

Answer: Medical conditions make it tougher to slim down. Some things that could be causing your weight problems are: Eating disorders like bulimia Heart disease Hormonal disorders Sleep disorders like sleep apnea Some medicines can also deal a blow to your efforts to drop some pounds. For instance, you might have trouble losing weight if you take drugs for: Allergies Birth control Depression Diabetes Epilepsy High blood pressure Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia If you have one of these conditions and weight is a problem for you, talk to your doctor. He may be able to change your medications.


Question: Can your gender affect how you lose weight?

Answer: It could make a difference in how you lose weight. A recent study suggests it's easier for men to drop pounds quickly. But women tend to have more success with long-term efforts. Where you lose weight can also differ. Guys lose belly fat first, but that area can be tougher for the ladies.


Question: Could your genes play a role in how you lose weight?

Answer: Some bodies are simply better at burning fat than others. It's something you inherit from your parents or grandparents. You don't have any control over the genes that were passed to you, so you may need to work a little harder to burn calories and lose weight.


Question: How can your thyroid affect how you lose weight?

Answer: If it's underactive, you may have a condition called hypothyroidism. It can lead to weight gain from a buildup of salt and water in your body. An overactive thyroid is called hyperthyroidism. Many people with it lose weight, but others pick up extra pounds because it can make you feel hungrier. How your thyroid affects your metabolism, energy, and weight is complicated. Other hormones, proteins, and chemicals may also play a role. Check with your doctor if you think it's a problem.


Question: What can cause white matter disease?

Answer: Many different diseases, injuries, and toxins can cause changes in your white matter. Doctors point to the same blood vessel problems that lead to heart trouble or strokes: Long-term high blood pressure Ongoing blood vessel inflammation Smoking It may be worse for women. You may also be more likely to get it if you have: Diabetes High cholesterol Parkinson's disease History of stroke Genetics may also play a role.


Question: What are the symptoms of white matter disease?

Answer: White matter helps you problem-solve and focus. It also plays an important role in mood, walking, and balance. So when something's wrong with it, you might notice: Trouble learning or remembering new things A hard time with problem solving Slowed thinking Leaking urine Depression Problems walking Balance issues and more falls White matter disease is different from Alzheimer's, which affects the brain's gray matter.


Question: What can I do to keep white matter disease from getting worse?

Answer: But you can take steps to stop it from spreading. Scientists think you might even be able to repair the damage, if you catch it early. Keep your blood pressure and blood sugar in check. That can lead to white matter changes. To keep your heart healthy, follow a low-fat, low-salt diet, and get about 2 and a half hours of moderate-intensity exercise each week. Manage diabetes if you have it and keep your cholesterol in check. If you smoke, stop now.


Question: How is white matter disease treated?

Answer: There isn't a specific treatment. The goal is to treat the cause of the damage and stop the disease from getting worse. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to lower your blood pressure or cholesterol.


Question: What happens after limbal relaxing incision (LRI) eye surgery?

Answer: After LRI, your eye may be sensitive to light for a few hours or feel like there is a foreign object in it. Your doctor will prescribe eye drops for you to prevent infection and inflammation and reduce irritation. While reduction in the astigmatism is often observed the day after surgery, it generally takes a few weeks before the results stabilize. In cases of severe astigmatism, which can be reduced but not eliminated, new eyeglasses or contact lenses will typically be prescribed a month after surgery.


Question: What can happen if you don't care for a cold or the flu?

Answer: These viruses can develop into serious illnesses like pneumonia in people who have weak immune systems, asthma, or other respiratory conditions. So if you have a chronic illness, your healing time may be different.


Question: I'm pregnant. When should I get medical attention about my asthma symptoms?

Answer: Symptoms of an acute asthma attack in pregnancy include: Shortnes of breath Wheezing with fluids or mucus. Difficulty talking, walking, or thinking because of shortness of breath Neck and ribs moving in during breathing Blue- or gray-looking skin Peak flow reading below 60% of personal best Decrease in fetal kick count if the baby is in distress 2.


Question: What signs of infection should you look out for when taking care of your stitches?

Answer: Even as you continue to take care of your stitches, watch for any signs of infection. They include: Increasing pain Redness around the wound that gets worse, not better A red streak from the wound traveling upward Swelling Pus or bleeding A bad smell coming from the area Fever Call your doctor if you see signs of infection. You should get treatment as soon as possible.


Question: What do my stitches do?

Answer: Your stitches are important because they lower your chances of more bleeding or infection. They also reduce scarring.


Question: Should you wash the dirt around the stitches?

Answer: Afterwards: You should wash off dirt and the crust that forms around the stitches. That lowers your chances of having a scar. You may need to place a bandage on it if the wound leaks clear, yellow fluid. After washing, be sure to dry the area with gentle pats of a clean towel.


Question: What are stitches?

Answer: You can think of stitches in your skin like you do those in your clothes -- thread that holds things together. They're made from various materials, such as nylon or silk. Some, such as the ones used in the mouth, dissolve by themselves. Others will need to be taken out later.


Question: How can you eat more beans to prevent constipation?

Answer: Replace meat with a bean or legume dish at least once or twice a week. Add cooked beans to salads, and try bean soups and stews as main courses.


Question: Which foods can give you a lot of fiber?

Answer: Examples of high-fiber foods include: 1/2 cup navy beans: 9.5 grams 1 small pear: 4.4 grams 1/4 cup dates: 3.6 grams 1 medium apple: 3.3 grams 1 medium sweet potato: 4.8 grams Simple changes can improve your diet and help relieve constipation: Add veggies.


Question: How does constipation happen?

Answer: The problem often happens because of a low-fiber or high-fat diet, lack of exercise, and not drinking enough fluids. Certain medications, not going when you feel the urge, laxative abuse, and pregnancy can also lead to constipation.


Question: How can you add more fiber to your diet to prevent constipation?

Answer: Add fiber gradually. Make changes slowly over the course of a week or so -- if you up fiber too quickly, you could end up feeling bloated and gassy. Be patient -- it may take time for your body to adjust.


Question: How does fiber affect constipation?

Answer: If your bowel habits get sluggish, you don't have to rush out to buy a laxative. Most people don't need them for mild constipation. Instead, look at your diet. Are you getting enough fiber? Fiber is the part of plant foods that the body can't break down. When you eat foods that have a lot of it, the extra bulk helps keep stools soft and speeds digestion.


Question: How can you add veggies to your diet to prevent constipation?

Answer: You don't have to count grams of fiber to get the amount you need. Instead, aim to eat 2 cups of fruit and 2 1/2 cups of vegetables every day. Make sandwiches with roasted veggies, add a salad instead of fries to your meal, buy pre-cut vegetables to snack on with low-fat dip, keep the fruit bowl full for a handy and healthy snack, and add chopped, dried fruit to oatmeal and cereal.


Question: What happens during gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)?

Answer: The eggs and sperm are collected just as they would be in an IVF procedure, but after that, the two techniques differ. In IVF, the embryo is placed into the uterus at 3-5 days with a catheter inserted into the vagina in a quick and simple procedure. In GIFT, an incision has to be made in the abdomen and the eggs and sperm are immediately placed in the fallopian tubes using a laparoscope, a small telescope-like instrument. A laparoscopy requires general anesthesia, although it can still usually be performed as an outpatient procedure. If all goes well, once the eggs are in the fallopian tubes, at least one will become fertilized by the sperm and move on to the uterus, where it will mature.


Question: What types of infertility can gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) treat?

Answer: GIFT and ZIFT can be used to treat many types of infertility, except in cases where there is damage to or abnormalities of the fallopian tubes. These techniques can also be used in cases of mild male infertility, as long as the sperm is capable of fertilizing an egg.


Question: When should you call the doctor about your loved one's wound from heart failure surgery?

Answer: Call the doctor if you see signs of an infection around the incision, such as: Increased drainage or oozing Opening of the wound Redness or warmth Fever greater than 100.4 F You should also call the doctor if your loved one says his sternum (the breastbone) feels like it moves, or if it pops or cracks with movement.


Question: How do you know when someone can drive after heart failure surgery?

Answer: This usually happens 6 to 8 weeks after surgery, or less if it was a type of operation called "minimally invasive." Until he gets the OK to drive, he can be a passenger as often as he likes. The doctor will tell your loved one when he's allowed to get back to his regular routine.


Question: What can help you loved one get sleep after heart failure surgery?

Answer: Some things can help: If your loved one has pain, suggest he take his pain medication about half an hour before bedtime. Offer to arrange the pillows so he can get into a comfortable position. Although it's important to balance activity with rest during recovery, encourage your loved one not to take frequent naps during the day. Tell him to avoid caffeine at night, such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and colas. Have him get into a bedtime routine. If he follows the same rituals, his body learns to know it's time to relax and go to sleep.


Question: How can spironolactone (Aldactone) help with treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: If birth control doesn't stop hair growth after 6 months, your doctor may prescribe spironolactone ( Aldactone). It lowers the level of a type of sex hormone called androgens. But you shouldn't take it if you're pregnant or plan to become pregnant, because it can cause birth defects.


Question: How can birth control help with treating polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: Hormonal birth control -- pills, a skin patch, vaginal ring, shots, or a hormonal IUD (intrauterine device) -- can help restore regular periods. The hormones also treat acne and unwanted hair growth. These birth control methods may also lower your chance of having endometrial cancer, in the inner lining of the uterus.


Question: What drinks can help when you have a cold?

Answer: Decaf tea. The heat can soothe sore throats, stuffy noses, chest congestion, and upset stomachs. Plus, a warm cup of tea is comforting when you’re feeling rough. If you choose one with herbs like ginger, your immune system may get a small boost, too. For an extra benefit, try adding a small dollop of honey to your cup: It can calm a cough and help you sleep. Water with lemon. Hot or cold, it keeps you hydrated and loosens up stuffiness and congestion. Lemon is also high in vitamin C, which may make a cold slightly shorter if you get it regularly. Soup. Clear soups and broths give you calories when you may not have much of an appetite. Some research shows they may help relieve inflammation in the body, which can relieve some of your symptoms. The warmth also helps break up mucus. Ice chips or ice pops. True, these aren’t technically a beverage, but they have the same purpose: keeping you hydrated.


Question: Could polyps be causing you to lose your voice?

Answer: These typically appear on one side of the vocal cord. They have a variety of sizes and shapes.


Question: Can Parkinson's disease make me lose my voice?

Answer: A condition that affects your nerves, like Parkinson's disease, can affect the muscles in your face and throat. Nearly 90% of people with Parkinson's get some form of a speech or voice disorder. Parkinson's causes the parts of the brain that control movement and coordination to decline. This may mean that you're no longer able to control the muscles needed for speech.


Question: How can cysts cause you to lose your voice?

Answer: They're firm masses of tissue that grow near or beneath the surface of your vocal cord. If they make serious changes to your voice, your doctor will likely recommend surgery to remove them.


Question: How can a cold cause me to lose my voice?

Answer: When you speak, air passes through the voice box in your throat and hits the two bands called vocal cords. Your voice make sounds when they vibrate. A cold can throw a wrench into this smooth-running machine. Your throat gets inflamed and sore. Then your vocal cords swell, which affects the way they vibrate. The end result: You're hoarse. Rest your voice and drink plenty of fluids. Your volume will return when you recover.


Question: How can allergies cause me to lose my voice?

Answer: When you think about allergies, you probably think of a runny nose, itchy eyes, and sneezing. But they can also take a toll on your voice in several ways: An allergic reaction can cause your vocal cords to swell. Postnasal drip -- when mucus moves from your nose into your throat -- can irritate your vocal cords. Coughing and clearing your throat can strain your vocal cords. Antihistamine drugs for allergies can dry out mucus in your throat. This may harm your vocal cords, which need moisture to work.


Question: Could a cold be causing you to lose your voice?

Answer: When you speak, air passes through the voice box in your throat and hits the two bands called vocal cords. Your voice make sounds when they vibrate. A cold can throw a wrench into this smooth-running machine. Your throat gets inflamed and sore. Then your vocal cords swell, which affects the way they vibrate. The end result: You're hoarse. Rest your voice and drink plenty of fluids. Your volume will return when you recover.


Question: Are you using your voice too much and causing you to lose your voice?

Answer: Each time you talk or sing, you use different muscles, including some in your mouth and throat. Just like other muscles in your body, overuse of the ones that help you speak can lead to fatigue, strain, and injury. The wrong technique can also bring on hoarseness. Here are some common things that you may be doing wrong: Speak, sing, yell, or cough too much Use a pitch that's higher or lower than normal when you talk Cradle your phone between your head and shoulder Cigarette smoke irritates your vocal cords, which can lead to long-term voice problems.


Question: Could non-cancerous growths on your vocal cords be causing you to lose your voice?

Answer: Although experts aren't sure why, non-cancerous growths can appear on your vocal cords. They believe that heavy overuse of the voice, such as too much yelling or speaking, can be a cause.


Question: How can polyps cause you to lose your voice?

Answer: These typically appear on one side of the vocal cord. They have a variety of sizes and shapes.


Question: How can rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cause me to lose my voice?

Answer: About 1 in 3 people with RA get vocal problems, including a sore throat and loss of voice. That's because the condition can affect tiny joints in your face and throat, which leads to problems with your breathing and the way your vocal cords work.


Question: How does GERD cause me to lose my voice?

Answer: It's a condition that makes stomach acid wash back up into the esophagus, a tube that leads into your throat. The main symptom is heartburn, but GERD can also weaken your voice. Stomach acid can irritate your vocal cords, throat, and esophagus. This leads to a hoarse voice, wheezing, and too much mucus in your throat.


Question: Could allergies be causing you to lose your voice?

Answer: But they can also take a toll on your voice in several ways: An allergic reaction can cause your vocal cords to swell. Postnasal drip -- when mucus moves from your nose into your throat -- can irritate your vocal cords. Coughing and clearing your throat can strain your vocal cords. Antihistamine drugs for allergies can dry out mucus in your throat. This may harm your vocal cords, which need moisture to work.


Question: Could laryngitis be causing you to lose your voice?

Answer: It's a not a disease, but a catch-all word that means you've lost your voice. If it happens suddenly, it's called "acute" laryngitis. You can get it from a cold or overusing your voice. You can get long-term laryngitis if you breathe in something irritating, like smoke or chemical fumes. It also develops if you get yeast infections of the vocal cords, which can happen if you use asthma inhalers or have problems with your immune system, the body's defense against germs.


Question: When should you see a doctor about your voice problems?

Answer: Other symptoms for the disease are: Pain when swallowing Pain in the ear Trouble breathing Lump in the neck If your voice problems last for more than 2 weeks, see a doctor.


Question: Can using my voice too much make me lose it?

Answer: Each time you talk or sing, you use different muscles, including some in your mouth and throat. Just like other muscles in your body, overuse of the ones that help you speak can lead to fatigue, strain, and injury. The wrong technique can also bring on hoarseness. Here are some common things that you may be doing wrong: Speak, sing, yell, or cough too much Use a pitch that's higher or lower than normal when you talk Cradle your phone between your head and shoulder Cigarette smoke irritates your vocal cords, which can lead to long-term voice problems.


Question: How can trouble with my thyroid cause me to lose my voice?

Answer: This butterfly-shaped gland in your lower neck pumps out a hormone that controls a number of functions in your body. When your thyroid doesn't make enough of it, one symptom you might have is a hoarse voice. If you have a goiter -- when your thyroid gets larger -- you may cough a lot and have problems with your speech. A growth on the thyroid, or a nodule, can also affect the way you speak.


Question: How can laryngitis cause me to lose my voice?

Answer: It's a not a disease, but a catch-all word that means you've lost your voice. If it happens suddenly, it's called "acute" laryngitis. You can get it from a cold or overusing your voice. You can get long-term laryngitis if you breathe in something irritating, like smoke or chemical fumes. It also develops if you get yeast infections of the vocal cords, which can happen if you use asthma inhalers or have problems with your immune system, the body's defense against germs.


Question: Is maintaining a healthy weight important for a child after an organ transplant?

Answer: Help your child keep a healthy weight. Children may gain weight after a transplant, just like adults. Since being overweight can pose special risks to kids with transplants, don't ignore it. Talk to your healthcare team about getting on a new meal and exercise plan.


Question: How much responsibility should I give my child over their medical care after an organ transplant?

Answer: As your kids get older, you have to give them more control over their health. Like it or not, your child will take charge of his or her medicine at some point. Letting go of something so important can be scary for any parent. Try to head off problems by talking openly. Think about ways that you can gradually give over some control. Involve your child's health care team in the process. Showing your child that you trust him or her can encourage your child to behave responsibly.


Question: How can I keep myself healthy if my child has recently had an organ transplant?

Answer: Caring for a sick child can be exhausting, frustrating, and frightening. You need to give yourself a break sometimes. If you don't, you'll be too frazzled to help much, anyway. Have a network of friends and family that you can talk to when you need help. Get one of them to take care of your child every once and awhile. Take an afternoon off or a night out. Just a little time away can make a difference.


Question: What can I do if my child feels alone after having an organ transplant?

Answer: Even though thousands of children in the U. S. get transplants every year, your child may feel alone and strange. So help your child meet some other kids in his or her position. For instance, look into special summer camps for kids who have had transplants.


Question: What are signs that I should call my doctor if my child recently had an organ transplant?

Answer: You should teach your older children what side effects and signs of rejection to look out for. But it can be tricky with very young children who can't speak for themselves. In babies, the only outward signs you might see are fussiness and changes in eating. If you have any doubt, err on the side of caution.


Question: What causes circadian rhythm disorders?

Answer: Circadian rhythm disorders can be caused by many factors, including: Shift work Pregnancy Time zone changes Medications Changes in routine such as staying up late or sleeping in Medical problems including Alzheimer's or Parkinson disease Mental health problems Menopause Jet Lag or Rapid Time Zone Change Syndrome: This syndrome consists of symptoms that include excessive sleepiness and a lack of daytime alertness in people who travel across time zones.


Question: How can megestrol acetate (Megace) help with treating AIDS wasting syndrome?

Answer: Testosterone and anabolic steroids may help you build muscle, but because they're related to sex hormones, they can cause male infertility or irregular periods.


Question: How can marijuana help with treating AIDS wasting syndrome?

Answer: Marijuana is legal for medical uses in some states. It can make you hungry, soothe nausea, and lessen pain. But it can cause breathing problems such as bronchitis.


Question: How is AIDS wasting syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will ask you questions about your diet, the medications you're taking, and your recent moods. If your doctor wants to check the tissues in your body, you'll need a body composition test. Bioelectrical impedance analysis ( BIA) is one example of this kind of test: While you're lying down, someone will measure how well a painless electrical signal travels through your body. You should have this testing done somewhere that has experience with AIDS wasting syndrome. You may also need tests to help you doctor find out if you have problems absorbing nutrients.


Question: Which nutritional supplements can help with treating AIDS wasting syndrome?

Answer: Nutritional supplements (like Advera and Ensure) may help if you're not getting enough nutrients.


Question: How can dronabinol (Marinol) help with treating AIDS wasting syndrome?

Answer: Dronabinol ( Marinol), a man-made form of an active ingredient in marijuana, has similar effects as marijuana and may improve your mood and stabilize your weight. However, insurance companies often don't pay for it.


Question: How are retinoids used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Retinoids, like tazarotene ( Tazorac), can help speed up the growth and shedding of skin cells. These foams, gels, or creams are made with vitamin A and come in different strengths. Typically, you put a small dab on the inflamed area and rub it in before bed.. Doctors usually don't recommend these for women who are pregnant or might get pregnant.


Question: How is coal tar used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: It also comes in many different forms, including shampoo to treat scalp psoriasis. The weaker products are available OTC. But coal tar doesn't smell good, and it can irritate your skin and stain your clothes. And you'll need to follow the directions carefully. Some studies show that chemicals in coal tar can lead to cancer but only at very high doses. It's safe to use these products if you follow your doctor's instructions. Steroids (corticosteroids) help with inflammation and slow the growth of skin cells so they don't build up. They come in different strengths.


Question: How are corticosteroids used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Steroids (corticosteroids) help with inflammation and slow the growth of skin cells so they don't build up. They come in different strengths. Weaker formulas may work for sensitive areas like your face or neck or skin-fold areas like your groin or armpit. You may need stronger ones for tough-to-treat places like your elbows and knees. Steroids sometimes work better when they're used along with other medications. Your doctor probably will recommend that you use these twice a day. She may suggest that you wrap the area with tape or plastic after you treat it. This is called occlusion. It can help some treatments work better, but it may also make side effects stronger.


Question: When should I switch my treatment for psoriasis?

Answer: So over time, your doctor may suggest that you switch to different types of creams. You may also use them along with other kinds of treatments, like phototherapy or medications you take by mouth or with shots. And don't be surprised if something that was working stops -- or something that's never helped before starts to do some good. Let your doctor know what makes a difference and what doesn't. Together, you can find the treatment that's right for you.


Question: How are Elidel, Protopic, and Eucrisa used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Pimecrolimus ( Elidel) and tacrolimus ( Protopic) can also help with inflammation. Your doctor may call these drugs calcineurin inhibitors. They're sometimes used to treat psoriasis when other medications don't work. Be sure to read the FDA warning on the label. There may be a link between calcineurin inhibitors and lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system) and skin cancer.


Question: How are moisturizers and lotions used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Moisturizers and emollients you buy without a prescription can help control flare-ups. In general, thick, greasy lotions, creams, and ointments that trap moisture in your skin work best.


Question: How is anthralin used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Anthralin slows the growth of skin cells and eases inflammation. It doesn't have any serious side effects, but it can irritate your skin and stain clothes, sheets, and skin. It's often used with other medications.


Question: What do you need to know before using topical treatments for psoriasis?

Answer: Before using topical treatments, make sure you understand the directions and the side effects they can cause. And stick with your treatment plan once you start. If you don't use your medication regularly, your psoriasis could get worse.


Question: How does pimecrolimus (Elidel), tacrolimus (Protopic), and crisaborole (Eucrisa) treat psoriasis?

Answer: Pimecrolimus ( Elidel) and tacrolimus ( Protopic) can also help with inflammation. Your doctor may call these drugs calcineurin inhibitors. They're sometimes used to treat psoriasis when other medications don't work. Be sure to read the FDA warning on the label.


Question: How does anthralin treat psoriasis?

Answer: Anthralin slows the growth of skin cells and eases inflammation. It doesn't have any serious side effects, but it can irritate your skin and stain clothes, sheets, and skin. It's often used with other medications.


Question: What does it mean if my nails are yellow?

Answer: Nails that are thick, slow-growing, and yellow often point to lung diseases like emphysema or chronic bronchitis. Fluid in your lungs and hands also can lead to yellow nail syndrome. So can Raynaud's phenomenon, which is caused by poor circulation to the fingers, toes, and nose. Yellow nails can even be a symptom of sinusitis, thyroid problems, and rheumatoid arthritis. Only your doctor can tell you what they mean.


Question: What causes my nails to pit or split?

Answer: Psoriasis often starts in your nails. It can make them split and cause pits on the surface. Other causes include inflammatory arthritis or thyroid disease.


Question: How is musculoskeletal pain diagnosed?

Answer: Symptoms vary from person to person, but the common symptoms are: Pain Fatigue Sleep disturbances Your doctor will conduct a thorough physical examination and medical history. In addition, your doctor may perform diagnostic studies to confirm the diagnosis.


Question: What is musculoskeletal pain?

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Question: What are other treatments for musculoskeletal pain?

Answer: Other treatments may include: Injections with anesthetic or anti-inflammatory medications in or around the painful sites Exercise that includes muscle strengthening and stretching Physical or occupational therapy Acupuncture or acupressure Relaxation/biofeedback techniques Osteopathic manipulation (a whole system of evaluation and treatment designed to achieve and maintain health by restoring normal function to the body) Chiropractic care Therapeutic massage


Question: What do you need to get for bathing your baby?

Answer: 3 to 4 pairs of booties or socks with stretch elastic band at cuff 3 to 4 receiving blankets 1 sweater and hat Baby bathtub (sloping with foam pad or flat with molded sponge insert) 4 terry cloth bath towels (hooded towels are OK, but not necessary) 4 to 6 washcloths Tearless shampoo Baby soap. Many brands make baby shampoo and soap all in one.


Question: What else do you need if you choose to use a waterproof sheet savers for your baby's crib?

Answer: If you choose to use the waterproof sheet savers you really only need 1 fitted crib sheet and 2 to 4 waterproof sheet savers. The fitted crib sheet should require few changes since the waterproof sheet savers on top will keep it dry. You do, however, want to get multiple waterproof sheet savers since you will need to change those regularly.


Question: What items should I get to have in the house for my baby?

Answer: Baby monitor Swing Baby book: Essential if you want to record your baby's firsts. Infant seat: A "bouncy" seat or swing are great! It gives you a safe place to put baby while you do things for yourself. High chair: You will use it when baby is 4 to 6 months old. Baby sling or pouch: These come in handy when you need to have your hands free to get things done around the house, but still carry your baby.


Question: What are tips for setting up a changing area for my baby?

Answer: Changing area: This can be on top of a dresser or a separate changing table. It is a good idea to purchase a pad to lay baby on top of when changing. You'll be changing a lot of diapers, so it's a good idea to have a comfortable surface at a good height that won't hurt your back. Never take your hand or eyes off baby when changing him or her, especially if your changing area is off the ground; babies can roll off the table at the blink of an eye. Most changing tables have a strap with a buckle to make sure baby doesn't roll off. It is always a good idea to use this.


Question: What do I need for my baby's crib?

Answer: 1 quilted mattress pad At least 2 fitted crib sheets (smaller sizes are sold for cradles, bassinets, or port-a-cribs) 2-4 waterproof mattress pads or waterproof sheets When making the crib, you have a few options.


Question: How should you choose a diaper bag?

Answer: Breast pump, manual or electric Pumping supplies such as sterilization bags and storage bottles When buying a diaper bag, pick one that has lots of pockets and places to store individual items. Also, keep in mind that your diaper bag often becomes your purse, so find one large enough to keep your wallet, keys, glasses, cell phone, and other items you need for yourself. It's a good idea to keep this bag packed with the following items at all times so if you need to leave the house in a hurry -- especially if you have to take baby to the doctor unexpectedly -- you'll be ready: 5 to 6 diapers Disposable wipes Diaper rash cream or ointment Pad to lie your baby on top of when changing the diaper Plastic bags to wrap dirty diapers in until you can find a trash can to throw them out 2 sets of clothes for baby: Infant onesies, socks, hat, baby outfit Blanket 2 clean bottles, bottle water, and powdered formula (if bottle feeding) Burp cloth Pacifier (if using) Baby toy or rattle Baby Tylenol Sunscreen (although you should keep your infant in the shade.)


Question: Do I need a breast pump?

Answer: Breast pump for breastfeeding moms: Breast pumps allow you to pump milk so that someone else can feed your baby. This is important if you need to leave your baby for a significant amount of time (for example, if you are working). Breast pumps also come in handy when your breasts get engorged and baby is too sleepy to help you out. With a breast pump, you can pump some of the milk out and save it for when baby is ready to eat.


Question: Do I need a rocker or glider for my baby?

Answer: Rocking chair or glider: Although not essential, it's nice to have when feeding baby. Pick out one that has padded arms for extra support and comfort. A footrest adds additional comfort, especially if breastfeeding.


Question: Will I need to buy a crib mattress?

Answer: Crib mattress: Unfortunately, most cribs do not come with mattresses so you will need to purchase one. Pick out a mattress that has good back support, is not too soft, and meets all the fire-retardant regulations. Make sure that it fits securely in the crib and that there is no space around the mattress that the baby can get a limb or head stuck.


Question: How many undershirts should you get for your baby before it is born?

Answer: 6 sleepers/stretch suits (3 newborn to three-month size and 3 in six-month size).


Question: What do you need for the changing table for your baby?

Answer: Diapers (plan on using 70-90 per week for the first six weeks, then 50 per week) Disposable diaper wipes (alcohol-free) Diaper rash ointment or cream (such as Desitin or A& D or Boudreaux's) Gauze to protect area of circumcision if you elected one for your infant son Petroleum jelly to apply to the gauze for area of circumcision (so the baby's penis doesn't stick to the diaper) Pad for baby to lie on during changing Changing pad covers Diaper pail to dispose of soiled diapers 6 undershirts that snap on the bottom or tie on the side, commonly called "onesies" (3 in three-month size and 3 in six-month size) 3 to 4 infant gowns with elastic bottoms.


Question: Can babies have pillows or fluffy comforters in their crib?

Answer: Note: Babies should not have pillows or fluffy comforters in their crib. They also should not sleep with stuffed animals or toys. They could cause your baby to suffocate since he or she is not strong enough to roll over or push them away.


Question: When should you give your baby its first bath?

Answer: You may want to check with your baby's doctor before the first bath. Most doctors recommend that you wait until the umbilical cord has fallen off and the circumcision site has healed before giving your baby a tub bath. In the meantime sponge baths work great.


Question: What kind of thermometer should you get your baby?

Answer: Thermometer: There are many types available. Some doctors prefer that you use a rectal thermometer to get the most accurate temperature. A digital, plastic thermometer that you can place under your baby's armpit may be easy for you to use for the first six months, but a rectal temperature is the most accurate in the first 3 months of life. Ear thermometers can be used after age 3 months.


Question: Should you put sunscreen on your baby?

Answer: If your baby is younger than 6 months, keep her out of the sun as much as possible. But no matter how old she is, apply a baby-friendly sunscreen if she'll be exposed to sunlight.


Question: What should you put in your diaper bag?

Answer: It's a good idea to keep this bag packed with the following items at all times so if you need to leave the house in a hurry -- especially if you have to take baby to the doctor unexpectedly -- you'll be ready: 5 to 6 diapers Disposable wipes Diaper rash cream or ointment Pad to lie your baby on top of when changing the diaper Plastic bags to wrap dirty diapers in until you can find a trash can to throw them out 2 sets of clothes for baby: Infant onesies, socks, hat, baby outfit Blanket 2 clean bottles, bottle water, and powdered formula (if bottle feeding) Burp cloth Pacifier (if using) Baby toy or rattle Baby Tylenol Sunscreen (although you should keep your infant in the shade.)


Question: How many sleepers should you get your baby before it is born?

Answer: 6 sleepers/stretch suits (3 newborn to three-month size and 3 in six-month size). These are nice to put baby in during the day, but are not essential items. When buying these, make sure you get the kind that zip up the front. These are easier to get baby in and out.


Question: What is a brain scan for ADHD and is it safe for children?

Answer: Also, the FDA has approved the use of the Neuropsychiatric EEG- Based Assessment Aid ( NEBA) System, a noninvasive scan that measures theta and beta brain waves. The theta/beta ratio has been shown to be higher in children and adolescents with ADHD than in children without it. The scan, approved for use in those aged 6 to 17 years, is meant to be used as a part of a complete medical and psychological exam. It's possible that your child's behavior isn't related to a condition.


Question: Can I go to my child's pediatrician if I think he or she has ADHD?

Answer: Although some pediatricians with special training in the disorder will diagnose ADHD in children, most will refer you and your child to a mental health professional such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, counselor, or social worker trained in diagnosing and treating the disorder. You can also find a professional who specializes in ADHD diagnosis through your health plan, your child's teacher or school counselor, other parents of children with ADHD, or nonprofit organizations such as Children and Adults with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder ( CHADD).


Question: Why would my child need to take tests and provide records for a ADHD diagnosis?

Answer: The evaluator will check on other possible causes of your child's behavior. To do this, they will check your child's medical and school records, and ask about what else is going on in your child's life. They may also give your child tests to determine if there might be a learning disorder or some other mental or emotional problem that may be causing the behaviors.


Question: What might be asked of parents, teachers, or friends during my child's ADHD evaluation?

Answer: The evaluation may also include interviewing you, your child's teachers, and any other adults who are a big part of your child's life. The evaluator may also ask each of you to complete standardized forms, known as âbehavior rating scales,â to rate different aspects of your child's behavior. These scales may also be used later to track progress with treatment.


Question: What are the first steps toward diagnosing ADHD?

Answer: The first step toward diagnosing ADHD should be a full physical exam by your child's pediatrician or family practitioner to rule out other medical causes for his or her behaviors. The physician, psychologist, or other mental health professional evaluating your child for ADHD will probably then set up an interview with you and two or more sessions with your child before making a final diagnosis.


Question: How do I know if hyperactive, impulsive, or inattentive symptoms are normal or if my child has ADHD?

Answer: Although many children display some of the behaviors for ADHD, they do not necessarily have the disorder. An ADHD diagnosis requires that these behaviors have been persistent for at least 6 months, that some symptoms began before age 12, that symptoms are present in two or more settings (such as school and home), and that they significantly impair the child in at least two places (social life, school, etc.).


Question: What can you do to prevent genital warts?

Answer: To prevent genital warts, some of the steps you can take include: Abstaining from sexual contact Using condoms during sexual activity Having sex only with a partner who is not having sex with other people Avoiding sex with anyone who has visible symptoms of genital warts


Question: How are warts prevented?

Answer: If you already have warts, you can prevent them from spreading by not picking at them. Consider covering warts with bandages. In addition, keep hands as dry as possible -- warts are harder to control in moist environments. You should never brush, comb, or shave areas where warts are present as this can cause the virus to spread. Wash hands thoroughly after touching any warts.


Question: What are some diet tips if you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?

Answer: You can track what you eat by keeping a journal or working with a nutritionist. Once you learn some easy tips on what foods to avoid or substitute, the diet will become second nature. Some ways to get started: Stay away from prepackaged, highly processed, and deep-fried foods. Avoid butter, margarine, salad dressing, and mayonnaise. Try vegetable oil instead. Choose lean meat like chicken, fish, and turkey and avoid red or fatty meat like beef and bacon. Limit drinks with alcohol or a lot of sugar. Choose nonfat or low-fat dairy. Eat a wide variety of fruits, veggies, and whole grains.


Question: What are symptoms if bleeding in the digestive tract is slow and happens over a long time?

Answer: If bleeding is slow and happens over a long time, you may gradually feel fatigue, lethargy, and shortness of breath. Anemia can happen, making your skin look more pale.


Question: What are the symptoms of bleeding in the digestive tract?

Answer: These include: Bright red blood coating the stool Dark blood mixed with the stool Black or tarry stool Bright red blood in vomit " Coffee-grounds" appearance of vomit Other signs, which also need a doctor's attention, include: Fatigue, weakness, pale appearance Anemia -- your blood is low on iron-rich hemoglobin The location of the bleeding may affect what you notice.


Question: Why does bleeding in the digestive tract happen?

Answer: Symptoms also vary depending on how quickly you bleed.


Question: What causes bleeding in the esophagus?

Answer: If it's in your esophagus (the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach) causes can include: Esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux. Stomach acid that returns, or "refluxes," back into the esophagus from the stomach can cause irritation and inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis) that may lead to bleeding. Varices. These are abnormally enlarged veins usually located at the lower end of the esophagus or the upper stomach. They may break open and bleed. Cirrhosis of the liver is the most common cause of esophageal varices. Mallory- Weiss tear. This is a tear in the lining of the esophagus. It's usually caused by severe vomiting. It can also happen due to things that increase pressure in your belly, such as coughing, hiccupping, or childbirth.


Question: What are signs of bleeding from the rectum or lower colon?

Answer: These include: Bright red blood coating the stool Dark blood mixed with the stool Black or tarry stool Bright red blood in vomit " Coffee-grounds" appearance of vomit Other signs, which also need a doctor's attention, include: Fatigue, weakness, pale appearance Anemia -- your blood is low on iron-rich hemoglobin The location of the bleeding may affect what you notice. If it comes from the rectum or the lower colon, bright red blood will coat or mix with your stool. The stool may be mixed with darker blood if the bleeding is higher up in the colon or at the far end of the small intestine.


Question: What are symptoms if massive bleeding happens in the digestive tract?

Answer: If sudden, massive bleeding happens, you may feel weak, dizzy, faint, short of breath, or have cramp-like belly pain or diarrhea. You could go into shock, with a rapid pulse and drop in blood pressure. You may become pale.


Question: How is radionuclide scanning used for bleeding in the digestive tract?

Answer: Doctors can use this screening technique to find sites of bleeding, especially in the lower digestive tract. You'll get a shot of a small amount of harmless radioactive material before your doctor uses a special camera to take pictures of your organs.


Question: What does occult or hidden bleeding in the digestive tract mean?

Answer: Doctors call this type of bleeding âoccultâ or âhidden.â Fortunately, simple tests can check for hidden blood in the stool.


Question: What will your doctor check if you have bleeding in the digestive tract?

Answer: She'll ask you questions and give you a physical examination. Symptoms such as changes in bowel habits, stool color (black or red), consistency, and whether you have pain or tenderness may tell your doctor which area of the GI tract is affected. She'll test your stool for blood. You'll also take a blood test to check to see if you're anemic. The results will give your doctor an idea of the extent of the bleeding and how chronic it may be.


Question: What causes bleeding in the stomach?

Answer: Bleeding from the stomach can be caused by: Gastritis. This is inflammation in the stomach. Alcohol and some pain medicines can cause it. Ulcers. Ones in the stomach may enlarge and erode through a blood vessel, causing bleeding. Aside from medication, the most common cause of these is an infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Also, people who have had burns, shock, head injuries, or cancer, and those who've had major surgery, may get stress-related stomach ulcers. Intestinal ulcers are usually caused by excess stomach acid and infection with Helicobacter pylori.


Question: How effective are very low-calorie diets?

Answer: If you have a BMI over 30 (which your doctor will call âobeseâ), then a very low-calorie diet may let you lose about 3 to 5 pounds per week, for an average total weight loss of 44 pounds over 12 weeks. Losing that amount of weight may improve weight-related medical conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. But in the long-run, very low-calorie diets aren't more effective than more modest diets. Once you go off a diet, you need to change your lifestyle, committing to healthy eating and regular physical activity.


Question: Are very low-calorie diets safe?

Answer: Very low-calorie diets are not OK for everyone. Talk to your doctor to see if this kind of diet is appropriate for you. If your BMI is greater than 30, then very low-calorie diets are generally safe when used under proper medical supervision. For people who are overweight but not obese ( BMI of 27-30), very low-calorie diets should be reserved for those who have weight-related medical problems and are under medical supervision. Very low-calorie-diets are not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and are not appropriate for children or teens except in specialized treatment programs. They also may not be OK for people over age 50, either, depending on the potential need for medications for pre-existing conditions, as well as the possibility of side effects.


Question: What are the side effects of antiarrhythmic drugs?

Answer: Tell your doctor right away if: Your arrthymia gets worse Your heartbeat gets faster or slower Your chest hurts You get dizzy, lightheaded, or faint Your vision gets blurry Your feet or legs swell You should also call your doctor if you have: Allergic reaction Cough You might: Get a bitter or metallic taste in your mouth, or your sense of taste may change Lose your appetite Be more sensitive to sunlight Have diarrhea or constipation When you start taking an antiarrhythmic, don't drive until you know how the medication affects you.


Question: How does the testosterone test work in males versus females?

Answer: In males, the testosterone test can help find the reason for sexual problems, like reduced sex drive or erectile dysfunction. If you're having a hard time getting your partner pregnant, the test can tell if your blood testosterone level is low. A low testosterone level can also mean a problem with the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which controls how much testosterone your body makes. In females, this test can find the reason you're missing periods, not having periods, having a hard time getting pregnant or experiencing male patterns of hair growth such as on your chest or face. Doctors can also use it to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS), which causes elevated testosterone. That's a hormone problem that can cause irregular periods and make it hard to get pregnant. Testosterone testing is part of the work-up of certain adrenal tumors.


Question: What are normal total testosterone results in adult women?

Answer: Normal total testosterone results in adult men: Ages 19 to 49 -- 249 - 836 nanograms per deciliter (ng/d L) Ages 50 and older -- 193 - 740 ng/d L Normal total testosterone results in adult women: Ages 19 to 49 -- 8 - 48 ng/d L Ages 50 and older -- 2 - 41 ng/d L Depending on your results, you might also need one of these other tests: 17-hydroxyprogesterone.


Question: Do women make testosterone too?

Answer: Women make testosterone too, but in smaller amounts. They produce it in their ovaries. It helps maintain hormone balance and regulates other body functions.


Question: What are the signs of high testosterone in women?

Answer: In women, they include: Fertility problems Low sex drive Skipped or no menstrual periods Vaginal dryness Weakened bones -- osteoporosis Signs of high testosterone in women include: Acne and oily skin Darkened areas of skin Deep voice Enlarged clitoris Excess hair on the face or body Hair loss on the head (baldness) Skipped or no periods It's a simple blood test that's usually done early in the morning, when your testosterone levels are highest.


Question: What are normal total testosterone results in adult men?

Answer: Normal total testosterone results in adult men: Ages 19 to 49 -- 249 - 836 nanograms per deciliter (ng/d L) Ages 50 and older -- 193 - 740 ng/d L Normal total testosterone results in adult women: Ages 19 to 49 -- 8 - 48 ng/d L Ages 50 and older -- 2 - 41 ng/d L Depending on your results, you might also need one of these other tests: 17-hydroxyprogesterone.


Question: What drugs can cause lactic acidosis?

Answer: Some medical conditions can also bring on lactic acidosis, including: Cancer Seizures Liver failure Vitamin B deficiency Sepsis (a whole-body inflammation caused by severe infection) Shock Some drugs, including metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, and all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NRTI) drugs used to treat HIV/ AIDS can cause lactic acidosis. If you are on any of these medications and have any symptoms of lactic acidosis, get medical help immediately.


Question: What are the symptoms of lactic acidosis?

Answer: The symptoms may include a burning feeling in your muscles, cramps, nausea, weakness, and feeling exhausted. It's your body's way to tell you to stop what you're doing The symptoms happen in the moment. The soreness you sometimes feel in your muscles a day or two after an intense workout isn't from lactic acidosis. It's your muscles recovering from the workout you gave them.


Question: How can intense exercise cause lactic acidosis?

Answer: When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy. During intense exercise, there may not be enough oxygen available to complete the process, so a substance called lactate is made. Your body can convert this lactate to energy without using oxygen. But this lactate or lactic acid can build up in your bloodstream faster than you can burn it off. The point when lactic acid starts to build up is called the "lactate threshold."


Question: How can you prevent lactic acidosis?

Answer: Don't go from being a couch potato to trying to run a marathon in a week. Start with an aerobic exercise like running or fast walking. You can build up your pace and distance slowly. Increase the amount of exercise each week so your body builds up a tolerance. This will increase your "lactate threshold," making it less likely you'll get lactic acidosis. Make sure you drink lots of water. It helps get rid of any excess acid. Eat a balanced diet which includes lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats. Get plenty of sleep at night and give yourself time to recover between bouts of exercise. How long that is depends on how you feel. If your lactic acidosis is caused by a disease or medication, talk to your doctor. You may be able to make changes that will help you avoid the problem. And talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.


Question: What medical conditions can cause lactic acidosis?

Answer: Some medical conditions can also bring on lactic acidosis, including: Cancer Seizures Liver failure Vitamin B deficiency Sepsis (a whole-body inflammation caused by severe infection) Shock Some drugs, including metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, and all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NRTI) drugs used to treat HIV/ AIDS can cause lactic acidosis.


Question: What are the symptoms of a cluster headache?

Answer: The pain is only on one side of your head (unilateral). It is severe, piercing and peaks within minutes. Your eye on the affected side becomes red and watery. And, you often have nasal congestion with a runny nose on that same side as well. It lasts from 30 minutes to 2 hours, then fades or disappears, only to come back a day or so later. Some people can have four or more attacks in a day. Cluster headaches can strike every day for weeks or months, and then stay away for a long time. They're more common in men and tend to start between ages 25 and 50. Heavy smokers get them more often than nonsmokers. Stress, drinking alcohol, and eating certain foods play a role in triggering the headaches for some people, but doctors don't know the root cause of them.