Question: Does thyroid disease cause hot flashes?

Answer: Your doctor will prescribe medications to ease your symptoms. It might even bring on early menopause (before you turn 40 or in your early 40s). There are medications to treat this problem. Once you get it under control, your hot flashes will ease up. Menopause might get back on schedule, too.


Question: What happens after LASEK eye surgery?

Answer: After LASEK eye surgery, expectations are similar to what can be expected after LASIK. The flap created by LASEK eye surgery heals in about four to seven days, and the patient usually wears a special contact lens that acts as a bandage for up to four days after surgery.


Question: When should I call my doctor about laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery?

Answer: Once you have gone through your evaluation your surgeon will answer any questions you may have.


Question: What are possible side effects of laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery?

Answer: Side effects may include: Sensation of having a foreign object in your eye (lasts anywhere from one to four days) Temporarily reduced vision under poorly lit conditions (up to 12 months) Dry eyes, requiring the use of moisturizing drops (up to six months) Hazy or cloudy vision (should disappear within six to nine months) LASEK eye surgery may be better for patients who have steep or very thin corneas, which make it difficult for the surgeon to make a proper LASIK flap.


Question: What is laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery?

Answer: Laser epithelial keratomileusis, or LASEK, combines benefits of the two most commonly performed procedures -- LASIK and PRK. LASEK eye surgery is used to treat astigmatism, nearsightedness, or farsightedness.


Question: How do I prepare for laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery if I have contact lenses?

Answer: If you wear rigid gas permeable contact lenses, you should not wear them for at least three days before your evaluation. Other types of contact lenses shouldn't be worn for at least three days prior to the evaluation.


Question: What happens after laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery?

Answer: After LASEK eye surgery, expectations are similar to what can be expected after LASIK. The flap created by LASEK eye surgery heals in about four to seven days, and the patient usually wears a special contact lens that acts as a bandage for up to four days after surgery. Patients also may experience irritation in their eye during the first day or two after LASEK eye surgery.


Question: When should you call a doctor about LASEK eye surgery?

Answer: Once you have gone through your evaluation your surgeon will answer any questions you may have.


Question: What happens during LASEK eye surgery?

Answer: LASEK eye surgery is done under a topical anesthesia placed directly into the eye. During the procedure, the top layer of cells, or epithelium, is treated with alcohol for about 30 seconds and detached from the underlying tissue. It is then lifted or rolled back so that the eye doctor can access the cornea tissue. The newly exposed tissue is treated with the same laser used in LASIK eye surgery and PRK. Then the top layer of cells is put into place. This is in contrast to LASIK eye surgery, in which a laser or cutting device makes a flap in the cornea. LASEK eye surgery differs from PRK by preserving the top layer of cells, rather than scraping them away and waiting for them to grow back. This is believed to facilitate healing of the cornea with less discomfort than PRK, but it also causes more blurriness during the first few days compared to PRK.


Question: How do you know if LASEK eye surgery is right for you?

Answer: Side effects may include: Sensation of having a foreign object in your eye (lasts anywhere from one to four days) Temporarily reduced vision under poorly lit conditions (up to 12 months) Dry eyes, requiring the use of moisturizing drops (up to six months) Hazy or cloudy vision (should disappear within six to nine months) LASEK eye surgery may be better for patients who have steep or very thin corneas, which make it difficult for the surgeon to make a proper LASIK flap. Since traumatic injury to the eye is more serious after LASIK than after LASEK eye surgery, patients who engage in professional or leisure activities that put their eyes at increased risk for injury (such as boxing) may be better suited for LASEK. LASEK (or PRK) eye surgery may be better for people with dry eye syndrome because in avoiding a deeper flap, the corneal nerves responsible for the tearing reflex are not cut.


Question: What happens during laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery?

Answer: In LASEK eye surgery, various techniques are used to retain the very thin corneal surface layer of cells (epithelium) that is used to recover the cornea after the laser sculpting is performed. With LASIK, a thicker flap is created using a laser or mechanical device (microkeratome) under which the laser sculpting is done.


Question: What are the disadvantages of LASEK eye surgery?

Answer: LASEK eye surgery causes dry eye less frequently than LASIK eye surgery. Many LASEK patients will not fully recover functional vision for at least one to two weeks while their eye heals, which is similar to the healing time experienced in PRK eye surgery. LASIK patients often have good vision by the day after surgery. LASEK eye surgery usually causes more pain and discomfort than LASIK , but possibly less pain than PRK surgery. Patients need to wear a "bandage contact lens" for about three or four days after LASEK eye surgery to serve as a protective layer between your blinking eyelids and the treated eye surface, which is not necessary after LASIK. Patients must use topical steroid drops for several weeks longer than after LASIK eye surgery.


Question: What are the disadvantages of laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery?

Answer: LASEK eye surgery causes dry eye less frequently than LASIK eye surgery. Many LASEK patients will not fully recover functional vision for at least one to two weeks while their eye heals, which is similar to the healing time experienced in PRK eye surgery. LASIK patients often have good vision by the day after surgery. LASEK eye surgery usually causes more pain and discomfort than LASIK , but possibly less pain than PRK surgery. Patients need to wear a "bandage contact lens" for about three or four days after LASEK eye surgery to serve as a protective layer between your blinking eyelids and the treated eye surface, which is not necessary after LASIK. Patients must use topical steroid drops for several weeks longer than after LASIK eye surgery.


Question: What is LASEK eye surgery?

Answer: Laser epithelial keratomileusis, or LASEK, combines benefits of the two most commonly performed procedures -- LASIK and PRK. LASEK eye surgery is used to treat astigmatism, nearsightedness, or farsightedness. The newly exposed tissue is treated with the same laser used in LASIK eye surgery and PRK. This is in contrast to LASIK eye surgery, in which a laser or cutting device makes a flap in the cornea.


Question: How do I prepare for laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) eye surgery?

Answer: During this session your medical history will be evaluated and your eyes will be tested. Likely tests include measuring corneal thickness, refraction, corneal mapping, eye pressure, and pupil dilation. Once you have gone through your evaluation your surgeon will answer any questions you may have. Afterwards, you can schedule an appointment for the procedure. You will revisit the doctor for an evaluation the day after LASEK eye surgery, and commonly one week and three months after surgery.


Question: What is post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS)?

Answer: Sometimes, people go through treatment for Lyme disease but their symptoms (feeling run-down and achy) don't go away. If this lasts over 6 months, it's known as chronic Lyme disease or âpost-treatment Lyme disease syndromeâ ( PTLDS).


Question: Which antibiotic is best for Lyme disease treatment?

Answer: Your doctor will also take into account if you're pregnant or nursing. You'll need to take this medicine for 10 to 21 days.


Question: How do doctors decide which antibiotics to use to treat Lyme disease?

Answer: If your Lyme disease is found soon after you've been infected, your doctor will start you on antibiotics: Doxycycline Amoxicillin Cefuroxime Which drug you're prescribed will depend on your age. Your doctor will also take into account if you're pregnant or nursing. You'll need to take this medicine for 10 to 21 days. The earlier Lyme disease is found, the better. Most people who start treatment in this stage improve quickly. If not, your doctor may need to prescribe another course of antibiotics.


Question: Why do some people get post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS)?

Answer: Doctors still aren't sure why some people get PTLDS. Some believe that getting Lyme disease may cause damage to your tissues or immune system. Others believe it's because the bacteria that causes Lyme hasn't completely gone away. There is little evidence that taking more antibiotics at this stage will help. They may actually be harmful. Instead, your doctor will focus on treating the symptoms you're still having. This will be different for everyone. Some people could benefit from a medicine that relieves fatigue, while others may need a drug that can help with headaches or very sensitive skin.


Question: How do antibiotics treat Lyme disease?

Answer: How you're treated will depend on how much bacteria has spread through your body by the time you're diagnosed. The difference is that the medicine will be given to you directly into a vein ( IV). This allows it to go right into your bloodstream and start working.


Question: What are some other drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: Also, you may not be able to take these drugs if you: Take nitrate drugs (for chest pain) Had a heart attack or stroke in the past six months Have kidney or liver disease Have retinitis pigmentosa (an eye disease) If erectile dysfunction pills are out of the question, or if pills haven't worked for you, don't worry. There are other options. Alprostadil is another drug for erectile dysfunction. However, it's not a pill. One brand, called MUSE, is an alprostadil pellet that you insert into the tip of your penis with an applicator. It widens blood vessels and relaxes smooth muscle tissue in the penis, allowing blood to fill the spongy tissue that makes the penis erect.


Question: How is a vacuum device used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: This is typically a clear plastic cylinder with a bulb or plunger and a constriction band. You put your penis in the cylinder and start pumping. The suction creates a vacuum, so blood rushes in to fill the spaces in the spongy tissue of the penis, creating an erection. The erection lasts only as long as the blood stays in, so you slide the band down around the base of your penis, trapping the blood. It's safe to keep the band on for up to 30 minutes. These devices are available without a prescription, but it's important to buy one from a reputable manufacturer. The device must include a safety control so you can't harm your penis with too much suction.


Question: What should I know about erectile dysfunction (ED) treatments?

Answer: Even if your high blood pressure (or hypertension) has caused erectile dysfunction ( ED), you have every reason to be optimistic about the future and a healthy sex life. ED is a common problem associated with high blood pressure, but there are many proven treatments you can try.


Question: Who shouldn't take pills for erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: Men whose blood pressure isn't under control and those who take alpha-blockers (for high blood pressure or prostate problems) shouldn't take Cialis, Levitra, Staxyn, or Viagra. Also, you may not be able to take these drugs if you: Take nitrate drugs (for chest pain) Had a heart attack or stroke in the past six months Have kidney or liver disease Have retinitis pigmentosa (an eye disease) If erectile dysfunction pills are out of the question, or if pills haven't worked for you, don't worry.


Question: What herbs and supplements are believed to help with erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: Currently, no herb or supplements have been proven to help with erectile dysfunction. Herbs and supplements that some believe are helpful for erection problems include: Ginseng Horny goat weed Ginkgo biloba Muira puama Pycnogenol L-arginine Damiana Before trying any alternative treatment, be sure to ask your doctor about it. Herbs and supplements, whether they help with erections or not, have real effects on the body. They could cause dangerous reactions with other medicines you might be taking.


Question: What are some things to consider regarding surgery for erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: You bend it up for sex or down for daily living. The other kind is an inflatable implant. The device stores fluid in a reservoir under the skin of your abdomen or scrotum. You press on the reservoir to pump fluid into cylinders in the penis. That creates an erection. A valve drains the fluid out of the penis when you're done. There are drawbacks to implants. An erection you get with an implant may be slightly shorter than a natural erection. The device itself may malfunction, in which case it would require another surgery to remove or replace it. Getting a penis implant is a big decision. Once you have it, you may not be able to try other treatments. That's because the implant replaces the chambers in the penis that fill with blood for a natural erection.


Question: How are injections used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: Alprostadil is another drug for erectile dysfunction. Phentolamine and papaverine are additional drugs that are injected into the penis to treat erectile dysfunction. When injecting these drugs there is some risk that your erection may last too long, a condition that can require medical treatment.


Question: What are alternative treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: First there was Viagra. Doctors were interested in yohimbe, an herb that increases heart rate and blood pressure. Some doctors prescribed it to their patients in combination with other treatments for erectile dysfunction. Even then it was not a recommended treatment and is still not today. Studies have not proven that it works. Men with high blood pressure especially shouldn't take either the prescription drug or the herb. It can dangerously raise blood pressure.


Question: How can you manage heavy sweating by packing a bag?

Answer: Pack a bag: Sometimes you might need to change your socks or your shirt after a sweating bout. You also might want to put antiperspirant on again. It can be a good idea to keep an emergency kit with a change of clothes and toiletries nearby.


Question: What are effects of heavy sweating?

Answer: When you're out for a run, working out at the gym, or cutting the grass on a warm afternoon, you sweat. But if you sweat when you walk across an air-conditioned office or lie down at night, it can be a real hassle. It can help to gently massage the antiperspirant into your skin. And your antiperspirant isn't just for the morning, either.


Question: How often should you wash your workout clothes, to prevent fungal infections?

Answer: Wash your feet and dry them thoroughly, especially between your toes.


Question: When I'm choosing a gym, how do I know if it's clean enough?

Answer: Evaluate the cleanliness of the facility. Look to see if the equipment is clean and free of sweat. Are bathroom floors clean? What about sinks and toilets? Do you see cleaning personnel in the gym regularly?


Question: Should I sanitize the equipment at my gym before I use it?

Answer: Then do the next person a favor -- wipe down equipment after every workout. As an alternative, consider bringing your own exercise mat and equipment.


Question: Can sanitizing your hands help you lower your risk of fungal infections while working out?

Answer: Pick one that has at least 60% alcohol. Apply sanitizer to the palm of one hand then rub your hands together. Rub it over all surfaces of your hands and fingers until your hands are totally dry. If you are prone to athlete's foot, use an antifungal powder on your feet.


Question: How common are fungal infections of the skin from working out?

Answer: Jock itch, ringworm, and yeast infections of the skin, warts, molluscum contagiousm, and community acquired staph infections are others. If you exercise at a school gym or field, health club, private gym, or tennis club, you're bound to be exposed to sweaty clothes, germ-ridden exercise equipment, or both. It can add up to an increased risk of these annoying, but typically not serious, skin infections. If you are prone to athlete's foot, use an antifungal powder on your feet.


Question: What are generalized clonic seizures?

Answer: Clonic seizures: Your muscles have spasms, which often make your face, neck, and arm muscles jerk rhythmically. They may last several minutes.


Question: What are tonic-clonic (or grand mal) seizures?

Answer: There are six types: Tonic-clonic (or grand mal) seizures: These are the most noticeable. When you have this type, your body stiffens, jerks, and shakes, and you lose consciousness. Sometimes you lose control of your bladder or bowels. They usually last 1 to 3 minutes -- if they go on longer, someone should call 911. That can lead to breathing problems or make you bite your tongue or cheek.


Question: What are the different groups of focal seizures?

Answer: Doctors break these into three groups: Simple focal seizures: They change how your senses read the world around you: They can make you smell or taste something strange, and may make your fingers, arms, or legs twitch. You also might see flashes of light or feel dizzy. You're not likely to lose consciousness, but you might feel sweaty or nauseated. Complex focal seizures: These usually happen in the part of your brain that controls emotion and memory. You may lose consciousness but still look like you're awake, or you may do things like gag, smack your lips, laugh, or cry. It may take several minutes for someone who's having a complex focal seizure to come out of it. Secondary generalized seizures: These start in one part of your brain and spread to the nerve cells on both sides. They can cause some of the same physical symptoms as a generalized seizure, like convulsions or muscle slackness.


Question: What are generalized atonic seizures?

Answer: Atonic seizures: Your muscles suddenly go limp, and your head may lean forward. If you're holding something, you might drop it, and if you're standing, you might fall. These usually last less than 15 seconds, but some people have several in a row. Because of the risk of falling, people who tend to have atonic seizures may need to wear something like a helmet to protect their heads. People who have Lennox- Gastaut syndrome and another kind of epilepsy called Dravet syndrome are more likely to have this kind of seizure.


Question: What are generalized tonic seizures?

Answer: Tonic seizures: The muscles in your arms, legs, or trunk tense up. These usually last less than 20 seconds and often happen when you're asleep. But if you're standing up at the time, you can lose your balance and fall. These are more common in people who have a type of epilepsy known as Lennox- Gastaut syndrome, though people with other types can have them, too.


Question: What should you know about yeast infections?

Answer: Or you may experience swelling so extreme, it leads to sores. Whether your symptoms are mild or severe, a yeast infection can be uncomfortable. Also known as vaginal candidiasis, yeast infections are caused by a fungus. It generally causes your vagina and vulva (the tissues at the opening of the vagina) to itch. There can also be discharge. Yeast infections are common. Three of every four women get one in their lifetime. And many women get it more than once. Knowing how to spot the signs and symptoms of a yeast infection can help you get the most effective treatment.


Question: How can you develop complicated yeast infections?

Answer: The discharge could be: Watery or Thick, white, and odorless, resembling cottage cheese Sometimes the symptoms of your yeast infection can be more serious and require extra care. You might need a longer course of treatment or a plan to keep the infection from coming back. You can develop a more complicated infection if: You're pregnant You have uncontrolled diabetes Your immune system is weakened by medications you're taking or a health condition like HIV Your infection might also be more complicated if it's caused by a type of fungus that's not the kind that usually causes yeast infections.


Question: What are the symptoms of yeast infections in men?

Answer: The symptoms include: Itching, burning, or redness on the penis A thick, white substance in the skin folds of the penis, and moistness Shiny, white areas on the penis


Question: What are common symptoms of a yeast infection?

Answer: If you have a vaginal yeast infection, you'll most likely experience extreme itching in and around your vagina; this is the most common symptom. Aside from itching, you might also have: Intense burning, especially when you urinate or during sex Swelling and redness around your vulva Pain and soreness in your vagina You might also have vaginal discharge. The discharge could be: Watery or Thick, white, and odorless, resembling cottage cheese Sometimes the symptoms of your yeast infection can be more serious and require extra care.


Question: When should you call a doctor about signs of a complicated yeast infection?

Answer: Signs of a complicated infection include: Severe symptoms (such as redness, swelling, and itching so severe that it causes tears or sores) A yeast infection that occurs four or more times in a year If your symptoms are severe or they don't get better after treatment with an over-the-counter cream or suppository, call your doctor. Here are some other reasons to make an appointment: You've developed other kinds of symptoms. This is your first yeast infection. You're not sure whether you have a yeast infection or something else.


Question: What is the Gillet test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Gillet test (one-leg stork test): You stand with your feet about 12 inches apart, one leg raised and bent. The doctor stands behind you and pushes on each side of your tailbone with his thumbs, checking for correct movement.


Question: Can an injection help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Injection Test The surest way for a doctor to know if you have SI joint dysfunction is through an injection of numbing medicine into your joint. An X-ray or ultrasound guides the doctor to where to put the needle in. If the pain goes away after the shot, you know the joint is the problem. It's slightly riskier than other tests, so doctors usually do it only if the cause still isn't clear after other tests.


Question: What is the sacroiliac shear test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Sacroiliac shear test: While you lie face down, the doctor puts one hand on top of the other over your tailbone and pushes down, looking for motion in your joint.


Question: What imaging tests can help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: X-rays can help him look for changes in the SI joint. Computed tomography ( CT), a powerful X-ray scan, can give him even more details. Sometimes doctors use magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and structures inside your body. It can help to rule out other problems that can cause similar symptoms.


Question: What is the cranial shear test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Some of the more common tests include: Cranial shear test: While you lie on your stomach on an exam table, the doctor puts pressure on your tailbone to check for pain.


Question: What is the pelvic compression test to help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Pelvic compression test: While you lie on your side, the doctor presses down on your upper hip.


Question: What is the pelvic distraction test help diagnose sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Pelvic distraction test: While you lie face up on the table, the doctor presses down on both sides of your pelvis at the same time.


Question: What are things I should consider for my pet before using any flea or tick removal product?

Answer: Check with your vet before you use any flea or tick product. This is key if your dog has a history of seizures or is: Taking other drugs Old Sick A puppy Pregnant or nursing Allergic to flea products In these cases, the vet might suggest you use a special comb to pick up fleas, eggs, and ticks. Then you can drown the pests in a bowl of hot, soapy water.


Question: Why do I need to consider seasons when controlling fleas and ticks in my pets?

Answer: When should you treat your dog with flea or tick products? It depends on where you live. Fleas are worst during warm-weather months, but they can be inside your home all year long. Spring and summer are usually the heaviest time for ticks. But they can live year-round in some parts of the U. S. If you see signs of these pests on your pet, treat them right away. Otherwise, start treatment at the beginning of flea or tick season. Your vet can tell you when if you’re not sure. Some areas require year-round treatment.


Question: How can I manage fleas indoors?

Answer: Take these extra steps to manage fleas indoors: Vacuum daily, including carpets, cushioned furniture, baseboards, and the basement. Throw away the vacuum bag or thoroughly wash the canister after each use. Steam-clean regularly, especially areas where your dog sleeps. Wash pet and human bedding at least every 2 to 3 weeks.


Question: If you have pets, what should you consider when buying an insect killer for inside your home?

Answer: If you want to use an insect killer in your house, ask your vet or an exterminator which ones are safe around pets and children.


Question: Why should I separate my pets when using flea or tick removal products?

Answer: Plenty of products can keep them at bay, but you need to know how to use them safely.


Question: How should I store and dispose tick and flea removal products for my pets?

Answer: Follow the instructions for proper storage and disposal of packaging. Throw away the vacuum bag or thoroughly wash the canister after each use.


Question: What are examples of flea treatments for my pets?

Answer: The most popular products are pills and the "spot-on" treatments that go onto your dog’s back under his fur. They work well and are easy to apply. Other products come in the form of dips, shampoos, collars, foggers, and sprays. You also have to control pests inside and outside your home.


Question: What are some symptoms of a bad reaction from flea or tick removal products?

Answer: Your vet can tell you when if you’re not sure. Call your vet if your dog has symptoms such as: Poor appetite Vomiting or diarrhea A lot of drooling Depression Seizure If your dog has a bad reaction and you've used a topical product, bathe him right away with soap and water. Follow any instructions from the package insert. Call your vet and report problems to the National Pesticide Information Center at 800-858-7378.


Question: How can I control pests in my yard?

Answer: You also have to control pests inside and outside your home. Cover garbage and store it out of reach of raccoons and rodents, which host ticks and fleas. Trade chemicals for nematodes. These microscopic worms kill flea larvae and cocoons. Ask your pet or garden store for details.


Question: Why are some important tips about using flea or tick removal products on my pets?

Answer: Only apply the amount needed for your pet's size. Never double up on products. There’s no need to pair a powder with a spot-on treatment. Follow any instructions from the package insert.


Question: How can you have double vision caused by muscles in your eye?

Answer: Double vision when both eyes are open: Muscles: They control eye movement and keep the eyes aligned with each other. If a muscle in one eye is weak, then it won't move in sync with the healthy eye. When you look in a direction controlled by the weak muscle, you see double.


Question: How is double vision diagnosed?

Answer: He might try blood tests, a physical exam, and maybe an imaging test like computed tomography ( CT) or magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). One of the most effective tools for your doctor is the information you provide.


Question: What can you do to check if you have double vision?

Answer: Now, focus on something in your field of vision that isn't moving, like a window or a tree. Are the two objects side by side, or is one on top of the other? Or are they slightly slanted? Which one is higher or lower? Are both images clear but not in line? Or is one blurry and the other clear? Cover one eye, then switch. Does the problem go away when either eye is covered? Pretend your field of vision is a clock face. Move your eyes around the clock, from noon to six and around to 12 again. Is your vision worse at any clock position? Does any position make it better? Tilt your head to the right, then to the left. Do any of these positions improve your eyesight or make it worse?


Question: What problems in nerves lead to double vision?

Answer: They carry information from your brain to your eyes. Problems with them can lead to double vision: Multiple sclerosis can affect nerves anywhere in your brain or spinal cord. If it damages the nerves that control your eyes, you may see double. Guillain- Barre syndrome is a nerve condition that causes progressive weakness. Sometimes, the first symptoms are in your eyes and include double vision. Diabetes can cause nerve damage to the muscles that move your eyes. That can lead to double vision.


Question: What causes in the brain lead to double vision?

Answer: Brain : The nerves that control your eyes connect directly to your brain, where images are processed. Many causes of double vision start in the brain. They include: Strokes Aneurysms Increased pressure inside the brain from trauma, bleeding, or infection Brain tumors Migraine headaches Double vision can happen with no other symptoms.


Question: What does the lens in the eye do?

Answer: Damage can be from: Keratoconus, when your cornea becomes cone-shaped Infections, like shingles or herpes Scars Dryness Lens: It sits behind your pupil and helps focus light onto your retina.


Question: How do you know if you have cornea damage from double vision?

Answer: If your double vision goes away when you cover one eye, you might have cornea damage in the uncovered eye.


Question: What are the most common lens problem?

Answer: Cataracts are the most common lens problem. Surgery almost always fixes them.


Question: How cornea damage lead to double vision?

Answer: Double vision when the injured eye is open: Cornea: The clear window into your eye. Its main job is to focus light. If your double vision goes away when you cover one eye, you might have cornea damage in the uncovered eye. If only one cornea is warped, you may only see double in that eye. Glasses can probably fix the problem.


Question: What does the cornea do?

Answer: Its main job is to focus light.


Question: Do you need medical care if you have double vision?

Answer: Depending on the cause, you may also notice: Misalignment of one or both eyes (a "wandering eye" or "cross-eyed" appearance) Pain when you move your eye Pain around your eyes, like the temples or eyebrows Headache Nausea Weakness in your eyes or anywhere else Droopy eyelids Double vision that's new or unexplained needs medical care right away. With so many potential causes, it's important to discover the reason without delay.


Question: What does it mean when you see double?

Answer: When you open your eyes and see a single, clear image, you probably take it for granted. But it's the result of a complex process that requires the many parts of your vision to work together smoothly. To understand what can go wrong, it helps know the parts of your eye and how they work together. If it damages the nerves that control your eyes, you may see double.


Question: How do you get eye muscle problems?

Answer: Early signs include double vision and drooping eyelids. Graves' disease, a thyroid condition that affects eye muscles. It can cause vertical diplopia, where one image is on top of the other. Problems with them can lead to double vision: Multiple sclerosis can affect nerves anywhere in your brain or spinal cord. Medications can treat myasthenia gravis.


Question: How can you prepare for your double vision examination?

Answer: When you look in a direction controlled by the weak muscle, you see double. Your doctor will most likely use more than one method to find out what's causing your problem. Think about these questions before your appointment. Is the double vision worse at the end of the day or when you're tired? Have you had any other symptoms besides double vision? Do you tend to tilt your head to one side? Look at old pictures, or ask family -- you may not even be aware of the habit.


Question: How can you get eye muscle problems?

Answer: Early signs include double vision and drooping eyelids. Graves' disease, a thyroid condition that affects eye muscles. It can cause vertical diplopia, where one image is on top of the other. Problems with them can lead to double vision: Multiple sclerosis can affect nerves anywhere in your brain or spinal cord. Medications can treat myasthenia gravis.


Question: How do drugs that work on your immune system treat eczema?

Answer: Your doctor may consider these medicines -- such as azathioprine, cyclosporine, or methotrexate -- if other treatments don't help. There are also prescription creams and ointments that treat eczema by controlling inflammation and reducing immune system reactions. Examples include pimecrolimus ( Elidel), which is a cream, and crisaborole ( Eucrisa) and tacrolimus ( Protopic), which are ointments. You should only use these for a short time if other treatments don't work -- and you should never use them on kids younger than 2, according to the FDA.


Question: What medicines are used to treat eczema?

Answer: If your doctor decides you need meds to treat your eczema, those may include: Hydrocortisone. Over-the-counter cream or ointment versions of it may help mild eczema. If yours is severe, you may need a prescription dose. Antihistamines. Ones you take by mouth are available over-the-counter and may help relieve symptoms. Some of these make you drowsy, but others don't. Corticosteroids. Your doctor may prescribe these if other treatments don't work. Always follow your doctor's directions when taking steroids by mouth. Ultraviolet light therapy. This may help if your skin condition is severe.


Question: How do short, warm showers help treat eczema?

Answer: Short, warm showers. Don't take very hot or very long showers or baths.


Question: How does soap and moisturizer help treat eczema?

Answer: The basics: Soap and moisturizer. Use a mild soap or soap substitute that won't dry your skin. You'll also want a good moisturizer in cream, lotion, or ointment form. Smooth it on right after a shower or bath, as well as one other time each day. If your eczema is severe, you may find that it helps to take baths with a small amount of bleach added to the water. That kills bacteria that live on the skin of people with eczema.


Question: How can getting a humidifier help treat eczema?

Answer: Get a humidifier. Dry air can be stressful for your skin.


Question: How do prescription-strength moisturizers help treat eczema?

Answer: Prescription-strength moisturizers.


Question: How does stress management help treat eczema?

Answer: You could get together with friends, laugh, listen to music, meditate or pray, or enjoy a hobby. Get a humidifier. If yours is severe, you may need a prescription dose.


Question: How do you know if you have eczema?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } At your appointment, your doctor will check your skin and talk with you about your symptoms, your health history in general, and any rashes or allergies that run in your family. Based on that information, she'll decide if it's eczema or something else. If you have severe eczema, you may need to take medicine for it, too. You'll also want a good moisturizer in cream, lotion, or ointment form.


Question: How are injectibles used to treat eczema?

Answer: If you have severe eczema, you may need to take medicine for it, too. It works by controlling the body's inflammatory response. This medicine is given every two weeks as an injection and should only be used by people 12 and older.


Question: What is an example of a relevant breakdown in S.M.A.R.T. weight loss for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: To help manage your diabetes, you need to spread carbs out more evenly throughout the day. So, for example, a S. M. A. R. T. goal could be â I will eat a breakfast containing 45 grams of carbohydrates every day for the next 2 weeks.â Here's the S. M. A. R. T. breakdown: Specific: targeted to breakfast Measurable: 45 grams, every day Attainable: Breakfasts with about 45 grams of carbs are very doable. A few options: 1 cup cooked oatmeal (32 grams), 1/2 medium banana (13 grams), a hard-boiled egg, black coffee 2 scrambled eggs, 1 small whole wheat pita (15 grams), 1 orange (18 grams), 1 cup 1% milk (14 grams) 3 rye crispbreads (24 grams), 1/2 cup nonfat cottage cheese (5 grams), 1 cup of blackberries (15 grams) Relevant: Spreading carbs out is relevant because it helps you curb hunger, so you don't overeat. To hit 45 grams, you have to plan to eat protein and fat in addition to carbs at a meal.


Question: What is an example time-bound breakdown in S.M.A.R.T. weight loss for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Time-bound: This goal will be your focus for 2 weeks. At the end of that time, you can decide if you want to do it again or set a different goal.


Question: What is an example of a specific and measurable breakdown in S.M.A.R.T. weight loss for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: When your goals are S. M. A. R. T., it will be simpler to stay on track with your diet. To help manage your diabetes, you need to spread carbs out more evenly throughout the day. So, for example, a S. M. A. R. T. goal could be â I will eat a breakfast containing 45 grams of carbohydrates every day for the next 2 weeks.â Here's the S. M. A. R. T. breakdown: Specific: targeted to breakfast Measurable: 45 grams, every day Attainable: Breakfasts with about 45 grams of carbs are very doable. A few options: 1 cup cooked oatmeal (32 grams), 1/2 medium banana (13 grams), a hard-boiled egg, black coffee 2 scrambled eggs, 1 small whole wheat pita (15 grams), 1 orange (18 grams), 1 cup 1% milk (14 grams) 3 rye crispbreads (24 grams), 1/2 cup nonfat cottage cheese (5 grams), 1 cup of blackberries (15 grams) Relevant: Spreading carbs out is relevant because it helps you curb hunger, so you don't overeat.


Question: What is an example of an attainable breakdown in S.M.A.R.T. weight loss for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: So, for example, a S. M. A. R. T. goal could be â I will eat a breakfast containing 45 grams of carbohydrates every day for the next 2 weeks.â Here's the S. M. A. R. T. breakdown: Specific: targeted to breakfast Measurable: 45 grams, every day Attainable: Breakfasts with about 45 grams of carbs are very doable. A few options: 1 cup cooked oatmeal (32 grams), 1/2 medium banana (13 grams), a hard-boiled egg, black coffee 2 scrambled eggs, 1 small whole wheat pita (15 grams), 1 orange (18 grams), 1 cup 1% milk (14 grams) 3 rye crispbreads (24 grams), 1/2 cup nonfat cottage cheese (5 grams), 1 cup of blackberries (15 grams) Relevant: Spreading carbs out is relevant because it helps you curb hunger, so you don't overeat.


Question: How does S.M.A.R.T. weight loss work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: S. M. A. R. T. stands for Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound. Setting S. M. A. R. T. goals helps keep big projects, like losing weight or managing blood sugar, from being overwhelming. Your steps for success are clearly spelled out so that you know when you've met the goal.


Question: What is S.M.A.R.T. weight loss for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: When your goals are S. M. A. R. T., it will be simpler to stay on track with your diet. Time-bound: This goal will be your focus for 2 weeks. Setting S. M. A. R. T. goals helps keep big projects, like losing weight or managing blood sugar, from being overwhelming.


Question: What are the symptoms of thrush (oropharyngeal candidiasis)?

Answer: Also more likely to get it are adults who: Are being treated for cancer Take medications like corticosteroids and wide-spectrum antibiotics Wear dentures Have diabetes The symptoms include: White or yellow patches on the tongue, lips, gums, roof of mouth, and inner cheeks Redness or soreness in the mouth and throat Cracking at the corners of the mouth Pain when swallowing, if it spreads to the throat Thrush is treated with antifungal medicines like nystatin, clotrimazole, and fluconazole.


Question: What are the symptoms of invasive candidiasis?

Answer: The symptoms include fever and chills. Since it's likely a person with this infection is already sick with another condition, it can be hard to diagnose.


Question: How can I treat a genital yeast infection (genital candidiasis)?

Answer: Most times, an over-the-counter antifungal suppository, tablet, or cream will knock out the infection. Your doctor might also prescribe a single dose of a prescription antifungal medicine like fluconazole. Tell your doctor if you get yeast infections more than four times a year. She may recommend regular doses of antifungal medication over several months to fight the repeated infections.


Question: What are the symptoms of a genital yeast infection (genital candidiasis)?

Answer: The symptoms include: Extreme itchiness in the vagina Redness and swelling of the vagina and vulva (the outer part of the female genitals) Pain and burning when you pee Discomfort during sex A thick, white âcottage cheeseâ discharge from the vagina A man with a yeast infection may have an itchy rash on his penis. Because the symptoms in women can be similar to other infections like bacterial vaginosis (bacterial overgrowth in the vagina) and sexually transmitted diseases, it's important to visit your doctor.


Question: How can I prevent a diaper rash caused by a yeast infection?

Answer: Keeping your baby's bottom clean and dry is a good start to help prevent diaper rash and candidiasis.


Question: How is thrush (oropharyngeal candidiasis) treated?

Answer: Also more likely to get it are adults who: Are being treated for cancer Take medications like corticosteroids and wide-spectrum antibiotics Wear dentures Have diabetes The symptoms include: White or yellow patches on the tongue, lips, gums, roof of mouth, and inner cheeks Redness or soreness in the mouth and throat Cracking at the corners of the mouth Pain when swallowing, if it spreads to the throat Thrush is treated with antifungal medicines like nystatin, clotrimazole, and fluconazole. Rinsing the mouth with chlorhexidine ( CHX) mouthwash may help prevent infections in people with weakened immune systems.


Question: Are cough medicines effective?

Answer: Not all doctors agree about the best way to treat a cough. Some don't think cough medicines are that effective. There are three common types of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines: Cough suppressants Oral expectorants Topical (creams or gels you put on your skin) They can be used to either stop your cough or loosen thick mucus to help you cough it up. When that's not enough, your doctor may prescribe a strong prescription cough medicine.


Question: Is there a cure for a cold?

Answer: There's no cure, but lots of medicines can give you some relief from the coughing, sneezing, and stuffiness that go with it. When you head to the pharmacy to look for an over-the-counter drug, keep in mind there's no such thing as a "perfect" cold medicine.


Question: How often can I use nasal sprays for congestion?

Answer: They work fast to open up your clogged nose. But if you use them for more than 3 days in a row, you may end up more stuffed up than you were before. Doctors call this the "rebound effect." Some side effects of nasal decongestants are having a hard time falling asleep, restlessness, and trouble peeing. You might try a saline spray instead of a nasal decongestant. It works more slowly, but it can loosen up the mucus in your nose without a rebound effect.


Question: Should I take a decongestant or an antihistamine?

Answer: You can use it alone or combine it with an antihistamine. Remember, though, it can increase your heart rate and may cause anxiety or make it hard to fall asleep. If you have a runny nose or sneezing, try an antihistamine. But if you use them for more than 3 days in a row, you may end up more stuffed up than you were before.


Question: What is atypical depression?

Answer: This type is different than the persistent sadness of typical depression. It is considered to be a "specifier" that describes a pattern of depressive symptoms. If you have atypical depression, a positive event can temporarily improve your mood.


Question: How is psychotic depression treated?

Answer: People with psychotic depression have the symptoms of major depression along with "psychotic" symptoms, such as: Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) Delusions (false beliefs) Paranoia (wrongly believing that others are trying to harm you) A combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs can treat psychotic depression. ECT may also be an option.


Question: What is major depression?

Answer: You may hear your doctor call this "major depressive disorder." You might have this type if you feel depressed most of the time for most days of the week. Some other symptoms you might have are: Loss of interest or pleasure in your activities Weight loss or gain Trouble getting to sleep or feeling sleepy during the day Feelings restless and agitated, or else very sluggish and slowed down physically or mentally Being tired and without energy Feeling worthless or guilty Trouble concentrating or making decisions Thoughts of suicide Your doctor might diagnose you with major depression if you have five or more of these symptoms on most days for 2 weeks or longer.


Question: What is 'situational' depression?

Answer: But you can have a depressed mood when you're having trouble managing a stressful event in your life, such as a death in your family, a divorce, or losing your job. Your doctor may call this "stress response syndrome."


Question: How is situational depression treated?

Answer: Psychotherapy can often help you get through a period of depression that's related to a stressful situation.


Question: How is seasonal affective disorder treated?

Answer: If you have SAD, antidepressants can help. So can light therapy. You'll need to sit in front of a special bright light box for about 15-30 minutes each day.


Question: How is bipolar disorder treated?

Answer: Medication can help bring your mood swings under control. Whether you're in a high or a low period, your doctor may suggest a mood stabilizer, such as lithium. The FDA has approved three medicines to treat the depressed phase: Seroquel Latuda Olanzapine-fluoxetine combination Doctors sometimes prescribe other drugs "off label" for bipolar depression, such as the anticonvulsant lamotrigine or the atypical antipsychotic Vraylar .


Question: What are some other treatment options for major depression?

Answer: When therapy and medication aren't working, two other options your doctor may suggest are: Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (r TMS) ECT uses electrical pulses and r TMS uses a special kind of magnet to stimulate certain areas of brain activity. This helps the parts of your brain that control your mood work better.


Question: How is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) treated?

Answer: Besides feeling depressed, you may also have: Mood swings Irritability Anxiety Trouble concentrating Fatigue Change in appetite or sleep habits Feelings of being overwhelmed Antidepressant medication or sometimes oral contraceptives can treat PMDD.


Question: What are the symptoms of psychotic depression?

Answer: People with psychotic depression have the symptoms of major depression along with "psychotic" symptoms, such as: Hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't there) Delusions (false beliefs) Paranoia (wrongly believing that others are trying to harm you) A combination of antidepressant and antipsychotic drugs can treat psychotic depression.


Question: What are the symptoms of persistent depressive disorder?

Answer: You may have symptoms such as: Change in your appetite (not eating enough or overeating) Sleep too much or too little Lack of energy, or fatigue Low self-esteem Trouble concentrating or making decisions Feel hopeless You may be treated with psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of the two.


Question: What is bipolar disorder and what are the symptoms?

Answer: Someone with bipolar disorder, which is also sometimes called "manic depression," has mood episodes that range from extremes of high energy with an "up" mood to low "depressive" periods. When you're in the low phase, you'll have the symptoms of major depression.


Question: What is peripartum depression?

Answer: Women who have major depression in the weeks and months after childbirth may have peripartum depression. Antidepressant drugs can help similarly to treating major depression that is unrelated to childbirth.


Question: What are the symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?

Answer: Women with PMDD have depression and other symptoms at the start of their period. Besides feeling depressed, you may also have: Mood swings Irritability Anxiety Trouble concentrating Fatigue Change in appetite or sleep habits Feelings of being overwhelmed Antidepressant medication or sometimes oral contraceptives can treat PMDD.


Question: How is atypical depression treated?

Answer: Someone with bipolar disorder, which is also sometimes called "manic depression," has mood episodes that range from extremes of high energy with an "up" mood to low "depressive" periods. If you have SAD, antidepressants can help. She may also sometimes recommend an older type of antidepressant called an MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor), which is a class of antidepressants that has been well-studied in treating atypical depression.


Question: What should I know about depression?

Answer: It's normal to feel down once in a while, but if you're sad most of the time and it affects your daily life, you may have clinical depression. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } There are many different types of depression. Events in your life cause some, and chemical changes in your brain cause others. Whatever the cause, your first step is to let your doctor know how you're feeling. She may refer you to a mental health specialist to help figure out the type of depression you have. This diagnosis is important in deciding the right treatment for you. You might have this type if you feel depressed most of the time for most days of the week.


Question: How is major depression treated?

Answer: She may refer you to a mental health specialist to help figure out the type of depression you have. Medications called antidepressants can also be useful. So can light therapy.


Question: What is seasonal affective disorder?

Answer: It typically goes away in the spring and summer. Psychotherapy can often help you get through a period of depression that's related to a stressful situation.


Question: What is persistent depressive disorder?

Answer: Some other symptoms you might have are: Loss of interest or pleasure in your activities Weight loss or gain Trouble getting to sleep or feeling sleepy during the day Feelings restless and agitated, or else very sluggish and slowed down physically or mentally Being tired and without energy Feeling worthless or guilty Trouble concentrating or making decisions Thoughts of suicide Your doctor might diagnose you with major depression if you have five or more of these symptoms on most days for 2 weeks or longer. This term is used to describe two conditions previously known as dysthymia (low-grade persistent depression) and chronic major depression.


Question: Why is lung cancer hard to treat?

Answer: Lung cancer has long been considered one of the most challenging cancers to treat because it has usually spread by the time you're diagnosed. When it spreads to other body parts, doctors refer to it as metastatic.


Question: What are severe side effects of checkpoint inhibitors for lung cancer?

Answer: But sometimes, checkpoint inhibitors cause your immune system to attack otherwise healthy tissue. This can lead to life-threatening inflammation in your lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines, and other parts of the body. You may have to stop immunotherapy and get medicines to quiet down your immune system. Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs) is one serious side effect often affects people taking checkpoint inhibitors. It can make it hard to breathe. You'll need immediate treatment.


Question: Should you tell your doctor about any side effects of immunotherapy for lung cancer?

Answer: Side Effects & Complications Always tell your doctor about any side effects you have. It's important for her to figure out if your symptoms are caused by the treatment or a sign that your cancer may be getting worse. Managing side effects early and well can help you stick to your cancer treatment plan.


Question: What are the long-term effects of immunotherapy?

Answer: The newest field of cancer medicine, called immunotherapy, is an effective treatment option for metastatic lung cancer.


Question: When might your doctor suggest immunotherapy as treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: Ask your doctor which type of immunotherapy drug you will be taking. Your doctor may suggest you take part in one of these studies if other treatments haven't worked. It's important for her to figure out if your symptoms are caused by the treatment or a sign that your cancer may be getting worse.


Question: How long does lung cancer immunotherapy work for?

Answer: The process will probably last a few months. You may have to stop immunotherapy and get medicines to quiet down your immune system. However, they don't work for everyone. Stay in touch with your doctor during treatment, and always go to all your follow-up appointments. Blood tests and imaging scans are done to check for signs of cancer disappearance or growth. Ask your doctor how you can tell if your treatment isn't working.


Question: How can you get acute kidney problems?

Answer: The main causes are: Not enough blood flow to the kidneys Direct damage to the kidneys themselves Urine backed up in the kidneys Those things can happen when you: Have a traumatic injury with blood loss, such as in a car wreck Are dehydrated or your muscle tissue breaks down, sending too much protein into your bloodstream Go into shock because you have a severe infection called sepsis Have an enlarged prostate that blocks your urine flow Take certain drugs or are around certain toxins that directly damage the kidney Have complications during a pregnancy, such as eclampsia and pre-eclampsia Autoimmune diseases, when your immune system attacks your body, can also cause an acute kidney injury. People with severe heart or liver failure commonly go into acute kidney injury, as well.


Question: What is chronic kidney disease?

Answer: When your kidneys don't work well for longer than 3 months, doctors call it chronic kidney disease. You may not have any symptoms in the early stages, but that's when it's simpler to treat.


Question: What causes chronic kidney disease?

Answer: Kidney disease can affect your body's ability to clean your blood, filter extra water out of your blood, and help control your blood pressure. And high blood pressure creates wear and tear on your blood vessels, including those that go to your kidneys. So can being around some types of chemicals over time.


Question: What is an MRA?

Answer: Your doctor may ask you to get one in order to look for and treat problems with your blood vessels. The test can check the blood vessels in many different parts of your body: Brain or neck Heart or chest Abdomen or belly, including organs, like your liver or kidneys Pelvis or lower belly Arms and legs Your doctor may order this exam for different reasons that include: Check for aneurysms or weakened blood vessels Find plaque that blocks or narrows blood vessels Look for problems with the structure of your blood vessels Help to prepare for surgery, or check results after surgery Locate injured blood vessels after an accident Help with cancer treatment Diagnose blood clots You will get instructions, usually from the place where you'll have your MRA.


Question: Which body parts are checked by an MRA?

Answer: The test can check the blood vessels in many different parts of your body: Brain or neck Heart or chest Abdomen or belly, including organs, like your liver or kidneys Pelvis or lower belly Arms and legs Your doctor may order this exam for different reasons that include: Check for aneurysms or weakened blood vessels Find plaque that blocks or narrows blood vessels Look for problems with the structure of your blood vessels Help to prepare for surgery, or check results after surgery Locate injured blood vessels after an accident Help with cancer treatment Diagnose blood clots You will get instructions, usually from the place where you'll have your MRA.


Question: What are conditions that I should tell my doctor or the staff at the MRA  facility about before the test?

Answer: So you'll need to take off anything metal, such as: Jewelry and watches Body piercings Eye glasses and hearing aids Clothing with metal snaps or zippers Make sure you tell your doctor or the staff at the MRA facility if you: Have medical problems, like kidney disease Are allergic to anything Are pregnant or breastfeeding Have any medical devices or implants, like heart valves, drug ports, artificial limbs or joints, metal pins, screws, plates, staples or stents Also let them know if you have other metal: Left from an accident or injury In some tattoo dye From dental work MRA is safe for people with most types of metal implants, except: Some cardiac defibrillators Some pacemakers Cochlear or ear implants Some clips for brain aneurysm repair Some coils for blood vessel repair Tell your doctor, too, if you're afraid of closed or small spaces.


Question: What happens after my MRA is finished?

Answer: Unless you had medicine to help you relax, you can usually get back to your normal activities. If you had the medication then you may need to rest. You won't be able to drive until it wears off. Your doctor will call you with the results of the exam.


Question: How can liver transplant help with treating cirrhosis?

Answer: This is called liver failure. A transplant means your damaged liver is replaced with a healthy one from a donor. You can wait on an organ transplant list for a deceased donor, or get part of a liver from a living friend or family member. It can help you live longer, but it's major surgery that comes with risks like bleeding and infection. After surgery, you'll need to take medicines to prevent your body from rejecting the new organ. Because these drugs suppress your immune system, they can increase your risk for infection. Cirrhosis damage makes it harder for your liver to process and remove medicines.


Question: What are treatments for alcohol abuse that can cause cirrhosis?

Answer: Alcohol abuse, hepatitis, and fatty liver disease are some of the main causes. Alcohol is a toxin. When you drink too much, your liver has to work extra hard to process it. To protect your liver, you must stop drinking. That can be hard to do, especially if you've become dependent on alcohol. Ask your doctor about things you can try that may help you stop drinking, such as: 12-step and other support programs like Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) One-on-one counseling with a therapist Support groups to help you manage the factors that make you drink Inpatient rehab programs Prescription medicines like naltrexone ( Revia, Vivitrol) and acamprosate ( Campral) Hepatitis B and C viruses cause liver damage that can lead to cirrhosis.


Question: What are treatments for hepatitis that can cause cirrhosis?

Answer: Your doctor will personalize your treatment based on what caused your cirrhosis, and the amount of liver damage you have. Ask your doctor about things you can try that may help you stop drinking, such as: 12-step and other support programs like Alcoholics Anonymous ( AA) One-on-one counseling with a therapist Support groups to help you manage the factors that make you drink Inpatient rehab programs Prescription medicines like naltrexone ( Revia, Vivitrol) and acamprosate ( Campral) Hepatitis B and C viruses cause liver damage that can lead to cirrhosis. Treatments for these diseases can help prevent liver damage. The most common side effects from these medicines are weakness, headache, nausea, and sleep problems. Interferon (interferon alpha 2b, pegylated interferon). This helps your immune system fight off the hepatitis virus. Side effects can include trouble breathing, dizziness, weight changes, and depression.


Question: What are treatments for autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis?

Answer: This helps your immune system fight off the hepatitis virus. Side effects can include trouble breathing, dizziness, weight changes, and depression. With any liver disease, it is important to not drink alcohol and, in some cases, avoid taking vitamin E. In both of these diseases, your body's natural defense system (immune system) attacks and damages your liver. Primary biliary cirrhosis destroys the bile duct -- the tube that carries the digestive fluid (bile) from the liver to the gallbladder and intestine. The main treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis is to slow liver damage with the drug ursodiol ( Actigall, Urso). Ursodiol can cause side effects like diarrhea, constipation, dizziness, and back pain.


Question: When should you call the doctor about your loved one's wound from heart failure surgery?

Answer: Call the doctor if you see signs of an infection around the incision, such as: Increased drainage or oozing Opening of the wound Redness or warmth Fever greater than 100.4 F You should also call the doctor if your loved one says his sternum (the breastbone) feels like it moves, or if it pops or cracks with movement.


Question: How do you know when someone can drive after heart failure surgery?

Answer: This usually happens 6 to 8 weeks after surgery, or less if it was a type of operation called "minimally invasive." Until he gets the OK to drive, he can be a passenger as often as he likes. The doctor will tell your loved one when he's allowed to get back to his regular routine.


Question: What can help you loved one get sleep after heart failure surgery?

Answer: Some things can help: If your loved one has pain, suggest he take his pain medication about half an hour before bedtime. Offer to arrange the pillows so he can get into a comfortable position. Although it's important to balance activity with rest during recovery, encourage your loved one not to take frequent naps during the day. Tell him to avoid caffeine at night, such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and colas. Have him get into a bedtime routine. If he follows the same rituals, his body learns to know it's time to relax and go to sleep.


Question: Is it normal for your loved one to have sleeping problems after heart failure surgery?

Answer: Call the doctor if you see signs of an infection around the incision, such as: Increased drainage or oozing Opening of the wound Redness or warmth Fever greater than 100.4 F You should also call the doctor if your loved one says his sternum (the breastbone) feels like it moves, or if it pops or cracks with movement. It's common for someone who's had surgery for heart failure surgery to feel sad. These feelings should go away after the first few weeks.


Question: How much alcohol is safe for someone with atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: After you've been diagnosed, it's OK to have an adult beverage as long as you don't drink too much. Keep in mind that different drinks have different levels of alcohol. A single shot of hard liquor may have the same amount of alcohol as two glasses of wine. One to two drinks a day probably won't lead to health problems, even when you already have AFib. More than three drinks a day, though, can trigger an episode. If you're taking blood thinners, alcohol can raise your risk of bleeding. It can also be a problem if you take drugs that reduce blood clotting, like acenocoumarol or warfarin.


Question: What makes getting atrial fibrillation (AFib) more likely?

Answer: You don't have to drink regularly, either. Binge drinking, or having more than five drinks in a row, also makes getting AFib more likely. People in these studies drank wine or hard liquor. It's not clear if beer has the same effect.


Question: How much does heavy drinking increase the risk for atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: A recent study found a strong link between drinking one to three drinks a day (what doctors consider moderate) and getting AFib. Heavy drinking, or more than three drinks a day, bumps up your risk even more. And it seems to keep going up the more you have. Studies suggest that for every extra daily drink, your risk goes up by 8%.


Question: When should you call the doctor if you are pregnant with the flu?

Answer: You have trouble breathing. Your symptoms don't improve or get worse after 3 to 4 days. After feeling a little better, you start having signs of a more serious problem, like a sick-to-your-stomach feeling, vomiting, high fever, shaking chills, chest pain, or coughing with thick, yellow-green mucus.


Question: How do you prevent the flu if you are pregnant?

Answer: Get a flu shot. Don't use Flu Mist, the nasal spray influenza vaccine. It isn't recommended for pregnant women. To avoid catching the illness when you're pregnant: Wash your hands often. Avoid crowds. Stay away from people who have a cold. Don't touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. Germs are often spread when you touch a contaminated surface and then touch these areas.


Question: What prescriptions can I use for the flu if I am pregnant?

Answer: Your doctor will know what prescription drug you can use. There are 4 to choose from: baloxavir marboxil ( Xofluza), oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), or zanamivir ( Relenza) in pregnant women with suspected or test-proven flu. Xofluza and oseltamivir are taken by mouth are preferred because of their safety and effectiveness.


Question: Is it safe to get the flu vaccine if you are pregnant?

Answer: It doesn't contain the live virus and can't give you the flu. You may have fatigue and muscle aches afterward as your immune system responds to the vaccine. The flu shot is also OK while you're breastfeeding. It can't cause you or your nursing baby to get sick. The shot takes about 2 weeks to work. Pregnant women should not get the nasal flu vaccine. Pregnant women should not use a nasal flu vaccine called Flu Mist that contains live but weakened viruses.


Question: Where should you get a flu shot if you're pregnant?

Answer: The American Lung Association offers an online flu vaccine clinic locator. Visit the site, enter a zip code and a date (or dates), and you'll get information about clinics in your area. Pharmacies offer the flu shots, as do local health departments and your doctor's office.


Question: When should you get a flu shot if you're pregnant?

Answer: The vaccine is the number one way to prevent this illness. You can get the shot no matter how far along you are -- even the third trimester isn't too late. Flu season can begin as early as October and last as late as May. October or November is the best time to get vaccinated, but you can get the shot as long as it's being offered. The shot will protect both you and the baby from getting the flu for 6 months after you give birth. This is especially important, because the flu shot isn't safe for infants less than 6 months old. If you have had contact with someone who has the flu, your doctor may recommend that you take an antiviral medication as a prevention measure.


Question: How can I treat my flu symptoms if I'm pregnant?

Answer: Call your doctor before you take any over-the-counter treatment. Your doctor may suggest: Acetaminophen , the preferred treatment for fever, aches, and pains Saline nasal spray or nasal irrigation Pseudoephedrine, the decongestant, may be helpful. Avoid it in the first trimester or if you have high blood pressure. You can usually find these treatments among over-the-counter cold and flu remedies. Check labels carefully.


Question: Are there natural flu treatments for pregnant women?

Answer: Pregnant women should not get the nasal flu vaccine. You can usually find these treatments among over-the-counter cold and flu remedies. Get a flu shot.


Question: What medications are used to treat depression-related insomnia?

Answer: Doctors may sometimes treat depression and insomnia by prescribing an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) or other antidepressant along with a sedating antidepressant or with a hypnotic medication (medication that helps people sleep).


Question: What tricyclic antidepressants are used to treat depression-related insomnia?

Answer: Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline ( Elavil) and nortriptyline ( Pamelor).


Question: What hypnotics are used to depression-related insomnia?

Answer: Hypnotics include: Ambien/ Ambien CR (zolpidem) Sonata (zaleplon) Lunesta (eszopiclone) Restoril (temazepam) Serax ( Oxazepam) The over-the-counter hormone melatonin also is sometimes recommended for insomnia or sleep disrupted by depression.


Question: What serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are used to treat depression-related insomnia?

Answer: SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) like desvenlafaxine ( Pristiq, Khedezla), duloxetine ( Cymbalta), levomilnacipran ( Fetzima), and venlafaxine ( Effexor). These medicines affect two neurotransmitters (brain chemicals) thought to be involved in depression -- serotonin and norepinephrine -- and are sometimes favored when an SSRI is not effective or when depression occurs with other problems such as pain disorders or certain forms of anxiety.


Question: What is chafing?

Answer: If you are an exercise enthusiast, or if you are overweight, you have probably experienced skin chafing, the annoying and often painful result of skin rubbing against skin or clothing. Chafing can occur anywhere on your body, but the thighs, groin, underarms, and nipples are particularly vulnerable.


Question: How can staying dry prevent chafing?

Answer: Wet skin can make chafing worse. Before you head out the door, apply talcum and alum powders to areas that get the most sweaty. Powders can help wick moisture away from the skin. Don't stay in wet or sweaty clothes.


Question: What should you wear to prevent chafing?

Answer: Do not exercise in cotton. Compression shorts, such as those worn by cyclists, may help reduce thigh chafing. Also, less is more when it comes to dressing for exercise. If it is warm outside, consider running without a shirt if you are a man and in only a jogging bra if you are a woman. Lastly, choose exercise clothes and bras that have smooth seams to avoid rubbing.


Question: How do you treat chafing?

Answer: After cleaning the area, apply a substance like petroleum jelly. If the area is very painful, swollen, bleeding, or crusted, your health care provider may recommend a medicated ointment. Give your skin some time to heal from chafing before being active again. Continued friction will only make it worse and could lead to infection. If your skin chafing does not improve after trying these self-care measures, make an appointment to see your doctor. You may need an antibiotic ointment if the area becomes infected.


Question: How can lubricating your skin prevent chafing?

Answer: Apply petroleum jelly, or a similar product, to hot spots. Lubricants can help reduce friction to the skin. Petroleum jelly is inexpensive and widely available; several types of lubricants are available over the counter. You may have to try a few before you find the one that works best for you.


Question: What do you need to know about abdominal pain?

Answer: Just about everybody at one time or another will get a bellyache. Most causes of abdominal pain aren't worrisome, and your doctor can easily diagnose and treat the problem. Sometimes, though, it can be a sign of a serious illness. Learn which symptoms to watch out for and when you should get medical help.


Question: What are the most common causes of abdominal pain?

Answer: Whether you've got a mild ache, sharp pain, or cramps, abdominal pain can have many causes. For instance, you might have indigestion, constipation, a stomach virus, or, if you're a woman, menstrual cramps.


Question: How does your doctor figure out the cause of your abdominal pain?

Answer: For example, get medical care right away if you have abdominal pain and you also: Vomit blood Notice bloody or black, tarry bowel movements Have trouble breathing Vomit constantly Have swelling in your belly Have yellow skin Are pregnant Since there are so many possible causes, your doctor will do a thorough physical exam. She'll also ask you some questions about your symptoms. She'll want to know what type of pain you have. For instance, is it a severe stabbing pain or a dull ache?


Question: What questions might your doctor ask you to figure out the cause of your abdominal pain?

Answer: Some other questions your doctor may ask you: Does it hurt throughout your abdomen, or is it just in one particular area? When does it hurt? Always? More often in the morning or at night? If the pain comes and goes, about how long does it last each time? Does it hurt after you eat certain foods or drink alcohol? Are you in pain during menstruation? How long have you been hurting? Does the pain sometimes move into your lower back, shoulder, groin, or buttocks? Do you take any medications or herbal supplements? Are you pregnant? Does any activity ease the pain, such as eating or lying on one side? Does an activity or position make the pain worse? Were you injured recently?


Question: What are other possible causes of abdominal pain?

Answer: Other possible causes include: Irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) Crohn's disease Food poisoning Food allergies Gas You may also get abdominal pain if you're lactose intolerant or have ulcers or pelvic inflammatory disease. Some other causes include: Hernia Gallstones Kidney stones Endometriosis Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Appendicitis Diverticulitis If your abdominal pain is severe, doesn't go away, or keeps coming back, talk to your doctor.


Question: When should you contact your doctor about your abdominal pain?

Answer: Some other causes include: Hernia Gallstones Kidney stones Endometriosis Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Appendicitis Diverticulitis If your abdominal pain is severe, doesn't go away, or keeps coming back, talk to your doctor. Call 911 right away if your belly hurts because you had a recent injury there or if you have any chest pain. You should also contact her as soon as you can if you have symptoms along with the pain, such as: Fever Can't keep food down for more than 2 days Signs you're getting dehydrated, including not urinating frequently, dark-colored urine, and being very thirsty Can't have a bowel movement, especially if you're also vomiting Pain when you pee, or you need to urinate often Also call your doctor if: Your belly is tender to the touch.


Question: What might your doctor recommend after your examination for stomach pain?

Answer: After your exam is over and your doctor is done asking you questions, she may recommend you get tests to help find the cause of your pain. These may include stool or urine tests, blood tests, barium swallows or enemas, an endoscopy, X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan.


Question: How do you know if you need medical care right away if you have abdominal pain?

Answer: You may also get symptoms that could be a sign of a problem inside your body that needs treatment as soon as possible. For example, get medical care right away if you have abdominal pain and you also: Vomit blood Notice bloody or black, tarry bowel movements Have trouble breathing Vomit constantly Have swelling in your belly Have yellow skin Are pregnant Since there are so many possible causes, your doctor will do a thorough physical exam.


Question: How does the eye exam change for my older child?

Answer: If your child is a bit older, she may be asked to identify pictures such as a plane, a house, a duck, or a hand. Correcting poor visual acuity is very important in a child's sight development.


Question: What should I expect from my child's eye exam?

Answer: Talk to your doctor to see what's right for you. Amblyopia is the most common cause of vision problems in children.


Question: How can I tell if it's time to start feeding solid food to my baby?

Answer: If your baby is between 4 and 6 months old, can hold her head up, and can sit in a high chair independently, then she's ready to try eating. ( If you breastfeed, ask your doctor if you should hold off on solid foods until your baby is 6 months old. The reason: to provide her with the best nutrition.) If you try feeding her a small spoonful and the food just dribbles out, you may want to try again in a few weeks. Babies are born with a reflex that makes them push out their tongue when something is put in their mouth. Over time it goes away.


Question: How can I watch out for allergies when starting solid foods for my baby?

Answer: For safety's sake, serve your baby only one new ingredient at a time. Each time you give her a new food to taste, wait 3 to 5 days before you offer another new one. This way, if your baby has a bad reaction -- a rash, an upset stomach, a food allergy -- it's much easier to figure which food may have caused the problem. Serve new foods during the daytime, so you can watch for any reactions after she eats.


Question: Iâve started feeding my baby solid foods. How can I make sure he gets a variety of foods?

Answer: Within a short period of time, your baby will try many different foods, so she won't miss out on anything for long. After a few months, your baby will eat cereals, grains, vegetables, fruits, meats, fish, egg yolks, and dairy products like yogurt and cheese.


Question: Should I serve my baby solid foods that children are more likely to be allergic to?

Answer: There are several foods that babies and children are more likely to be allergic to, such as peanuts, eggs, and shellfish. In years past, doctors told parents to keep these foods away from babies, but new research has changed that thinking. Now, parents can serve eggs, peanuts, tree nuts (in butter form), wheat, shellfish, and other foods that are common allergens to babies as young as 4 to 6 months old. If someone in your family has a food allergy, check in with your doctor to discuss any specific questions/concerns when it comes to introducing allergenic foods to your baby.


Question: How much solid food should I feed my baby?

Answer: At first, a spoonful or two may be all that your baby wants to eat. That's OK. She'll still get most of her calories from breast milk or baby formula. By the time she's 9 to 12 months old, she'll eat three solid-food meals a day in addition to breast milk or formula. How will you know she's full? Once she's gotten the hang of eating, she'll turn her head, push away the spoon, play with her food instead of eating it, or even spit it out. Babies very rarely overeat. Don't force her to finish if she's showing you she's full.


Question: Which foods are a good start when feeding solids to my baby?

Answer: Many parents choose to first offer their babies baby cereal (rice, oats, or barley). To make it, you'll mix some of the powdered cereal with breast milk or baby formula. Over time, as she's able to handle thicker and thicker things, you can add less liquid. Others say that pureed fruits are fine. Ask your doctor for advice, and talk about any allergy or other concerns you may have. Unless your doctor has advice, pick a first food that makes you feel good about your choice. Some doctors say 2.


Question: What are some solid finger foods that I can feed my baby?

Answer: When your baby can grasp food with her fingers and bring it to her mouth, she can try finger foods. Good choices include small bits of very ripe banana, well-cooked potato, baby crackers that melt away, and thawed frozen peas. If you're serving fruits, peel and cook them first. Otherwise babies can choke on them. You can place hard foods inside a special mesh baby food holder, and your gnawing baby can enjoy the flavor and texture of hard foods without the risk of choking.


Question: How can I make my baby's mealtime special when starting solid foods?

Answer: When you offer your baby her first bite of food, fill a baby-sized spoon halfway. Be sure to smile and coo and tell your baby what you're doing as you feed her, so she knows that she should enjoy solid food. If your baby is very hungry, she may not want to deal with new flavors and being fed with a spoon. Offer breast milk or baby formula first to ease her hunger. You may want to give her food when the rest of the family eats, to make her feel that she's a part of the group. Bonus: she'll learn good habits when she sees other family members pause between bites and stop when they're full.


Question: What question will be asked during child's allergy test?

Answer: When he sees your child, he'll: Ask about your kid's symptoms and when he has them Do a physical exam, looking for signs of allergies He'll also ask about your family history. If both parents have allergies, a child has a 75% chance of having them. If one parent has allergies, a kid has a 50% chance of having them.


Question: How does a child'sallergy test work?

Answer: The allergist may suggest skin or blood tests that can check what kind of allergy your little one has. This should tell you immediately what your child is allergic to depending on what the skin is testing, but blood tests take a few days. If the allergist thinks your child has a food allergy, he may also suggest a type of test called an "elimination diet."


Question: How effective are allergy tests for children?

Answer: This should tell you immediately what your child is allergic to depending on what the skin is testing, but blood tests take a few days. If the allergist thinks your child has a food allergy, he may also suggest a type of test called an "elimination diet." Allergy testing can give faulty results, so the results must always be interpreted carefully and cautiously. Based on allergy testing, your doctor may recommend certain medications, prevention tips and even allergy shots.


Question: What is the emotional impact of having surgery to remove your bladder?

Answer: Studies show that how satisfied your feel about your new life depends largely on how well you adapt. It's understandable to feel depressed. It might help you to talk to your family and friends with candor. So can talking to others who've had similar surgeries in support groups. If you think counseling or medication would help, ask your doctor.


Question: Does bladder surgery affect a man's sex life?

Answer: Men: If your bladder was removed because of cancer, usually your prostate and the tubes that carry semen are taken out as well. You can still have an orgasm, but you won't ejaculate.


Question: What type of bladder removal surgery is conduit?

Answer: A tube made from a piece of your small intestine funnels your pee from the kidneys directly to the outside of your body. A surgical hole on your belly lets the open end of the small intestine drain the urine into a small, flat pouch. You'll have to empty it several times a day.


Question: What can help ease your life with an outside pouch after bladder removal surgery?

Answer: Some tips can help ease your life with an outside pouch: Empty it when it's 1/3 full to keep it flat. You can wear tight clothing and even bathing suits. Ostomy wraps or bands can help reduce any bulge and keep it in place. Try pouch deodorants if you're worried about smells when you empty it. If you want, wear a smaller bag or a waterproof cover when you swim. Go easy on beverages near your bedtime, and attach a larger night drainage bag to hold more urine while you sleep.


Question: Can you work and travel if you've had surgery to remove your bladder?

Answer: Even if you now use a urostomy bag (to collect your urine), you can go back to work, exercise, and swim. But if your job involves heavy physical labor, you may need to wear a support belt for your stoma. Ask your medical team. You can travel as you did before. It'll just take a bit of planning. Pack extra supplies, such as a pouch, clamp, and scissors. If you fly, carry a note from your doctor to explain your condition and to ask airport screeners for privacy.


Question: How do you get a left ventricular assist device (LVAD)?

Answer: You'll get surgery to implant the pump in the upper part of your abdomen. It's attached via a tube to a battery and control system that you wear outside of your body. Thanks to new technology, the outside parts of the LVAD have gotten smaller in recent years.


Question: What are the pros and cons in left ventricular assist device (LVAD)?

Answer: An LVAD will help you get back to your normal life while you wait for a transplant or recover from heart surgery. You'll have more energy to exercise, go to work, and do the other things that you used to do without getting too tired or short of breath.


Question: What is a left ventricular assist device (LVAD)?

Answer: An LVAD is a battery-powered pump that helps your weakened left ventricle push blood out to your body. The LVAD pump pulls blood from your left ventricle through one tube. Then it pushes blood through another tube into your aorta, which is the large artery that sends blood out to your body.


Question: Should you leave the protruding bone alone in an ankle fracture?

Answer: Is bleeding uncontrollably Has a numb, cold, pale, or blue ankle/foot Is unable to move the foot Is in shock (faint, pale, with rapid shallow breathing) If a bone has broken through the skin, don't push it back into place. Cover the area with a clean bandage and seek immediate medical attention.


Question: When should you see a doctor about an ankle fracture?

Answer: Give an over-the-counter pain medication such as ibuprofen or aspirin.


Question: When should you call 911 about an ankle fracture?

Answer: Is bleeding uncontrollably Has a numb, cold, pale, or blue ankle/foot Is unable to move the foot Is in shock (faint, pale, with rapid shallow breathing) If a bone has broken through the skin, don't push it back into place.


Question: How can you control swelling from an ankle fracture?

Answer: Remove ankle bracelets or toe rings. If medical attention is not immediately available, apply RICE therapy: Rest ankle by having the person stay off of it. Use crutches if necessary. Ice area. Use an ice pack or wrap the ice in a clean cloth. Do not place ice directly against the skin. Compress by wrapping ankle lightly (not tightly) with an "ace" bandage or elastic ankle brace. Do not try to align the bones. Elevate ankle above heart level.


Question: What happens at a follow-up visit after an ankle fracture?

Answer: The doctor will examine and X-ray the ankle, leg, and foot. The doctor also may do a CT or CAT scan, or an MRI to determine if surgery is needed. If needed, the doctor will set the broken bone back in place and immobilize the ankle with a splint, cast, or other device. Surgery may be necessary to repair the break.


Question: Should you stop the bleeding from an ankle fracture?

Answer: Apply steady, direct pressure with a cloth for 15 minutes and elevate the wound. If blood soaks through, apply another cloth over the first and seek immediate medical attention.


Question: Who gets enuresis?

Answer: Estimates suggest that 7% of boys and 3% of girls age 5 have enuresis. These numbers drop to 3% of boys and 2% of girls by age 10. Most children outgrow this problem by the time they become teens, with only about 1% of males and less than 1% of females having the disorder at age 18.


Question: Do children outgrow bed-wetting?

Answer: Most children with enuresis outgrow the disorder by the time they reach their teen years, with a spontaneous cure rate of 12% to 15% per year. Only a small number, about 1%, continues to have a problem into adulthood.


Question: What causes enuresis?

Answer: Involuntary, or non-intentional, release of urine may result from: A small bladder Persistent urinary tract infections Severe stress Developmental delays that interfere with toilet training Voluntary, or intentional, enuresis may be associated with other mental disorders, including behavior disorders or emotional disorders such as anxiety. Enuresis also appears to run in families, which suggests that a tendency for the disorder may be inherited (passed on from parent to child, particularly on the father's side). In addition, toilet training that was forced or started when the child was too young may be a factor in the development of the disorder, although there is little research to make conclusions about the role of toilet training and the development of enuresis. Physical conditions that could result in incontinence include diabetes, an infection, or a functional or structural defect causing a blockage in the urinary tract. Enuresis also may be associated with certain medicines that can cause confusion or changes in behavior as a side effect.


Question: How do you treat enuresis?

Answer: Behavior therapy is effective in more than 75% of patients and may include: Alarms: Using an alarm system that rings when the bed gets wet can help the child learn to respond to bladder sensations at night. Medications are available to treat enuresis, but they generally are only used if the disorder interferes with the child's functioning and usually are not recommended for children under 6 years of age.


Question: What are symptoms of enuresis?

Answer: The condition is not diagnosed unless the child is 5 years or older. The main symptoms of enuresis include: Repeated bed-wetting Wetting in the clothes Wetting at least twice a week for approximately three months Many factors may be involved in the development of enuresis. Children with enuresis are often described as heavy sleepers who fail to awaken at the urinary urge to void or when their bladders are full.


Question: How do you diagnose enuresis?

Answer: Lab tests may also be performed, such as a urinalysis and blood work to measure blood sugar, hormones, and kidney function. If no physical cause is found, the doctor will base a diagnosis of enuresis on the child's symptoms and current behaviors.


Question: Can problems with toilet training lead to bed-wetting?

Answer: In addition, toilet training that was forced or started when the child was too young may be a factor in the development of the disorder, although there is little research to make conclusions about the role of toilet training and the development of enuresis. Being positive and patient with a child during toilet training may help prevent the development of negative attitudes about using the toilet.


Question: Why do you need to know if you have high cholesterol when you check your heart disease risk?

Answer: Yes or No High cholesterol can contribute to the buildup of plaque that can clog the blood vessels leading to the heart and brain. This plaque can break and cause a blood clot to form, blocking the flow of blood and causing a heart attack or stroke.


Question: Why should you know if you have diabetes when you check your heart disease risk?

Answer: Yes or No About three-quarters of people with diabetes die of some form of heart or blood vessel disease. Even when blood sugar levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled.


Question: What is basal cell carcinoma and does it spread?

Answer: This is the most common form of all cancers. It occurs in cells lining the deepest part of the skin's outer layer. You should get quick treatment for basal cell carcinoma to avoid scars. But only in very rare cases does this type of carcinoma spread to other parts of the body.


Question: What is invasive ductal carcinoma?

Answer: This type of breast cancer starts in a milk duct but spreads into the fatty tissue of the breast. It can spread to other parts of the body through the lymph system and bloodstream.


Question: What causes squamous cell carcinoma and does it spread?

Answer: But squamous cell carcinoma can also be found in other parts of the body, such as cells lining: Certain organs Digestive tract Respiratory tract When squamous cell carcinoma develops in the skin, you often find it on areas that are exposed to the sun, such as the: Face Ears Neck Lips Backs of the hands Squamous cell carcinoma that develops on the skin is usually caused by spending too much time in the sun over the course of your life. This type of skin cancer tends to grow and spread more than basal cell cancers. In rare cases, it may spread to the lymph nodes.


Question: What is adenocarcinoma and where does it occur?

Answer: These cells make mucus and other fluids. The glandular cells are found in different organs in your body. Adenocarcinomas can occur in different parts of the body. Some examples of cancers that can be adenocarcinomas include lung, pancreatic, and colorectal types.


Question: What does basal cell carcinoma look like?

Answer: Basal cell carcinomas often look like: Open sores Red patches Pink growths Shiny bumps or scars If you have basal cell carcinoma it's likely that you got it because of too much time in the sun.


Question: What are the types of carcinoma?

Answer: Those cancers begin in other types of tissue, such as: Bone Blood vessels Immune system cells Brain Spinal cord Although carcinomas can occur in many parts of the body, you may often hear people talk about these common types of carcinoma: Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS) Invasive ductal carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Basal cell carcinoma.


Question: How does basal cell carcinoma occur?

Answer: This is the most common form of all cancers. It occurs in cells lining the deepest part of the skin's outer layer. You should get quick treatment for basal cell carcinoma to avoid scars. But only in very rare cases does this type of carcinoma spread to other parts of the body.


Question: What is ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

Answer: This is a condition where cancer cells are found inside the ducts of the breast. But in DCIS, the cancer has not fully developed or spread into nearby areas. Nearly all women diagnosed with this can be cured.


Question: Which parts of the skin are most likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer: But squamous cell carcinoma can also be found in other parts of the body, such as cells lining: Certain organs Digestive tract Respiratory tract When squamous cell carcinoma develops in the skin, you often find it on areas that are exposed to the sun, such as the: Face Ears Neck Lips Backs of the hands Squamous cell carcinoma that develops on the skin is usually caused by spending too much time in the sun over the course of your life.


Question: Is squamous cell carcinoma a type of skin cancer?

Answer: Most people think of skin cancer when they hear the words "squamous cell carcinoma." And it is true that this type of carcinoma often shows up on the skin.


Question: What are the different types of carcinoma?

Answer: Those cancers begin in other types of tissue, such as: Bone Blood vessels Immune system cells Brain Spinal cord Although carcinomas can occur in many parts of the body, you may often hear people talk about these common types of carcinoma: Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS) Invasive ductal carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Basal cell carcinoma.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma occur?

Answer: This is a type of carcinoma that starts in cells called "glandular cells." These cells make mucus and other fluids. The glandular cells are found in different organs in your body. Adenocarcinomas can occur in different parts of the body. Some examples of cancers that can be adenocarcinomas include lung, pancreatic, and colorectal types.


Question: What causes basal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Basal cell carcinomas often look like: Open sores Red patches Pink growths Shiny bumps or scars If you have basal cell carcinoma it's likely that you got it because of too much time in the sun. You may have had a few bad sunburns or else spent a lot of time in the sun during your life.


Question: What are the symptoms of invasive ductal carcinoma?

Answer: Other symptoms may include: Thickening of the breast skin Rash or redness of the breast Swelling in one breast New pain in one breast Dimpling around the nipple or on breast skin Nipple pain, nipple turning inward, or nipple discharge Lumps in underarm area Adenocarcinoma.


Question: What do squamous cell carcinomas look like?

Answer: Squamous cell carcinomas may crust or bleed and can include: Scaly red patches Open sores Growth with a depression in the middle Warts Renal cell carcinoma.