Question: What are the severe side effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: Other mild-to-moderate side effects resulting from the HPV vaccine include: Nausea Fainting Headache Arm pain Severe side effects, or adverse events, are uncommonly reported and have included: Blood clots Seizures Guillain- Barre syndrome Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome) Death Government, academic, and other public health investigators could not identify the HPV vaccine as the cause of any severe adverse event. There were 117 deaths as of September 2015, none of which could be directly tied to the HPV vaccine. The conclusion of public health investigators was that the HPV vaccine was unlikely to be the cause of these events. Such events occur at a certain rate in any group of tens of millions of people. The vaccination before each adverse event seemed to be a simple coincidence.


Question: When should adults get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: It is an option for all men through age 21, but is recommended for men who have sex with men, transgendered people, or those who have a compromised immune system (including HIV) who are ages 26 and younger. CDC guidelines recommend the two doses of the HPV vaccine. Some adults may have received doses of the HPV vaccine in childhood or adolescence. Re-vaccination in adulthood is recommended if the vaccination schedule was not completed.


Question: What are the mild-to-moderate side effects of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: These symptoms go away quickly without treatment. Other mild-to-moderate side effects resulting from the HPV vaccine include: Nausea Fainting Headache Arm pain Severe side effects, or adverse events, are uncommonly reported and have included: Blood clots Seizures Guillain- Barre syndrome Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome) Death Government, academic, and other public health investigators could not identify the HPV vaccine as the cause of any severe adverse event.


Question: What are the side effects of taking the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: In clinical trials and in real-world use, the HPV vaccine appears to be very safe. More than 40 million doses of the vaccine -- mostly Gardasil, which was approved in 2006 -- have been given in the U. S. Gardasil 9 was approved in 2014 and is now the only HPV vaccine available in the U. S. From 2006 to 2014, there were about 25,000 reports to the government of HPV vaccine side effects. Over 90% of these were classified as nonserious. The most common side effects of the HPV vaccine are minor: About one in 10 people will have a mild fever after the injection. About one person in 30 will get itching at the injection site. About one in 60 people will experience a moderate fever.


Question: How common is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: HPV infection is extremely common; most sexually active people will be infected with HPV at some point in life. HPV infection usually causes no symptoms, but can cause genital warts and anal cancer in both women and men. HPV can also cause throat cancer. In women, HPV infection can cause cells in the cervix to grow abnormally. In a small fraction of women, these HPV-induced changes will develop into cervical cancer. About 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year and about 4,000 women die from the condition.


Question: What are the ingredients of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: Human papillomavirus ( HPV) is the virus that causes cervical cancer in women and genital warts in men and women. Genetically modified bacteria produce the proteins, which are then purified and mixed into a sterile, water-based solution.


Question: Why should adults get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: HPV infection usually causes no symptoms, but can cause genital warts and anal cancer in both women and men. The HPV vaccine prevents infection by the HPV types responsible for most cervical cancers. Today, Gardasil 9 is the only available HPV vaccine in the U. S. Gardasil 9 prevents infection by the same HPV types as Gardasil, plus HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-45, HPV-52, and HPV-58. Collectively, these types are implicated in 90% of cervical cancers. In October 2018, the FDA approved Gardasil9 for women and men ages 27 to 45. Men cannot develop cervical cancer, but the HPV vaccine may prevent genital warts, penile cancer, anal cancer, and the spread of HPV to sexual partners. Gardasil 9 is approved for males ages 9 through 26.


Question: What is the American College of Rheumatology?

Answer: American College of Rheumatology The ACR is a prominent organization of doctors, scientists, and health care experts. On the ACR site, you can find information on the latest educational programs, topical research, and recommended medications. There is also a section for people who aren't doctors that explains rheumatic diseases and conditions, and support for caregivers.


Question: What is the Arthritis Foundation?

Answer: Arthritis Foundation This is a national not-for-profit group that provides a wealth of information and support for all types of arthritis, including RA. On the web site, you can learn more about rheumatoid arthritis, review the latest studies, and even find support with others who have the condition.


Question: What is National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

Answer: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases NIAMS, part of the National Institutes of Health, is a large group of professionals that support ongoing research in arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases. The NIAMS web site includes information on arthritis, back pain, gout, knee problems, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and more.


Question: What are the symptoms of canker sores?

Answer: You may have a canker sore if you have: A painful sore or sores inside your mouth -- on the tongue, on the soft palate (the back portion of the roof of your mouth), or inside your cheeks A tingling or burning sensation before the sores appear Sores in your mouth that are round, white or gray, with a red edge or border In severe canker sore attacks, you may also experience: Fever Physical sluggishness Swollen lymph nodes Pain from a canker sore generally lessens in a few days, and the sores usually heal without treatment in about a week or two.


Question: Can canker sores be prevented?

Answer: Although there is no cure for canker sores, and they often recur, you may be able to reduce their frequency by: Avoiding foods that irritate your mouth, including citrus fruits, acidic vegetables, and spicy foods Avoiding irritation from gum chewing Brushing with a soft-bristled brush after meals and flossing daily, which will keep your mouth free of foods that might trigger a sore You should call your dentist about canker sores if you have: Unusually large sores Sores that are spreading Sores that last 3 weeks or longer Intolerable pain despite avoiding trigger foods and taking over-the-counter pain medication Difficulty drinking enough fluids A high fever with the appearance of the canker sores


Question: How are canker sores treated?

Answer: You may have a canker sore if you have: A painful sore or sores inside your mouth -- on the tongue, on the soft palate (the back portion of the roof of your mouth), or inside your cheeks A tingling or burning sensation before the sores appear Sores in your mouth that are round, white or gray, with a red edge or border In severe canker sore attacks, you may also experience: Fever Physical sluggishness Swollen lymph nodes Pain from a canker sore generally lessens in a few days, and the sores usually heal without treatment in about a week or two. Cankers sores treated with dental lasers exhibit almost complete relief of the symptoms immediately. Talk to your dentist about the procedure.


Question: How does lupus affect my heart and lungs?

Answer: This is probably due to the long-term inflammation that comes with lupus. Some lupus medicines, such as steroids, may also increase the risk. Lupus causes inflammation of the heart or the sac that surrounds it. This can cause sharp pain in the chest. Lupus also may inflame the outside lining of your lungs. Pain often gets worse with deep breaths. This is called pleurisy. Sometimes, the lungs can develop scarring from the inflammation and cause shortness of breath. What you can do: Avoid smoking. Smoking makes lung infections and heart disease much more likely.


Question: What are things that I can do for my kidneys to help lessen the effects of lupus?

Answer: What you can do: Tell your doctor if you have symptoms of kidney problems, such as swelling in your ankle or lower leg, foamy urine, or blood in your urine. Keep up with checkups with your lupus doctor, or rheumatologist, who will do blood tests to make sure your kidneys are working well.


Question: What are things that I can do for my brain and central nervous system to help lessen the effects of lupus?

Answer: If it does, you may have: Clouded thinking, confusion, or memory loss Headaches Depression and anxiety Seizures Rarely, strokes What you can do: Ease stress. Try yoga or tai chi to reduce stress and relax muscles. Use reminders. Pillboxes, Post-its, your cell phone voice recorder, labels, and other aids can help you remember and organize. Get help. Build a strong support network. Consider cognitive therapy to manage thinking issues, or counseling if you are anxious or depressed. Lupus medicine may help memory and thinking.


Question: How does lupus affect my kidneys?

Answer: Lupus can inflame the kidneys, causing permanent damage. This can lead to swelling in the legs and high blood pressure. Your doctor will look for protein or blood cells in your urine, which are signs of kidney damage. Sometimes, lupus can lead to kidney failure and require dialysis.


Question: What are things that I can do for my joints and muscles when they hurt if you have lupus?

Answer: What you can do: Take anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen. Try a warm shower or bath, a heating pad, or cold packs to ease pain and stiffness. Avoid high-intensity exercises when you have joint pain, but try to stay active with walking or yoga.


Question: What are things that I can do for my skin to help lessen the effects of lupus?

Answer: You may also have skin trouble in other areas, such as: Mouth or nose sores (ulcers) Hair loss (but not baldness), called alopecia White or blue fingers and toes in response to cold, known as Raynaud's phenomenon What you can do: Protect your skin from the sun. Use a sunscreen with a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 50 or higher, and avoid the sun in the middle of the day. Wear wide-brimmed hats and protective clothing in the sun. Be gentle on your hair. Use a baby shampoo and conditioner. Avoid harsh chemicals on your hair. Wear mittens and thick socks when it's cold. If you have lupus, Raynaud's is usually related to being in the cold. So do what you can to keep your hands warm.


Question: How does lupus affect my skin?

Answer: You may become sensitive to the ultraviolet ( UV) rays in sunlight, which can cause many skin changes. A common skin problem you might develop is a butterfly-shaped rash on your nose and cheeks. Red, scaly bumps or patches can develop on your body. Coin-like patches called discoid lesions can appear on your body or scalp. You may also have skin trouble in other areas, such as: Mouth or nose sores (ulcers) Hair loss (but not baldness), called alopecia White or blue fingers and toes in response to cold, known as Raynaud's phenomenon What you can do: Protect your skin from the sun.


Question: How does lupus affect my joints and muscles?

Answer: Be gentle on your hair. Lupus can also damage nerves in the muscles that control your eye movements. Try a warm shower or bath, a heating pad, or cold packs to ease pain and stiffness.


Question: What are things that I can do for my heart and lungs to help lessen the effects of lupus?

Answer: Get regular exercise. Get up to date on vaccinations.


Question: Does lupus cause eye problems?

Answer: A common skin problem you might develop is a butterfly-shaped rash on your nose and cheeks. Rarely, blood vessel changes in the retina can weaken your vision. Lupus can also damage nerves in the muscles that control your eye movements.


Question: What is the first step in diffusing a child's temper tantrum?

Answer: The first step in diffusing a temper tantrum is to keep your own temper in check. You're not going to get anywhere with your child if both of you are screaming at each other. Spanking your child is also not a good option, and it will only make the tantrum worse. Take a deep breath, gain control over your emotions, and then discipline your child by calmly but firmly letting him know that tantrums are not acceptable behavior.


Question: How is multiple sclerosis (MS) treated?

Answer: Medicines that slow MS and prevent flare-ups include: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone, Glatopa) Interferon ( Avonex, Betaseron, Extavia, Rebif) Mitoxantrone ( Novantrone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Ocrelizumab ( Ocrevus) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Doctors also prescribe steroid medicines to ease inflammation during MS flare-ups.


Question: How does Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS) affect your nervous system?

Answer: GBS damages the peripheral nervous system. That's the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. They help the central nervous system communicate with the rest of your body, including the skin, heart, and muscles. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy ( CIDP) shares many of the same symptoms as GBS, but CIDP lasts much longer, and if not caught early enough, can cause lasting damage.


Question: How are Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) treated?

Answer: The two main treatments for GBS and CIDP are: Plasma exchange: Blood is removed from your body. Plasma -- the liquid part of blood -- is separated from the white and red blood cells. Then the cells are returned to your body along with donor plasma or a plasma substitute. Getting rid of the plasma takes out antibodies. They are part of that immune system response that damages nerves. Immunoglobulin therapy: This uses an IV to deliver proteins the body normally uses to attack viruses and bacteria. That eases the immune system's attack on nerves. Still, doctors aren't sure how they work.


Question: How does chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) start?

Answer: CIDP starts much like GBS but as the disease progresses, the myelin which protects the nerves is damaged or removed entirely, causing nerves to either function abnormally or stop working altogether, With MS, a few things might be at play, including: Infections, such as from the Epstein- Barr virus, herpes, or Chlamydia pneumoniae Genes Too little vitamin D Smoking MS, GBS, and CIDP each affect nerve signals.


Question: What is the outlook for Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS) and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD)?

Answer: People with GBS can have severe symptoms, but they usually make a full recovery. GBS often gets better after a few weeks, but the weakness it causes can continue for years. Sometimes, the numbness and tingling will come back years after the first attack of symptoms. Early recognition is key to halting the progression of CIDP. Up to 30% of CIDP patients will progress to wheelchair dependence.


Question: How does Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome start?

Answer: GBS often starts a few days or weeks after an infection like the cold, flu, or stomach illness. Recently, experts have seen a rise in the number of people with the mosquito-borne Zika virus who also have GBS.


Question: What is the timeframe for the onset of multiple sclerosis, Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS), and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD)?

Answer: Common symptoms of both include: Weakness Numbness Tingling in the arms and legs GBS symptoms usually start within a day and spread from the legs to the upper body. Unlike GBS where symptoms eventually ease and patients can recover, CIDP progresses and patients could have permanent disabilities. MS often starts in a few days, but sometimes symptoms don't show up for a while.


Question: What are the differences between multiple sclerosis and Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome?

Answer: Each condition affects a different part of your nervous system: MS damages the central nervous system. That's the brain and spinal cord.


Question: How does multiple sclerosis (MS) affect your nervous system?

Answer: Each condition affects a different part of your nervous system: MS damages the central nervous system. That's the brain and spinal cord.


Question: What is the outlook for Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS) and multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: MS is a lifelong disease. Although its symptoms can come and go, there is no cure. Some people have more frequent and severe attacks of symptoms. The future for people with MS has improved a lot, thanks to new medicines. Today, most people with MS are still able to walk 20 years after they're diagnosed. People with GBS can have severe symptoms, but they usually make a full recovery. GBS often gets better after a few weeks, but the weakness it causes can continue for years. Sometimes, the numbness and tingling will come back years after the first attack of symptoms.


Question: What is Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS) and multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: They're not the same, but they do have a lot of similarities. Both MS and GBS are autoimmune diseases. This means they cause your body's immune system to attack its own tissues. They both start when the immune system attacks and damages something called myelin. That's a layer of insulation that surrounds nerves. It also helps nerves transmit their messages.


Question: What cause multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)?

Answer: Doctors don't know exactly what causes MS, GBS, or CIDP.


Question: What symptoms are caused by the numbness from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: But the condition can also cause: Bladder problems Dizziness Fatigue Pain Tight muscles Trouble speaking and swallowing Vision problems GBS brings weakness that may last years.


Question: What medicines slow multiple sclerosis and prevent flare-ups?

Answer: Medicines that slow MS and prevent flare-ups include: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone, Glatopa) Interferon ( Avonex, Betaseron, Extavia, Rebif) Mitoxantrone ( Novantrone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Ocrelizumab ( Ocrevus) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Doctors also prescribe steroid medicines to ease inflammation during MS flare-ups.


Question: How is plasma exchange used to treat Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS) and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD)?

Answer: Plasma -- the liquid part of blood -- is separated from the white and red blood cells. Then the cells are returned to your body along with donor plasma or a plasma substitute. Getting rid of the plasma takes out antibodies.


Question: What causes Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS)?

Answer: A few people have developed Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome a few days or weeks after a vaccination. They are part of that immune system response that damages nerves.


Question: Can you contract both multiple sclerosis and Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome?

Answer: It's very rare for someone to have MS and GBS at the same time. But both diseases share causes that might trigger them together.


Question: Can you have multiple sclerosis (MS) and Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS) at the same time?

Answer: It's very rare for someone to have MS and GBS at the same time. But both diseases share causes that might trigger them together.


Question: What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-BarrÃ© syndrome (GBS), and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)?

Answer: Multiple sclerosis ( MS) and Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome ( GBS) are diseases of the nervous system. Common symptoms of both include: Weakness Numbness Tingling in the arms and legs GBS symptoms usually start within a day and spread from the legs to the upper body. Unlike GBS where symptoms eventually ease and patients can recover, CIDP progresses and patients could have permanent disabilities. MS often starts in a few days, but sometimes symptoms don't show up for a while. The numbness from MS usually isn't severe. But the condition can also cause: Bladder problems Dizziness Fatigue Pain Tight muscles Trouble speaking and swallowing Vision problems GBS brings weakness that may last years. For CIDP, symptoms are the same as GBS as is most often marked with difficulty walking and symptoms progress longer.


Question: How do I calm a person who is having panic attacks?

Answer: Ask the person what you can do to help. Reassure the person that the attack will probably pass in a few minutes. Encourage the person to take slow, even breaths. Do not minimize the person's symptoms. If unable to calm the person, take him or her to see a health care provider right away.


Question: What are symptoms of bunions?

Answer: To determine if you may have a bunion, look for an angular, bony bump on the side of the foot at the base of the big toe. Sometimes hardened skin or a callus covers the bump.


Question: When should I call my doctor about my bunions?

Answer: If you have persistent pain when walking normally in otherwise comfortable, flat-soled shoes, you may be developing a bunion, bursitis, gout, or a bone spur in your foot. It's time to call the doctor.


Question: How do bunions feel?

Answer: There's often swelling, redness, unusual tenderness, and/or pain at the base of the big toe and in the ball of the foot. Eventually, the area becomes shiny and warm to the touch.


Question: Can hormone replacement therapy raise my chances of heart disease?

Answer: There are no heart related dangers associated with taking hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) and there are indications of some possible benefits, depending on your age. Women who became menopausal less than 10 years before starting HRT have no increased risk of a heart attack. The same holds true for those who were between the ages of 50 and 59 while taking it. Younger women also show no risk and may even find their risks lowered. Still, women over the age of 60 or who became menopausal more than 10 years ago, coulld have a slightly increased risk of a heart attack.


Question: How are heart disease and menopause linked?

Answer: Once a woman reaches the age of 50, about the age of natural menopause, her risk for heart disease increases dramatically. In young women who have undergone early or surgical menopause, who do not take estrogen, their risk for heart disease is also higher.


Question: How can menopausal women lower their odds of heart disease?

Answer: Incorporating the following tips into your everyday life may help you reduce your risk of heart disease during and after menopause: Avoid or quit smoking. Maintain a healthy body weight. Activity and exercise also help reduce many other risk factors. Treat and control medical conditions. Diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure are known risk factors for heart disease.


Question: Who is commonly affected by myasthenia gravis?

Answer: Though anyone can develop myasthenia gravis, those most likely to do so are women between age 20 and 40 or men between age 50 and 70. If a woman with myasthenia gravis gives birth, the baby may have some temporary, and potentially life-threatening, muscle weakness (neonatal myasthenia) because of antibodies that have transferred from the mother's bloodstream. Typically, during the baby's first weeks of life, the antibodies are cleared from the baby's circulation and the baby develops normal muscle tone and strength.


Question: What are the first symptoms of myasthenia gravis?

Answer: The disease most commonly affects muscles that control eye and eyelid movement, so the first symptoms you notice may be eyelid drooping and/or blurred or doubled vision. The majority will go on to develop weakness in other muscle groups within one or two years.


Question: What percentage of people with myasthenia gravis patients have thymoma?

Answer: Although most thymomas are benign (not cancerous), the thymus is usually removed (thymectomy) to prevent the potential spread of cancer. In fact, thymectomy seems to improve symptoms of myasthenia gravis in some patients, even if no tumor is present.


Question: is myasthenia gravis an autoimmune disorder?

Answer: Myasthenia gravis is considered to be an autoimmune disorder. In an autoimmune disease, some of the body's antibodies (special proteins in your body that are supposed to be programmed to fight foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi) mistake a part of your own body as foreign, resulting in its destruction. In the case of myasthenia gravis, antibodies block, attack or destroy the acetylcholine receptors needed for muscle contraction.


Question: What is generalized myasthenia gravis?

Answer: Other common muscle groups that are affected may make it difficult for you to chew, swallow, smile, shrug, lift your arm up, grip, rise to a stand, or walk up stairs. When the muscles necessary for breathing are affected, a patient is said to be in myasthenic crisis. This is a life-threatening situation. Myasthenia gravis is considered to be an autoimmune disorder.


Question: What is myasthenia gravis?

Answer: For example, if you have myasthenia gravis, you may notice that during a meal, your jaw muscles become tired and weak, interfering with your ability to chew food. After you have rested for a little while, the muscles may become strong again, allowing you to resume eating. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } This waxing-and-waning weakness of muscles, worsening with use and improving with rest, is a hallmark of this particular disease. There typically are periods when you may notice more symptoms (called an exacerbation), interspersed with periods when symptoms decrease or disappear (remission). Myasthenia gravis is considered to be an autoimmune disorder.


Question: How is secondary hypertension diagnosed?

Answer: Secondary hypertension, on the other hand, is less common and is the result of another condition, such as: Disorders of the adrenal gland (small organs, located above the kidneys, that create hormones), including Cushing's syndrome (a condition caused by an overproduction of cortisol); hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone); and pheochromocytoma (a rare tumor that causes oversecretion of hormones like adrenaline) Kidney disease, which may include polycystic kidney disease, kidney tumor, kidney failure, or a narrow or blocked main artery supplying the kidney Drugs such as corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory drugs like prednisone), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( Motrin, Aleve, Naprosyn, Celebrex), weight loss drugs (such as phentermine), cold medications that include decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, birth control pills (the estrogen component), and migraine medications (such as Imitrex). Sleep apnea, a condition in which a person has brief spells in which he or she stops breathing during sleep; about half of patients with this condition have high blood pressure. Coarctation of the aorta, a birth defect in which the aorta is narrowed Preeclampsia, a condition related to pregnancy Thyroid and parathyroid problems After you are diagnosed with hypertension, your doctor may perform other tests such as blood and urine screening to make sure you don't have secondary hypertension.


Question: How is secondary hypertension treated?

Answer: Secondary hypertension, on the other hand, is less common and is the result of another condition, such as: Disorders of the adrenal gland (small organs, located above the kidneys, that create hormones), including Cushing's syndrome (a condition caused by an overproduction of cortisol); hyperaldosteronism (too much aldosterone); and pheochromocytoma (a rare tumor that causes oversecretion of hormones like adrenaline) Kidney disease, which may include polycystic kidney disease, kidney tumor, kidney failure, or a narrow or blocked main artery supplying the kidney Drugs such as corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory drugs like prednisone), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( Motrin, Aleve, Naprosyn, Celebrex), weight loss drugs (such as phentermine), cold medications that include decongestants such as pseudoephedrine, birth control pills (the estrogen component), and migraine medications (such as Imitrex). In order to treat secondary hypertension, your doctor will address the condition or disorder that is causing the hypertension (adrenal gland disorder, kidney disease, sleep apnea, etc.) Your doctor may also choose to treat you with antihypertensive drug therapy, in addition to addressing the underlying health issues. If you have secondary hypertension that is caused by a drug, your doctor may suggest that you stop taking or decrease the dose of the drug.


Question: What should you expect in a dilated eye exam for vitreomacular adhesion?

Answer: Dilated eye exam: Drops will be put on your eye to enlarge your pupil. That'll give your doctor a look at your retina, macula, and optic nerve at the back of your eye. It's a good way to find things like a macula hole or detached retina. VMA can cause both of those. This painless procedure also shows problems with blood vessels, like swelling or leaking. Because your pupils are dilated, your vision will be blurry for several hours afterward. You may need someone to drive you home from your appointment. If you wear contact lenses, you'll need to remove them before the test.


Question: What should you expect in an optical coherence tomography for vitreomacular adhesion?

Answer: Optical coherence tomography: This gives your doctor a 3- D view of the cell layers inside the retina. It uses light to take pictures of the back of your eye. It shows the thickness of the retina and can also show swelling in the macula. This test can also see how well you are healing after treatment for VMA. Like with the fluorescein angiogram, you may have your pupils dilated and will sit with your head motionless on a special chin rest.


Question: What should you expect in an Amsler grid for vitreomacular adhesion?

Answer: Amsler grid: This examines your central vision. You'll be asked to look at a dot in the middle of a grid. If you have blurred or distorted central vision, the grid will appear fuzzy or misshapen. If it does, that means there's a problem with your macula, a tiny portion of the retina that picks up details. Vitreomacular adhesion can cause swelling or a change in the shape of your macula. All of these can affect your vision.


Question: What should you expect in a fluorescein angiogram for vitreomacular adhesion?

Answer: Fluorescein angiogram: Your eye doctor may want to give you this after a dilated eye exam. It's a more detailed look at the blood vessels in your eyes. You'll be given eye drops to dilate your pupil in this test. You'll put your head on a chin rest so it stays still. Dye that glows green under a fluorescent light will be injected in your arm. A camera takes pictures as the dye travels through the blood vessels in your retina. It shows the doctor any damage there. The test can be done in your eye doctor's office. It can also rule out things like age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. The test is safe, but you may have nausea and a warm feeling when the dye is put in. You should also expect your skin to turn a bit yellow. Your pee may become a darker, orange color for a day or two after the test. Like what happened with the dilated eye exam, your vision will be blurry for hours afterward. You'll need to someone to drive you home.


Question: What should you expect in a visual acuity test for vitreomacular adhesion?

Answer: Visual acuity test: This will happen first. It's the standard eye chart with letters that get smaller as you go down the rows. You'll be asked to read the smallest line of letters you can see with one eye, then the other. This will tell your doctor how much vision you've lost since your last eye exam.


Question: What should you expect when testing for vitreomacular adhesion?

Answer: Vitreomacular adhesion can cause swelling or a change in the shape of your macula. That'll give your doctor a look at your retina, macula, and optic nerve at the back of your eye. VMA can cause both of those.


Question: What is the treatment for jellyfish sting?

Answer: Harmful jellyfish have stingers (nematocysts) capable of piercing the skin. Apply shaving cream or a paste of baking soda or mud to the wound. Shave the area with a razor or knife and then reapply vinegar or alcohol. Eye stings should be irrigated with 1 gallon of fresh water.


Question: What are symptoms of jellyfish sting?

Answer: Harmful jellyfish have stingers (nematocysts) capable of piercing the skin. The progressive effects of a jellyfish sting may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lymph node swelling, abdominal and back pain, fever, chills, and sweating. Severe reactions can cause difficulty breathing, coma, and death. Severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing and intense pain, require immediate medical treatment.


Question: What do you need to know about jellyfish sting?

Answer: Jellyfish are free-swimming, bell-shaped, gelatinous creatures with tentacles that may be more than 3 feet in length. Jellyfish that are harmful to humans are distributed throughout the world. Other creatures with nematocysts include Portuguese man-of-war, sea wasps, anemones, and fire corals. Venoms include various substances, some of which trigger allergic reactions. The most toxic nematocystic animals are found along the Indo- Pacific and Australian waters.


Question: What is hiatal hernia?

Answer: If the hiatus weakens and stretches, part of the stomach can squeeze into the chest cavity, producing a hiatal hernia.


Question: What is sliding hiatal hernia?

Answer: In a sliding hiatal hernia, the junction where the stomach and the esophagus meets slides up into the chest through the hiatus. This is the more common type of hernia. Generally, sliding hiatal hernias pose no threat to a person's health unless he or she develops symptoms of GERD, gastrointestinal reflux disease.


Question: What is paraesophageal hernias?

Answer: Paraesophageal hernias are less common but are more cause for concern. The junction of the esophagus and stomach stays in its normal locations, but part of the stomach squeezes through the hiatus, landing it next to the esophagus. Although you can have this type of hernia without any symptoms, the danger is that the stomach can become "strangled," or have its blood supply shut off.


Question: What causes hiatal hernia?

Answer: If the hiatus weakens and stretches, part of the stomach can squeeze into the chest cavity, producing a hiatal hernia. Most of the time, the cause of a hiatal hernia is not known. Some people develop a hiatal hernia after sustaining an injury to the chest or abdomen; others are born with a predisposition to the condition. Some experts suspect that increased pressure in the abdomen from coughing, straining during bowel movements, pregnancy and delivery, or substantial weight gain may contribute to the development of a hiatal hernia.


Question: Where can I find an endocrinologist?

Answer: An endocrinologist can work in: A medical practice with other endocrinologists A group with different kinds of doctors Hospitals You can search for one on the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists website.


Question: How often should I see my endocrinologist if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you take insulin, you should probably see your diabetes doctor every 3 or 4 months. Otherwise, you can go a little longer between visits, every 4 to 6 months. You may have to go more often when your diabetes isn't under control, you have complications, or you have new symptoms or they get worse.


Question: What do endocrinologists do?

Answer: They cover a lot of ground, diagnosing and treating conditions that affect your: Adrenals, glands that sit on top of your kidneys and help to control things like your blood pressure, metabolism, stress response, and sex hormones Bone metabolism, like osteoporosis Cholesterol Hypothalamus, the part of your brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst Pancreas, which makes insulin and other substances for digestion Parathyroids, small glands in your neck that control the calcium in your blood Pituitary, a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain that keeps your hormones balanced Reproductive glands (gonads): ovaries in women, testes in men Thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck that controls your metabolism, energy, and brain growth and development Endocrinologists are licensed internal medicine doctors who have passed an additional certification exam.


Question: What is a pediatric endocrinologist?

Answer: They may work with adults or kids. When they specialize in treating children, they're called pediatric endocrinologists.


Question: When should someone see an endocrinologist for diabetes?

Answer: You take a lot of shots or use an insulin pump. Your diabetes has gotten tough to manage, or your treatment isn't working. You have complications from diabetes. You can always ask to go to an endocrinologist, too, even though your doctor doesn't suggest it first. When you see one, you'll still need to visit your primary doctor as well. They'll work together. Your endocrinologist will ask you about how you feel, what you're doing to manage your diabetes, and any trouble you're having.


Question: What will the endocrinologist want to know about a diabetes patient?

Answer: Symptoms Eating differently Working out more or less Been sick lately Started taking any medicines, vitamins, or supplements Chances are they'll want to check your blood pressure and your feet and test your blood glucose, urine, and cholesterol.


Question: How are endocrinologists trained?

Answer: Endocrinologists are doctors who specialize in glands and the hormones they make. They go to college for 4 years, then medical school for 4 more years. Afterward, they work in hospitals and clinics as residents for 3 years to get experience treating people. They'll spend another 2 or 3 years training specifically in endocrinology. The whole process usually takes at least 10 years.


Question: How do you become an endocrinologist?

Answer: Endocrinologists are doctors who specialize in glands and the hormones they make. They go to college for 4 years, then medical school for 4 more years. Afterward, they work in hospitals and clinics as residents for 3 years to get experience treating people. They'll spend another 2 or 3 years training specifically in endocrinology. The whole process usually takes at least 10 years.


Question: How can someone find an endocrinologist?

Answer: Some don't see patients. They may work in universities or medical schools, where they teach medical students and residents or do research. Take your blood glucose journal or logs with you, and let your endocrinologist know what's been going on with you.


Question: Who are endocrinologists?

Answer: They deal with metabolism, or all the biochemical processes that make your body work, including how your body changes food into energy and how it grows. They cover a lot of ground, diagnosing and treating conditions that affect your: Adrenals, glands that sit on top of your kidneys and help to control things like your blood pressure, metabolism, stress response, and sex hormones Bone metabolism, like osteoporosis Cholesterol Hypothalamus, the part of your brain that controls body temperature, hunger, and thirst Pancreas, which makes insulin and other substances for digestion Parathyroids, small glands in your neck that control the calcium in your blood Pituitary, a pea-sized gland at the base of your brain that keeps your hormones balanced Reproductive glands (gonads): ovaries in women, testes in men Thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck that controls your metabolism, energy, and brain growth and development Endocrinologists are licensed internal medicine doctors who have passed an additional certification exam.


Question: Is maintaining a healthy weight important for a child after an organ transplant?

Answer: Help your child keep a healthy weight. Children may gain weight after a transplant, just like adults. Since being overweight can pose special risks to kids with transplants, don't ignore it. Talk to your healthcare team about getting on a new meal and exercise plan.


Question: How much responsibility should I give my child over their medical care after an organ transplant?

Answer: As your kids get older, you have to give them more control over their health. Like it or not, your child will take charge of his or her medicine at some point. Letting go of something so important can be scary for any parent. Try to head off problems by talking openly. Think about ways that you can gradually give over some control. Involve your child's health care team in the process. Showing your child that you trust him or her can encourage your child to behave responsibly.


Question: How can I keep myself healthy if my child has recently had an organ transplant?

Answer: Caring for a sick child can be exhausting, frustrating, and frightening. You need to give yourself a break sometimes. If you don't, you'll be too frazzled to help much, anyway. Have a network of friends and family that you can talk to when you need help. Get one of them to take care of your child every once and awhile. Take an afternoon off or a night out. Just a little time away can make a difference.


Question: What can I do if my child feels alone after having an organ transplant?

Answer: Even though thousands of children in the U. S. get transplants every year, your child may feel alone and strange. So help your child meet some other kids in his or her position. For instance, look into special summer camps for kids who have had transplants.


Question: What are signs that I should call my doctor if my child recently had an organ transplant?

Answer: You should teach your older children what side effects and signs of rejection to look out for. But it can be tricky with very young children who can't speak for themselves. In babies, the only outward signs you might see are fussiness and changes in eating. If you have any doubt, err on the side of caution.


Question: How can staying positive help my child after an organ transplant?

Answer: So stay optimistic, both for your own sake and your child's. Remember, children take their cues from adults. If you seem afraid or anxious, your child will, too. Stay organized. So before you run into problems, talk openly with your child about these risks.


Question: How can honesty help my child cope with an organ transplant?

Answer: She or he will be frightened if no one explains what's happening. Talk about why a transplant was needed and explain what the medicines do. As your child gets older, go into more detail. But unless his doctor has a problem with it, think again.


Question: How can I stay organized after my child's organ transplant?

Answer: You have to learn the names of a dizzying number of medications and keep your child on a complicated dosing schedule. Schedule and keep regular checkups. Have a network of friends and family that you can talk to when you need help.


Question: How can I help my child return to school after an organ transplant?

Answer: As your child gets older, go into more detail. Going back to school after an organ transplant can be tough. Your child may have been away for a long time. So be there for your child. Work with your transplant team. Talk to your child's teacher. Encourage your child to reach out to friends. Talking about the experience can help a lot.


Question: What happens if you do have a seizure during labor?

Answer: Your doctor may give you IV medication to stop the seizure. If that doesn't work, you may have to have a caesarean section. Although most women with epilepsy have normal vaginal deliveries, they do have a higher rate of C-sections than other women. Sometimes, anticonvulsant drugs can also reduce the ability of the muscles of your uterus to contract. If this happens, your labor might not progress as well and a C-section may be your best option.


Question: How can epilepsy affect your fertility?

Answer: Before you try to conceive, you should talk to your neurologist and your obstetrician. Most doctors recommend that women with epilepsy be cared for by a high-risk obstetrician during their pregnancy. Both will want to monitor you closely throughout.


Question: What can help decrease the chance of birth defects if you have epilepsy?

Answer: Although the link between antiseizure medications and birth defects is not clear, your doctor may recommend that you take 4 mg per day of folic acid supplements one to three months before trying to get pregnant and throughout the first trimester of pregnancy.


Question: What should a female with elipesy know about the possibility of pregnancy?

Answer: Fortunately, most women with epilepsy give birth to normal, healthy babies, if you take precautions, your chance of having a healthy child is greater than 90%. There are increased risks. But working closely with your doctor can help minimize those risks. Before you try to conceive, you should talk to your neurologist and your obstetrician. Most doctors recommend that women with epilepsy be cared for by a high-risk obstetrician during their pregnancy. Both will want to monitor you closely throughout.


Question: Does having epilepsy lower a woman's chance of getting pregnant?

Answer: Their fertility rate is between 25% and 33% lower than average. Here are some possible reasons: Women with epilepsy have higher rates of some conditions that can cause infertility. Women with epilepsy are more likely to have irregular menstrual cycles, which can make it more difficult to get pregnant. Women with epilepsy are also more likely to have menstrual cycles that do not produce an egg. Some antiseizure drugs may affect the hormone levels in your ovaries, which can affect reproductive functioning. Women with epilepsy are more likely to have abnormalities in hormones involved in pregnancy.


Question: Do women with epilepsy need to take folic acid while pregnant?

Answer: There are increased risks. Unfortunately, some of the most common drugs for controlling seizures -- phenytoin ( Dilantin) and valproate, valproic acid ( Depakote, Depakene) -- may be associated with a higher risk of having a child with birth defects, especially neural tube defects like spina bifida, because they reduce concentrations of certain forms of folate in the blood. Although the link between antiseizure medications and birth defects is not clear, your doctor may recommend that you take 4 mg per day of folic acid supplements one to three months before trying to get pregnant and throughout the first trimester of pregnancy.


Question: Could I have an epilectic seizure during labor and delivery?

Answer: Although the link between antiseizure medications and birth defects is not clear, your doctor may recommend that you take 4 mg per day of folic acid supplements one to three months before trying to get pregnant and throughout the first trimester of pregnancy. As your pregnancy progresses, your metabolism changes, leading to lower levels of antiseizure medication in your body. That's why your doctor will be monitoring the levels of medication in your blood throughout your pregnancy, and might increase the dosage if it's getting too low. You will also be in pain and breathing hard, which can increase the chance of a seizure. This doesn't mean that seizures are common during labor and delivery, but they are a possibility.


Question: What causes post-concussion syndrome?

Answer: In general, post-concussion syndrome follows the occurrence of an injury or trauma to the head. Not all people who suffer mild traumatic head injury experience post-concussion syndrome. This syndrome may be worse in people who have had previous concussions or head trauma. It may also be more severe in those who have early symptoms of headache after injury, or who have mental changes such as amnesia, fogginess or fatigue. Other risk factors include younger age and prior history of headaches. Women and older patients appear to be more susceptible to the development of post-concussion symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of post-concussion syndrome?

Answer: Symptoms of post-concussion syndrome are often vague and non-specific. Commonly reported symptoms include: Headache Dizziness Sleep problems Psychological symptoms such as depressed mood, irritability, and anxiety Cognitive problems involving memory, concentration, and thinking Such symptoms can affect day-to-day life, and inhibit the ability to perform in situations like work.


Question: How is post-concussion syndrome treated?

Answer: Most people with post-concussion syndrome are able to recover with rest and by minimizing stress. Most health care providers will also treat symptoms of post-concussion syndrome. For example, migraine or pain medications may be prescribed for those with headache. A specialist such as a neurologist and/or psychiatrist may also be involved to treat mental health symptoms associated with post-concussion syndrome. Antidepressants and psychotherapy may be recommended.


Question: What is typhoid fever like at a glance?

Answer: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. Typhoid fever is contracted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Diagnosis of typhoid fever is made when Salmonella bacteria are detected with stool, urine, or blood cultures. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics. Typhoid fever symptoms are poor appetite, headaches, generalized aches and pains, fever, and lethargy. Approximately 3%-5% of patients become carriers of the bacteria after the acute illness.


Question: Is there a vaccine for typhoid fever?

Answer: For those traveling to high-risk areas, vaccines are now available.


Question: What are the symptoms of typhoid fever?

Answer: About 3%-5% of people become carriers of the bacteria after the acute illness. Symptoms include: Poor appetite Headaches Generalized aches and pains Fever as high as 104 degrees Farenheit Lethargy Diarrhea Chest congestion develops in many people, and abdominal pain and discomfort are common. The fever becomes constant. Improvement occurs in the third and fourth week in those without complications. About 10% of people have recurrent symptoms after feeling better for one to two weeks. Relapses are actually more common in individuals treated with antibiotics.


Question: How is typhoid fever treated?

Answer: Prior to the use of antibiotics, the fatality rate was 20%. Death occurred from overwhelming infection, pneumonia, intestinal bleeding, or intestinal perforation. With antibiotics and supportive care, mortality has been reduced to 1%-2%. With appropriate antibiotic therapy, there is usually improvement within one to two days and recovery within seven to 10 days. Several antibiotics are effective for the treatment of typhoid fever. Chloramphenicol was the original drug of choice for many years. Because of rare serious side effects, chloramphenicol has been replaced by other effective antibiotics. The choice of antibiotics is guided by identifying the geographic region where the infection was contracted (certain strains from South America show a significant resistance to some antibiotics.) If relapses occur, patients are retreated with antibiotics. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics.


Question: What is typhoid fever?

Answer: It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less severe illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in the area. The incidence of typhoid fever in the United States has markedly decreased since the early 1900s, when tens of thousands of cases were reported in the U. S. Today, less than 400 cases are reported annually in the United States, mostly in people who have recently traveled to Mexico and South America. This improvement is the result of better environmental sanitation. India, Pakistan, and Egypt are also known as high-risk areas for developing this disease. Worldwide, typhoid fever affects more than 21 million people annually, with about 200,000 people dying from the disease. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria.


Question: Is smoking during pregnancy bad?

Answer: These conditions have been linked to secondhand smoke exposure in children: Sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS) More respiratory infections (such as bronchitis and pneumonia) More severe and frequent asthma attacks Ear infections Chronic cough Smoking during pregnancy is especially dangerous to the developing baby. It's tied to premature delivery, low birth weight, SIDS, limited mental ability, trouble with learning, and ADHD.


Question: What are the dangers of secondhand smoke for children?

Answer: Kids are particularly at risk for the effects of secondhand smoke because their bodies are still growing and they breathe at a faster rate than adults. These conditions have been linked to secondhand smoke exposure in children: Sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS) More respiratory infections (such as bronchitis and pneumonia) More severe and frequent asthma attacks Ear infections Chronic cough Smoking during pregnancy is especially dangerous to the developing baby.


Question: Is being exposed to secondhand smoke bad for you?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Being around tobacco smoke is bad for you, even if it's someone else's smoke. When someone smokes a cigarette, most of the smoke doesn't go into their lungs. It goes into the air, where anyone nearby can breathe it. Exposure to secondhand smoke raises the risk -- by as much as 30 percent -- that others will get lung cancer and many other types of cancer, it can lead to emphysema, and it is bad for your heart. Smoke makes your blood stickier, raises your "bad" LDL cholesterol, and damages the lining of your blood vessels. Eventually, these changes can make you more likely to have a heart attack or stroke.


Question: What are chalazia?

Answer: Chalazia, which look like styes but are infected oil glands, often disappear on their own too. But it could take a month or more for them to go away.


Question: Do I need surgery if I have a stye?

Answer: Sometimes you need minor surgery to completely drain a stye. After applying a local anesthetic to numb your eyelid (that means you won't have to go to sleep), the doctor cuts it open and removes the gunk inside. Your eyelid should heal quickly.


Question: How can I get rid of a chalazion?

Answer: Although a chalazion will sometimes clear up on its own, warm compresses may speed things along. Your doctor might give you a shot of anti-inflammatory medicine to help. He can also remove the chalazion through simple surgery. It should only require a local anesthetic. You might have to wear an eyelid bandage for up to 24 hours afterward.


Question: What should I do if my stye comes back?

Answer: If it comes back, your doctor may give you an antibiotic cream or ointment to put on the spot. Or you might take antibiotic pills or have other treatments if there is an underlying condition such as blepharitis. Follow the instructions on whatever medicine he gives you.


Question: How long should I keep a compress on my eye when treating a stye?

Answer: Keep your eye closed while you use the compress. When the stye comes to a head, keep using the compresses to put pressure on it until it ruptures. Don't squeeze it -- let it burst on its own. Some styes spread skin infections when they pop. If that happens, you'll have to take antibiotics.


Question: How are chalazia treated?

Answer: Although a chalazion will sometimes clear up on its own, warm compresses may speed things along. Your doctor might give you a shot of anti-inflammatory medicine to help. He can also remove the chalazion through simple surgery. It should only require a local anesthetic. You might have to wear an eyelid bandage for up to 24 hours afterward.


Question: What are styes?

Answer: But they're just a blocked oil gland on your eyelid and should go away on their own or with simple treatment in a few days.


Question: Do you need surgery to treat a stye?

Answer: Sometimes you need minor surgery to completely drain a stye. After applying a local anesthetic to numb your eyelid (that means you won't have to go to sleep), the doctor cuts it open and removes the gunk inside. Your eyelid should heal quickly.


Question: What medications are used to treat styes?

Answer: If it comes back, your doctor may give you an antibiotic cream or ointment to put on the spot. Or you might take antibiotic pills or have other treatments if there is an underlying condition such as blepharitis. Follow the instructions on whatever medicine he gives you.


Question: How can you treat a stye?

Answer: After applying the compress, use your finger to press on the inflamed bump to try to unplug the oil gland. Doing this can ease your pain and inflammation and help the stye go away faster. Keep your eye closed while you use the compress. When the stye comes to a head, keep using the compresses to put pressure on it until it ruptures. Don't squeeze it -- let it burst on its own. Some styes spread skin infections when they pop. If that happens, you'll have to take antibiotics. You might have to wear an eyelid bandage for up to 24 hours afterward.


Question: What are the symptoms of a toe infection?

Answer: You might have an infected toe if you notice: Redness Soreness or pain A pus-filled blister, or pus that drains from your toe Cracked, thickened, yellow toenails (from a fungal infection) Diabetes can prevent you from feeling that you might have an infection, so check your feet every day. Look for redness, swelling, pus, and other signs of infection.


Question: How can you treat toe infections at home?

Answer: You can also try these remedies at home: Soak the toe for about 15 minutes in a bathtub or bucket filled with warm water and salt. Do this three to four times a day. Rub a medicated ointment on the toe and wrap it in a clean bandage. To treat an ingrown toenail, gently lift the corner of the nail. Place a small piece of cotton or waxed dental floss underneath to hold the nail away from your skin. You'll also want to protect your toe while it heals. To help it heal properly, wear loose, comfortable shoes that don't rub. Keep your foot dry, and change your socks every day.


Question: When should you see a doctor about toe infections?

Answer: Make an appointment with your primary care doctor or a podiatrist (foot specialist) if the redness, swelling, and other symptoms don't go away with home treatment. See your doctor right away if: You have a fever or chills You notice red streaks on the skin leading away from the infected area Your joints or muscles hurt Your doctor will examine your toe.


Question: How is a toe infection treated?

Answer: If bacteria caused the infection, an antibiotic cream or pill can clear up the problem. Fungal infections are treated with antifungal pills or cream. You can buy antifungal medicines over the counter or with a prescription from your doctor. To treat an ingrown toenail, your doctor might lift the nail and place a piece of cotton or a splint underneath it. This will help the nail grow away from your skin. If lifting doesn't work, the doctor can remove part or all of the affected nail. Sometimes the infection can cause a pus-filled blister to form. Your doctor might have to drain the blister.


Question: What causes toe infections?

Answer: If your toe is infected, one of these things might be to blame: You cut the nail too short, or you cut the cuticle around the nail. You have an ingrown toenail (the side of your nail grows into the skin). You've picked up a fungus, which you can get if you walk barefoot in common areas like a gym shower or locker room. You have a callus -- thickened skin caused by rubbing (for example, when your toe rubs against your shoe). You put your feet in water a lot (for example, if you swim a lot).


Question: When are you more likely to get toe infections?

Answer: Damage to your blood vessels from high blood sugar can make it harder for your body to fight off infections. And diabetic nerve damage can prevent you from feeling minor trauma that could lead to a toe infection. If you have a weakened immune system, you're also more likely to get toe infections. This includes people with HIV, or those who've had an organ transplant.


Question: What should you know about toe infections?

Answer: If you have a weakened immune system, you're also more likely to get toe infections. You might need tests to find out what type of bacteria or fungus caused the infection.


Question: What conditions can lead to a broken rib?

Answer: There are several ways your ribs could be broken: A traffic accident Getting punched in your rib cage Contact sports -- football, hockey, or soccer, for example Repeated movements, like swinging a golf club, rowing or swimming Coughing very hard again and again A fall onto a hard surface Getting CPR Some conditions can lead to a broken rib without your being hit very hard, including: Osteoporosis (thin, brittle bones, usually linked to aging) Cancerous lesions that weaken bones Sharp chest pain happens with a broken rib.


Question: How is a broken rib diagnosed?

Answer: He'll ask you what happened and will touch the painful area. He'll want to listen to your lungs when you breathe and watch your rib cage as your chest goes up and down. If your doctor suspects a rib fracture, he will want to get images of your chest. If the broken rib is caused by blunt trauma or a serious accident, he will want to make sure there's is no other serious damage to internal organs. Your doctor might order one or more of these: X-ray. These catch 75% of all broken ribs. They can also show other problems, like a collapsed lung. CT scan. This type of image shows fractures that don't appear on X-rays. Your doctor will want you to get one if he thinks the X-ray missed something. It can also show damage to soft tissue and organs, like your lungs, liver, spleen or kidneys. MRI. Like a CT scan, these images can show fractures that X-rays miss. They can pinpoint damage to soft tissue and organs. Bone scan. If you have a stress fracture to a rib, or a history of prostate cancer, this may do a better job of showing where the damage is.


Question: What are the consequences of a broken rib?

Answer: Many times, it's just a crack or hairline fracture, and the rib doesn't move out of place. But if more ribs are broken or if the fracture is from a serious injury, more problems are possible. A broken rib can have a jagged edge that juts into the chest cavity. There's a chance that it can harm one of your organs: If you break a rib toward the top of your rib cage, the sharp end of the bone could tear or puncture an important blood vessel. If you break a rib in the middle of your rib cage, the sharp end of bone could puncture a lung. If you break a rib toward the bottom of your rib cage, the sharp end of the bone could cause damage to your liver, kidney, or spleen.


Question: What can cause a broken rib?

Answer: There are several ways your ribs could be broken: A traffic accident Getting punched in your rib cage Contact sports -- football, hockey, or soccer, for example Repeated movements, like swinging a golf club, rowing or swimming Coughing very hard again and again A fall onto a hard surface Getting CPR Some conditions can lead to a broken rib without your being hit very hard, including: Osteoporosis (thin, brittle bones, usually linked to aging) Cancerous lesions that weaken bones Sharp chest pain happens with a broken rib.


Question: How is a broken rib treated?

Answer: Most broken ribs take about 6 weeks to heal. Take pain medicine like acetaminophen or ibuprofen. If you need something stronger, your doctor may prescribe something for you. Take deep breaths to avoid pneumonia. A lung infection is the most common thing you can get with rib fractures. Your doctor may give you a simple device to encourage you to breathe deeply. Don't wrap anything tightly around your ribs while they're healing. You don't want anything to limit your breathing. If you have a more serious injury, you may need additional treatment or possibly surgery. For example, if your lung has been punctured by the sharp end of one of your ribs, you may need to have a procedure done to remove air or blood from inside your chest. Some people whose ribs are badly injured might need to have them repaired with metal plates, but this is rare.


Question: What should you know about a broken rib?

Answer: And if they're broken badly they can seriously damage internal organs. Your chest will hurt more when you take a deep breath. It can also show damage to soft tissue and organs, like your lungs, liver, spleen or kidneys. But if more ribs are broken or if the fracture is from a serious injury, more problems are possible.


Question: How might sex be different after giving birth?

Answer: After pregnancy, some women notice a lack of vaginal lubrication during intercourse. A water-based lubricant may be used during intercourse to decrease the discomfort of vaginal dryness.


Question: Will sex feel different during pregnancy?

Answer: As your pregnancy progresses, changing positions may become necessary for your comfort. After the fourth month of pregnancy a woman may notice feeling dizzy or nauseated while lying flat on her back. This is related to the weight of the growing uterus pressing on major blood vessels. Positions may need to be altered at this time. A water-based lubricant may be used during intercourse if necessary.


Question: Why would your doctor recommend against sex when you're pregnant?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend not having intercourse early in pregnancy if you have a history of miscarriages. Intercourse also may be restricted if you have certain complications of pregnancy, such as pre-term labor or bleeding. You may need to ask your doctor to clarify if this means no penetration, no orgasms, or no sexual arousal, because different complications may require different restrictions.


Question: When can I have sex after my baby is born?

Answer: In general, you can resume sexual activity between 4 and 6 weeks after delivery, but talk to your doctor. She may recommend that you wait until after your first postpartum appointment before having intercourse with your partner. That's typically at about 6 weeks.


Question: Will my sexual desires change during pregnancy?

Answer: Changing hormones cause some women to experience an increased sex drive during pregnancy, while others may not be as interested in sex as they were before they became pregnant. During the first trimester, some women commonly lose interest in sex because they are tired and uncomfortable, while other women's sexual desires stay the same. If your doctor has limited your sexual activity, or if you are not in the mood for intercourse, remember to take time for intimacy with your partner.


Question: Is painful sex during pregnancy normal?

Answer: During intercourse, you should not feel pain. During orgasm, your uterus will contract. If you have any contractions that are painful or regular, contact your doctor. Also, discontinue intercourse and call your doctor immediately if you have heavy vaginal bleeding (light spotting is normal) or if your water breaks (nothing should enter the vagina after your water breaks).


Question: Can I have sex during pregnancy without harming the baby?

Answer: Intercourse or orgasm during pregnancy will not harm your baby, unless you have a medical problem. Remember that your baby is well protected in your uterus by the amniotic fluid that surrounds him or her. You may need to ask your doctor to clarify if this means no penetration, no orgasms, or no sexual arousal, because different complications may require different restrictions.


Question: How can I stay intimate with my partner while I'm pregnant?

Answer: Remember that your baby is well protected in your uterus by the amniotic fluid that surrounds him or her. Your doctor may recommend not having intercourse early in pregnancy if you have a history of miscarriages. Also, encourage your partner to communicate with you, especially if you notice changes in your partner's responsiveness. If your doctor has limited your sexual activity, or if you are not in the mood for intercourse, remember to take time for intimacy with your partner. You can take long romantic walks, enjoy candle-lit dinners, or give each other back rubs.


Question: How is bursitis diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will diagnose bursitis based on your symptoms and findings on a physical exam. Some diagnostic tests may be performed to rule out other causes of your pain. These include the following: An X-ray of the affected area to look for bony spurs (abnormal areas) or arthritis Aspiration, in which fluid is taken from the swollen bursa and evaluated under a microscope, to rule out gout or infection Blood tests to screen for conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes Magnetic resonance imaging test ( MRI), although this is rare Although bursitis generally disappears in a few days or weeks, the pain may be persistent. A corticosteroid may be injected into and around the inflamed bursae (the fluid-filled sacs that cushion joints affected by bursitis).


Question: What viruses can cause orchitis?

Answer: The virus that causes mumps can cause orchitis, as well. Most common in young boys (rare in boys younger than 10 years), orchitis begins four to six days after mumps begins. A third of boys with mumps will develop orchitis and end up with a condition called testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testicles). That's why it is so critical for all children, boys especially, to have shots to protect them from getting the childhood disease of mumps.


Question: What exams and tests are there for orchitis?

Answer: A urine sample might be taken to check for STDs and other bacteria that might be responsible for the infection.


Question: What are symptoms of orchitis?

Answer: With orchitis, you may have a rapid onset of pain in one or both testicles that may spread to the groin. One or both of your testicles may appear tender, swollen, and red or purple. You might have a "heavy feeling" in the swollen testicle. You might see blood in your semen. Other symptoms include high fever, nausea, vomiting, pain with urination, or pain from straining with a bowel movement, groin pain, pain with intercourse, and simply feeling ill.


Question: What are the lasting effects of orchitis?

Answer: For some of the men who have orchitis, the affected testicle will shrink and lose its function. The longer you delay getting treatment, the more likely the testicle will have long-term damage. Untreated orchitis can result in infertility, loss of one or both testicles, and severe illness or death.


Question: What is follow-up care for orchitis?

Answer: Go to a hospital's emergency department if you are unable to contact or see your doctor promptly, or if symptoms worsen despite antibiotic treatment. Your health care provider may perform a series of diagnostic tests.


Question: When should you call a doctor about orchitis?

Answer: Most cases of orchitis caused by bacteria require antibiotics right away. If you suspect that you have the disease, or notice redness, swelling, pain, or inflammation of the scrotum or testicle, call your health care provider immediately. Do not delay medical care. Go to a hospital's emergency department if you are unable to contact or see your doctor promptly, or if symptoms worsen despite antibiotic treatment.


Question: What are home remedies for orchitis?

Answer: Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen ( Advil or Motrin, for example), naproxen ( Aleve, Naprosyn), or acetaminophen ( Tylenol) may help with pain. The ice packs may be applied for 15-20 minutes at a time, several times a day for the first day or two. This will help keep down the swelling (and pain).


Question: What are medical treatments for orchitis?

Answer: Most men can be treated with antibiotics at home for a minimum of 10 days. Mumps orchitis will clear up over one to three weeks. Young, sexually active men need to make sure all of their sexual partners are treated. You should use condoms or do not have sexual relations until all partners have completed their full course of antibiotics and are symptom-free.


Question: How can you prevent orchitis?

Answer: Bacteria that cause sexually transmitted diseases ( STD), such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis, can cause orchitis in sexually active men, usually aged 19-35 years. Men older than age 50 should have their prostates examined during their yearly physical exams.


Question: What can I expect right before and during my surgical ablation?

Answer: At the hospital, your nurse may test your blood or urine, or perform a chest X-ray to make sure you don't have any infections or problems that may hurt your surgery's success. You may be given a drug to help you relax before the surgery. Electrocardiogram ( EKG) electrodes will be attached to your chest and back to keep track of your heartbeat. You will receive anesthesia to put you to sleep during the surgery. After you are put to sleep, your doctor will connect you to a respirator that has a tube that goes down your throat. This will help you breathe during the operation. You may have a tube inserted into your throat to help collect fluid or air in your stomach during the operation. You may also have a catheter inserted in your bladder to collect urine during the operation. Your surgeon will cut into your chest during your operation, and he or she will insert instruments to make the small interior cuts or make lesions on your heart tissue. Depending on the type of maze procedure you have, your surgeon may use tiny video cameras or robotic arms to help perform the operation.


Question: What happens after my surgical ablation?

Answer: After, you may need to stay up to 5 days in a regular hospital room. There the staff will monitor your heartbeat and recovery. After surgery, you may take diuretic drugs. They help control fluid in your body after the surgery. You may also take blood thinners or aspirin to prevent clots. Open-heart surgery will take the longest to recover from. It can take many weeks to heal. If you have a minimally invasive surgical ablation, you may have a quicker recovery than with open-heart surgery. You should be able to leave the hospital in 2 to 4 days. You can go back to normal activity after a few weeks. For about a month after whichever surgery you have, don't take very hot showers. Avoid soaking in a bath or whirlpool tub. Your surgical wounds may itch or feel numb or tight. You may have chest discomfort for a few weeks as your body heals. If you notice signs of infection around your wounds, such as redness, fever, swelling, or heat, call your doctor. It may take a few months for your heartbeat to be normal again after your surgical ablation. Your doctor will monitor your heartbeat to check how you're doing.


Question: What happens during surgical ablation?

Answer: Once inside she will go into your heart and make small cuts in the tissue. Scars will form. They make a path for electricity in your heart to follow. Your heartbeat will become normal in time.


Question: How should I prepare for my surgical ablation?

Answer: Don't smoke for at least 2 weeks before your heart surgery. It may cause problems with your breathing or blood clotting during or after your procedure. The night before your surgery, bathe or shower. Don't eat after midnight the day before your surgery. Food or drinks in your stomach may cause you to have problems with your anesthesia. It can cause you to vomit and breathe it in.


Question: What is surgical ablation?

Answer: Most people who have AFib will not need surgical ablation. This is the most common type of surgical ablation. It may take a few months for your heartbeat to be normal again after your surgical ablation.


Question: What are questions to ask your doctor about B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: When your child is diagnosed with any kind of cancer, you're bound to have a lot of questions for your doctor, such as: What treatments will work best for my child's ALL? How long will it last? What are the chances that it will cure my child? What side effects might it cause? How long will these side effects last? What should I tell my child about the cancer and its treatment?


Question: What is CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: CAR T-cell therapy uses some of your own immune cells, known as T cells, to treat your cancer. Doctors take the cells out of your blood and change them by adding new genes. The new T cells can work better to find and kill cancer cells.


Question: What should you expect after treatment for B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: After being cured, your child will still need to see the doctor often, to make sure the cancer doesn't come back. The doctor will also check for problems ALL treatments can cause, including damage to the heart and other types of cancers. Over time, your child will visit the doctor less often.


Question: What are symptoms of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: Children with B-cell ALL may: Bleed or bruise more easily than usual Feel very tired Get infections more often Lose their appetite Other symptoms include: Bone or joint pain Limping Fever Pale skin Red or purple spots called petechiae on the skin Swollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms, or groin If the cancer cells travel to your child's liver and spleen, these organs can grow large enough to make the belly swell. In some boys, the testicles can also grow larger.


Question: What is B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL) is the most common type of cancer in children. It affects certain cells in the immune system, called B cells and T cells. ALL usually affects B cells in children.


Question: What causes B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: Most of the time, doctors don't know what causes B-cell ALL in children. Some things make this disease more likely, including exposure to high doses of X-rays and other forms of radiation, or cancer treatment with chemotherapy. Children with certain genetic diseases, such as Down syndrome, are also more likely to get ALL.


Question: How can you take care of your child with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia?

Answer: Treatments for B-cell ALL can make infections more likely. Try to keep him away from anyone who is sick. Everyone who is close to your child should get vaccinated for diseases like the flu and pneumonia, and should wash their hands often. A cancer diagnosis can be very hard for a child. Your child also may need extra tutoring to make up for lost time at school.


Question: What drugs are more likely to cause an allergic reaction?

Answer: That said, some are more likely to cause these types of problems than others: Antibiotics -- amoxicillin ( Moxatag), ampicillin, penicillin ( Bicillin L- A), tetracycline ( Sumycin), and others Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen and naproxen Aspirin Sulfa drugs Chemotherapy drugs Monoclonal antibody therapy -- cetuximab ( Erbitux), rituximab ( Rituxian and others HIV drugs -- abacavir ( Ziagen), nevirapine ( Viramune), and others Insulin Antiseizure drugs -- carbamazepine ( Tegretol), lamotrigine ( Lamictal), phenytoin, and others Muscle relaxers given by IV -- atracurium, succinylcholine, or vecuronium How you take a drug plays a part, too.


Question: Can bleeding gums be a sign of diabetes?

Answer: When you have this disease, your mouth isn't as powerful at fighting germs, so you're more likely to get infections like gum disease. High blood sugar levels that go along with diabetes make it harder for your body to heal, which can make gum disease worse. Bleeding gums can be a sign of leukemia, a type of cancer.


Question: Can bleeding gums be a sign of leukemia?

Answer: Bleeding or swollen gums can be a warning sign of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If you have leukemia, your platelet count is low. That makes it harder for you to stop bleeding in different parts of your body, including your gums. If you have this condition, your body may not have enough platelets to form a blood clot.


Question: Can bleeding gums be a sign of hemophilia or Von Willebrand disease?

Answer: Bleeding or swollen gums can be a warning sign of type 1 or type 2 diabetes. With these conditions, your blood doesn't clot properly, so you may have bleeding gums.


Question: How safe are corticosteroids in treating eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: Inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe and are meant to be used daily. They can be used with another inhaler called a long-acting beta agonist ( LABA). The amount you absorb into your bloodstream is small. But doctors suggest you rinse your mouth out after you use them, because having steroids in your mouth can lead to thrush, a fungal condition in your mouth. But the inhaled versions may not work well in eosinophilic asthma, so you may need to take corticosteroid pills. They have more side effects than the inhaled types.


Question: How can bronchial thermoplasty help with treating eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: The drugs are: Benralizumab ( Fasenra) Dupilumab ( Dupixent) Mepolizumab ( Nucala) Reslizumab ( Cinqair) Unlike the prescription medication, bronchial thermoplasty is a procedure that's being studied to treat eosinophilic asthma. Your doctor may recommend it if other methods haven't controlled your symptoms. A lung specialist uses a special probe and thermal heat to lessen the smooth muscle in your airways. This keeps the muscles from constricting during an asthma attack. To get the most benefit, bronchial thermoplasty may require multiple procedures over several weeks.


Question: How can leukotriene modifiers help with treating eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: Their job is to keep certain cells in the lungs and airways from releasing chemicals that cause asthma attacks to act up. Medicines called leukotriene modifiers -- such as montelukast ( Singulair), zafirlukast ( Accolate), and zileuton ( Zyflo) -- relieve the effects of leukotrienes and ease asthma symptoms. It's rare, but some people get agitated and anxious when taking these meds. If this happens to you, tell your doctor. Their job is to block the chemicals that cause inflammation in your lungs.


Question: How can fast-acting inhalers help with treating eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: Depending on which kind your doctor prescribes, side effects can include dry mouth, heart palpitations, or nervousness. Unlike inhalers or pills, you get them as shots or by IV infusion.


Question: What is autism?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Autism is a complex neurobehavioral condition that includes impairments in social interaction and developmental language and communication skills combined with rigid, repetitive behaviors. Because of the range of symptoms, this condition is now called autism spectrum disorder ( ASD). It covers a large spectrum of symptoms, skills, and levels of impairment. ASD ranges in severity from a handicap that somewhat limits an otherwise normal life to a devastating disability that may require institutional care.


Question: How is Rett syndrome associated with autism?

Answer: Rett syndrome previously fell under ASD spectrum but it is now confirmed that Rett's cause is genetic. It no longer falls under ASD guidelines. Children with Rett syndrome, primarily girls, start developing normally but then begin losing their communication and social skills. Beginning at the age of 1 to 4 years, repetitive hand movements replace purposeful use of the hands. Children with Rett syndrome are usually severely cognitively impaired.


Question: How can autism affect children?

Answer: They have trouble understanding what other people think and feel. This makes it very hard for them to express themselves either with words or through gestures, facial expressions, and touch. A child with ASD who is very sensitive may be greatly troubled -- sometimes even pained -- by sounds, touches, smells, or sights that seem normal to others. This is what most people think of when they hear the word "autism."


Question: How is Holter monitoring used to diagnose heart palpitations?

Answer: It continuously records your heart's electrical signals for 24 to 48 hours. It can identify rhythm differences that weren't picked up during an EKG.


Question: How are heart palpitations diagnosed?

Answer: Heart conditions tied to palpitations include: Prior heart attack Coronary artery disease Heart failure Heart valve problems Heart muscle problems Your doctor will: Give you a physical exam Take down your medical history Want to know about your current medications, diet, and lifestyle Ask for specifics about when, how often, and under what circumstances your palpitations occur Sometimes, a blood test can help your doctor find the cause of your palpitations.


Question: How can you get heart palpitations from eating foods?

Answer: Medications, including diet pills, decongestants, asthma inhalers, and some drugs used to prevent arrhythmias (a serious heart rhythm problem) or treat an underactive thyroid Some herbal and nutritional supplements Abnormal electrolyte levels Some people have palpitations after heavy meals rich in carbohydrates, sugar, or fat. Sometimes, eating foods with a lot of monosodium glutamate ( MSG), nitrates, or sodium can bring them on, too. If you have heart palpitations after eating certain foods, it could be due to food sensitivity. Keeping a food diary can help you figure out which foods to avoid.


Question: What heart conditions are tied to heart palpitations?

Answer: They can also be related to heart disease. When they are, they're more likely to represent arrhythmia. Heart conditions tied to palpitations include: Prior heart attack Coronary artery disease Heart failure Heart valve problems Heart muscle problems Your doctor will: Give you a physical exam Take down your medical history Want to know about your current medications, diet, and lifestyle Ask for specifics about when, how often, and under what circumstances your palpitations occur Sometimes, a blood test can help your doctor find the cause of your palpitations.


Question: How is event recording used to diagnose heart palpitations?

Answer: Event recording: You'll wear a device on your chest and use a handheld gadget to record your heart's electrical signals when symptoms occur.


Question: What are non-heart-related causes of heart palpitations?

Answer: There can be many. Usually, palpitations are either related to your heart or the cause is unknown. Non-heart-related causes include: Strong emotions like anxiety, fear, or stress. They often happen during panic attacks. Vigorous physical activity Caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, or illegal drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines Medical conditions, including thyroid disease, a low blood sugar level, anemia, low blood pressure, fever, and dehydration Hormonal changes during menstruation, pregnancy, or just before menopause. Sometimes, palpitations during pregnancy are signs of anemia. Medications, including diet pills, decongestants, asthma inhalers, and some drugs used to prevent arrhythmias (a serious heart rhythm problem) or treat an underactive thyroid Some herbal and nutritional supplements Abnormal electrolyte levels Some people have palpitations after heavy meals rich in carbohydrates, sugar, or fat.


Question: How is an echocardiogram used to diagnose heart palpitations?

Answer: Echocardiogram : This is an ultrasound of your heart. It provides detailed information about its structure and function. If necessary, your doctor may refer you to a cardiologist for more tests or treatment.


Question: What substances should you cut out to treat heart palpitations?

Answer: Common ways include: Relaxation exercises Yoga Tai chi Biofeedback Guided imagery Aromatherapy Cutting out certain foods, beverages, and other substances. These may include: Alcohol Nicotine Caffeine Illegal drugs Avoiding medications that act as stimulants.


Question: What medications should you avoid to prevent heart palpitations?

Answer: These may include: Alcohol Nicotine Caffeine Illegal drugs Avoiding medications that act as stimulants. You may have to steer clear of: Cough and cold medicines Certain herbal and nutritional supplements If lifestyle changes don't help, you may be prescribed medications.


Question: How can your doctor help treat heart palpitations?

Answer: Get immediate medical attention if they come with: Shortness of breath Dizziness Chest pain Fainting After your doctor takes your medical history and looks you over, he may order tests to find the cause. If he finds one, the right treatment can reduce or get rid of the palpitations. If there's no underlying cause, lifestyle changes can help, including stress management.


Question: When should you see a doctor about heart palpitations?

Answer: In rare cases, palpitations can be a sign of a more serious heart condition. So, if you have heart palpitations, see your doctor. Get immediate medical attention if they come with: Shortness of breath Dizziness Chest pain Fainting After your doctor takes your medical history and looks you over, he may order tests to find the cause.


Question: What are heart palpitations?

Answer: You may be experiencing heart palpitations, which can feel like your heart is beating too fast, pumping too hard, or fluttering. Usually lasting only a few seconds, they can also be felt in your throat, neck, or chest. They usually aren't serious or harmful, though, and often go away on their own. Most of the time, they're caused by stress and anxiety, or because you've had too much caffeine, nicotine, or alcohol. They can also happen when you're pregnant. They can also be related to heart disease.


Question: What should you check on the label on skin lightening products?

Answer: Make sure there is no mercury in the product. Mercury is sometimes listed under other names, such as calomel, mercuric, mercurous, or mercurio. Make sure an over-the-counter skin lightener with hydroquinone has no more than 2% of that chemical. If a label lists hydroquinone but doesn't say how much it contains, don't assume it's safe to use. Some foreign products contain more hydroquinone than is allowed in the U. S. and some labels may not be accurate. If you have any questions about a product you are considering, talk with your doctor or pharmacist to be certain it's safe.


Question: What are skin lightening products?

Answer: Skin lightening products -- also known as bleaching creams, whiteners, skin brighteners, or fading creams -- work by reducing a pigment called melanin in the skin. Most people who use lighteners do so to treat skin problems such as age spots, acne scars, or discoloration related to hormones. It is also a technique used to lighten naturally dark skin.


Question: What problems can skin lightening cause?

Answer: Long-term use may increase the risk of skin cancer from sun exposure. Always use a broad-spectrum sunscreen when using a skin lightener and going outside. Steroids in some skin lighteners may increase risk for skin infections, skin thinning, acne, and poor wound healing. Applying steroids to large areas of skin may put you at risk for health problems related to steroid being absorbed by the body. Hydroquinone may cause unwanted and untreatable skin discoloration (ochronosis). Various bleaching agents, including natural ingredients, can cause skin irritation or allergic reaction.


Question: Is skin bleaching dangerous?

Answer: Skin bleaching is a cosmetic treatment to reduce the prominence of skin discolorations and even out the color of the skin. You can buy bleaching creams over the counter and by prescription. Some people apply skin lightener to their entire body to change their complexion, but this can be very risky. The active ingredient in some skin lighteners is mercury, so bleaching can lead to mercury poisoning. Mercury is a toxic agent that can cause serious psychiatric, neurological, and kidney problems. Pregnant women who use a skin lightener with mercury can pass the mercury to their unborn child.


Question: What are the active ingredients in skin lighteners?

Answer: The active ingredient in some skin lighteners is mercury, so bleaching can lead to mercury poisoning. The most widely used ingredient in skin lighteners sold in the U. S. is hydroquinone. The FDA regulates the use of hydroquinone in the U. S. Over-the-counter skin lighteners can contain up to 2% hydroquinone. Dermatologists can write prescriptions for lighteners that contain 4%-6% hydroquinone. Other skin lighteners use drugs such as steroids and retinoic acid, which comes from vitamin A, as active ingredients. And some skin lighteners use natural ingredients such as kojic acid -- a compound that comes from a fungus -- and arbutin, a compound found in various plants.


Question: When should you call a doctor about a nosebleed?

Answer: See a health care provider immediately if: Nosebleed doesn't stop after 10 minutes of home treatment. There is so much bleeding that it is hard to breathe. The person is taking blood thinners, such as warfarin ( Coumadin), dabigatran ( Pradaxa), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), fondaparinux sodium ( Arixtra), or aspirin, or has a bleeding disorder. Nosebleed happens after a severe head injury or a blow to the face.


Question: How can you stop a nosebleed?

Answer: Don't have the person lie down or tilt the head backward. With thumb and index finger, firmly pinch the nose just below the bone up against the face. Apply pressure for 5 minutes. Time yourself with a clock. If bleeding continues after 5 minutes, repeat the process.


Question: Why is early diagnosis of osteosarcoma important?

Answer: Treatment works best when it's started before the cancer spreads beyond the bones to other tissues or organs. Most tumors are found early because kids speak up about pain or parents notice swelling or a limp. So let the doctor know about warning signs like these as soon as possible.


Question: What treatments are available for osteosarcoma?

Answer: There are different kinds of treatment for osteosarcoma. It depends on several things, such as where the tumor is, how fast it's growing, and whether it has spread. Age and overall health are also factored in. Most people with osteosarcoma need both surgery and chemotherapy. Some also get radiation therapy.


Question: When is treatment for osteosarcoma most effective?

Answer: Treatment works best when it's started before the cancer spreads beyond the bones to other tissues or organs. Most tumors are found early because kids speak up about pain or parents notice swelling or a limp. So let the doctor know about warning signs like these as soon as possible.


Question: What causes osteosarcoma?

Answer: The condition stems from an error in your child's DNA, or genetic code. Bone-growing cells make osteosarcoma tumors by mistake. Teenagers who are having a âgrowth spurtâ are most likely to get it, and taller kids may be more at risk. There may also be a link between the speed of the growth spurt and tumor development, but scientists are still studying this. Treatments like radiation therapy for other types of cancer, or cancer medicines called alkylating agents, can also make this disease more likely. Certain illnesses, like Paget's disease of the bone or a type of eye cancer called hereditary retinoblastoma, may also raise the risk.


Question: What are the warning signs of osteosarcoma?

Answer: Warning signs include: Swelling or lumps around bones or the ends of bones. Bone or joint pain or soreness. This pain may come and go for months. Broken bones that don't seem to be caused by normal events like a fall. Your child may have pain at night or after he plays or exercises. He might get a limp if osteosarcoma affects his legs. Tell your doctor about these symptoms right away. Your child may need to be tested to see if cancer is causing the pain, swelling, or breaks.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat osteosarcoma?

Answer: â Chemoâ uses powerful medications to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. You usually get them through an IV tube. Doctors treat most osteosarcomas with chemo. Your child's doctor will talk with you about the timing of the chemo and surgery. Chemo may shrink the tumor, which makes surgery easier. It also gets rid of small clusters of cancer cells in the body that doctors may not be able to see on medical scans. Children tend to have less severe side effects from chemo than adults. Because of this, your child's cancer doctor may use higher doses of chemo to try to kill the tumor. Some side effects may include nausea and vomiting, not feeling hungry, and diarrhea.


Question: What does a biopsy for osteosarcoma entail?

Answer: If your doctor sees signs of the disease on imaging tests, your child may need a biopsy. A surgeon will take a small sample of bone or tissue from a painful or swollen area. This test may show cancer cells in the bone, or if cancer cells have spread to muscles or other areas around the bone.


Question: Who is most likely to get osteosarcoma?

Answer: Osteosarcoma, sometimes called osteogenic sarcoma, is the most common kind of bone cancer in children and teens. It can affect adults, too, but teenage boys are most likely to get it.


Question: What should I do if my child has symptoms of osteosarcoma?

Answer: Tell your doctor about these symptoms right away. Your child may need to be tested to see if cancer is causing the pain, swelling, or breaks.