Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat Stage I lung cancer?

Answer: Sleeve resection Segmentectomy or wedge resection (for tumors smaller than 2 centimeters across) Lobectomy Chemotherapy: With any of these surgeries, nearby lymph nodes are also removed to see if the cancer has spread. If your medical team feels your cancer could come back, they'll probably suggest you get chemo after surgery to destroy any leftover cancer cells. You might hear this called adjuvant chemotherapy. You could take a chemo drug by mouth or get it in a vein.


Question: What surgical procedures are used to treat stage I lung cancer?

Answer: Treatments Surgery: If you're in good health, surgery may be all you need. Based on the tumor's size and placement and how well your lungs work, your surgeon may suggest one of these procedures.


Question: How is radiation used to treat Stage I lung cancer?

Answer: Radiation: If you're not healthy enough for surgery, your doctor may go with this therapy. It uses powerful X-rays to kill cancer cells. You may hear the doctor call it external radiation.


Question: What is stage IIIA lung cancer?

Answer: Stage III has three subtypes: How It's Defined If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where it began, it's called stage IIIA.


Question: What is stage IV lung cancer?

Answer: How It's Defined The cancer has spread to both lungs, to fluid in the area surrounding the lungs, or to other organs.


Question: How is radiation or chemotherapy used to treat Stage IIIB lung cancer?

Answer: Radiation or chemotherapy: If you can't handle the combo treatment, you'll probably get radiation therapy alone. Chemo by itself is less common.


Question: How is surgery used to treat Stage IIIA lung cancer?

Answer: Surgery: If you're healthy enough and your doctor thinks there's a good chance he can remove any cancer that remains, he may suggest surgery. In some cases, it may be his first choice of treatment. It's often followed by chemotherapy and sometimes radiation. The type of surgery depends on the size and location of the tumor, how far the cancer has spread into the lymph nodes, and whether you've had surgery before.


Question: How is radiation used to treat Stage II lung cancer?

Answer: Radiation: If you're not healthy enough for surgery, you may get radiation instead.


Question: How are clinical trials used to treat Stage IIIB lung cancer?

Answer: Clinical trials: These cancers can be difficult to treat, so you may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial of newer treatments.


Question: How is targeted therapy used to treat Stage IV lung cancer?

Answer: Targeted therapy: A test can tell your doctor if your cancer will respond to one of these new treatments. These drugs only attack cancer cells and do little damage to healthy cells nearby. They don't work for everyone, and some are still in trial phase and not on the market yet. If there's one that might work for you, your doctor can help you find out more about how to get into a clinical trial.


Question: How are chemotherapy and radiation used to treat Stage IIIA lung cancer?

Answer: Treatments Chemotherapy and radiation: If you can stand the side effects, treatment usually starts with chemo. It might be combined with radiation.


Question: What is stage 0 lung cancer?

Answer: How It's Defined The cancer is only in the lining of your airways.


Question: How can clinical trials help with treating stage IIIB lung cancer?

Answer: Clinical trials: These cancers can be difficult to treat, so you may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial of newer treatments.


Question: What is stage IIIB lung cancer?

Answer: How It's Defined The cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the opposite lung or in your neck. These cancers can't be completely removed by surgery.


Question: How is photodynamic therapy (PDT) used to treat Stage 0 lung cancer?

Answer: Photodynamic therapy ( PDT): This process uses a drug called a photosensitizer and a certain type of light to create a form of oxygen that kills nearby cells. It can help shrink tumors without the side effects of other drugs. Stage III has three subtypes: How It's Defined If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest where it began, it's called stage IIIA.


Question: How is brachytherapy used to treat Stage 0 lung cancer?

Answer: Brachytherapy: This is a form of internal radiation where radioactive material is put into a tumor or into an airway next to a tumor. Surgery: If you're healthy enough, the doctor will likely recommend one of the following: Lobectomy Sleeve resection Pneumonectomy After surgery, your doctor will check the tissue he removed to see if cancer cells are at the edges. Treatments: Chemotherapy and radiation: A cancer that's spread to distant sites in your body can be hard to cure.


Question: Which surgical procedures are used to treat stage II lung cancer?

Answer: Sleeve resection Segmentectomy or wedge resection (for tumors smaller than 2 centimeters across) Lobectomy Chemotherapy: With any of these surgeries, nearby lymph nodes are also removed to see if the cancer has spread. Surgery: If you're healthy enough, the doctor will likely recommend one of the following: Lobectomy Sleeve resection Pneumonectomy After surgery, your doctor will check the tissue he removed to see if cancer cells are at the edges. If so, you may need another operation to remove more cancer cells.


Question: How can you get heart failure?

Answer: Heart failure usually doesn't sneak up on people, but develops over time and for a number of reasons. It's important to know if you're more likely to get it so you can take the steps to help prevent it. Certain problems can make your heart work harder than it should and weaken the muscle. Some of these are: High blood pressure Diabetes Coronary artery disease Past heart attack Being too overweight Things like drinking too much alcohol, smoking, and using illegal drugs are all known to damage your heart.


Question: Should I talk to my doctor if I think I'm likely to have heart failure?

Answer: If you think you could be likely to have heart failure, talk to your doctor. She may start you on medications to help manage the condition.


Question: How can eating healthier foods help prevent weight gain during menopause?

Answer: In astudy, women lost weightat menopause by eating a diet with more nutrients and fewer calories. They ditched sugary drinks, fried foods, meats, cheese, and desserts for fish, fruits, and vegetables.


Question: Why do you need to manage your menopause symptoms to prevent weight gain?

Answer: Hot flashes and poor sleep can raise your stress levels. Stress packs on pounds. Exercise can help. Ask your doctor what else might work for you.


Question: Why do you need to avoid weight gain during menopause?

Answer: Belly fat is linked to heart problems, stroke, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, arthritis, and breast and colon cancer. Even when body mass index ( BMI -- a measure of body fat based on height and weight) is normal, a large waist (35 inches or more for women) along with other risks is linked to more chances of getting diabetes in women.


Question: How do you prevent weight gain during menopause?

Answer: Here's what helps: Eat a bit less. Pounds gained now may be more likely to go right to your middle. Since your goal should be to lessen weight gain overall, eating just 200 fewer calories a day in your 50s can help. Eat healthier. They ditched sugary drinks, fried foods, meats, cheese, and desserts for fish, fruits, and vegetables. Maintain muscle.


Question: How can regular exercise help prevent weight gain during menopause?

Answer: Here's what helps: Eat a bit less. Maintain muscle. Walking, jogging, and strength training also help you shed pounds.


Question: Why does weight gain strike around the time of menopause?

Answer: Falling hormone levels, plus your genes, cause your body to store fat in new places after menopause. Whatever the cause, more menopausal women in the U. S. are overweight than at their normal weight. Maintain muscle.


Question: How can menopause cause weight gain?

Answer: But because extra pounds can creep on as women age, a spare tire around the middle has often been dubbed the "meno-pot" or "meno-pudge." What doesn't add pounds?


Question: What are tests to diagnose atherosclerosis?

Answer: Diseases caused by atherosclerosis are the most common cause of death in the U. S. The one test that can directly show blocked arteries is called angiography. It's an invasive test: A thin tube is put inside an artery in the leg or arm. It's then threaded through the body's maze of branching arteries. Injected dye shows arteries -- and any blockages -- on a monitor.


Question: How does an electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) help in diagnosing =?

Answer: Electron beam computed tomography ( EBCT): A special CT scanner ( CAT scan) snaps pictures of the heart. A computer figures out the amount of calcium in your heart's arteries. More calcium can mean more atherosclerosis.


Question: How does angiography help in diagnosing atherosclerosis?

Answer: Angiography: This test can show a picture of blockages caused by atherosclerosis. It can be done on arteries in your heart, brain, or legs. Because it has some risk, angiography is usually done only on people with symptoms from their atherosclerosis. Typically, this means people with symptoms of blockages, such as chest pain.


Question: How does a stress test help in diagnosing atherosclerosis?

Answer: Once your doctor has identified your risk group, more tests may be needed, such as: Stress test: With medicines or walking on an exercise treadmill, your heart is made to pump almost as hard as it can. That allows your doctor to see what symptoms you may have. If needed, images of the heart or EKGs can show any blockages.


Question: How can your eating habits affect swallowing problems?

Answer: Amount and rate Eat slowly. Cut food into small pieces and chew it thoroughly. Chew food until it becomes liquid in your mouth before swallowing. Do not try to eat more than 1/2 teaspoon of food at a time.


Question: How should you take medications if you have swallowing problems?

Answer: Taking medications Crush pills and mix them with applesauce or pudding. Ask your pharmacist for his or her recommendations on which pills should not be crushed and which medications can be purchased in a liquid form.


Question: What diseases can cause swallowing problems?

Answer: A wide range of diseases can cause swallowing problems, which your doctor may call "dysphagia." These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal.


Question: What can you do to make more saliva?

Answer: Saliva management Drink plenty of fluids. Periodically suck on Popsicles, ice chips or lemon ice, or drink lemon-flavored water to increase saliva production, which will increase swallowing frequency.


Question: How do I know if I have a swallowing problem?

Answer: These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal. Occasionally, food will stick in the esophagus for a few seconds (especially solid foods), but will pass spontaneously or can be washed down easily with liquids. But there are a number of symptoms that you should get checked for a possible swallowing problem, including: Frequent choking on food Hesitancy in food passage for more than a few seconds Pain when swallowing Recurring pneumonia (an indication that food may be going into the lungs rather than the esophagus) Immediate medical attention is needed when food becomes lodged in the esophagus for more than 15 minutes and doesn't pass spontaneously or with liquids.


Question: What can I do to help with swallowing problems?

Answer: Remain sitting upright or standing for 15 to 20 minutes after eating a meal.


Question: What are the phases of swallowing?

Answer: The act of swallowing normally happens in three phases. The food is thrust from the oral cavity into the throat (pharynx). At the same time, two other things happen: A muscular valve at the bottom of the pharynx opens, allowing food to enter the esophagus, and other muscles close the airway (trachea) to prevent food from entering the airways. The third phase starts when food enters the esophagus. As the esophagus contracts, a muscular valve at the end of the esophagus opens and food is propelled into the stomach.


Question: How do doctors diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: The doctor may focus on your wrist to see if the area is tender, swollen, warm, or discolored. He'll probably test each finger to see if you've lost any feeling. And he'll check the strength of the muscles in your hand. After that, he may do or order any of the following tests. They'll focus on the median nerve, which runs through your forearm into your hand. When that nerve gets pressed or squeezed through the carpal tunnel, it causes carpal tunnel syndrome.


Question: How can a nerve conduction velocity test help in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: This test provides some of the strongest evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. It measures how fast an electric signal can travel along a nerve or from the nerve to a muscle. The doctor places a small electrode on your skin near your elbow. It sends a mild electrical current down your median nerve. The more time it takes for the current to travel from your elbow to your fingers, the more damage to your median nerve.


Question: What should you know about menopause and weight gain?

Answer: It may seem that way, especially because gaining weight is so common after menopause. About 30% of women ages 50 to 59 are not just overweight, but obese. Here's what you need to know about the risks of weight gain and how exercise can help you lose weight and keep it off after menopause.


Question: What are the risks of weight gain after menopause?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Many of the risks of weight gain are well known: high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes, to name a few. Extra fat at your waistline raises these risks more. Unfortunately, a bigger waistline is more likely after menopause. If you now have a waist measurement of more than 35 inches, it's time to take steps to reverse this trend.


Question: What is the impact of estrogen on weight gain and menopause?

Answer: With lower estrogen levels, lab animals tend to eat more and be less physically active. Reduced estrogen may also lower metabolic rate, the rate at which the body converts stored energy into working energy. It's possible the same thing happens with women when estrogen levels drop after menopause. Some evidence suggests that estrogen hormone therapy increases a woman's resting metabolic rate. This might help slow weight gain. Lack of estrogen may also cause the body to use starches and blood sugar less effectively, which would increase fat storage and make it harder to lose weight.


Question: What are other benefits of exercise, besides helping with weight gain after menopause?

Answer: Exercise has many other perks aside from weight loss, including: Lower risk of osteoporosis Lower risks of metabolic syndrome, heart attack, and other cardiovascular diseases Improved insulin resistance Keeps joints and muscles strong Helps bowels work well Relieves depression and anxiety Improves overall health What types of exercise can best help you lose and maintain weight after menopause?


Question: What should you do after you begin exercising for weight gain after menopause?

Answer: Before you begin exercising: Talk to your doctor about a new exercise program. To do this, choose an activity that gently works major muscles. Before you work out, stretch the muscles that will absorb most of the shock of your exercise routine. If you have any new pain while exercising, stop and let your doctor know. Gradually boost the distance, length, or intensity of your workout. Mix it up. Do different exercises to keep from getting bored and to keep your body challenged.


Question: What are good exercise choices for weight gain after menopause?

Answer: Here's what you need to know about the risks of weight gain and how exercise can help you lose weight and keep it off after menopause. Strength training, or a weight-resistance exercise program, helps build muscle mass and improve metabolism. Strength training also helps you maintain bone mass. Because you lose muscle mass as you age, add strength training to your workouts, if you haven't before. Aim for two or three times a week. Examples of strength training include weight machines, dumbbells, exercise bands, yoga, and gardening. Low-impact aerobics are good for your heart and lungs. Walking, for example, is one of the best choices, because you can do it anywhere, anytime. Other examples of aerobic exercises include swimming, cycling, aerobics, tennis, and dance. Exercise moderately for at least 30 minutes most, if not all, days of the week. Whenever you can, add activity to your day. Wash the car, play hide and seek with your kids or grandchildren, get in a game of ping pong, etc.


Question: How does exercise help with weight gain after menopause?

Answer: For example: You're less likely to exercise. And exercising while you're in the process of losing weight -- as well as after you've lost it -- may be critical to maintaining weight loss.


Question: How do I treat an inflamed eyelid?

Answer: Wash hands with warm, soapy water. With the person's eyes closed, clean the eyelids with diluted baby shampoo, using a clean cotton ball for each eye. Rinse with cool water and pat dry with a clean towel. Repeat this process twice daily. The person should avoid wearing contact lenses until the condition improves.


Question: How do I treat eyelid inflammation?

Answer: If the person seeks medical help, the health care provider will do an eye exam and may do some tests. Treatment will depend on the cause of inflammation. If infection is the cause, the health care provider will prescribe an antibiotic ointment.


Question: How can osteoarthritis cause pain in your knees and hips?

Answer: Osteoarthritis often attacks these joints, along with your hands and spine. Your shoulder, elbow, wrist, and ankle can also get arthritis, but this is less common.


Question: How can osteoarthritis cause noises?

Answer: You may hear a crunching sound from pieces of bone rubbing on each other.


Question: Can osteoarthritis make your joints lock up?

Answer: Your joints, especially hips or knees, lock up or buckle under you. You may also lose your balance at times and feel weak in your muscles. When your symptoms act up.


Question: Why do people take glutathione?

Answer: Your glutathione levels may also decrease during certain health problems, such as: Cancer HIV/ AIDS Type 2 diabetes Hepatitis Parkinson's disease Some people take glutathione: For its antioxidant power As a detoxification agent To attempt to protect themselves from the harmful effects of radiation and chemotherapy for cancer; there is no evidence that glutathione works in this regard. People also take glutathione to try to treat weakened immune systems or infertility, as well as many other conditions. In a small study (40 subjects), glutathione administered intravenously was found to improve pain-free walking distance. In fact, taking glutathione by mouth does not appear to be an effective way to get it into your body. In one study, giving healthy people 500 milligrams twice a day for a month didn't raise the level of glutathione in their blood. Some other studies looking at its health effects have used it in injection form or as a treatment inhaled into the lungs.


Question: What supplements can boost your body's production of glutathione?

Answer: Certain other supplements may boost your body's production of glutathione, such as: Curcumin N-acetylcysteine Selenium Silymarin Vitamin C Vitamin E Your body doesn't seem to absorb glutathione well from foods.


Question: How can I reduce the risk of getting pneumonia from people around me?

Answer: Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria and some viruses. So you need to make sure that people who touch you aren't transmitting any nasty germs.


Question: How can I prevent pneumonia before  surgery?

Answer: Follow your doctor's instructions about not eating or drinking before surgery. Usually, your doctor will tell you not to eat or drink after midnight the night before surgery. You must follow that advice. If you're going under anesthesia and still have food in your stomach, fluid or vomit may back up and get into your lungs. This can lead to one type of pneumonia called aspiration pneumonia.


Question: Can my child take a break from ADHD medication to try other medicines?

Answer: For some children, talk therapy or neurofeedback may work as well as medication. If your child isn't taking medication, it's easier to tell if another treatment is working.


Question: How can I manage ADHD symptoms in my child during a break from medication?

Answer: If you decide that she should take a break from all medications, other treatments, like talk therapy or neurofeedback, can help her manage her symptoms.


Question: Are children with ADHD supposed to take breaks from the medication?

Answer: Most kids who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) take medication to manage their symptoms. You may have heard that there are benefits of taking breaks from the medicine.


Question: Will it take longer for ADHD medication to work if my child takes a break from it?

Answer: It might take a while for your child's medication to work again. Some nonstimulant medications take several days or even weeks to work the way they're supposed to.


Question: Is taking a break from medication the only way to know if the medication is still effective?

Answer: Taking a break from medication isn't the only option. Your doctor may recommend lowering your child's dosage or switching to another medication instead.


Question: How should my parenting change if my child takes a break from ADHD medication?

Answer: You'll need to be extra attentive. Medication helps kids with ADHD pay attention during tough tasks like driving. It may even lower the chances that your child will do risky things, like smoke and drink. You should be prepared to watch your child more than usual during a medication break.


Question: If my child stops taking ADHD medication will the symptoms reappear?

Answer: It may make your child's ADHD symptoms reappear or get worse. Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention may become problems again within a day or 2 of stopping medication.


Question: When is the best time for my child to take a break from ADHD medication?

Answer: Weekends, holidays, summer vacations, and other âslow timesâ are the best time to take a medication break. That way, if your child is struggling with her symptoms, it won't affect her schoolwork. You may also have more time to pay attention to how she's doing and help her.


Question: How do I know if my child is ready for a break from ADHD medication?

Answer: Your child may be ready if: She's been symptom-free for more than a year while on medication. Her symptoms were not a big problem when she forgot a dose or two of medication. She seems to be concentrating better than ever.


Question: Will a break from ADHD medication boost my child's growth?

Answer: It may boost your child's growth. Some ADHD medications can slow a child's growth in height, especially during the first 2 years of taking it. While height delays are temporary and kids typically catch up later, going off medication may lead to fewer growth delays.


Question: Who should I talk to before my child takes a break from ADHD medication?

Answer: It may be a good idea for some kids, but talk with the doctor about what's right for your child. You'll want to make sure they understand what she's going through and will tell you if her behavior changes. Your doctor may recommend lowering your child's dosage or switching to another medication instead.


Question: Will a break from ADHD medication ease side effects?

Answer: A medication break can ease side effects. But it won't make them sick or cause other side effects.


Question: How does other cancer in the family increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: If a family member had ovarian cancer under age 50, your risk is increased.


Question: How do breast lesions increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: A previous breast biopsy result of atypical hyperplasia (lobular or ductal) or lobular carcinoma in situ increases a woman's breast cancer risk by four to five times.


Question: How does alcohol increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Alcohol. Use of alcohol is linked to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who consume one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who have 2 to 5 drinks daily have about 1.5 times the risk of women who do not drink.


Question: How could my heritage increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Female descendants of Eastern and Central European Jews ( Ashkenazi) are at increased risk.


Question: How does direct family history increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Having a mother, sister, or daughter ("first-degree" relative) who has breast cancer puts a woman at higher risk for the disease. The risk is even greater if this relative developed breast cancer before menopause and had cancer in both breasts. Having one first-degree relative with breast cancer approximately doubles a woman's risk, and having two first-degree relatives triples her risk. Having a male blood relative with breast cancer will also increase a woman's risk of the disease.


Question: How does early menstruation increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Longer lifetime exposure to endogenous (your own) estrogen increases your risk, such as starting to menstruate before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never having had a pregnancy.


Question: How does my age at childbirth increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Having your first child after age 35 or never having children puts you at higher risk.


Question: How does excessive radiation increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Excessive radiation . This is especially true for women who were exposed to a large amount of radiation before age 30 -- usually as treatment for cancers such as lymphoma.


Question: How does race increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Caucasian women are at a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer than are African- American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American women. The exception to this is African- American women, who are more likely than Caucasians to have breast cancer under age 40.


Question: How do genetics increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: About 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary. Carriers of alterations in either of two familial breast cancer genes called BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at higher risk. Women with an inherited alteration in the BRCA1 gene have about a 72% chance of developing breast cancer by age 80, and those with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene have about a 69% chance of developing breast cancer. There are several other types of abnormal genes that increase risk of breast cancer.


Question: What are risk factors for breast cancer?

Answer: A risk factor is anything that increases a person's chance of getting a disease. Different cancers have different risk factors. However, having a cancer risk factor, or even several of them, does not necessarily mean that a person will get cancer. Some women with one or more breast cancer risk factors never develop breast cancer, while about half of women with breast cancer have no apparent risk factors.


Question: How does a previous abnormal breast biopsy increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Women with earlier biopsies showing any of the following have a slight increased risk: fibroadenomas with complex features, hyperplasia without atypia, sclerosing adenosis, and solitary papilloma.


Question: How does weight increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Longer lifetime exposure to endogenous (your own) estrogen increases your risk, such as starting to menstruate before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never having had a pregnancy.


Question: How does age increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Age. Your risk for breast cancer increases as you age. About 80% of women diagnosed with breast cancer each year are ages 45 or older, and about 43% are ages 65 or above. Consider this: In women ages 40 to 50, there is a one in 68 risk of developing breast cancer. From ages 50 to 60, that risk increases to one in 42. In the 60 to 70 age group, the risk is one in 28. In women ages 70 and older, one in 26 is at risk of developing the disease.


Question: What factors are not related to breast cancer?

Answer: Factors not related to breast cancer Fibrocystic breast changes Multiple pregnancies Coffee or caffeine intake Use of anti-perspirants Wearing underwire bras Using hair dye Having an abortion or miscarriage Using breast implants Scientists are still investigating whether smoking, high-fat diets, lack of exercise, and environmental pollution increase breast cancer risk. Some studies have suggested that women who are using birth control pills have a very slight increased risk of developing breast cancer. That risk disappears after stopping them for 10 years or more. Still other studies show no relation. More research is under way to confirm these findings. Women who breastfeed have a reduced risk of breast cancer.


Question: How many people will be diagnosed with breast cancer?

Answer: In 2015 (the latest year for which statistics are available), the risk was just over 12% -- or more than one in 8. In many cases, it's not known why a woman gets breast cancer. A woman with a history of cancer in one breast, such as ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS) or invasive breast cancer, is three to four times likelier to develop a new breast cancer, unrelated to the first one, in either the other breast or in another part of the same breast.


Question: Could sciatica be causing my lower back pain?

Answer: Sciatica: This may be your cause if you have a sharp pain in your lower back or hip. It happens when a herniated disc presses on the nerves in your lower spine.


Question: What is cervical radiculopathy?

Answer: Cervical radiculopathy : This is a pinched nerve in your neck that is usually caused by a bone spur or herniated disc.


Question: What is cauda equina syndrome?

Answer: Cauda equina syndrome: This happens if a ruptured disc pushes down into the nerve roots in your spine. It may be what's causing your pain if bladder and bowel control have been an issue for you lately.


Question: What is degenerative disc disease?

Answer: Degenerative disc disease: The discs that separate your vertebrae wear down. This sometimes causes the bones to rub together. Age is usually the reason, but sports and injuries can be culprits, too.


Question: What is scoliosis?

Answer: Scoliosis: You may hear this called âcurvature of the spine.â If you have it, chances are you were born with it. Pain tied to it usually starts at about middle age.


Question: What is the sacroliac joint and how can problems with it  lead to back pain?

Answer: Inflammation and movement problems of the sacroiliac joint: This joint sits at the bottom of the spine, on either side of the pelvis. It transfers the weight of your upper body to your lower body. This can start to bother you after you've been injured, if you have an infection, if you have arthritis, or if you're pregnant. Abnormal movement, such as too much movement of the joint, can also cause long-term pain.


Question: Does arthritis bring on lower back pain?

Answer: Arthritis: This causes stiffness, swelling, and inflammation in your joints. If your doctor mentions âankylosing spondylitis,â he's talking about a type of inflammatory arthritis that affects the joints and ligaments along your spine.


Question: What injuries can cause back pain?

Answer: Falling down, getting into a car accident, or even overdoing it in that pick-up game over the weekend can cause problems you feel in your lower back, like: Spine/vertebral fractures: Your back may have a broken bone if it gets hit hard or you fall from a great height. Sprains and strains: Lifting and twisting at the same time, or swinging a golf club, can pull or tear the ligaments, muscles, and tendons in your back. Spasms: These are muscle contractions, and they hurt. They generally happen when you sprain or strain your lower back.


Question: What daily habits could cause lower back pain?

Answer: Your back is at the mercy of bad habits like: Slouching at your desk Lifting and pulling heavy objects with your back rather your legs Being overweight Not exercising enough Smoking Wearing high heels Carrying an overloaded backpack All of these things can lead to lower back pain.


Question: What are herniated or slipped discs and how can they cause back pain?

Answer: If your back isn't feeling quite right, have your doctor check for: Herniated or slipped discs: The bones of your spine are cushioned by discs, often referred to as âshock absorbers.â When they wear down, the soft tissue between them begins to squeeze out. This is when you start to feel it -- especially if they rupture. It can happen if you've had a sudden injury, or because of simple wear and tear.


Question: How common is lower back pain?

Answer: If you're having pain, it's important to figure out why. Age is usually the reason, but sports and injuries can be culprits, too. Any one of these can cause pain in your lower back.


Question: Can lower back pain be caused by other things that are going on in your body?

Answer: Lower back pain can also be caused by other things that are going on in your body. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: If the blood vessel that supplies blood to your belly, pelvis, and legs is at risk of rupturing, you'll feel sudden pain in your lower back. Pregnancy: All that weight out front can put a real strain on your back. Other issues: Low back pain can also happen because of things like: Kidney stones Endometriosis, a buildup of uterine tissue outside the uterus Fibromyalgia, a condition that causes widespread muscle pain


Question: How can stress lead to lower back pain?

Answer: And the pain can feel much worse if you're also depressed or anxious. Sciatica: This may be your cause if you have a sharp pain in your lower back or hip.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Your health care team should include: Neurologists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Counselors Social workers Speech therapists Registered dietitians The goals of treatment vary for each person, but in most cases, treatment for Parkinson's disease is designed to: Maintain overall quality of life Improve mobility and function Reduce rigidity Reduce tremor Reverse slowed movements Improve posture, gait, balance, speech, and writing skills Maintain mental sharpness Most people with Parkinson's disease can be treated using prescribed medications.


Question: Which health care professionals can be part of your medical team if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Treating Parkinson's disease is often a "team effort" involving not only your neurologist but also a wide variety of specialists. Your health care team should include: Neurologists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Counselors Social workers Speech therapists Registered dietitians The goals of treatment vary for each person, but in most cases, treatment for Parkinson's disease is designed to: Maintain overall quality of life Improve mobility and function Reduce rigidity Reduce tremor Reverse slowed movements Improve posture, gait, balance, speech, and writing skills Maintain mental sharpness Most people with Parkinson's disease can be treated using prescribed medications.


Question: What can I do if I'm embarrassed about having rosacea?

Answer: If your symptoms are seriously affecting your mood and self-esteem, do something about it. Treatment for your rosacea symptoms is key. You could also ask your doctor about using makeup to hide affected patches of skin. If you're stressed or depressed, you might get help from counseling or medications. Never ignore signs of anxiety or depression. Talk to your doctor right away so that you can get help.


Question: Why is it important to give your child a sense of control over bedwetting to help minimize the negative emotional effects of it?

Answer: There are a number of different ways you can help your child take some ownership of his bedwetting recovery, which will instill confidence and a sense of hope. First, work with your child to create and keep a bedwetting calendar or journal. Your child can recognize dry nights with stars and even come up with different hypotheses to test. For instance, they might decide to test whether limiting soda in the evening helps minimize bedwetting occurrences and keep track of it in their bedwetting journal. You can also encourage your child to visualize his bladder filling up overnight and imagine himself waking up to use the bathroom when he needs to urinate.


Question: Where is a bone biopsy done and will I be awake during it?

Answer: A bone biopsy can be done at a hospital or your doctor's office. Before the test, you'll get medicine to prevent pain and help you relax or sleep. During the biopsy, nurses will check your heartbeat and blood pressure.


Question: What will bone biopsy results tell me?

Answer: A biopsy can find out whether you have a tumor in your bone, and if that tumor is cancer. The doctor who ordered the test will explain what your results mean.


Question: Why do I need blood tests before a bone biopsy test?

Answer: Before the procedure, let her know if you: Take any medicines or supplements -- even over-the-counter medications Are allergic to pain medicine, latex, or tape Are pregnant Have bleeding problems or take blood thinners You might have blood tests to make sure you're healthy enough for the test. Your doctor will ask you to stop taking blood thinners a few days before the biopsy. Take your other medicines with a sip of water on the morning of the test. Don't eat or drink anything 8 hours beforehand.


Question: What happens during a needle bone biopsy?

Answer: Before the test, you'll get medicine to prevent pain and help you relax or sleep. Then the doctor places the needle into the bone to take out the sample. She uses a very thin one in a fine needle biopsy to remove a small sample of cells or tissue. She uses a larger one to get a bigger piece of bone in a core needle biopsy. You might feel some pressure when the needle goes in and the sample is taken out. A bandage is placed over the area to stop the bleeding.


Question: What happens during an open bone biopsy?

Answer: Before the test, you'll get medicine to prevent pain and help you relax or sleep. The doctor makes a small cut in your skin over the bone and removes a piece of it. She closes the hole in your skin with stitches or tape strips.


Question: What are bone biopsy tests used for?

Answer: These tests can show whether you have cancer or another problem. It can help your doctor diagnose you and find the right treatment.


Question: How do I get infected with E. coli?

Answer: You can become infected when you swallow even a small amount of E. coli bacteria. Among the ways this can happen: Ground meat: You eat ground meat that carries E. coli, and the meat wasn't cooked enough to kill the bacteria. When meat is processed, sometimes bacteria from the animals' intestines make their way into the meat. This happens more with ground meat because it comes from more than one animal. Untreated milk: You drink unpasteurized milk, which hasn't been heated to kill bacteria. E. coli can get into the milk from the cow's udder or from milking equipment. Vegetables and fruit: You might eat fresh vegetables or fruit that's been tainted by water that has the bacteria. This happens most often when manure from nearby animals mixes with the water supply. Other foods and beverages: You might also get E. coli from unpasteurized fruit juices and yogurt and cheese made from raw milk. Water: You swallow water that contains E. coli, perhaps while swimming in a pool, lake, or pond. Other people: You might get E. coli from another person who has it, such as a child. The bacteria can be passed to you if you clean up after an infected person and then don't wash your hands really well before you touch your mouth. Animals: It can be found at petting zoos or animal exhibits at fairs.


Question: How can I prevent E. coli infection?

Answer: After you've used the bathroom or changed a diaper After you've had contact with animals, even your own pets After handling raw meat You can also prevent E. coli infections by being careful about the foods that carry the greatest chance of contamination: Cook hamburgers until they're 160 F inside. Drink only pasteurized milk, juice, and cider. Wash all of your produce before you eat it. Be especially careful to get dirt off leafy greens such as lettuce and spinach. In your kitchen, a couple of simple rules will help keep you safe: Wash: Clean knives, counters, and cutting boards with hot, soapy water after raw meat has touched them. Keep raw and cooked separate: Use different cutting boards for food that you eat raw, such as vegetables and fruit. Don't put cooked meat back on the same plate you used for raw meat without washing the plate first. When you're swimming, try not to swallow the water, whether it's a pool, a lake, or the ocean. It may be tainted.


Question: How can E. coli make me sick?

Answer: While many of us associate E. coli with food poisoning, you can also get pneumonia and urinary tract infections from different types of the bacteria. In fact, 75% to 95% of urinary tract infections are caused by E. coli. Some versions of E. coli make you sick by making a toxin called Shiga. This toxin damages the lining of your intestine. The strains of E. coli that make the toxin are sometimes called STEC, which is short for â Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.â One especially bad strain, O157: H7, can make you very sick. It causes abdominal cramps, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. It is the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children. It can also cause life-threatening symptoms such as: Adult kidney failure Fever Bleeding Confusion Seizures You should get emergency help if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: When should I wash my hands to prevent E. coli infection?

Answer: After you've used the bathroom or changed a diaper After you've had contact with animals, even your own pets After handling raw meat You can also prevent E. coli infections by being careful about the foods that carry the greatest chance of contamination: Cook hamburgers until they're 160 F inside. Drink only pasteurized milk, juice, and cider. Wash all of your produce before you eat it.


Question: How is E. coli infection treated?

Answer: The only way your doctor can know for sure if you have an E. coli infection is to send a sample of your stool to a lab to be analyzed. Fortunately, the infection usually goes away on its own. For some types of E.coli associated with diarrhea, such as the watery travelers' diarrhea, antibiotics can shorten the length of time you have symptoms and might be used in moderately severe cases. But if you have fever or bloody diarrhea or if your doctor suspects Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, antibiotics should not be taken. They can actually increase the production of Shiga toxin and worsen your symptoms. It's important to rest and get plenty of fluids to replace what your body is losing through vomiting or diarrhea. Don't take over-the-counter medications that fight diarrhea. You don't want to slow down your digestive system, because that will delay your body's shedding of the infection.


Question: What food should I eat after E. coli infection?

Answer: When you start to feel better, stick to low-fiber foods at first such as: Crackers Toast Eggs Rice Dairy products and foods that are high in fat or fiber can make your symptoms worse.


Question: What are the symptoms of E. coli infection?

Answer: This happens more with ground meat because it comes from more than one animal. You'll probably start to feel ill 2 to 5 days after you've taken in the E. coli bacteria. The most common symptoms are: Abdominal cramps Diarrhea, which may be bloody Nausea Constant fatigue You may not have a fever. If you do, it may be slight. Healthy people infected with E. coli usually feel better within a week.


Question: Is there medication for hirsutism?

Answer: With regular use, you should have less hair on your face or body. Anti-androgen blockers help your body make and use fewer male hormones, so you should grow less hair over time. Vaniqa (eflornithine) is a face cream that slows hair growth where you apply it.


Question: How do hormones cause hirsutism?

Answer: High levels of male hormones and hirsutism are common in women who have: Polycystic ovary syndrome , which causes small cysts, or fluid-filled sacs, to form on your ovaries. Cushing's syndrome, which you get when you have high levels of the stress hormone cortisol for long periods of time. Tumors in your adrenal glands (which make hormones like cortisol) or your ovaries.


Question: Can medications cause hirsutism?

Answer: This can happen with: Drugs that have hormones, like anabolic steroids Drugs that spur hair growth, like Rogaine (minoxidil) A drug called Danocrine (danazol) that can help with endometriosis, when the tissue that lines the uterus grows outside of the womb If you have more facial or body hair than you want, there are a number of ways you can remove it.


Question: What can you do about the hair from hirsutism?

Answer: Tweezing or threading. Doctors can prescribe drugs that change the way your body grows hair. When you stop using the medication, hair will grow back, though.


Question: What is hirsutism?

Answer: If you're a woman and you have a lot of hair growing in places where it normally does just for men, like your upper lip, chin, chest, stomach, or back, that's a condition called hirsutism. The hair is often dark and coarse, instead of the light, fine âpeach fuzzâ that covers most of the body. It's often caused by genes, hormones, or medication. If your mother or sisters have it, you're more likely to get it.


Question: Does hirsutism run in families?

Answer: If you're a woman and you have a lot of hair growing in places where it normally does just for men, like your upper lip, chin, chest, stomach, or back, that's a condition called hirsutism. It's also more common in people from the Middle East, South Asia, and the Mediterranean.


Question: What are the symptoms of cocaine withdrawal?

Answer: Symptoms can include: Depression Anxiety Fatigue Trouble concentrating Increased hunger Cravings for the drug Nightmares Chills, nerve pain, muscle aches A cocaine overdose is more difficult to treat.


Question: What can a cocaine overdose lead to?

Answer: Physical signs include: Increased sweating, body temperature, or heart rate Trouble breathing Chest pain Nausea or vomiting Confusion, seizures, tremors Watch for these mental signs of overdose, too: Anxiety Panic Paranoia Hallucinations Delirium An overdose often leads to a stroke or heart attack. An ER doctor will test for those conditions and try to treat them first. He may also use medication to treat other complications you have.


Question: What are the signs of a cocaine overdose?

Answer: Physical signs include: Increased sweating, body temperature, or heart rate Trouble breathing Chest pain Nausea or vomiting Confusion, seizures, tremors Watch for these mental signs of overdose, too: Anxiety Panic Paranoia Hallucinations Delirium An overdose often leads to a stroke or heart attack.


Question: What can lead to an overdose and how can cocaine affect you?

Answer: Other short-term effects of cocaine may include: Extreme sensitivity to touch, sound, and sight Intense happiness Anger/irritability Paranoid feeling Decreased appetite People who use cocaine often may also have more serious side effects and health problems, like: Headaches Convulsions and seizures Heart disease, heart attack, and stroke Mood problems Sexual trouble Lung damage HIV or hepatitis if you inject it Bowel decay if you swallow it Loss of smell, nosebleeds, runny nose, and trouble swallowing, if you snort it You may have strong cravings for the drug and the high it brings. But the more you use cocaine, the more your brain will adapt to it. You'll need a stronger dose to feel the same high. This can lead to a dangerous addiction or overdose. Stronger, more frequent doses can also cause long-term changes in your brain's chemistry. Your body and mind begin to rely on the drug. This can make it harder for you to think, sleep, and recall things from memory. Your reaction time may be slower. And you're at risk for more heart, stomach, and lung problems.


Question: What are the short-term effects of cocaine?

Answer: Other short-term effects of cocaine may include: Extreme sensitivity to touch, sound, and sight Intense happiness Anger/irritability Paranoid feeling Decreased appetite People who use cocaine often may also have more serious side effects and health problems, like: Headaches Convulsions and seizures Heart disease, heart attack, and stroke Mood problems Sexual trouble Lung damage HIV or hepatitis if you inject it Bowel decay if you swallow it Loss of smell, nosebleeds, runny nose, and trouble swallowing, if you snort it You may have strong cravings for the drug and the high it brings.


Question: Are boys or girls more likely to have fragile X syndrome?

Answer: Boys are more likely to have fragile X than girls, and they have more severe symptoms. This is because girls have two copies of the X chromosome. Even if one X chromosome has the gene change, the other copy can be fine. Boys have one X and one Y chromosome. If the X chromosome has the gene change, they will have symptoms of fragile X syndrome.


Question: Is fragile X syndrome different in girls than in boys?

Answer: There are several, including: Trouble learning skills like sitting, crawling, or walking Problems with language and speech Hand-flapping and not making eye contact Temper tantrums Poor impulse control Anxiety Extreme sensitivity to light or sound Hyperactivity and trouble paying attention Aggressive and self-destructive behavior in boys Some children with fragile X also have changes to their face and body that can include: A large head A long, narrow face Large ears A large forehead and chin Loose joints Flat feet Enlarged testicles (after puberty) Symptoms are usually milder in girls. While most boys with fragile X have trouble with learning and development, girls usually don't have these issues. Girls with fragile X sometimes have trouble getting pregnant when they grow up. They might also go into menopause earlier than usual.


Question: How can you help your child with fragile X syndrome?

Answer: Options include: Special education to help with learning ( IEP and 504 are education plans that guide the school in providing support) Speech and language therapy Occupational therapy to help with daily tasks Behavior therapy Medicines to prevent seizures, manage ADD symptoms like hyperactivity, and treat other behavioral problems The earlier you start treatment, the better. Work with your child's doctor, teachers, and therapists to make a treatment program. Your child might also qualify for free special education services. To learn more about fragile X, join a support group. Or, reach out to an organization like the National Fragile X Foundation for advice and resources.


Question: What causes fragile X syndrome?

Answer: This condition can also cause health problems like: Seizures Hearing problems Vision problems Heart problems The FMR1 gene, which is on the X chromosome, makes a protein called FMR that helps nerve cells talk to one another. A child needs this protein for his brain to develop normally. Children with fragile X make too little or none of it. People with this condition also have more copies than usual of a DNA segment known as CGG. In most people, this segment repeats five to 40 times. In people with fragile X, it repeats more than 200 times. The more times this DNA segment repeats, the more serious the symptoms are. This is because girls have two copies of the X chromosome.


Question: How severe is fragile X syndrome?

Answer: Medicines and other treatments can improve their behavior and physical symptoms. Boys are more likely to have fragile X than girls, and they have more severe symptoms. As the child gets older, learning and behavior problems can start. Options include: Special education to help with learning ( IEP and 504 are education plans that guide the school in providing support) Speech and language therapy Occupational therapy to help with daily tasks Behavior therapy Medicines to prevent seizures, manage ADD symptoms like hyperactivity, and treat other behavioral problems The earlier you start treatment, the better.


Question: What role does the brain play in motion sickness?

Answer: Your brain takes in all this data, and it usually comes together and makes sense. But sometimes your brain gets confusing signals. On a flying plane, for example, you feel like you're moving, but your eyes tell your brain that you don't appear to be going anywhere. The opposite is true as well. After a long sea voyage, you can stand still on dry land but still feel like you're moving. The result is the same: motion sickness.


Question: What causes motion sickness?

Answer: You get motion sickness when there are conflicts among your senses. Say you're on a ride at the fair, and it's spinning you around and upside down. Your eyes see one thing, your muscles feel another, and your inner ears sense something else. Your brain can't take in all those mixed signals. That's why you end up feeling dizzy and sick.


Question: What medications are available for motion sickness?

Answer: If you're still bothered by motion sickness, you can talk to your doctor about these: Dimenhydrinate ( Dramamine). This over-the-counter antihistamine, used to ease allergies, helps with balance, too. The first dose should be taken about an hour before traveling. More doses are taken every 4 to 6 hours. Scopolamine ( Maldemar). This is a prescription medication. Your wear a patch behind the ear. You apply it 4 hours before needed. A dose lasts 3 days. Other drugs include: Cyclizine ( Marezine, Marzine, Emoquil) Meclizine ( Antivert, Bonine) Promethazine ( Phenadoz, Phenergan, Promethegan) All have side effects, including drowsiness and dry mouth.


Question: What role do the ears play in motion sickness?

Answer: Your inner ears, in particular, help control your sense of balance. They are part of a network called the vestibular system. This system includes three pairs of semicircular canals and two sacs, called the saccule and the utricle. They send information about what's going on around you to the brain. The semicircular canals hold a fluid that moves with the turns of your head. The saccule and utricle are sensitive to gravity. They tell the brain whether you're standing up or lying down.


Question: What if my motion sickness doesn't go away on its own?

Answer: But there are some simple things you can do if the motion sickness isn't going away on its own: Relax. Find something to focus on, whether it's taking deep breaths or counting backwards from 100. Closing your eyes can help, too. Look at a stable object. If you're on a boat, look at the horizon. If you're in a car, look through the windshield. Avoid alcohol. Eat lightly before travel but don't fast. Breathe fresh air -- and don't smoke. Avoid reading. If you can, get a seat over the wing if you're flying, an upper-deck cabin if you're sailing, or a front-seat spot if you're in a car.


Question: Can I go to the doctor for motion sickness?

Answer: Motion sickness usually goes away once the journey is over. But if you're still dizzy, have a headache, continue to vomit, notice hearing loss or chest pain, call your doctor.


Question: Is motion sickness a new concept?

Answer: The saccule and utricle are sensitive to gravity. The result is the same: motion sickness. If you can, get a seat over the wing if you're flying, an upper-deck cabin if you're sailing, or a front-seat spot if you're in a car.


Question: What are some natural remedies for motion sickness?

Answer: If you're on a boat, look at the horizon. There's some scientific proof that this root, long used as a folk remedy to fight nausea, is effective. But it may act as a blood thinner. Talk to your doctor first before you use it. Mint. Some people say that stimulating a certain point just below the wrist helps ease their nausea.


Question: What areas of your body can get dandruff?

Answer: The condition causes little white or yellow flakes of dry skin, which rub off easily, to form on your body. The official name is âseborrheic dermatitis.â If it's on a baby's scalp, you might hear it called âcradle cap.â It usually affects your scalp, but it can happen on other parts of your body. You can have it on your forehead, the sides of your nose, your ears, or your chest.


Question: How can you manage severe dandruff?

Answer: Sometimes even the best anti-dandruff shampoo won't get rid of a stubborn case. Some things your dermatologist might try: She might prescribe a steroid cream that you rub onto the affected area once or twice daily. You may also need an antifungal medicine that you take by mouth or apply to your scalp or skin to get rid of the yeast. You may need to apply an oil-based medicine and leave it on your scalp overnight under a shower cap, if the problem is on your head.


Question: Why do teens get acne?

Answer: Acne isn't a serious health risk, though severe acne can cause permanent scars. Acne can also damage self-esteem.


Question: What are blackheads?

Answer: Blackheads: Black bumps that are impacted pores in which material pushes out through the follicles. The black color is not from dirt. It may be from bacteria, dead skin cells, and matter that react with oxygen.


Question: Can medications cause acne?

Answer: They are usually taken daily for four to six months and then tapered and discontinued as acne improves.


Question: What are whiteheads?

Answer: Acne can appear as one of the following: Whiteheads: White dots that are pores impacted with oil and skin covered by skin layers.


Question: Why do some people get acne and others don't?

Answer: The exact cause of acne is not known, but hormones called androgens can play a role. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. Androgens make the skin's oil glands get larger and make more sebum. Androgens also can increase because of hormonal changes related to pregnancy or starting or stopping birth control pills. Genetics may also matter. If your parents had acne, you may have inherited that tendency. Acne is not caused by dirt.


Question: What are some tips to prevent acne?

Answer: The black color is not from dirt. It is believed to reduce the size of the oil glands so that much less oil is produced and to help prevent clogged pores. Use oil-free or noncomedogenic products (those that won't clog pores) on your face. Don't squeeze or pick blemishes. Popping pimples can drive acne bacteria deeper into the skin. Picking can lead to more inflammation and permanent scarring.


Question: Should you call your doctor if you snore and also are sleepy during the day?

Answer: You are frequently overly sleepy and tired during the day. You could have obstructive sleep apnea, a serious condition preventing you from getting enough oxygen during sleep.


Question: How does diclofenac help treat knee pain?

Answer: Diclofenac, another prescription NSAID, comes in a gel ( Voltaren) and as a liquid ( Pennsaid) that you put on your skin.


Question: How can acetaminophen help my knee pain?

Answer: Acetaminophen treats mild to moderate pain. It's in over 6,000 products, by itself and with other medicines. If you take too much, it can harm your liver. So check the label on everything you take so you don't accidentally overdose.


Question: How long will it take for corticosteroids to help knee pain?

Answer: It can take about 2 to 3 days before you feel the effect. Most people can return to work or go home right after they get the shot. Some people get what's called the "steroid flare," a burst of pain in the injection area for up to 48 hours.


Question: How can corticosteroids help treat knee pain?

Answer: Corticosteroids aren't the type of steroid that builds muscle. In the best cases, they can lower inflammation and relieve pain for months. You probably won't get more than two or three steroid shots per year.


Question: How can capsaicin creams, gels, or patches help my knee pain?

Answer: When your pain is severe or you can't move your knee, you should call your doctor. So check the label on everything you take so you don't accidentally overdose.


Question: What are common side effects of NSAIDs?

Answer: When your pain is severe or you can't move your knee, you should call your doctor. The downside is that neither of these types of shots will help everyone.


Question: How can hyaluronic acid help treat knee pain?

Answer: Your doctor can give you a shot into your knee, after numbing it, to deliver medicine directly to your joint. Some people who got injections of it into their knee were able to move easier and hurt less for as long as 6 months. The downside is that neither of these types of shots will help everyone. They can also cause discolored skin where you got the shot, infection, and weakened tendons, which connect muscles to bones.


Question: What are the side effects of yohimbe?

Answer: Side effects can include: Higher blood pressure and a faster or irregular heartbeat Chest pain Breathing problems Flushed skin or a rash Tremors (rhythmic muscle movements you didn't mean to make) Pain in your genitals A painful erection that won't go away You could: Feel dizzy, nervous, worried, or cranky Get a headache Get an upset stomach or lose your appetite Have trouble sleeping The safest bet is to talk to your doctor before you start taking it.


Question: What is Friedreich's ataxia?

Answer: Friedreich ataxia: Problems related to a protein called frataxin cause nerve damage and often heart problems.


Question: What are metal metabolism disorders?

Answer: Metal metabolism disorders: Levels of trace metals in the blood are controlled by special proteins. Inherited metabolic disorders can result in protein malfunction and toxic accumulation of metal in the body: Wilson disease (toxic copper levels accumulate in the liver, brain, and other organs) Hemochromatosis (the intestines absorb excessive iron, which builds up in the liver, pancreas, joints, and heart, causing damage) Organic acidemias: methylmalonic acidemia and propionic acidemia.


Question: What is the cause of most inherited metabolic disorders?

Answer: The original cause of most genetic metabolic disorders is a gene mutation that occurred many, many generations ago. The gene mutation is passed along through the generations, ensuring its preservation.


Question: What are the symptoms of an inherited metabolic disorder?

Answer: Urea cycle disorders: ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and citrullinemia The symptoms of genetic metabolic disorders vary widely depending on the metabolism problem present. Some symptoms of inherited metabolic disorders include: Lethargy Poor appetite Abdominal pain Vomiting Weight loss Jaundice Failure to gain weight or grow Developmental delay Seizures Coma Abnormal odor of urine, breath, sweat, or saliva The symptoms may come on suddenly or progress slowly.


Question: How many people have inherited metabolic disorders?

Answer: Considered all together, inherited metabolic disorders may affect about 1 in 1,000 to 2,500 newborns.


Question: What are lysosomes?

Answer: Some of the more common and important genetic metabolic disorders include: Lysosomal storage disorders : Lysosomes are spaces inside cells that break down waste products of metabolism. Various enzyme deficiencies inside lysosomes can result in buildup of toxic substances, causing metabolic disorders including: Hurler syndrome (abnormal bone structure and developmental delay) Niemann- Pick disease (babies develop liver enlargement, difficulty feeding, and nerve damage) Tay- Sachs disease (progressive weakness in a months-old child, progressing to severe nerve damage; the child usually lives only until age 4 or 5) Gaucher disease (bone pain, enlarged liver, and low platelet counts, often mild, in children or adults) Fabry disease (pain in the extremities in childhood, with kidney and heart disease and strokes in adulthood; only males are affected) Krabbe disease (progressive nerve damage, developmental delay in young children; occasionally adults are affected) Galactosemia: Impaired breakdown of the sugar galactose leads to jaundice, vomiting, and liver enlargement after breast or formula feeding by a newborn.


Question: What is maple syrup urine disease?

Answer: Maple syrup urine disease: Deficiency of an enzyme called BCKD causes buildup of amino acids in the body. Nerve damage results, and the urine smells like syrup.


Question: What happens if the sugar galactose isn't broken down right in a newborn?

Answer: Various enzyme deficiencies inside lysosomes can result in buildup of toxic substances, causing metabolic disorders including: Hurler syndrome (abnormal bone structure and developmental delay) Niemann- Pick disease (babies develop liver enlargement, difficulty feeding, and nerve damage) Tay- Sachs disease (progressive weakness in a months-old child, progressing to severe nerve damage; the child usually lives only until age 4 or 5) Gaucher disease (bone pain, enlarged liver, and low platelet counts, often mild, in children or adults) Fabry disease (pain in the extremities in childhood, with kidney and heart disease and strokes in adulthood; only males are affected) Krabbe disease (progressive nerve damage, developmental delay in young children; occasionally adults are affected) Galactosemia: Impaired breakdown of the sugar galactose leads to jaundice, vomiting, and liver enlargement after breast or formula feeding by a newborn.


Question: What is the meaning of metabolism?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions taking place in the body to convert or use energy. A few major examples of metabolism include: Breaking down the carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food to release energy. Transforming excess nitrogen into waste products excreted in urine. Breaking down or converting chemicals into other substances and transporting them inside cells.


Question: What are treatments for inherited metabolic disorders?

Answer: Treatment may include such measures as: Special diets that eliminate certain nutrients Taking enzyme replacements, or other supplements that support metabolism Treating the blood with chemicals to detoxify dangerous metabolic by-products Whenever possible, a person with an inherited metabolic disorder should receive care at a medical center with experience with these rare conditions.


Question: What are inherited metabolic disorders?

Answer: Metabolism is an organized but chaotic chemical assembly line. Raw materials, half-finished products, and waste materials are constantly being used, produced, transported, and excreted. The "workers" on the assembly line are enzymes and other proteins that make chemical reactions happen. In most inherited metabolic disorders, a single enzyme is either not produced by the body at all or is produced in a form that doesn't work. The missing enzyme is like an absentee worker on the assembly line. Depending on that enzyme's job, its absence means toxic chemicals may build up, or an essential product may not be produced.


Question: What are peroxisomal disorders?

Answer: Peroxisomal disorders: Similar to lysosomes, peroxisomes are tiny spaces filled with enzymes inside cells. Poor enzyme function inside peroxisomes can lead to buildup of toxic products of metabolism. Peroxisomal disorders include: Zellweger syndrome (abnormal facial features, enlarged liver, and nerve damage in infants) Adrenoleukodystrophy (symptoms of nerve damage can develop in childhood or early adulthood depending on the form.)


Question: How do you care for bonded teeth?

Answer: Bonded teeth do not require special care. Simply follow good oral hygiene practices. Brush teeth at least twice a day, floss at least once a day, rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash once or twice a day, and see your dentist for regular professional check-ups and cleanings. Because bonding material can chip, it is important to avoid such habits as biting fingernails; chewing on pens, ice, or other hard food objects; or using your bonded teeth as an opener.


Question: How long does bonding material last?

Answer: The lifespan of bonding materials for the teeth depends on how much bonding was done and your oral habits. Typically, however, bonding material lasts from three years up to about 10 years before needing to be touched up or replaced.


Question: When do you get dental bonding?

Answer: Dental bonding is an option that can be considered: To repair decayed teeth (composite resins are used to fill cavities) To repair chipped or cracked teeth To improve the appearance of discolored teeth To close spaces between teeth To make teeth look longer To change the shape of teeth As a cosmetic alternative to amalgam fillings To protect a portion of the tooth's root that has been exposed when gums recede Preparation.


Question: What's the procedure for having a tooth bonded?

Answer: Anesthesia is often not necessary unless the bonding is being used to fill a decayed tooth, the tooth needs to be drilled to change its shape, or the chip is near the nerve. Your dentist will use a shade guide to select a composite resin color that will closely match the color of your tooth. Next, the surface of the tooth will be roughened and a conditioning liquid applied. These procedures help the bonding material adhere to the tooth. The tooth-colored, putty-like resin is then applied, molded, and smoothed to the desired shape. A bright, usually blue, light, or laser is then used to harden the material. After the material is hardened, your dentist will further trim and shape it, and polish it to match the sheen of the rest of the tooth surface. Generally, bonding can range in cost from $100 to $400 per tooth.


Question: What findings point to further tests in a physical exam and history for Crohn's disease?

Answer: You'll probably go through a combination of exams, lab tests, and imaging studies with these goals in mind: Rule out other health problems Make a clear diagnosis of Crohn's disease Find out exactly which part of the digestive tract is affected Your doctor will begin by gathering information about your health and your family health history. She'll do a physical exam and look for symptoms of Crohn's that usually include: Belly pain and cramps Blood in your poop Diarrhea Drainage from a painful sore near your anus Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Mouth sores Urgent bowel movements Weight loss Your doctor may request lab tests in order to look for problems that might be linked to Crohn's disease.


Question: How are lab tests used to diagnose Crohn's disease?

Answer: She'll do a physical exam and look for symptoms of Crohn's that usually include: Belly pain and cramps Blood in your poop Diarrhea Drainage from a painful sore near your anus Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Mouth sores Urgent bowel movements Weight loss Your doctor may request lab tests in order to look for problems that might be linked to Crohn's disease. These tests check for signs of infection, inflammation, internal bleeding, and low levels of substances such as iron, protein, or minerals.


Question: How is barium given in the diagnosis for Crohn's disease?

Answer: When barium fluid is given by mouth, it is called an upper GI series. When barium fluid is placed in the rectum, it is called a barium enema. The barium fluid flows through your intestines and looks white on X-ray film. This makes it easier to view problem areas. With a barium X-ray, your doctor may be able to see ulcers, narrowed areas of the intestine, abnormal connections between organs, known as fistulae, or other problems.


Question: How do you know if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: There isn't any single test that can diagnose Crohn's disease. This condition has many symptoms that are the same as those for other health problems. To make a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, your doctor is likely to gather information from multiple sources.


Question: What imaging studies are used to diagnose Crohn's disease?

Answer: If barium X-rays show some sign of disease, your doctor may request other X-rays or imaging studies.


Question: How can imaging studies help with diagnosing Crohn's disease?

Answer: Crohn's disease may appear anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. X-rays and other images can help identify the severity and location of Crohn's disease.


Question: How does a video capsule endoscopy help with diagnosing Crohn's disease?

Answer: Video capsule endoscopy: For video capsule endoscopy, you swallow a small capsule or pill that holds a miniature video camera. As it travels through your small intestine, it sends images of the lining to a receiver you wear on a belt around your waist. The doctor downloads the images and reviews them on a computer. They can provide detailed information about early, mild problems associated with Crohn's disease. This technique may be especially helpful if you have symptoms of Crohn's disease that can't be seen by other small bowel tests.


Question: When do you need other tests after your barium X-ray for Crohn's disease?

Answer: If barium X-rays show some sign of disease, your doctor may request other X-rays or imaging studies. These X-rays can help identify exactly how much of your digestive tract is affected by Crohn's disease.


Question: What happens after the tests and exams for Crohn's disease?

Answer: You'll probably go through a combination of exams, lab tests, and imaging studies with these goals in mind: Rule out other health problems Make a clear diagnosis of Crohn's disease Find out exactly which part of the digestive tract is affected Your doctor will begin by gathering information about your health and your family health history. You should avoid it if: You have an obstruction in the small intestine.


Question: What happens during a colonoscopy or a sigmoidoscopy for Crohn's disease?

Answer: He'll inflate them and deflate the balloons to move the tube through your intestine. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy: Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy allow your doctor to directly view the large intestine, which is the lower part of the digestive tract. A colonoscopy can provide a view of all of the large intestine and often the end of the small intestine, which is frequently affected by Crohn's. In either case, the doctor can directly view the colon to check for signs of ulcers, inflammation, or bleeding. The doctor can also take small samples of tissue to examine under a microscope, known as a biopsy. This helps determine whether the tissue shows signs of Crohn's disease or other problems.\ Computed tomography ( CT) scan: CT scanning uses computer-aided X-ray techniques to make more detailed images of the abdomen and pelvis than can be seen in traditional X-rays.


Question: What are the goals of tests and exams to diagnose Crohn's disease?

Answer: To make a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, your doctor is likely to gather information from multiple sources. You'll probably go through a combination of exams, lab tests, and imaging studies with these goals in mind: Rule out other health problems Make a clear diagnosis of Crohn's disease Find out exactly which part of the digestive tract is affected Your doctor will begin by gathering information about your health and your family health history. These X-rays can help identify exactly how much of your digestive tract is affected by Crohn's disease.


Question: How is fibromyalgia treated?

Answer: Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe pain relievers, antidepressants, muscle relaxers, and drugs that help you sleep. The three drugs approved specifically for fibro pain are: Duloxetine ( Cymbalta) Milnacipran ( Savella) Pregabalin ( Lyrica) Over-the-counter painkillers may help, too. Stronger medicines, like opioids, tend not to work well in the long run, and you could become dependent on them.


Question: What is fibromyalgia?

Answer: Fibromyalgia is the second most common condition affecting your bones and muscles. But a combination of medication, exercise, managing your stress, and healthy habits may ease your symptoms enough that you can live a normal, active life. Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe pain relievers, antidepressants, muscle relaxers, and drugs that help you sleep.


Question: What causes fibromyalgia?

Answer: We do know certain things suggest you're more likely to get it: You're a woman. You have another painful disease, such as arthritis, or an infection. You have a mood disorder, like anxiety or depression. You were physically or emotionally abused or have PTSD. You rarely exercise. Other family members have it. If your doctor can't find another reason for how you feel, they'll use a two-part scoring system to measure how widespread your pain has been and how much your symptoms affect your daily life.


Question: How can a social worker help you manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: This professional isn't a doctor but someone who helps take care of any concerns you may have while you're living with HIV. She can offer support and teach you ways to handle issues. Social workers are sometimes called "patient navigators."


Question: What is an interdisciplinary care team for someone with HIV?

Answer: Many different medical professionals provide care, comfort, and treatment for people with HIV. They offer services that range from primary health care to information about the disease and about nutrition. This is known as an "interdisciplinary care team." The specific providers you need will depend on your overall health and preferences. For help finding HIV/ AIDS services, visit AIDS.gov.


Question: How can an infectious disease specialist help you manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: This doctor is trained to diagnose and manage infections like HIV. An infectious disease expert also can watch for other infections that are more likely to develop if you have HIV, including hepatitis C, tuberculosis, and certain types of pneumonia. You might choose this specialist as your HIV care team leader, or your primary care doctor may refer you to him.


Question: What does a case manager do if you have HIV?

Answer: This person helps you find and coordinate many of the needs that often come with a complicated disease. For example, your case manager may help you apply for insurance benefits or get housing, or find mental health or substance abuse services. Your case manager also will follow up to make sure you receive the service you need. You don't have to have a case manager. But research shows that people with HIV who use one are more likely to visit their doctor at least once every 6 months.


Question: How can nutritionist and dietitian help you manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: She will prescribe the medicines you need, such as an antiretroviral medication to control the HIV virus to help you stay well for many years. This doctor is trained to diagnose and manage infections like HIV.


Question: How can a pharmacist help you manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: You choose which you want to work with. This professional can answer your questions about drug safety and side effects. Many offer vaccines, including the flu shot, which people with HIV need every year.


Question: How can a primary HIV care provider help you manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: Your primary provider could be a medical doctor ( MD, DO), a physician assistant ( PA), or a nurse practitioner ( NP). You choose which you want to work with. It's best to find someone you're comfortable with because this person will be your main point of contact for a long time. She will prescribe the medicines you need, such as an antiretroviral medication to control the HIV virus to help you stay well for many years. If your primary HIV care provider is not an expert in infectious diseases, she may refer you to one. Your treatment involves caring for both your body and your mind.


Question: How can a mental health provider help you manage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: This is your team leader, the person who plans your treatment and watches your progress. That can be life threatening in people with HIV. She can offer support and teach you ways to handle issues.


Question: How can I motivate a child with ADHD?

Answer: You don't have to spoil your child with money, expensive gifts, or food. Prizes can be small.


Question: Is normal for ADHD to cause my child to not get tasks done?

Answer: It's a common complaint: ADHD makes it hard for your child to focus on a task long enough to start it, let alone finish it. Sure, you could pick up that dirty sock on the floor yourself, but your child needs to learn ways to get things done on his own.


Question: How can I remind my child with ADHD about chores or tasks?

Answer: Write them down, so your kid can check off the tasks as she finishes each one. Add a picture of the clean room to the checklist so she can see the goal. Use large, colorful sticky notes. Put them where they'll do the most good, in places where your child needs to remember something -- " Brush your teeth" on the bathroom mirror or " Do you have your backpack?" by the door, for examples. Use a calendar for ongoing weekly tasks or projects that will take a while.


Question: Does it help to get frustrated with a child with ADHD?

Answer: If you get frustrated when your child doesn't follow through, remember that it's not her fault. It's just how her brain works. Having ADHD is hard for her, too. She probably gets called out by teachers, peers, and maybe even you many times a day. Don't dwell on her mistakes. Focus on her strengths and play up her successes.


Question: What kind of rewards won't motivate a child with ADHD?

Answer: You can't just tell a child with ADHD to go clean her room. That kind of goal is too abstract and too far off to inspire a kid with ADHD.


Question: How can I help my child complete chores on their own?

Answer: That chore is too big for a kid who's easily distracted. Write them down, so your kid can check off the tasks as she finishes each one. Add a picture of the clean room to the checklist so she can see the goal.


Question: What can trigger Charcot foot?

Answer: But other things can cause nerve damage, too, including: Alcohol or drug abuse An infection Spinal cord disease or injury Parkinson's disease HIV Syphilis There's no specific cause for Charcot foot. But some things can trigger it: A sprain or broken bone that doesn't get treatment quickly A sore on your foot that doesn't heal An infection Foot surgery that heals slowly As these problems begin, you may not know that your foot is hurt since nerve damage keeps you from feeling pain. So the injury or sore gets worse as you walk on it. Then the bones in the foot begin to lose the calcium that makes them strong.


Question: What causes Charcot foot?

Answer: Charcot foot affects people who can't feel anything in their feet and ankles because of nerve damage. That's a common problem for people with diabetes. But other things can cause nerve damage, too, including: Alcohol or drug abuse An infection Spinal cord disease or injury Parkinson's disease HIV Syphilis There's no specific cause for Charcot foot.


Question: Are there any adults who shouldn't get the meningococcal vaccine?

Answer: Early symptoms of both meningitis and blood infection can be confused with the flu or a cold, but symptoms can rapidly become more severe and may include: Sudden high fever Headache Stiff neck Aches Fatigue Purplish rash on arms and legs Other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and changes in mental state The CDC recommends you get the vaccine if you are an adult and: Are living in a dorm as a first-year college student Work with meningococcal bacteria in a lab Are in the military Are traveling to or living in a country where meningococcal disease is common, such as in certain parts of Africa Have a damaged spleen, or it's been removed Have an immune system disorder called terminal complement deficiency Are taking eculizumab ( Soliris) May have been exposed to meningitis during an outbreak Have HIV You shouldn't get either type of meningococcal vaccine if you: Are moderately or seriously ill; wait until you recover. Have had a serious allergic reaction (called anaphylaxis) to a previous dose Had a severe reaction to any part of the vaccine If you are pregnant or have other concerns, ask your doctor which meningitis vaccine is right for you.


Question: What is the meningococcal vaccine?

Answer: The vaccine can't cause meningococcal disease.


Question: How and when should you get the meningococcal vaccine?

Answer: In most cases, adults only need one dose. But if you remain at risk, you may need a booster. Some adults may need another type of meningitis vaccine, the serogroup B meningococcal vaccine, if they are exposed to this virus through work or travel or if they have a damaged or missing spleen, or certain immune system disorders.


Question: Who should get the meningococcal vaccine?

Answer: Early symptoms of both meningitis and blood infection can be confused with the flu or a cold, but symptoms can rapidly become more severe and may include: Sudden high fever Headache Stiff neck Aches Fatigue Purplish rash on arms and legs Other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and changes in mental state The CDC recommends you get the vaccine if you are an adult and: Are living in a dorm as a first-year college student Work with meningococcal bacteria in a lab Are in the military Are traveling to or living in a country where meningococcal disease is common, such as in certain parts of Africa Have a damaged spleen, or it's been removed Have an immune system disorder called terminal complement deficiency Are taking eculizumab ( Soliris) May have been exposed to meningitis during an outbreak Have HIV You shouldn't get either type of meningococcal vaccine if you: Are moderately or seriously ill; wait until you recover.


Question: Are there any dangers or side effects associated with the meningococcal vaccine?

Answer: Signs of this include: Hoarseness, wheezing, trouble breathing, or swallowing Hives, itching, skin warmth, or redness Paleness Stomach cramps, diarrhea, or vomiting Anxiety or headache Weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, or loss of consciousness If you have any signs of a severe reaction: Call 911 or go to the emergency room immediately.


Question: What are symptoms of meningococcal disease?

Answer: Early symptoms of both meningitis and blood infection can be confused with the flu or a cold, but symptoms can rapidly become more severe and may include: Sudden high fever Headache Stiff neck Aches Fatigue Purplish rash on arms and legs Other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and changes in mental state The CDC recommends you get the vaccine if you are an adult and: Are living in a dorm as a first-year college student Work with meningococcal bacteria in a lab Are in the military Are traveling to or living in a country where meningococcal disease is common, such as in certain parts of Africa Have a damaged spleen, or it's been removed Have an immune system disorder called terminal complement deficiency Are taking eculizumab ( Soliris) May have been exposed to meningitis during an outbreak Have HIV You shouldn't get either type of meningococcal vaccine if you: Are moderately or seriously ill; wait until you recover.


Question: How can diabetes cause polydipsia?

Answer: Diabetes: Super high blood sugar will make you pee a lot. The more you pee, the more dehydrated and thirstier you get, and the more you drink.


Question: What is psychogenic polydipsia?

Answer: Mental illness: Some people have an uncontrollable urge to drink water, so they drink it all day even though they don't need to. This is called psychogenic polydipsia. Mental illnesses that can cause polydipsia include: Schizophrenia and other personality disorders Mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety Anorexia Brain injuries and damage: This could be from diseases like HIV or other illnesses.


Question: How can diabetes insipidus cause polydipsia?

Answer: Diabetes insipidus: What most people think of when they hear "diabetes" has to do with your pancreas. Diabetes insipidus happens when there's a problem with your kidneys or your pituitary gland, which makes a hormone that helps control how much water your kidneys keep in your body.


Question: What's the treatment for psychogenic polydipsia?

Answer: For psychogenic polydipsia, treatment includes: Limiting the fluids you drink Counseling Medication


Question: What questions can you ask your doctor about acromegaly?

Answer: If you find out you have acromegaly, you'll probably have a lot of questions. You may want to start by asking your doctor: What is acromegaly? What is causing my acromegaly? What treatment do you recommend? How will treatment change my symptoms? What will success look like? What are the side effects? How many other people with acromegaly have you treated? Am I likely to get this again?


Question: Which medicines can treat acromegaly?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend taking one of these medicines after surgery to help control or cure the disease and bring hormone levels back to normal: Somatostatin analogs (lanreotide or octreotide) Growth hormone receptor antagonists (pegvisomant) Dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine) Those drugs either lower the level of growth hormone in your blood or block the effects it has on your body.


Question: How does surgery treat acromegaly?

Answer: There are three ways to treat acromegaly: Surgery Medicine Radiation Surgery is often the first treatment for people with large tumors affecting vital areas, especially if they are pressing on nerves that harm your vision. The surgeon will remove the tumor from the base of the brain. To get to it, they'll make a small cut in your nose or the inside of your upper lip. In some cases, your doctor may have you take medicine before the surgery to shrink the tumor.


Question: What can you do to prevent viral pneumonia?

Answer: If your lungs are invaded with bacteria, you might also get some of the same symptoms as bacterial pneumonia, like: A wet, gunky cough that produces green, yellow, or bloody mucus Chills that make you shake Fatigue (feeling very tired) Low appetite Sharp or stabby chest pain, especially when you cough or take a deep breath Sweating a lot Fast breathing and heartbeat Blue lips and fingernails Confusion, especially if you're older You can do these things to help lower your odds of getting viral pneumonia: Get a flu shot every year. Wash your hands regularly, especially after you go to the bathroom and before you eat. Eat right, with plenty of fruits and vegetables. Exercise. Get enough sleep. Don't smoke. Stay away from people who are sick. Your doctor might be able to tell if you have viral pneumonia just by examining you and asking questions about your symptoms and general health.


Question: How is viral pneumonia diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor might be able to tell if you have viral pneumonia just by examining you and asking questions about your symptoms and general health. Chances are your doctor will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope. That's because certain sounds can mean fluid is in your lungs. But if your doctor isn't sure, you might have to get a chest X-ray.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose viral pneumonia?

Answer: Your doctor might be able to tell if you have viral pneumonia just by examining you and asking questions about your symptoms and general health. These might include: A pulse oximetry (a small gizmo clipped to your finger checks for enough oxygen in your blood) Blood tests Tests of the gunk you cough up (sputum tests) CT scan to look more closely at your lungs A pleural fluid culture (where your doctor takes some fluid from your chest through a needle) Bronchoscopy -- a look into your lungs through a scope Your doctor won't prescribe antibiotics, because they don't kill viruses.


Question: Why won't your doctor prescribe antibiotics for viral pneumonia?

Answer: Viral pneumonia is an infection of your lungs caused by a virus. These might include: A pulse oximetry (a small gizmo clipped to your finger checks for enough oxygen in your blood) Blood tests Tests of the gunk you cough up (sputum tests) CT scan to look more closely at your lungs A pleural fluid culture (where your doctor takes some fluid from your chest through a needle) Bronchoscopy -- a look into your lungs through a scope Your doctor won't prescribe antibiotics, because they don't kill viruses. Usually, viral pneumonia just has to run its course. In some cases, your doctor might prescribe an antiviral medication. He might also suggest medication for pain and fever.


Question: How soon will you feel better after your treatment for viral pneumonia?

Answer: Your doctor might be able to tell if you have viral pneumonia just by examining you and asking questions about your symptoms and general health. Usually, viral pneumonia just has to run its course. This usually takes a few days. But you might not feel completely better for about 1 to 3 weeks. If you're elderly or have other medical conditions, your recovery could take longer. Make sure you keep your follow-up appointments so your doctor can check your lungs.


Question: What can you expect in your hospital stay for viral pneumonia?

Answer: The most common cause is the flu, but you can also get viral pneumonia from the common cold and other viruses. Your doctor might be able to tell if you have viral pneumonia just by examining you and asking questions about your symptoms and general health. But if your case is stubborn or severe, and you do have to go to the hospital, you might get: Oxygen treatment IV fluids and medications Treatments to help loosen up the gunk


Question: What are symptoms on the first day of viral pneumonia?

Answer: On the first day it feels like the flu, with symptoms like: Fever Dry cough Headache Sore throat Loss of appetite Muscle pain After a day or so your fever might get worse. Your doctor might be able to tell if you have viral pneumonia just by examining you and asking questions about your symptoms and general health. This usually takes a few days.


Question: What can you do to feel better while treating viral pneumonia?

Answer: Viral pneumonia is an infection of your lungs caused by a virus. Usually, viral pneumonia just has to run its course. Here are some things you can do that will help you feel better: Get lots of rest. Drink plenty of fluids. They'll loosen up the gunk in your lungs so you can cough it out. Use a humidifier or take a warm bath (more gunk-loosening). Don't smoke. Stay home until your fever goes down and you're not coughing anything out.


Question: Who is more likely to get viral pneumonia?

Answer: You have a higher chance of getting viral pneumonia if you: Are 65 or older Have chronic (ongoing) conditions like asthma, diabetes, or heart disease Are recovering from surgery Don't eat right or get enough vitamins and minerals Have another condition that weakens your body's defenses Smoke Drink too much alcohol Are HIV positive Recently had an organ transplant Have leukemia, lymphoma, or severe kidney disease Viral pneumonia usually moves in steadily over a few days. Your doctor might be able to tell if you have viral pneumonia just by examining you and asking questions about your symptoms and general health.


Question: How is dementia treated?

Answer: Dementia treatment is directed toward managing symptoms, and identifying whether or not there may be a reversible cause. Medicines such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., galantamine, donepezil) can sometimes help to slow the progression of cognitive changes, but quite often the effects of medicines are only modest and cannot prevent eventual worsening of the underlying condition. Agitation and other emotional concerns are generally addressed as part of the overall treatment plan.


Question: What are symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: Some people get flu-like symptoms within a month after they've been infected, but these symptoms often go away within a month. You could have HIV for many years before feeling ill at all. Before you're diagnosed with HIV, you may get shingles. If you have had HIV for many years, you may get other infections related to advance HIV pr AIDS (see below). Both women and men may get thrush, a kind of yeast infection in your mouth or on your tongue. Women could get severe vaginal yeast infections.