Question: What is swimmer's ear?

Answer: Swimmer's ear, which has the medical name of otitis externa, is an infection in your ear canal. Swimmer's ear is different from the common ear infection that your young child often gets after a cold. But if the skin gets scratched, germs can get into your ear canal and cause an infection. Your doctor may need to test a sample of any fluid in your ear to help you decide on the best treatment.


Question: What causes swimmer's ear other than water?

Answer: Swimmer's ear is different from the common ear infection that your young child often gets after a cold. While it doesn't get much respect, earwax helps protect the ear canal from damage and makes it hard for germs to grow. If you use cotton swabs, fingers, hairpins, pen caps, or anything else to clean your ears, it can rub away the protective earwax or scratch your skin. Sometimes hair products, cosmetics, and jewelry can irritate your skin and raise the odds of getting swimmer's ear. But sometimes, it can get worse or lead to other problems, such as: Long-term swimmer's ear (chronic otitis externa).


Question: Can you get swimmer's ear if you don't swim?

Answer: No matter how you got your swimmer's ear, once you learn to recognize the signs, you have plenty of options to treat it. Usually, swimmer's ear is caused by bacteria, but it can sometimes be brought on by a virus or fungus. But if the skin gets scratched, germs can get into your ear canal and cause an infection. When water gets stuck in your ear canal after swimming -- or after you soak in a hot tub or even take a shower or bath -- it can remove some of the earwax and soften the skin, which makes it easier for germs to get in.


Question: What are complications of swimmer's ear?

Answer: Most of the time, your ear fights off the germs that cause swimmer's ear on its own. But sometimes, it can get worse or lead to other problems, such as: Long-term swimmer's ear (chronic otitis externa). This is when swimmer's ear doesn't go away within 3 months. It can happen if you have hard-to-treat bacteria, fungus, allergies, or skin conditions like psoriasis or eczema. Your doctor may need to test a sample of any fluid in your ear to help you decide on the best treatment. Other infections. Sometimes, the bacteria can spread deeper into your skin or to other parts of your body. One rare condition is malignant otitis externa, which happens when the infection moves into bone and cartilage in your head. It's a medical emergency, and it's most common in older people with diabetes and people with HIV or other immune system problems. Treatment for these infections is with more powerful antibiotics, either by mouth or through a needle ( IV).


Question: How can IUDs (intrauterine devices) help with birth control?

Answer: These are small, plastic devices that a doctor or nurse will insert into your uterus. The procedure is simple and quick, although a little uncomfortable. Once it's in position, the IUD will protect you from pregnancy for a long time. IUDs that use hormones are good for 3-5 years depending on which type you get. The copper- T version -- which uses copper, a natural sperm-killer -- is good for up to 10 years. IUDs are about 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.


Question: What is permanent birth control?

Answer: Women can choose to have a tubal ligation in which the under general anesthesia, the fallopian tubes are closed off preventing eggs from reaching the ovaries. This is also known as âhaving your tubes tied.â For men, the permanent birth control option would be a vasectomy. During this procedure, your doctor causes a permanent interruption in the tube that allows the sperm to get into the semen


Question: What are the types hormonal birth control?

Answer: These include birth control pills, stick-on patches, insertable vaginal rings, shots, and implants. You'll need a prescription for them. They use hormones, similar to the ones in your body, to stop the release of an egg so that it can't get fertilized by sperm.


Question: What is emergency contraception?

Answer: It's for use after unprotected sex or if your condom breaks. It can prevent pregnancy up to 3 to 5 days later, although the sooner you take it, the better. Most emergency contraception products are so-called "morning after" pills, but the copper- T IUD works as emergency contraception, too. Women who are overweight or obese who want emergency contraception should consider using the copper T IUD, since research shows that emergency contraception pills start to lose effectiveness for them.


Question: How do I know if postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is right for me to treat hot flashes?

Answer: Do you have abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as extremely heavy periods or spotting between periods? Do you have a history of endometrial or uterine cancer? Do you currently have, or have you in the past had, venous thrombosis (blood clots in the lungs or veins)? This includes thrombosis or blood clots during pregnancy or when taking birth control pills. Do you have chronic liver disease? Do you smoke? Do you have gallbladder disease? Yes No If you answered yes to any of the above questions, HRT may not be for you.


Question: Why should you never discontinue any medication for depression without talking to your doctor?

Answer: You should never discontinue any medication without talking to your doctor about it first. Most antidepressants are gradually tapered off when a decision is made to stop them. If you abruptly stop taking some antidepressants, you could develop physical symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, headache, flu-like symptoms, or stomach upset (called a "discontinuation syndrome"). While symptoms from abrupt discontinuation generally pose no medical hazard, they can be uncomfortable and resolve once a medicine has been restarted.


Question: How risky are antidepressants in the treatment for depression in people with bipolar disorder?

Answer: In people with bipolar disorder, antidepressants have a small but significant risk for triggering manic or hypomanic symptoms, and antidepressants are usually not recommended without also taking a mood stabilizer. Antidepressants also may be less effective in people with bipolar than unipolar (major) depression, and their long-term value and safety are more controversial and less well-established in bipolar than unipolar depression.


Question: How safe are antidepressant medications for children and teens?

Answer: The FDA has the manufacturers of all antidepressant drugs put a boxed warning that states that antidepressants have been shown to increase suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents and should be used with caution.


Question: When and how can you stop taking antidepressants?

Answer: When you and your doctor determine that you are better and have remained well without a relapse for at least several months, your doctor may gradually taper you off your medicines. Once you and your doctor have determined it is safe for you to stop taking your medicine altogether, you should continue to be monitored during periodic follow-up appointments (about every three months) to detect any signs of depression recurrence.


Question: What are the side effects of antidepressants?

Answer: Antidepressants are medications used to treat depression. You are usually monitored closely during this time to detect the development of side effects and to determine the effectiveness of treatment. You should never discontinue any medication without talking to your doctor about it first.


Question: How can brain injuries be classified?

Answer: They could be brought on by medical problems like a stroke or tumor. These are called acquired brain injuries ( ABIs). But most often, brain injuries are due to a violent blow or jolt to the head. These are called traumatic brain injuries ( TBIs).


Question: What are the symptoms of second impact syndrome?

Answer: This is known as second impact syndrome. Second impact syndrome causes rapid and severe brain swelling. The symptoms are almost immediate and include the following: Dilated pupils Loss of eye movement Respiratory failure Unconsciousness Symptoms will progress rapidly. At the very least, it will result in severe TBI and have long-lasting effects that will change your everyday life.


Question: What are symptoms of brain injuries?

Answer: If you take a hit to the head, be on the lookout for these symptoms: Balance problems Blurred vision Dizziness Delayed response to questions Headaches Memory loss Nausea Ringing in the ears Seizure Slurred speech Vomiting This form of TBI is when you have bruises on the brain that cause bleeding.


Question: Is a concussion the same thing as a traumatic brain injuries (TBI)?

Answer: Concussions are the most common type of TBI. They aren't usually life-threatening, but there are dangers. These injuries may not show up in initial tests and could take as long as a few years to completely heal. Immediate symptoms can be loss of consciousness or feeling dazed and confused. But it may take a while before you have any symptoms.


Question: What precautions should I take if Iâve had a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Answer: If you have had a TBI, take steps to avoid another injury to your brain. Even with mild TBIs, repeated injuries can do long-lasting damage to your nervous system and weaken your mental awareness. If TBIs continue to happen over a short period of time, they could lead to death. Make sure your first TBI has fully healed. Although concussions are generally listed as mild, getting a second concussion before the first one has healed can be deadly. This is known as second impact syndrome.


Question: What are signs of a brain injury that I should I see a doctor about?

Answer: Not every hit to the head will result in a TBI, but if you have any concerns, see your doctor. TBIs can cause any number of problems. You may not be able to think or communicate well, and it can dull your sensory skills. Be on the lookout for changes in these areas, among others: Anxiety Depression Memory Muscle function Poor judgment Sight Sound Smell Taste Touch Understanding TBIs can increase the risk of brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.


Question: How effective are very low-calorie diets?

Answer: If you have a BMI over 30 (which your doctor will call âobeseâ), then a very low-calorie diet may let you lose about 3 to 5 pounds per week, for an average total weight loss of 44 pounds over 12 weeks. Losing that amount of weight may improve weight-related medical conditions, including diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. But in the long-run, very low-calorie diets aren't more effective than more modest diets. Once you go off a diet, you need to change your lifestyle, committing to healthy eating and regular physical activity.


Question: Are very low-calorie diets safe?

Answer: Very low-calorie diets are not OK for everyone. Talk to your doctor to see if this kind of diet is appropriate for you. If your BMI is greater than 30, then very low-calorie diets are generally safe when used under proper medical supervision. For people who are overweight but not obese ( BMI of 27-30), very low-calorie diets should be reserved for those who have weight-related medical problems and are under medical supervision. Very low-calorie-diets are not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and are not appropriate for children or teens except in specialized treatment programs. They also may not be OK for people over age 50, either, depending on the potential need for medications for pre-existing conditions, as well as the possibility of side effects.


Question: What are the side effects of very low-calorie diets?

Answer: People on a very low-calorie diet for 4 to 16 weeks report minor side effects such as fatigue, constipation, nausea, and diarrhea. These conditions usually improve within a few weeks and rarely prevent people from completing the program. Gallstones are the most common serious side effect of very low-calorie diets. The liver then secretes more cholesterol and when combined with bile, can form gallstones.


Question: How many calories a day do you usually get if you're on a low-calorie diet?

Answer: Many very low-calorie diets are commercially-made formulas of 800 calories or fewer that replace all the food you usually eat. Talk to your doctor or dietitian to make sure you get the nutrients you need while on a very low-calorie diet.


Question: What are alternative therapies for essential tremor?

Answer: There is currently no evidence that alternative therapies are beneficial in treating Essential Tremor. Patients who have tremors that worsen with emotional stress may find relaxation therapies helpful, but this type of alternative therapy is certainly not a treatment. Some herbal supplements may actually increase tremor. Always consult your doctor before trying any alternative therapy.


Question: How can essential tremor medications affect pregnancy?

Answer: Discuss the use of ET medications with your doctor before getting pregnant, as some drugs put the developing baby at risk.


Question: What is treatment for essential tremor?

Answer: Essential tremor is a movement disorder characterized by uncontrollable shaking (tremors) in different parts and on different sides of the body. There is no cure for essential tremor, but treatments that provide relief from its symptoms may be helpful in improving quality of life. These include medications, MRI-focused ultrasound, and surgical procedures that ease tremor. Not every treatment or procedure is effective for every person with ET, but most patients find satisfactory relief. Your doctor will recommend an individualized treatment plan, including certain lifestyle changes that may help to reduce your tremors.


Question: What are treatments for different stages of esophageal cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy, radiation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy; treatment for this stage focuses on "palliative" therapy.


Question: What are the symptoms of esophageal cancer?

Answer: Early on there may be no symptoms. In more advanced cancers, symptoms of esophageal cancer include: Difficulty or pain when swallowing Weight loss Pain in the chest, behind the breastbone Coughing Hoarseness Indigestion and heartburn There are a number of factors which increase a person's risk of developing esophageal cancer.


Question: Who gets esophageal cancer?

Answer: They include: Smoking or other use of tobacco Heavy alcohol use Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), in which contents and acid from the stomach back up into the esophagus Barrett's esophagus, a condition that affects the lower part of the esophagus and can lead to esophageal cancer; Barrett's esophagus may be caused by GERD. Over time, stomach acid in the esophagus can cause changes in the cells that increase risk for adenocarcinoma. In addition, certain groups -- men, the elderly, and people who are obese -- are at greater risk for esophageal cancer. Risk of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is higher in white men, but squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is more common in Asian men and men of color.


Question: What tests determine the stage of esophageal cancer?

Answer: To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. Other tests, including computed tomography ( CT) scans, positron emission tomography ( PET) scan, thoracoscopy, and laparoscopy, may be performed to determine if the cancer has spread, or metastasized, outside of the esophagus.


Question: What are the stages of esophageal cancer?

Answer: The stages are: Stage 0 . Abnormal cells (not yet cancer) are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. Cancer cells are found only in the layer of cells that line the esophagus. The cancer has reached the muscle layer or the outer wall of the esophagus. In addition, the cancer may have spread to 1 to 2 nearby lymph nodes (small glands that are part of the immune system). The cancer has reached deeper into the inner muscle layer or the connective tissue wall. It may have spread beyond the esophagus into surrounding organ and/or has spread to more lymph nodes near the esophagus. Stage IV .


Question: What is esophageal cancer?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Esophageal cancer occurs when cancer cells develop in the esophagus, a tube-like structure that runs from your throat to your stomach. Squamous cells line the inner esophagus, and cancer developing from squamous cells can occur along the entire esophagus. This is cancer that develops from gland cells. This typically occurs in the lower esophagus near the stomach and is believed to be largely related to acid exposure to the lower esophagus. Unfortunately, by the time esophageal cancer is diagnosed for many people, it is often already in an advanced stage (has spread throughout the esophagus and beyond).


Question: How do you diagnose esophageal cancer?

Answer: To diagnose esophageal cancer, your doctor will review your symptoms, medical history, and examine you. In addition, he or she may order certain blood tests and X-rays. Tests for esophageal cancer may include: Barium swallow X-ray, in which you drink a liquid that coats your esophagus. Endoscopy: the doctor passes an endoscope, a thin, lighted tube, down your throat into your esophagus to examine it. Endoscopic ultrasound uses sound waves to provide more information about the extent of tumor involvement in nearby tissues. Biopsy: during an endoscopy, the doctor can take cells or tissue from your esophagus. This process is called "staging."


Question: How can you treat esophageal cancer?

Answer: Treatment of esophageal cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of the cancer and the overall health of the patient. Options include surgery, photodynamic therapy, radiofrequency ablation, or endoscopic muscosal resection.


Question: How is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) diagnosed?

Answer: HCM is diagnosed based on medical history (your symptoms and family history), a physical exam, and echocardiogram results. Additional tests may include blood tests, electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, exercise stress test, cardiac catheterization, CT scan, and MRI.


Question: What medications are used to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer: Drugs are often used to treat symptoms and prevent further complications of HCM. Medications can help relax the heart and reduce the degree of obstruction so the heart can pump more efficiently. Beta-blockers and calcium channel blocker blockers are two classes of medications that may be prescribed. If you have an arrhythmia, your doctor may prescribe medications to control your heart rate or decrease the occurrence of arrhythmias. You may be told to avoid certain medications, such as nitrates, because they lower blood pressure, or digoxin, because it increases the force of the heart's contraction. Non-obstructive HCM symptoms may be treated with medications. If heart failure occurs, treatment is aimed at controlling it through heart failure medications and diet changes. Your doctor will discuss which medications are best for you.


Question: What are the symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer: Many people with HCM have no symptoms or only minor symptoms, and live a normal life. Other people develop symptoms, which progress and worsen as heart function worsens. Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure.


Question: What people with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk for sudden cardiac death?

Answer: A small number of people with HCM have an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. People at risk include: Those who have family members who have had sudden cardiac death Young people with HCM who have had several episodes of fainting Those who have an abnormal blood pressure response with exercise Adults who have a history of arrhythmia with a fast heart rate Those with severe symptoms and poor heart function If you have two or more risk factors for sudden cardiac death, your doctor will treat you with medications to prevent arrhythmias or with an ICD. Most people with HCM are at low risk for sudden cardiac death. Talk to your doctor about any concerns you may have.


Question: How can I avoid endocarditis related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer: People with obstructive HCM may be at increased risk for infective endocarditis, a potentially life-threatening condition. Ask your doctor if you need to take endocarditis precautions, which include: Telling all your doctors and dentist you have HCM. They should prescribe antibiotics to prevent an infection before performing any procedures on you that may cause bleeding (dental, respiratory, and gastrointestinal procedures). Calling your doctor if you have symptoms of an infection. Taking good care of your teeth and gums.


Question: What lifestyle changes are recommended to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer: Diet . Drinking at least six to eight, 8-ounce glasses of water a day is important, unless fluids are restricted. In hot weather, you should increase your fluid intake. Fluid and salt restrictions may be necessary for some patients if heart failure symptoms are present. Ask your doctor about specific fluid and dietary guidelines, including information about alcoholic beverages and caffeinated products. Exercise. Your doctor will tell you if you may exercise or not. Most people with cardiomyopathy are able to do non-competitive aerobic exercise. However, your doctor may ask you not to exercise, based on your symptoms and the severity of your disease. Heavy weight lifting is not recommended. Regular follow-up visits. Patients with HCM should have an annual follow-up visit with their cardiologist to monitor their condition. Follow-up appointments may be more frequent when HCM is first diagnosed.


Question: What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer: Symptoms of HCM can occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with exertion Fatigue (feeling overly tired) Fainting (caused by irregular heart rhythms, abnormal responses of the blood vessels during exercise, or no cause may be found) Palpitations (fluttering in the chest) due to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia Sudden death (occurs in a small number of patients with HCM) HCM can run in families, but the condition may also be acquired as a part of aging or high blood pressure. In other instances, the cause is unknown.


Question: What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

Answer: This leads to stiffening of the walls of the heart and abnormal aortic and mitral heart valve function, both of which may impede normal blood flow out of the heart. During this surgical procedure, the surgeon removes a small amount of the thickened septal wall of the heart to widen the outflow tract (the path the blood takes) from the left ventricle to the aorta.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of hypoxia?

Answer: Although they can vary from person to person, the most common hypoxia symptoms are: Changes in the color of your skin, ranging from blue to cherry red Confusion Cough Fast heart rate Rapid breathing Shortness of breath Slow heart rate Sweating Wheezing If you have symptoms of hypoxia, call 911.


Question: How can you prevent hypoxia when you have asthma?

Answer: The best way to prevent hypoxia is to keep your asthma under control, every day. Stick with your asthma treatment plan. Take your medicine to help prevent flares and the need to use your rescue inhaler. Eat right and stay active. Know your asthma triggers, and find ways to avoid them.


Question: What is hypoxia?

Answer: Hypoxemia (low oxygen in your blood) can cause hypoxia (low oxygen in your tissues) when your blood doesn't carry enough oxygen to your tissues to meet your body's needs. The word hypoxia is sometimes used to describe both problems.


Question: What causes hypoxia?

Answer: A severe asthma attack, or flare, can cause hypoxia in adults and kids. Hypoxia can also result from lung damage due to trauma. Other things can cause hypoxia include: Lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD), emphysema, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) Strong pain medicines and other drugs that hold back breathing Heart problems Anemia (a low number of red blood cells, which carry oxygen) Cyanide poisoning ( Cyanide is a chemical used to make plastics and other products.)


Question: Can oxygen deprivation cause a coma?

Answer: Oxygen deprivation: Oxygen is essential for brain function. Cardiac arrest causes a sudden cutoff of blood flow and oxygen to the brain, called hypoxia or anoxia. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR), survivors of cardiac arrest are often in comas. Oxygen deprivation can also occur with drowning or choking.


Question: Can seizures cause a coma?

Answer: Seizures : A single seizure rarely produces coma. But continuous seizures -- called status epilepticus -- can. Repeated seizures can prevent the brain from recovering in between seizures.


Question: What is locked-in syndrome?

Answer: The person is totally paralyzed except for the eye muscles, but remains awake and alert and with a normal mind.


Question: Can toxins cause a coma?

Answer: Toxins: Substances that are normally found in the body can accumulate to toxic levels if the body fails to dispose of them correctly. As an example, ammonia due to liver disease, carbon dioxide from a severe asthma attack, or urea from kidney failure can accumulate to toxic levels in the body.


Question: What is anoxic brain injury?

Answer: Anoxic brain injury. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain. Lack of oxygen for a few minutes causes cell death to brain tissues. Anoxic brain injury may result from heart attack (cardiac arrest), head injury or trauma, drowning, drug overdose, or poisoning.


Question: Can bleeding in your brain cause a coma?

Answer: Bleeding: Bleeding in the layers of the brain may cause coma due to swelling and compression on the injured side of the brain. This compression causes the brain to shift, causing damage to the brainstem and the RAS (mentioned above). High blood pressure, cerebral aneurysms, and tumors are non-traumatic causes of bleeding in the brain.


Question: Can infection cause a coma?

Answer: Infection: Infections of the central nervous system, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can also cause coma.


Question: Can high blood sugar cause a coma?

Answer: Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. That's a condition known as hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia, or blood sugar that's too low, can also lead to a coma.


Question: How can trauma to the head cause a coma?

Answer: Problems that can lead to coma include: Trauma: Head injuries can cause the brain to swell and/or bleed. When the brain swells as a result of trauma, the fluid pushes up against the skull. The swelling may eventually cause the brain to push down on the brain stem, which can damage the RAS ( Reticular Activating System) -- a part of the brain that's responsible for arousal and awareness.


Question: What is a medically induced coma?

Answer: Medically induced: This type of temporary coma, or deep state of unconsciousness, is used to protect the brain from swelling after an injury. This happens only in hospital intensive care units.


Question: Is there effective treatment for a coma?

Answer: Treatment for a coma depends on the cause. For example, if there is an infection that's affecting the brain, antibiotics may be needed. Glucose may be required in the event of a diabetic shock. Surgery may also be necessary to relieve the pressure on the brain due to swelling or to remove a tumor. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling.


Question: What causes a coma?

Answer: Brain injury can be due to increased pressure, bleeding, loss of oxygen, or buildup of toxins. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain.


Question: What are tips for someone with aphasia?

Answer: Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. Certain drugs may also help relieve the swelling.


Question: What are the different types of Burkitt lymphoma?

Answer: In the World Health Organization classification, there are three types of Burkitt lymphoma: Endemic ( African). Endemic Burkitt lymphoma primarily affects African children ages 4 to 7 and is twice as common in boys. Sporadic (non- African). Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs worldwide. Globally, it accounts for 1% to 2% of adult lymphoma cases. In the U. S. and Western Europe, it accounts for up to 40% of pediatric lymphoma cases. Immunodeficiency-associated. This variant of Burkitt lymphoma is most common in people with HIV/ AIDS. It accounts for 30% to 40% of non- Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV patients and may be an AIDS-defining disease. It also can occur in people with congenital conditions that cause immune deficiency and in organ transplant patients who take immunosuppressive drugs.


Question: What are the symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma?

Answer: The symptoms of Burkitt lymphoma depend on the type. The endemic ( African) variant usually starts as tumors of the jaw or other facial bones. It also can affect the gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, and breasts and can spread to the central nervous system, causing nerve damage, weakness, and paralysis. The types more commonly seen in the U. S. -- sporadic and immunodeficiency-associated -- usually start in the bowel and form a bulky tumor mass in the abdomen, often with massive involvement of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. These variants also can start in the ovaries, testes, or other organs, and spread to the brain and spinal fluid. Other symptoms associated with Burkitt lymphoma include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Fatigue Night sweats Unexplained fever Because Burkitt lymphoma spreads so quickly, prompt diagnosis is essential.


Question: What are the benefits of giving your baby a massage?

Answer: Giving your newborn a massage is important one-on-one time. Like cuddling, a massage is a way to convey your love and affection for your baby. In fact, research shows that a baby's very survival depends on being touched by others -- as touch triggers hormones, boosts immunity, and helps fight disease. Also, massaged babies are calmer, sleep better, and cry less -- every parent's dream!


Question: How should I wash my baby's clothes and bedding?

Answer: Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry.


Question: Is peeling skin normal for a newborn baby?

Answer: A newborn baby is born with wrinkly skin and a protective covering called vernix that naturally peels off during the first week. There's no need to rush it, rub it, or treat it with lotions or creams. ( If baby is born past the due date, this process is likely finished while she is still inside the womb.)


Question: Can I use scented baby products for a newborn?

Answer: Don't use Scented baby products in the early months. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free.


Question: How often should I bathe my baby?

Answer: Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. In between, simply clean baby's mouth and diaper area with a little water or cleanser. Once-a-week sponge baths (or even less) are best for newborns with darker skin tones (like African- American). Most newborn skin problems, such as eczema or diaper rash, don't develop for the first month or two. Don't rub.


Question: How can you prevent baby eczema and diaper rash?

Answer: For the first month or so, a sponge bath two or three times a week will keep your baby safely clean. A few tips on preventing dry, irritated skin and eczema: Try once-a-week bathing. Limit your use of baby scented skin products. If her skin is dry, use only ointment or lotion on dry skin areas. Make sure baby wears only soft clothing, preferably cotton.


Question: How should I care for my newborn baby's skin?

Answer: Here are tips to help protect your baby from developing allergies and rashes: Resist the urge to bathe your baby frequently. Too-frequent bathing -- more than three times per week during the first year of life -- removes the natural oils that protect baby's skin. That may leave baby's skin vulnerable and dry. Use only baby laundry detergents that are fragrance- and dye-free. Wash baby clothes, bedding, and blankets separately from the family's laundry. Limit your use of baby scented skin products.


Question: How much protein should healthy adults get each day?

Answer: Healthy adults should get about 45 to 56 grams of protein a day.


Question: What do protein shakes have in them?

Answer: Protein shakes can range in their protein content, but all contain some carbohydrates and maybe a little fat. They come a variety flavors in powder form or in ready-to-drink packages, such as cans or foil packs.


Question: What are different types of protein in protein shakes?

Answer: Protein shakes use different types of protein in varying amounts.


Question: What does the antidiuretic hormone do?

Answer: It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated.


Question: What happens if you lose too much water with diabetes insipidus?

Answer: When you lose too much water, your electrolyte levels can go up.


Question: Why does diabetes insipidus cause clear urine?

Answer: When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.


Question: How does diabetes insipidus affect you?

Answer: It's made in a part of your brain called the hypothalamus and stored in your pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. ( Vasopressin is also called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH.) When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. Your kidneys reabsorb more water and put out concentrated urine. If you've had plenty to drink, vasopressin levels fall and what comes out is clear and diluted. When your body doesn't make enough vasopressin, the condition is called central diabetes insipidus. If you make enough but your kidneys can't respond to it, you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In either form, the result is the same. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.


Question: How is diabetes insipidus treated?

Answer: Central diabetes insipidus. First, the doctor will tell you to drink plenty of fluids. You'll take medications like desmopressin ( DDAVP) or vasopressin ( Pitressin). It usually comes as a nasal spray. There are also treatments to help these drugs work better. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can be harder to treat. If it's caused by a drug, stopping the medicine helps. Other medicines may improve the symptoms.


Question: What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer: Diabetes insipidus is a rare condition that causes your body to make a lot of urine that is "insipid," or colorless and odorless. When you're thirsty or slightly dehydrated, vasopressin levels rise. It usually comes as a nasal spray.


Question: What are the signs of diabetes insipidus?

Answer: You might notice: Extreme thirst Peeing a lot (your doctor might call this polyuria) Getting up to go a lot at night Preference for cold drinks Dehydration Unexplained weakness Muscle pains Irritability Your body makes a substance called vasopressin. Your kidneys can't retain water, so even if you're dehydrated, they'll put out a lot of pale urine.


Question: How serious is diabetes insipidus?

Answer: It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. Diabetes insipidus can lead to nocturia, a medical name for waking up in the night to pee. But you will be more prone to dehydration. Make sure you always have something to drink close by, especially when it's hot or when you exercise.


Question: How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?

Answer: It tells your kidneys to hold on to water, which makes your urine more concentrated. You might get a series of tests that include: Urinalysis. This will measure the amount of electrolytes and glucose in your blood. You'll have this done in a hospital so doctors can make sure you don't get dehydrated.


Question: How are topical medications used to treat plaque psoriasis?

Answer: Treatment options include: Topical medications: If you have only a few plaques, your doctor will probably try a prescription cream first. You put these directly on your skin. They either help with inflammation or slow the growth of skin cells. Examples include corticosteroids, vitamin D, vitamin A, and anthralin. You can also try over-the-counter topical medicines. Both salicylic acid and coal tar are approved to treat psoriasis. Other ingredients may soothe itch and remove scale, including aloe vera, jojoba, zinc pyrithione, and capsaicin.


Question: How are systemic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis?

Answer: Systemic drugs: If you have a severe case of plaque psoriasis, you may need medicines that work throughout your body. They calm your immune system or make your skin cells grow more slowly. But they can cause serious side effects, like depression, aggressive thoughts, liver problems, or a higher risk of skin cancer. You take systemic drugs like acitretin, cyclosporine, and methotrexate by pill, or your doctor will give you a shot.


Question: When are you more likely to get plaque psoriasis?

Answer: Whether you get plaque psoriasis depends on your genes and your health history: Heredity: Psoriasis seems to run in families. About 10% of people are born with genes that make them likely to get psoriasis. But only about 3% of people get the disease. Triggers: Something has to happen to start your immune system's reaction. Sometimes it's an injury to your skin or a bad sunburn. It could be a certain medicine, like lithium or malaria drugs. An infection, particularly strep, can bring on psoriasis. So can high levels of stress. Psoriasis isn't contagious. It can't be spread by touch or other close contact.


Question: How should you get support to avoid plaque psoriasis?

Answer: Get support: Plaque psoriasis can take an emotional toll. You may feel self-conscious about the way it looks or overwhelmed by what it takes to manage it. Many people with psoriasis become depressed. If you think you need some help, talk with your doctor about therapy or medication. It also helps to talk with people who understand what you're going through and can offer strategies for coping.


Question: How are biologic drugs used to treat plaque psoriasis?

Answer: Biologic drugs: Another kind of systemic drug also targets your immune system. Biologic drugs used to treat psoriasis include adalimumab ( Humira), brodalumab ( Siliq), etanercept( Enbrel),guselkumab ( Tremfya), infliximab ( Remicade), ixekizumab ( Taltz), risankisumab-rzaa ( SKYRIZI)),secukinumab ( Cosentyx), and ustekinumab ( Stelara). They're given either by a shot or through a vein in your arm. They affect a specific type of immune cell or keep certain proteins from causing inflammation. But these drugs can make it harder for you to fight an infection.


Question: What can trigger plaque psoriasis?

Answer: You can do a few things to deal with it better: Avoid triggers: Things like stress and smoking don't cause psoriasis. But they can make it worse. Try to figure out what triggers your flare-ups. You may be affected by: Alcohol Allergies Cold, dry weather Hormones Watch your diet : There's no proof that specific foods make a difference with psoriasis.


Question: How is plaque psoriasis diagnosed?

Answer: A dermatologist (skin doctor) can usually tell if you have plaque psoriasis just by talking with you about your medical history and looking at your skin. In some cases, he may need to do a biopsy to know for sure. He'll take a tiny sample of your skin and look at the cells under a microscope.


Question: What are the types of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: Both can lead to AIDS. However, they're very different from each other. HIV-1 is the most common type. When you hear the term " HIV," it's probably HIV-1. HIV-2 occurs in a much smaller number of people, mostly in West Africa. In the U. S., it makes up only 0.01% of all HIV cases, and those are primarily people from West Africa. It's harder to transmit HIV-2 from person to person, and it takes longer for the infection to turn into AIDS. Researchers haven't named any strains for this group because there are so few cases of it.


Question: What is group M (Major) of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)?

Answer: HIV-1 is the most common type. Your doctor can treat your HIV better if she knows what strain you have. Nearly 90% of all HIV-1 cases stem from this group. The group has nine named strains: A, B, C, D, F, G, H, J, and K. Some of these have sub-strains.


Question: Is there a vaccine for bird flu?

Answer: No. Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.


Question: Are all flus the same?

Answer: Not all flu is created equal: Some types can make you very ill, while other types of flu cause milder symptoms. Read on to learn about the different types of flu.


Question: What virus causes bird flu?

Answer: The avian influenza virus causes bird flu. Birds can be infected by influenza A viruses and all of its subtypes. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses. There are three main subtypes of avian flu, including H5, H7, and H9. The subtypes H5 and H7 are the most deadly, while the H9 subtype is less dangerous.


Question: What are the different types of flu viruses?

Answer: There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A and B cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. Type C also causes flu; however, type C flu symptoms are much less severe.


Question: Why do you have to get a new flu shot every year?

Answer: Different strains of the flu virus mutate over time and replace the older strains of the virus. This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus.


Question: What kind of bird flu do people talk about, and how is it spread?

Answer: The reason H5 N1 has caused so much alarm is its ability to pass from wild birds to poultry and then on to people. While wild birds are commonly immune to the devastating and possibly deadly effects of H5 N1, the virus has killed more than half of the people infected with it. The risk of avian flu is generally low in most people because the virus does not typically infect humans. Infections have occurred as a result of contact with infected birds. Spread of this infection from human to human has been reported to be extremely rare.


Question: How does a flu virus make me sick?

Answer: Flu viruses enter the body through the mucus membranes of your nose, eyes, or mouth. Every time you touch your hand to one of these areas, you are possibly infecting yourself with a virus. This makes it very important to keep your hands germ-free with frequent and thorough hand washing. Encourage family members to do the same to stay well and prevent flu.


Question: How long does it take for a flu shot to work?

Answer: Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.


Question: Should I be worried about catching bird flu?

Answer: People in the United States have less to fear than people who live abroad. Most of the illnesses associated with bird flu have been reported in Asian countries among people who have had close contact with farm birds. Also, people are not able to catch the bird flu virus by eating cooked chicken, turkey, or duck. High temperatures kill the virus.


Question: How many hospitalizations and deaths occur from the flu?

Answer: The flu is linked to between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The seasonal flu vaccine was created to try to avert these epidemics.


Question: What is a type C flu virus?

Answer: Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses donot cause epidemics.


Question: How many viruses does the flu shot protect against?

Answer: This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus. Today, Flu Mist and some traditional flu shots generally cover up to four strains: two Influenza A viruses and two Influenza B viruses. The avian influenza virus causes bird flu.


Question: What is a type A flu virus?

Answer: Wild birds commonly act as the hosts for this flu virus. Type A flu virus is constantly changing and is generally responsible for the large flu epidemics. The influenza A2 virus (and other variants of influenza) is spread by people who are already infected. The most common flu hot spots are those surfaces that an infected person has touched and rooms where he has been recently, especially areas where he has been sneezing. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses.


Question: What are the symptoms of dog bloat?

Answer: At first, your dog may show signs that his stomach hurts. He may: Act restless Drool Have a swollen stomach Look anxious Look at his stomach Pace Try to vomit, but nothing comes up Stretch with his front half down and rear end up As the condition gets worse, he may: Collapse Have pale gums Have a rapid heartbeat Be short of breath Feel weak If you think your pet has bloat, get him to a clinic right away. If dogs don't get treatment in time, the condition can kill them.


Question: What causes dog bloat?

Answer: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds.


Question: Which dogs usually have bloat?

Answer: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. Some are at a higher risk than others, including Great Danes, Gordon Setters, Irish Setters, Weimaraners, and St. Bernards.


Question: How is dog bloat treated?

Answer: The treatment a dog gets depends on how severe his condition is. First, the vet may put a tube into your dog's throat and down to his stomach to release the pressure that has built up. Sometimes, a twisted stomach can keep the tube from passing through. If that's the case, the vet may put a large, hollow needle through his belly into his stomach and release the pressure that way. If your dog is in shock, the vet will start giving him fluids through an IV immediately, usually with antibiotics. The vet will take X-rays to see if his stomach is twisted. If it is, your dog will have emergency surgery to untwist it and put it back in its normal position. The vet also will fix the stomach in the right place to keep your dog from getting bloat again. She'll also check to see if the condition damaged other parts of his body.


Question: What is dog bloat?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Bloat happens when a dog's stomach fills with gas, food, or fluid, making it expand. The stomach puts pressure on other organs. It can cause dangerous problems, including: No blood flow to his heart and stomach lining A tear in the wall of his stomach A harder time breathing In some cases, the dog's stomach will rotate or twist, a condition that vets call gastric dilatation volvulus. It traps blood in the stomach and blocks it from returning to the heart and other areas of the body. This can send your dog into shock.


Question: How can you prevent dog bloat?

Answer: Vets aren't sure what causes bloat, but there are some things that raise a dog's risk for it, including: Eating from a raised food bowl Having one large meal a day Eating quickly A lot of running or playing after he eats Other dogs he's related to have had bloat Eating or drinking too much Stress Any dog can have bloat, but it's much more common in deep-chested, large breeds, like Akitas, Boxers, Basset Hounds, and German Shepherds. Don't let him run or play a lot right before or after meals. Feed him a few small meals throughout the day instead of one or two large ones. Make sure he drinks a normal amount of water. For predisposed breeds, your vet will sometimes tack the stomach when your dog gets spayed or neutered


Question: Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're postmenopausal?

Answer: If you're postmenopausal, any bleeding after sex isn't normal. See your doctor to rule out cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and other issues.


Question: Is vaginal bleeding after sex normal if you're pregnant?

Answer: Vaginal bleeding after sex can be scary if you're pregnant, but it's probably not a cause for concern. Your cervix may bleed more easily during pregnancy because extra blood vessels are developing in the area.


Question: Why does vaginal bleeding after sex happen?

Answer: One of those causes is cervical inflammation, or cervicitis. It can be ongoing and totally harmless, or it can happen because of a sexually transmitted infection that you need to get treated, like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Both types of cervical inflammation can cause bleeding after sex. A second common reason for bleeding after sex are cervical polyps. They are growths that are usually small -- about 1 to 2 centimeters -- that often appear on the cervix where it connects to the vagina. Most aren't cancerous, and a doctor can remove them during an appointment. Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem.


Question: Will vaginal bleeding after sex stop on its own?

Answer: It might. A recent study found that just over half of women who had bleeding after sex reported that it cleared up on its own within 2 years.


Question: How can I prevent vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: You can rule out the most innocent causes of bleeding after sex, like friction during intercourse or not enough lubrication, by simply using a lubricant before and during sex. You can also wait a bit longer after your period ends to start having sex again, if it seems like regular uterine bleeding at the tail end of menstruation is the culprit. Removing cervical polyps or treating cervical infections should also clear up post-sex bleeding, if either was the cause.


Question: What should you know about vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: While vaginal bleeding after sex can be alarming, it's also fairly common -- affecting up to 9% of menstruating women -- and probably no cause for concern. But it can also be caused by an infection, and in rare cases, it's a sign of cervical cancer.


Question: What are other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: Other causes of vaginal bleeding after sex include: Friction during sex or not enough lubrication Normal uterine bleeding if you're just beginning your period or if it's just ended A cervical or vaginal infection Genital sores caused by herpes or another condition A precancerous cervical spot Cervical ectropion (when the inner lining of the cervix pokes through the cervical opening and grows on the vaginal side of the cervix) Pelvic organ prolapse (when pelvic organs, like the bladder or uterus, jut beyond the vaginal walls) Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus While many of these causes don't need treatment and are harmless, sometimes vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign of a more serious problem.


Question: How can you tell if vaginal bleeding after sex is serious?

Answer: If you have some minor bleeding occasionally after sex, chances are that everything is fine. But the only way to know for sure is to see your doctor for a physical exam. If the bleeding happens right before you get your period or within a few days after it ends and it doesn't happen again, you can hold off on making that appointment. You can also probably hold off if you recently had a pelvic exam and Pap smear and got a clean bill of health. In all other cases -- or if you're just worried -- it's best to get checked out to rule out infection or anything more serious.


Question: What happens if your doctor finds something abnormal after testing vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: If your Pap test reveals any abnormalities on your cervix at the time of your exam, you'll probably get a colposcopy. It starts out like a Pap test, but takes a bit longer, and the doctor will use a special magnifying device called a colposcope to get a closer look at the cervix. If your doctor sees anything suspicious, she can take a small sample of tissue for testing. If bleeding after sex is an ongoing thing, your doctor may recommend a colposcopy even if your Pap test results are normal, to get a better look at your cervix. If you're postmenopausal, your doctor might do a transvaginal ultrasound to get a closer look at the pelvic organs or an endometrial biopsy to look for abnormal cells in the endometrial tissue that lines your uterus.


Question: What happens in a doctor's appointment for vaginal bleeding after sex?

Answer: But the only way to know for sure is to see your doctor for a physical exam. She'll also want to know if you're having pain during sex, which can be a sign of inadequate lubrication or infection, depending on when it happens. Your doctor will give you a pelvic exam and look for any source of the bleeding, like vaginal tears or lesions, signs of pelvic organ prolapse, cervical polyps, or inflammation. If your doctor finds any polyps, she might be able to remove them in the office and send them to a lab for testing, or make a later appointment to have them surgically removed. During a Pap test, your doctor can swab your cervix to test for sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, which can cause bleeding after sex and are treated with antibiotics. The Pap test also detects any sign of abnormal, precancerous growths or cancer cells.


Question: Do I need to call a doctor if I use emergency contraception

Answer: You don't have to call a doctor after using emergency contraception, but if you have questions or anything worries you, go ahead. You don't need any routine follow-up exam or tests. If your next period is more than a week late, you should take a pregnancy test.


Question: What emergency contraception pills contain the hormone  levonorgestrel?

Answer: Pills containing a hormone called levonorgestrel: My Way (over-the-counter) Plan B One- Step (over-the-counter) Preventeza (over-the-counter) Take Action (over-the-counter) Birth control pills can also be used as emergency contraception, but you have to take more than one pill at a time to keep from getting pregnant.


Question: What are types of emergency contraception pills?

Answer: There are 3 types of emergency contraception in pill form that are sold both with and without a prescription. You need to be 17 to buy them if a prescription is needed. Depending on the brand and dose, you might get 1 pill or 2. About 1 out of 5 women taking Ella, Plan B One- Step, and generics -- such as My Way -- feel queasy.


Question: What are tips to ease side effects from emergency contraception?

Answer: The most common side effect of the pill forms is upset stomach. Eat smaller but more frequent meals. It might help to suck on sugar-free hard candy, too. If your nausea or vomiting is severe, call your doctor. Taking medicine to calm your stomach for a day or two could help. If you throw up within a couple of hours of taking the pill, you should take another dose. You probably need to take anti-nausea medicine first. Check with your doctor.


Question: Is emergency contraception safe and effective?

Answer: The pill forms are safe. They contain the same hormones that are in birth control pills, which women have been using for decades. The copper- T IUD (intrauterine device) is also a very effective, safe way to prevent a pregnancy after sex. Research shows that Plan B One- Step starts to lose its effectiveness in women heavier than 165 pounds. It's not recommend for anyone over this weight -- instead, a copper- T IUD is the suggested option. You need a prescription to get it.


Question: Can I drink alcohol on diabetes medications?

Answer: You shouldn't drink alcohol if you take some drugs, including metformin. When you have type 2 diabetes, you might feel the effects of alcoholic drinks more than other people. So use caution if you drink.


Question: What types of insulin are used to treat diabetes?

Answer: Types of insulin include: Insulin aspart ( Novo Log) Insulin degludec ( Tresiba) Insulin detemir ( Levemir) Insulin lispro ( Humalog) Insulin glargine ( Basaglar, Lantus, Toujeo) Insulin glulisine ( Apidra) Insulin isophane ( Humulin N, Novolin N) Take Your Meds the Right Way Follow your doctor's directions.


Question: What is the best way to take and store drugs for diabetes?

Answer: Types of insulin include: Insulin aspart ( Novo Log) Insulin degludec ( Tresiba) Insulin detemir ( Levemir) Insulin lispro ( Humalog) Insulin glargine ( Basaglar, Lantus, Toujeo) Insulin glulisine ( Apidra) Insulin isophane ( Humulin N, Novolin N) Take Your Meds the Right Way Follow your doctor's directions. You'll need to take some drugs with food to help ease side effects. It's also important to follow your pharmacist's instructions about how to store your medicine.


Question: Which diabetes medicines are GLP-1 receptor agonists?

Answer: GLP-1 receptor agonists: These include: Dulaglutide ( Trulicity) Exenatide ( Byetta) Extended-release exenatide ( Bydureon) Liraglutide ( Victoza) Lixisenatide ( Adlyxin) Semaglutide ( Ozempic) These tell your body it needs to make more insulin and slows down digestion to make you feel full. Meglitinides: This type of medication includes: Nateglinide ( Starlix) Repaglinide ( Prandin) They help your body make more insulin.


Question: Which diabetes medicines are meglitinides?

Answer: Meglitinides: This type of medication includes: Nateglinide ( Starlix) Repaglinide ( Prandin) They help your body make more insulin. You take these drugs before your meals.


Question: Which diabetes medicines are SGLT2 inhibitors?

Answer: SGLT2 inhibitors: Your doctor may prescribe: Canagliflozin ( Invokana) Dapagliflozin ( Farxiga) Empagliflozin ( Jardiance) They help your kidneys get rid of extra glucose by removing it from your blood and putting it into your urine.


Question: Which diabetes medicines are thiazolidinediones?

Answer: Thiazolidinediones: These include: Pioglitazone ( Actos) Rosiglitazone ( Avandia) They help insulin work better in your muscles or fat tissues. They also let your liver make less sugar.


Question: Why would I need to take insulin to treat diabetes?

Answer: Other: Pramlintide ( Symlin) Treatment Options for Diabetes Insulin This helps move blood sugar into your body's cells so you can use it for energy and stay healthy. If you need to take insulin, don't feel like you've failed to manage your diabetes. Every person's body is different. If you've had type 2 diabetes for a long time, have very high blood sugar, or have other health problems that make it hard for you to control your glucose, you might need to take insulin along with your pills.


Question: How are bile acid sequestrant pills used to treat diabetes?

Answer: Examples include: Acarbose ( Precose) Miglitol ( Glyset) Bile acid sequestrant pills like colesevelam ( Welchol): They lower levels of LDL "bad" cholesterol in your body, and they also seem to lower glucose. If you have liver problems and can't take other diabetes pills, you might be able to take this drug safely.


Question: How is insulin administered to treat diabetes?

Answer: Every person's body is different. Most people inject it into the fat of their skin. Your doctor will figure out how much you need to take each day to keep your body healthy. Some types of insulin act quickly. Or you might use an insulin pump or infuser. Your doctor puts these devices under your skin to give you insulin when you need it.


Question: What are the treatments for pleurisy?

Answer: Your doctor may also take X-rays of your chest. These X-rays will be normal if you have only pleurisy without fluid but may show fluid if you have a pleural effusion. In addition to this, your doctor may prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs or other pain medicines to remedy the inflammation. Sometimes, a codeine-based cough syrup will be prescribed to control a cough that can exacerbate pain. In the case of pleural effusion, your doctor will direct treatment towards the underlying cause of the fluid. Sometimes, if the pleural fluid is infected or the amount is excessive, the doctor may drain it through a tube inserted in your chest, a procedure that requires hospitalization.


Question: Could glaucoma medication cause problems with my tear ducts?

Answer: Sometimes, glaucoma treatments affect the tear ducts. Certain eye drops may cause the conjunctiva in the eye and the tear ducts to swell.


Question: What are common problems with tear ducts?

Answer: Some of the most common causes are: Babies are sometimes born with a blocked tear duct. In some cases, the duct or drainage system doesn't form correctly in the womb. Conditions like Down syndrome that change the shape of the skull and face can make the ducts narrower than usual. More often, the cause is a thin piece of tissue that covers the tear duct in the womb. It doesn't open up before birth like it should. About 5% of infants are born with this, and it stops tears from flowing out of their eyes. This covering usually goes away on its own a month or two after the baby is born.


Question: How do I find the cause of the problem with my tear ducts?

Answer: An infection in your eyes or nose can cause swelling. Once you know what's causing your excess tearing, you can start on a treatment to relieve it.


Question: Could an infection block my tear ducts?

Answer: This presses on and narrows the tear duct. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses like herpes can all make the area around your eyes and nose swell and block the ducts. A blockage in your tear duct can also lead to an infection when bacteria multiply in the narrowed tube. Any injury to your nose or eyes can cause swelling and scar tissue.


Question: How will I know if I should stop taking my epilepsy medicine?

Answer: Because there's no way to know for sure if seizures will return, you must work with your doctor before and after deciding to stop medication. Will you ever get an "all clear" sign? Experts say yes, when you've been seizure-free for 10 years and medication-free for the last 5 of them.


Question: What makes seizures more likely to return?

Answer: Seizures are less likely to return if you have: Been seizure-free on medication for 2-5 years Only one type of seizure A normal neurologic exam and IQ A normal EEG for at least 1 year Seizures are more likely to return if you have: Had epilepsy for a long time Had many or multiple types of seizures Get seizures despite medication Needed more than one medication to be seizure-free, or had to take medication for a long time before it began to work Tried to stop unsuccessfully in the past An abnormal neurologic exam or brain damage An IQ less than 70 An abnormal EEG within the past year Worsening EEG results when you don't take medication Quitting medication suddenly can lead to a withdrawal seizure.


Question: What are disadvantages of stopping taking my epilepsy medicine?

Answer: On the plus side: An end to side effects Fewer chances of drug interactions Possible cost savings Feeling more positive about your health On the minus side: Seizures could come back. You could feel unsure about the future and less in control. Drugs might not work if epilepsy returns (a slim chance). You may not be able to drive for a period of time.


Question: When should I talk to my doctor about stopping taking my epilepsy medicine?

Answer: Then you might start thinking about stopping your epilepsy medicine, too. For example, you could: Get a dangerous skin reaction or other serious side effect Be planning to have a baby and are concerned about infertility (for him) or the possibility of birth defects Want to save money Start by talking to your doctor about why you want to stop.


Question: Is it ever an option to stop taking my epilepsy medication?

Answer: It's usually not an option for people with a type of epilepsy that rarely goes away, like juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. But nearly three-quarters of people with epilepsy have a form that's far less predictable. Because there's no way to know for sure if seizures will return, you must work with your doctor before and after deciding to stop medication.


Question: What causes irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: But researchers do have a few theories: IBS sufferers may have a more sensitive colon than others. In people with IBS, the brain may perceive contractions in the gut more acutely than others. The immune system may respond differently to stress and infection in people with IBS. Hormonal changes may trigger IBS symptoms (70% of those who suffer from IBS are women). The neurotransmitter serotonin that is produced in the gut may act on digestive tract nerves. Those with diarrhea may have increased serotonin levels in the gut, while those with constipation-predominant IBS have decreased amounts.


Question: Should I see the doctor if I have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: If you think you may have IBS, see your doctor for proper diagnosis and care. Depending on the type of IBS that you have, there are various treatment options, including dietary changes, stress management, medication, behavioral therapy, and alternative treatments. "


Question: Is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) a real medical condition?

Answer: Though no one fully understands what causes IBS, doctors do agree that IBS is a bona fide medical condition. They do not think it's "all in your head." According to the American College of Gastroenterology, IBS is also clearly defined by what it is not: It is not an anatomical or a structural problem. It is not an identifiable physical or chemical disorder. It is not a cancer and will not cause cancer. It will not cause other gastrointestinal diseases.


Question: What are the characteristics of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Basically, IBS is a collection of symptoms that has been ongoing for at least 6 months, and has occurred at least 3 times a month in the past 3 months. IBS always involves abdominal pain or discomfort. This pain must have two of these three characteristics to be diagnosed IBS: Relieved with defecation Associated with a change in frequency of stool Associated with a change in form (appearance) of stool Certain foods or situations may trigger a flare-up of IBS symptoms.


Question: How is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) defined?

Answer: Though no one fully understands what causes IBS, doctors do agree that IBS is a bona fide medical condition. They do not think it's "all in your head." According to the American College of Gastroenterology, IBS is also clearly defined by what it is not: It is not an anatomical or a structural problem. It is not an identifiable physical or chemical disorder. It is not a cancer and will not cause cancer. It will not cause other gastrointestinal diseases. Basically, IBS is a collection of symptoms that has been ongoing for at least 6 months, and has occurred at least 3 times a month in the past 3 months. IBS always involves abdominal pain or discomfort.


Question: How can surgery help with treating colorectal cancer?

Answer: This is the way doctors treat most colorectal cancers. The best chance for a cure is to remove the tumor entirely. Usually, surgeons need to remove only the part of your colon or rectum that has the tumor. Your surgeon may do the operation with a few small cuts in your belly (called laparoscopy) instead of one long cut. You may have less pain and heal faster with this approach.


Question: How can chemotherapy help with treating colorectal cancer?

Answer: Chemo drugs destroy cancer cells or stop them from spreading throughout your body. You can take the medicines in pill form or through an IV. You can also get them in a blood vessel close to your tumor. There are many types of these drugs. Some work better together, so you may take two or more at the same time. You usually get the treatment for 2 or 4 weeks, then take a break. You might have chemo after surgery to kill any cancer cells left behind. Or you could have it before an operation to make a tumor smaller and easier to remove. Chemo may help treat cancer pain, too. And it's often the best way to slow the spread of the disease to other parts of your body, such as your liver.


Question: How can targeted treatments help with treating colorectal cancer?

Answer: These drugs treat changes in cells that lead to cancer. For instance, some cells have too much of a protein that helps them grow and thrive. Targeted drugs can stop it from working. Because these treatments only fight cancer cells, not healthy ones, they may give you fewer side effects than chemotherapy.


Question: Should I get a rabies vaccine before I travel to India?

Answer: Getting the rabies vaccine is especially important if you will be spending time outdoors, particularly in rural areas. Young children are especially vulnerable to animal bites and infection with rabies.


Question: What standard vaccines should I have had for travel to India?

Answer: The list of vaccines will be based on: Your health status How current your immunizations are Where you are planning to go in the countries you are visiting What you're likely to do while you're there Your doctor will review your immunization record to make sure you are up to date on the standard vaccines and booster shots that people in the U. S. should have. That includes immunizations for: measles mumps rubella chickenpox diphtheria pertussis polio You'll also possibly need a tetanus booster shot. And it's important to make sure that your flu shot is current.


Question: Should I get a typhoid fever vaccine before I travel to India?

Answer: Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness. It's caused by bacteria. You can get typhoid fever by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. It's recommended that anyone traveling in southern Asia, including India, be vaccinated against it. This is especially important if you will be visiting rural areas or staying in small towns.


Question: How do I know what vaccines I need for travel to India?

Answer: The list of vaccines will be based on: Your health status How current your immunizations are Where you are planning to go in the countries you are visiting What you're likely to do while you're there Your doctor will review your immunization record to make sure you are up to date on the standard vaccines and booster shots that people in the U. S. should have.


Question: Should I get hepatitis A or hepatitis B vaccines before I travel to India?

Answer: This disease can be transmitted through food and water. The risk for Hepatitis A in India is high. Hepatitis B is a viral infection that can be transmitted by contact with blood and other bodily fluids. That means you could potentially be exposed through: sexual activity recreational drug use being in an accident receiving medical care If you haven't been vaccinated for it already, you should get the vaccine before you go.


Question: Should I get a Japanese encephalitis vaccine before I travel to India?

Answer: This is especially important if you will be visiting rural areas or staying in small towns. Japanese encephalitis. It is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. Travelers to India are advised to get the vaccine before going.


Question: Should I get a yellow fever vaccine before I travel to India?

Answer: It is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. But it's important to know that when you get to India you may be asked to show proof of yellow fever vaccination if you visited a country with risk of yellow fever before your arrival in India. Without that proof, you may be quarantined for up to six days when you first arrive. Yellow fever is mostly found in tropical and subtropical countries in Central America, South America, and Africa.


Question: What are the factors linked to heart disease that people with Crohn's disease have?

Answer: People with Crohn's disease have abnormally high: Erythrocyte sedimentation rates High-sensitivity C-reactive protein ( CRP) levels Homocysteine All three of those link to heart disease. Some substances your body makes can also raise your odds of blood clots in your veins. Just like when plaque clogs or breaks off in an artery, a clot that breaks off in a vein can cause life-threatening lung problems.


Question: How can Crohn's disease cause inflammation in your heart?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure, but they think the long-term inflammation that Crohn's causes could make you more likely to have clogged arteries. Your doctor may call this atherosclerosis. It fills the inner walls of your arteries with tiny bits of fatty deposits called plaque. If a piece breaks off or grows big enough to block blood flow, you could have a heart attack or stroke.


Question: How does your medicine play a role in inflammation related to Crohn's disease?

Answer: Corticosteroids control inflammation, so they're often the first medication your doctor prescribes. They can also raise your blood pressure and blood sugar. Doctors aren't sure if they play a role in clogged arteries. Mesalamine ( Apriso, Asacol, Delzicol, Lialda, Pentasa) is another drug doctors often try early on. It can inflame your heart muscle, a condition your doctor calls myocarditis. Symptoms go away when you stop taking it.


Question: What can you do to lower your chances of having heart problems related to Crohn's disease?

Answer: To lower your chance of heart problems, keep your disease under control and prevent flare-ups as much as you can. If your doctor finds a problem, he may prescribe heart medicine. Some Studies show that some heart disease meds, like statins and ACE inhibitors, may also help Crohn's disease.


Question: Why do doctors prescribe mesalamine for Crohn's disease, and how does it impact your heart?

Answer: Mesalamine ( Apriso, Asacol, Delzicol, Lialda, Pentasa) is another drug doctors often try early on. It can inflame your heart muscle, a condition your doctor calls myocarditis. Symptoms go away when you stop taking it.


Question: How might Crohn's disease raise the risk of heart disease?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure, but they think the long-term inflammation that Crohn's causes could make you more likely to have clogged arteries. Your doctor may call this atherosclerosis. It fills the inner walls of your arteries with tiny bits of fatty deposits called plaque. If a piece breaks off or grows big enough to block blood flow, you could have a heart attack or stroke. How Crohn's disease raises your risk for this condition isn't clear. But it can happen to people with other autoimmune conditions, like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. So it may have something to do with the substances your body makes during long-term inflammation.


Question: Why do doctors prescribe corticosteroids for Crohn's disease, and how can they impact your heart?

Answer: Corticosteroids control inflammation, so they're often the first medication your doctor prescribes. They can also raise your blood pressure and blood sugar. Doctors aren't sure if they play a role in clogged arteries.


Question: How can you check if you're likely to get inflammation or clogged arteries related to Crohn's disease?

Answer: It fills the inner walls of your arteries with tiny bits of fatty deposits called plaque. Talk to your doctor about your risk for heart disease. You may get tests to see if you're likely to have clogged arteries. Imaging tests can also check for damage in your blood vessels and heart.


Question: What is the link between Crohn's disease and your heart?

Answer: That means your body's immune system mistakes your own tissues for threats and attacks them, usually in your intestines. That leads to inflammation. Your doctor may call this atherosclerosis.


Question: When are chances of having a heart attack the highest if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: But they are still working to understand the link between Crohn's and heart and blood vessel disease. If a piece breaks off or grows big enough to block blood flow, you could have a heart attack or stroke.


Question: What can I do to avoid heart problems if I have crohn's disease?

Answer: Your doctor may call this atherosclerosis. Some research may show a link between flares and people with Crohn's admitted to the hospital for heart failure. Talk to your doctor about your risk for heart disease. You may get tests to see if you're likely to have clogged arteries. Imaging tests can also check for damage in your blood vessels and heart. To lower your chance of heart problems, keep your disease under control and prevent flare-ups as much as you can.


Question: Iâm trying to watch my portion sizes. Whatâs the best way to do that at restaurants?

Answer: At restaurants: Ask for half or smaller portions. Eyeball your appropriate portion, set the rest aside, and ask for a doggie bag right away. If you have dessert, share.


Question: Iâm trying to watch my portion sizes. Whatâs the best way to do that at the supermarket?

Answer: At the supermarket: Beware of mini-sized snacks -- small crackers, cookies, and pretzels. Most people end up eating more than they realize, and the calories add up. Choose foods packaged in individual serving sizes. If you like to eat ice cream out of the carton, pick up ice cream sandwiches or other individual-size servings.


Question: Iâm trying to watch my portion sizes. Whatâs the best way to do that at home?

Answer: At home: Use smaller dishes at meals. Serve food in the right portion amounts, and don't go back for seconds. Put away any leftovers in separate, portion-controlled amounts. Consider freezing the portions you likely won't eat for a while. Never eat out of the bag or carton. Don't keep platters of food on the table; you are more likely to "pick" at it or have a second serving without realizing it.


Question: Whatâs the best way to find out what a serving size looks like?

Answer: The best way to determine the amount of food in a serving is to look at the Nutrition Facts label and measure it. For example, fill a measuring cup with the proper-sized portion of vegetables, rice, etc. and then empty it onto a plate. That will help you learn what these serving sizes look like.


Question: Whatâs a good way to measure a serving size?

Answer: Instead of trying to memorize lists of ounces, cups, and tablespoons, simply compare the serving sizes of foods to familiar things. Meat, fish, or poultry is the size of a deck of cards or the size of your palm (minus the fingers).


Question: What are symptoms of vulvar vestibulitis?

Answer: This condition is also called âvestibulodyniaâ or âlocalized provoked vulvodynia.â They can be different for every woman. They may be mild and annoying, or severe enough to interfere with your life. Symptoms can be constant, or they can come and go. They include: Pain from pressure (sitting, biking, working out, tight clothes, touch) Pain from sex or using a tampon Burning or stinging Feeling raw Peeing a lot, or suddenly feeling like you have to pee Usually, itching isn't a symptom.


Question: What is vulvar vestibulitis?

Answer: Vulvar vestibulitis is a type of vulvodynia, or pain around the vulva â the sex organs outside a woman's body. The pain is in your vestibule, the part of your vulva around the opening of your vagina. It can cause redness and irritation of the skin and pain in the glands inside the skin. This condition is also called âvestibulodyniaâ or âlocalized provoked vulvodynia.â They can be different for every woman.


Question: Who can get infected with vulvar vestibulitis?

Answer: Doctors don't know, but some studies show it may be linked to the following: Human papillomavirus ( HPV) Yeast infections Bacterial infections Changes in the acidity of the vagina Detergents and soaps Spermicides and lubricants Menopause Stress Any woman can get vulvar vestibulitis. It doesn't matter if you've had sex or not or how old you are. Your risk may be higher if you have interstitial cystitis (painful bladder syndrome), endometriosis, or problems with the muscles that support their bladder, uterus, vagina, or rectum. Doctors aren't sure which comes first -- those conditions or vulvar vestibulitius.


Question: What will my dentist recommend if my child loses a baby tooth too soon?

Answer: A space maintainer is a plastic or metal device that holds open the space left by the missing tooth. Your dentist will remove it once the permanent teeth begin to erupt.


Question: How can I help my older kid to stop thumb sucking?

Answer: To help older children break the habit, you should try to determine why your child is doing it: Find out what stresses your child faces and try to correct the situation. Once the problem is gone, your child often finds it is easier to give up sucking. If this doesn't work, there are dental appliances your child can wear in the mouth to prevent sucking. These appliances are cemented to the upper teeth, sit on the roof of the mouth, and make thumb sucking harder and less pleasurable.


Question: Why does a child lose their baby teeth too soon?

Answer: Premature loss of a child's baby teeth typically occurs from tooth decay, injury, or lack of jaw space.


Question: How can thumb sucking cause dental problems?

Answer: But if thumb sucking continues beyond the age of 5, when the permanent teeth begin to come in, dental problems can occur. Depending on the frequency, intensity, and duration of the sucking, the teeth can be pushed out of alignment, causing them to protrude and create an overbite. Your child may also have difficulty with the correct pronunciation of words. In addition, the upper and lower jaws can become misaligned and the roof of the mouth might become malformed.


Question: When should I consult a speech specialist about my child's tounge thrusting?

Answer: If you notice symptoms of tongue thrusting, consult a speech pathologist. This person can develop a treatment plan that helps your child to increase the strength of the chewing muscles and develop a new swallowing pattern.


Question: How can lip sucking be a problem for my child?

Answer: Just like thumb sucking, tongue thrusting exerts pressure against the front teeth, pushing them out of alignment, which causes them to protrude, creating an overbite, and possibly interfering with proper speech development.


Question: What happens if baby bottle tooth decay is left untreated?

Answer: If left untreated, decayed teeth can cause pain and make it difficult to chew and eat. Also, baby teeth serve as "space savers" for adult teeth. If baby teeth are damaged or destroyed, they can't help guide permanent teeth into their proper position, possibly resulting in crowded or crooked permanent teeth.


Question: How do I prevent baby bottle tooth decay?

Answer: Some tips to prevent baby bottle tooth decay include: During the day, to calm or comfort your baby, don't give a bottle filled with sugary drinks or milk; instead, give plain water or a pacifier. Never dip your baby's pacifier in sugar, honey, or any sugary liquid. Give a small amount of plain water or use a pacifier instead. If your baby is nursing at night, make sure you remove your breast from your baby's mouth when she falls asleep.


Question: How can I help my kid stop thumb sucking?

Answer: Children must make the decision on their own to stop sucking their thumb or fingers before the habit will cease. To help toward this goal, parents and family members can offer encouragement and positive reinforcement. Because thumb sucking is a security mechanism, negative reinforcement (such as scolding, nagging, or punishments) are generally ineffective; they make children defensive and drive them back to the habit. Instead, give praise or rewards for time successfully avoiding the habit. For children who want to stop, cover the finger or thumb with a band-aid as a reminder.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with Peyronie's disease?

Answer: This condition causes the penis to curve abnormally. In one study, men who took daily ALC for 3 months had less pain and curving of the penis. The problem also progressed less in the men taking ALC.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: People have tried to treat many health problems using ALC, including: Alzheimer's disease.


Question: How can you get carnitine naturally from foods?

Answer: Animal-based foods are good sources of carnitine, including: Beef, 4 oz cooked - 56-162 mg Chicken, 4 oz cooked - 3-5 mg Milk, 1 cup whole - 8 mg Cheese, 2 oz cheddar - 2 mg Side effects.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with fragile X syndrome?

Answer: ALC has been used to affect certain behaviors in boys with fragile X, such as their social skills and hyperactivity, but research is mixed as to whether it really helps or not.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with alcoholism?

Answer: ALC may help reduce cravings in people who are alcoholic.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with nerve problems?

Answer: Research has linked ALC with less pain or less intense pain in people with pain from sciatica.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with high blood sugar?

Answer: Research shows that people with prediabetes had some improvement in their blood sugar levels after taking ALC for 2 months.


Question: What are the risks of taking acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC)?

Answer: People taking carnitine have reported a number of side effects, including: Diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, and vomiting Headaches Trouble sleeping Higher blood pressure Lower blood sugar and higher triglycerides (in people with diabetes) Psychosis (in people with bipolar disorder) Risks.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with depression?

Answer: Research found that ALC treatment reduced symptoms of depression in older people. It also improved dysthymia, a milder form of depression, about as well as a common medication.


Question: What is acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC)?

Answer: Carnitine helps your cells produce energy. Acetyl- L-carnitine ( ALC) is a form of carnitine that's available as a supplement.


Question: Can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) help with male infertility?

Answer: Men taking ALC in some studies had better sperm movement.


Question: How can acetyl-l-carnitine (ALC) interact with other drugs?

Answer: Check with your doctor first if you're taking blood-thinning drugs. Carnitine may increase the effects of or have other interactions with many drugs. It may also interact with a number of herbs and supplements. Avoid using this supplement with D- or DL-carnitine.


Question: Can you get selenium naturally from foods?

Answer: Good natural food sources of selenium include: Nuts, like Brazil nuts and walnuts Many fresh and saltwater fish, like tuna, cod, red snapper, and herring Beef and poultry Grains Whole foods are the best sources of selenium. The mineral may be destroyed during processing.


Question: What are the risks of taking selenium?

Answer: Group Recommended Dietary Allowance Children 1-3 20 micrograms/day Children 4-8 30 micrograms/day Children 9-13 40 micrograms/day Adults and children 14 and up 55 micrograms/day Pregnant women 60 micrograms/day Breastfeeding women 70 micrograms/day Selenium content of food is largely dependent on location and soil conditions, which vary widely. Side effects. Taken at normal doses, selenium does not usually have side effects. An overdose of selenium may cause bad breath, fever, and nausea, as well as liver, kidney and heart problems and other symptoms. At high enough levels, selenium could cause death. Interactions. Selenium may also interact with other medicines and supplements, such as some antacids, chemotherapy drugs, corticosteroids, niacin, cholesterol-lowering statin drugs, and birth control pills. Skin cancer. Selenium supplements may be associated with a risk of skin cancer (squamous cell carcinoma), so people at high risk of skin cancer should not take these supplements.


Question: Are women at higher risk for major depression?

Answer: Almost twice as many women as men have major or clinical depression; hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, miscarriage, and menopause, may increase the risk. Other factors that boost the risk of clinical depression in women who are biologically vulnerable to it include increased stress at home or at work, balancing family life with career, and caring for an aging parent. Raising a child alone will also increase the risk.


Question: Can major depression run in the family?

Answer: Major depression can sometimes occur from one generation to the next in families, but often it may affect people with no family history of the illness.


Question: What are common triggers of major depression (clinical depression)?

Answer: Some common triggers or causes of major depression include: Loss of a loved one through death, divorce, or separation Social isolation or feelings of being deprived Major life changes -- moving, graduation, job change, retirement Personal conflicts in relationships, either with a significant other or a superior Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse A health professional -- such as your primary care doctor or a psychiatrist -- will perform a thorough medical evaluation.


Question: How common is major depression among adults in the U.S.?

Answer: Those symptoms might include: Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day Feelings of worthlessness or guilt almost every day Impaired concentration, indecisiveness Insomnia or hypersomnia (excessive sleeping) almost every day Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities nearly every day (called anhedonia, this symptom can be indicated by reports from significant others) Restlessness or feeling slowed down Recurring thoughts of death or suicide Significant weight loss or gain (a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month) Major depression affects about 6.7% of the U. S. population over age 18, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Overall, between 20% and 25% of adults may suffer an episode of major depression at some point during their lifetime.


Question: If I've had an episode of major depression, can I prevent another one?

Answer: Once you have had an episode of major depression, you are at high risk of having another. The best way to prevent another episode of depression is to be aware of the triggers or causes of major depression (see above) and to continue taking the prescribed medication to avoid relapse. It is also important to know what the symptoms of major depression are and to talk with your doctor early if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: If you have cockroach allergy, what are you allergic to?

Answer: Up to 60% of people with asthma who live in cities are allergic to cockroaches.


Question: What are the symptoms of cockroach allergy?

Answer: Chronic stuffy nose Frequent ear and sinus infections Itchy eyes and nose A cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath Wheezing Chest tightness Cockroach allergy can also cause rashes.


Question: Where is cockroach allergy most common?

Answer: Due to the warmer climate, cockroach allergy is especially common in the South, particularly in low-income families. But cockroaches can invade anyone's home.


Question: How are cockroach allergies treated?

Answer: If you are allergic to cockroaches, over-the-counter antihistamines and nasal corticosteroid sprays, or prescription allergy medication will help symptoms. If you have asthma, your doctor may prescribe other pills and an inhaler. Allergy shots may also help ease your symptoms. You'll get a series of shots over several years.


Question: How can I prevent cockroaches from coming in my house?

Answer: Due to the warmer climate, cockroach allergy is especially common in the South, particularly in low-income families. But cockroaches can invade anyone's home. Keep your kitchen and dining room clean. Keep a lid on your kitchen trash. Don't leave your pet's food out in a bowl. Reduce clutter. They may eat paper, too. Boric acid may help. Make sure to keep baits away from children or pets.


Question: Who may be on your treatment team for heart failure?

Answer: Your group may include: Doctors Nurses Dietitians Exercise experts Physical and occupational therapists Mental health specialists How long your program will last depends on your needs.


Question: Do I need emotional support for my heart failure?

Answer: Support: Depression and anxiety are common for people with heart disease. Emotional and psychological support is an important part of your treatment and recovery. Your team may include a mental health specialist, or your team may refer you to support groups or classes.


Question: Can zinc nasal sprays cause loss of sense of smell?

Answer: Researchers say zinc nasal sprays cause animals to lose their sense of smell. There have been several reports of people having decreased sense of smell or completely losing it. Because of this risk, the FDA issued a warning to stop using several nasal sprays that contain zinc.


Question: What is zinc?

Answer: It has proven to be helpful for reducing the number of upper respiratory infections in children and can reduce the duration of colds in adults: Zinc is an essential mineral that's found in almost every cell, and it helps your body resist infection. It also plays an important part in tissue repair. And it may lower the ability of cold viruses to grow on or bind to the lining of your nose.


Question: Where can I find zinc?

Answer: You can buy zinc as supplement, but it's also found naturally in a number of foods, like: Shellfish Beef and other red meats Nuts and seeds Beans Milk and cheese Tea, coffee, and some medicines interfere with the way zinc is absorbed in your intestines.


Question: Can zinc help cure a cold?

Answer: Recent studies support zinc's role as a cold buster. It has proven to be helpful for reducing the number of upper respiratory infections in children and can reduce the duration of colds in adults: Zinc is an essential mineral that's found in almost every cell, and it helps your body resist infection.


Question: Does zinc work as a cold remedy?

Answer: One analysis reviewed 15 earlier studies and found that taking zinc through the first few days of a cold, either as a syrup or lozenge, may shorten how long you're sick. It also appeared to prevent colds in people who used it over the course of about 5 months. But in other studies, researchers found no differences in symptoms between those who took zinc and those who took a "dummy" pill.


Question: How are retinoids used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Retinoids, like tazarotene ( Tazorac), can help speed up the growth and shedding of skin cells. These foams, gels, or creams are made with vitamin A and come in different strengths. Typically, you put a small dab on the inflamed area and rub it in before bed.. Doctors usually don't recommend these for women who are pregnant or might get pregnant.