Question: How do you treat liver disease in dogs?

Answer: Your dog's treatment will depend on how soon you catch the problem and what caused it. Your dog may need a special diet to make sure he's getting the nutrients and calories needed to help his liver. Supplements such as SAM- E or milk thistle may help the liver recover. Medications may help control his liver problems. You may also need to change your dog's other medications or reduce how much he takes. Surgery may be an option for dogs with tumors or cysts.


Question: What should I expect during pericardiocentesis?

Answer: You will get a mild sedative to relax you, but you will be conscious during the procedure. An IV (intravenous) line is inserted into your hand or arm in case fluids or medications are needed. The doctor will use a local anesthetic to numb an area on your chest. A needle will be inserted, and then a catheter (a thin plastic tube) will be threaded into the sac around your heart. The doctor may use an X-ray or echocardiogram machine to make sure the catheter is in the right spot. The doctor will then drain the fluid around your heart.


Question: Why is pericardiocentesis performed?

Answer: Your doctor uses it to: Find out if the fluid around your heart is caused by problems such as infection or cancer Relieve symptoms, like shortness of breath, that are caused by the fluid around your heart Your doctor or nurse will tell you what you can and can't eat or drink before it.


Question: What should I expect after having pericardiocentesis?

Answer: Your doctor will monitor you for several hours. If the operation isn't successful, more procedures may be needed to drain fluid from around the heart or to thin out the pericardium to relieve pressure.


Question: What are the risks of pericardiocentesis?

Answer: Pericardiocentesis, also called a pericardial tap, is a procedure in which a needle and catheter remove fluid from the pericardium, the sac around your heart. But he procedure may: Bring on an irregular heart rhythm Cause cardiac arrest Cause a heart attack Puncture the heart, liver, lung, or stomach


Question: What is mutation testing for gastrointestinal-stromal tumors?

Answer: At this time, mutation testing is recommended for everyone with GIST. Testing for the Kit mutation will be positive in 87% of cases of GIST. Testing for the PDGFRA genetic mutation will be positive in 4% of GIST cases. How is this cancer staged?


Question: What does surgery for a gastrointestinal-stromal tumor consist of?

Answer: The primary treatment of GIST is surgery to remove the tumor, if possible (85% of the time). Surgery is recommended for any tumor over 2 cm in size. The actual surgical procedure will differ depending on where the tumor is located. It may be done using laparoscopic or open surgical techniques. The surgeon will remove the tumor and a small area of tissue surrounding the tumor, taking care not to rupture the tumor, which would cause cancer cells to spill into the abdomen.


Question: What other treatment options are available for a gastrointestinal-stromal tumor if Imatinib (Gleevec) can't be used?

Answer: If you can't take Gleevec or become resistant to it over time, another drug called sunitinib ( Sutent) is available. The drug regorafenib ( Stivarga) is used to treat patients who have tumors that cannot be surgically removed and no longer respond to Gleevec or Sutent. Other drugs such as sorafenib ( Nexavar), dasatinib ( Sprycel), and nilotinib ( Tasigna) are currently under study for GIST. Research has found that chemotherapy and radiation are not effective in the treatment of GIST.


Question: How do I know if gastrointestinal-stromal tumor cancer will return after treatment?

Answer: It's difficult to predict if GIST cancer will return. Based on tumor size and how fast it is growing, the tumor will be categorized as low, intermediate, or high risk. The location of the primary tumor also plays a role in the risk of tumor recurrence. Tumors in the stomach are less aggressive than tumors that develop elsewhere in the GI tract.


Question: What causes gastrointestinal-stromal tumors?

Answer: GIST is caused by a genetic mutation, an error in the normal order of genes. In most cases, the mutation is to a gene that directs the cells to make a protein (called KIT or CD117) that causes the cells to grow and divide. In this case, the gene mutation causes the ICC cells to grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner, leading to a tumor. Risk factors for GIST include certain inherited gene mutations.


Question: What factors determine the stage of gastrointestinal-stromal tumors?

Answer: Doctors use staging to determine the extent of a malignancy. These three factors determine staging: The size and location of the tumor Whether or not cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other organs How fast the cells are growing The chart below shows how letters and numbers are used to identify your cancer stage.


Question: What specialists should I see for a gastrointestinal-stromal tumor?

Answer: Because GIST is rare and can be unpredictable, choosing the correct doctor is an important decision. There are a limited number of doctors and medical centers experienced in treating GIST. Talk to your doctor about finding a doctor who is skilled in GIST treatment. In most cases, a team of experts is assembled to treat you. These medical experts include: A cancer specialist (oncologist) A doctor specializing in treatment of the GI tract (gastroenterologist) A surgeon Take an active role in your treatment and work closely with the medical team.


Question: Which drinks help keep your mouth healthy?

Answer: The best food choices for the health of your mouth include cheeses, chicken or other meats, nuts, and milk.


Question: Which foods are bad for your mouth?

Answer: Poor food choices include candy -- such as lollipops, hard candies, and mints -- cookies, cakes, pies, breads, muffins, potato chips, pretzels, french fries, bananas, raisins, and other dried fruits. These foods contain large amounts of sugar and/or can stick to teeth, providing a fuel source for bacteria.


Question: What are some basic tips for teeth and gum care?

Answer: Use a fluoride-containing toothpaste. Floss at least once a day. Use a mouth rinse daily. Visit your dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings -- typically twice a year. Eat a variety of foods to maintain overall health. Eat fewer foods containing sugars and starches between meals.


Question: Which foods help keep your mouth healthy?

Answer: The best food choices for the health of your mouth include cheeses, chicken or other meats, nuts, and milk. These foods are thought to protect tooth enamel by providing the calcium and phosphorus needed to remineralize teeth (a natural process by which minerals are redeposited in tooth enamel after being removed by acids). For those people that are lactose intolerant and cannot ingest milk products, green vegetables such as broccoli and spinach are high in calcium. Other food choices include firm/crunchy fruits (for example, apples and pears) and vegetables.


Question: When should I call the doctor about nocturnal back pain?

Answer: Other "red flags" include: Back pain that spreads down one or both legs Weakness, numbness, or tingling in legs New problems with bowel or bladder control Pain or throbbing in your abdomen Fever Spots warm to the touch Unexplained weight loss History of cancer History of a suppressed immune system History of trauma If one or more of these symptoms accompanies back pain -- especially if you have a history of cancer -- see your doctor right away. It's also important to call the doctor if your back pain is the result of a recent injury. It's important to note that it's rare that nighttime back pain is caused by a tumor, infection, or AS.


Question: What is nighttime back pain?

Answer: The majority of people with back pain are able to adjust how they sleep to get relief from the pain they experience during the day. But with nighttime back pain -- also called nocturnal back pain -- the hurting doesn't stop when a person lies down, no matter what adjustments he or she makes. For some, the pain actually gets worse. But then at night, he or she might find it nearly impossible to get a full night's sleep.


Question: What should I know about nighttime back pain?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } In the U. S., up to 80% of the population experiences some form of low back pain at some time in their lives. It's the second most common reason people see their doctor. But as debilitating as back pain can be, most instances of it are manageable, and people who get adequate rest and proper exercise often see improvement within a matter of weeks. With nighttime back pain, however, people can't get the rest they need because they can't get relief from their pain. It could be a primary tumor, one that originates in the spine, or it could be a metastatic tumor, one that results from cancer that started elsewhere in the body and then spread to the spine.


Question: How can I avoid germs at the park?

Answer: Steer clear of sandboxes. They attract cats and other animals. Cat droppings can carry bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Keep away from stray dogs. Up to 20% of dog bites lead to infection. Dog droppings can carry bacteria and parasites like hookworms. Avoid any wild animals, such as raccoons, squirrels, or prairie dogs. They can carry germs that lead to infections. Have your child wash his hands after the visit.


Question: How can I keep my child away from germs at the petting zoo?

Answer: Taking your toddler to a petting zoo or the county fair animal exhibit can be fun and educational. Besides supervising your children, here are some tips to reduce your child's exposure to germs around the animals. Find the hand washing stations as soon as you get there. And make liberal use of the sanitizer dispensers. Don't take food or drink in with the animals. Leave strollers, pacifiers, and cups outside, too. Don't let an animal lick your child. Wash your toddler's hands when you leave, even if he didn't pet an animal. Don't try samples of raw, unpasteurized milk.


Question: How can I keep my child from getting infections from our cat?

Answer: Don't feed the dog in the kitchen. Keep your child away from the litter box. If your child is old enough to change the litter box, teach proper habits and ensure good hand washing after the chore. Pick a spot in the house besides the bedroom for the cats to sleep. Most pediatricians suggest that you don't sleep with your cats. Don't let the cat lick your child's face or skin, especially open wounds. Teach your child to wash her hands after petting the cats.


Question: How do keep my child from getting germs from our dog?

Answer: Teach your child to respect the dog by not pulling his hair or hitting him. If the dog gets upset and nips or bites, germs in his saliva can cause a potentially serious skin infection. But dry dog foods, dog treats, and the water bowl can carry germs. Put them where your child can't reach or have him wash his hands after handling them. Don't feed the dog in the kitchen. Be sure your toddler doesn't grab the dog's toys and put them in his mouth. Get the dog his own bed. Teach your child to wash his hands after petting the dog.


Question: What will a doctor need to know before diagnosing ADHD?

Answer: The tests include: A medical and social history of both the child and the family.


Question: How often should dosage of stimulant medication for ADHD be monitored?

Answer: A doctor needs to monitor the dosage of the stimulant medication closely, both to determine the most effective level of drug and to watch for any side effects.


Question: What physical examinations will be done before an ADHD diagnosis?

Answer: A physical exam and neurological assessment that includes screenings of vision , hearing, and verbal and motor skills. More tests may be given if there is a possibility that hyperactivity is related to some other physical problem.


Question: What are the more serious side effects of stimulant medication for ADHD?

Answer: However, in rare cases, stimulants can have more serious side effects. For instance, some are linked to a higher risk of heart problems and sudden death in children with preexisting heart disease. They may also worsen psychiatric conditions like depression or anxiety or cause a psychotic reaction in some individuals. Before your kids start taking an ADHD medicine, talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits.


Question: What are lifestyle tips for the treatment of ADHD?

Answer: These tips may help your child -- and you: Join a support group. Organizations include Children and Adults with Attention- Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder ( CHADD). Boost your child's self-esteem. Because a child with ADHD may have difficulty processing directions and other information, he or she is apt to be bombarded with corrections, leaving him with a low opinion of himself. Do whatever you can to boost your child's self-esteem. Praise and reward good behavior promptly. Be consistent with discipline, and make sure other caregivers follow your methods. Make instructions simple and specific (" Brush your teeth. Now, get dressed. "), instead of general (" Get ready for school."). Encourage your child's special strengths, particularly in sports and out-of-school activities. Set and follow routines for meals, bedtime, play, and other activities. Make time for play and exercise -- outside in a natural setting if possible. Don't let homework or screen time monopolize all of your child's time after school. Simplify your child's room to minimize distractions, such as toys and improve organization.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose ADHD?

Answer: The tests include: A medical and social history of both the child and the family. A physical exam and neurological assessment that includes screenings of vision , hearing, and verbal and motor skills. More tests may be given if there is a possibility that hyperactivity is related to some other physical problem. An evaluation of intelligence, aptitude, personality traits, or processing skills. These evaluations are often done with input from the parents and teachers if the child is of school age. A scan, called the Neuropsychiatric EEG- Based Assessment Aid ( NEBA) System, that measures theta and beta brain waves. The theta/beta ratio has been shown to be higher in children and adolescents with ADHD than in children without it. The most effective treatment for ADHD is thought to be a combination of medication and psychological and behavioral therapies.


Question: What other drugs are used to treat ADHD?

Answer: In some cases, doctors may try prescribing other antidepressant medications, such as drugs called SSRIs, bupropion ( Wellbutrin), venlafaxine ( Effexor) or others.


Question: How is ADHD diagnosed?

Answer: There is no single test for ADHD. Doctors diagnose ADHD in children and teens after discussing symptoms at length with the child, parents, and teachers and observing the child's behaviors. The doctor will also gather information about any similar problems that run in the family and consider all possible causes.


Question: How is psychological therapy used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Of the psychological therapies, behavior modification may be the most commonly recommended for children. It can be quite effective, particularly if the therapist helps parents learn techniques to help the child's behavior. It is often combined with specific educational interventions, such as help with learning skills. Psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy is a valuable option, particularly if the child has low self-esteem, depression or anxiety.


Question: What is the test for ADHD?

Answer: There is no single test for ADHD. Doctors diagnose ADHD in children and teens after discussing symptoms at length with the child, parents, and teachers and observing the child's behaviors. The doctor will also gather information about any similar problems that run in the family and consider all possible causes. To confirm a diagnosis of ADHD or learning differences, a battery of tests may be given to assess a child's neurological and psychological status. The tests should be given by a pediatrician or mental health provider with experience in diagnosing and treating ADHD .


Question: What psychological therapy is recommended for ADHD?

Answer: Of the psychological therapies, behavior modification may be the most commonly recommended for children. It can be quite effective, particularly if the therapist helps parents learn techniques to help the child's behavior. It is often combined with specific educational interventions, such as help with learning skills. Psychotherapy, including cognitive behavioral therapy is a valuable option, particularly if the child has low self-esteem, depression or anxiety.


Question: What skill evaluations will be done before an ADHD diagnosis?

Answer: An evaluation of intelligence, aptitude, personality traits, or processing skills. These evaluations are often done with input from the parents and teachers if the child is of school age.


Question: Is stimulant medication for ADHD effective?

Answer: Although there is considerable controversy about their possible overuse, stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for treating ADHD. Stimulants often decrease hyperactivity and improve concentration.


Question: How often do stimulant medications need to be taken?

Answer: The newest formulations allow children to take the medicine only once a day.


Question: What are the non-stimulant medications used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Atomoxetine ( Strattera ) and clonidine ( Catapres and Kapvay) are two non-stimulant drugs for ADHD. Another drug similar to clonidine, approved for children aged 6 to 17, is guanfacine ( Intuniv), which uses the same active ingredient as guanfacine hydrochloride ( Tenex), ablood pressuremedicine that has been used as an ADHD treatment.


Question: Do non-stimulant medications for ADHD have side effects?

Answer: Of course, these drugs have their own side effects and risks, and your doctor will want to watch for problems. In 2005, the FDA issued a public health advisory about rare reports of suicidal thinking in children and adolescents taking Strattera.


Question: What are the common side effects of stimulant medication for ADHD?

Answer: Generally, most side effects of stimulants are mild and may include decreased appetite, stomach aches, sleep problems, headaches , and an increase in anxiety .


Question: What are some lifestyle tips I can use to improve my child's life with ADHD?

Answer: These tips may help your child -- and you: Join a support group. Do whatever you can to boost your child's self-esteem. Praise and reward good behavior promptly. Be consistent with discipline, and make sure other caregivers follow your methods. Make instructions simple and specific (" Brush your teeth. Encourage your child's special strengths, particularly in sports and out-of-school activities. Set and follow routines for meals, bedtime, play, and other activities. Make time for play and exercise -- outside in a natural setting if possible. Simplify your child's room to minimize distractions, such as toys and improve organization.


Question: Are any medications other than stimulants and non-stimulants used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Non-stimulants. In some cases, doctors may try prescribing other antidepressant medications, such as drugs called SSRIs, bupropion ( Wellbutrin), venlafaxine ( Effexor) or others.


Question: What is the best kind of treatment for ADHD?

Answer: Close cooperation among therapists, doctors, teachers, and parents is very important, and team meetings help. Of the psychological therapies, behavior modification may be the most commonly recommended for children.


Question: How are stimulants used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Although there is considerable controversy about their possible overuse, stimulants are the most commonly prescribed medications for treating ADHD. Stimulants often decrease hyperactivity and improve concentration. A doctor needs to monitor the dosage of the stimulant medication closely, both to determine the most effective level of drug and to watch for any side effects. Generally, most side effects of stimulants are mild and may include decreased appetite, stomach aches, sleep problems, headaches , and an increase in anxiety . However, in rare cases, stimulants can have more serious side effects. For instance, some are linked to a higher risk of heart problems and sudden death in children with preexisting heart disease. They may also worsen psychiatric conditions like depression or anxiety or cause a psychotic reaction in some individuals. Before your kids start taking an ADHD medicine, talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits.


Question: What are the treatments for ADHD?

Answer: Doctors diagnose ADHD in children and teens after discussing symptoms at length with the child, parents, and teachers and observing the child's behaviors. Of the psychological therapies, behavior modification may be the most commonly recommended for children.


Question: Can tamoxifen or birth control pills cause endometrial cancer?

Answer: Postmenopausal women have a high risk for endometrial cancer if they: Got their first period early Went through menopause late Are obese Have diabetes or high blood pressure Have few or no children Have a history of infertility, irregular periods, or abnormal cells in the endometrium (called endometrial hyperplasia) Have a family history of endometrial, colorectal, or breast cancer Women taking the drug tamoxifen to treat or prevent breast cancer have a slightly higher risk of endometrial cancer. But women who have taken birth control pills are only half as likely to have endometrial cancer after menopause.


Question: Am I at risk for endometrial cancer?

Answer: More than 95% of endometrial cancer happens in women over 40. Postmenopausal women have a high risk for endometrial cancer if they: Got their first period early Went through menopause late Are obese Have diabetes or high blood pressure Have few or no children Have a history of infertility, irregular periods, or abnormal cells in the endometrium (called endometrial hyperplasia) Have a family history of endometrial, colorectal, or breast cancer Women taking the drug tamoxifen to treat or prevent breast cancer have a slightly higher risk of endometrial cancer.


Question: Do high-fat diets cause endometrial cancer?

Answer: High-fat diets, especially containing red meat, can increase the risk of cancer, including endometrial and colon cancer.


Question: What is endometrial cancer?

Answer: Most cancers of the uterus are endometrial cancer. If left untreated, endometrial cancer can spread to the bladder or rectum, or it can spread to the vagina, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and more distant organs. Fortunately, endometrial cancer grows slowly and, with regular checkups, is usually found before spreading very far.


Question: Can endometrial cancer be prevented?

Answer: Most endometrial cancer cannot be prevented. But there are certain things a woman can do to lower her risk. Taking birth control lowers the risk, but first talk with a doctor about possible pros and cons. Being healthy, eating well, and watching your weight may help lower the risk.


Question: Can endometrial cancer spread?

Answer: If left untreated, endometrial cancer can spread to the bladder or rectum, or it can spread to the vagina, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and more distant organs. Fortunately, endometrial cancer grows slowly and, with regular checkups, is usually found before spreading very far.


Question: Do ovarian tumors lead to endometrial cancer?

Answer: Rare ovarian tumors can make estrogen and increase a woman's chance of having endometrial cancer.


Question: How do I pay for weight loss surgery?

Answer: Contact your insurance company to ask what it covers and what it requires. Many insurance companies want to know what you've done to try to lose weight before surgery. Paying for weight loss surgery yourself is very expensive. A typical weight loss operation can run from $15,000 to $25,000 on average. There may be financing options; check the terms carefully so you know what you're getting into.


Question: What can you expect when taking a narcotic for arthritis pain?

Answer: When you take narcotic drugs, you also run the risk of developing a tolerance to the drugs. That means you need more and more of the drugs in order to get the same effect. You also run the risk of becoming dependent or even addicted. In addition, narcotic drugs can cause side effects such as constipation, drowsiness, dry mouth, and difficulty urinating.


Question: What should you keep in mind when taking a narcotic for arthritis pain?

Answer: They include: buprenorphine transdermal patch ( Butrans) fentanyl transdermal patch ( Duragesic) hydrocodone ( Hysingla, Zohydro) hydromorphone ( Dilaudid, Exalgo) methadone ( Dolophine, Methadose) morphine ( Arymo, Kadian, MS Contin, Morphabond) oxycodone ( Oxaydo, Oxy Contin, Xtampza, Xartemis) Oxymorphone ( Opana) Roxy Bond Tapentadol ( Nucynta) Tramadol ( Conzip) Troxyca ER Vantrela ER If you're taking a narcotic for arthritis pain, keep in mind that alcohol and drugs containing acetaminophen or Tylenol don't mix. The combination can greatly increase your risk of severe liver damage.


Question: How do narcotics relieve arthritis pain?

Answer: Narcotic drugs work on pain receptors in the brain to relieve pain. If you have pain that isn't relieved by a narcotic drug or NSAID alone, speak to your doctor about combining the two. In some cases, an NSAID/narcotic combination may relieve pain better than either alone.


Question: What is pulmonary hypertension?

Answer: Pulmonary hypertension: High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries.


Question: What is coronary artery bypass graft?

Answer: Coronary artery bypass graft: If your coronary artery disease results from heart failure, a doctor can take arteries or veins (called grafts) from other parts of your body to reroute blood flow around blocked heart arteries.


Question: What is carotid artery disease?

Answer: Carotid artery disease: A progressive disease that involves the buildup of plaque in your carotid arteries. It can lead to a stroke.


Question: What is atherosclerosis

Answer: Atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"): Plaque builds up inside your arteries and can lead to coronary artery disease and other problems.


Question: What is commissurotomy?

Answer: Commissurotomy: A surgical procedure that helps open blocked or defective heart valves.


Question: What is the definition of carotid artery disease?

Answer: Carotid artery disease: A progressive disease that involves the buildup of plaque in your carotid arteries. It can lead to a stroke.


Question: What is the definition of atherectomy (directional coronary atherectomy, or DCA)?

Answer: Atherectomy (directional coronary atherectomy, or DCA): A procedure used to clean out clogged arteries. The doctor inserts a catheter with a balloon on one end into a narrowed artery. The balloon is inflated to unclog the artery. A blade inside the catheter rotates to shave off any plaque. The shavings are caught inside the catheter and removed.


Question: What is a myocardial biopsy?

Answer: Myocardial biopsy (cardiac biopsy): When your doctor cuts out a tiny piece of heart muscle tissue for analysis.


Question: What is congestive heart failure?

Answer: Congestive heart failure ( CHF or heart failure): A chronic condition in which your heart muscle weakens and can't pump enough blood through your body.


Question: What is valvuloplasty

Answer: Valvuloplasty: This procedure improves valve function by reshaping the heart valve.


Question: What is angina?

Answer: Angina (also called angina pectoris): Discomfort or pressure, usually in the chest. It's a temporary feeling that happens when your heart muscle doesn't get enough blood. You may also feel pain in your neck, jaw, or arms.


Question: What is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator?

Answer: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD): An implant that monitors your heart rate and rhythm. When it finds a very fast, abnormal rhythm, it gives the heart muscle an electrical shock so it can beat in a normal rhythm again.


Question: What is a heart-lung bypass machine?

Answer: Heart-lung bypass machine: It puts oxygen into your blood and helps it move through your body during open-heart surgery.


Question: What is cardioversion

Answer: Cardioversion: A procedure used to return an irregular heart rhythm to normal through an electric shock or drugs. It can be used in emergencies.


Question: What is a pacemaker?

Answer: Pacemaker: A small electronic device implanted under your skin. It sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to regulate your heart rhythm.


Question: What is cardiac arrest?

Answer: Cardiac arrest: When your heart's electrical system malfunctions and it stops beating. It's not the same thing as a heart attack.


Question: What is a stroke?

Answer: Stroke: A sudden loss of brain function caused by less blood flow to part of your brain. Causes include blood clots in the brain and bleeding into the brain.


Question: What is a stent?

Answer: Stent: A small tube your doctor puts in during an angioplasty to keep the coronary artery open for blood flow. Permanent stents are made of metal mesh, while others are designed to dissolve.


Question: What is an aneurysm?

Answer: Aneurysm: A sac formed by a bulging blood vessel wall or heart tissue. If it gets too large, it can rupture. The bleeding can be life-threatening. Large aneurysms should be treated.


Question: What is the definition of aneurysm?

Answer: Aneurysm: A sac formed by a bulging blood vessel wall or heart tissue. If it gets too large, it can rupture. The bleeding can be life-threatening. Large aneurysms should be treated.


Question: What is the definition of angina or angina pectoris?

Answer: Angina (also called angina pectoris): Discomfort or pressure, usually in the chest. It's a temporary feeling that happens when your heart muscle doesn't get enough blood. You may also feel pain in your neck, jaw, or arms.


Question: What is the definition of ischemia?

Answer: Ischemia: When you don't get enough oxygen-rich blood to an organ to keep it healthy. When it happens to your heart, it can cause chest pain.


Question: What is the definition of mitral stenosis?

Answer: Mitral stenosis: When your mitral valve narrows and prevents the easy flow of blood.


Question: What is the definition of cardioversion?

Answer: Cardioversion: A procedure used to return an irregular heart rhythm to normal through an electric shock or drugs. It can be used in emergencies.


Question: What is the definition of vasodilator?

Answer: Vasodilator: A type of drug that relaxes and dilates blood vessels, allowing more blood flow.


Question: What is the definition of aortic valve replacement?

Answer: Aortic valve replacement: A diseased aortic valve can become either too narrow or leaky. In those cases, the doctor will replace it.


Question: What is the definition of myocarditis?

Answer: Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle).


Question: What is the definition of inotropic medication?

Answer: Inotropic medication: A drug used to strengthen your heart's contractions and improve blood circulation.


Question: What is the definition of immunosuppressants?

Answer: Immunosuppressants: Drugs that keep your body's immune system from rejecting a transplanted organ, like a heart.


Question: What is the definition of angioplasty or balloon angioplasty?

Answer: Angioplasty/balloon angioplasty: A blocked artery treatment. The doctor places a special balloon catheter where the artery narrows, then inflates it to help increase blood flow to your heart. He'll probably place a device called a stent in there to help keep the artery open.


Question: What is the definition of heart block?

Answer: Heart block: When your heart can't beat the way it should because electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are out of whack. Severe cases may require a pacemaker.


Question: What is the definition of angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors?

Answer: Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors ( ARNIs): Drugs used to treat heart failure. They ease the strain on the heart muscle.


Question: What is the definition of defibrillator?

Answer: Defibrillator: A machine that gives your heart an electric shock to re-establish a normal heart rhythm. It's used in cardiac arrest.


Question: What is the definition of valvuloplasty?

Answer: Valvuloplasty: This procedure improves valve function by reshaping the heart valve.


Question: What is the definition of myocardial biopsy?

Answer: Myocardial biopsy (cardiac biopsy): When your doctor cuts out a tiny piece of heart muscle tissue for analysis.


Question: What is ischemia?

Answer: Ischemia: When you don't get enough oxygen-rich blood to an organ to keep it healthy. When it happens to your heart, it can cause chest pain.


Question: What is a beta-blocker?

Answer: Beta-blocker: A drug that slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina. It protects you from future heart attacks if you've already had one.


Question: What is a heart block?

Answer: Heart block: When your heart can't beat the way it should because electrical signals between the atria and ventricles are out of whack. Severe cases may require a pacemaker.


Question: What is cardiac ablation?

Answer: Ablation: Removing or destroying tissue. Cardiac ablation can treat atrial fibrillation, a type of irregular heart rhythm that sometimes leads to heart failure.


Question: What is minimally invasive heart surgery?

Answer: Minimally invasive heart surgery: In this technique, your doctor makes small cuts on the side of your chest, rather than in the middle. It leaves your breastbone intact, so you may heal and recover quicker.


Question: What is ventricular fibrillation?

Answer: Ventricular fibrillation: An erratic, disorganized firing of impulses from the ventricles, so they're unable to contract or pump blood to the body. This is a medical emergency that must be treated with CPR and defibrillation.


Question: What is a mechanical valve?

Answer: Mechanical valve: It replaces a diseased heart valve. If you get one, you'll take blood thinners to prevent blood clots.


Question: What is a heart attack?

Answer: Heart attack (myocardial infarction): Permanent damage to your heart muscle. It happens when a blocked artery leads to a lack of blood supply.


Question: What is transient ischemic attack?

Answer: Transient ischemic attack ( TIA): A stroke-like event that can last minutes or hours. It happens when your brain can't get oxygen-rich blood. The effects wear off, usually with no permanent damage, after blood flow resumes. It can be a warning sign of stroke.


Question: What is atrial fibrillation

Answer: Atrial fibrillation ( AF or AFib): An irregular heart rhythm. The upper chambers (atria) of the heart quiver and don't empty into the lower chambers (ventricles) completely.


Question: What is a multigated acquisition scan?

Answer: Multigated acquisition scan ( MUGA scan): A test used to tell how well your heart pumps.


Question: What is ventricular tachycardia?

Answer: Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid, life-threatening rhythm that starts in the heart's lower chambers. It prevents your heart from filling with blood, and less blood is able to pump through the body.


Question: What is an intra-aortic balloon pump assist device?

Answer: Intra-aortic balloon pump assist device ( IABP): A device that helps your heart pump. Your doctor inserts a balloon through an artery at the top of your leg, and it goes into your chest. It inflates and deflates to help your heart move blood in and out.


Question: What is the definition of heart attack (myocardial infarction)?

Answer: Heart attack (myocardial infarction): Permanent damage to your heart muscle. It happens when a blocked artery leads to a lack of blood supply.


Question: What is the definition of ablation?

Answer: Ablation: Removing or destroying tissue.


Question: What is the definition of a pacemaker?

Answer: Pacemaker: A small electronic device implanted under your skin. It sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to regulate your heart rhythm.


Question: What is the definition of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation?

Answer: ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation): If you can't provide oxygen for your own blood or enough blood circulation, you can be put on life support known as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The doctor withdraws blood from a large vein in and passes through a device that puts oxygen into it and takes carbon dioxide out before it goes back into your body.


Question: What is the definition of implantable cardioverter defibrillator?

Answer: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD): An implant that monitors your heart rate and rhythm. When it finds a very fast, abnormal rhythm, it gives the heart muscle an electrical shock so it can beat in a normal rhythm again.


Question: What is the definition of restenosis?

Answer: Restenosis: Closing or narrowing of an artery that was previously opened with a procedure like angioplasty.


Question: What is the definition of stroke?

Answer: Stroke: A sudden loss of brain function caused by less blood flow to part of your brain. Causes include blood clots in the brain and bleeding into the brain.


Question: What is the definition of atrial flutter?

Answer: Atrial flutter: A heart rhythm that's too fast and causes the upper chambers (atria) to beat too fast and not in sync with the lower chambers (ventricles).


Question: What is the definition of ventricular tachycardia?

Answer: Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid, life-threatening rhythm that starts in the heart's lower chambers. It prevents your heart from filling with blood, and less blood is able to pump through the body.


Question: What is myocarditis?

Answer: Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle).


Question: What is the definition of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer: Pulmonary hypertension: High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries.


Question: What is the definition of coronary artery bypass graft?

Answer: Coronary artery bypass graft: If your coronary artery disease results from heart failure, a doctor can take arteries or veins (called grafts) from other parts of your body to reroute blood flow around blocked heart arteries.


Question: What is the definition of atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries")?

Answer: Atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"): Plaque builds up inside your arteries and can lead to coronary artery disease and other problems.


Question: What is the definition of aortic valve homograft?

Answer: Aortic valve homograft: When your doctor uses a human valve to replace your narrow or leaky aortic valve. This operation involves cardiopulmonary bypass.


Question: What is the definition of beta-blocker?

Answer: Beta-blocker: A drug that slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina. It protects you from future heart attacks if you've already had one.


Question: What is the definition of stent?

Answer: Stent: A small tube your doctor puts in during an angioplasty to keep the coronary artery open for blood flow. Permanent stents are made of metal mesh, while others are designed to dissolve.


Question: What is the definition of left ventricular assist device?

Answer: Left ventricular assist device ( LVAD): A device used to help your heart work when you have end-stage heart failure.


Question: What is the definition of cardiomyopathy?

Answer: Cardiomyopathy: A serious condition in which your heart doesn't pump as well as it should and becomes weak. It can lead to heart failure and valve problems.


Question: What is the definition of coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)?

Answer: Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis): A buildup of fatty material in the wall of the coronary artery that causes it to narrow. It can lead to heart failure.


Question: How do I use alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) for skin care?

Answer: Start with a low concentration and apply every other day to avoid irritating your skin. Over time, you can gradually start to use it more often, working up to every day. Even at lower doses, though, the acids may irritate and dry skin, and make it more sensitive to the sun. Doctors recommend using moisturizer and sunscreen when you use any products that have AHAs.


Question: What is retinol and why is it in skin care products?

Answer: It also improves skin tone and color and reduces mottled patches. Many dermatologists prescribe retinol's stronger counterpart, tretinoin, or similar products, to slow skin aging, improve irregular coloring, and clear up acne. Over-the-counter products that have retinols may be weaker, but they can still improve how your skin looks. Using a retinol-based product may make the top layer of your skin dry and flaky. It's best to apply it at night and wear moisturizer and sunscreen the next morning, or ask your dermatologist about alternatives. As you age, your body makes less collagen and elastin, which keep skin strong, flexible, and resilient. The antioxidants in vitamin C may boost the amount of collagen and minimize fine lines, wrinkles, and scars. Vitamin C is in some skin care products such as creams and lotions.


Question: How do antioxidants help with sun damage and wrinkles?

Answer: Most plants have these nutrients in varying amounts. They can counter "free radicals," tiny particles that harm DNA inside of cells. Skin cells with that kind of damage can speed up aging, leading to wrinkles, dry skin, dark circles under eyes, dull skin, and more.


Question: Why is vitamin C in skin care products?

Answer: As you age, your body makes less collagen and elastin, which keep skin strong, flexible, and resilient. The antioxidants in vitamin C may boost the amount of collagen and minimize fine lines, wrinkles, and scars. Vitamin C is in some skin care products such as creams and lotions. If you want to try one, ask your dermatologist for some options.


Question: What is green tea extract and why is it in skin care products?

Answer: Tea is loaded with nutrients called polyphenols, which have been shown to fight free radicals. Early studies have found the ingredients in tea can ease sun damage and may protect you from skin cancer when you put it on your skin. Use green tea extract under sunscreen to double the protection. Polyphenols in creams and lotions may also slow signs of aging and reduce sagging skin and wrinkles.


Question: Why is caffeine in skin care products?

Answer: It's also an antioxidant, but experts don't know whether it can reverse aging on your skin. Still, companies have added it to lotions and creams based on research that shows caffeine could help prevent the growth of skin cancer and, when applied to the skin, may make wrinkles less defined, especially ''crow's feet'' around the eyes.


Question: What is alpha-lipoic acid and why is it in skin care products?

Answer: Those with the most antioxidants that have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process include: Acai oil Alpha-lipoic acid Green tea extract Retinol Coenzyme Q10 ( Co Q10) Caffeine Other plant-based or natural treatments for aging skin found in skin-care products include: Alpha-hydroxy acid Salicylic acid Your body makes this natural chemical, and it's in every cell you have. As an antioxidant, it attacks free radicals throughout the body. In skin care products, companies tout it as a substance that can erase fine lines and wrinkles, diminish pores, and give skin a healthy glow.


Question: What is hyaluronic acid and how is it used in skin care?

Answer: Your body makes hyaluronic acid naturally, keeping tissues cushioned and lubricated. It's found in skin, joint fluid, and connective tissues. Age, smoking, and an unhealthy diet can cause you to make less of it over time. Products that have hyaluronic acid may help smooth out skin. They work especially well when you use them with vitamin C products.


Question: What are alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and how are they used in skin care products?

Answer: When you shop for makeup and skin care products, you may see other ingredients on their labels: This group includes glycolic, lactic, citric, and tartaric acids. They're in many products. They exfoliate the skin, reducing fine lines, age spots, acne scars, and uneven skin color. You can get peels with high concentrations of AHAs from a beauty specialist (esthetician) or dermatologist, but you can use lower concentrations -- between 5% and 10% -- in creams or lotions on a daily basis.


Question: How does salicylic acid treat acne and when should I use it?

Answer: You'll see this ingredient in many over-the-counter and prescription products that treat acne. It penetrates pores and reduces blackheads and whiteheads with less irritation than what you might get from alpha-hydroxy acids. Like AHAs, salicylic acid exfoliates the skin, which can reduce signs of aging. You shouldn't use salicylic acid if you are allergic to aspirin or other products with salicylates. If you're pregnant or nursing, ask your doctor before you use any product with salicylic acid. Stop using the product if you get hives or itching. Also, be aware of symptoms of rare but serious allergic reactions -- throat tightness, trouble breathing, feeling faint, or swelling of your face or tongue. Get help right away if you have these problems.


Question: What should I know about skin care products?

Answer: Before you buy, it's a good idea to learn more about these ingredients. A dermatologist can also help you sort out what works, what's hype, and what might help your skin. Those with the most antioxidants that have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process include: Acai oil Alpha-lipoic acid Green tea extract Retinol Coenzyme Q10 ( Co Q10) Caffeine Other plant-based or natural treatments for aging skin found in skin-care products include: Alpha-hydroxy acid Salicylic acid Your body makes this natural chemical, and it's in every cell you have. They exfoliate the skin, reducing fine lines, age spots, acne scars, and uneven skin color. They work especially well when you use them with vitamin C products.


Question: What foods have the most antioxidants and have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process?

Answer: You can also apply products that have them. Those with the most antioxidants that have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process include: Acai oil Alpha-lipoic acid Green tea extract Retinol Coenzyme Q10 ( Co Q10) Caffeine Other plant-based or natural treatments for aging skin found in skin-care products include: Alpha-hydroxy acid Salicylic acid Your body makes this natural chemical, and it's in every cell you have. You shouldn't use salicylic acid if you are allergic to aspirin or other products with salicylates.


Question: Do adults get cavities?

Answer: In fact, cavities happen more often in adults. Here's why: Fluoride wasn't always in water supplies and toothpaste. If you didn't get enough when you were younger, your teeth may pay the price. Old fillings are prime spots for tooth decay. As we get older, our gums tend to recede, leaving tooth roots exposed. Without the protection of tooth enamel, they are more susceptible to decay. You might have dry mouth. This can be a side effect of medications or a condition. Saliva does more than keep your mouth wet -- it protects teeth from decay, helps heal sores in your mouth, and prevents infections.


Question: Why do I have to go to the dentist if I have no teeth?

Answer: It's a good idea to visit the dentist at least once a year for a full oral exam. As you age, you might have issues but not know it. Your doctor can look for signs of oral cancer and other medical problems of the mouth, head, and neck. You also need to have dentures checked for fit, and routinely cleaned.


Question: What can make my teeth sometimes feel loose?

Answer: Your teeth and gums work hard for you your whole life. This can happen for many reasons. It could be a bite or clenching issue. It may be a sign of bone loss from gum disease. Talk to your dentist. You may need to see a periodontist, a doctor who specializes in the mouth's gums and bones.


Question: What can I do if my dentures are uncomfortable?

Answer: My teeth sometimes feel loose. You may need to see a periodontist, a doctor who specializes in the mouth's gums and bones. Dentures are made to fit perfectly, so if you feel a looseness, it's likely they need to be adjusted to make them fit again. See your dentist as soon as possible. For a temporary fix, use a denture adhesive to keep them stable until your appointment. Don't try to change the shape of your dentures yourself. Even if you think you can make them fit better, you could end up damaging them.


Question: What should I know about dental care for someone with dementia?

Answer: Make the appointment for early in the day, when your friend is most alert. Also, make sure to tell her where she is going and why. And let the dentist know ahead of time about your friend's condition. Communication will make the visit easier. It's best for someone with dementia to see a dentist as soon as possible after they're diagnosed.


Question: What dental care can I do if my teeth are super sensitive from hot and cold?

Answer: This can make the area sensitive to temperature extremes. As a quick fix, use a fluoride mouth rinse, or switch to a toothpaste made for sensitive teeth. If your problem is more serious, your dentist may seal or bond the roots. He might recommend a soft tissue graft. This procedure uses material, either man-made or from another area of your mouth, to cover exposed roots. This can happen for many reasons. It may be a sign of bone loss from gum disease.


Question: What are plantar warts and palmer warts?

Answer: Plantar warts and palmar warts are noncancerous skin growths, caused by a viral infection in the top layer of the skin. The culprit is a strain of virus called human papillomavirus or HPV. Many strains of the virus exist, and those that cause common warts on the hands and feet are not the same strains of HPV that cause genital warts.


Question: What do plantar warts and palmer warts look like?

Answer: On average plantar warts and palmar warts are small, about the size of a pencil eraser. But some warts grow bigger. Sometimes plantar warts can grow in clusters; those are called mosaic warts. Sometimes corns or calluses are mistaken for a palmar or plantar wart. In some warts, little black dots appear, leading people to call them "seed" warts. Actually the black dots are little blood vessels that have grown up into the wart. Warts don't really have âseeds.â Plantar warts usually don't stick up above the skin as much as warts on the hand, partly because of the pressure of walking and its flattening effect.


Question: How do you get a plantar wart or palmer wart?

Answer: The transmission can be indirect. For instance, a child with a wart on his hand may touch a playground surface that is then touched by another child and the wart spreads. Or a person with a plantar wart uses a shower without wearing shower shoes and another person then uses it and develops a wart. The risk of getting a hand or foot wart from another person is small. A person's risk of getting a wart varies. Those with a weakened immune system are more susceptible. But those with healthy immune systems can also develop warts.


Question: What puts you at a higher risk of heart disease?

Answer: The more of these risk factors you have, the higher your risk of heart disease: A previous heart attack or stroke A family history of heart disease High total cholesterol Low HDL cholesterol High blood pressure Being male or a post-menopausal woman You smoke cigarettes Uncontrolled diabetes or high blood pressure You don't exercise You're obese or overweight It's important for everyone to make these lifestyle changes to reduce their chance of having heart disease.


Question: Do high levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) indicate a higher risk for heart disease?

Answer: If your arteries are inflamed, you have a greater risk of: Heart disease Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease CRP seems to predict the chance of having cardiovascular problems at least as well as cholesterol levels. A recent study found that elevated levels of C-reactive protein were associated with three-times-greater risk of a heart attack.


Question: How can egg donation be used to treat female infertility?

Answer: Egg donation. This can help you if you have ovaries that don't work right but you have a normal uterus. It involves removing eggs from the ovary of a donor who has taken fertility drugs. After in vitro fertilization, your doctor transfers the fertilized eggs into your uterus.


Question: What is Metformin and when is it used to treat female infertility?

Answer: Metformin ( Glucophage) is another type of medication that may help you ovulate normally if you have insulin resistance or PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome).


Question: What is ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) and how is it used to treat female infertility?

Answer: ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). A doctor injects sperm directly into the egg in a dish and then places it into your uterus.


Question: How is female infertility treated?

Answer: This procedure involves ultrasound or X-rays of your reproductive organs. Laparoscopy. Your doctor puts a laparoscope -- a slender tube fitted with a tiny camera -- through a small cut near your belly button. Hysteroscopy . In this procedure, your doctor places a hysteroscope into your uterus through your cervix. It's used to remove polyps and fibroid tumors, divide scar tissue, and open up blocked tubes. Medication. If you have ovulation problems, you may be prescribed drugs such as clomiphene citrate ( Clomid, Serophene), gonadotropins (such as Gonal- F, Follistim, Humegon and Pregnyl), or letrozole.


Question: What is intrauterine insemination and how is it used to treat female infertility?

Answer: For this procedure, after semen gets rinsed with a special solution, a doctor places it into your uterus when you're ovulating. It's sometimes done while you're taking meds that help trigger the release of an egg. Several days later, embryos -- or fertilized eggs -- get put back into your uterus with a device called an intrauterine insemination catheter.


Question: How should you brush your hair to avoid damaging it?

Answer: Brush properly: Proper hair brushing can do as much for the condition of your hair as any over-the-counter product. Using a proper brush, apply full strokes from the scalp to the tips of your hair to distribute the hair's natural oil. Be gentle, and avoid brushing your hair when wet, when it is especially fragile. It is best to use a wide-toothed comb on wet hair.


Question: Can you prevent hair loss?

Answer: Many people put tremendous stress on their hair. Hair dryers, hot curlers, hair dyes, permanents, tight braids, and hair straightening products, and chemical-laden cosmetics may cause dry, brittle, and thinning hair. To prevent hair damage that may cause hair loss, follow these tips: Go natural: Leave your hair its natural color and texture.


Question: How does biology explain the overlap between depression and chronic pain?

Answer: Depression and chronic pain share some of the same neurotransmitters -- the chemical messengers traveling between nerves. They also share some of the same nerve pathways. In people who are biologically vulnerable to clinical depression, losses (such as a job, or sense of respect as a functional person, or of sexual relations) can contribute to the development of depression. Once depression sets in, it magnifies the pain that is already there. "


Question: Why is it important to treat both chronic pain and depression in a person affected?

Answer: Chronic pain and depression can affect a person's entire life. Consequently, an ideal treatment approach addresses all the areas of one's life affected by chronic pain and depression. Because of the connection between chronic pain and depression, it makes sense that their treatments overlap.


Question: Why does depression usually go untreated in people with chronic pain?

Answer: Because depression in patients with chronic pain frequently goes undiagnosed, it often goes untreated. Pain symptoms and complaints take center stage on most doctors' visits. The result is depression, along with sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, lack of energy, and decreased physical activity -- all of which may make pain much worse. "


Question: How do I know if I have breast calcifications?

Answer: Breast calcifications do not cause symptoms, as they are too small to be felt during a routine breast exam. Usually, breast calcifications are first noticed on a mammogram.


Question: What happens if my doctor finds breast calcifications on my mammogram?

Answer: If you have macrocalcifications, no further testing or treatment is needed, because they are not harmful. If microcalcifications are seen on your mammogram, another mammogram may be performed to get a more detailed look at the area in question.


Question: How are breast calcifications treated?

Answer: '' Benign'' calcifications are considered harmless. No further evaluation or treatment is needed. '' Probably benign'' calcifications have a less than 2% risk of being cancer. Typically, they will be monitored every six months for at least one year. After a year of follow-up, and assuming no new changes are found, your doctor will recommend you have a routine mammogram once a year. '' Suspicious'' calcifications may be benign or an early sign of cancer; therefore, your doctor may recommend you have a biopsy. If cancer is present, treatment may consist of surgery to remove the cancerous breast, radiation, and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.


Question: What are breast calcifications?

Answer: They are very common and are usually benign (noncancerous). In some instances, certain types of breast calcifications may suggest early breast cancer. Microcalcifications are small calcium deposits that look like white specks on a mammogram.


Question: If a child gets night terrors, how often do they happen?

Answer: In children younger than 3 ½ years, peak frequency of night terrors is at least one episode per week. Among older children, peak frequency of night terrors is one to two episodes per month. The doctor may want to do an evaluation to exclude other possible disorders that might cause night terrors.


Question: What is a rapid cycling pattern in bipolar disorder?

Answer: Rapid cycling is a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes in bipolar disorder. In rapid cycling, a person with the disorder experiences four or more episodes of mania or depression in one year. It can occur at any point in the course of bipolar disorder, and can come and go over many years depending on how well the illness is treated; it is not necessarily a "permanent" or indefinite pattern of episodes.


Question: What are the risks of rapid cycling in bipolar disorder?

Answer: A rapid cycling pattern may occur in about 10% to 20% of people with the disorder. Repeated periods of depression are punctuated by infrequent, shorter periods of elevated or normal mood. The most serious risk of a rapid cycling course in bipolar disorder is suicide. People with bipolar disorder are 10 times to 20 times more likely to commit suicide than people without bipolar disorder. They are hospitalized more often, and their symptoms are usually more difficult to control long term.


Question: What is the treatment for bipolar disorder with rapid cycling?

Answer: A rapid cycling pattern may occur in about 10% to 20% of people with the disorder. Repeated periods of depression are punctuated by infrequent, shorter periods of elevated or normal mood. Because symptoms of depression dominate in most people with a rapid cycling course of bipolar disorder, treatment is usually aimed toward stabilizing mood, mainly by relieving depression while preventing the comings-and-goings of new episodes. Antidepressants such as Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft have not been shown to treat the depression symptoms of rapid cycling bipolar disorder, and may even increase the frequency of new episodes over time. Mood-stabilizing drugs -- such as lithium, Depakote, Tegretol and Lamictal -- are the core treatments of rapid cycling. Often, a single mood stabilizer is ineffective at controlling episode recurrences, resulting in a need for combinations of mood stabilizers. Several antipsychotic medicines such as Zyprexa or Seroquel also have been studied in rapid cycling and are used as part of a treatment regimen, regardless of the presence or absence of psychosis (delusions and hallucinations). This helps prevent future episodes.


Question: How common is rapid cycling in people with bipolar disorder?

Answer: Rapid cycling is a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes in bipolar disorder. In rapid cycling, a person with the disorder experiences four or more episodes of mania or depression in one year. It can occur at any point in the course of bipolar disorder, and can come and go over many years depending on how well the illness is treated; it is not necessarily a "permanent" or indefinite pattern of episodes. A rapid cycling pattern may occur in about 10% to 20% of people with the disorder.


Question: When is rapid cycling in bipolar disorder diagnosed?

Answer: Rapid cycling is a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes in bipolar disorder. It can occur at any point in the course of bipolar disorder, and can come and go over many years depending on how well the illness is treated; it is not necessarily a "permanent" or indefinite pattern of episodes. Rapid cycling in itself is not a diagnosis, but rather a "course specifier" or descriptor of the course of illness. In bipolar disorder rapid cycling is identified when four or more distinct episodes of depression, mania, or hypomania occur during a one year period.


Question: How can you start a daily food diary to self-manage your Crohn's disease?

Answer: To start your diary, record the foods you eat each day and the serving sizes in a small notebook. Enter the date, food, and any symptoms you might feel after eating this food in the notebook. After a month or two, set up a time to review your food diary with a registered dietitian. The dietitian can determine if you're getting essential nutrients in a well-balanced meal plan or if you might need supplements. Proper nutrition helps the body heal itself and keeps you well. So, having a nutrition discussion with a registered dietitian is important to your overall health and to the management of Crohn's disease.


Question: Which foods should you avoid if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: It's possible that at least some of these listed foods will trigger your symptoms: alcohol (mixed drinks, beer, wine) butter, mayonnaise, margarine, oils carbonated beverages coffee, tea, chocolate corn dairy products (if lactose intolerant) fatty foods (fried foods) foods high in fiber gas-producing foods (lentils, beans, legumes, cabbage, broccoli, onions) nuts and seeds (peanut butter, other nut butters) raw fruits raw vegetables red meat and pork spicy foods whole grains and bran Once you've identified foods that cause your symptoms to flare, you can choose either to avoid them or to learn new ways of preparing them that will make them tolerable.


Question: Do you need to avoid fast food in a Crohn's disease diet plan?

Answer: While fast foods should normally be avoided in a healthy diet plan, sometimes they can give your diet a needed boost when used sparingly. Some fast foods can offer a valuable supply of key nutrients and calories. For instance, pizza offers calories, protein, and nutrients such as calcium and vitamins A, B, C, and D. A milkshake is high in calories and calcium. Of course, if you are lactose-intolerant, you need to remember to take the proper medication before drinking a milk product.


Question: What is the Crohn's disease diet plan?

Answer: You've probably read about different types of diets for Crohn's disease on the Internet. But the fact is, there is no scientifically proven diet for inflammatory bowel disease. Most experts believe, though, that some patients can identify specific foods that trigger their gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly during disease flares. By avoiding your "trigger foods," you may find that your GI symptoms of gas, bloating, abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea are more manageable. At the same time, you will give your inflamed intestines time to heal.


Question: Can keeping a daily food diary help you self-manage your Crohn's disease?

Answer: Keeping track of the foods you eat each day can help you identify the "offenders" -- foods that may trigger symptoms. Avoiding these foods, especially when your disease is active, may give you better control of the symptoms. You can also use a daily food diary to help you and your doctor determine if you're getting a properly balanced diet. It can show whether you are getting enough protein, carbohydrates, fats, and water. It can also show whether you are getting enough calories to maintain your weight and energy.


Question: Can a liquid diet help me control Crohn's disease symptoms?

Answer: In addition, the liquid diet or special high-calorie liquid formulas can help people with Crohn's who need extra nutrition short-term or those whose intestines cannot absorb proper nutrition from whole foods. Some people with Crohn's disease enjoy supplements such as Ensure Plus or Boost Plus when they need a boost in calories and nutrients.


Question: Is a low-residue diet a Crohn's disease treatment?

Answer: Many individuals with small-bowel Crohn's disease have a narrowing or stricture of the lower small intestine (the ileum). For them, a low-fiber with low-residue diet can help lessen abdominal pain, cramping, and diarrhea. And while scientific proof is lacking, this diet may also help decrease frequency of bowel movements for some people. Foods to avoid on a low-residue diet may include: corn hulls nuts raw fruits seeds vegetables Yes.


Question: What are serious problems in people with Crohn's disease?

Answer: Nutritional deficiencies and an inability to maintain a normal weight are serious problems for many people, even children, with Crohn's disease.


Question: Are there benefits to gain from omega-3 fatty acids and probiotics in relation to Crohn's disease?

Answer: Numerous studies using fish oil and flaxseed oil suggest an important role for good fats in the inflammatory response that characterizes IBD. The studies, though, are inconsistent on whether or not omega-3 fatty acids have a specific anti-inflammatory effect with IBD. If you want to add omega-3 fatty acid supplements to your diet, talk with your doctor first. Other studies are just beginning to examine the possibility that probiotics or "good" bacteria may be beneficial in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. More studies are needed, though, to determine if these supplements can aid in healing the intestine in IBD.


Question: How can you manage Crohn's disease?

Answer: Learning to avoid these food triggers may allow you to better self-manage your Crohn's disease, reduce gastrointestinal symptoms, and promote intestinal healing. Avoiding these foods, especially when your disease is active, may give you better control of the symptoms.


Question: What kind of diet should you have if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: If you have Crohn's disease, you probably have found that certain foods trigger your intestinal symptoms, especially when the disease flares. In this setting, an effective Crohn's disease diet plan, based on recommendations from experts, would emphasize eating regular meals -- plus an additional two or three snacks -- each day. That will help ensure you get ample protein, calories, and nutrients. In addition, you will need to take any doctor-recommended vitamin and mineral supplements. By doing so, you will be able to replenish the necessary nutrients in your body.


Question: Do you need to take supplements with a Crohn's disease diet plan?

Answer: In addition, you will need to take any doctor-recommended vitamin and mineral supplements. For example, many people with Crohn's disease have a vitamin D deficiency. A study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine reported that higher doses of vitamin D (1,000 to 2,000 IU each day) may be beneficial, particularly in reducing the risk of colorectal cancer, which may be higher in individuals with IBD. The National Academy of Sciences has established that a dose of 2,000 IU/day of vitamin D is safe. But it's still important that you check with your personal physician to see what dosage is ideal for your situation.


Question: What should you know about a Crohn's disease diet plan?

Answer: To know which foods to leave out of your diet plan, you'll need to determine which foods, if any, trigger yours. Keeping track of the foods you eat each day can help you identify the "offenders" -- foods that may trigger symptoms.


Question: What are sources of vitamin D for prevention of osteoporosis?

Answer: Get it from: Low-fat or fat-free dairy products Calcium-fortified juices and foods, like cereal, soy milk, and tofu Sardines and salmon with bones Dark green vegetables, like kale and broccoli Vitamin D helps your body absorb the calcium you eat. Not many foods naturally have the nutrient, but you can get it in: Fatty fish, like salmon, mackerel, and tuna Beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks Fortified foods like milk, cereal, and orange juice Your skin also naturally makes vitamin D when sunlight hits it. You can get at least some of what you need if you spend a little time outdoors every day. But don't overdo it -- too much time in the sun raises your chances for skin cancer.


Question: What are sources of calcium for prevention of osteoporosis?

Answer: Any of these workouts can help you build muscle and bone: Lifting canned goods or bags of groceries Lifting free weights Lifting young children Using ankle and wrist weights Using elastic resistance bands Using weight machines or free weights Doing pushups, squats, or other moves that use your own body weight When your body doesn't have enough calcium, it will start to break down your bones to get what it needs. That means you lose bone mass. So it's important to make sure you have this nutrient every day in your diet or from supplements. Get it from: Low-fat or fat-free dairy products Calcium-fortified juices and foods, like cereal, soy milk, and tofu Sardines and salmon with bones Dark green vegetables, like kale and broccoli Vitamin D helps your body absorb the calcium you eat.


Question: How do I exercise my bones to prevent osteoporosis?

Answer: That prompts the body to make new bone. Weight-bearing exercises include: Aerobics Climbing stairs Dancing Jogging Tennis and other racket sports Running Tai chi Walking Water aerobics Yoga Strength training is also key to preventing osteoporosis. These workouts also make you more flexible and lower the chances that you'll fall -- the No. Any of these workouts can help you build muscle and bone: Lifting canned goods or bags of groceries Lifting free weights Lifting young children Using ankle and wrist weights Using elastic resistance bands Using weight machines or free weights Doing pushups, squats, or other moves that use your own body weight When your body doesn't have enough calcium, it will start to break down your bones to get what it needs.


Question: What are some of the risks of gastric bypass surgery?

Answer: People who have gastric bypass surgery are at risk for: Pouch stretching. The stomach gets bigger over time, stretching back to its original size. Breakdown of staple lines. The staples fall apart. Nutritional, vitamin, and mineral deficiencies. Your body will be less able to get nutrients from food. Stomal stenosis. A narrowing forms at the connection of the stomach and small intestine causing nausea, vomiting, reflux, and then an inability to eat. You can get gallstones when you lose weight quickly.


Question: What are tips for managing my bipolar disorder?

Answer: Along with seeing your doctor and therapist and taking your medicines, simple daily habits can make a difference. Pay attention to your sleep. Exercise. Focus on the basics: Favor fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains. And cut down on fat, salt, and sugar. Tame stress. Limit caffeine. Avoid alcohol and drugs.


Question: What are tips for taking care of your skin?

Answer: Your skin reflects your health. Do you properly cleanse your skin and wear sunscreen every day? If you're a teenager or if you have a teenager at home, start now to develop healthy habits. Wear wide-brimmed hats, long sleeved shirts, and pants. Use a generous amount of sunscreen and reapply it every two hours, and more often if swimming or sweating. Use sunscreens that have a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 30 or more and that have UVA and UVB protection. Wear sun protective clothing with a UPF (ultra protection factor) of 30 or higher. Wear sunglasses that provide 100% UV protection or UV 400 protection.


Question: Why are omega-3 fatty acids important?

Answer: Lack of dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and too much intake of omega-6 fatty acids is believed to be a significant contributing factor to many diseases. Since the human body cannot make omega-3 fatty acids, we have to get them from our diet. There are no standard doses for omega-3 fatty acids.


Question: How are hot spots in dogs treated?

Answer: Read more about hot spots in dogs.


Question: What causes vomiting in dogs?

Answer: Vomiting is a common dog health problem, with dozens of possible causes, from infection or intestinal parasites to pancreatitis, kidney failure, heatstroke, an obstructuion in the stomach or intestine, or poisoning.


Question: What are hot spots in dogs?

Answer: They’re commonly known as hot spots, but the medical term for those bare, inflamed, red areas you often see on dogs is acute moist dermatitis -- a bacterial skin infection. Anything that irritates your dog's skin enough to make him scratch or chew can lead to the pain and itch of hot spots, which, if left untreated, can quickly grow larger. A hot spot's location can help your vet diagnose its cause. Fleas, for example, may be the source of a hip hot spot, while a hot spot at the ear might point to ear problems.


Question: What is the best way to diagnose a worm problem in dogs?

Answer: Signs your dog may have worms include: Diarrhea (may be bloody) Weight loss A change in appetite A rough, dry coat Scooting on his bottom Vomiting (with roundworms in particular) An overall poor appearance The best way to diagnose a worm problem is with a visit to the vet. Treatment depends on which type of worm your dog has, but generally includes an oral medication and may require follow-up. Don't try treating worms yourself: A medication that kills roundworms, for example, doesn't kill tapeworms.


Question: How can you tell if your dog has fleas?

Answer: Ear infections are a common canine health problem, and they can be caused by allergies, yeast, ear mites, bacteria, hair growth deep in the ear canal, and more. Signs your dog may have fleas include: Excessive scratching, licking, or biting at the skin Hair loss Hot spots Allergic dermatitis (allergic response caused by contact) Tapeworms (which are carried by fleas) Flea dirt (looks like small black dots) against your dog's skin Untreated, fleas not only make your dog intensely uncomfortable, they can also cause allergic reactions, infections, and even lead to anemia from blood loss.


Question: What are the symptoms of spine fractures?

Answer: That makes it hard for doctors to diagnose the problem early on. But over time, symptoms of a spinal fracture may include: Sudden, severe back pain Pain that gets worse when you stand or walk Trouble bending or twisting your body Loss of height A curved, stooped shape to your spine Fractures in the lower spine often cause greater pain and trouble moving than those in the upper spine.


Question: What is the treatment for spine fractures?

Answer: You'll probably get medicine to relieve your pain while the fracture heals. Your doctor will also encourage you to move around as soon as possible. Physical therapy might be a good idea, too -- a therapist can teach you exercises to help with your injury. Some people need more support for their spine with a brace or surgery. Having one fracture means you're more likely to have another, so your doctor may also talk to you about taking medicines that treat osteoporosis and make your bones stronger.


Question: How can I prevent spine fractures?

Answer: It's the best way to diagnose osteoporosis. Even if you already have it, you can take steps to keep it from getting worse. Eat a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, and get regular exercise, especially the weight-bearing and muscle strengthening kinds.


Question: Who is most likely to get spine fractures?

Answer: When osteoporosis has made your bones weak, the chances are higher that they'll crack or break, even the bones of your spine. As you get older, your bones become thinner and weaker, and you're more likely to have osteoporosis. Women and men who have osteoporosis have much higher chances of getting spine fractures.


Question: What do I need to know about osteoporosis and spine fractures?

Answer: The best way to prevent these fractures is to keep your bones as strong as possible by treating or preventing osteoporosis. But over time, symptoms of a spinal fracture may include: Sudden, severe back pain Pain that gets worse when you stand or walk Trouble bending or twisting your body Loss of height A curved, stooped shape to your spine Fractures in the lower spine often cause greater pain and trouble moving than those in the upper spine. Women and men who have osteoporosis have much higher chances of getting spine fractures.


Question: If you have heart failure, what should you do if you get a skin rash from taking diuretics?

Answer: Call your doctor right away. Callyour doctor right away if you have: Fever Sore throat Cough Ringing in the ears Unusual bleeding or bruising Rapid and excessive weight loss Skin rash : Stop taking the medication and call your doctor right away. Call your doctor if you have any other symptoms that cause concern.


Question: What types of diuretics are there?

Answer: There are several types, including: Bumetanide ( Bumex) Furosemide ( Lasix) Hydrochlorothiazide ( Hydrodiuril) Metolazone ( Zaroxolyn) Torsemide ( Demadex) Follow the label.


Question: When you have heart failure, what are signs you're getting dehydrated as a side effect of diuretics?

Answer: Dehydration : Signs of this include: Dizziness Extreme thirst Extreme dry mouth You have to pee less Your pee is a dark color Constipation If you have these symptoms, don't assume you need more fluids. Call your doctor right away.


Question: If you have heart failure, what should you tell your doctor about before being prescribed a diuretic?

Answer: Before a diuretic is prescribed, tell your doctor if you are taking other drugs for high blood pressure, digoxin, Indocin, lithium, probenecid, or corticosteroids (prednisone). Before you're prescribed a diuretic, tell your doctor if you have diabetes, kidney disease, liver disease, or gout.


Question: What are side effects of diuretics?

Answer: Blurred vision , confusion, headache , increased sweating , and restlessness: If these stick around a while or are severe, talk to your doctor.


Question: What should you do if you have more side effects while taking diuretics along with medicines for heart failure?

Answer: If you have more side effects after taking your medicines together, call your doctor. You may need to change the times you are taking each drug. Potassium-sparing diuretics increase the effects of digoxin and lithium. They may increase your body's potassium level if taken with ACE inhibitors.


Question: If have you have heart failure, how might your doctor want you to change your diet if you're on a diuretic?

Answer: Follow your doctor's advice about your diet. This may include: A low-salt diet Taking a potassium supplement Adding high-potassium foods (such as bananas and orange juice) in your diet. Note: Some diuretics cause your body to lose potassium. If you're taking a "potassium-sparing" diuretic, your doctor may want you to avoid potassium-rich foods, salt substitutes, low-salt milk, and other sources of potassium. If you are not sure what type of diuretic you are taking, ask your doctor.


Question: If you have heart failure, when should you call your doctor about diuretic side effects?

Answer: Callyour doctor right away if you have: Fever Sore throat Cough Ringing in the ears Unusual bleeding or bruising Rapid and excessive weight loss Skin rash : Stop taking the medication and call your doctor right away.


Question: How do you take diuretics when you have heart failure?

Answer: There are several types, including: Bumetanide ( Bumex) Furosemide ( Lasix) Hydrochlorothiazide ( Hydrodiuril) Metolazone ( Zaroxolyn) Torsemide ( Demadex) Follow the label. If you are taking a single dose a day, take it in the morning with your breakfast or right afterward. If you're taking more than one dose a day, take your last dose no later than 4 p.m. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you need to take it will depend on the type of diuretic you're prescribed and your condition.


Question: What are diuretics and what are they used for?

Answer: This makes it easier for your heart to pump. These medicines may be used to treat high blood pressure and ease the swelling and water buildup caused by many medical problems, including heart failure. Diuretics also help to make breathing easier. Extreme tiredness or weakness : Both should get better as your body adjusts to the medication.


Question: What are some general tips for taking diuretics if you have heart failure?

Answer: The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you need to take it will depend on the type of diuretic you're prescribed and your condition. Call your doctor if you gain 2 pounds in 1 day or 5 pounds in 1 week. While taking them, have your blood pressure and kidneys tested regularly, as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the lab so that your doctor can monitor your response to the medicine. Avoid alcohol and sleep aids. They may increase the side effects of this drug.


Question: How can exercise benefit the brains of kids with ADHD?

Answer: Exercise isn't just good for toning muscles. It can help keep the brain in shape, too. When kids exercise, the amount and mix of chemicals called neurotransmitters their brain releases change. Neurotransmitters include dopamine, which is involved with attention. The stimulant medicines used to treat ADHD work by increasing the amount of this same chemical in the brain. So it makes sense that a workout can have many of the same effects on children with ADHD as stimulant drugs. In studies published in the Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, kids with ADHD who exercised performed better on tests of attention, and had less impulsivity, even if they weren't taking stimulant medicines.


Question: How does exercise work on children's brains with ADHD?

Answer: Exercise increases blood flow to the brain. Kids with ADHD may have less blood flow to the parts of their brain responsible for: thinking planning emotions behavior Blood vessels. Exercise improves blood vessels and brain structure. This helps with thinking ability. Brain activity. Exercise increases activity in parts of the brain related to behavior and attention.


Question: How can exercise help kids with ADHD?

Answer: Research is finding that staying active not only lets kids with ADHD burn off steam, but it also can help with issues such as: lack of focus impulsivity poor social skills When used along with traditional ADHD treatments such as stimulant medicines and counseling, regular fitness can have a positive impact on a child's ADHD symptoms. Health experts recommend that kids get at least 60 minutes of moderate to intense exercise every day. How they get that exercise -- bike riding, swimming, playing soccer, dancing -- doesn't really matter. But there is evidence that getting outside and spending time in nature can calm some kids with ADHD. In one study, just a 20-minute walk in the park helped kids with ADHD concentrate better.


Question: What are more reasons to exercise to help with ADHD symptoms?

Answer: Beyond helping ADHD symptoms, there are many other reasons to get kids to exercise. Engaging in regular fitness activities can help kids: Stay at a healthy weight Keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels in a normal range Reduce risk of diabetes Improve self-confidence and self-esteem Exercise should be one part of a well-rounded ADHD treatment plan, which may also include medicine and therapy. See a pediatrician, psychologist, or psychiatrist to come up with the best ADHD treatment plan for your child.


Question: How does exercise help thinking and behavior in kids with ADHD?

Answer: That's the set of problem-solving skills we use to plan and organize. A lack of these skills makes it hard for your ADHD child to remember to finish his homework or to take his lunch with him when he leaves for school. Exercise may improve executive function in kids with ADHD. Many kids with ADHD also struggle socially and with their behavior. Playing a sport can have the added benefits of improving both of these areas. In studies, kids who exercised got in trouble less often for disruptive behaviors such as talking out of turn, name calling, hitting, moving inappropriately, and refusing to participate in activities. Because of all these benefits, exercise can boost the effectiveness of ADHD medicine when they are used together. It also can help kids who haven't responded to stimulant drugs or other ADHD medications.


Question: How can ADHD affect kids?

Answer: To release that restless energy, kids with ADHD need to get plenty of exercise. Research is finding that staying active not only lets kids with ADHD burn off steam, but it also can help with issues such as: lack of focus impulsivity poor social skills When used along with traditional ADHD treatments such as stimulant medicines and counseling, regular fitness can have a positive impact on a child's ADHD symptoms. One of the areas in which kids with ADHD have particular trouble is with executive function . Many kids with ADHD also struggle socially and with their behavior.


Question: How do you know if you have HIV?

Answer: The only way to know for sure is with an HIV test. So get tested if you think you could've gotten the virus, whether or not you have any symptoms. It's also important to see your doctor or go to the emergency room right away if you think you could have been exposed to the virus in the past couple of days. A medication called post-exposure prophylaxis ( PEP) can keep you from getting HIV. But you have to take it within 72 hours of when you get the virus for it to work. A doctor can give you a prescription for PEP, and you'll take it once or twice a day for 28 days.


Question: Can tricyclic antidepressants help treat postherpetic neuralgia?

Answer: Examples are: Carbamazepine ( Carbatrol, Equetro, Epitol, Tegretol) Gabapentin ( Fanatrex, Neurontin) Pregabalin ( Lyrica) Tricyclic antidepressants: These have been shown to help ease the pain of postherpetic neuralgia.


Question: What are symptoms due to local growth of a tumor from small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Symptoms due to local growth of the tumor include the following: Cough Coughing up blood Shortness of breath Chest pain worsened by deep breathing Symptoms due to spread of the cancer to nearby areas include the following: Hoarse voice, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the vocal cords Shortness of breath, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the muscles of the diaphragm, or the lungs filling with fluid and stridor (sound produced by turbulent flow of air through a narrowed part of the respiratory tract) resulting from compression of the trachea (windpipe) or larger bronchi (airways of the lung) Difficulty swallowing, resulting from compression of the esophagus (food pipe) Swelling of the face and hands, resulting from compression of the superior vena cava (vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body) Symptoms due to distant cancer spread depend on the site of spread and can include the following: Spread to the brain can cause headache, blurring of vision, nausea, vomiting, weakness of any limb, mental changes, and seizures.


Question: When should you 911 about symptoms of small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Consult a doctor if any of the following symptoms are present: Shortness of breath Coughing up blood Unexplained weight loss Voice change New cough or change in the consistency of a cough Unexplained persistent fatigue Unexplained deep aches or pains Call 911 if any of the following symptoms are present: Coughing up large amounts of blood Chest pain Sudden shortness of breath Sudden or severe weakness of any limb Sudden vision problems Seizures Initial exams and tests for suspected lung cancer may include the following: Medical, surgical, work, and smoking history Physical exam to check for general signs of health Chest X-ray CT scan of the chest: An X-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of the inside of the chest from different angles.


Question: What are the two types of small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: There are 2 main types: Small-cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer) Combined small-cell carcinoma Both include many types of cells that grow and spread in different ways. They are named according to what the cells look like under a microscope. Small-cell lung cancer differs from non-small-cell lung cancer in the following ways: Small-cell lung cancer grows rapidly.


Question: What symptoms might you have if small-cell lung cancer spreads to distant parts of the body?

Answer: Symptoms due to local growth of the tumor include the following: Cough Coughing up blood Shortness of breath Chest pain worsened by deep breathing Symptoms due to spread of the cancer to nearby areas include the following: Hoarse voice, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the vocal cords Shortness of breath, resulting from compression of the nerve that supplies the muscles of the diaphragm, or the lungs filling with fluid and stridor (sound produced by turbulent flow of air through a narrowed part of the respiratory tract) resulting from compression of the trachea (windpipe) or larger bronchi (airways of the lung) Difficulty swallowing, resulting from compression of the esophagus (food pipe) Swelling of the face and hands, resulting from compression of the superior vena cava (vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the upper body) Symptoms due to distant cancer spread depend on the site of spread and can include the following: Spread to the brain can cause headache, blurring of vision, nausea, vomiting, weakness of any limb, mental changes, and seizures. Spread to the vertebral column can cause back pain. Spread to the spinal cord can cause paralysis and loss of bowel or bladder function. Spread to the bone can cause bone pain. Spread to the liver can cause pain in the right upper part of the abdomen.


Question: What happens when you get video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) if you have lung cancer?

Answer: Video-assisted thoracoscopy ( VATS): A doctor will insert a lighted tube with a video camera through small openings in the chest. It's a way to look at the lungs and other tissue.


Question: When should you call a doctor about symptoms of small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Consult a doctor if any of the following symptoms are present: Shortness of breath Coughing up blood Unexplained weight loss Voice change New cough or change in the consistency of a cough Unexplained persistent fatigue Unexplained deep aches or pains Call 911 if any of the following symptoms are present: Coughing up large amounts of blood Chest pain Sudden shortness of breath Sudden or severe weakness of any limb Sudden vision problems Seizures Initial exams and tests for suspected lung cancer may include the following: Medical, surgical, work, and smoking history Physical exam to check for general signs of health Chest X-ray CT scan of the chest: An X-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of the inside of the chest from different angles.


Question: What happens when you get a CT scan of your chest and abdomen if you have lung cancer?

Answer: CT scan of the chest and abdomen: An X-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body from different angles. The doctor may inject a dye into a vein. A contrast agent may be given to swallow so that the organs or tissues more clearly show up on the scan.


Question: When might you start radiation therapy if you have small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: This depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer and the person's overall health. Radiation and chemotherapy: Sequential-radiation treatment may be given, followed by chemotherapy. However, in comparative studies, the earlier the radiation is started concurrently with chemotherapy (as early as the first cycle of chemotherapy), the better the outcome.


Question: What is palliative for small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative and terminal care Because small-cell lung cancer is diagnosed in most people when it is not curable, palliative care becomes important. The goal of palliative and terminal care is to manage pain and discomfort and enhance quality of life. Palliative care not only focuses on comfort but also addresses the concerns of the patient's family and loved ones. Caregivers may include family and friends in addition to doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals.


Question: Does surgery treat small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Surgery Surgery plays little, if any, role in the management of small-cell lung cancer, because almost all cancers have spread by the time they are discovered. The exceptions are the relatively small number of people (less than 15%) whose cancer is discovered at a very early stage of the disease, when the cancer is confined to the lung without any spread to the lymph nodes. However, surgery alone is not considered curative, so chemotherapy is also given. Sometimes radiation therapy will also be needed if the cancer had spread to the nearby lymph nodes.


Question: How do PET scans help diagnose lung cancer?

Answer: PET scan: A small amount of radioactive material is injected into the bloodstream and measures the metabolism of the organs to see if the cancer has spread.


Question: What is thoracentesis for suspected lung cancer?

Answer: Thoracentesis: The lungs are enclosed in a sac. Lung cancer can cause fluid to collect in this sac. This is called pleural effusion. In people who have cancer, this fluid may contain cancer cells.


Question: What is a bronchoscopy for testing for lung cancer?

Answer: Bronchoscopy: This is a procedure used to look inside the trachea (windpipe) and large airways in the lung for abnormal areas. A bronchoscope (a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a tiny camera on the end) is inserted through the mouth or nose and down the windpipe. From there, it can be inserted into the airways (bronchi) of the lungs. During bronchoscopy, the doctor looks for tumors and takes a biopsy (a sample of cells that is removed for examination under a microscope) from the airways.


Question: What is a transthoracic needle lung biopsy?

Answer: Lung biopsy: If a tumor is on the periphery of the lung, it may not be seen with bronchoscopy. Instead, a biopsy sample has to be taken with the help of a needle inserted through the chest wall and into the tumor. This procedure is called a transthoracic needle biopsy. They can look at the lungs and lymph nodes nearby and can take a biopsy of the tissue.


Question: How can you tell if you have swimmer's ear?

Answer: If it hurts when you tug or press your ear, you may have swimmer's ear.


Question: Why do people get swimmer's ear?

Answer: Most of the time, your ear fights off the germs that cause swimmer's ear on its own. You can thank your earwax for that. While it doesn't get much respect, earwax helps protect the ear canal from damage and makes it hard for germs to grow. But if the skin gets scratched, germs can get into your ear canal and cause an infection.


Question: What things can play a role in swimmer's ear?

Answer: Other things can play a role in swimmer's ear, like: Your age. While swimmer's ear can happen to anyone, it's most common in kids and early teenagers. Narrow ear canals. Kids often have ear canals that are small and don't drain as well. Skin reactions and conditions. Sometimes hair products, cosmetics, and jewelry can irritate your skin and raise the odds of getting swimmer's ear. So can skin problems like eczema and psoriasis.


Question: What causes swimmer's ear and what are the symptoms?

Answer: Usually, swimmer's ear is caused by bacteria, but it can sometimes be brought on by a virus or fungus. Symptoms you may get are: Itchiness in the ear Pain, which can become severe Trouble hearing (sound may seem muffled as your ear canal swells) Fluid or pus draining out of the ear Here's one way to tell which type of ear infection you have.


Question: Is swimmer's ear an ear infection?

Answer: Swimmer's ear is different from the common ear infection that your young child often gets after a cold. Those are middle ear infections, or "otitis media" in doctor speak, and they happen deeper in the ear, behind the eardrum.


Question: How is swimmer's ear diagnosed and treated?

Answer: If you have ear pain, don't wait -- see your doctor right away. Getting treatment quickly can stop an infection from getting worse. During your appointment, your doctor will look in your ear and may gently clean it out. This will help treatments work better. Then, you'll probably get eardrops that may have antibiotics, steroids, or other ingredients to fight the infection and help with swelling. In some cases, you may need to take antibiotic pills, too.