Question: What complications can come from an anal abscess?

Answer: About 50% of patients with an anal abscess will develop a complication called a fistula. A fistula is a small tunnel that makes an abnormal connection between the site of the abscess and the skin. In some cases, an anal fistula causes persistent drainage. In other cases, where the outside of the tunnel opening closes, the result may be recurrent anal abscesses. Surgery is needed to cure almost all anal fistulas.


Question: What is the most common type of anal abscess?

Answer: This often appears as a painful boil-like swelling near the anus. It may be red in color and warm to the touch. Anal abscesses located in deeper tissue are less common and may be less visible. Surgical incision and drainage is the most common treatment for all types of anal abscesses and is usually successful.


Question: What are complications after surgery for anal abscess?

Answer: Complications after surgery can include: Infection Anal fissure An abscess returning Scarring After an anal abscess or fistula has properly healed, it's unlikely that the problem will come back.


Question: What is the outlook after an anal abscess has healed?

Answer: Complications after surgery can include: Infection Anal fissure An abscess returning Scarring After an anal abscess or fistula has properly healed, it's unlikely that the problem will come back. To prevent one from doing so, however, it's important to follow the advice of your doctor or colon and rectal surgeon.


Question: How can tracking exercise help people with diabetes?

Answer: It helps lower your blood sugar, helps your body use insulin better, and makes you less likely to have other health complications. A fitness tracker could be just what you need to jump-start your exercise routine. Walking is great for people with diabetes, and counting your steps with a fitness device is an easy way to stay on track. Devices often track the number of calories you use throughout the day. Step up your daily calorie burn, and your blood sugar will benefit.


Question: How can tracking eating habits help people with diabetes?

Answer: They also balance the calories you burn with the ones you eat, so if you work out a lot, you can eat a tad more. Many devices sync with diabetes-specific tracking apps for your carbs and insulin doses, so you can see all your data at once in easy-to-read graphs and charts.


Question: How can tracking sleep help with my diabetes?

Answer: Sleep. Many trackers have motion sensors that track your ZZZs. That can help if you have diabetes, since they tell you about your sleep quality and duration: Sleep problems and diabetes go hand-in-hand, like sleep apnea and nerve pain at night. If your device records many restless nights, talk to your doctor. Waking up a lot in the night can be a sign that your blood sugar is getting too low. Not sleeping enough can push your blood sugar out of whack. So when you see how little sleep you're getting night after night, you might be inspired to turn off the TV an hour early and go to bed.


Question: How can tracking my exercise help with my diabetes?

Answer: It helps lower your blood sugar, helps your body use insulin better, and makes you less likely to have other health complications. A fitness tracker could be just what you need to jump-start your exercise routine. Walking is great for people with diabetes, and counting your steps with a fitness device is an easy way to stay on track.


Question: How common is high blood pressure and diabetes?

Answer: High blood pressure and diabetes is a common and dangerous combination.


Question: How can tracking my diabetes be useful?

Answer: The high-tech revolution makes it easier to share info with your doctor. Now you can show her not only your glucose readings, but also your diet, exercise, and sleep.


Question: How can I keep track of the food I eat if I have diabetes?

Answer: They also balance the calories you burn with the ones you eat, so if you work out a lot, you can eat a tad more. Many devices sync with diabetes-specific tracking apps for your carbs and insulin doses, so you can see all your data at once in easy-to-read graphs and charts.


Question: How can glucose monitors and apps help with diabetes?

Answer: Read up on the new wave of high-tech glucose monitors and phone apps. Some gadgets can store your glucose monitor's readings in the cloud. That means you use less space on your phone or tablet. Browse the app store for your phone or tablet's operating system to find hundreds of diabetes apps -- to record carbs, set alarms for medication, and plan healthy meals. Look for ones with the highest ratings and try them. Check products from the same manufacturer -- like a fitness tracker, wireless scale, and glucose monitor -- to see if they sync so you get a more complete picture of your health.


Question: How can tracking sleep help people with diabetes?

Answer: Sleep. Many trackers have motion sensors that track your ZZZs. That can help if you have diabetes, since they tell you about your sleep quality and duration: Sleep problems and diabetes go hand-in-hand, like sleep apnea and nerve pain at night. If your device records many restless nights, talk to your doctor. Waking up a lot in the night can be a sign that your blood sugar is getting too low. Not sleeping enough can push your blood sugar out of whack. So when you see how little sleep you're getting night after night, you might be inspired to turn off the TV an hour early and go to bed.


Question: What are options for men who don't have sperm in their semen?

Answer: If the man doesn't have sperm in his semen, one of several techniques can be used to retrieve sperm from the testicles. Success rates are generally good -- as high as 65% in some clinics. But factors such as poor sperm quality, poor egg quality, and the older age of the mother can lessen the chance of success. Other techniques that might help men with fertility problems are being developed.


Question: Why should you limit alcohol if you have osteopenia?

Answer: Too much beer, wine, or liquor can mess with the balance of calcium in your body and change how your body makes hormones and vitamins for healthy bones. Having too much to drink can also make you more likely to fall, which means you could break a bone.


Question: How can intense stress cause you to hear things that aren't real?

Answer: Serious stress, as you might have after going through something traumatic, can cause hallucinations. It's especially common to hear the voice of a loved one after their recent death.


Question: Which mental illnesses can cause you to hear things that aren't real?

Answer: It can sometimes happen with other mental illnesses as well, including: Bipolar disorder Borderline personality disorder Major depressive disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD) Schizoaffective disorder Migraines.


Question: How can epilepsy cause you to hear things that aren't real?

Answer: When seizures from epilepsy affect the brain area that processes hearing, you might hear a buzzing sound or voices. In some cases, it warps how you hear things, so they're not as loud or clear.


Question: How can migraines cause you to hear things that aren't real?

Answer: Often, if you get migraines with auras, you see things. But some people hear things instead. Usually, it's voices. And that may be more likely if you also have depression.


Question: What tests will help your doctor find out why you are hearing things that aren't real?

Answer: After that, you'll get some tests based on what your doctor thinks might be the cause. For example, your doctor might suggest you see a psychiatrist to check for a mental illness. You could have some tests based on what your doctor thinks might be the cause: Electroencephalogram ( EEG): This measures electrical signals in your brain, to look for epilepsy. Hearing exam: This checks for hearing loss or tinnitus.


Question: How do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors help in the treatment for heart failure?

Answer: But your doctor may prescribe an ACE inhibitor for these other heart conditions: Heart failure: They can prevent further weakening of your heart and prolong your life.


Question: What are the possible side effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?

Answer: Possible ones include: Cough: If this persists or is severe, contact your doctor. Ask what type of cough medicine you can use to ease it. Red, itchy skin rash: If you have this, don't treat the rash yourself. Call your doctor. Dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness when you get up: This may be strongest after your first dose, especially if you've been taking a water pill (diuretic). Get up more slowly. If it keeps up, reach out to your medical team. Salty or metallic taste, or a decreased ability to taste: This usually goes away as you continue taking the medicine.


Question: Can I take NSAIDs if I'm being treated for high blood pressure?

Answer: NSAIDs can raise blood pressure in some people. Some people with high blood pressure may have to stop taking NSAIDs if their blood pressure goes up even though they regularly take their blood pressure medications.


Question: What are NSAIDs?

Answer: Doctors use NSAIDs to treat many things that cause pain or inflammation, including arthritis. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; American College of Rheumatology: â NSAIDs ( Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). ; American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: â What Are NSAIDs?â; Cleveland Clinic: â Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines ( NSAIDs).â; Audio Jungle; Comstock Images; Rob Bouwman; Medioimages; Jose Luis Pelaez Inc; i Stock.


Question: Is Gaucher's disease a genetic condition?

Answer: Gaucher disease isn't something you "catch," like a cold or the flu. It's an inherited condition that's caused by a problem with the GBA gene. You get the disease when both of your parents pass along a damaged GBA gene to you. You can pass a faulty gene on to your children even if you don't have Gaucher disease.


Question: Can enzyme replacement therapy treat Gaucher's disease?

Answer: Enzyme replacement therapy is one option for people who have type 1 and some with type 3. It helps reduce anemia and shrinks an enlarged spleen or liver. Enzyme replacement therapy medications may include: Imiglucerase ( Cerezyme) Taliglucerase alfa ( Elelyso) Velaglucerase alfa ( VPRIV) Other medications for type 1 are eliglustat ( Cerdelga) and miglustat ( Zavesca).


Question: How does a doctor confirm that you have Gaucher's disease?

Answer: If your doctor thinks it's Gaucher disease, he can confirm that with a blood or saliva test. He'll also do tests regularly to track the condition. You may have an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to see if your liver or spleen is swollen. You might also get a bone density test to check for any loss of bone. When Gaucher disease runs in your family, blood or saliva tests can help you find out if you could pass the disease to your child.


Question: What is cardiovascular Gaucher's disease?

Answer: This is rare and mainly affects your heart. You might have symptoms like: Hardening of the heart valves and blood vessels Bone disease Enlarged spleen Eye problems When you go to your doctor, he might ask: When did you notice your symptoms?


Question: How can I reduce the stress of someone with psoriasis?

Answer: Stress is a known trigger for psoriasis. Obviously, no one's home can ever be stress-free. But talk to your loved one about things you could do to lower his or her stress level. Maybe swapping some responsibilities or allowing that person to have extra time to rest could be a good way of offering psoriasis support.


Question: Who should learn about psoriasis other than patients?

Answer: It's a condition that can affect entire families, both emotionally and sometimes financially. If you want to help a friend or family member with psoriasis, here's some advice: Learn about psoriasis. Start with the basics. If you have a loved one living with psoriasis, it's important that you really know about it -- the symptoms, the causes, and psoriasis treatments. Ask loved ones with psoriasis what they need.


Question: Should I call my doctor if my baby is not eating that much?

Answer: Reasons to call your doctor include: Dark pee or orange crystals in his diaper He would rather sleep than eat He won't latch onto your breast, or he pulls away from you He's fussy right after feedings As a new parent, it's key to learn to trust your instincts. If you have any concerns about your baby's eating, check in with his doctor.


Question: What signs that a baby is full?

Answer: Remember: The exact amount your little one drinks will vary from day to day. For instance, he may want to eat more than normal when he's going through a growth spurt. Trust your baby to know how much food he needs. You can watch for a few signs that he's full: He pulls away from your breast or his bottle He falls asleep during a feeding He shakes his head or keeps his mouth closed Those signs can also help you know that you're not overfeeding your little one. And at regular checkups, your pediatrician will let you know if your baby's growth (height and weight) is on track.


Question: What are signs that my baby is eating enough?

Answer: When he's getting the right amount of food, you'll see: Plenty of wet diapers. The first few days after birth, he may only wet one or two diapers each day. After that, he should need six to eight cloth (five or six disposable) diaper changes every 24 hours, plus have two to five poopy ones each day. Steady weight gain. After the first 2 weeks, your baby should gain about 4-7 ounces per week until his sixth month, and 3-5 ounces from 6 to 18 months. Your baby is active and happy. A child that's eating well will look alert and be active. He'll also seem content between feedings.


Question: How much do babies eat depending on their age?

Answer: Some who are breastfeeding, though, can eat every 1.5 hours, and up to 15 times a day. If your baby isn't waking up on his own for a feeding during the first few weeks, you should get him up to eat on schedule. If you're breastfeeding, your little one will spend about 10 to 20 minutes on your breast. Some may nurse for longer, but make sure he's actually sucking and swallowing the whole time. Giving formula? Plan on your baby drinking 1.5 to 3 ounces at each feeding. After about a month, he'll start eating at least 4 ounces at each feeding. As breastfed babies get the hang of nursing, they'll get more milk from you, too. You may not notice, though, since they'll do it in less time. Whether you're nursing or bottle feeding, as your baby keeps growing, so will his appetite. At 2 months, he may drink 4-5 ounces at each feeding, 3-4 hours apart. At 4 months, he may need up to 6 ounces every time. The pediatrician also may encourage you to start to introduce solid foods. By 6 months, some babies drink as much as 8 ounces of breastmilk or formula even as they go longer between feedings.


Question: What can cause childhood depression?

Answer: It could be caused by any combination of factors that relate to physical health, life events, family history, environment, genetic vulnerability, and biochemical disturbance.


Question: What percentage of children and teens have symptoms of depression?

Answer: Studies show that, at any point in time, 10% to 15% of children and adolescents have some symptoms of depression. A child has an increased chance of childhood depression if he or she has a family history of depression, particularly a parent who had depression at an early age. Once a child experiences major depression, he or she is at risk of developing another depression within the next five years.


Question: How long does childhood depression last?

Answer: Warning signs of suicidal behavior in children include: A focus on morbid and negative themes Frequent accidents Giving away possessions Increased acting-out behaviors Increased crying or reduced emotional expression Increased risk-taking behaviors Many depressive symptoms (changes in eating, sleeping, or activities) Social isolation Substance abuse Talking about death and dying Talking about suicide or feeling hopeless or helpless Childhood depression tends to come and go in episodes. There can be spontaneous recovery from childhood depression. However, once a child has one bout of childhood depression, he or she is more likely to get depressed again. Without treatment for childhood depression, the consequences of depression can be extremely serious, even deadly.


Question: What are the warning signs of suicidal behavior in children with childhood depression?

Answer: Parents should be particularly vigilant for signs that may indicate that a child with depression is at risk for suicide. Warning signs of suicidal behavior in children include: A focus on morbid and negative themes Frequent accidents Giving away possessions Increased acting-out behaviors Increased crying or reduced emotional expression Increased risk-taking behaviors Many depressive symptoms (changes in eating, sleeping, or activities) Social isolation Substance abuse Talking about death and dying Talking about suicide or feeling hopeless or helpless Childhood depression tends to come and go in episodes.


Question: How is bipolar disorder treated in children?

Answer: Children with severe bipolar disorder-like symptoms are often treated with psychotherapy and a combination of medicines. The medications usually include a mood stabilizing medicine (such as lamotrigine or lithium) sometimes in combination with an antidepressant. Antidepressants need to be used with caution in children with suspected bipolar disorder because they have a small but significant risk for triggering mania (elation or hyperactive behavior).


Question: Who can get childhood depression?

Answer: Children with a family history of depression are at greater risk of experiencing childhood depression themselves. Children who have parents that suffer from depression tend to develop their first episode of depression earlier than children whose parents do not have depression. Children from chaotic or conflicted families are also at greater risk of childhood depression. So are kids who abuse alcohol and drugs.


Question: How many children in the U.S. have depression?

Answer: About one out of every 40 children in the United States suffers from childhood depression. Under the age of 10, childhood depression is significantly more common in boys. By age 16, girls have a greater incidence of depression.


Question: What are the risks of antidepressant medications to children?

Answer: The FDA warns that antidepressant medications may increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. If you have questions or concerns, discuss them with your health care provider.


Question: What should you do if your child has symptoms of depression that have lasted for at least two weeks?

Answer: If your child has symptoms of depression that have lasted for at least two weeks, you should schedule a visit with his or her health care provider. You will want to make sure that there are no physical reasons for the symptoms. You'll also want to make sure that your child receives proper treatment. A consultation with a mental health professional that specializes in treating kids with childhood depression is also recommended.


Question: Do you need to call 911 if your heart skips a beat?

Answer: The answer is yes when you're also having shortness of breath, severe chest pain, heavy sweating, and dizziness, or you feel like you're going to pass out. You might be having a heart attack. Don't drive yourself to the hospital. Let an ambulance come to you. Paramedics can begin treatment as soon as they arrive. You'll get help sooner than if you go to the ER on your own.


Question: What does it mean when my heart skips a beat?

Answer: Most of the time, there's no reason to worry. But sometimes palpitations can be signs of trouble. Many say a palpitation feels like a heaviness in the chest, head, or even the neck.


Question: When is skipping a heart beat a warning sign of something serious?

Answer: It could be a warning sign of something serious. Call 911 if you also have: Shortness of breath Chest pain Extreme lightheadedness Caffeine: It's what doctors call a stimulant.


Question: Do you need to see a doctor if your heart skips a beat?

Answer: Yes, if your pulse is more than 100 beats per minute and you've not been exercising and don't have a fever. Yes, too, if you have: Palpitations coming in groups of three or more, or if they keep happening High cholesterol, diabetes, or high blood pressure -- you're at risk for heart disease New or different palpitations Stress Exercise Caffeine Alcohol Hormones How does each of these contribute to heart palpitations?


Question: How can you know what's causing your heart to skip a beat?

Answer: Bring the notes with you to your doctor's appointment. He may suggest you have an electrocardiogram (also called an EKG). This test shows the electric activity in your heart and its rhythm. This information can help your doctor understand what might be going on. Having extra, early beats usually isn't dangerous, but it can be frustrating. It affects some people's quality of life. But once you know what triggers it, you can take steps to treat it and feel better.


Question: How does exercise cause your hear to skip a beat?

Answer: Exercise: Your heart rate rises when you work out hard. So you might feel palpitations before and after exercising, but not during -- that's because you won't notice the extra heartbeats when your heart rate is up. When you stop working out, your heart rate slows down again, but your adrenaline level stays high.


Question: How can you help someone you think is at risk of suicide?

Answer: People may also be at risk if they have: Mental disorders Addictions to alcohol or other drugs A serious physical illness A major loss (such as the death of a loved one or the loss of a relationship or job) Serious legal or financial problems A history of trauma or abuse Take all suicide warning signs seriously. Your involvement and support may help save a life. Don't be afraid to ask whether the person you're concerned about is thinking of suicide, is depressed, or has problems. Talking about it won't make the person act on their feelings. It might actually help ease suicidal thoughts -- and lets you know if you need to take further action. Encourage the person to talk to a mental health professional as soon as possible. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is always open. You can reach a trained counselor at 800-273- TALK (800-273-8255).


Question: What are the signs that an anal fissure has become chronic?

Answer: You may also notice: A visible tear in the anus Pain during bowel movements Blood on used toilet paper or wipes Blood on the surface of stools Bleeding that discolors toilet water Bad-smelling discharge Signs that a fissure has become chronic can include: Painful bowel movements without bleeding Itch and irritation of the skin around the anus A skin tag at the end of a fissure Acute anal fissures can also happen in babies.


Question: What are the signs of anal fissures in babies?

Answer: They're thought to be the most common cause of rectal bleeding for very young children. Signs that your child may have an anal fissure include: Crying during bowel movements Blood on the surface of stools or in soiled diapers A visible tear in the anal area


Question: How effective are cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of dementia?

Answer: These medicines include: Donepezil ( Aricept) Galantamine ( Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl) Rivastigmine ( Exelon) What to expect: Most people with Alzheimer's who take one of these medications get some benefit from it, including less anxiety, improved motivation, and better concentration and memory. And some are able to continue with their regular activities. But the improvements don't seem to last long -- about 6 to 12 months. They mainly delay the worsening of the disease for a period of time. All three medicines work similarly, but one might work better for your loved one than it does for someone else.


Question: What is a folate?

Answer: Folate, formerly known as folacin, is the generic term for both naturally occurring food folate and folic acid, the fully oxidized monoglutamate form of the vitamin that is used in dietary supplements and fortified foods. It is a B vitamin that's important for cell growth and metabolism. Studies show that many people in the U. S. don't get enough folic acid.


Question: My pet has fleas. How can my vet help control fleas in my home?

Answer: Ask your vet what she recommends. You want a product that treats fleas at every stage -- from egg to adult bug -- and that works well in your climate. Most flea treatments take only one dose a month to keep fleas from making you and your pets itch. If your pet is already on a flea treatment product, ask your vet about switching to something else. And make sure you treat every pet in the house.


Question: How do I use a flea comb to get rid of fleas on my pet?

Answer: It may seem old school, but a flea comb with tiny teeth can do a good job of removing fleas from your pet. Do it outside, and focus on the neck area and the base of the tail. Keep a cup of warm, soapy water beside you. Use it to dip the comb so you can drown the fleas. Regular flea combing will also let you know how your flea control efforts are working.


Question: How should I bathe my pet to help rid my home of fleas?

Answer: Bathing your pet regularly will also help rid your home of fleas. Any soap will kill them, so you don’t have to use a flea bath. But make sure that the soap you use is safe for a cat or dog. Some people like to finish the bath with a nice-smelling essential oil that may also help keep fleas away. Before you do, know that some dogs and cats may have problems with oils with: Citrus Cinnamon Clove D-limonene Geranium Tea tree Lavender Linalool Bay Eucalyptus Pennyroyal Rue These essential oils are less likely to cause problems if you use only a little bit: Lemongrass Cedar wood Peppermint Rosemary Thyme


Question: Is it OK to smoke before surgery for living-donor liver transplant?

Answer: Stop smoking. Quitting tobacco 1-2 months before surgery can help cut the chance of complications. Quitting smoking even right before surgery can increase the amount of oxygen in your body. After 24 hours without smoking, nicotine and carbon monoxide are already gradually broken down in the blood. Your lungs start to work better after about 2 smoke-free months.


Question: What does Z score mean in bone mineral density test?

Answer: Here's what the T score means: â -1 and above: Your bone density is normal â -1 to -2.5: Your bone density is low, and it may lead to osteoporosis â -2.5 and above: You have osteoporosis Z score: This allows you to compare how much bone mass you have compared with other people of your age, gender, and size. A Z score below -2.0 means that you have less bone mass than someone your age and that it could be caused by something other than aging.


Question: Who should get a bone mineral density test?

Answer: She may recommend it if you meet any of the following: You're a woman 65 or older You're a postmenopausal woman 50 or older You're a woman at the age of menopause and have a high chance for breaking bones You're a woman who has already been through menopause, younger than 65, and have other things that give you a higher chance of osteoporosis You're a man 50 or older with other risk factors You break a bone after 50 You've lost more than 1.5 inches of your adult height Your posture has gotten more hunched You're having back pain without any cause Your periods have stopped or are irregular although you're neither pregnant nor menopausal You've gotten an organ transplant You've had a drop in hormone levels Some types of prescription drugs can cause bone loss.


Question: How is coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosed?

Answer: But you can manage many other risk factors, including: High cholesterol and triglycerides High blood pressure Smoking Metabolic syndrome Diabetes Obesity and overweight Lack of exercise Stress, depression, and anger Unhealthy diet Too much alcohol Sleep apnea Your doctor will give you a checkup and talk with you about your symptoms, risks, and family history. You may also get tests such as: Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG), which measures the heart's electrical activity and can assess heart damage Stress test -- Usually, this involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike in a doctor's office while your EKG, heart rate, and blood pressure are monitored. Chest X-ray Blood tests to check on your levels of blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglycerides (a type of fat in the blood) Cardiac catheterization in which a doctor guides a very thin, flexible tube (called a catheter) through a blood vessel in your arm or leg to reach your heart.


Question: How can changing your lifestyle help with treating coronary artery disease (CAD)?

Answer: Depending on your case, your plan may include: Lifestyle changes: These time-tested methods sound familiar for a reason -- they work! Favor foods that are low in trans fats, saturated fats, simple sugars, and sodium. If you smoke, quit. Be active every day, ideally for 30 minutes or more s day (first, ask your doctor if there are any limits on what you can do). Work to stick to a healthy weight. Learn effective ways to manage your stress.


Question: Which symptoms of coronary artery disease need an immediate 911 call?

Answer: You may feel: Tightness Discomfort Pressure Heaviness Squeezing Burning Aching Numbness Fullness If you have any of the following symptoms, call 911 immediately: Chest pain, especially in the center or left side of the chest, which lasts for a few minutes, or goes away and comes back. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. Some people mistake it for indigestion or heartburn. Discomfort in any part of your upper body. It could be in one or both arms, the shoulders, neck, jaw, or upper part of the stomach. Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort Nausea or vomiting with lightheadedness, dizziness, or cold sweat Women often have different heart attack symptoms than men.


Question: Do heart attack symptoms differ in men and women?

Answer: Shortness of breath with or without chest discomfort Nausea or vomiting with lightheadedness, dizziness, or cold sweat Women often have different heart attack symptoms than men. While the most common red flag is still chest pain, women are more likely to have other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and back or jaw pain.


Question: How effective is chromium for the treatment of diabetes?

Answer: But chromium is found in many healthy foods, such as green vegetables, nuts, and grains. Studies have suggested that biotin, also called vitamin H, when used with chromium, may improve glucose metabolism in people with diabetes. But no studies have shown that biotin by itself is helpful.


Question: How can you track your own sugar levels to help with treatment for diabetes?

Answer: By checking your own blood sugar levels, you can track your body's changing needs for insulin and work with your doctor to figure out the best insulin dosage. People with diabetes check their blood sugar up to several times a day with an instrument called a glucometer. The glucometer measures glucose levels in a sample of your blood dabbed on a strip of treated paper. Also, there are now devices, called continuous glucose monitoring systems ( CGMS), that can be attached to your body to measure your blood sugars every few minutes for up to a week at a time. But these machines check glucose levels from skin rather than blood, and they are less accurate than a traditional glucometer.


Question: Do vitamins B6 and B12 help diabetes?

Answer: Vitamins B6 and B12 may help treat diabetic nerve pain if you have low levels of these vitamins and that is contributing to the nerve pain. But otherwise, there is no proof that taking these vitamins will help.


Question: Why should you wear a MedicAlert bracelet or tag if you have diabetes?

Answer: This will make others aware of your condition in case you have a severe hypoglycemic attack and are not able to make yourself understood, or if you are in an accident and need emergency medical care. Identifying yourself as having diabetes is important because hypoglycemic attacks can be mistaken for drunkenness, and victims often aren't able to care for themselves. Without prompt treatment, hypoglycemia can result in a coma or seizures. And, because your body is under increased stress when you are ill or injured, your blood sugar levels will need to be checked by the medical personnel who give you emergency care.


Question: What is degludec (Tresiba)?

Answer: Insulin degludec ( Tresiba) is a once-daily, long-acting insulin, providing a basal dose of insulin lasting beyond 42 hours. ( It the only basal insulin approved for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in patients as young as 1 year old.) It is also available in combination with rapid-acting insulin ( Ryzodeg 70/30).


Question: Why do you have to check your blood sugar levels if you have diabetes?

Answer: By checking your own blood sugar levels, you can track your body's changing needs for insulin and work with your doctor to figure out the best insulin dosage. People with diabetes check their blood sugar up to several times a day with an instrument called a glucometer. The glucometer measures glucose levels in a sample of your blood dabbed on a strip of treated paper. Also, there are now devices, called continuous glucose monitoring systems ( CGMS), that can be attached to your body to measure your blood sugars every few minutes for up to a week at a time. But these machines check glucose levels from skin rather than blood, and they are less accurate than a traditional glucometer.


Question: What professionals may help me with diabetes other than my doctor?

Answer: Your doctor will help you make a diabetes treatment plan that is right for you -- and that you can understand. You may also need other health care professionals on your diabetes treatment team, including a foot doctor, nutritionist, eye doctor, and a diabetes specialist (called an endocrinologist).


Question: How is a rapid-acting inhaled insulin used to treat diabetes?

Answer: Injectable insulin comes in five types: Rapid-acting (taking effect within a few minutes and lasting 2-4 hours) Regular or short-acting (taking effect within 30 minutes and lasting 3-6 hours) Intermediate-acting (taking effect in 1-2 hours and lasting up to 18 hours) Long-acting (taking effect in 1-2 hours and lasting beyond 24 hours) Ultra-long-acting (taking effect in 1-2 hours and lasting 42 hours) A rapid-acting inhaled insulin ( Afrezza) is also FDA-approved for use before meals. It must be used in combination with long-acting insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes and should not be used by those who smoke or have chronic lung disease. It comes as a single dose cartridge. Premixed insulin is also available for people who need to use more than one type of insulin.


Question: Does capsaicin cream help with diabetes?

Answer: Herbal Remedies Capsaicin cream, a topical ointment made with cayenne, has been reported by some patients to help lower pain in the hands and feet from diabetic neuropathy. But people with loss of sensation in the hands or feet should use caution when using capsaicin, as they may not be able to fully feel any burning sensation. Check with your doctor if you are thinking of trying this product.


Question: What is injectable insulin for diabetes?

Answer: Injectable insulin comes in five types: Rapid-acting (taking effect within a few minutes and lasting 2-4 hours) Regular or short-acting (taking effect within 30 minutes and lasting 3-6 hours) Intermediate-acting (taking effect in 1-2 hours and lasting up to 18 hours) Long-acting (taking effect in 1-2 hours and lasting beyond 24 hours) Ultra-long-acting (taking effect in 1-2 hours and lasting 42 hours) A rapid-acting inhaled insulin ( Afrezza) is also FDA-approved for use before meals.


Question: Do all people with diabetes need insulin medication?

Answer: For some people with type 2 diabetes, diet and exercise are enough to keep the disease under control. Other people need medication, which may include insulin and an oral drug.


Question: What do you need to keep in mind regarding eating and diet if you have diabetes?

Answer: Eating a balanced diet is vital for people who have diabetes, so work with your doctor or dietitian to set up a menu plan. If you have type 1 diabetes, the timing of your insulin dosage is determined by activity and diet. When you eat and how much you eat are just as important as what you eat. Usually, doctors recommend three small meals and three to four snacks every day to maintain the proper balance between sugar and insulin in the blood.


Question: Does evening primrose oil help with diabetes?

Answer: Evening primrose oil is thought to help diabetic nerve pain, but no conclusive evidence has yet been found.


Question: Which herbs may help with diabetes?

Answer: Ginkgo, garlic, holy basil leaves, fenugreek seeds, ginseng, and hawthorn are other herbals that have been promoted by some as remedies for diabetic symptoms. More research is needed to see what, if any, role these herbals may play. Check with your doctor before trying any herbal product.


Question: Can alternative medicine be used for diabetes?

Answer: Vitamins and Minerals Alternative medicine should never be used alone to treat diabetes. But there are things you can do -- in addition to medication, proper diet, and exercise -- that may help control your blood sugar and prevent complications of diabetes.


Question: Does vitamin C help diabetes?

Answer: Vitamin C may make up for low blood levels of insulin, which normally works to help cells absorb the vitamin. Proper amounts of vitamin C may help the body maintain a good cholesterol level and keep blood sugar levels under control. But too much can cause kidney stones and other problems. Check with your doctor to see if a vitamin C supplement is right for you.


Question: What should I keep in mind if exercising with diabetes?

Answer: Another crucial element in a treatment program for diabetes is exercise. With either type of diabetes, check with your doctor before starting an exercise program. Exercise improves your body's use of insulin and may lower blood sugar levels. To prevent your blood sugar from falling to dangerously low levels, check your blood sugar and, if necessary, eat a carbohydrate snack about half an hour before exercising. If you start to feel symptoms of low blood sugar (called hypoglycemia), stop exercising and have a carbohydrate snack or drink. Wait 15 minutes and check again. Have another snack again if it is still too low.


Question: What types of foods should you have in your diet if you have diabetes?

Answer: A healthy balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in your diet will help keep your blood glucose on target. How much of each will depend on many factors, including your weight and your personal preferences. Watching your carbohydrates -- knowing how much you need and how many you are eating -- is key to blood sugar control. If you are overweight, either a low-carbohydrate, low-fat/low calorie, or Mediterranean diet may help you get your weight to goal. No more than 7% of your diet should come from saturated fat, and you should try to avoid trans fats altogether.


Question: Why would my doctor suspect that I have diabetes?

Answer: If you have type 1 diabetes, your pancreas no longer makes the insulin your body needs to use blood sugar for energy.


Question: What is an insulin pump for diabetes?

Answer: Some people with diabetes use a computerized pump -- called an insulin pump -- that gives insulin on a set basis. You and your doctor program the pump to deliver a certain amount of insulin throughout the day (the basal dose). Plus, you program the pump to deliver a certain amount of insulin based on your blood sugar level before you eat (bolus dose).


Question: How may vitamins B16 and B12 help with the treatment for diabetes?

Answer: Vitamins B6 and B12 may help treat diabetic nerve pain if you have low levels of these vitamins and that is contributing to the nerve pain. But otherwise, there is no proof that taking these vitamins will help.


Question: How may mind or body medicine help with the treatment for diabetes?

Answer: Mind/ Body Medicine Guided imagery, biofeedback, meditation, hypnotherapy, and yoga reduce stress hormones, which in turn may help stabilize blood sugar levels. Biofeedback may also help lower blood pressure, but more research is needed to discover its role in the treatment of diabetes and high blood pressure.


Question: What herbals have been promoted as remedies for diabetic symptoms?

Answer: Ginkgo, garlic, holy basil leaves, fenugreek seeds, ginseng, and hawthorn are other herbals that have been promoted by some as remedies for diabetic symptoms. More research is needed to see what, if any, role these herbals may play. Check with your doctor before trying any herbal product.


Question: What should you consider when exercising to help treat diabetes?

Answer: Another crucial element in a treatment program for diabetes is exercise. With either type of diabetes, check with your doctor before starting an exercise program. Exercise improves your body's use of insulin and may lower blood sugar levels. To prevent your blood sugar from falling to dangerously low levels, check your blood sugar and, if necessary, eat a carbohydrate snack about half an hour before exercising. If you start to feel symptoms of low blood sugar (called hypoglycemia), stop exercising and have a carbohydrate snack or drink. Wait 15 minutes and check again. Have another snack again if it is still too low.


Question: How may evening primrose oil help with the treatment for diabetes?

Answer: Evening primrose oil is thought to help diabetic nerve pain, but no conclusive evidence has yet been found.


Question: How can exercise help treat diabetes?

Answer: Exercise helps some people with type 2 diabetes lower their blood glucose levels and may help prevent the disease in those at risk. For people with either type of diabetes, exercise can lower the chance of having a heart attack or stroke and can improve circulation. It may offer stress relief, as well. People with type 2 diabetes who need to lose weight can benefit from moderate exercise. Most people with diabetes are encouraged to get at least 150 minutes each week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity, like walking. Strength training is often recommended at least twice a week. Talk to your doctor about what type of exercise is right for you.


Question: How are treatment plans for diabetes tailored?

Answer: When you eat and how much you eat are just as important as what you eat.


Question: How is a long-acting insulin used to treat diabetes?

Answer: Insulin degludec ( Tresiba) is a once-daily, long-acting insulin, providing a basal dose of insulin lasting beyond 42 hours. ( It the only basal insulin approved for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in patients as young as 1 year old.) It is also available in combination with rapid-acting insulin ( Ryzodeg 70/30).


Question: How may vitamin E help with the treatment for diabetes?

Answer: Vitamin E may help limit damage to the blood vessels and help protect against kidney and eye disease. But too much can lead to serious problems, such as a higher risk of stroke. Talk to your doctor before adding this supplement.


Question: How may magnesium help with the treatment for diabetes?

Answer: Magnesium helps control blood sugar levels. Some people with diabetes have a serious magnesium deficiency. Magnesium supplements, in this case, may improve the action of insulin.


Question: What lifestyle changes can help with the treatment of diabetes?

Answer: It is a good idea to wear a Medic Alert bracelet or tag that says you have diabetes. This will make others aware of your condition in case you have a severe hypoglycemic attack and are not able to make yourself understood, or if you are in an accident and need emergency medical care. Identifying yourself as having diabetes is important because hypoglycemic attacks can be mistaken for drunkenness, and victims often aren't able to care for themselves. Without prompt treatment, hypoglycemia can result in a coma or seizures. And, because your body is under increased stress when you are ill or injured, your blood sugar levels will need to be checked by the medical personnel who give you emergency care. Be sure to take good care of your teeth and floss regularly.


Question: What causes schizophrenia?

Answer: An interaction between something in your genes and something in your environment probably causes the disease. Researchers still have a lot to learn about it, but it's likely that many things play a role. Some, like exposure to a virus or malnutrition (according to one theory about causes), might have happened while you were still in your mother's womb. No one knows exactly why it usually crops up in late adolescence, but there are many theories.


Question: If you feel better, can you stop inotropic therapy medication?

Answer: Even if you feel well, do not discontinue your inotropic therapy medication from your intravenous catheter line or from your infusion pump without consulting your doctor. If you are discharged from the hospital with an inotropic medication, a home health nurse will provide specific directions on how to care for your intravenous site, catheter, and infusion pump.


Question: How are cataracts treated?

Answer: Symptoms of a cataract may include: Blurry, cloudy, or dim vision Double vision with one eye Trouble seeing at night or in dim light Halos around lights Sensitivity to light and glare Faded or yellow colors, or trouble telling the difference between blues and greens Trouble seeing an object against a background of the same color At earlier stages, simply changing your eyeglass or contact lens prescription is all you need. Using brighter lights for reading or a magnifying glass may also help. If halos or glare are a problem, night driving may be difficult. Sunglasses and tinted lenses can improve driving comfort during the day. See your eye doctor for any concerns you have. If a cataract begins to interfere with your day-to-day life, an ophthalmologist specializing in cataract surgery can remove the cloudy lens and replace it with a clear lens implant.


Question: What is the treatment for dry eyes?

Answer: For mild dry eye, over-the-counter artificial tears may do the trick, along with self-care, such as increasing humidity. Prescription eye drops or other types of treatment may be best for more severe cases of dry eye. You should see your eye doctor if nonprescription drops don't relieve your dry-eye symptoms, since dry eyes can be a symptom of other eye problems.


Question: What are the symptoms of cataracts?

Answer: Symptoms of a cataract may include: Blurry, cloudy, or dim vision Double vision with one eye Trouble seeing at night or in dim light Halos around lights Sensitivity to light and glare Faded or yellow colors, or trouble telling the difference between blues and greens Trouble seeing an object against a background of the same color At earlier stages, simply changing your eyeglass or contact lens prescription is all you need.


Question: Besides presbyopia, cataracts, floaters, and dry eyes, what other eye changes accompany aging?

Answer: These are some other changes that are common with age: Pupils become smaller and don't open as well as they used to. Eyelids droop or become inflamed. This sometimes affects vision. You can make some adjustments to deal with these changes, such as: Use extra lighting and put shades on lightbulbs. Choose "high color" fluorescent bulbs with a color-rendering index of 80 or above. Wear glasses with anti-reflective coating. Get rid of distractions when driving. Get an eye exam at least once a year. Exercise regularly, don't smoke, and protect your eyes from ultraviolet rays and injury.


Question: How common is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: About 20% of adults in the U. S. experience symptoms such as heartburn and acid regurgitation at least once a week. But if you have heartburn frequently and it is untreated, your stomach's acid may inflame the lining of your esophagus or swallowing tube, potentially narrowing it.


Question: How can diet and lifestyle cause gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Fatty foods, mints, chocolate, alcohol, coffee, and tea, all relax the LES. So does nicotine from cigarettes or chewing tobacco. Hormonal changes associated with pregnancy can temporarily weaken the LES, too. Obesity can lead to GERD because the pressure of extra weight pushing on your abdomen may "overpower" the LES, allowing reflux to occur.


Question: What are the things that can cause gum pain?

Answer: Many things can cause your gums to be painful and sore -- but not all of them require a trip to the dentist. Sometimes tender and sore gums are simply a sign that you brush your teeth too hard. Other times your gums might hurt if they're irritated from braces or dentures. If you're a woman, hormone changes related to your period, pregnancy, or menopause can also cause your gums to become swollen and painful.


Question: What are the effects of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The effects are often different for everyone who has the disease. Some people have mild symptoms and don't need treatment. Others will have trouble getting around and doing daily tasks.


Question: What can your doctor do to help with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Your doctor can also prescribe drugs that may slow the course of the disease, prevent or treat attacks, ease your symptoms, or help you manage the stress that can come with the condition.


Question: Is there a cure for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There is no cure for MS right now, but a number of treatments can improve how you feel and keep your body working well.


Question: When do the first symptoms of multiple sclerosis start?

Answer: As a result, you may have symptoms like: Trouble walking Feeling tired Muscle weakness or spasms Blurred or double vision Numbness and tingling Sexual problems Poor bladder or bowel control Pain Depression Problems focusing or remembering The first symptoms often start between ages 20 and 40. Most people with MS have attacks, also called relapses, when the condition gets noticeably worse. They're usually followed by times of recovery when symptoms improve. For other people, the disease continues to get worse over time.


Question: Are there drugs that can slow the course of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your doctor can also prescribe drugs that may slow the course of the disease, prevent or treat attacks, ease your symptoms, or help you manage the stress that can come with the condition. Drugs that may slow your MS or help nerve damage include: Beta interferon ( Avonex, Betaseron, and Rebif) Copolymer-1 ( Copaxone) Dalfampridine ( Ampyra) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Mitoxantrone ( Novantrone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Ocrelizumab ( Ocrevus) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Your doctor may give you steroids to make your MS attacks shorter and less severe.


Question: What causes multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Doctors don't know for sure what causes MS, but there are many things that seem to make the disease more likely. People with certain genes may have higher chances of getting it. Smoking also may raise the risk.


Question: What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: The damage means your brain can't send signals through your body correctly. Your nerves also don't work as they should to help you move and feel. As a result, you may have symptoms like: Trouble walking Feeling tired Muscle weakness or spasms Blurred or double vision Numbness and tingling Sexual problems Poor bladder or bowel control Pain Depression Problems focusing or remembering The first symptoms often start between ages 20 and 40.


Question: What is the outlook for multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Support groups are also great places to connect with other people living with MS. Research is giving doctors more treatment options for the condition, a better idea of what causes it, and the ability to diagnose it earlier. Stem-cell and genetic research may soon help doctors repair damaged nerves or stop the disease before it causes damage. Scientists are also looking for new ways to treat MS in clinical trials. These trials test new drugs to see if they're safe and if they work. They're often a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Ask your doctor if one of these trials might be a good fit for you.


Question: How can therapy help with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: An occupational therapist can teach you new ways to do certain tasks to make it easier to work and take care of yourself. If you have trouble getting around, a cane, walker, or braces can help you walk more easily.


Question: What are some symptoms of enthesitis?

Answer: Common spots for enthesitis to happen are around your heel, knee, hip, toe, elbow, backbone, and the bottom of your foot. The inflammation can lead to pain and stiffness, especially when you're moving. You also might notice swelling around those areas. Soreness at the back of your heel caused by enthesitis is sometimes called Achilles tendinitis or plantar fasciitis pain at the bottom of your foot. This pain can make it hard for you to run or climb stairs.


Question: What are the treatments that can help with enthesitis?

Answer: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like naproxen and ibuprofen, can help with inflammation and pain. If the enthesitis is caused by an autoimmune arthritis, your doctor also may prescribe a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug ( DMARD) or biologics. He may recommend steroids for areas that are especially stiff or painful.


Question: When should you call a doctor about your child's diarrhea?

Answer: Your baby has diarrhea and is less than 3 months old You are worried that your child may be dehydrated or your child has had diarrhea for more than a few days. The diarrhea contains blood, mucous, or pus.


Question: What should I feed my child with diarrhea?

Answer: Feed toddlers mild foods in their regular diet. Avoid spicy or fried foods. Once the diarrhea stops, gradually return to a normal diet. Start with the BRAT diet -- Bananas, rice, applesauce, toast Call your pediatrician if your child's symptoms don't seem to be getting better or your child has signs of dehydration, such as crying without tears, fewer wet diapers than usual, urine that is darker than usual, or a sunken soft spot on the top of the head.


Question: What should my triglyceride level be?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend a goal of 150 mg/d L or less. Recently, though, The American Heart Association has suggested a lower level is best for health. That level is less than 100 mg/d L. 3.


Question: How long will I be on medicine for high triglycerides?

Answer: That depends. You may need to take meds indefinitely to keep your triglyceride levels out of the danger zone. Stick with your new healthy habits, and you may be able to work with your doctor to reduce the amount of medicine you take or stop it altogether.


Question: Whatâs the best way to lose weight?

Answer: Talk to your doctor about a weight loss plan that's best for you. Make positive changes, like choosing smaller portions, keeping a food diary, and limiting your snacks. Add physical activity to help boost your metabolism and burn fat.


Question: Why are high triglycerides dangerous?

Answer: They can increase your chances of having a heart attack or stroke, especially when you have a low level of HDL. They also make you more likely to develop diabetes. Here are some facts to keep in mind: You are on your way to being high risk if your number is between 151 and 200 mg/d L. You have a higher risk of heart disease if your number is above 200 mg/d L. Your doctor may prescribe medicine in addition to other steps you already take if your number is above 500 mg/d L. 4.


Question: How can irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) cause depression and anxiety?

Answer: Depression and anxiety: It's common for people who have IBS to feel like they're losing control over their lives. If your symptoms are bad, you may find yourself always trying to map out the nearest bathroom. Because there's a link between your brain and gut, this kind of stress can make your IBS worse. The pain and the awkward symptoms you're dealing with can affect your mood. It may help to talk to a counselor about what's going on with you.


Question: How can irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affect your quality of life?

Answer: Also, you may have diarrhea for a time and then be constipated. Not being able to predict how you'll feel can make it hard to go about your daily life. You also probably need to see your doctor often and are likely to miss more work than other people. It may be harder to focus when you're at your job. Managing stress, for example through exercise or meditation, can help.


Question: How can irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) cause pregnancy complications?

Answer: Pregnancy complications: Hormone changes and the physical pressure a baby puts on the bowel wall can cause digestive issues. Many women also choose to stop any IBS drugs they're taking. This can be better for the baby.


Question: How can irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) cause impacted bowel?

Answer: Here are some of the health issues it can cause: Impacted bowel: If you're constipated for a long time, stool can get blocked in your colon. Sometimes it can get so hard that you can't push it out. This is known as a fecal impaction. It can hurt and cause things like headache, nausea, and vomiting. It happens most often with older adults. See your doctor right away if you have signs this may be happening.


Question: How do blood tests work for allergies?

Answer: A small amount of your blood is taken and analyzed. A lab checks for proteins called antibodies that your immune system might make in response to something you're allergic to. These blood tests may not give you results as specific as those from a skin test. They also tend to be more expensive. Talk to your doctor to see if they're the right thing for you to get to the bottom of your allergies.


Question: Can ADHD symptoms be caused by anything else going on in my child's life?

Answer: The truth is, if she has the inattentive type of ADHD, she may be so distracted she just doesn't realize you're talking to her. Did the behaviors you're concerned about just pop up recently? Your child could just be shaken up because of a big life change, like a divorce, job loss, or death in the family. Medical problems, like serious ear infections, depression, or anxiety can cause ADHD-like symptoms, too.


Question: How can I find out for sure if my child has ADHD?

Answer: There's no single test for ADHD. Your child's pediatrician will want to know her symptoms and when they started. He may also want to do some tests to rule out other health problems that could change the way your child acts. He might also want to send your child to a children's mental health specialist, like a child psychologist or psychiatrist, for a more detailed checkup. These doctors may ask to speak to other adults in your child's life, like coaches or teachers. Only then -- if your child meets the criteria for ADHD -- will she be officially diagnosed.


Question: Can unresponsiveness be a sign that my child has ADHD?

Answer: If your child doesn't respond when you talk to her or even seem to notice you're there, you might wonder if she's hard of hearing. Or if she's simply ignoring you. The truth is, if she has the inattentive type of ADHD, she may be so distracted she just doesn't realize you're talking to her.


Question: Which areas do doctors recommend to have fine needle aspiration?

Answer: Doctors may recommend fine needle aspiration for areas such as: cysts (fluid-filled lumps) nodules or masses (solid lumps) enlarged lymph nodes Without a biopsy, it's usually hard for a doctor to confirm what these abnormal areas contain.


Question: Why do people get a fine needle aspiration?

Answer: The most common reason to get a fine needle aspiration is to test for cancer. Most fine needle aspirations are done on these areas: breast thyroid gland lymph nodes in the neck, groin, or armpit Those types of fine needle aspirations are performed through the skin.


Question: What over-the-counter pain medications can help with managing discomfort after a fine needle aspiration?

Answer: At the biopsy site, you may have some: swelling soreness pain In most people, over-the-counter pain medicines are enough to decrease discomfort. Examples include the generic drug acetaminophen. It is also sold under these brand names: Actamin Panadol Tylenol Final results of testing after a fine needle aspiration can take up to a week or longer.


Question: How do I know if I have age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Your doctor can check you for age-related macular degeneration when you see him for a routine eye exam. An early diagnosis will let you start treatment that may delay some symptoms or make them less severe. He'll test your vision and also examine your retina -- a layer of tissue at the back of your eye that processes light. He'll look for tiny yellow deposits called drusen under the retina. It's a common early sign of the disease. Your doctor may also ask you to look at an Amsler grid -- a pattern of straight lines that's like a checkerboard. If some of the lines appear wavy to you or some of them are missing, it could be a sign of macular degeneration.


Question: What tests can determine if I have age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you have age-related macular degeneration, he may want you to have one or both of these exams: Optical coherence tomography ( OCT). It's a special photograph that shows a magnified 3 D image of your retina. This method helps your doctor see if your retinal layers are distorted. He can also see if swelling is getting better or worse if you had treatment with injections or laser. Fluorescein angiography. In this procedure, your doctor injects a dye into a vein in your arm. He takes photos as the dye reaches your eye and flows through the blood vessels of the retina. The images will show new vessels or vessels that are leaking fluid or blood in the macula -- a small area at the center of your retina.


Question: What can I do to prevent bleeding and bruising during chemotherapy?

Answer: To prevent bleeding and bruising: Use an electric shaver instead of a razor. If you need to blow your nose, do it gently. Don't play rough sports. Don't use dental floss or toothpicks, which can make your gums bleed.


Question: Can medicine help with fatigue during chemotherapy?

Answer: This is common during chemotherapy. Some people feel just a little low in energy, while others feel wiped out. Depending on how tired you are, your doctor might give you medicines that treat other side effects that can make you feel tired, like depression, pain, and anemia. Studies have shown these drugs can boost energy in people with cancer.


Question: What habits will help with hair loss during chemotherapy?

Answer: You also can handle hair loss with a few other simple habits: Treat your hair and your scalp gently. That means mild shampoos, soft brushes, and no electric rollers, curling irons, dyes, or perms. Use moisturizing shampoo, conditioner, and cream on your hair before it falls out and later on your scalp. This will help with dryness and itching. Explore wigs, scarves, turbans, or hats to mask your hair loss. You might even want to shave your head before you start treatment.


Question: What habits will help with constipation and diarrhea during chemotherapy?

Answer: Other habits can also keep bathroom troubles at bay. For constipation, try high-fiber foods, exercise, and drinking lots of fluid. For diarrhea, low-fiber foods like white rice, oatmeal, and skinless chicken may help.


Question: Why does chemotherapy cause anemia?

Answer: You might get this blood condition during chemo, because some drugs can kill cells that form red blood cells in the bone marrow. It can also be a major cause of fatigue during treatment.


Question: Can you get nerve problems during chemotherapy?

Answer: If you feel numbness, tingling, weakness, burning, a pins-and-needles sensation, or pain in your hands and feet, it might mean your chemo drugs have damaged some nerves. Your doctor might give you a few different medicines to help.


Question: How can you manage nerve changes from chemotherapy?

Answer: If you feel numbness, tingling, weakness, burning, a pins-and-needles sensation, or pain in your hands and feet, it might mean your chemo drugs have damaged some nerves. Your doctor might give you a few different medicines to help. You can also try other tips: Always wear shoes to protect your feet. Wear gloves when you're cooking or working outside. Use bath mats in the shower. Use a cane to balance yourself.


Question: What foods help with anemia during chemotherapy?

Answer: Foods rich in iron, such as spinach, red meat, and beans, might help boost your energy, too.


Question: How can you treat fatigue from chemotherapy?

Answer: This is common during chemotherapy. Some people feel just a little low in energy, while others feel wiped out. Depending on how tired you are, your doctor might give you medicines that treat other side effects that can make you feel tired, like depression, pain, and anemia. Studies have shown these drugs can boost energy in people with cancer.


Question: How can you manage mouth and throat sores from chemotherapy?

Answer: Painful sores can make it hard to eat, and they can get infected. Ask your doctor about pain medicines and ointments. If you start having dry mouth, he might recommend treatments to help you make more saliva. Other tips: Visit your dentist 2 weeks before you start chemo to get any dental work done. Brush your teeth and tongue after every meal and before bed with a soft toothbrush or cotton swabs. Suck on ice chips right before or during a session.


Question: Where will chemotherapy cause hair loss?

Answer: Chemotherapy can make you lose hair not just on top of your head but in other places, like your eyebrows and eyelashes.


Question: What habits will help with nerve issues in the hands and feet during chemotherapy?

Answer: You can also try other tips: Always wear shoes to protect your feet. Wear gloves when you're cooking or working outside. Use bath mats in the shower. Use a cane to balance yourself.


Question: How is anemia from chemotherapy treated?

Answer: He might tell you to try a few treatments at once. If your anemia is severe, you might need a blood transfusion. In some cases, your doctor might prescribe drugs that prompt your body to make more red blood cells. Foods rich in iron, such as spinach, red meat, and beans, might help boost your energy, too.


Question: Why is risk of infection, bleeding, and bruising higher during chemotherapy?

Answer: Chemotherapy kills white blood cells, which fight germs, and platelets, which help your blood clot. As a result, you have a higher risk of infections, bleeding, and bruising (even if you haven't bumped yourself).


Question: Can my doctor help with mouth and throat sores during chemotherapy?

Answer: Painful sores can make it hard to eat, and they can get infected. Ask your doctor about pain medicines and ointments. If you start having dry mouth, he might recommend treatments to help you make more saliva.


Question: Can medication help with constipation and diarrhea during chemotherapy?

Answer: Try anti-diarrheal medicines or laxatives and stool softeners for constipation. You can get them over the counter or by prescription, but always talk to your doctor before you take them.


Question: What habits will help with mouth and throat sores during chemotherapy?

Answer: Other tips: Visit your dentist 2 weeks before you start chemo to get any dental work done. Brush your teeth and tongue after every meal and before bed with a soft toothbrush or cotton swabs. Suck on ice chips right before or during a session.


Question: What habits will help with nausea during chemotherapy?

Answer: Other tips: Eat several small meals throughout the day rather than three big ones. Drink liquids an hour before you eat rather than during the meal. Sip clear liquids all day long. Plan your eating around your chemo. For some people, a snack right before a session helps keep nausea away. Others do better on an empty stomach.


Question: Can medicine help with anemia during chemotherapy?

Answer: Your doctor might prescribe iron supplements, vitamin B12, or folic acid supplements. He might tell you to try a few treatments at once. If your anemia is severe, you might need a blood transfusion. In some cases, your doctor might prescribe drugs that prompt your body to make more red blood cells.


Question: What is golfer's elbow?

Answer: Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis) causes pain and inflammation in the tendons that connect the forearm to the elbow. The pain centers on the bony bump on the inside of your elbow and may radiate into the forearm. It can usually be treated effectively with rest.


Question: What do high bilirubin levels mean for newborns?

Answer: High bilirubin levels are common in newborns.


Question: What causes high total bilirubin?

Answer: High total bilirubin may be caused by: Anemia Cirrhosis A reaction to a blood transfusion Gilbert syndrome -- a common, inherited condition in which there is a deficiency of an enzyme that helps to break down bilirubin. Viral hepatitis A reaction to drugs Alcoholic liver disease Gallstones Very strenuous exercise, such as marathon running, can increase your bilirubin levels.


Question: When should I call the doctor if my kid is having breathing problems?

Answer: Is younger than 1 year old and still has trouble breathing after you cleaned out her nose Has been diagnosed with bronchiolitis (a common lung infection in children) or a reactive airways disease (such as asthma or a condition like asthma) episode Has trouble breathing or is breathing very fast when not coughing Has severe coughing attacks or continuous coughing Is wheezing or making a high-pitched whistle sound when breathing out or in Can't take a deep breath because of chest pain or coughed-up blood Has a fever that persists Flares her nostrils or draws in her chest muscles to breathe Is sluggish Is vomiting and can't keep fluids down Has a cold where the symptoms rapidly worsen Give babies plenty of breast milk or formula.


Question: When should I get medical attention if my kid is having breathing problems?

Answer: Is gasping for breath Can't cry or talk because of breathing trouble Grunts when breathing Has blue lips May have a small object caught in her throat Is breathing very fast Looks very sick Breathing problems are common in young children, but in some cases they can be serious. Is younger than 1 year old and still has trouble breathing after you cleaned out her nose Has been diagnosed with bronchiolitis (a common lung infection in children) or a reactive airways disease (such as asthma or a condition like asthma) episode Has trouble breathing or is breathing very fast when not coughing Has severe coughing attacks or continuous coughing Is wheezing or making a high-pitched whistle sound when breathing out or in Can't take a deep breath because of chest pain or coughed-up blood Has a fever that persists Flares her nostrils or draws in her chest muscles to breathe Is sluggish Is vomiting and can't keep fluids down Has a cold where the symptoms rapidly worsen Give babies plenty of breast milk or formula.


Question: How can a back brace help a child with scoliosis?

Answer: If your child's curve measures between 20 and 40 degrees, his doctor might recommend that he wear a back brace to help stop its progress as he grows. But a brace can't correct a curve. Braces may be made of hard plastic. These can stay rigid or be elastic and move easily. The kind your child needs will depend on how severe his curve is and where it's located. He may wear the brace between 16 and 23 hours a day, until he finishes growing. The goal is to control the curve so he won't need surgery.


Question: How can surgery help degenerative scoliosis?

Answer: Surgery can improve your spinal balance and relieve nerve pressure on your spine, which helps with pain. The bones in your spine may be fused together to correct its alignment. After spinal surgery, you'll need plenty of time to recover, many follow-up visits to your doctor, and physical therapy. Before your operation, talk with your family and friends about the kind of support you'll need as you get better. Some people choose to stay in a nursing home or rehabilitation facility for a while after surgery.


Question: What are treatment categories for scoliosis?

Answer: Your scoliosis treatment will fall into one of three categories: Observation Nonsurgical options, such as a brace Surgery Mild curves, like those found in 90% of scoliosis cases, typically don't require treatment.


Question: Does vitamin C treat or prevent colds?

Answer: Vitamin C has been studied for many years as a possible treatment for colds, or as a way to help prevent colds. But findings have been inconsistent.


Question: What is vitamin C?

Answer: Vitamin C also assists in the formation of collagen and helps the body absorb iron. Vitamin C is found naturally in vegetables and fruits, especially oranges and other citrus fruits. This key vitamin is also available as a natural dietary supplement in the form of vitamin C pills and vitamin C chewable tablets.


Question: Why can't children use cough medicine, decongestants, or antihistamines?

Answer: So if he's that young, don't give him: Cough medicine Decongestants Antihistamines Evidence suggests these cold medicines don't really help, and they have a small risk of serious side effects. Between 1969 and 2006 there were reports that 60 young children died from decongestants or antihistamines. Since there's no proof that kids' cold medicines help children, some think any risk, no matter how slight, isn't worth it. Most colds run their course in 5 to 10 days -- with or without treatment.


Question: When should I call the doctor if my child has a common cold?

Answer: Ask your child's doctor if you're not sure if a medicine is right for your child.


Question: What does the pain from your SI joint feel like?

Answer: It could be a dull or sharp. It starts at your SI joint, but it can move to your buttocks, thighs, groin, or upper back. Sometimes standing up triggers the pain, and a lot of times you feel it only on one side of your lower back. You may notice that it bothers you more in the morning and gets better during the day. It's more common than you might think. About 15%-30% of people who hurt like this have a problem with the SI joint.


Question: What causes SI joint pain?

Answer: The pain starts when your SI joint gets inflamed. There are several reasons it could happen. You could hurt it when you play sports or if you fall down. You might also get this problem from an activity that gives the area a regular pounding, like jogging. Do you take uneven strides when you walk because one of your legs is longer than the other? That could be a cause of SI joint pain. Sometimes you start hurting when the ligaments that hold your SI joint together are damaged, which may make the joint move abnormally. Arthritis can lead to the problem. A type that affects your spine, called ankylosing spondylitis, can damage the SI joint. You'll also hurt when the cartilage over the SI joint slowly wears away as you age. SI joint pain may also start if you're pregnant. Your body releases hormones that cause your joints to loosen up and move more, which leads to changes in the way the joints move.


Question: How can chiropractic treatment help with SI joint pain?

Answer: Adjustments by a chiropractor can help relieve pain. He'll use techniques that move your muscles and joints.


Question: What is the SI joint?

Answer: There are two of them in your lower back, and they sit on each side of your spine. Their main job is to carry the weight of your upper body when you stand or walk and shift that load to your legs.


Question: How can physical therapy help with SI joint pain?

Answer: Exercises can improve strength and make you more flexible. You'll learn to correct any habits you might have picked up when you were trying to avoid pain, like walking with a limp or leaning to one side. Your therapist may try ultrasound, heat and cold treatments, massage, and stretching.


Question: What are risk factors for type 2 diabetes other than genetics?

Answer: Other type 2 diabetes risk factors include the following: High blood pressure High blood triglyceride (fat) levels Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds High-fat and carbohydrate diet High alcohol intake Sedentary lifestyle Obesity or being overweight Ethnicity: Certain groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans, have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than non- Hispanic whites. Aging: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes.


Question: Is type 2 diabetes genetic?

Answer: Several genes may be related to type 2 diabetes. If you have any of the following risk factors, it's important to ask your doctor about a diabetes test.


Question: What are the health risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Other type 2 diabetes risk factors include the following: High blood pressure High blood triglyceride (fat) levels Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds High-fat and carbohydrate diet High alcohol intake Sedentary lifestyle Obesity or being overweight Ethnicity: Certain groups, such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans, have a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes than non- Hispanic whites. Aging: Increasing age is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The risk of developing type 2 diabetes begins to rise significantly at about age 45, and rises considerably after age 65.


Question: Why does diabetes occur?

Answer: When you're healthy, the pancreas (an organ behind the stomach) releases insulin to help your body store and use sugar from the food you eat. Diabetes happens when one or more of the following occurs: Your pancreas doesn't make any insulin.


Question: How is diabetes defined?

Answer: It also tells the body to release less insulin.. People with diabetes either don't make insulin or their body's cells can no longer use their insulin. This leads to high blood sugars. By definition, diabetes is: A blood glucose level of greater than or equal to 126 milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/d L) after an 8-hour fast (not eating anything) A non-fasting glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/d L along with symptoms of diabetes A glucose level of greater than or equal to 200 mg/d L on a 2-hour glucose tolerance test A1 C greater than or equal to 6.5%. Unless the person is having obvious symptoms of diabetes or is in a diabetic crisis, the diagnosis must be confirmed with a repeat test.


Question: How does genital herpes affect pregnancy?

Answer: Women with genital herpes are examined carefully for any symptoms before giving birth. If sores or signs that an outbreak is coming show up at the time of delivery, the baby may be delivered by cesarean section (also called a C-section).


Question: Can I take antiviral drugs for herpes during pregnancy?

Answer: Women taking antiviral drugs for herpes -- either daily suppressive therapy or occasional therapy for outbreaks -- should consult their doctor about whether to take the drugs during pregnancy. The answer is not set in stone: You and your doctor have to discuss the risks and benefits to decide what's right for you.


Question: How can reshaping your heart valve's leaflets help with treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Reshape leaflets: If one of the leaflets is floppy, a part of it may be cut out, and then the flap will be sewn back together. This lets the valve close more tightly. This is also called quadrangular resection.


Question: How does balloon valvotomy work in treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Also called balloon valvuloplasty, doctors sometimes recommend it for people who have: Mitral valve stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve) with symptoms Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve), but aren't able to have surgery Pulmonic stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonic valve) In this procedure, a catheter is put into a blood vessel in the groin and guided to the heart. The tip is steered inside the narrowed valve. Once there, a tiny balloon is inflated and deflated several times to widen the opening. Once the cardiologist sees the valve has been made wide enough, the balloon is taken out. During this, the cardiologist may do an echocardiogram (ultrasound of your heart) to get a better look at the valve.


Question: Why is minimally invasive heart valve surgery a better option than traditional surgery?

Answer: It's done through smaller cuts. This type of surgery lowers: Blood loss Trauma How much time you'll spend in the hospital Your surgeon will review your test results first to see if you're a candidate for this procedure.


Question: What are the disadvantages of a mechanical heart valve?

Answer: People who get these have to take blood thinner medication for the rest of their life to prevent clots from forming in it. These clots can raise your chance of having a stroke. Also, some people hear a ticking sound. It's the valve leaflets opening and closing.


Question: How can annulus support help with treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Annulus support: Your doctor may reshape or tighten the ring of tissue that supports your valve (called the valve annulus) if it's too wide. He'll sew a ring structure around it. The ring may be made of tissue or synthetic material.


Question: What happens if my heart valve cannot be repaired?

Answer: If your heart valves cannot be repaired, your doctor will replace them. During the surgery, the damaged valve is removed and a new valve is sewn to the tissue that supported the original.


Question: What are the types of surgery used for heart valve disease?

Answer: When treatment for heart valve disease includes surgery, it can be traditional or a minimally invasive procedure known as balloon valvuloplasty.


Question: How can patched leaflets help with treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Patched leaflets: Your surgeon may use tissue patches to repair any leaflets that have tears or holes.


Question: What is a mechanical heart valve?

Answer: The new valve can be: Mechanical: It's made totally of mechanical parts that your body will accept. Something called a bi-leaflet valve is used most often. It's two carbon leaflets in a ring covered by polyester knit fabric. Their advantage is they're designed to last many years.


Question: How is shortness of breath (dyspnea) treated?

Answer: But your dyspnea treatment will depend on what's causing your shortness of breath. For example, if you have asthma, you may get an inhaler to use when you have a flare.


Question: What are symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity that a doctor may look for in a hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD diagnosis?

Answer: The doctor will also look for at least six of these symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity: Fidgeting or squirming (not being able to sit still) Nonstop talking Trouble sitting still and doing quiet tasks, such as reading Running from place to place; acting like he's driven by a motor Constantly leaving his seat, jumping or climbing on furniture and other inappropriate places Not having patience Blurting out comments at inappropriate times Interrupting conversations or speaking out of turn Trouble waiting for a turn or standing in line Many children who like to run and jump may be high-energy.


Question: What forms do stimulant medications come in?

Answer: These medications include: Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Dextroamphetamine/amphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin) They come in different forms, including: Pills (tablets and chewables) Capsules Liquids Skin patches No stimulant has been proven to work better than others.


Question: Does sugar cause hyperactivity in children?

Answer: But there is no evidence that refined sugar causes ADHD or makes it worse.


Question: What can I do to prevent serious complications while my child is taking ADHD medicine?

Answer: Because of these rare risks, it's important to call your doctor right away if you notice any unusual symptoms in your child. While taking these medicines, kids should have the following carefully checked: Height Weight Blood pressure Heart rate Along with medicine, behavior therapy can help with hyperactivity.


Question: Can any high-energy child be diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer: But that doesn't mean they are hyperactive. To count as ADHD, symptoms have to be on the extreme side and have to cause problems in the child's life.


Question: What antidepressants are used to treat hyperactive-impulsive ADHD?

Answer: Drugs that affect mood, including bupropion ( Wellbutrin), can sometimes help with ADHD symptoms.


Question: Do food additives influence ADHD?

Answer: There may be a link between ADHD and food additives such as artificial colors and preservatives.


Question: Is combination therapy common for treating hyperactive-impulsive ADHD?

Answer: Often, a child will need a combination of medicine and other treatments. You may need to work with your doctor to adjust the medicine as your child's symptoms change.


Question: What forms do ADHD medications come in?

Answer: These medications include: Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Dextroamphetamine/amphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin) They come in different forms, including: Pills (tablets and chewables) Capsules Liquids Skin patches No stimulant has been proven to work better than others. Each child responds differently to these medicines.


Question: What stimulant drugs are used for hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD?

Answer: Stimulant drugs. Despite their name, stimulant drugs don't rev up or excite kids with ADHD. They calm them down. These medications include: Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Dextroamphetamine/amphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin) They come in different forms, including: Pills (tablets and chewables) Capsules Liquids Skin patches No stimulant has been proven to work better than others.


Question: What are some symptoms of ADHD?

Answer: The doctor will also look for at least six of these symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity: Fidgeting or squirming (not being able to sit still) Nonstop talking Trouble sitting still and doing quiet tasks, such as reading Running from place to place; acting like he's driven by a motor Constantly leaving his seat, jumping or climbing on furniture and other inappropriate places Not having patience Blurting out comments at inappropriate times Interrupting conversations or speaking out of turn Trouble waiting for a turn or standing in line Many children who like to run and jump may be high-energy. But that doesn't mean they are hyperactive. To count as ADHD, symptoms have to be on the extreme side and have to cause problems in the child's life. Also, they have to have been doing this for at least 6 months.


Question: What are some more serious side effects to stimulant medications?

Answer: Common ADHD stimulant drug side effects include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Slowed growth Disrupted sleep Irritability Tics Anxiety Stimulant medications have also been linked to more serious side effects, including: Heart problems Psychiatric problems (such as hallucinations or hearing voices) Strattera and antidepressant medications also may cause suicidal thoughts in children and teenagers.


Question: What are the more serious side effects of ADHD drugs?

Answer: Common ADHD stimulant drug side effects include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Slowed growth Disrupted sleep Irritability Tics Anxiety Stimulant medications have also been linked to more serious side effects, including: Heart problems Psychiatric problems (such as hallucinations or hearing voices) Strattera and antidepressant medications also may cause suicidal thoughts in children and teenagers.


Question: What non-stimulant drugs are used to treat hyperactive-impulsive ADHD?

Answer: Although nonstimulant medicines may not work as well as stimulants, they have fewer side effects.


Question: How does behavioral therapy help with hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD?

Answer: Kids can learn how to create and follow routines. They can also work to improve their social skills. Parents and teachers can use a system of rewards and consequences to reinforce good behaviors.


Question: Is there a test to know if my child has hyperactive-impulsive ADHD?

Answer: No single test can confirm that your child has this type of ADHD. Your doctor will first try to rule out other things that can cause hyperactivity.


Question: What nonstimulant drugs and antidepressants can help treat ADHD?

Answer: Nonstimulant drugs. This type of medication includes atomoxetine ( Strattera). Although nonstimulant medicines may not work as well as stimulants, they have fewer side effects. High blood pressure medicines are another choice. These drugs can help control impulsivity and hyperactivity symptoms. Clonidine ( Catapres, Kapvay) Guanfacine ( Intuniv, Tenex ) Antidepressants. Drugs that affect mood, including bupropion ( Wellbutrin), can sometimes help with ADHD symptoms. Often, a child will need a combination of medicine and other treatments. You may need to work with your doctor to adjust the medicine as your child's symptoms change.


Question: What can influence the risk for ADHD?

Answer: Other things that may influence ADHD risk include: Cigarette smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy Being born premature Low birth weight Being exposed to lead during early childhood Brain injuries Many parents claim sugar makes their child hyperactive. But there is no evidence that refined sugar causes ADHD or makes it worse. There may be a link between ADHD and food additives such as artificial colors and preservatives.


Question: What tests can confirm ADHD in children?

Answer: No single test can confirm that your child has this type of ADHD. Your doctor will first try to rule out other things that can cause hyperactivity. It could be stress or emotional issues. The behavior might simply be appropriate for his age. Sometimes vision problems or learning disabilities can make it hard for a child to sit still.


Question: Is ADHD genetic?

Answer: The causes of ADHD aren't clear. Scientists say it is due in large part to genes that are passed down from parent to child. But experts aren't sure yet which specific genes make it more likely to get ADHD. A child is more likely to have ADHD if a close family member has it.


Question: Which stimulant medication is most effective for hyperactive-impulsive ADHD?

Answer: These medications include: Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Dextroamphetamine/amphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR) Lisdexamfetamine ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Quillivant XR, Ritalin) They come in different forms, including: Pills (tablets and chewables) Capsules Liquids Skin patches No stimulant has been proven to work better than others. Each child responds differently to these medicines.


Question: Other than genetics, what factors may cause ADHD?

Answer: Other things that may influence ADHD risk include: Cigarette smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy Being born premature Low birth weight Being exposed to lead during early childhood Brain injuries Many parents claim sugar makes their child hyperactive.


Question: What is inattentive ADHD?

Answer: They are also easily distracted. A child with hyperactive-impulsive ADHD may not always show many signs of inattention. They may not necessarily have trouble focusing or becoming easily distracted. But many kids have a combination of hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive ADHD (called the "combined type"). They may be always on the go and have trouble focusing.


Question: What should be checked in children is strattera and antidepressant medications have suicidal side effects?

Answer: Common ADHD stimulant drug side effects include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Slowed growth Disrupted sleep Irritability Tics Anxiety Stimulant medications have also been linked to more serious side effects, including: Heart problems Psychiatric problems (such as hallucinations or hearing voices) Strattera and antidepressant medications also may cause suicidal thoughts in children and teenagers. Because of these rare risks, it's important to call your doctor right away if you notice any unusual symptoms in your child. While taking these medicines, kids should have the following carefully checked: Height Weight Blood pressure Heart rate Along with medicine, behavior therapy can help with hyperactivity. A psychologist or therapist can help kids with ADHD learn how to spot and control their hyperactive and impulsive behaviors.


Question: What can kids learn to help with their ADHD?

Answer: Kids can learn how to create and follow routines. They can also work to improve their social skills. Parents and teachers can use a system of rewards and consequences to reinforce good behaviors.


Question: How can my doctor tell if I have fibromyalgia?

Answer: Your doctor may tell you that you fibromyalgia if you: Have a WPI score of 7 or more and SS score of 5 or more Have WPI of 3 to 6 and an SS score of 9 or more Have had symptoms at the same level for at least 3 months Don't have any other condition that can cause these symptoms From there, you'll talk about a plan to manage it. With the right treatment, most people who have it live a normal, active life.


Question: What is the symptom severity (SS) scale for fibromyalgia?

Answer: The symptom severity ( SS) scale measures three key symptoms during the past week: Fatigue Waking up still tired Thinking problems The SS scale ranges from 0 to 3: 0 -- No problems 1 -- Mild: It comes and goes. 2 -- Moderate: You usually have or feel it. 3 -- Severe: It seriously affects your daily life. Your doctor also will ask if you've had about 40 other symptoms that can affect people who have fibromyalgia. These include depression and anxiety, bellyaches, itching, taste changes, numbness, and dizziness. This score ranges from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (a lot of problems). Your doctor will add all the SS numbers together to get a score. It will be between 0 and 12.


Question: What can cause symptoms similar to fibromyalgia?

Answer: Several conditions cause pain, muscle aches, and fatigue, just like fibromyalgia: Hypothyroidism: Your thyroid gland doesn't make enough of a certain hormone. Rheumatoid arthritis or lupus: Problems with your immune system cause swelling and pain. Osteoarthritis: This is the âwear and tearâ type of arthritis. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a specific type of arthritis that causes pain and inflammation in your spine. Polymyalgia rheumatica: This disorder causes widespread pain and stiffness that come on quickly. Your doctor will want to rule out any of these other problems. She may take a sample of your blood to check your hormone levels or look for signs of inflammation. You may also get X-rays so she can look at your bones.


Question: How does the widespread pain index (WPI) help diagnose fibromyalgia?

Answer: If your doctor can't find another reason for your symptoms, she'll use a two-part process to help figure out if you have fibromyalgia. One part involves the trademark widespread pain on both sides of your body and above and below your waist. The other part measures how bad your symptoms are. She'll ask if you've had pain in 19 specific places in the past week, including your arms, legs, back, jaw, and neck. This is called the widespread pain index ( WPI), and scores range from 0 to 19.


Question: What are the first steps in diagnosing fibromyalgia?

Answer: But you'll probably want to see a rheumatologist, a doctor who's an expert in problems with joints, muscles, and bones. Your rheumatologist will ask you about your health and family history -- you're more likely to have fibromyalgia if other people in your family have it. She'll give you a physical exam and may check for tender points. People who have fibromyalgia often feel tenderness when pressure is put on certain spots, generally around the back of your head, your neck, shoulders, elbows, knees, and hips. She'll also ask about your symptoms, so it's a good idea to keep a detailed record of where and when you hurt. Is the pain dull or sharp? Does it come and go, or is it constant? Are you tired a lot or not thinking clearly? Write down any other problems you have, even if you don't think they're related.


Question: Is a C-peptide test used for type 1 or type 2 diabetes?

Answer: The C-peptide test is a tool your doctor uses to test whether you have type 1 diabetes, when the immune system attacks and destroys cells in the pancreas, or type 2, when your body doesn't use insulin as well it should.


Question: How is a C-peptide test done?

Answer: The C-peptide test typically uses a sample of your blood. To take a blood test, someone in your doctor's office or a lab places a needle into a vein, usually in your forearm. You may feel a slight prick. The blood will collect into a vial or syringe. For a urine test, you will pee into a cup as instructed. For a 24-hour sample, you'll need to collect all that you produce in a day.


Question: How can I prepare for a C-peptide test?

Answer: To find out why you have low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) To diagnose a tumor of the pancreas that releases insulin, called an insulinoma If you've had your pancreas removed You might need to stop eating 8 to 10 hours before the test. Sometimes, it's done after you eat. Let your doctor know about any medicines you are on. Include medicine you take by prescription and those you buy over the counter, such as herbal supplements or vitamins.


Question: What do the results from my C-peptide test mean?

Answer: Levels are low when your body makes less than it normally should.