Question: What is a tummy tuck?

Answer: This surgery flattens the abdomen by removing extra fat and skin, and tightening muscles in your abdominal wall. It's not the same as liposuction, although you may choose to get liposuction along with a tummy tuck. This is a major surgery, so if you're considering it, you should know the facts before you decide whether to go forward. Then a tummy tuck also is not for you.


Question: What are the effects of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The effects are often different for everyone who has the disease. Some people have mild symptoms and don't need treatment. Others will have trouble getting around and doing daily tasks.


Question: What can your doctor do to help with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Your doctor can also prescribe drugs that may slow the course of the disease, prevent or treat attacks, ease your symptoms, or help you manage the stress that can come with the condition.


Question: Is there a cure for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There is no cure for MS right now, but a number of treatments can improve how you feel and keep your body working well.


Question: When do the first symptoms of multiple sclerosis start?

Answer: As a result, you may have symptoms like: Trouble walking Feeling tired Muscle weakness or spasms Blurred or double vision Numbness and tingling Sexual problems Poor bladder or bowel control Pain Depression Problems focusing or remembering The first symptoms often start between ages 20 and 40. Most people with MS have attacks, also called relapses, when the condition gets noticeably worse. They're usually followed by times of recovery when symptoms improve. For other people, the disease continues to get worse over time.


Question: Are there drugs that can slow the course of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your doctor can also prescribe drugs that may slow the course of the disease, prevent or treat attacks, ease your symptoms, or help you manage the stress that can come with the condition. Drugs that may slow your MS or help nerve damage include: Beta interferon ( Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif) Copolymer-1 ( Copaxone) Dalfampridine ( Ampyra) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Mitoxantrone ( Novantrone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Ocrelizumab ( Ocrevus) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Your doctor may give you steroids to make your MS attacks shorter and less severe.


Question: What causes multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Doctors don't know for sure what causes MS, but there are many things that seem to make the disease more likely. People with certain genes may have higher chances of getting it. Smoking also may raise the risk.


Question: What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: The damage means your brain can't send signals through your body correctly. Your nerves also don't work as they should to help you move and feel. As a result, you may have symptoms like: Trouble walking Feeling tired Muscle weakness or spasms Blurred or double vision Numbness and tingling Sexual problems Poor bladder or bowel control Pain Depression Problems focusing or remembering The first symptoms often start between ages 20 and 40.


Question: What is the outlook for multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Support groups are also great places to connect with other people living with MS. Research is giving doctors more treatment options for the condition, a better idea of what causes it, and the ability to diagnose it earlier. Stem-cell and genetic research may soon help doctors repair damaged nerves or stop the disease before it causes damage. Scientists are also looking for new ways to treat MS in clinical trials. These trials test new drugs to see if they're safe and if they work. They're often a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Ask your doctor if one of these trials might be a good fit for you.


Question: How can therapy help with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: An occupational therapist can teach you new ways to do certain tasks to make it easier to work and take care of yourself. If you have trouble getting around, a cane, walker, or braces can help you walk more easily.


Question: Is vitamin D used to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: MS happens when your immune system attacks a fatty material called myelin, which wraps around your nerve fibers to protect them. People with certain genes may have higher chances of getting it.


Question: What tests help diagnose multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There's no single test that can prove you have MS. Your doctor will use a few different ones to check you. These may include: Blood tests to rule out diseases that cause similar symptoms, like Lyme disease and AIDS. People with MS usually have specific proteins in their CSF. Tests (called evoked potentials) that measure the electrical activity in your brain.


Question: What lifestyle changes can I implement to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You can also try other drugs, like muscle relaxants, tranquilizers, or botulinum toxin ( Botox), to ease muscle spasms and treat some of the other symptoms. Get regular exercise and avoid too much heat to boost your energy. Ask your doctor about trying yoga to ease fatigue or stress. Take care of your emotional health, too. Support groups are also great places to connect with other people living with MS. Research is giving doctors more treatment options for the condition, a better idea of what causes it, and the ability to diagnose it earlier.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There's no single test that can prove you have MS. Your doctor will use a few different ones to check you. Analysis of the liquid that cushions your brain and spinal cord, called cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF). People with MS usually have specific proteins in their CSF. Tests (called evoked potentials) that measure the electrical activity in your brain.


Question: What should you remove before going into the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) room?

Answer: Remove all of these before you go into the MRI room: Cell phone Coins Dentures Eyeglasses Hearing aids Keys Underwire bra Watch Wig If you don't like enclosed spaces or you're nervous about the test, tell your doctor.


Question: What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity. This test looks at blood flow in your brain to see which areas become active when you do certain tasks. A f MRI can detect brain problems, such as the effects of a stroke, or for brain mapping if you need brain surgery for epilepsy or tumors. Your doctor can use this test to plan your treatment.


Question: What organs can a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) check?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity.


Question: What should you let your doctor know before your magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: Before your MRI, let your doctor know if you: Have any health problems, such as kidney or liver disease Recently had surgery Have any allergies to food or medicine, or if you have asthma Are pregnant, or might be pregnant No metal is allowed in the MRI room, because the magnetic field in the machine can attract metal.


Question: What happens during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test?

Answer: Before some MRIs, you'll get contrast dye into a vein in your arm or hand. This dye helps the doctor more clearly see structures inside your body. The dye often used in MRIs is called gadolinium. It can leave a metal taste in your mouth. You will lie on a table that slides into the MRI machine. Straps might be used to hold you still during the test. Your body might be completely inside the machine. Or, part of your body may stay outside the machine. The MRI machine creates a strong magnetic field inside your body. A computer takes the signals from the MRI and uses them to make a series of pictures. Each picture shows a thin slice of your body. You might hear a loud thumping or tapping sound during the test. This is the machine creating energy to take pictures inside your body. You can ask for earplugs or headphones to muffle the sound. You might feel a twitching sensation during the test. This happens as the MRI stimulates nerves in your body. It's normal, and nothing to worry about. The MRI scan should take between 20 and 90 minutes.


Question: What do your magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results mean?

Answer: Certain people with metal inside their body can't get this test, including those with: Some clips used to treat brain aneurysms Pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators Cochlear implants Certain metal coils placed in blood vessels A specially trained doctor called a radiologist will read the results of your MRI and send the report to your doctor. Your doctor will explain the meaning of your test results and what to do next.


Question: Who shouldn't get magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: Pregnant women should not get a MRI during their first trimester unless they absolutely need the test. The first trimester is when the baby's organs develop. You also shouldn't get contrast dye when you're pregnant. Don't get contrast dye if you've had an allergic reaction to it in the past or you have severe kidney disease. Certain people with metal inside their body can't get this test, including those with: Some clips used to treat brain aneurysms Pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators Cochlear implants Certain metal coils placed in blood vessels A specially trained doctor called a radiologist will read the results of your MRI and send the report to your doctor.


Question: What does a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the bones and joints look for?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity.


Question: What does a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart and blood vessels look for?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity.


Question: Why would you need magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: A MRI helps a doctor diagnose a disease or injury, and it can monitor how well you're doing with a treatment. MRIs can be done on different parts of your body.


Question: What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) is a test that uses powerful magnets, radio waves, and a computer to make detailed pictures inside your body. Your doctor can use this test to diagnose you or to see how well you've responded to treatment. Unlike X-rays and computed tomography ( CT) scans, MRIs do not use the damaging ionizing radiation of X-rays.


Question: What does magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment look like?

Answer: You lie on a table that slides all the way into the tube. In a short-bore system, you are not totally inside the MRI machine. Only the part of your body that's being scanned is inside. The rest of your body is outside the machine. An open MRI is open on all sides. This type of machine may be best if you have claustrophobia -- a fear of tight spaces -- or you're very overweight. The quality of images from some open MRI machines isn't as good as it is with a closed MRI.


Question: What causes plantar fasciitis?

Answer: You're at greater risk of plantar fasciitis if you: Are female Are 40 to 60 years old Are obese Have flat feet or high arches Have tight Achilles tendons, or âheel cordsâ Have an unusual walk or foot position Often wear high-heeled shoes Spend many hours standing each day Wear worn-out shoes with thin soles Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and check your feet to see where you're having pain.


Question: What is plantar fasciitis?

Answer: Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the thick band of tissue (also called a fascia) at the bottom of your foot that runs from your heel to your toes. Your fascia supports the muscles and arch of your foot. When it's overly stretched, you can get tiny tears in its surface. This can bring on pain and inflammation.


Question: What are hyaluronic acid joint injections?

Answer: People with arthritis get these shots to help lubricate their joints so that they work more smoothly. Your doctor can let you know if it would help you based on your symptoms and other treatments you've tried. Though the shots have been available for more than a decade, studies on how effective they are have shown mixed results. If you have osteoarthritis, your supply of synovial fluid has thinned.


Question: How does spirometry help with the diagnosis of asthma?

Answer: Spirometry. This is a simple breathing test that measures how much and how fast you can blow air out of your lungs. Airway obstruction due to asthma or COPD is quickly revealed. Spirometry can be done before and after you inhale the asthma drug albuterol, a bronchodilator. Albuterol delivered in an asthma inhaler helps open blocked airways. If the airway obstruction improves after albuterol, that indicates you have asthma or COPD.


Question: How do lung function tests help diagnose asthma?

Answer: Lung function tests (pulmonary function tests or PFTs) include several simple breathing tests to diagnose lung problems. The two most common are spirometry and methacholine challenge tests. These two tests, along with a history and physical exam, are the standards for making the diagnosis of asthma.


Question: How is chest X-ray used to diagnose asthma?

Answer: By viewing your lungs on an X-ray, your doctor can see if you have another health condition that may be causing asthma-like symptoms. Asthma may cause a small increase in the size of your lungs (called hyperinflation), but a person with asthma will usually have a normal chest X-ray. Patients with COPD will also have hyperinflation, but emphysema causes holes in lung tissue, called blebs or bullae, which are evident on a chest X-ray.


Question: How can diffusing capacity (DLCO) test help with the diagnosis of asthma?

Answer: This is a simple breathing test that measures how much and how fast you can blow air out of your lungs. The DLCO is normal in people with asthma and low in smokers who have COPD. Asthma may cause a small increase in the size of your lungs (called hyperinflation), but a person with asthma will usually have a normal chest X-ray.


Question: How can methacholine challenge test (MCT) help diagnose asthma?

Answer: Methacholine challenge test ( MCT). During this test, you inhale increasing amounts of a mist of methacholine before and after spirometry. If lung function drops by 20% or more after a low dose of methacholine, that indicates you have asthma.


Question: How do you diagnose persistent depressive disorder?

Answer: It is marked by a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years. In children and teens, moods can be irritable for at least 1 year to be called Persistent Depressive Disorder.


Question: How do you treat cyclothymic disorder?

Answer: Some people with mild symptoms of cyclothymia are able to live successful, fulfilling lives. Others find their relationships troubled by depression, impulsive actions, and strong emotions. For these people, short-term medications may bring relief. Mood stabilizers include antiseizure drugs such as lithium, Depakote, Tegretol, or Lamictal.


Question: How do you treat persistent depressive disorder?

Answer: Antidepressants , such as selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs), or tricyclic antidepressants, are often used to treat PDD. You may need to try more than one medication to find the one that works best. Doctors believe treatment for PDD is effective with a combination of antidepressants and psychotherapy. Specific kinds of talk therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT), psychodynamic psychotherapy, or interpersonal therapy ( IPT), are known to be effective forms of psychotherapy that treat PDD. Other changes may also help, including seeking social support and finding an interesting occupation.


Question: Should you get treatment for persistent depressive disorder?

Answer: Staying in a constant state of moodiness is no way to live. Another is that PDD can also increase your risk for physical diseases. If left untreated, this mood disorder can develop into more severe depression. It can also increase your risk for attempting suicide.


Question: What are symptoms of cyclothymic disorder?

Answer: PDD can occur alone or with other psychiatric or mood disorders, although not with mania or hypomania. With cyclothymic disorder, you have low-grade high periods (hypomanias) as well as brief, fleeting periods of depression that don't last as long (less than 2 weeks at a time) as in a major depressive episode. Symptoms usually appear in adolescence or young adulthood. But because symptoms are mild, it is often difficult to tell when cyclothymia begins. A diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder may result from simply describing symptoms like these: Episodes that involve brief, recurrent periods of depression and, at other times, episodes of hypomania; this pattern of episodes must be present for at least 2 years. Symptoms that persist, creating fewer than 2 symptom-free months in a row.


Question: What is persistent depressive disorder?

Answer: Although less extreme, Persistent Depressive Disorder ( PDD) causes chronic or long-lasting moodiness that ranges in severity. PDD can occur alone or with other psychiatric or mood disorders, although not with mania or hypomania. As with depression, PDD is more common in women than in men. This mood disorder tends to appear earlier than major depression, although it can begin anytime from childhood to later in life.


Question: Who gets cyclothymic disorder?

Answer: Up to 4% of the general population is affected by PDD. But know that it may take several weeks or longer to take effect. Its cause is unknown, but genetics may play a role; cyclothymia is more common in people with relatives who have bipolar disorder. Symptoms usually appear in adolescence or young adulthood. But because symptoms are mild, it is often difficult to tell when cyclothymia begins.


Question: Can cyclothymic disorder become bipolar disorder?

Answer: Persistent Depressive Disorder is a less severe form of depression. The hypomanias in cyclothymic disorder are similar to those seen in bipolar II disorder, and do not progress to full-blown manias. In some cases, cyclothymic disorder progresses to full-blown bipolar disease.


Question: What is cyclothymic disorder?

Answer: Persistent Depressive Disorder is a less severe form of depression. With cyclothymic disorder, you have low-grade high periods (hypomanias) as well as brief, fleeting periods of depression that don't last as long (less than 2 weeks at a time) as in a major depressive episode. The hypomanias in cyclothymic disorder are similar to those seen in bipolar II disorder, and do not progress to full-blown manias. For example, you may feel an exaggerated sense of productivity or power, but you don't lose connection with reality. They tend to not be as disabling as they are with bipolar disorder.


Question: What are side effects of palbociclib and ribociclib in treating breast cancer?

Answer: Common side effects include: Pain where you get the shot Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Weakness and fatigue Hot flashes Cough Muscle, joint, and bone pain Constipation Shortness of breath


Question: What are side effects of tamoxifen?

Answer: For women, the side effects of tamoxifen are similar to some of the symptoms of menopause. Two of the most common ones are hot flashes and vaginal discharge. Other problems for women may include: Vaginal dryness or itching Irregular periods Headache Nausea and vomiting Skin rash Fatigue Water retention and weight gain The side effects may be similar to menopause, but tamoxifen doesn't trigger menopause.


Question: Does tamoxifen raise the risk of cataracts?

Answer: Tamoxifen seems to give some women a higher chance of having this condition, which clouds the lens inside the eye. People have also reported eye problems such as corneal scarring or retinal changes.


Question: Can tamoxifen prevent breast cancer?

Answer: A large study by the National Cancer Institute looked at whether tamoxifen lowered cases of breast cancer in healthy women who were known to be likely to get the disease. The results of the trial showed a 50% reduction in breast cancer in the women who took the drug. Studies have also shown that tamoxifen lessens the risk of breast cancer returning in women who have had the earliest form of the disease, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS).


Question: What are goserelin (Zoladex) and leuprorelin (Lupron) used for in breast cancer patients?

Answer: There are two types of hormone therapy for breast cancer: Drugs that stop estrogen and progesterone from helping breast cancer cells grow Drugs or surgery to keep the ovaries from making the hormones Hormone therapy is different from hormone replacement therapy ( HRT), a treatment that adds hormones to the body to counter the effects of menopause.


Question: What are the side effects of palbociclib to treat breast cancer?

Answer: Common side effects include: Pain where you get the shot Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Weakness and fatigue Hot flashes Cough Muscle, joint, and bone pain Constipation Shortness of breath


Question: How does tamoxifen treat breast cancer?

Answer: Common hormone therapy drugs for breast cancer treatment include: Anastrozole ( Arimidex) Exemestane ( Aromasin) Fulvestrant ( Faslodex) Goserelin ( Zoladex) Letrozole ( Femara) Leuprorelin, leuprolide acetate ( Lupron) Megestrol ( Megace) Tamoxifen ( Nolvadex, Soltamox) Toremifene ( Fareston) Tamoxifen is a pill that doctors have prescribed for more than 30 years to treat breast cancer. It works by keeping estrogen from attaching to the cancer cells.


Question: Does tamoxifen produce side effects in men?

Answer: For men, tamoxifen can cause: Headache Nausea and vomiting Skin rash Sexual side effects like erectile dysfunction or a lower sex drive Yes.


Question: What are the side effects of goserelin (Zoladex) and leuprorelin (Lupron) for breast cancer?

Answer: Common side effects include: Pain where you get the shot Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Weakness and fatigue Hot flashes Cough Muscle, joint, and bone pain Constipation Shortness of breath


Question: Which hormones fuel some types of breast cancer?

Answer: Hormones that every woman has in her body -- estrogen and progesterone -- can be fuel for some types of breast cancer. They help the cells grow and spread. Hormone therapy, also called endocrine therapy, adds, blocks, or removes those chemicals to treat the disease.


Question: What are aromatase inhibitors?

Answer: Aromatase inhibitors: This type of hormone therapy drug keeps your body from breaking down testosterone into estrogen. They include: Anastrozole ( Arimidex) Exemestane ( Aromasin) Letrozole ( Femara) Aromatase inhibitors keep breast cancer from getting worse for longer than tamoxifen in women who have the advanced disease whose tumors rely on estrogen to grow.


Question: What are the side effects of tamoxifen as a treatment for breast cancer?

Answer: For women, the side effects of tamoxifen are similar to some of the symptoms of menopause. Two of the most common ones are hot flashes and vaginal discharge. Other problems for women may include: Vaginal dryness or itching Irregular periods Headache Nausea and vomiting Skin rash Fatigue Water retention and weight gain The side effects may be similar to menopause, but tamoxifen doesn't trigger menopause.


Question: How can tamoxifen cause high risk of blood clots?

Answer: Women who take tamoxifen may have a slightly higher risk of blood clots in their lungs or large veins. It's an even bigger risk for smokers.


Question: Does tamoxifen help if you had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

Answer: Studies have also shown that tamoxifen lessens the risk of breast cancer returning in women who have had the earliest form of the disease, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS).


Question: What are two types of hormone therapy for breast cancer?

Answer: There are two types of hormone therapy for breast cancer: Drugs that stop estrogen and progesterone from helping breast cancer cells grow Drugs or surgery to keep the ovaries from making the hormones Hormone therapy is different from hormone replacement therapy ( HRT), a treatment that adds hormones to the body to counter the effects of menopause.


Question: What are symptoms of tamoxifen for men?

Answer: For men, tamoxifen can cause: Headache Nausea and vomiting Skin rash Sexual side effects like erectile dysfunction or a lower sex drive Yes.


Question: What are the two types of hormone therapy for breast cancer?

Answer: There are two types of hormone therapy for breast cancer: Drugs that stop estrogen and progesterone from helping breast cancer cells grow Drugs or surgery to keep the ovaries from making the hormones Hormone therapy is different from hormone replacement therapy ( HRT), a treatment that adds hormones to the body to counter the effects of menopause.


Question: How can aromatase inhibitors help with treating breast cancer?

Answer: Aromatase inhibitors: This type of hormone therapy drug keeps your body from breaking down testosterone into estrogen. They include: Anastrozole ( Arimidex) Exemestane ( Aromasin) Letrozole ( Femara) Aromatase inhibitors keep breast cancer from getting worse for longer than tamoxifen in women who have the advanced disease whose tumors rely on estrogen to grow.


Question: When did doctors first use tamoxifen to treat breast cancer?

Answer: Doctors first used tamoxifen to treat women whose breast cancer had spread in their bodies because it slowed or stopped the growth of the disease. The drug also lowers the chance that some early stage breast cancers will come back. And it can lower the risk that a woman will get cancer in her other breast later on.


Question: What are common hormone therapy drugs for breast cancer?

Answer: Common hormone therapy drugs for breast cancer treatment include: Anastrozole ( Arimidex) Exemestane ( Aromasin) Fulvestrant ( Faslodex) Goserelin ( Zoladex) Letrozole ( Femara) Leuprorelin, leuprolide acetate ( Lupron) Megestrol ( Megace) Tamoxifen ( Nolvadex, Soltamox) Toremifene ( Fareston) Tamoxifen is a pill that doctors have prescribed for more than 30 years to treat breast cancer.


Question: Does tamoxifen raise the risk of uterine cancer?

Answer: But this risk is small, and it may be outweighed by the benefits of tamoxifen for breast cancer treatment. Talk to your doctor to know for sure.


Question: What are the side effects of exemestane to treat breast cancer?

Answer: Other problems for women may include: Vaginal dryness or itching Irregular periods Headache Nausea and vomiting Skin rash Fatigue Water retention and weight gain The side effects may be similar to menopause, but tamoxifen doesn't trigger menopause.


Question: How does tamoxifen affect medications in breast cancer patients?

Answer: They can change how the drug works and affect the breast cancer.


Question: Can tamoxifen affect the fertility of women using it to treat breast cancer?

Answer: But it might harm a growing baby, so it's important to use some form of barrier birth control while you're taking it, like condoms or a diaphragm. Don't use birth control pills. They can change how the drug works and affect the breast cancer. Tell your doctor right away if you think you've become pregnant while you're taking tamoxifen.


Question: What are the side effects of aromatase inhibitors to treat breast cancer?

Answer: Side effects of aromatase inhibitors include: Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea and constipation Hot flashes Headache Bone pain Severe fatigue Skin rash Swelling and water retention Flu-like symptoms Increased bone loss Fulvestrant ( Faslodex): This shot keeps estrogen from attaching to cancer cells.


Question: Who shouldn't use tamoxifen?

Answer: Tamoxifen is an option for: Treatment of the earliest form of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), along with surgery Treatment of abnormal cells in the glands that make milk, called lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS), to lessen the chance that they'll become more advanced breast cancer Treatment of breast cancer in men and women whose cancers use estrogen Treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or that comes back after treatment To prevent breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease Some people should not use tamoxifen: Pregnant women Women planning to get pregnant Men or women who've had blood clots or a stroke Talk to your doctor to see if tamoxifen is right for you. Talk to your doctor to know for sure.


Question: Who can use tamoxifen for breast cancer?

Answer: Tamoxifen is an option for: Treatment of the earliest form of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), along with surgery Treatment of abnormal cells in the glands that make milk, called lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS), to lessen the chance that they'll become more advanced breast cancer Treatment of breast cancer in men and women whose cancers use estrogen Treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or that comes back after treatment To prevent breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease Some people should not use tamoxifen: Pregnant women Women planning to get pregnant Men or women who've had blood clots or a stroke Talk to your doctor to see if tamoxifen is right for you. Studies have found that it prevents breast cancer in women who are at high risk, but with fewer side effects.


Question: What is palbociclib (Ibrance)?

Answer: They help the cells grow and spread. There are two types of hormone therapy for breast cancer: Drugs that stop estrogen and progesterone from helping breast cancer cells grow Drugs or surgery to keep the ovaries from making the hormones Hormone therapy is different from hormone replacement therapy ( HRT), a treatment that adds hormones to the body to counter the effects of menopause. Tamoxifen is an option for: Treatment of the earliest form of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), along with surgery Treatment of abnormal cells in the glands that make milk, called lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS), to lessen the chance that they'll become more advanced breast cancer Treatment of breast cancer in men and women whose cancers use estrogen Treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or that comes back after treatment To prevent breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease Some people should not use tamoxifen: Pregnant women Women planning to get pregnant Men or women who've had blood clots or a stroke Talk to your doctor to see if tamoxifen is right for you.


Question: Who gets hormone therapy for breast cancer?

Answer: If they do, it means that they depend on these hormones to grow. In that case, your doctor will probably recommend hormone therapy as part of your treatment plan. Also, if you don't have the disease but have a family history of it, or genes that raise your risk, your doctor may recommend hormone therapy to lower your chances of getting it.


Question: How can palbociclib (Ibrance) and ribociclib (Kisqali) help with treating breast cancer?

Answer: They help the cells grow and spread. Tamoxifen is an option for: Treatment of the earliest form of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), along with surgery Treatment of abnormal cells in the glands that make milk, called lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS), to lessen the chance that they'll become more advanced breast cancer Treatment of breast cancer in men and women whose cancers use estrogen Treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or that comes back after treatment To prevent breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease Some people should not use tamoxifen: Pregnant women Women planning to get pregnant Men or women who've had blood clots or a stroke Talk to your doctor to see if tamoxifen is right for you.


Question: How can fulvestrant (Faslodex) help with treating breast cancer and what are its side effects?

Answer: It works by keeping estrogen from attaching to the cancer cells. Studies have also shown that tamoxifen lessens the risk of breast cancer returning in women who have had the earliest form of the disease, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS).


Question: How can Goserelin (Zoladex) and leuprorelin (Lupron) help with treating breast cancer and what are its side effects?

Answer: There are two types of hormone therapy for breast cancer: Drugs that stop estrogen and progesterone from helping breast cancer cells grow Drugs or surgery to keep the ovaries from making the hormones Hormone therapy is different from hormone replacement therapy ( HRT), a treatment that adds hormones to the body to counter the effects of menopause. Common side effects include: Pain where you get the shot Nausea and vomiting Loss of appetite Weakness and fatigue Hot flashes Cough Muscle, joint, and bone pain Constipation Shortness of breath


Question: Why do some women take tamoxifen to help prevent breast cancer?

Answer: Tamoxifen is an option for: Treatment of the earliest form of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), along with surgery Treatment of abnormal cells in the glands that make milk, called lobular carcinoma in situ ( LCIS), to lessen the chance that they'll become more advanced breast cancer Treatment of breast cancer in men and women whose cancers use estrogen Treatment of breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or that comes back after treatment To prevent breast cancer in women at high risk for the disease Some people should not use tamoxifen: Pregnant women Women planning to get pregnant Men or women who've had blood clots or a stroke Talk to your doctor to see if tamoxifen is right for you. Studies have found that it prevents breast cancer in women who are at high risk, but with fewer side effects.


Question: Can any drug besides tamoxifen prevent breast cancer?

Answer: For women, the side effects of tamoxifen are similar to some of the symptoms of menopause. Studies have found that it prevents breast cancer in women who are at high risk, but with fewer side effects. The FDA has approved it for breast cancer prevention.


Question: How common are blood clots and strokes in breast cancer patients who take tamoxifen?

Answer: Women who are at high risk for breast cancer can take tamoxifen to try to lower their chances of getting the disease. Women who take tamoxifen may have a slightly higher risk of blood clots in their lungs or large veins. It's an even bigger risk for smokers.


Question: What is fulvestrant (Faslodex)?

Answer: It works by keeping estrogen from attaching to the cancer cells. Studies have also shown that tamoxifen lessens the risk of breast cancer returning in women who have had the earliest form of the disease, ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS).


Question: Should you call your doctor if you think your arm is broken?

Answer: Most broken arms have these symptoms: A large amount of pain and increased pain when moving the arm Swelling Maybe an obvious deformity compared to the other arm Possible open wound either from the bone puncturing the skin or from the skin being cut during the injury Decreased sensation or inability to move the limb, which may indicate nerve damage Call your doctor after an accident if these signs are present: Significant pain that is not relieved by ice and home pain medications such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Motrin) A large amount of swelling or mild deformity of the arm compared to the opposite arm Significant pain with use or limited use of the affected arm Pain in one specific part of the arm when it is pressed Your doctor may advise you to go directly to a hospital's emergency department. Place ice in a bag and leave it on the arm for 20-30 minutes at a time. Use pillows to prop your arm while in bed or sitting in a chair.


Question: Can you prevent a broken arm?

Answer: There are 2 main ways to help prevent a broken arm. Wear appropriate personal safety equipment as protection. Prevent and treat osteoporosis, the disease that causes bone loss, especially in older women. This is best done early in life by building stronger bones through a good diet and exercise.


Question: What are symptoms of a broken arm?

Answer: Most broken arms have these symptoms: A large amount of pain and increased pain when moving the arm Swelling Maybe an obvious deformity compared to the other arm Possible open wound either from the bone puncturing the skin or from the skin being cut during the injury Decreased sensation or inability to move the limb, which may indicate nerve damage Call your doctor after an accident if these signs are present: Significant pain that is not relieved by ice and home pain medications such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Motrin) A large amount of swelling or mild deformity of the arm compared to the opposite arm Significant pain with use or limited use of the affected arm Pain in one specific part of the arm when it is pressed Your doctor may advise you to go directly to a hospital's emergency department. Under the following conditions, go directly to the hospital for emergency care: Visible bone sticking out through the skin Heavy bleeding from an open wound Complete lack of movement or sensation of part of the arm Obvious deformity that looks drastically different from the usual appearance Loss of consciousness Many other injuries The initial evaluation by any physician, in the office or in the emergency department, begins with a thorough history and physical exam. An alternate approach to keep the arm from moving is to position a rolled and taped newspaper along the swollen area and to tape it in place.


Question: What should you do when you break your arm?

Answer: Do this by using a towel as a sling. Place it under the arm and then around the neck. An alternate approach to keep the arm from moving is to position a rolled and taped newspaper along the swollen area and to tape it in place. Apply ice to the injured area. Place ice in a bag and leave it on the arm for 20-30 minutes at a time. It may be helpful to place a towel around the ice bag or in between the bag and the skin to protect the skin from getting too cold. Call your doctor for increased pain, loss of sensation, or if your fingers or hand turn cold or blue.


Question: What things can I do every day to prevent heart disease?

Answer: Three ideas to try: exercise, meditate, and talk to people you trust. Work on your weight . Pass on foods that are salty, high in unhealthy fats, or fried. Pick a couple of activities that sound like fun. Up to 1 glass a day for women, and up to 2 glasses a day for men. You may have levels of blood pressure, cholesterol, or blood sugar and not realize it. Don't smoke. He'll help you focus on healthy habits.


Question: Do any foods help keep your teeth white?

Answer: Dig in to produce and calcium-rich foods: When you munch on fruits and veggies, it can help âscrubâ your teeth. Think about how clean your mouth feels after eating a fresh, crisp apple. High-calcium foods such as cheese can aid in keeping your teeth white.


Question: Can getting regular cleaning at your dentist's office help maintain white teeth?

Answer: Get regular cleanings at your dentist's office: Professional cleanings will remove plaque, which can pick up stains from what you eat and drink. Your dental hygienist can help keep teeth looking and feeling great.


Question: Are mouthwashes and rinses good for teeth whitening?

Answer: Mouthwashes and rinses: These often use a mild hydrogen peroxide solution to brighten your teeth. To give whitening mouthwashes a boost, some people rinse first, and then brush their teeth with a whitening toothpaste.


Question: Can avoiding tobacco help maintain white teeth?

Answer: Avoid tobacco: Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco can yellow your teeth. Kick tobacco, and you'll have whiter teeth as well as a healthier heart.


Question: What information can help a doctor diagnose depression?

Answer: This key information can help the doctor make an accurate diagnosis and ensure effective treatment. Before your visit, consider and record the following: Your mental and physical health concerns Symptoms you've noticed Unusual behaviors you've had Past illnesses Your family history of depression Medications you are taking now and in the past, including both prescribed and over-the-counter medications Unusual side effects of medications you are taking or have taken Natural dietary supplements you are taking Your lifestyle habits (exercise, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use) Your sleep habits Causes of stress in your life (marriage, work, social) Questions you have about depression and depression medications


Question: What are the symptoms that lead to the diagnosis of depression?

Answer: Your doctor will ask questions about the way you feel, including whether you have any symptoms of depression such as the following: Sadness or depressed mood most of the day or almost every day Loss of enjoyment in things that were once pleasurable Major change in weight (gain or loss of more than 5% of weight within a month) or appetite Insomnia or excessive sleep almost every day Physical restlessness or sense of being rundown that is noticeable by others Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness or excessive guilt almost every day Problems with concentration or making decisions almost every day Recurring thoughts of death or suicide, suicide plan, or suicide attempt To be diagnosed with major depression, you must have at least five of the symptoms listed above with at least one of the first two nearly daily for at least two weeks.


Question: Why is it difficult to diagnose depression?

Answer: Do you wonder how doctors are able to make an accurate depression diagnosis? Now, however, a doctor will make a distinction regarding the particular disorder or subtype of depression that a patient has. A depression diagnosis is often difficult to make because clinical depression can manifest in so many different ways. For example, some clinically depressed individuals seem to withdraw into a state of apathy. Others may become irritable or even agitated. Eating and sleeping patterns can be exaggerated. Observable or behavioral symptoms of clinical depression also may sometimes be minimal despite a person experiencing profound inner turmoil.


Question: What are the physical signs of depression?

Answer: Signs of depression may include the following: Appearance of preoccupation Lack of eye contact Memory loss, poor concentration, and poor abstract reasoning Pacing, hand wringing, and pulling on hair Psychomotor retardation or agitation, such as slowed speech, sighs, and long pauses Self-deprecatory manner, or belligerence and defiance (especially in adolescents) Slowed body movements, even to the extent of being motionlessness or catatonic Tearfulness or sad countenance After reviewing the information given at your appointment, including the signs and symptoms, patient history, family history, and physician exam, your doctor may ask for some lab tests to rule outa physical condition that may be causing your symptoms. Before your doctor's appointment, write down a list of concerns you may have about depression and specific symptoms of depression you might have.


Question: How does a doctor diagnose depression?

Answer: In fact, talking with the patient may be the most important diagnostic tool the doctor has. To effectively diagnose and treat depression, the doctor must hear about specific symptoms of depression. A doctor may use a series of standard questions to screen for depression. A doctor can rule out other conditions that may cause depression with a physical examination, personal interview, and lab tests.


Question: How is pink eye diagnosed?

Answer: The doctor will also observe that your eye is inflamed or red. Often, the cause can be determined from your symptoms, medical history, and the eye exam findings alone. Most of the time, treatment is started right away. If there are additional lab results, treatment may be modified based on the results of lab tests. You should also be careful about using the same cloths or drops between your two eyes so as not to transfer the infection to your other eye.


Question: How does someone prepare for an eye exam?

Answer: When you call to make an appointment for your exam, mention any vision problem you're having. Before you go, list any questions you want to ask the doctor. Also be ready to update him or her on any medicines you take and your (and your family's) eye health history. Bring your glasses and contact lenses along with the prescription with you. Also bring sunglasses for the trip home. The doctor might use eye drops to open up your pupils. This is called dilation. Your eyes will be sensitive to light afterward.


Question: Why should I see an eye doctor?

Answer: If you've had eye trouble in the past, or if you're at risk for developing it (if someone in your family had it), you should see an eye doctor every year. Why? You need to check to see if you have serious, sometimes "silent" problems that can affect your vision, like: Glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy If your child has no risk factors for eye problems, she should get her vision checked as a newborn and again at every regular health visit.


Question: How often should I get my eyes checked?

Answer: It depends in part on your age and also on your eyes and family. If you're younger than 40 and have no eye problems, your doctor might suggest you get routine tests every 2 years. Or he could tell you that you don't need any tests. Ask what he thinks is best for you. If you're 40 or older, you should get your eyes checked every 1 to 2 years.


Question: What is a visual field test when getting an eye exam?

Answer: Visual field test (perimetry): Your visual field is the area you can see in front of you without moving your eyes. Using one of three tests, the eye doctor maps what you see at the edges (periphery) of your visual field and will use this map to diagnose eye conditions.


Question: What is an eye muscle movement test in an eye checkup?

Answer: You'll probably have all or most of the following eye tests, and possibly some other ones, too: Eye muscle movement test: This checks your eyes' alignment. The doctor will watch your eyes move while you follow a target (like a finger tip or his pen) as it moves in different directions.


Question: When should my child see their eye doctor?

Answer: You need to check to see if you have serious, sometimes "silent" problems that can affect your vision, like: Glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy If your child has no risk factors for eye problems, she should get her vision checked as a newborn and again at every regular health visit. By the time she's 3, it will be easier for the doctor to assess her eyes. After the first grade, she should get eye tests every 1 to 2 years.


Question: How should I prepare for my eye exam?

Answer: When you call to make an appointment for your exam, mention any vision problem you're having. Before you go, list any questions you want to ask the doctor. Also be ready to update him or her on any medicines you take and your (and your family's) eye health history. Bring your glasses and contact lenses along with the prescription with you. Also bring sunglasses for the trip home. The doctor might use eye drops to open up your pupils. This is called dilation. Your eyes will be sensitive to light afterward.


Question: What is a cover test in an eye checkup?

Answer: Bring your glasses and contact lenses along with the prescription with you. Cover test: This tells how well your eyes work together. You'll stare at a small target some distance away. The doctor will cover and uncover each eye to observe how much your eyes move. Your doctor will also be watching for an eye that turns away from the target.


Question: What will happen during my eye exam?

Answer: The exam may last from half an hour to several hours, depending on the equipment used. It will cover your vision and your eye health. Ask family or friends who they use. Ask your family doctor for a referral. Call the ophthalmology or optometry department of a nearby hospital and ask about doctors who practice there. Contact state and county academies, associations, or societies of optometrists and ophthalmologists, and ask if they can help you. Get a list from your health plan or health insurance company.


Question: How do I know if my eyes are at risk for some sort of damage?

Answer: You need to check to see if you have serious, sometimes "silent" problems that can affect your vision, like: Glaucoma Age-related macular degeneration Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy If your child has no risk factors for eye problems, she should get her vision checked as a newborn and again at every regular health visit. If you have type 1 diabetes, get your eyes checked within 5 years of your diagnosis and every year after that. You'll need an exam ASAP if you're diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Have your eyes checked every year after that.


Question: What is anger?

Answer: Anger is a very powerful emotion that can stem from feelings of frustration, hurt, annoyance, or disappointment. It is a normal human emotion that can range from slight irritation to strong rage.


Question: What can happen if anger is supressed?

Answer: Suppressed anger can be an underlying cause of anxiety and depression. Anger that is not appropriately expressed can disrupt relationships, affect thinking and behavior patterns, and create a variety of physical problems. Chronic (long-term) anger has been linked to health issues such as high blood pressure, heart problems, headaches, skin disorders, and digestive problems. In addition, anger can be linked to problems such as crime, emotional and physical abuse, and other violent behavior.


Question: How can clinical trials help with stage I breast cancer?

Answer: Clinical trials are something else to consider. They're open to many women with stage I cancer, and they may allow you access to cutting-edge treatments. Talk to your doctor to find out more about them.


Question: How is surgery used to treat stage I breast cancer?

Answer: Surgery is standard treatment for this stage. Since the tumor is small, you may have a lumpectomy -- just the tumor and some of the tissue around it are removed. Some women get a mastectomy, in which the whole breast is removed. In either case, the surgeon will likely take out one or more lymph nodes. After a mastectomy, you might choose to have breast reconstruction surgery.


Question: How is hormone therapy used to treat stage I breast cancer?

Answer: Hormone therapy is a good option after surgery for women who have tumors that use hormones to grow, called hormone receptor-positive cancer. Medication can help prevent tumors from getting hormones. These drugs include tamoxifen for all women, and anastrozole ( Arimidex), exemestane ( Aromasin), and letrozole ( Femara) for postmenopausal women. Women who haven't reached menopause may consider having their ovaries removed to stop making hormones that help cancer grow.


Question: How is radiation therapy used to treat stage I breast cancer?

Answer: Radiation therapy can kill cancer cells that were missed. It's usually given after a lumpectomy. Women with stage I cancer who get a mastectomy sometimes need radiation, too.


Question: What are phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor bronchodilators, and what do they treat?

Answer: Newer oral drugs called phosphodiesterase-4 ( PDE-4) inhibitors have also proved to work in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD). A number of clinical trials showed the PDE-4 drug Roflumilast improved lung function when used with bronchodilator therapy. Some studies found it also led to fewer flare-ups. The FDA approved Roflumilast for bronchitis, not emphysema, but the two conditions often have similar symptoms.


Question: What are beta-agonist bronchodilators, and how do they work to treat emphysema?

Answer: Beta-agonists relax muscles around the airways. Your doctor may prescribe short-acting beta-agonists only when you need them, to control your symptoms. They start working within 3 to 5 minutes and last 4 to 6 hours. But they may cause your heart to race. They can also cause shakiness and cramping in the hands, legs, and feet. These side effects can make you feel anxious. That, in turn, can make it harder for you to breathe.


Question: How can steroids and combination medicines work to treat emphysema?

Answer: Steroids reduce swelling and mucus in your airways so you can breathe easier. Usually, you breathe them in with an inhaler. Over time, steroids can have serious side effects, including weight gain, diabetes, cataracts, high blood pressure, weakened bones, and increased risk of infection. Your doctor may recommend you use steroids along with beta-agonist or anticholinergic bronchodilators. This provides more benefits than using either drug alone. It's also easier because you have one inhaler instead of two.


Question: How can mucolytics help with treating emphysema?

Answer: These drugs help thin the mucus in your lungs so you can cough it up easier. Studies show using them can reduce flare-ups, especially if your emphysema is more severe.


Question: How can protein therapy help with treating emphysema?

Answer: Getting infusions of AAT can help slow down lung damage. It's designed for people who have severe emphysema in the upper lobes of their lungs.


Question: What are short-acting and long-acting bronchodilators, and how do they work to treat emphysema?

Answer: The short-acting drugs work faster but don't last as long. The long-acting ones don't work as fast, but they last longer. If your emphysema symptoms are mild, your doctor may recommend you take short-acting bronchodilators during flare ups. As your symptoms get worse, you may have to take daily doses of long-acting bronchodilators. If you have advanced emphysema, your doctor may prescribe a long-acting inhaled bronchodilator. They're used on a regular schedule to open your airways and keep them open.


Question: How can vaccines help with treating emphysema?

Answer: They can also prevent other problems and keep the disease from getting worse. If you have advanced emphysema, your doctor may prescribe a long-acting inhaled bronchodilator. They also suggest you get a pneumonia shot every 5 to 7 years to prevent infection.


Question: What are anticholinergic bronchodilators, and how do they work to treat emphysema?

Answer: Bronchodilators come in two forms: Anticholinergics stop the muscles around your airways from tightening. They also make it easier to clear mucus from the lungs. They start working within 3 to 5 minutes and last 4 to 6 hours. Short-acting anticholinergics start working in about 15 minutes and last 6 to 8 hours. The most common side effects of these drugs are dry mouth and difficulty peeing.


Question: What surgeries can treat serious cases of emphysema?

Answer: They include: Lung volume reduction surgery ( LVRS). In this procedure, a surgeon removes part of one or both of your lungs. Bullectomy. In rare cases, air sacs in the lungs caused by emphysema grow larger and can press against healthy parts of the lung. Lung transplants are possible for the most severe cases. Targeted lung denervation ( TLD).


Question: What new treatments may one day treat severe cases of emphysema without major surgery?

Answer: Researchers are developing ways to treat severe cases of emphysema without major surgery. The valves block airflow and mucus to those areas so the healthy areas of the lung can work better. Lung volume reduction coil treatment ( LVRC). The doctor inserts straightened nickel-titanium coils into the lungs. Broncoscopic thermal vapor ablation ( BVTA). This procedure reduces lung volume by using heated water vapor to cause scarring. Doctors place a stent, or tube, into severely diseased airways, allowing air that's trapped in the lungs to escape. It targets nerves that make your muscles contract and produce too much mucus. A small pilot study found TLD was safe.


Question: How can emphysema be treated?

Answer: Which ones your doctor recommends will depend on how severe your symptoms are. They also make it easier to clear mucus from the lungs. That, in turn, can make it harder for you to breathe.


Question: Can an automatic external defibrillator (AED) shock a person who is not in cardiac arrest?

Answer: No, the AED treats only a heart in an abnormal rhythm suitable for defibrillation. If a person is in cardiac arrest without such a rhythm, the heart will not respond to electric currents. CPR should be administered until medical help arrives.


Question: What is sudden cardiac death (SCD)?

Answer: Sudden cardiac death ( SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death caused by a lethal heart rhythm (sudden cardiac arrest). It is a leading cause of ''natural deaths'' in the U. S., causing about 295,000 adults to die each year. SCD is responsible for half of all heart disease deaths.


Question: Who can use an AED?

Answer: Most AEDs are designed to be used by non-medical people such as fire department personnel, police officers, lifeguards, flight attendants, security guards, teachers, and even family members of high-risk persons. The goal is to provide access defibrillation when needed as quickly as possible. CPR along with AEDs can dramatically increase survival rates for sudden cardiac arrest.


Question: Who can get sudden cardiac death (SCD)?

Answer: SCD occurs most frequently in adults in their mid-30s to mid-40s, and affects men twice as often as it does women. SCD is rare in children, although the exact prevalence is not known.


Question: How do you treat sudden cardiac death (SCD)?

Answer: Sudden cardiac arrest can be treated if addressed within the first few minutes. The American Heart Association promotes the following four steps, called "the chain of survival:" Early Access to Care. Quick contact with emergency care is essential. Call 911 (in most communities) or your local emergency number immediately. Early Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ( CPR). Learning CPR is the greatest gift you can give your family and friends. If performed properly (see below), CPR can help save a life until emergency medical help arrives. Early Defibrillation. In most adults, sudden cardiac death is related to ventricular fibrillation. Quick defibrillation (delivery of an electrical shock) is necessary to return the heart rhythm to a normal heartbeat. Many public places, such as malls, golf courses, and airports, have automated external defibrillators ( AEDs; see below) available for use in emergency situations. Early Advanced Care. After successful defibrillation, most patients require hospital care to treat and prevent future events. These four steps can increase survival as much as 90% if initiated within the first minutes after sudden cardiac arrest. Survival decreases by about 10% each minute longer.


Question: Can fast food and junk food affect a child's digestion?

Answer: Make sure she's eating enough fruits, grains and vegetables.


Question: When are children and infants most likely to have constipation?

Answer: There's no simple definition of normal bowel activity in children, but there are three stages when they're most likely to have problems with constipation: In infants, when you first begin the switch from formula to solid foods In toddlers, when toilet training first begins In older children, around the time they start school As a parent, there are signs of constipation to watch out for and things you can do to help your little one find relief.


Question: Can getting your child to regularly use the bathroom help with constipation?

Answer: Get your child into the habit of regular bowel movements. Have him try for at least 10 minutes two times a day. After a meal is a good time.


Question: What tests might your pediatrician do if you child's constipation is severe?

Answer: Add more fiber into your child's diet. This is a normal X-ray to check for blockage. The bowels are coated with a dye so that any problems in the rectum, the colon or the small intestine will clearly be seen on an X-ray. Rectal biopsy.


Question: After how long should you see a doctor about your child's constipation?

Answer: Your child may be constipated if he's having any of these symptoms: Abdominal pain Fewer than three bowel movements per week for children, and for babies, no bowel movement for 2 or 3 days more than usual Your child attempts to hold in his stool -- signs include making faces, crossing his legs, or twisting his body. It's usually nothing to worry about.


Question: What are signs that your child might be constipated?

Answer: Hard, dry stools that don't pass easily Stains and small stool marks in your child's underwear There are many things that can cause your child to become constipated. If your child's constipation lasts for more than 2 weeks, something else may be going on.


Question: What if I am dehydrated due to vomiting during chemotherapy?

Answer: Call your doctor if your vomiting is severe or comes back often so you can't keep anything down, or when you also have any of these symptoms: Dark urine Small amount of urine Rapid heart rate Headaches Dizziness when standing up Flushed, dry skin Coated tongue Irritability and confusion Before each treatment session, tell your health care team if you've been feeling queasy.


Question: Does cancer treatment still work if I am vomiting?

Answer: Also, your cancer drugs can't work if you've thrown them up. If vomiting continues, you may have to stop your cancer treatment temporarily. You may also need fluids through an IV to help your body reset its chemical balance and regain nutrients for energy.


Question: When should I call a doctor about vomiting from chemotherapy?

Answer: Also, your cancer drugs can't work if you've thrown them up. If vomiting continues, you may have to stop your cancer treatment temporarily. You may also need fluids through an IV to help your body reset its chemical balance and regain nutrients for energy. Call your doctor if your vomiting is severe or comes back often so you can't keep anything down, or when you also have any of these symptoms: Dark urine Small amount of urine Rapid heart rate Headaches Dizziness when standing up Flushed, dry skin Coated tongue Irritability and confusion Before each treatment session, tell your health care team if you've been feeling queasy.


Question: Should I take drugs for nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy?

Answer: Different drugs work for different people, and you may need more than one drug to get relief. Be sure to tell your doctor or nurse if you feel very queasy, have been throwing up for more than a day, or if it's so bad that you can't keep liquids down. That could lead to dehydration, which can cause serious problems if not treated.


Question: What should you do if you feel nauseous from chemotherapy?

Answer: Instead of eating three large meals every day, eat small meals, and eat more often. Nausea is often worse if your stomach is empty. Try to eat more food at a time of day when you feel less ill. Eat slowly, and chew your food completely. Choose foods that are cold or at room temperature. The smell of hot or warm foods may make you feel sicker. Avoid spicy and fatty foods, including rich and creamy sauces, because they're hard to digest. Foods that cause gas (like vegetables, beans, and soda) can make nausea worse. Rest after eating, but don't lie down. Sit up, keeping your head higher than your feet. If you feel queasy when you first wake up, keep a box of crackers on your nightstand and eat a few before getting out of bed. Or try having a high-protein snack such as lean meat or cheese before going to bed. ( Protein stays in your stomach longer than other foods.) You'll to prevent dehydration. Choose cold beverages such as water, flat soda, or flavored drink mixes. You can also suck on ice cubes and eat Popsicles to stay hydrated. Take your anti-nausea medicine on schedule. Call your doctor if your vomiting is severe or comes back often so you can't keep anything down, or when you also have any of these symptoms: Dark urine Small amount of urine Rapid heart rate Headaches Dizziness when standing up Flushed, dry skin Coated tongue Irritability and confusion Before each treatment session, tell your health care team if you've been feeling queasy.


Question: How can you cope with chemotherapy and nausea?

Answer: When they do happen, it tends to be less severe and pass more quickly than in the past. Different drugs work for different people, and you may need more than one drug to get relief. Be sure to tell your doctor or nurse if you feel very queasy, have been throwing up for more than a day, or if it's so bad that you can't keep liquids down. That could lead to dehydration, which can cause serious problems if not treated. If you vomit more than three times a day and you don't drink enough fluids, you could become dehydrated. Also, your cancer drugs can't work if you've thrown them up.


Question: What should I do if I feel nauseous during chemotherapy?

Answer: Instead of eating three large meals every day, eat small meals, and eat more often. Nausea is often worse if your stomach is empty. Try to eat more food at a time of day when you feel less ill. Eat slowly, and chew your food completely. Choose foods that are cold or at room temperature. The smell of hot or warm foods may make you feel sicker. Avoid spicy and fatty foods, including rich and creamy sauces, because they're hard to digest. Foods that cause gas (like vegetables, beans, and soda) can make nausea worse. Rest after eating, but don't lie down. Sit up, keeping your head higher than your feet. If you feel queasy when you first wake up, keep a box of crackers on your nightstand and eat a few before getting out of bed. Or try having a high-protein snack such as lean meat or cheese before going to bed. ( Protein stays in your stomach longer than other foods.) You'll to prevent dehydration. Choose cold beverages such as water, flat soda, or flavored drink mixes. You can also suck on ice cubes and eat Popsicles to stay hydrated. Take your anti-nausea medicine on schedule. Call your doctor if your vomiting is severe or comes back often so you can't keep anything down, or when you also have any of these symptoms: Dark urine Small amount of urine Rapid heart rate Headaches Dizziness when standing up Flushed, dry skin Coated tongue Irritability and confusion Before each treatment session, tell your health care team if you've been feeling queasy.


Question: Is nausea and vomiting severe with chemotherapy?

Answer: When they do happen, it tends to be less severe and pass more quickly than in the past. Also, your cancer drugs can't work if you've thrown them up.


Question: Is nausea or vomiting during chemotherapy dangerous?

Answer: If you vomit more than three times a day and you don't drink enough fluids, you could become dehydrated. You may also need fluids through an IV to help your body reset its chemical balance and regain nutrients for energy.


Question: How can anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) show up?

Answer: ALCL can show up in two ways: In the skin, it's called cutaneous ALCL. It usually grows slowly. In the lymph nodes and other organs, it's called systemic ALCL. It often spreads quickly.


Question: What causes anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL)?

Answer: Do they itch?


Question: How can anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) affect you?

Answer: ALCL is a serious illness. It can be fast growing, and it often returns. Treatments can help you fight it. Other therapies can help you feel better. Scientists are still looking for new and better ways to treat both the disease and the symptoms. When you have lymphoma, cells called lymphocytes grow out of control. These are white blood cells that usually fight infection. With ALCL, they build up in small glands called lymph nodes or in other parts of your body, like your lungs or skin.


Question: What are the stages of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL)?

Answer: These tests look to see where and how much the cancer has spread. This is called staging. It helps you and your doctor decide the right treatment. Stage I. Cancer is found in lymph nodes in only one part of the body, like the neck or groin. Stage II. Cancer is found in two or more groups of lymph nodes. All of the lymph nodes are either above or below the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle between your chest and stomach. Stage III. Cancer is found in lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm. Stage IV. ALCL has spread to other organs, such as the liver, bones, or lungs.


Question: What are the symptoms of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL)?

Answer: You may also have symptoms like: Fatigue Fever Loss of appetite Night sweats Weight loss With cutaneous ALCL, you may first notice one or more raised, red bumps on the skin that don't go away. These are tumors. They can form open sores, and they may itch. Cancer is found in lymph nodes in only one part of the body, like the neck or groin.


Question: What can you expect if you are diagnosed with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL)?

Answer: Treatments can help you fight it. Sometimes, the cancer comes back. Ask your doctor what to watch for, and listen to your body. The treatments can bring discomfort. Make sure your doctor knows how you're feeling. Take advantage of other therapies that can ease symptoms and help you feel better. A serious illness is hard for the whole family. It's natural that you will have questions, concerns, and frustrations. Find the support you need, and ask for help when you need it. Keep informed about research that's under way. You may be able to take part in a clinical trial.


Question: How can you get support if you have anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL)?

Answer: Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma ( ALCL) is a rare type of blood cancer. Find the support you need, and ask for help when you need it.


Question: When should I call my doctor about my newborn's tender belly button or penis?

Answer: If your baby's umbilical area or penis (for circumcised boys) becomes red or starts to ooze or bleed, it could be a sign of a bacterial infection, and it needs antibiotic treatment right away.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my newborn's fever?

Answer: If the baby's temperature measured in the rectum is 100.4 F or higher, she has a fever. For the first 3 months of your baby's life, take temperatures in the rectum, not in the ear, mouth, or under the armpit. Fever in newborns may be due to a serious condition such as bacterial meningitis or sepsis, a bloodstream infection. Both can be life-threatening if they aren't treated right away. Before you call, write down your child's temperature and the exact time you took it.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my newborn's breathing?

Answer: Trouble breathing.


Question: What information should I have ready when I call my newborn's doctor?

Answer: Before calling your doctor, make sure to have a pen and paper to write down any instructions he might give. You should also have the following information on hand: Her temperature Any medical problems your baby has The names and doses of any medicine your newborn takes Your baby's immunization records


Question: When should I call the doctor about my newborn's constipation?

Answer: Your newborn should have a bowel movement at least once a day during the first month. If she doesn't, call your doctor, as the baby may not be eating enough. After that, a formula-fed infant should have one at least one a day, but breastfed infants can go several days or even a week without one. If your baby is 1 month or older and is constipated (no pooping, or hard stool), you can try giving apple or pear juice (1 ounce a day for every month of life, so a 2-month-old would get 2 ounces). If that doesn't help after a day or two, call your pediatrician.


Question: When should I call my doctor about about my newborn's sleeping habits?

Answer: It's true that most newborns can sleep pretty much through anything. But if your baby won't stir even after you've undressed her or prodded her a bit, it's time to call the doctor.


Question: When should I call my doctor about how much my newborn pees?

Answer: A healthy newborn has 6 to 8 wet diapers in 24 hours after day 4 of life. If she has fewer than that, she may be dehydrated. Other signs include sunken eyes and a sunken fontanel (the soft spot on your baby's head), and no tears when crying.


Question: When should I call my doctor about my newborn's eating habits?

Answer: If your newborn refuses several feedings in a row or seems to be eating less than usual, check with your doctor.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my newborn's diarrhea?

Answer: This can be hard to notice in a newborn, especially a breastfeeding one, as she has frequent, soft stools. If you suddenly notice more frequent bowel movements (for example, several while eating) or very watery ones, it could be diarrhea. Call your pediatrician if it goes on for 6-8 diaper changes.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my newborn's vomiting?

Answer: If that doesn't help after a day or two, call your pediatrician. It could indicate an infection, gastroesophageal reflux disease, or, in rare cases, pyloric stenosis, a thickening of stomach muscles that requires surgery.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my newborn's cold?

Answer: And your little one can't tell you what's wrong. But call the doctor if your baby is so stuffed up she has trouble feeding or sleeping, if she seems especially cranky, or if nasal symptoms last longer than 10-14 days.


Question: When should I call my doctor about my newborn's diaper rash?

Answer: Fever in newborns may be due to a serious condition such as bacterial meningitis or sepsis, a bloodstream infection. A cold that doesn't get better.


Question: What medicines can affect how blood thinners for pulmonary embolism (PE) work?

Answer: You also should talk to your doctor about any other prescription or over-the-counter medicines you take. Some common ones can affect how blood thinners work, too: These include: Aspirin Cold medicines Pain medicines Sleeping pills Antibiotics You can expect to take blood thinners for at least 3 months and possibly much longer.


Question: What medication can help with treating pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Answer: They're known as âblood thinnersâ because they make it harder for your blood to clot. They don't break up a clot, but they keep it from getting bigger as your body dissolves it. When you take blood thinners, you'll need to change what you eat and drink. For example, foods rich in vitamin K, which helps your body form blood clots, may keep blood thinners from working like they should. That means you may need to eat fewer leafy green vegetables and limit fish, liver, and some kinds of vegetable oil. Ask your doctor if it's OK for you to drink alcohol while you take blood thinners.


Question: What causes pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Answer: A pulmonary embolism most often starts in your legs, in one of the veins that brings blood to your heart and lungs. This kind of serious, painful experience can leave you feeling sad or scared, especially if your recovery puts new limits on what you can do.


Question: How can pulmonary embolism (PE) affect your mental health?

Answer: It's a serious condition, and recovery can take weeks or months. You also should talk to your doctor about any other prescription or over-the-counter medicines you take.


Question: How does caffeine affect insulin sensitivity?

Answer: Caffeine may lower your insulin sensitivity. That means your cells don't react to the hormone by as much as they once did. They don't absorb as much sugar from your blood after you eat or drink. This causes your body to make more insulin, so you have higher levels after meals. If you have type 2 diabetes, your body already doesn't use insulin well. After meals, your blood sugar rises higher than normal. Caffeine may make it tougher to bring it down to a healthy point. This may lead to too-high blood sugar levels. Over time, this may raise your chance of diabetes complications, like nerve damage or heart disease.


Question: Why does caffeine affect insulin and blood sugar levels?

Answer: It can raise blood sugar and insulin levels for those with the disease. But they think it may work this way: Caffeine raises levels of certain stress hormones, like epinephrine (also called adrenaline). Epinephrine can prevent your cells from processing as much sugar. It may also keep your body from making as much insulin. It blocks a protein called adenosine. This molecule plays a big role in how much insulin your body makes. It also controls how your cells respond to it. Caffeine keeps adenosine from doing its job. It can't clear sugar from your blood as quickly. It takes a toll on your sleep. Too much caffeine can keep you awake. Lack of sleep may also lower your insulin sensitivity.


Question: How much caffeine is too much caffeine?

Answer: That's the amount in about one or two cups of brewed coffee or three or four cups of black tea. You may be able to handle more or less caffeine. People can have different reactions to the drug. Your response depends on things like your age and weight. The caffeine in a cup of java makes it tougher to control your blood sugar.


Question: How are yeast infections treated?

Answer: Yeast infection treatment depends on the specific kind of infection that is being treated. Skin yeast infections are highly treatable with medicated creams. Medicated suppositories may be used to treat yeast infections in the vagina. Thrush may be treated with a medicated mouthwash or lozenges that dissolve in the mouth. Severe infections or infections in someone with a compromised immune system may be treated with oral anti-yeast medications.


Question: How is athlete's foot treated?

Answer: Athlete's foot is treated with topical antifungal medication (a drug placed directly on the skin) in most cases. Severe cases may require oral drugs (those taken by mouth). The feet must be kept clean and dry since the fungus thrives in moist environments.


Question: How is jock itch treated?

Answer: In most cases, treatment of jock itch involves keeping the affected area clean and dry and applying topical antifungal medications. Jock itch usually responds to over-the-counter antifungal creams and sprays. However, prescription antifungal creams are sometimes necessary. During treatment of jock itch, be sure to: Wash and dry the affected area with a clean towel Apply the antifungal cream, powder, or spray as directed Change clothes -- especially underwear -- everyday Ringworm, also called tinea corporis, is not a worm, but a fungal infection of the skin.


Question: How is jock itch diagnosed?

Answer: Symptoms of jock itch include: Itching, chafing, or burning in the groin or thigh A circular, red, raised rash with elevated edges Redness in the groin or thigh Flaking, peeling, or cracking skin In most cases, jock itch can be diagnosed based on the appearance and location of the rash. If you are not certain that the condition is jock itch, contact your doctor. The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and will perform a physical exam. A microscopic exam of the scales of skin can confirm the diagnosis.


Question: How is ringworm treated?

Answer: Treatment for ringworm usually consists of antifungal medications that are applied to the skin. Many ringworm infections respond well to over-the-counter creams, including: Lamisil Micatin, Monistat- Derm Lotrimin, Mycelex Prescription topical or oral drugs can be prescribed for more severe cases of ringworm.


Question: What are the symptoms of a yeast infection?

Answer: Signs of yeast infection in skin folds include: Rash Patches that ooze clear fluid Pimple-like bumps Itching or burning Signs of yeast infection in the nail beds include: Swelling Pain Pus White or yellow nail that separates from the nail bed Signs of thrush (yeast infection of the mouth) include: White patches on tongue and inside of the cheeks Pain Signs of vaginal yeast infection include: White or yellow discharge from the vagina Itching Redness in the external area of the vagina Burning In diagnosing a yeast infection, your doctor will need to take a medical history and do a physical exam.


Question: What causes athlete's foot?

Answer: Athlete's foot is caused by a microscopic fungus that lives on dead tissue of the hair, toenails, and outer skin layers. There are at least four kinds of fungus that can cause athlete's foot. The most common of these fungi is trichophyton rubrum.


Question: What are the symptoms of jock itch?

Answer: Symptoms of jock itch include: Itching, chafing, or burning in the groin or thigh A circular, red, raised rash with elevated edges Redness in the groin or thigh Flaking, peeling, or cracking skin In most cases, jock itch can be diagnosed based on the appearance and location of the rash.


Question: What are the different types of fungal infections of the skin?

Answer: Yeast infections are not contagious.


Question: How is athlete's foot diagnosed?

Answer: Not all itchy, scaly feet have athlete's foot. If the infection doesn't respond to standard treatment for athlete's foot, your doctor may scrape the skin and examine the scales under a microscope to see if you have a different condition.


Question: Is ringworm contagious?

Answer: Ringworm can spread by direct contact with infected people or animals. It also may be spread on clothing or furniture. Heat and humidity may help to spread the infection.


Question: What are the different types of athlete's foot?

Answer: However, common symptoms include: Peeling, cracking, and scaling of the feet Redness, blisters, or softening and breaking down of the skin Itching, burning, or both Interdigital: Also called toe web infection, this is the most common kind of athlete's foot. It usually occurs between the two smallest toes. This form of athlete's foot can cause itching, burning, and scaling and the infection can spread to the sole of the foot. Moccasin: A moccasin-type infection of athlete's foot can begin with a minor irritation, dryness, itching, or scaly skin. As it develops, the skin may thicken and crack. This infection can involve the entire sole of the foot and extend onto the sides of the foot. Vesicular: This is the least common kind of athlete's foot. The condition usually begins with a sudden outbreak of fluid-filled blisters under the skin. Most often, the blisters develop on the underside of the foot. However, they also can appear between the toes, on the heel, or on the top of the foot.


Question: What is jock itch?

Answer: Jock itch, also called tinea cruris, is a common skin infection that is caused by a type of fungus called tinea. The fungus thrives in warm, moist areas of the body and as a result, infection can affect the genitals, inner thighs, and buttocks. Infections occur more frequently in the summer or in warm, wet climates. Jock itch appears as a red, itchy rash that is often ring-shaped.


Question: How is ringworm diagnosed?

Answer: A doctor can diagnose ringworm based on the appearance of the rash or reported symptoms. He or she will ask about possible exposure to people or animals with ringworm. The doctor may take skin scrapings or samples from the infected area and look at them under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.


Question: What is athlete's foot?

Answer: Fungal infections of the skin are very common and include athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm, and yeast infections. The fungus grows best in a warm, moist environment such as shoes, socks, swimming pools, locker rooms, and the floors of public showers. It is most common in the summer and in warm, humid climates. It occurs more often in people who wear tight shoes, stay in sweaty socks, and who use community baths and pools. However, common symptoms include: Peeling, cracking, and scaling of the feet Redness, blisters, or softening and breaking down of the skin Itching, burning, or both Interdigital: Also called toe web infection, this is the most common kind of athlete's foot. Jock itch, also called tinea cruris, is a common skin infection that is caused by a type of fungus called tinea.


Question: What are the symptoms of ringworm?

Answer: It is often accompanied by scaly skin. There may be more than one patch of ringworm on the skin, and patches or red rings of rash may overlap. It is possible to have ringworm without having the common red ring of rash.


Question: Is jock itch contagious?

Answer: The condition can be spread from person to person through direct contact or indirectly from objects carrying the fungus. Yeast infections are not contagious.


Question: How is athlete's foot prevented?

Answer: Athlete's foot, also called tinea pedis, is a fungal infection of the foot. Drying the feet thoroughly and using a quality foot powder can also help prevent athlete's foot.


Question: What are yeast infections?

Answer: Jock itch, also called tinea cruris, is a common skin infection that is caused by a type of fungus called tinea. They occur when yeast on the skin grows more actively and causes a red, scaling, itchy rash on the skin. Yeast infections are not contagious. Yeast infections may affect nearly any skin surface on the body, but are most likely to occur in warm, moist, creased areas including the armpits and the groin. Candida infection is especially common among people who are obese or who have diabetes. People taking antibiotics are also at risk. Candida can cause diaper rash in infants and can cause infections of the nail. Oral thrush is a form of candida infection that is found in the mouth. Candida also causes vaginal yeast infections.


Question: How are yeast infections diagnosed?

Answer: The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and will perform a physical exam. Your doctor may scrape the skin to confirm the diagnosis under a microscope.


Question: What are the symptoms of athlete's foot?

Answer: However, common symptoms include: Peeling, cracking, and scaling of the feet Redness, blisters, or softening and breaking down of the skin Itching, burning, or both Interdigital: Also called toe web infection, this is the most common kind of athlete's foot. The condition can be spread from person to person through direct contact or indirectly from objects carrying the fungus.


Question: What is plaque and why is it harmful?

Answer: Plaque develops when foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches), such as milk, soft drinks, raisins, cakes, or candy are frequently left on the teeth. Bacteria that live in the mouth thrive on these foods, producing acids as a result. Over a period of time, these acids destroy tooth enamel, resulting in tooth decay. Plaque can also develop on the tooth roots under the gum and cause breakdown of the bone supporting the tooth.


Question: Do I still need the shingles vaccine if I've never had chickenpox?

Answer: Shingrix is recommended for everyone age 50 and older, whether or not you remember having had chickenpox. If I've had shingles, can I still get the vaccine? Yes.


Question: What other prescriptions can treat shingles?

Answer: If you have severe pain after the rash clears or an infection during your shingles outbreak, your doctor might prescribe: Capsaicin cream: Be careful not to get it in your eyes. A numbing medicine: You might get lidocaine ( Lidoderm, Xylocaine) for pain. It can come in a variety of forms, such as creams, lotions, patches, powders, and sprays, among others. Antibiotics : You might need these medicines if bacteria infect your skin and rashes. But if bacteria aren't involved, then antibiotics won't help. Tricyclic antidepressants : There are many of these medications that might help ease the pain that lingers after your skin has healed, such as amitriptyline, desipramine ( Norpramin), and nortriptyline ( Aventyl, Pamelor). They may also help you with depression, if you have that in addition to shingles. Your doctor can tell you what the risks and benefits are.


Question: How are antiviral medications used to treat shingles?

Answer: They include: These medicines may slow down the progress of the shingles rash, especially if you take them within the first 72 hours of having symptoms. They can also lower your chance of having complications. Your doctor may prescribe: Acyclovir ( Zovirax) Famciclovir ( Famvir) Valacyclovir ( Valtrex) Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about side effects to watch for if you're put on one these.


Question: Who shouldn't get the shingles vaccine?

Answer: Don't get the Shingrix vaccine if: You're allergic to any of the ingredients. You have a weak immune system, either because of a condition or due to certain medicines. You're pregnant or nursing. You have tested negative for immunity to the chicken pox virus. Ask your doctor about the chicken pox vaccine instead. You have shingles now. Also, besides the conditions stated above, do not get the Zostavax vaccine if you have a weakened immune or you may become pregnant within the next 4 weeks following the shot.


Question: Should I still get the shingles vaccine if I've already had shingles?

Answer: It may help prevent you having another bout of shingles later on. If you have shingles right now, you should wait until the rash is gone before you get vaccinated.


Question: Is there a vaccine to prevent shingles?

Answer: There are two shingles vaccines. Shingrix ( RZV) is recommended over the older vaccine, Zostavax, because it is more than 90% effective in preventing a shingles outbreak Who should get it: The CDC recommends that you get this vaccine if you're 50 or older whether or not you remember having had chickenpox, because most people have been exposed to the virus. You would need two shots for Shingrix. One initially, with a follow up in 6 months. What it does: Shingrix reduces your chance of getting shingles by more than 90%. Even if you still get shingles, the vaccine may help it be less painful.


Question: What over-the-counter medications can treat shingles?

Answer: Your doctor may want to put you on medications to control your infection and speed up healing, cut inflammation, and ease your pain. They include: Acetaminophen Ibuprofen Naproxen These may also help you stave off postherpetic neuralgia, which is a burning pain that some people get after the rash and blisters of shingles go away. Your doctor can tell you what the risks and benefits are.


Question: What are the side effects of the shingles vaccine?

Answer: If you have had the Zostavax vaccine, you can also have Shingrix. What are the side effects? Don't get the Shingrix vaccine if: You're allergic to any of the ingredients.


Question: How can itching be psychological?

Answer: If your doctor can't find a physical cause, it may be in your mind. Some mental conditions give people the urge to scratch or pick at themselves. They may feel like their skin is crawling with something. There is no rash, but there may be skin damage from scratching. Compulsive scratching can be a sign of: Depression Anxiety Obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychosis Trichotillomania Learn more about skin picking disorder.


Question: Can a rash cause my skin to be dry?

Answer: If you start scratching and find a rash, it's likely the problem is in your skin.


Question: Do certain psychological disorders cause itchiness?

Answer: If your doctor can't find a physical cause, it may be in your mind. Some mental conditions give people the urge to scratch or pick at themselves. They may feel like their skin is crawling with something. There is no rash, but there may be skin damage from scratching. Compulsive scratching can be a sign of: Depression Anxiety Obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychosis Trichotillomania Learn more about skin picking disorder.


Question: How can you tell if your skin is dry?

Answer: If your skin is dry, it will let you know with an itch. It can be especially bad in the winter and in places where the air is dry. As you get older, it becomes even more common.


Question: Does pregnancy cause itchiness?

Answer: Pregnancy: More than 1 in 10 pregnant women say itching is a problem. The reasons range from harmless rashes to more serious conditions.


Question: Does hives cause itchiness?

Answer: Hives: You get them from allergies. They look like raised welts that show up alone or in clusters, and they are usually itchy. Stress, heat, exercise, or exposure to the sun can also bring them out.


Question: Do fungal and bacterial infections cause a rash?

Answer: It can happen because of: Fungal and bacterial infections like impetigo and folliculitis.


Question: Does eczema cause a rash?

Answer: Eczema or atopic dermatitis: It shows up on your skin as dry, scaly patches or a bumpy rash. It isn't clear what causes it, but it's extremely itchy. Kids are more likely to get it if their family has a history of asthma and allergies. Certain food allergies can make it worse.


Question: What medications cause itchiness?

Answer: Medications: Some may make your skin itch, even with no signs of a rash or irritation. Check with your doctor if the itch becomes too uncomfortable. These drugs are known to make you start scratching.


Question: What can I do about dry skin?

Answer: If your skin is dry, it will let you know with an itch. It can be especially bad in the winter and in places where the air is dry. As you get older, it becomes even more common. To ease the itch of dry skin: Use moisturizer after you bathe while your skin is still damp. Drink lots of fluids to stay hydrated. Use a humidifier. Make your shower quick, and don't use very hot water. Use mild soaps.


Question: Does contact dermatitis cause a rash?

Answer: Contact dermatitis: This itchy rash is caused by a reaction to something touching your skin. You may have to do some detective work to figure out where it's coming from. It could be the metals in your jewelry or the chemicals in cosmetics, toiletries, and cleaning products. Poison ivy is also a form of contact dermatitis. Stop using or wearing whatever you think might be the cause and see if the itching gets better.


Question: What serious illnesses can itching be a symptom of?

Answer: Unlikely, but Possible Itchiness usually has a simple, common cause. But in some cases, if it doesn't go away, could be a sign of a serious illness, such as: Kidney disease Liver disease Thyroid problems Certain cancers, particularly Hodgkin's disease Diabetes Iron deficiency HIV You might also start itching after the treatments for some of these illnesses.


Question: Why do I feel so itchy?

Answer: But it can also be a symptom of something more serious, like a rash or an illness. Start with the simplest solutions. Try a different fabric, take care of your skin, and avoid anything that seems to trigger the itch. If that doesn't help, ask your doctor, who will check on the cause and the treatment you need.


Question: What are the unlikely causes of itchiness?

Answer: Unlikely, but Possible Itchiness usually has a simple, common cause. But in some cases, if it doesn't go away, could be a sign of a serious illness, such as: Kidney disease Liver disease Thyroid problems Certain cancers, particularly Hodgkin's disease Diabetes Iron deficiency HIV You might also start itching after the treatments for some of these illnesses. Kidney dialysis, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have it as a side effect.


Question: Does psoriasis cause itchiness?

Answer: Psoriasis: It makes your body overproduce skin cells, which pile up in itchy, inflamed patches on the skin's surface. This is a result of an overactive immune system.


Question: Do bugs cause a rash?

Answer: Bugs: When you get bitten by a mosquito or spider, you know it. Bites from bedbugs and mites can be harder to diagnose because they look like rashes. Lice can cause a crawling sensation in your scalp or pubic hair, along with an intense itch.


Question: Is itchiness related to my nerves?

Answer: Is There a Rash? Your nervous system can get confused when it's sick and accidentally tell the nerves on the skin to start itching when there's nothing there to cause it. But your skin may appear irritated if you've been scratching a lot. You can get it from: Shingles Multiple sclerosis Stroke Brain tumor Nerve damage Is It Psychological?