Question: What should you do if you think you might have Lyme disease?

Answer: Early treatment is key with Lyme. If you don't get it, your symptoms may disappear for a while. But they'll return, with more complications. So if you suspect you have Lyme disease -- if you've been exposed to ticks or had a rash -- talk with your doctor right away.


Question: What is Lyme disease?

Answer: Symptoms can include: Morning joint stiffness that lasts more than an hour Less range of motion Swollen joints Some people call Lyme disease âthe great imitator,â because it can be confused with a number of other conditions, including: Chronic fatigue syndrome Food poisoning Fibromyalgia Multiple sclerosis Depression Of course, rheumatoid arthritis Lyme disease comes from a bacterial infection that's spread through the bite of several different kinds of ticks.


Question: How do you know if you have Lyme disease?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) and Lyme disease are very different conditions that need separate treatments. It's the most common tick-borne disease in the U. S. The disease was named for the place it was first reported in 1975 -- Old Lyme, CT. About 30,000 cases are reported each year, but the CDC believes the number is 10 times higher than that. If left untreated, Lyme disease can cause health issues, including: Numbness or pain Paralysis or weakness in the face muscles Heart problems Chest pain Shortness of breath Arthritis Since the symptoms of RA and Lyme disease are so similar, it's easy to see how they might be confused. You might get a blood test to look for antibodies linked to the disease. If so, antibiotics can get rid of the infection and its symptoms if the diagnosis is quick. If you don't get it, your symptoms may disappear for a while.


Question: What are common triggers of rosacea?

Answer: Common triggers include sun exposure, very hot or very cold weather, alcohol, very hot foods, spicy foods, intense exercise, and stress. In addition, menopause and some drugs may cause flushing.


Question: How is rosacea treated?

Answer: The biggest key to controlling rosacea is to avoid triggers -- factors that cause the skin to flush.


Question: What is the treatment for trichotillomania?

Answer: People who have trichotillomania have an irresistible urge to pull out their hair, usually from their scalp, eyelashes, and eyebrows. A doctor might refer someone who has symptoms of trichotillomania to a psychiatrist or psychologist, who can interview the person and see if they might have an impulse control disorder. The main treatment for trichotillomania is a type of behavior therapy called habit reversal training. Basically, this means replacing a bad habit with something else that's not harmful. With this approach, people with trichotillomania first learn to identify when and where they have the urge to pull hair. They also learn to relax and do something else, that doesn't hurt them, as a way to help ease tension when they feel the urge to pull their hair. Therapy can also address any unhelpful thinking that might be adding to the stress that triggers the behavior. Medication may also be part of the treatment program. A type of antidepressant called a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI) might be useful in helping to curb very intense urges. Atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine or aripiprazole also may sometimes be used, either alone or in combination with an SSRI.


Question: Can trichotillomania be prevented?

Answer: People who have trichotillomania have an irresistible urge to pull out their hair, usually from their scalp, eyelashes, and eyebrows. A doctor might refer someone who has symptoms of trichotillomania to a psychiatrist or psychologist, who can interview the person and see if they might have an impulse control disorder. There is no proven way to prevent trichotillomania, but getting treatment as soon as symptoms start can be a big help. Learning stress management is also a good idea, since stress often triggers the hair-pulling behavior.


Question: What aerobic exercises can you do to help relieve rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Walking: Daily walks are an easy way to get into the exercise groove. Start with slow and short strolls if you're new to regular exercise. Then work up to longer, faster walks as you get stronger. Be sure to stretch before you start and after you finish. Drink plenty of water, too. Cycling: A stationary bike takes away your risk of a fall. Again, start slowly if you're a beginner, and go faster as you get better. Swimming: Water workouts are great when you have RA. They take weight off your joints. They also raise your heart rate. Water also acts as resistance against your muscles. That can make you stronger. You can swim laps or join a water aerobics class. Use water weights for some more muscle work.


Question: Does exercise help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It can also improve your heart health. That'll make you better equipped to deal with complications that may crop up. Other benefits of regular exercise include: Less pain More stability in your joints More energy Improved physical function and performance Better bone health Improved quality of life To ease joint stiffness and widen your range of motion, you need to stretch your muscles.


Question: How can you do stretches to help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Leg/hamstring stretch: While standing, lean forward as far as you comfortably can and reach toward your toes. Make sure you bend your knees a little to keep your legs soft. Hold it for 10-20 seconds. Finger/wrist stretch: Bend your fingers forward, then backward, holding each stretch for 10â20 seconds each time. Then do the same with your hand to stretch your wrist muscles. Cross-body arm stretch: Put your arm across the front of your body and gently hold it for 10-20 seconds, then switch to the other arm. Next, reach up to the sky with one arm and then the other, tilting each arm slightly over your head to stretch your shoulders. Neck stretches: Drop your head forward gently, and then roll it slowly toward one shoulder and back toward the other.


Question: How is stretching helpful for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Other benefits of regular exercise include: Less pain More stability in your joints More energy Improved physical function and performance Better bone health Improved quality of life To ease joint stiffness and widen your range of motion, you need to stretch your muscles. Morning is a good time for gentle stretching or yoga. It's also a good idea any time before exercise.


Question: What strength exercises can you do to help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Abdominal contractions: To do this isometric exercise, lie on your back and put your hands on your stomach muscles. Lift your head and hold it. You can continue this exercise by squeezing the muscles that lifted your head without actually picking it up, too. Palm press: This is isometric, too. Hold your hands so they face each other. One hand should have fingertips up and the other should have fingertips down. Press your palms together and hold. Bicep lifts: While you sit in a chair with your arms resting on your thighs palms up, hold light weights in your hands. Then, raise them toward your shoulders, bending at the elbow. Seated knee lift: With a resistance band over your legs in a seated position, raise one leg slowly, then switch sides.


Question: What are the benefits of exercise for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Other benefits of regular exercise include: Less pain More stability in your joints More energy Improved physical function and performance Better bone health Improved quality of life To ease joint stiffness and widen your range of motion, you need to stretch your muscles.


Question: What is the meaning of M, m, D, d for bipolar spectrum disorders?

Answer: It gained new life in the 1970s after a leading psychiatrist proposed classifying mood symptoms as follows: Upper-case " M": Episodes of full-blown mania Lower-case "m": Episodes of mild mania (hypomania) Upper-case " D": Major depressive episodes Lower-case "d": Less-severe symptoms of depression Under this proposed classification, people are described by the combination of their manic and depressive symptoms.


Question: What are possible bipolar spectrum conditions?

Answer: Mental or behavioral conditions that share some common features with bipolar disorder, and are therefore sometimes included within a possible bipolar spectrum, include: Highly recurrent or treatment-resistant depression Impulsive disorders Substance abuse disorders Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia Personality disorders, such as borderline personality disorder Childhood behavioral disorders, such as conduct disorder or disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Researchers are still trying to determine when and how conditions such as these may overlap with bipolar disorder in terms of symptoms, underlying biology, and possible treatment implications.


Question: What are overlapping symptoms of bipolar spectrum conditions and bipolar disorder?

Answer: Symptoms that may overlap between bipolar spectrum conditions and bipolar disorder include: Depression with very sudden or frequent mood swings (seen in many mental conditions) Prolonged irritability (which may be more common in mania than depression) Impulsivity (common during manic episodes) Euphoria and high energy (which can sometimes occur in substance abusers even when they are not intoxicated or "high" from the effects of drugs) Because the cause of bipolar disorder isn't known, it's difficult for experts to know the real overlap between bipolar disorder and a possible broader bipolar spectrum.


Question: How can you treat bipolar spectrum disorders?

Answer: Although these disorders do not meet the diagnostic criteria for bipolar illness, some psychiatrists believe they have something important in common with people with bipolar disorder. These medications are typically anti-seizure medications or antipsychotic medications. Examples include: Lithium Lamictal (lamotrigine) Depakote (divalproex) Tegretol (carbamazepine) Abilify (aripiprazole) Risperdal (risperidone) In bipolar spectrum conditions, these mood stabilizers are generally used as add-on therapies after treating the main mental condition.


Question: What is the bipolar spectrum?

Answer: The bipolar spectrum is a term used to refer to conditions that include not only bipolar disorder as traditionally defined (that is, clear episodes of mania or hypomania as well as depressive syndromes) but also other types of mental conditions that can involve depression or mood swings without manic or hypomanic episodes -- including some impulse control disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and forms of substance abuse. That includes conditions such as major depressive disorder, impulse control disorders, or some personality disorders.


Question: How is pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) diagnosed?

Answer: These include: Cephalosporins ( Cephalexin, Suprax) Clindamycin ( Cleocin) Fluoroquinolones ( Cipro, Levaquin) Penicillin (amoxicillin, ampicillin) PMC also can be related to: Changes in your diet Chemotherapy Hirschsprung disease (a condition that affects your colon) Kidney disease or kidney failure Malnutrition Recent bowel surgery Shock To find out if you have PMC, you may need one of these tests: Blood test to check your white blood cell count Imaging tests, like an X-ray or CT scan of your lower belly (for serious cases) Stool sample test to check for bacteria in your colon You also may have a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, which are exams that look inside your colon with a thin flexible tube. Your doctor may take a tissue sample during the exam for testing.


Question: What are common signs of pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)?

Answer: The most common signs are: Diarrhea that's watery, foul smelling, or bloody Dehydration Fever Nausea Pus in your stool Stomach cramps See your doctor if you've recently taken antibiotics and have diarrhea. You need medical help any time you have severe diarrhea with stomach cramps or blood or pus in your stool. The good bacteria in your colon usually keep the amount of C. diff in your body under control, but antibiotics can kill the healthy bacteria and let C. diff grow too fast.


Question: How can I manage pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) at home?

Answer: Pseudomembranous colitis ( PMC) is inflammation in your colon that happens when there's too much of certain bacteria in your system. If you're dealing with PMC symptoms, drink plenty of fluids like water or watered-down fruit juice to help flush out your system. Eat soft foods that are easy to digest like applesauce, rice, or bananas. Avoid high-fiber foods like nuts, beans, and veggies. Eat several small meals during the day instead of a few large ones, and stay away from fried, spicy, or fatty foods. They can irritate your stomach and make your symptoms worse. Wash your hands regularly to keep C. diff from spreading and getting back into your system.


Question: What conditions can pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)?

Answer: The good bacteria in your colon usually keep the amount of C. diff in your body under control, but antibiotics can kill the healthy bacteria and let C. diff grow too fast. These include: Cephalosporins ( Cephalexin, Suprax) Clindamycin ( Cleocin) Fluoroquinolones ( Cipro, Levaquin) Penicillin (amoxicillin, ampicillin) PMC also can be related to: Changes in your diet Chemotherapy Hirschsprung disease (a condition that affects your colon) Kidney disease or kidney failure Malnutrition Recent bowel surgery Shock To find out if you have PMC, you may need one of these tests: Blood test to check your white blood cell count Imaging tests, like an X-ray or CT scan of your lower belly (for serious cases) Stool sample test to check for bacteria in your colon You also may have a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, which are exams that look inside your colon with a thin flexible tube.


Question: Who's at most risk for pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)?

Answer: You're specifically at risk if you: Are over 65 Have been in an intensive-care unit ( ICU) Have burns on your body Have had a C-section or surgeries of the GI tract Have kidney problems Diseases of the colon such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer Use chemotherapy drugs Use of drugs called proton-pump inhibitors, which lessen stomach acid Have had a previous C. diff infection It's rare for young children or infants to get PMC. The good bacteria in your colon usually keep the amount of C. diff in your body under control, but antibiotics can kill the healthy bacteria and let C. diff grow too fast.


Question: What will you need if your pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is severe or keeps coming back?

Answer: The good bacteria in your colon usually keep the amount of C. diff in your body under control, but antibiotics can kill the healthy bacteria and let C. diff grow too fast. If your PMC is severe or keeps coming back, you may need: Extra rounds of antibiotics Fetal microbial transplant ( FMT), during which your doctor puts healthy stool from a donor into your system to help restore good bacteria Surgery to take out part of your colon (less than 1% of people with PMC need this.)


Question: Which antibiotics can help with treating pseudomembranous colitis (PMC)?

Answer: The good bacteria in your colon usually keep the amount of C. diff in your body under control, but antibiotics can kill the healthy bacteria and let C. diff grow too fast. These include: Fidaxomicin ( Dificid) Metronidazole ( Flagyl) Vancomycin You take these medications by mouth, through a vein, or through a tube in your stomach.


Question: What happens when I don't raise my blood sugar in time?

Answer: If you don't treat it in time, it can lead to insulin shock, which can cause you to have a seizure or pass out. Talk to your doctor about whether you need a prescription for a glucagon kit. Glucagon is a hormone you can inject that releases stored glucose into your bloodstream. It can raise your blood sugar if you can't eat or drink.


Question: Who should I tell about my diabetes?

Answer: Prepare for an emergency. Your family members, co-workers, and friends you see often need to be able to help you. Tell them your symptoms of low blood sugar and what types and amounts of food they can give you. If you have emergency glucagon, they should learn how to inject it into your arm, bottom, or thigh, or know to call 911 if you pass out.


Question: How can I raise my blood sugar?

Answer: Always carry quick-sugar foods with you. To raise your blood sugar quickly back to a safe level, you'll need to eat 15 grams of simple carbohydrates. If you don't feel better after you eat and your blood sugar is still low, eat another 15 grams of a quick-sugar food, then retest your glucose. If your next meal is an hour or more away, you'll need to have another snack to keep your blood sugar from dipping again.


Question: How do I know if I have low blood sugar?

Answer: It's called hypoglycemia, and it can happen when your body has too much insulin, or too little food or sugar, called glucose. If you don't treat it in time, it can lead to insulin shock, which can cause you to have a seizure or pass out. You might feel shaky, sweaty, or get a pounding heart. If you don't raise your blood sugar in time, there's a chance you may go into insulin shock, which can be dangerous.


Question: Can I get low blood sugar levels while I manage my diabetes?

Answer: You still could get low blood sugar levels. It's called hypoglycemia, and it can happen when your body has too much insulin, or too little food or sugar, called glucose. You might feel shaky, sweaty, or get a pounding heart. You could notice that you're grumpy or upset. It can raise your blood sugar if you can't eat or drink.


Question: What is interstitial lung disease?

Answer: All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure. The interstitium is a lace-like network of tissue that extends throughout both lungs. The interstitium provides support to the lungs' microscopic air sacs (alveoli). Tiny blood vessels travel through the interstitium, allowing gas exchange between blood and the air in the lungs. Normally, the interstitium is so thin it can't be seen on chest X-rays or CT scans.


Question: How does inhaled oxygen treat interstitial lung disease?

Answer: Inhaled oxygen: In people with low oxygen blood levels due to interstitial lung disease, inhaled oxygen may improve symptoms. Regular use of oxygen might also protect the heart from damage caused by low oxygen levels.


Question: What causes interstitial lung disease?

Answer: Bacteria, viruses, and fungi are known to cause interstitial pneumonias. Regular exposures to inhaled irritants at work or during hobbies can also cause some interstitial lung disease. These irritants include: Asbestos Silica dust Talc Coal dust, or various other metal dusts from working in mining Grain dust from farming Bird proteins (such as from exotic birds, chickens, or pigeons) Drugs such as nitrofurantoin, amiodarone, bleomycin, and many others can rarely cause interstitial lung disease. All told, these factors cause a small percentage of interstitial lung disease. The cause of most interstitial lung disease is unknown.


Question: What are the symptoms of interstitial lung disease?

Answer: The most common symptom of all forms of interstitial lung disease is shortness of breath. Nearly all people with interstitial lung disease will experience breathlessness, which may get worse over time. Other symptoms of interstitial lung disease include: Cough, which is usually dry and nonproductive. Weight loss, most often in people with COP or BOOP.


Question: Is shortness of breath a symptom of interstitial lung disease?

Answer: In most forms of interstitial lung disease, the shortness of breath develops slowly (over months). In interstitial pneumonias or acute interstitial pneumonitis, symptoms come on more rapidly (in hours or days).


Question: Can a lung transplant treat interstitial lung disease?

Answer: Lung transplant : In advanced interstitial lung disease causing severe impairment, a lung transplant may be the best option. Most people undergoing lung transplant for interstitial lung disease make large gains in quality of life and their ability to exercise.


Question: Who gets interstitial lung disease?

Answer: Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis: Interstitial lung disease that's often present with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma). Interstitial lung disease can usually be seen on a CT scan.


Question: What body part does tendinitis affect?

Answer: Tendinitis can occur in almost any area of the body where a tendon connects a bone to a muscle. The most common places are: Base of the thumb Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Achilles tendon The symptoms of tendinitis include: Pain at the site of the tendon and surrounding area.


Question: What do you do it tendinitis doesn't get better?

Answer: Corticosteroids (often called simply "steroids") are often used because they work quickly to decrease the inflammation and pain. Physical therapy. This can be very beneficial, especially for a "frozen shoulder." Physical therapy includes range-of-motion exercises and splinting (thumb, forearm, bands). Surgery. This is only rarely needed for severe problems not responding to other treatments.


Question: When should you see a doctor about tendinitis?

Answer: You should see your doctor if you experience any of the following: Fever (over 100 degrees Fahrenheit) Swelling, redness, and warmth General illness or multiple sites of pain Inability to move the affected area These could be signs of another problem that needs more immediate attention.


Question: How long does it take tendinitis to get better?

Answer: Tendinitis may take weeks to months to go away, depending on the severity of your injury.


Question: Who gets tendinitis?

Answer: Anyone can get tendinitis, but it is more common in adults, especially those over age 40. As tendons age they tolerate less stress, are less elastic, and are easier to tear.


Question: How do you prevent tendinitis?

Answer: To avoid tendinitis, try these tips when performing activities: Take it slow at first. Gradually build up your activity level. Use limited force and limited repetitions. Stop if pain occurs. Do something else. Try again later and if pain recurs, stop that activity for the day.


Question: What are symptoms of tendinitis?

Answer: The most common places are: Base of the thumb Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Achilles tendon The symptoms of tendinitis include: Pain at the site of the tendon and surrounding area. Pain may gradually build up or be sudden and severe, especially if calcium deposits are present. Loss of motion in the shoulder, called "adhesive capsulitis" or frozen shoulder.


Question: What are risk factors for tendinitis?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } There are many activities that can cause tendinitis, including: Gardening Raking Carpentry Cleaning house Shoveling Painting Scrubbing Tennis Golf Skiing Throwing and pitching Incorrect posture at work or home or poor conditioning before exercise or playing sports also increases a person's risk. Other risk factors for tendinitis include: An abnormal or poorly placed bone or joint (such as length differences in your legs or arthritis in a joint) that stresses soft-tissue structures. Stresses from other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, thyroid disorders, or unusual medication reactions. Overuse or doing too much too soon when the tendons aren't used to making a movement or doing the task taken on. Tendinitis is common in "weekend warriors," people that play and exercise hard only on weekends. Occasionally an infection can cause tendinitis, especially infection from a cat or dog bite to the hand or a finger.


Question: What can you do to feel better during metastatic melanoma treatment?

Answer: A dietitian can give you other tips on nutrition and eating during your cancer treatment. Ask your doctor for a referral. Exercise can help you feel better overall and fight fatigue. But listen to your body, and balance rest and activity. Get the kind of emotional support that's right for you. It could be from family, friends, your cancer support group, or a religious group.


Question: What are the symptoms of metastatic melanoma?

Answer: You're more likely to get melanoma if you have: Fair skin, along with lighter hair and eye color Many moles or irregular moles (not beauty marks or small brown blemishes) A family history of melanoma If your melanoma has spread to other areas, you may have: Hardened lumps under your skin Swollen or painful lymph nodes Trouble breathing, or a cough that doesn't go away Swelling of your liver (under your lower right ribs) or loss of appetite Bone pain or, less often, broken bones Headaches, seizures, or weakness or numbness in your arms or legs Weight loss Fatigue Before you have any tests, your doctor will want to know: Why did you come in?


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Should I have other tests before we decide on a treatment? What treatments do you recommend? What's involved in these treatments? How will I feel? Will I have scars? Will I be able to work while I'm having the treatment? What happens if it doesn't help? Can I take part in clinical trials? Do you have experience treating metastatic melanoma?


Question: What causes melanoma?

Answer: In most cases, melanoma is caused by exposure to ultraviolet ( UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. It damages the DNA of your skin cells, and they start to grow out of control.


Question: How can a clinical trial help with metastatic melanoma?

Answer: These drugs boost your immune system so it can better attack the cancer.


Question: How do you know what treatment is right for metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Although metastatic melanoma is not easy to treat, you do have options. Choosing what's right for you will depend on where and how big the cancer is, what your health is like, and what your wishes are.


Question: What does your doctor check for to diagnose metastatic melanoma?

Answer: The doctor will also check to see if your lymph nodes are enlarged. Lymph nodes are bean-sized glands under the skin in your neck, underarms, and groin. The doctor uses a thin needle to remove a sample of cells. This is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy. The doctor may also do a lymph node biopsy. This removes the lymph nodes most likely to have cancer cells. In this test, the doctor injects a dye into the area where the potential cancer was. It spreads to the nearest lymph nodes, which are removed and tested. If these lymph nodes, called sentinel nodes, don't have cancer, then it's likely the cancer hasn't spread. The results of these tests help the doctor determine the stage of your cancer and how widespread it is. You and your doctor will decide on the best treatment plan once you know that information.


Question: What drugs are used to help treat metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Some drugs attack a gene called BRAF. About half the people who have melanoma have changes in this gene, which helps cancer cells grow. If you have a tumor with BRAF, these drugs may shrink it and extend your life. They include: Dabrafenib ( Tafinlar) Encorafenib ( Braftovi) Vemurafenib ( Zelboraf) Other drugs block an enzyme called MEK. This enzyme is often overactive in some cancers. These drugs, working in combination with a BRAF inhibitor to attack cancer cells, seem to shrink tumors for a longer period of time: Binimetinib ( Mektovi) Cobimetinib ( Cotellic) Trametinib ( Mekinist) Hearing that your cancer has spread is scary, but a lot of research is underway to find new treatments.


Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat metastatic melanoma?

Answer: These drugs boost your immune system so it can better attack the cancer. You get immunotherapy through an IV or a shot in high doses. It can have serious side effects, but it can also shrink metastatic melanomas and help some people live longer.


Question: Where can you get support for metastatic melanoma?

Answer: The Melanoma Research Foundation has an online library of free support services, including an online patient community and a phone buddy program. And for more information on metastatic melanoma, go to the web site of the Skin Cancer Foundation.


Question: Can metastatic melanoma be cured?

Answer: Melanoma often spreads to: Tissue under the skin Lymph nodes Lungs Liver Brain Although in any cases metastatic melanoma can't be cured, treatments and support can help you live longer and better. Doctors have new therapies that have greatly increased survival rates.


Question: What is metastatic melanoma?

Answer: You may also hear your doctor refer to it as stage IV melanoma. When? And what type?


Question: What drugs are used in immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma?

Answer: This test uses radioactive material to look for signs of cancer. These can help some people, depending on the size and location of the cancer. It can also be used for late-stage melanoma that cannot be removed by surgery. Ipilimumab is often used in combination with a PD-1 inhibitor. Nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) work by inhibiting the PD-1 protein on cells, which blocks the body's immune system from attacking melanoma tumors. Combination therapy with ipilimumab and either nivolumab or pembrolizumab has been shown to increase overall survival compared to treating with ipilimumab alone.


Question: What should you expect if you have metastatic melanoma?

Answer: So find support and learn about your treatment options. Although metastatic melanoma is not easy to treat, you do have options.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Have you been diagnosed with melanoma before? This uses radiation in low doses to make pictures of the inside of your body. CT scan (computerized tomography). It uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and structures inside your body. It helps show blood flow and can help locate cancer growths. PET scan.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for metastatic melanoma?

Answer: You can get the disease on parts of your body that don't get sunlight, though, like the palms of your hands and the retinas of your eyes. Stop it from spreading to new areas. Make you more comfortable.


Question: How is metastatic melanoma diagnosed?

Answer: Have you been diagnosed with melanoma before? You usually get one of three types: Punch biopsy. Excisional biopsy. Your doctor takes out the entire growth. A doctor will look at the growth under a microscope to see how thick it is. Usually, a thicker tumor means the cancer is more serious. Your doctor can help you find a cancer support group.


Question: What is sensory processing disorder and how does it relate to ADHD?

Answer: The occupational therapist might also test your child for something called sensory processing disorder. Kids with ADHD sometimes have more trouble than their peers processing sights, sounds, smells, and other things. But there is some debate as to whether this is an actual disorder. The American Academy of Pediatrics believes that sensory processing problems exist, but doesn't consider it a separate disorder. Most people can filter out the screams of a fire engine siren or the sound of a flushing toilet. But for some kids with ADHD, these sights and sounds overwhelm their senses.


Question: What does the first session with an occupational therapist for ADHD typically entail?

Answer: The first thing the therapist does is evaluate your child. They usually do this with input from you and your child's teachers.


Question: What is sensory processing disorder in kids with ADHD?

Answer: Kids with ADHD sometimes have more trouble than their peers processing sights, sounds, smells, and other things. But there is some debate as to whether this is an actual disorder. The American Academy of Pediatrics believes that sensory processing problems exist, but doesn't consider it a separate disorder.


Question: How can an occupational therapist help kids with ADHD?

Answer: An occupational therapist, or " OT," helps kids with ADHD improve certain skills, such as: Organization Physical coordination Ability to do everyday tasks -- such as take a shower, organize their backpack, or make their bed -- quickly and well Control their âenergyâ levels, hyperactivity, etc. Occupational therapists typically have a master's degree. They are certified in their field and licensed in the state where they practice.


Question: How should I pick an occupational therapist for my child with ADHD?

Answer: When you're in the process of picking an occupational therapist, ask these questions: What kind of training do you have? Are you certified and licensed to practice in this state? Are you specifically trained in pediatric occupational therapy or just OT? How much experience do you have working with kids who have ADHD? How will you evaluate my child? What treatment goals do you recommend? What types of therapy will your program involve? The OT you choose should focus on your child's needs and listen to your concerns.


Question: How can you find an occupational therapist?

Answer: You can check with the American Occupational Therapy Association to find a qualified OT in your area. Or you can check with local hospitals. Your child's doctor will often have a list of good OTs near you, too. When you're in the process of picking an occupational therapist, ask these questions: What kind of training do you have? Are you certified and licensed to practice in this state? Are you specifically trained in pediatric occupational therapy or just OT? How much experience do you have working with kids who have ADHD? How will you evaluate my child? What treatment goals do you recommend? What types of therapy will your program involve? The OT you choose should focus on your child's needs and listen to your concerns. Make sure you're comfortable with the therapist you pick.


Question: Does sensory therapy in addition to ADHD treatment help ADHD symptoms more?

Answer: In this technique, the therapist helps to reorganize the child's sensory system, using: Deep pressure, such as massage or the use of a weighted vest or blanket Rhythmic, repetitive movements such as on a swing, trampoline, or exercise ball Different textures for the child to touch Listening therapy to help with sensitivity to sounds Sensory therapy can be part of an overall treatment for ADHD that includes medicine and behavior therapy. The research on sensory processing disorder is still new. There is some evidence that this technique can help improve issues like impulsivity and hyperactivity. But most experts think occupational therapy is best for help in treating weaknesses in coordination and organization, which children with ADHD often have.


Question: What does a typical therapy session between an occupational therapist and a child for ADHD look like?

Answer: During a therapy session, the occupational therapist and your child might: Play games, such as catching or hitting a ball to improve coordination. Do activities to work out anger and aggression. Learn new ways to do daily tasks like brushing teeth, getting dressed, or feeding himself. Try techniques to improve focus. Practice handwriting. Go over social skills. Work on time management. Set up ways to stay organized in the classroom and at home. Come up with an analogy that helps your child understand hyperactivity and how to keep it in check.


Question: How do children with sensory processing disorder react to stimulation?

Answer: Some children with the condition pull away from too much stimulation. Others crave even more.


Question: What will an occupational therapist look for when evaluating my child's ADHD?

Answer: During the evaluation, the therapist will look at how ADHD affects your child's: Schoolwork Social life Home life The OT will also do a test to find out your child's strengths and weaknesses. Then they'll recommend ways to address his issues.


Question: What educational background is necessary to be an occupational therapist for ADHD?

Answer: Are you certified and licensed to practice in this state? Occupational therapists use a technique called sensory integrative therapy to help kids with ADHD who have sensory processing disorder.


Question: What is sensory therapy for kids with ADHD?

Answer: The occupational therapist might also test your child for something called sensory processing disorder. In this technique, the therapist helps to reorganize the child's sensory system, using: Deep pressure, such as massage or the use of a weighted vest or blanket Rhythmic, repetitive movements such as on a swing, trampoline, or exercise ball Different textures for the child to touch Listening therapy to help with sensitivity to sounds Sensory therapy can be part of an overall treatment for ADHD that includes medicine and behavior therapy. The research on sensory processing disorder is still new. There is some evidence that this technique can help improve issues like impulsivity and hyperactivity. But most experts think occupational therapy is best for help in treating weaknesses in coordination and organization, which children with ADHD often have.


Question: What are the side effects of heart pump medication for heart failure?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: What guidelines should you follow while taking heart pump medication?

Answer: Keep all appointments so your doctor can see how well the medicine is working. Always have enough infusion bags of your medication. Check your supply before vacations, holidays, or other occasions when you may not be able to get it. Never get other intravenous medications through the same intravenous line. Take precautions to prevent infection while you are taking this drug. Your doctor will let you know what you need to do.


Question: What are some guidelines for inotropic therapy for heart failure?

Answer: Keep all appointments so your doctor can see how well the medicine is working. Always have enough infusion bags of your medication. Check your supply before vacations, holidays, or other occasions when you may not be able to get it. Never get other intravenous medications through the same intravenous line. Take precautions to prevent infection while you are taking this drug. Your doctor will let you know what you need to do.


Question: How is heart pump medication used for heart failure?

Answer: It's used to make the heart muscle's contractions stronger. It may also speed the heart's rhythm. It's used in end-stage heart failure to help relieve and control symptoms so you can perform your daily activities better. These medications are only used when other drugs don't control heart failure symptoms anymore.


Question: How should I take heart pump medications for heart failure?

Answer: Heart pump medications include: Dobutamine ( Dobutrex) Milrinone ( Primacor) The first time you get them will be in a hospital where you can be closely watched. Dobutamine and milrinone are IV medications given through an infusion pump into your vein. This helps make sure the dose is accurate. You might get them continuously or periodically over 6 to 72 hours, one or more times per week. Even if you feel well, don't stop taking this medicine without asking your doctor. If you are discharged from the hospital with an inotropic medication, a home health nurse will give you specific directions on how to care for your intravenous site, catheter, and infusion pump.


Question: What are types of heart pump drugs?

Answer: Heart pump medications include: Dobutamine ( Dobutrex) Milrinone ( Primacor) The first time you get them will be in a hospital where you can be closely watched.


Question: When should you immediately stop the infusion of heart pump drugs and call your doctor?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: How are heart pump drugs for heart failure given?

Answer: Heart pump drugs are sometimes given in the short term to people waiting for a heart transplant. The risk of death rises if they're taken long term. Heart pump medications include: Dobutamine ( Dobutrex) Milrinone ( Primacor) The first time you get them will be in a hospital where you can be closely watched.


Question: What does heart pump medication do, and when might you need it?

Answer: Heart pump medication, also called inotropic therapy, makes an injured or weakened heart pump harder. It's used to make the heart muscle's contractions stronger. It may also speed the heart's rhythm. It's used in end-stage heart failure to help relieve and control symptoms so you can perform your daily activities better. These medications are only used when other drugs don't control heart failure symptoms anymore. Heart pump drugs are sometimes given in the short term to people waiting for a heart transplant.


Question: When should you call the doctor about the side effects of heart pump medication for heart failure?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: What side effects of heart pump medications should you tell your doctor about right away?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: Should I avoid certain foods or medicines during heart pump medication for heart failure?

Answer: This helps make sure the dose is accurate. Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: Should you keep taking heart pump drugs if you feel better?

Answer: If you are discharged from the hospital with an inotropic medication, a home health nurse will give you specific directions on how to care for your intravenous site, catheter, and infusion pump. Keep all appointments so your doctor can see how well the medicine is working.


Question: Should you avoid certain foods while taking heart pump medication?

Answer: This helps make sure the dose is accurate. Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: Can posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) be prevented?

Answer: Avoiding: The person may avoid people, places, thoughts, or situations that may remind him or her of the trauma.


Question: How does group therapy help posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: Group therapy may be helpful by allowing the person to share thoughts, fears, and feelings with other people who have experienced traumatic events.


Question: How does posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affect children?

Answer: Young children with PTSD may suffer from delayed development in areas such as toilet training, motor skills, and language.


Question: What is psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: Psychotherapy Psychotherapy for PTSD involves helping the person learn skills to manage symptoms and develop ways of coping. Therapy also aims to teach the person and his or her family about the disorder, and help the person work through the fears associated with the traumatic event.


Question: When do symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occur?

Answer: Symptoms of PTSD most often begin within three months of the event. In some cases, however, they do not begin until years later. The severity and duration of the illness vary. Some people recover within six months, while others suffer much longer.


Question: How does family therapy help posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: Family therapy may be useful because the behavior of the person with PTSD can have an affect on other family members.


Question: What is exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: Prolonged exposure therapy, a type of behavioral therapy that involves having the person re-live the traumatic experience, or exposing the person to objects or situations that cause anxiety. This is done in a well-controlled and safe environment. Prolonged exposure therapy helps the person confront the fear and gradually become more comfortable with situations that are frightening and cause anxiety. This has been very successful at treating PTSD.


Question: What is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: A variety of psychotherapy approaches are used to treat people with PTSD, including: Cognitive behavioral therapy, which involves learning to recognize and change thought patterns that lead to troublesome emotions, feelings, and behavior.


Question: What medications are used to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: Medication Doctors use certain antidepressant medications to treat PTSD -- and to control the feelings of anxiety and its associated symptoms -- including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) such as Paxil, Celexa, Luvox, Prozac, and Zoloft; and tricyclic antidepressants such as Elavil and Doxepin. Mood stabilizers such as Depakote and Lamictal and atypical antipsychotics such as Seroquel and Abilify are sometimes used. Certain blood pressure medicines are also sometimes used to control particular symptoms. For example prazosin may be used for nightmares, or propranolol may be used to help minimize the formation of traumatic memories. "


Question: Who gets posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: Everyone reacts to traumatic events differently. Each person is unique in his or her ability to manage fear and stress and to cope with the threat posed by a traumatic event or situation. For that reason, not everyone who experiences or witnesses a trauma will develop PTSD. Further, the type of help and support a person receives from friends, family members and professionals following the trauma may influence the development of PTSD or the severity of symptoms. PTSD was first brought to the attention of the medical community by war veterans; hence the names shell shock and battle fatigue syndrome. However, PTSD can occur in anyone who has experienced a traumatic event that threatens death or violence. People who have been abused as children or who have been repeatedly exposed to life-threatening situations are at greater risk for developing PTSD. Victims of trauma related to physical and sexual assault face the greatest risk for PTSD.


Question: What is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: PTSD is a lasting consequence of traumatic ordeals that cause intense fear, helplessness, or horror, such as a sexual or physical assault, the unexpected death of a loved one, an accident, war, or natural disaster. Families of victims can also develop PTSD, as can emergency personnel and rescue workers. ', }, share: { suppress: false, title: ' Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) is a serious mental condition that requires treatment.


Question: What are the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: Symptoms of PTSD most often begin within three months of the event. These may include flashbacks, hallucinations, and nightmares. They also may feel great distress when certain things remind them of the trauma, such as the anniversary date of the event. Avoiding: The person may avoid people, places, thoughts, or situations that may remind him or her of the trauma. This can lead to feelings of detachment and isolation from family and friends, as well as a loss of interest in activities that the person once enjoyed. Increased arousal: These include excessive emotions; problems relating to others, including feeling or showing affection; difficulty falling or staying asleep; irritability; outbursts of anger; difficulty concentrating; and being "jumpy" or easily startled. The person may also suffer physical symptoms, such as increased blood pressure and heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tension, nausea, and diarrhea. Negative Cognitions and Mood: This refers to thoughts and feelings related to blame, estrangement, and memories of the traumatic event.


Question: What causes apraxia of speech?

Answer: It is often accompanied by other language or cognitive deficits, which may cause: Limited vocabulary Grammatical problems Problems with coordination and fine motor skills Difficulties chewing and swallowing Clumsiness Acquired apraxia results from brain damage to those areas of the brain that control the ability to speak. Conditions that may produce acquired apraxia include head trauma, stroke, or a brain tumor. Experts do not yet understand what causes childhood apraxia of speech. Some scientists believe that it results from signaling problems between the brain and the muscles used for speaking. Ongoing research is focusing on whether brain abnormalities that cause apraxia of speech can be identified. Other research is looking for genetic causes of apraxia. Some studies are trying to determine exactly which parts of the brain are linked to the condition.


Question: Are there different types of apraxia of speech?

Answer: There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech. Acquired apraxia can occur in people of all ages. Typically, though, it is found in adults. This condition causes people to lose the speech-making abilities they once possessed. Childhood apraxia of speech is a motor speech disorder. This condition is present from birth, and it affects a child's ability to form sounds and words. Children with speech apraxia often have far greater abilities to understand speech than to express themselves with spoken words.


Question: Are there tests to diagnose apraxia of speech?

Answer: There is not a single test or procedure that is used to diagnose childhood apraxia of speech. Diagnosis is complicated by the fact that speech-language pathologists have different opinions about which symptoms indicate the condition. Most experts, though, look for the presence of multiple, common apraxia symptoms. They may assess a patient's ability to repeat a word multiple times. Or they may assess whether a person can recite a list of words that are increasingly more difficult, such as "play, playful, playfully." A speech-language pathologist may interact with a child to assess which sounds, syllables, and words the child is able to make and understand. The pathologist will also examine the child's mouth, tongue, and face for any structural problems that might be causing apraxia symptoms.


Question: Are there treatments for apraxia of speech?

Answer: There are various treatment approaches used for apraxia. How effective they are can vary from person to person. For the best results, apraxia treatment must be developed to meet a given individual's needs. Most children with apraxia of speech benefit from meeting one on one with a speech-language pathologist three to five times a week. They may also need to work with their parents or guardians to practice the skills they are developing.


Question: What are beneficial treatments for apraxia?

Answer: Exercises may include: Repeatedly practicing the formation and pronunciation of sounds and words Practicing stringing together sounds to make speech Working with rhythms or melodies Using multisensory approaches, such as watching in a mirror while trying to form words or touching the face while talking Many therapists believe that sign language is beneficial for children who have difficulty being understood. They often recommend that children attempt to say the words they are signing to practice making the necessary movements with their mouths. People with more extreme cases of acquired apraxia may also benefit from sign language. Or they may use assistive electronic devices, including computers that can be used to produce words and sentences.


Question: What does childhood apraxia cause?

Answer: There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech. It is often accompanied by other language or cognitive deficits, which may cause: Limited vocabulary Grammatical problems Problems with coordination and fine motor skills Difficulties chewing and swallowing Clumsiness Acquired apraxia results from brain damage to those areas of the brain that control the ability to speak.


Question: How is apraxia diagnosed?

Answer: For instance, they may not be able to lick their lips or wink. Most experts, though, look for the presence of multiple, common apraxia symptoms. Both of these are indicative of other conditions and their presence would help rule out apraxia. For people with possible acquired apraxia, an MRI of the brain may be useful to determine the extent and location of any brain damage. Typically, a diagnosis of childhood apraxia of speech cannot be made before a child's second birthday. Before this time, most children are unable to understand or perform the tasks needed to determine the presence of apraxia.


Question: What is apraxia?

Answer: People with orofacial apraxia are unable to voluntarily perform certain movements involving facial muscles. For instance, they may not be able to lick their lips or wink. Another form of apraxia affects a person's ability to intentionally move arms and legs. With apraxia of speech a person finds it difficult or impossible to move his or her mouth and tongue to speak. This happens, even though the person has the desire to speak and the mouth and tongue muscles are physically able to form words. There are two forms of apraxia of speech -- acquired apraxia and childhood apraxia of speech. Acquired apraxia can occur in people of all ages. Most children with apraxia of speech benefit from meeting one on one with a speech-language pathologist three to five times a week.


Question: How are cholesterol and strokes related?

Answer: Atherosclerosis causes arteries that lead to the brain to become narrowed and even blocked. If a vessel carrying blood to the brain is blocked completely, you could have a stroke High cholesterol also has been linked to peripheral vascular disease.


Question: How is cholesterol related to high blood pressure?

Answer: High blood pressure (also called hypertension) and high cholesterol also are linked. When the arteries become hardened and narrowed with cholesterol plaque and calcium, the heart has to strain much harder to pump blood through them. As a result, blood pressure becomes abnormally high. High blood pressure is also linked to heart disease.


Question: How is cholesterol related to diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes can upset the balance between HDL and LDL cholesterol levels. People with diabetes tend to have LDL particles that stick to arteries and damage blood vessel walls more easily. People with diabetes tend to have low HDL and high triglyceride (another kind of blood fat) levels. Both of these boost the risk of heart and artery disease.


Question: How is cholesterol related to coronary heart disease?

Answer: If the cholesterol level is too high, cholesterol can build up in the walls of your arteries. Over time, this build-up -- called plaque -- causes hardening of the arteries or atherosclerosis. This causes arteries to become narrowed, which slows the blood flow to the heart muscle. Reduced blood flow can result in angina (chest pain) or in a heart attack if a blood vessel gets blocked completely. High blood pressure is also linked to heart disease.


Question: What should you know about getting a lung transplant for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: Some people with IPF can get a lung transplant. Doctors usually recommend it for someone whose illness is very severe or gets worse very fast. Getting a new lung or lungs can help you live longer, but it is major surgery. If you fit the criteria for a lung transplant, your doctor will put you on a waiting list for a lung from a donor. After your transplant, you could be in the hospital for 3 weeks or longer. You'll need to take drugs for the rest of your life that keep your body from rejecting your new lung. You'll also have lots of tests to see how well your lungs are working and regular physical therapy. If you're considering a lung transplant, you'll need emotional support from family and friends. Support groups can help by putting you in touch with people who are also getting or have had transplants. Ask your doctor about programs that can help explain what to expect before and after the surgery.


Question: What can you do to take care of yourself if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: There are other things you can do to feel better: Eat healthy. A well-rounded diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or fat-free dairy, and lean protein is good for your body in general. Eating smaller meals more often will also give your lungs more room to breathe. Exercise. Take a daily walk or bike ride. It can strengthen your lungs and reduce stress. If it's hard to breathe when you're active, ask your doctor about using oxygen during your workouts. Quit smoking. Cigarettes and other tobacco products damage your lungs and make breathing problems worse. Your doctor can recommend programs to help you quit. Get a flu shot. Vaccines can protect you from infections like the flu or pneumonia, which can harm your lungs. You need a flu shot every year. You will also need to get two vaccines to help protect against a very serious type of pneumonia. Ask your doctor about when you should get these vaccines. Try to stay away from people who have colds. Find ways to relax. Low-key activities that you enjoy are great ways to fight stress. Try reading, drawing, or meditating.


Question: Where can you learn more about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: To learn more about IPF or find a support group in your area, visit the websites of the Coalition for Pulmonary Fibrosis and the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation.


Question: Where can you find support if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: It's hard to live with an illness like IPF. Remember that it's OK to ask a doctor, counselor, friend, or family member for help with any stress, sadness, or anger you may feel. Support groups are good places to talk to other people who are living with IPF or a similar condition. They can give you and your family advice and understanding.


Question: What are some questions for your doctor about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: How do you know I have IPF? Do I need any more tests? Do I need to see any other doctors? What treatments might work best for me? How will they make me feel? Will anything help me breathe better right away? Are there any clinical trials that would be good for me? How often should I see you? Will I need a lung transplant? Will my children get IPF?


Question: What are the symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: You can have IPF for a long time without noticing any symptoms. After many years, the scarring in your lungs gets worse, and you might have: A dry, hacking cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath, especially when you walk or do other activities You might also notice that: You feel more tired than usual Your joints and muscles ache You've lost weight without trying The tips of your fingers and toes have gotten wider, called clubbing IPF is hard to tell apart from other lung diseases because it shares many of the same signs.


Question: What new treatments are available for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: Scientists are also studying new treatments for IPF in clinical trials. These trials test new drugs to see if they are safe and if they work. They often are a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be good for you.


Question: What questions will your doctor ask when diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: She might ask questions like: How long have you been feeling this way? Have you ever smoked? Do you work with chemicals at your job or home? What kinds? Has anyone in your family been diagnosed with IPF? Do you have any other medical conditions? Have you ever been told you had the Epstein- Barr virus, influenza A, hepatitis C, or HIV?


Question: Is there a cure for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: There's no cure for IPF. The illness will affect your life and your family. For most people, symptoms don't get better, but there are new treatments that can slow the damage to your lungs. Everyone's outlook is different. Some people will get worse quickly, while others can live 10 years or more after they are diagnosed. There are therapies to help you breathe easier and manage your symptoms. In some cases, you may be able to have a lung transplant.


Question: How can idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis vary?

Answer: Everyone with IPF is different. For some people, the disease gets worse quickly. For others, it can be a slow process where their lungs stay the same for a long time. Talk to your doctor about your condition and what you can do to manage it.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: Your doctor also will give you one or more of these tests: Chest X-ray. It uses radiation in low doses to make images of organs inside your body. Exercise test. You walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bike while someone checks the levels of oxygen in your blood through a probe on your fingertip or attached to your forehead. High-resolution chest CT, or computed tomography. This is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures of your lungs. It can help find out how severe your IPF is and possibly the cause. Biopsy. The doctor removes small pieces of your lung tissue and examines them under a microscope. This may be done with surgery or with a flexible tube filled with a small camera that looks down your throat and into your lungs. The flexible tube approach is called a bronchoscopy. During the bronchoscopy, a doctor will use fluid to wash out your lungs and remove cells to study them. This usually happens in a hospital, and you'll be asleep for it. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas tests. They measure how much oxygen is in your blood. Spirometry. You blow as hard as you can into a mouthpiece attached to a device called a spirometer. It measures how well your lungs are working by showing how much air you can blow out.


Question: How is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed?

Answer: After many years, the scarring in your lungs gets worse, and you might have: A dry, hacking cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath, especially when you walk or do other activities You might also notice that: You feel more tired than usual Your joints and muscles ache You've lost weight without trying The tips of your fingers and toes have gotten wider, called clubbing IPF is hard to tell apart from other lung diseases because it shares many of the same signs. It may take time and a lot of visits to the doctor to get the right diagnosis. If you have trouble breathing that doesn't get better, you'll probably need to see a pulmonologist, a doctor who treats lung problems.


Question: What should you expect if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: IPF is a serious disease, and it will have a big effect on your life and your loved ones. To stay as healthy as possible, follow your treatment plan and see your doctor regularly to make sure your treatment is working.


Question: What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: Usually, when you breathe in, oxygen moves through tiny air sacs in your lungs into your bloodstream. From there, it travels to organs in your body. IPF scar tissue is thick, like the scars you get on your skin after a cut. It slows oxygen flow from your lungs to your blood, which can keep your body from working as it should. Low oxygen levels and the stiff scar tissue make it hard to breathe. The scar tissue in your lungs makes it hard for your body to get oxygen, which puts a strain on your other organs.


Question: What other conditions can you get with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: From there, it travels to organs in your body. IPF can raise your odds of getting other conditions, including: High blood pressure in the lungs, called pulmonary hypertension Heart attack Stroke Blood clots in your lungs Lung cancer Lung infections Ask your doctor what you can do to lower your chances of having these problems.


Question: What causes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: But doctors don't know what causes IPF. That's what "idiopathic" means. You might be more likely to get IPF if you: Smoke cigarettes Breathe in wood or metal dust at work or home Have acid reflux disease Sometimes, IPF runs in families. Doctors think broken genes could cause the disease in some people. No one knows yet which specific genes may be involved. Some people with IPF need it only when they sleep or exercise.


Question: When should I call my doctor about sporotrichosis?

Answer: When to call the doctor If you think you might have sporotrichosis, see a doctor about diagnosis and treatment. If you are already being treated for sporotrichosis, contact a doctor if new sores develop or if the old ones appear to be growing.


Question: When should I go to the hospital for sporotrichosis?

Answer: The mold is found on rose thorns, hay, sphagnum moss, twigs, and soil. When to go to the hospital Sporotrichosis in the skin or lymph nodes should not be dangerous or life threatening. Open ulcers can become infected with bacteria and may cause a condition known as cellulitis. If a rapidly expanding area of redness, pain, and warmth around the original ulcers develops, you should go to your local emergency room.


Question: How is sporotrichosis infection in the bones and joints treated?

Answer: Sporotrichosis is an infection of the skin caused by a fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. It can be difficult to treat and may be life threatening. Ulcers should be kept clean and covered until they are healed. Treatment of sporotrichosis depends on the site infected. Itraconazole ( Sporanox) is often used as an initial medication for several months or even up to a year. Amphotericin is also used, but this drug can only be given through an IV. Amphotericin has more side effects and may need to be administered for many months. Surgery is sometimes needed to remove infected bone.


Question: How do I use a cervical shield?

Answer: A woman should first put spermicide in it and then insert it into her vagina before sex. It must stay in place for at least 8 hours after intercourse. The shield has a loop on it to help with removal. You must take it out within 48 hours in order to avoid getting toxic shock syndrome.


Question: How effective is the cervical shield?

Answer: That means that in a typical year, 15 out of 100 women who use it will get pregnant.


Question: What is the cervical shield?

Answer: Also called â Lea's Shield,â this cup-shaped device is a âbarrier methodâ of birth control for women. It's made of silicone, and it covers the cervix so that sperm can't get into the uterus. The shield has a valve on it that creates suction when you insert it, to help it fit against the cervix.


Question: Does a cervical shield come in more than one size?

Answer: But you will need a prescription for it.


Question: What is Hashimoto's disease?

Answer: Your immune system starts attacking your thyroid and gradually weakens the gland until it can't produce enough thyroid hormones.


Question: What causes thyroiditis?

Answer: There are many things that can make your thyroid swell. You may have gotten an infection from a virus or bacteria. You may be taking a drug like lithium or interferon. Or you may have problems with your immune system. One form of thyroiditis shows up after childbirth. Pregnancy has a major impact on the thyroid in general.


Question: How is hypothyroidism treated?

Answer: With subacute thyroiditis, there is generally a predictable pattern of how the thyroid functions. These are taken as pills. As your metabolism returns to normal, your doctor may adjust the dosage.


Question: Do antidepressants help ADHD?

Answer: These nonstimulants are FDA-approved for ADHD in children and teens: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) Antidepressants aren't specifically approved to treat ADHD, but they can help with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. They're an option for children who haven't done well on a stimulant alone. Taking an antidepressant along with a stimulant seems to work well for children who have ADHD along with a mood disorder such as depression or anxiety.


Question: What specific non-stimulant drugs treat ADHD?

Answer: These nonstimulants are FDA-approved for ADHD in children and teens: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) Antidepressants aren't specifically approved to treat ADHD, but they can help with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.


Question: What is behavioral therapy for ADHD?

Answer: This type of therapy uses positive reinforcement for good behavior and negative reinforcement for unwanted behaviors. A mental health professional -- a psychologist, social worker, or family therapist -- works with you and your child's teachers to set up a program to improve your child's behaviors. Behavioral therapy is often used along with ADHD medications, but it can also be used alone.


Question: Is ADHD treatment safe for children and how do I know if treatment is right for my child?

Answer: These treatment options have been evaluated for safety, but no two children are alike, and what works for some kids may not work as well for yours. Together with the doctor, you'll develop a plan that meets your child's specific needs. It may take time to figure out what works best. The plan may include medications, behavioral therapy, or both.


Question: What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?

Answer: These are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants for people with depression. These have been tried for ADHD: Escitalopram ( Lexapro) Sertraline ( Zoloft) Venlafaxine ( Effexor).


Question: Which specific drugs are considered stimulants?

Answer: Stimulants include: Amphetamine ( Adzenys XR- ODT) Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR) Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate, Methylin, Ritalin, Quillivant XR) If the first drug the doctor prescribes doesn't seem to help with symptoms, he may raise the dosage, suggest a different medication, or suggest your child take another drug along with the stimulant.


Question: What are stimulants for ADHD?

Answer: Stimulants are the most common treatment in children and teens. They help the brain control impulses and control behavior and attention. Kids with certain medical conditions shouldn't take stimulants. Make sure the doctor knows your child's medical history before he prescribes any medication. The doctor may prescribe this if your child doesn't do well with stimulants.


Question: Do omega-3 supplements help ADHD?

Answer: For some kids, they may be a better option than stimulants, but they're often used along with stimulants. There are several types of antidepressants.


Question: What other health conditions are common in people with Down syndrome?

Answer: People with Down syndrome are born with an extra chromosome.


Question: Who is at high risk of getting a baby with Down syndrome?

Answer: While doctors don't know what causes it, they do know that women 35 and older have a higher chance of having a baby with Down syndrome. If you've already had a child with Down syndrome, you're more likely to have another one who has it as well.


Question: What are mental abilities of a person with Down syndrome?

Answer: Their mental abilities will vary, but most have mild to moderate issues with thinking, reasoning, and understanding. They'll learn and pick up new skills their whole lives, but may take longer to reach important goals like walking, talking, and developing social skills.


Question: Does appearance show what type of Down syndrome someone has?

Answer: The parent doesn't have Down syndrome because they have the right number of genes, but their child may have what's called âtranslocation Down syndrome.â Not everyone with translocation Down syndrome gets it from their parents -- it may also happen by chance.


Question: What is translocation Down syndrome?

Answer: Sometimes, a parent has what experts call âtranslocatedâ genes. That means some of their genes aren't in their normal place, perhaps on a different chromosome from where they'd usually be found. The parent doesn't have Down syndrome because they have the right number of genes, but their child may have what's called âtranslocation Down syndrome.â Not everyone with translocation Down syndrome gets it from their parents -- it may also happen by chance.


Question: What are types of Down syndrome?

Answer: There are three types of Down syndrome: Trisomy 21. This is by far the most common type, where every cell in the body has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two. Translocation Down syndrome. In this type, each cell has part of an extra chromosome 21, or an entirely extra one. But it's attached to another chromosome instead of being on its own. Mosaic Down syndrome. This is the rarest type, where only some cells have an extra chromosome 21.


Question: What causes Down syndrome?

Answer: Your genes hold the keys to how your body looks and works. But with Down syndrome, something goes wrong and you get an extra copy of chromosome 21. That means you have three copies instead of two, which leads to the signs and symptoms of Down syndrome.


Question: Can you outgrow Down syndrome?

Answer: Although it can't be cured, doctors know more about it now than ever. If your child has it, getting the right care early on can make a big difference in helping him live a full and meaningful life. Translocation Down syndrome.


Question: Should you use paper goods when someone in your home is sick?

Answer: Switch to paper goods. If everyone's sick, use paper towels instead of hand towels in the bathroom. Switch out glasses for paper cups, and toss them after one use. You'll be less likely to swap germs.


Question: What should you disinfect when someone in your home is sick?

Answer: You don't need to spend all day spraying every surface with disinfectant. You may just want to disinfect some heavily touched items -- like doorknobs, remote controls, and phones -- each day.


Question: How do flu shots help you prepare for flu season?

Answer: Get your kids to bed on time, too. Get your flu shot. One of the best ways to help keep the flu away from your home is to make sure your whole family gets vaccinated.


Question: What supplies should you stock up on in case someone in your family catches a cold or the flu?

Answer: Be ready before cold and flu season starts. Load up on tissues, hand soap, hand sanitizer, and paper towels. Make sure it contains pain relievers, fever reducers, and any other medications you use when your family is fighting colds or the flu, like decongestants or cough syrups. Review the correct doses based on age and weight. Check to see if any medications overlap or interact. Test your thermometer to make sure the batteries still work. Clean your humidifier.


Question: How should everyone in your home wash their hands during cold and flu season?

Answer: Before the virus knocks you and your family out, try these tips to prepare for colds and flu. Load up on tissues, hand soap, hand sanitizer, and paper towels. Germy hands spread colds and the flu. Tell your family to scrub their hands well with soap for 20 seconds. Tell kids to wash for as long as it takes to sing " Happy Birthday" twice. Make sure you do it, too!


Question: Who defines what it means to be legally blind?

Answer: You might be surprised to learn that it's Uncle Sam, not the doctor, who defines whether you're legally blind. The government uses the term âlegal blindnessâ to decide who can get certain benefits, like disability or job training. It is not the same as being totally blind.


Question: Can I diagnose myself as legally blind?

Answer: You can't diagnose yourself with the condition. Your doctor has to make that call, so let her know if you're having eye trouble.


Question: What is "legally blind"?

Answer: If you're legally blind, your vision is 20/200 or less. That means if an object is 200 feet away, you have to stand 20 feet from it in order to see it clearly. But a person with normal vision can stand 200 feet away and see that object perfectly.


Question: How do I determine if I'm legally blind?

Answer: She'll measure your eyesight while you're wearing glasses or contact lenses. Your vision might fall below 20/200 without them. If it improves when you put on your glasses or contacts, you're not considered legally blind. Talk to your doctor about your concerns.


Question: Is incontinence likely after prostate cancer surgery?

Answer: After surgery, most men have temporary urine leakage, called incontinence, but they usually regain complete urinary control over time. If it is severe or lasts a long time, incontinence can be managed with special disposable underwear, exercises, condom catheters, biofeedback, penile clamps, implants around the urethra, or a urethral sling.


Question: What is a PCA-3 test?

Answer: For men who have high PSA levels but biopsies don't find cancer, there is a urine test known as a PCA-3 that looks for cancer. This test can prevent the need for repeat biopsies in some men.


Question: What does watchful waiting for prostate cancer mean?

Answer: Watchful Waiting Since prostate cancer can grow slowly and may not be fatal in many men, some patients -- after discussing the options with their doctors -- opt for "watchful waiting." Watchful waiting means not treating it. Instead, the doctor regularly checks the prostate cancer for signs that it is becoming more aggressive. Watchful waiting is typically recommended for men who are older or have other life-threatening conditions. In these cases, a less aggressive cancer may be growing so slowly that it's not likely to be fatal.


Question: How can chemotherapy help with treating prostate cancer?

Answer: Other Treatments Chemotherapy is effective for some men with advanced prostate cancer who didn't do well or respond on hormone therapy. When traditional hormonal treatments stop working, newer hormonal therapies may be considered.


Question: Does a PSA test tell if you have prostate cancer?

Answer: It is important to discuss this test with your doctor before having one. A high PSA level does not mean that you have cancer; a normal PSA level does not mean you don't have cancer.


Question: What is hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Hormone Therapy Hormone therapy is the recommended treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Since testosterone can make prostate cancer grow, hormone therapy works by tricking the body to stop making testosterone, thus stopping or slowing the cancer's growth. The following drugs decrease the amount of testosterone being made by the testicles: leuprolide ( Eligard, Lupron) goserelin ( Zoladex) triptorelin ( Trelstar) histrelin ( Vantas) Even advanced cases that cannot be cured may be controlled for many years with hormone therapy. But there is a higher risk of heart disease with this treatment. Fractures are also a risk due to thinning of bone. Medications are given to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.


Question: What is a radical retropubic prostatectomy?

Answer: Surgery The standard operation, a radical retropubic prostatectomy, removes the prostate and nearby lymph nodes. In most cases, surgeons can remove the gland without cutting nerves that control erections or the bladder, making impotence or incontinence much less common than in the past.


Question: How does brachytherapy help treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Though it may take less time than IMRT, it may have more side effects.. Radioactive seeds (brachytherapy) deliver radiation to the prostate with little damage to surrounding tissues. During the procedure, the tiny radioactive seeds, each like a grain of rice, are implanted in the prostate gland using ultrasound guidance. The implants remain in place permanently and become inactive after many months. In some patients, brachytherapy may be used with traditional radiation. In some patients, if the prostate gland is too large for brachytherapy, hormone therapy can shrink the prostate to allow brachytherapy to be done.


Question: When do you get radiation for prostate cancer?

Answer: Radiation Radiation is often the main treatment for prostate cancer that has not spread. It may also be given as follow-up to surgery. Radiation may also be used, in advanced cases, to relieve pain from the spread of cancer to bones. Incontinence and impotence also occur with radiation. Radiation to the pelvis may also be done if PSA levels rise after surgery.


Question: What's the treatment for impotence after prostate cancer surgery?

Answer: After surgery or radiation, men may have impotence. Treatment for this side effect includes drugs such as sildenafil ( Revatio, Viagra), tadalafil ( Adcirca, Cialis), and vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn). Other treatments include teaching the man to perform a painless self-injection into the penis (of a drug called Caverject), or vacuum pumps. A penile prosthesis is only used when all other options have failed. Radiation to the pelvis may also be done if PSA levels rise after surgery.


Question: What are the treatments for prostate cancer?

Answer: If cancer is found, the doctor may do abdominal and pelvic X-rays to see if the cancer has spread outside of the prostate. Decisions about how to treat this cancer are complex, and it makes sense for men to seek a second opinion before making a treatment decision. Treatment may include watchful waiting, a single therapy, or some combination of radiation, surgery, hormone therapy, and less commonly chemotherapy. The choice depends on many things. Prostate cancer that hasn't spread usually can be cured with surgery or radiation.


Question: Does a high PSA level mean I have prostate cancer?

Answer: PSA levels in blood are higher if there is prostate cancer, making it a valuable tool in finding early prostate cancer. But PSA levels can also be high from infection or inflammation in the prostate or from an enlarged prostate. Watchful waiting means not treating it.


Question: What are possible side effects of benzodiazepines?

Answer: Possible benzodiazepine side effects include: Drowsiness or dizziness Lightheadedness Fatigue Blurred vision Slurred speech Memory loss Muscle weakness Benzodiazepines can be habit-forming and addictive.


Question: What happens if you have been taking benzodiazepines in high doses?

Answer: If you have been taking the benzodiazepines in high doses or for a long time, you may suffer withdrawal symptoms if you stop the drug suddenly. Talk with your doctor about whether you still need the medication and, if not, how to taper off the drug.


Question: Can you drink alcohol while taking benzodiazepines?

Answer: They are usually avoided in people with a history of alcohol or substance abuse, unless they are necessary on a short-term basis as part of a drug or alcohol detox. Benzodiazepines can slow thinking or interfere with judgment. It is also dangerous to combine them with alcohol or certain other medications.


Question: How can benzodiazepines help with treating bipolar disorder?

Answer: They are usually taken for a brief time, up to two weeks or so, with other mood-stabilizing drugs. Benzodiazepines slow the activity of the brain. In doing so, they can help treat mania, anxiety, panic disorder, and seizures.


Question: How is a modified radical mastectomy done for breast cancer?

Answer: The surgeon removes all of your breast tissue, including your nipple and lymph nodes in the armpit. He leaves the chest muscles intact. This may be a good option if you have invasive breast cancer.


Question: When should you get a simple or total mastectomy for breast cancer?

Answer: You're most likely to have this procedure when the cancer isn't in your lymph nodes, or if you're having a mastectomy to lower your risk of getting breast cancer.


Question: What is lymph node surgery for breast cancer?

Answer: Before you have surgery for breast cancer, take some time to learn about the different types of procedures. A radical mastectomy is usually only recommended if the cancer has spread to your chest muscles.


Question: What should you do before a breast cancer surgery?

Answer: It may not be an option for you if you have cancer cells close to your skin, or if you plan to wait to have breast reconstruction. The length of your stay in the hospital will vary, depending on the type of surgery you have, how well you tolerate the operation, and your general health.


Question: How can you tell if your pain is caused by an ovarian cyst?

Answer: Sometimes your doctor finds cysts during a pelvic (female) exam. Your doctor will ask questions about your pain and other symptoms. She might give you an ultrasound. This is a device that uses sound waves to take pictures inside your body. It can show the details of a cyst. She also may do some blood tests to: Find out if you are pregnant See whether your problems are caused by hormones Check for cancer (if you are past menopause) Most cysts are considered âfunctional.â They're a part of your monthly cycle.


Question: What is an ovarian cyst?

Answer: Ovarian cysts are common, especially with woman who still get their period. They're solid or fluid-filled pockets in or on your ovary. Most of the time they're painless and harmless. You might get one every month as part of your cycle and never know it. They usually go away on their own without treatment. Cysts are also common when you're pregnant. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A cyst becomes a problem when it doesn't go away or gets bigger. It can become painful. There's also the possibility of cancer, but it's rare. The chances go up as you get older.


Question: What is the treatment for ovarian cysts?

Answer: They go away on their own. If a cyst is large or causes problems, then your doctor may want to watch it. That means you don't do anything right away. She'll check it again later. Your doctor may suggest medicine for the pain. Sometimes she'll prescribe birth control pills. The hormones in the pills won't make the cysts go away, but they can help prevent new ones. Some ovarian cysts will need surgery. That includes cysts that are large, do not go away, or cause symptoms. Cysts in women near menopause may need surgery. That's because they may be cancerous. The surgeon may take just the cyst, or the ovary. It depends on your cyst.


Question: How can you tell what kind of ovarian cyst you have?

Answer: She also may do some blood tests to: Find out if you are pregnant See whether your problems are caused by hormones Check for cancer (if you are past menopause) Most cysts are considered âfunctional.â They're a part of your monthly cycle. Your ovaries usually release one egg each month. It grows inside a tiny sac called a follicle. When the egg is ready, the follicle breaks open and releases it. If the sac doesn't open, it causes a follicle cyst. These often go away in 1 to 3 months. Corpus luteum cyst. Once the egg is released, the empty follicle usually shrinks and helps get ready for the next egg. It becomes a cyst when it closes back up and fluid collects inside. It may go away in a few weeks. Nonfunctional. In some women, their ovaries make a lot of small cysts. This condition is called polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS). It can make it hard to get pregnant. Other nonfunctional cysts may be caused by cancer. Ovarian cysts in women after menopause (once your period has stopped) are more likely to be cancerous than those in younger women.


Question: What are the symptoms of an ovarian cyst?

Answer: When there are symptoms, you might have pressure, bloating, swelling, or pain in the lower abdomen on the side of the cyst. This pain may be sharp or dull, and it can come and go. Sometimes a cyst may need emergency attention. See your doctor right away if you have these symptoms: Sudden, severe belly pain Pain with fever and throwing up Dizziness, weakness, feeling faint Fast breathing These signs could mean your cyst has caused the ovary to twist. She also may do some blood tests to: Find out if you are pregnant See whether your problems are caused by hormones Check for cancer (if you are past menopause) Most cysts are considered âfunctional.â They're a part of your monthly cycle.


Question: What is lactose?

Answer: Lactose is the sugar that's in milk.


Question: Who's most likely to be lactose intolerant?

Answer: It is most common among: Asian- Americans African- Americans Mexican- Americans Native Americans It can also be inherited or associated with other specific diseases.


Question: What is trigeminal neuralgia?

Answer: This condition causes pain as a result of inflammation of a facial nerve. The pain is described as intense and lightning like, and it can occur in the lips, scalp, forehead, eye, nose, gums, cheek, and chin on one side of the face. The pain can be set off by touching a trigger area or by slight motion.


Question: What kind of pain is caused by nerve damage?

Answer: Damage to nerves can interfere with the way those signals are transmitted and cause pain signals that are abnormal. For instance, you may feel a burning sensation even though no heat is being applied to the area that burns. Nerves can be damaged by diseases such as diabetes, or they can be damaged by trauma. Certain chemotherapy drugs may cause nerve damage. Nerves can also be damaged as a result of stroke or an HIV infection, among other causes. The pain that comes from nerve damage could be the result of damage to the central nervous system ( CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. Or it could result from damage to peripheral nerves, those nerves in the rest of the body that send signals to the CNS. The pain caused by nerve damage, neuropathic pain, is often described as burning or prickling. Some people describe it as an electrical shock. Others describe it as pins and needles or as a stabbing sensation. Some people with nerve damage are often hypersensitive to temperature and to touch. Just a light touch, such as the touch of a bed sheet, can set off the pain.


Question: What happens due to pain caused by tissue damage?

Answer: The injury to body tissue can come from a disease such as cancer. Or it can come from physical injury such as a cut or a broken bone. The pain you experience may be an ache, a sharp stabbing, or a throbbing. It could come and go, or it could be constant. You may feel the pain worsen when you move or laugh. Sometimes, breathing deeply can intensify it. Pain from tissue damage can be acute. For example, sports injuries like a sprained ankle or turf toe are often the result of damage to soft tissue. Or it can be chronic, such as arthritis or chronic headaches. And certain medical treatments, such as radiation for cancer, can also cause tissue damage that results in pain.


Question: What is acute and chronic pain?

Answer: There are several ways to categorize pain. One is to separate it into acute pain and chronic pain. Acute pain typically comes on suddenly and has a limited duration. It's frequently caused by damage to tissue such as bone, muscle, or organs, and the onset is often accompanied by anxiety or emotional distress. Chronic pain lasts longer than acute pain and is generally somewhat resistant to medical treatment. It's usually associated with a long-term illness, such as osteoarthritis. In some cases, such as with fibromyalgia, it's one of the defining characteristic of the disease. Chronic pain can be the result of damaged tissue, but very often is attributable to nerve damage. Both acute and chronic pain can be debilitating, and both can affect and be affected by a person's state of mind. But the nature of chronic pain -- the fact that it's ongoing and in some cases seems almost constant -- makes the person who has it more susceptible to psychological consequences such as depression and anxiety. At the same time, psychological distress can amplify the pain. About 70% of people with chronic pain treated with pain medication experience episodes of what's called breakthrough pain. Breakthrough pain refers to flares of pain that occur even when pain medication is being used regularly. Sometimes it can be spontaneous or set off by a seemingly insignificant event such as rolling over in bed. And sometimes it may be the result of pain medication wearing off before it's time for the next dose.


Question: What is diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain?

Answer: This pain comes from nerve damage in the feet, legs, hands, or arms caused by diabetes. Individuals with diabetic neuropathy experience various kinds of pain including burning, stabbing, and tingling.


Question: What is complex regional pain syndrome?

Answer: This is a chronic pain syndrome that can follow a serious injury. It's described as persistent burning. Certain abnormalities such as abnormal sweating, changes in skin color, or swelling may be noticed in the area of the pain.


Question: What is central pain syndrome?

Answer: This syndrome is marked by chronic pain that stems from damage to the central nervous system. The damage can be caused by stroke, MS, tumors, and several other conditions. The pain, which is typically constant and may be severe, can affect a large part of the body or be confined to smaller areas such as the hands or feet. The pain often can be made worse by movement, touch, emotions, and temperature changes.


Question: What should I know about pain?

Answer: Imagine, for instance, what would happen if you felt nothing when you put your hand on a hot stove. Pain is one way the body tells you something's wrong and needs attention. But pain -- whether it comes from a bee sting, a broken bone, or a long-term illness -- is also an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. It has multiple causes, and people respond to it in multiple and individual ways. The pain that you push your way through might be incapacitating to someone else. Even though the experience of pain varies from one person to the next, it is possible to categorize the different types of pain. Pain is most often classified by the kind of damage that causes it.