Question: How does human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affect my brain?

Answer: If you have advanced HIV, you're more likely to get infections that can cause inflammation in your brain and spinal cord. That can lead to confusion and other thinking problems as well as weakness, headaches, seizures, and balance problems. When AIDS is very far along, you can get dementia and have problems remembering things. Having HIV can also affect your mental health. Many people living with it have depression or anxiety.


Question: What is pectin and where can you get it?

Answer: Pectin is a soluble fiber found in most plants. It is most abundant in: Apples Plums The peel and pulp of citrus fruits In food, it is most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves. The human body cannot digest pectin in its natural form. But an altered form of pectin, known as modified citrus pectin ( MCP), has properties that allow it to be digested.


Question: What foods are abundant with pectin?

Answer: It is most abundant in: Apples Plums The peel and pulp of citrus fruits In food, it is most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves. The human body cannot digest pectin in its natural form. But an altered form of pectin, known as modified citrus pectin ( MCP), has properties that allow it to be digested.


Question: What fruits are rich in pectin?

Answer: It is most abundant in: Apples Plums The peel and pulp of citrus fruits In food, it is most commonly used to thicken jams, jellies, and preserves.


Question: Does pectin affect medicines?

Answer: And pectin can also interfere with the body's ability to absorb certain drugs, including: Digoxin (a heart medicine) Lovastatin (a cholesterol-lowering drug) Tetracycline antibiotics The FDA does not regulate supplements such as pectin. Talk to your doctor about potential risks before you take pectin or any other dietary supplement.


Question: How is a fever treated?

Answer: Treatments vary depending on the cause of the fever. For example, antibiotics would be used for a bacterial infection such as strep throat. The most common treatments for fever include over-the-counter drugs such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) and naproxen ( Aleve). Children and teens should not take aspirin because it's linked to condition called Reye's syndrome.


Question: What should you know about fevers?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A fever -- also known as a high fever or a high temperature -- is not by itself an illness. It's usually a symptom of an underlying condition, most often an infection. Fever is usually associated with physical discomfort, and most people feel better when a fever is treated. But depending on your age, physical condition, and the underlying cause of your fever, you may or may not require medical treatment for the fever alone. Many experts believe that fever is a natural bodily defense against infection. There are also many non-infectious causes of fever. Fever is generally not considered dangerous, but hyperthermia can cause dangerous rises in body temperature. This can be due to an extreme temperature associated with heat injury such as heat stroke, side effects of certain medications or illicit drugs, and stroke. With hyperthermia, the body is no longer able to control body temperature. In children with fever, accompanying symptoms such as lethargy, fussiness, poor appetite, sore throat, cough, ear pain, vomiting, and diarrhea are important to relay to your doctor.


Question: How is a fever diagnosed?

Answer: Although the most common causes of fever are common infections such as colds and gastroenteritis, other causes include: Infections of the ear, lung, skin, throat, bladder, or kidney Conditions that cause inflammation Side effects of drugs Cancer Vaccines Other causes of fever include: Blood clots Autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease Hormone disorders such as hyperthyroidism Illegal drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine Although a fever is easy to measure, determining its cause can be hard. Besides a physical exam, your doctor will ask about symptoms and conditions, medications, and if you've recently traveled to areas with infections or have other infection risks. A malaria infection, for example, may be have a fever that typically recurs. Some areas of the U. S. are hotspots for infections such as Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Sometimes, you may have a "fever of unknown origin." In such cases, the cause could be an unusual or not obvious condition such as a chronic infection, a connective tissue disorder, cancer, or another problem.


Question: What causes a fever?

Answer: A part of the brain called the hypothalamus controls body temperature, which usually varies throughout the day from the normal temperature of 98.6 F. In response to an infection, illness, or some other cause, the hypothalamus may reset the body to a higher temperature.


Question: How can keeping your scalp moist help with sleeping problems from scalp psoriasis?

Answer: If your doctor has prescribed medicine for you to leave on, apply it now. Put a dry shower cap over your hair before you slip into bed. This will keep it damp and hold medicine in. It may make your head sweat as you sleep, adding even more moisture.


Question: How can showering before bed help with sleeping problems from scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Moisture can soothe your scalp and calm the itch. Take a warm shower before you go to sleep every night. Wash your hair each time. Try an over-the-counter shampoo for people with psoriasis. Look for one with tar, ketoconazole, or salicylic acid. Dandruff shampoo may also help. To give it time to work, leave it on your scalp for 5 minutes before you rinse it out. If your doctor gave you a cream or other medicine to use during your shower, put it on your wet scalp before you shampoo. Leave it on for the prescribed period of time, then wash and rinse as usual. Always use conditioner. It will help keep your skin moist. Shampoo alone can dry out your scalp.


Question: How should I avoid triggers for scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Control stress when you can, at work and at home. Learn some techniques to relax. Try to exercise every day, and leave enough time to rest at night. Scrapes and sunburns can trigger psoriasis. Be gentle when you scratch your head. Wear sunscreen and a hat when you go outdoors. To lower chances that you'll get strep throat or another illness, wash your hands often.


Question: How can you avoid triggers of scalp psoriasis to get better sleep?

Answer: Control stress when you can, at work and at home. Learn some techniques to relax. Try to exercise every day, and leave enough time to rest at night. Scrapes and sunburns can trigger psoriasis. Be gentle when you scratch your head. Wear sunscreen and a hat when you go outdoors.


Question: How can seeing your doctor help with sleeping problems from scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Your sleep problems could be tied to a psoriasis flare. If the itching and pain keep you awake for more than a couple of nights, call your dermatologist. She can suggest a new treatment.


Question: What should I do if my scalp psoriasis keeps me awake at night?

Answer: Your sleep problems could be tied to a psoriasis flare. If the itching and pain keep you awake for more than a couple of nights, call your dermatologist. She can suggest a new treatment.


Question: How is optic neuritis treated?

Answer: Optic neuritis: It's treated with corticosteroids.


Question: How are styes treated?

Answer: Styes: Use warm compresses at home for a few days.


Question: How are corneal abrasions treated?

Answer: Corneal abrasions: These heal on their own with time. Your doctor might prescribe an antibiotic ointment or drops.


Question: How is conjunctivitis treated?

Answer: Conjunctivitis: Antibacterial eyedrops can cure bacterial conjunctivitis. Antihistamines in the form of eyedrops, a pill, or a syrup can improve conjunctivitis from allergies.


Question: What are corneal abrasions?

Answer: Corneal abrasions: That's the official name for a scratch on this part of your eye. It sounds minor, but it can hurt. It's easy to do, too. You can scratch your eye while rubbing it. Your doctor will give you antibiotic drops. It should get better in a couple of days without further problems.


Question: What is conjunctivitis (pinkeye)?

Answer: Blepharitis: An inflammation or infection of the eyelid which typically is not painful Conjunctivitis (pinkeye): This is inflammation of the conjunctiva. It can be from allergies or infections (viral or bacterial). Blood vessels in the conjunctiva swell. This makes the part of your eye that's usually white look red. Your eye could also get itchy and gunky. This condition is typically not painful.


Question: What are foreign bodies in relation to eye problems?

Answer: Foreign bodies: Something in your eye, like a bit of dirt, can irritate it. Try to rinse it out with artificial tears or water. If you don't get it out, it can scratch your eye.


Question: What is causing your eye pain?

Answer: Sometimes they get better on their own, but they can also be a sign of something more serious. Your eye doctor can figure out what's going on and find the right treatment for you.


Question: What are corneal infections (keratitis)?

Answer: Corneal infections (keratitis): An inflamed or infected cornea is sometimes caused by a bacterial or viral infection. You may be more likely to get it if you leave your contacts in overnight or wear dirty lenses.


Question: How is an infected cornea treated?

Answer: Infected cornea: You may need antiviral or antibacterial eyedrops.


Question: What symptoms can help identify the cause of eye pain?

Answer: Other symptoms along with sore eyes can be a clue to what is causing the pain. See your eye doctor if you have eye pain, especially if you have less vision, headache, or nausea and vomiting.


Question: Should I see my doctor if my eyes hurt?

Answer: See your eye doctor if you have eye pain, especially if you have less vision, headache, or nausea and vomiting.


Question: What tools do doctors use to diagnose eye pain?

Answer: Eye doctors use a variety of tools to diagnose eye pain: A slit-lamp exam uses bright light to look at all the structures of your eye. Dilating drops expand your pupil to let the doctor see deep into your eye. A tonometer is a tool that measures eye pressure. The doctor uses it to diagnose glaucoma.


Question: What are other symptoms related to eye pain?

Answer: Eye pain can happen on its own or with other symptoms, like: Less vision Discharge: It can be clear or thick and colored Foreign body sensation -- the feeling that something is in the eye, whether real or imagined Headache Light sensitivity Nausea or vomiting Red eye or pinkeye Tearing Your eye is crusted shut with discharge when you wake up.


Question: What is the treatment for iritis?

Answer: Iritis: The doctor will treat this with steroid, antibiotic, or antiviral eyedrops.


Question: What are corneal infections?

Answer: Corneal infections (keratitis): An inflamed or infected cornea is sometimes caused by a bacterial or viral infection. You may be more likely to get it if you leave your contacts in overnight or wear dirty lenses.


Question: Why should I see a doctor for eye pain?

Answer: The only way to sort out the causes of eye pain and to get the right treatment is to see a doctor. Your vision is precious. Protect it by taking eye pain seriously.


Question: What are the parts of the eye?

Answer: Sometimes discomfort or pain results from a problem in your eye or the parts around it, such as: Cornea: The clear window in the front of your eye that focuses light Sclera: The whites of your eyes Conjunctiva: The ultra-thin covering of your sclera and the inside of your eyelid Iris: The colored part of your eye, with the pupil in the middle Orbit: A bony cave (eye socket) in your skull where the eye and its muscles are located. Extraocular muscles: They rotate your eye. Nerves: They carry visual information from your eyes to your brain. Eyelids: Outside coverings that protect and spread moisture over your eyes.


Question: How can I treat a stye?

Answer: Styes: Use warm compresses at home for a few days.


Question: Are there different types of treatment for eye pain?

Answer: Just as causes can vary, so do treatments. They target the specific cause of eye pain.


Question: How is iritis treated?

Answer: Iritis: The doctor will treat this with steroid, antibiotic, or antiviral eyedrops.


Question: What is the treatment for optic neuritis?

Answer: Optic neuritis: It's treated with corticosteroids.


Question: What is iritis or uveitis?

Answer: Iritis or uveitis: An inflammation inside your eye from trauma, infections, or problems with your immune system. Symptoms include pain, red eye, and, often, worse vision.


Question: What is optic neuritis?

Answer: Optic neuritis: An inflammation of the nerve that travels from the back of the eyeball into your brain. Multiple sclerosis and other conditions or infections are often to blame. Symptoms include loss of vision and sometimes deep discomfort when you look from side to side.


Question: What is a stye?

Answer: Stye: This is a tender bump on the edge of your eyelid. It happens when an oil gland, eyelash, or hair follicle gets infected or inflamed. You may hear your doctor call it a chalazion or hordeolum.


Question: What are parts of the eye that can get eye pain?

Answer: Sometimes discomfort or pain results from a problem in your eye or the parts around it, such as: Cornea: The clear window in the front of your eye that focuses light Sclera: The whites of your eyes Conjunctiva: The ultra-thin covering of your sclera and the inside of your eyelid Iris: The colored part of your eye, with the pupil in the middle Orbit: A bony cave (eye socket) in your skull where the eye and its muscles are located. Extraocular muscles: They rotate your eye. Nerves: They carry visual information from your eyes to your brain. Eyelids: Outside coverings that protect and spread moisture over your eyes.


Question: How can you get help for emotional eating?

Answer: Try meditation or counseling, or talk to your doctor to see what resources and techniques they recommend to help you cope with emotional stress. As you learn to practice better coping strategies and to curb emotional eating, remember to reward yourself. By patting yourself on the back for a job well done, you increase the likelihood that you'll maintain your new healthy habits.


Question: Will drinking water and other fluids cure constipation?

Answer: Extra fluids help keep the stool soft and easy to pass, but drinking more liquids does not cure constipation.


Question: How much fluid is enough to ease chronic constipation?

Answer: When it comes to thirst, most experts say you should let your body be your guide. The Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board suggests that women get 91 ounces of water each day from foods and drinks and men should get 125 ounces. Remember, this recommendation includes the fluids that you take in from your food. In general, for healthy, average people, 8 cups a day is a good goal. Talk to your doctor about how much water is good for you. People with some medical conditions may need to drink less than that. Others may need more than 8 cups a day.


Question: What causes chronic constipation?

Answer: If you don't have enough water in your body already, the large intestine soaks up water from your food waste. This makes you have hard stools that are difficult to pass. There are other causes of chronic constipation too, including what you eat, traveling, medicines, irritable bowel syndrome, and pregnancy.


Question: Are there fluids you should avoid if you have constipation?

Answer: It is a diuretic, which gets rid of water from your body and leads to dehydration. Caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea, and colas are also diuretics, but as long as you drink moderate amounts, they probably won't cause dehydration.


Question: How can you prevent dehydration?

Answer: Watch the amount of fluid you drink, listen to your body, and drink more liquids during exercise and hot weather. You get dehydrated when your body gets rid of more fluids -- usually through sweating or going to the bathroom more than normal -- than it takes in. Drinking too little water during exercise, hot weather, or daily activities can also cause your body to use up its stored water.


Question: Besides water, what other fluids are hydrating for constipation?

Answer: Fruit and vegetable juices, clear soups, and herbal teas are also good sources of fluids.


Question: How does allogeneic stem cell transplant help in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Allogeneic stem cell transplant. It's the only potential cure. The procedure is usually done if you're young and don't have any medical issues besides CML. It replaces abnormal white blood cells with stem cells you get from a donor and lets your body make healthy blood cells. But there are serious risks, including a disease called GVHD (graft-versus-host disease). When this happens, the new stem cells attack your normal cells by mistake.


Question: Does chemotherapy help in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: It kills the abnormal cells in your body, but it doesn't work as well for CML as other types of leukemia. It's usually used if you're in the "blast" phase of the disease, a period when infections and bleeding are common and can be life-threatening.


Question: How do you know if your treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia is working?

Answer: For instance, he'll look to see that you have: Normal blood cell counts with no signs of abnormal white blood cells, called a complete hematologic response. No blood or bone marrow cells that contain the " Philadelphia" chromosome, which creates the BCR- ABL gene. This is called a complete cytogenetic response. No sign of BCR- ABL in your blood, also called a complete molecular response.


Question: How does immunotherapy help in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: It helps your immune system, your body's defense against germs, destroy the cancer.


Question: What are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Your doctor will likely prescribe a TKI such as: Bosutinib ( Bosulif) Dasatinib ( Sprycel) Imatinib ( Gleevec) Nilotinib ( Tasigna) Ponatinib ( Iclusig) Most people get a quick response from these drugs.


Question: What is the first step in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Your doctor will decide on a treatment plan based on the stage of your disease. He'll likely start you off with a type of drug called a tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( TKI). It blocks a protein called tyrosine kinase, which is made by the BCR- ABL gene and plays a role in the growth of abnormal blood cells.


Question: What is a typical schedule for testing in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: While you take TKIs, you'll get regular blood tests, including: Complete blood counts to check white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets Blood cell exams to check the percentage of abnormal blood cells Cytogenetic analysis, which looks for the abnormal Philadelphia chromosome Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) tests to check for the BCR- ABL gene A typical schedule for testing may look something like this: During the first 3 months, you'll likely have a complete round of blood tests every 2 weeks. At 3 months, you may get a follow-up bone marrow study. After the third month, you'll have blood and bone marrow tests at least once every 6 months until you have a complete cytogenetic response. Once you have a complete cytogenetic and molecular response, you'll get a PCR test every 3-6 months and a cytogenetic analysis once every year.


Question: What are side effects from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that treat chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Some side effects that you might have from a TKI are: Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Rash Headache Fatigue Lower blood cell counts Your doctor will set several goals to help him check if your treatment is doing its job.


Question: How effective is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Your doctor will likely prescribe a TKI such as: Bosutinib ( Bosulif) Dasatinib ( Sprycel) Imatinib ( Gleevec) Nilotinib ( Tasigna) Ponatinib ( Iclusig) Most people get a quick response from these drugs. Your doctor will likely know in 3 to 6 months if your treatment works. You may go into "remission" while you take a TKI. That means that the abnormal gene is no longer in your cells. It doesn't mean that you're cured, but your CML is now under control.


Question: What blood tests will you get if you take  tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: While you take TKIs, you'll get regular blood tests, including: Complete blood counts to check white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets Blood cell exams to check the percentage of abnormal blood cells Cytogenetic analysis, which looks for the abnormal Philadelphia chromosome Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) tests to check for the BCR- ABL gene A typical schedule for testing may look something like this: During the first 3 months, you'll likely have a complete round of blood tests every 2 weeks.


Question: How can I motivate a child with ADHD?

Answer: You don't have to spoil your child with money, expensive gifts, or food. Prizes can be small.


Question: Is normal for ADHD to cause my child to not get tasks done?

Answer: It's a common complaint: ADHD makes it hard for your child to focus on a task long enough to start it, let alone finish it. Sure, you could pick up that dirty sock on the floor yourself, but your child needs to learn ways to get things done on his own.


Question: How can I remind my child with ADHD about chores or tasks?

Answer: Write them down, so your kid can check off the tasks as she finishes each one. Add a picture of the clean room to the checklist so she can see the goal. Use large, colorful sticky notes. Put them where they'll do the most good, in places where your child needs to remember something -- " Brush your teeth" on the bathroom mirror or " Do you have your backpack?" by the door, for examples. Use a calendar for ongoing weekly tasks or projects that will take a while.


Question: Does it help to get frustrated with a child with ADHD?

Answer: If you get frustrated when your child doesn't follow through, remember that it's not her fault. It's just how her brain works. Having ADHD is hard for her, too. She probably gets called out by teachers, peers, and maybe even you many times a day. Don't dwell on her mistakes. Focus on her strengths and play up her successes.


Question: Can chemotherapy affect parts of my mouth?

Answer: Some types of chemotherapy can affect your white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. That can affect your gums and the lining in your mouth.


Question: Should I avoid mouthwash if I have lung cancer?

Answer: Skip mouthwashes that contain alcohol, which can be drying. Look for an alcohol-free one that has fluoride. If you don't have any mouthwash, rinse with water regularly, which can clear your mouth and gums of food particles and bacteria. You may want to consider using a mix that has a quarter teaspoon of baking soda and a quarter teaspoon salt in 1 quart of warm water. If you have mouth sores, rinse with plain warm water that has a little bit of salt in it. Your dentist can also prescribe a mouthwash that may help with sores.


Question: Can radiation therapy affect parts of my mouth?

Answer: Likewise, certain kinds of radiation therapy can cause pain and stiffness, and even contribute to cavities in your teeth because of dry mouth.


Question: How frequently should I brush my teeth if I have lung cancer?

Answer: Gently brush your teeth, gums, and tongue after every meal, and before bed, too. If it hurts to brush, you can soften your toothbrush by soaking it in warm water before you use it. If toothpaste stings, brush with salt water -- add a quarter teaspoon of salt to 2 cups of water.


Question: How can you tell if vulvodynia is causing chronic pelvic pain?

Answer: Symptoms you may have: Leaking urine Feeling like something is falling out of your vagina Difficulty with bowel movements Lower back pain Pain during sex Pelvic organs bulge into the vagina, or even stick out the vaginal opening, in severe cases Vulvodynia is pain that affects the vulva for no apparent reason. The pain of vulvodynia may be constant or it may come and go. Symptoms you may have: Burning or stinging sensations in the vulva Pain when something presses on the vulva, like during sex or when you straddle a seat Pain in your inner thighs For some women, the root of pelvic pain is psychological.


Question: How can you tell if irritable bowel syndrome is causing chronic pelvic pain?

Answer: Symptoms you may have: Pain starts 7-10 days before your period Pelvic pain is worse when you sit or stand Lying down relieves pelvic pain Lower back pain Aches in your legs Pain during sex Chronic pelvic pain sometimes isn't only due to problems with reproductive organs or the urinary tract; other organs in the pelvic area, if "diseased," can present as pelvic pain. Irritable bowel syndrome, an intestinal condition that often causes pain, may be the cause. Symptoms you may have: Diarrhea Constipation Incontinence Flatulence Bloating Pain relieved by a bowel movement Fibroids are noncancerous tumors that grow in, and on, the wall of the uterus.


Question: How can you tell if levator syndrome is causing chronic pelvic pain?

Answer: Symptoms you may have: Heavy periods Feeling pressure or fullness in your abdomen Need to urinate frequently Pain or cramps during your period Constipation Hemorrhoids Sometimes, spasms of a pelvic muscle called the "levator ani" cause pelvic pain. Symptoms you may have: Pain is related to sitting Pain doesn't seem to be related to bowel movements You wake up at night in pain Pain usually lasts less than 20 minutes at a time Sometimes women have pelvic pain when the muscles and ligaments that hold organs in place weaken.


Question: How can you tell if adenomyosis is causing chronic pelvic pain?

Answer: Symptoms you may have: Pelvic pain or cramps before or during your period Pain during or after sex Pain when you ovulate Painful bowel movements Rectal bleeding during your period Pain when you urinate Lower back pain Infertility Spotting between periods Bloating in your abdomen This condition is similar to endometriosis. Cells that normally line your uterus (the endometrium) invade the muscle tissue of the uterus wall (the myometrium). Many women with adenomyosis don't have any symptoms. Symptoms you may have: Pain during your period Feeling of pressure on your bladder or rectum Heavy periods Periods that last longer than usual Spotting between periods Women with interstitial cystitis have an inflamed bladder.


Question: How can you tell pelvic congestion syndrome is causing chronic pelvic pain?

Answer: Symptoms you may have: Vaginal discharge having an unusual color, texture, or odor Abdominal or pelvic pain in a specific area or more widespread Pain during sex Irregular or missed periods Menstrual cramps that are worse than usual Frequent need to urinate Pain when you urinate Pain when you ovulate It hurts when you press on certain areas of your pelvis Lower back pain Fatigue Fever Nausea Pelvic congestion is just like the varicose veins that some women have in their legs, but it affects the veins of the pelvis. Blood backs up in the veins, making them become enlarged and engorged. Pelvic congestion causes chronic pelvic pain in some women. Symptoms you may have: Pain starts 7-10 days before your period Pelvic pain is worse when you sit or stand Lying down relieves pelvic pain Lower back pain Aches in your legs Pain during sex Chronic pelvic pain sometimes isn't only due to problems with reproductive organs or the urinary tract; other organs in the pelvic area, if "diseased," can present as pelvic pain.


Question: How can you tell if pelvic support problems are causing chronic pelvic pain?

Answer: Symptoms you may have: Pain is related to sitting Pain doesn't seem to be related to bowel movements You wake up at night in pain Pain usually lasts less than 20 minutes at a time Sometimes women have pelvic pain when the muscles and ligaments that hold organs in place weaken. This causes organs like the uterus, the bladder, or the rectum to move from their normal places and herniate into the vagina. The vagina may also change shape. Pregnancy and giving birth may cause these kinds of problems. Symptoms you may have: Leaking urine Feeling like something is falling out of your vagina Difficulty with bowel movements Lower back pain Pain during sex Pelvic organs bulge into the vagina, or even stick out the vaginal opening, in severe cases Vulvodynia is pain that affects the vulva for no apparent reason.


Question: What is the vitreous in the eye?

Answer: It's bathed in moisture from a clear jelly known as the vitreous.


Question: What is the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the eye?

Answer: These cells absorb excess light so the photoreceptors can give a clearer signal. They also move nutrients to (and waste from) the photoreceptors to the choroid. The choroid is separate from the RPE.


Question: What are photoreceptors?

Answer: They're special nerve endings that convert the light into electrochemical signals.


Question: Where does the light that enters the eye go?

Answer: Its final destination is the retina, which lines the back of your eye. It's like the screen in a movie theater or the film in a camera. The focused light hits cells called photoreceptors.


Question: How does the lens of the eye work?

Answer: It circulates throughout the front part of your eye and keeps pressure inside constant After the aqueous humor, light passes through the pupil. This is the central round opening in your iris, the colored part of your eye. It changes size to control how much light gets in farther back. Next up is the lens. It works just like a camera to focus light. It adjusts shape depending on whether the light reflects off something near to you or far away.


Question: What is the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choroid, and sclera in the retina?

Answer: These cells absorb excess light so the photoreceptors can give a clearer signal. They also move nutrients to (and waste from) the photoreceptors to the choroid. The choroid is separate from the RPE. It lies behind the retina and is made up of many fine blood vessels that supply nutrition to the retina and the RPE. Sclera is the tough, white, fibrous outside wall of your eye. It's connected to the clear cornea in front.


Question: What are the blood vessels, macula, and photoreceptors in the retina?

Answer: Unlike a movie screen, the retina has many parts: Blood vessels bring nutrients to your nerve cells. The macula is the bull's-eye at the center of your retina. The dead center is called the fovea. Because it's the focal point of your eye, it has more special, light-sensitive nerve endings, called photoreceptors, than any other part. Photoreceptors come in two kinds: rods and cones. They're special nerve endings that convert the light into electrochemical signals.


Question: What happens after light enters the pupil?

Answer: It circulates throughout the front part of your eye and keeps pressure inside constant After the aqueous humor, light passes through the pupil. This is the central round opening in your iris, the colored part of your eye. It changes size to control how much light gets in farther back. Next up is the lens. It works just like a camera to focus light. It adjusts shape depending on whether the light reflects off something near to you or far away. This light now pierces the center of the eye. It's bathed in moisture from a clear jelly known as the vitreous.


Question: What sleep milestones should you expect in your 5-month-old?

Answer: He can pull objects closer and pick them up in the palm of his hand then move them adeptly from one hand to the other. He may even be able to hold a bottle or sippy cup by himself. Most babies sleep through the night by five months, but not all. To encourage your baby to get into a regular nighttime sleep rhythm, establish a bedtime routine.


Question: What communication milestones should you expect in your 5-month-old?

Answer: Your baby should be babbling away by now, and those babbles might even be starting to sound like real words. Five-month-olds can begin to put consonant and vowel sounds together (such as ''ba-ba''). If you hear a ''ma-ma'' or ''da-da'' in the mix, don't get too excited. Babies at this age haven't yet assigned meaning to words. Wait another couple of months and those ''ma-mas'' and ''da-das'' will be directed at you. At five months, babies are starting to make sense of the sounds they hear, such as a dog barking or a car engine starting. Though they can't yet understand words, they may turn their head at the sound of their name or a simple command like ''no.''


Question: What motor skills milestones should you expect in your 5-month-old?

Answer: Five-month-old babies can sit upright for longer periods of time. Your baby probably still needs to be propped up with a pillow or Boppy, but he may also be able to sit unsupported for a few seconds at a time. Some 5-month-olds can start rolling over from their back to their tummy. Once your baby does roll over, you may notice him working his legs and rocking. He's getting ready for crawling and scooting, which are just a couple of months away! But remember, when baby is able to roll over, make sure you never leave him on a bed or other high surface where he can accidentally roll off and get injured. Another thing you'll notice at five months is that your baby's grasp is getting stronger. He can pull objects closer and pick them up in the palm of his hand then move them adeptly from one hand to the other.


Question: What milestones should you expect in your 5-month-old?

Answer: You can expect him to make his first attempts at real speech. He's also gearing up to start crawling, which means you need to be ready for your little one's new mobility. This portion of Web MD's month-by-month guide describes a few of the baby milestones you can expect your child to reach at five months. Five-month-old babies can sit upright for longer periods of time.


Question: What are some tips for your babyâs fifth month?

Answer: Babies love music. Play all kinds of songs for your 5-month-old, from classical to jazz to pop. He will clap, smile, and maybe even babble along. Give your baby simple, colorful toys like a soft block or rattle to play with. When you hand over each item, name it ('' This is a block,'' '' That's a rattle'') to help teach your baby new words. Consider removing the mobile hanging over your baby's crib. Once babies can push up onto their hands and knees, they can get caught up in the mobile's hanging cords. If you haven't baby-proofed your house by now, make sure you do it soon. Cover all electrical outlets, place household cleaners and other hazardous materials in locked cabinets, and put away all choking hazards. Also be very careful about not leaving steaming mugs of coffee or curling irons on countertops where your baby might pull them down.


Question: What senses milestones should you expect in your 5-month-old?

Answer: Your 5-month-old's vision is continuing to improve. At this point, babies still don't have 20/20 vision, but they can see well at different distances and their eyes can focus together without crossing. At five months, your baby's color perception has sharpened to the point where he can tell the difference between two shades of the same color. But babies at this age still prefer primary colors such as red, blue, and yellow.


Question: What are the main side effects of 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs for Crohn's disease?

Answer: There are two main 5- ASA drugs used in Crohn's: Mesalamine ( Apriso, Asacol, Delzicol, Lialda, Pentasa) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) The main side effects are: Diarrhea Nausea Stomachache Headache Skin rash Sulfasalazine can cut sperm counts in men, and it may lower your supply of infection-fighting white blood cells. If you're allergic to sulfa drugs, you may have a reaction to sulfasalazine and shouldn't take it.


Question: What are the main goals if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: When you have Crohn's disease, you want to prevent flare-ups and keep them away for good.


Question: What are the side effects of taking steroid drugs for Crohn's disease?

Answer: When you take steroids, you might notice one or more of these side effects: Acne Hair growth on your face Night sweats Swelling of the face (called "moon face") Trouble sleeping Weight gain More serious side effects include: Cataracts Diabetes Glaucoma High blood pressure Weakened bones and fractures Because steroids weaken your immune system, they can make you more likely to get an infection. Children who take them for a long time may grow more slowly than normal.


Question: What are some side effects of steroids?

Answer: When you take steroids, you might notice one or more of these side effects: Acne Hair growth on your face Night sweats Swelling of the face (called "moon face") Trouble sleeping Weight gain More serious side effects include: Cataracts Diabetes Glaucoma High blood pressure Weakened bones and fractures Because steroids weaken your immune system, they can make you more likely to get an infection.


Question: What are the side effects of 5-ASA drugs?

Answer: There are two main 5- ASA drugs used in Crohn's: Mesalamine ( Apriso, Asacol, Delzicol, Lialda, Pentasa) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) The main side effects are: Diarrhea Nausea Stomachache Headache Skin rash Sulfasalazine can cut sperm counts in men, and it may lower your supply of infection-fighting white blood cells. If you're allergic to sulfa drugs, you may have a reaction to sulfasalazine and shouldn't take it.


Question: Do 5-ASA drugs work for Crohn's disease?

Answer: There's some question about how effective these drugs are for Crohn's. Your doctor may suggest these if you have mild Crohn's disease in your large intestine (also called the colon). Once your symptoms get better, you may continue to take them to prevent flare-ups.


Question: How does diclofenac help treat knee pain?

Answer: Diclofenac, another prescription NSAID, comes in a gel ( Voltaren) and as a liquid ( Pennsaid) that you put on your skin.


Question: How can acetaminophen help my knee pain?

Answer: Acetaminophen treats mild to moderate pain. It's in over 6,000 products, by itself and with other medicines. If you take too much, it can harm your liver. So check the label on everything you take so you don't accidentally overdose.


Question: How long will it take for corticosteroids to help knee pain?

Answer: It can take about 2 to 3 days before you feel the effect. Most people can return to work or go home right after they get the shot. Some people get what's called the "steroid flare," a burst of pain in the injection area for up to 48 hours.


Question: How can corticosteroids help treat knee pain?

Answer: Corticosteroids aren't the type of steroid that builds muscle. In the best cases, they can lower inflammation and relieve pain for months. You probably won't get more than two or three steroid shots per year.


Question: When should I call the doctor about a baby's diaper rash?

Answer: The rash gets worse or doesn't respond to treatment in 2 or 3 days. Your baby has a fever or seems sluggish. You see yellow, fluid-filled bumps (pustules) and honey-colored crusty areas. This might be a bacterial infection that requires antibiotics. You notice symptoms of a yeast infection: A swollen red rash with white scales and lesions Small red pimples outside of the diaper area Redness in the folds of the baby's skin Your pediatrician can prescribe an antifungal medicine to clear it up.


Question: What changes can lead to fewer diaper rashes?

Answer: Some parents find these changes lead to fewer diaper rashes: Change the type of diaper. If you use cloth, try disposables. Or try a different brand of disposable diaper. If you wash your own cloth diapers, change your detergent. Choose a mild, hypoallergenic detergent.


Question: When do babies get a diaper rash more often?

Answer: Babies get a diaper rash more often when they: Get older -- especially between 9 and 12 months old Sleep in poopy diapers Have diarrhea Start eating solid foods Are taking antibiotics, or if you take antibiotics and are nursing Wash your hands before and after every diaper change.


Question: What are the side effects of yohimbe?

Answer: Side effects can include: Higher blood pressure and a faster or irregular heartbeat Chest pain Breathing problems Flushed skin or a rash Tremors (rhythmic muscle movements you didn't mean to make) Pain in your genitals A painful erection that won't go away You could: Feel dizzy, nervous, worried, or cranky Get a headache Get an upset stomach or lose your appetite Have trouble sleeping The safest bet is to talk to your doctor before you start taking it.


Question: How can long-term controller medicines help manage the symptoms of allergic asthma in children?

Answer: They're for kids who get asthma symptoms more than twice a week, nighttime symptoms more than twice a month, or those who've been to the hospital for asthma recently. They include: Budesonide ( Pulmicort) Fluticasone ( Flovent) Montelukast ( Singulair) Salmeterol ( Advair) Many kids use both types of medicine. They take long-term control medicines every day and carry quick-relief medicines with them in case of an asthma attack.


Question: How can quick-relief medicines help manage the symptoms of allergic asthma in children?

Answer: Doctors prescribe two types of medicines to manage children's asthma symptoms: Quick-relief medicines widen the airways to stop asthma attacks when they happen. Some kids use these medicines before they exercise. Albuterol ( Pro Air HFA, Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA) is the most common quick-relief medicine.


Question: What are the physical signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: PMS shows up in many different ways. Everything in this list could be a sign of PMS. But most women get just a few of these, not all of them. Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.


Question: What are the emotional signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.


Question: What are the behavioral signs of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS.


Question: What can your doctor do to help you manage premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: If you've tried different things, but still have bad PMS, it's probably time to get help. Make an appointment with your doctor or gynecologist. She'll ask about your symptoms, your health, and medicines you take. She may take some blood tests to make sure the problem is PMS and not something else. Your doctor may prescribe medicine. Birth control pills sometimes help with headache and cramps. Antidepressants (medicines that help treat depression) may be an option. Some women take medicine to get rid of extra fluid that makes them feel bloated. Doctors call these diuretics (water pills). Your doctor might suggest talk therapy. It's a way to feel better and learn new skills to overcome challenges by talking with a mental health counselor. If you have notes about your symptoms, bring it to the appointment. Plan ahead about the questions you want to ask. That way you'll get the best help from your doctor.


Question: Who is most likely to get premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Physical signs Bloated tummy Cramps Tender breasts Hunger Headache Muscle aches Joint pain Swollen hands and feet Pimples Weight gain Constipation or diarrhea Emotional signs Tense or anxious Depressed Crying Mood swings Can't sleep Don't want to be with people Feel overwhelmed or out of control Angry outbursts Behavioral signs Forget things Loss of mental focus Tired Girls and women who still get their period can get PMS. But it's most common in women who: Are in their late 20s to early 40s. Have had a child. Have family members with depression. Had baby blues (postpartum depression), depression or bipolar disorder.


Question: What causes premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

Answer: Even though PMS is common, doctors don't know exactly what causes it. It probably has to do with changes in your body chemistry around the time of your period. Some conditions affect PMS, but don't cause it. PMS can be brought on, or can get worse if you: Smoke Are under lots of stress Don't exercise Don't sleep enough Drink too much alcohol or eat too much salt, red meat, or sugar Are depressed Women with other health problems may find that those problems get worse before their period. Some of those are migraine headaches, asthma, and allergies.


Question: What is pseudogout?

Answer: Pseudogout is a similar but generally less painful condition caused by calcium pyrophosphate crystals in the joints. While it can affect the large toe, it is more commonly seen in larger joints such as the knee, wrist, or ankle. More common after age 60 in both sexes, pseudogout is treated with anti-inflammatory agents.


Question: What causes gout?

Answer: Any extra uric acid usually filters through the kidneys and gets passed in urine. If the body produces too much uric acid or fails to excrete it in the urine, crystals of monosodium urate form in the joints and tendons. These crystals cause intense inflammation leading to pain swelling and redness.


Question: What happens during an X-ray for arthritis?

Answer: The X-ray machine will send a beam of ionizing radiation through an X-ray tube. This energy passes through the part of the body being X-rayed and is then absorbed on film or a digital camera to create a picture. Bones and other dense areas show up as lighter shades of gray to white, while areas that don't absorb the radiation appear as dark gray to black. The entire test takes no more than 10 to 15 minutes. You will feel no discomfort from the X-ray test.


Question: What are the symptoms of influenza?

Answer: Typical flu symptoms include fever (usually 100-103 degrees Fahrenheit in adults and often even higher in children) and respiratory symptoms, such as cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, as well as headache, muscle aches, and often extreme fatigue. Although nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea can sometimes accompany the flu, especially in children, gastrointestinal symptoms are rare. The term "stomach flu" isn't really a flu at all. It's often used to describe an illness caused by other viruses.


Question: What major flu pandemics have occurred in the past?

Answer: During the last century, major pandemics occurred three times, each of which resulted in large numbers of deaths: 1918-19 " Spanish flu" A -- Caused the highest known influenza-related mortality: approximately 500,000 deaths occurred in the U. S., 20 million worldwide 1957-58 " Asian flu" A -- 70,000 deaths in the United States 1968-69 " Hong- Kong flu" A -- 34,000 deaths in the United States


Question: What high blood pressure drugs are commonly linked to erectile dysfunction?

Answer: High blood pressure by itself can lead to erectile dysfunction.


Question: How can beta-blockers cause erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Beta-blockers dampen the response to nerve impulses that lead to an erection. They also make it more difficult for the arteries in the penis to widen and let in blood. What's more, they can make you feel sedated and depressed -- and the mind always plays some part in sexual arousal.


Question: Why do allergies and asthma cause coughing?

Answer: If you have them, inhaling a trigger like mold can cause your lungs to overreact. They're trying to cough out what's bothering them.


Question: When should you see a doctor for a cough?

Answer: If your cough isn't getting better after 1 week, it's time to call your doc. See him as soon as you can if your cough interferes with your daily life and ability to work, or if it comes with any of these other symptoms: Trouble breathing Chest pain Ongoing heartburn Coughing up blood Fever or night sweats Trouble sleeping


Question: Why does postnasal drip cause coughing?

Answer: When you're congested, mucus drips down from your nose into your throat, and makes you cough. You can get postnasal drip from colds, flu, sinus infections, allergies, and other problems.


Question: How long do coughs usually last?

Answer: Common viruses are the most likely causes. Sometimes, the cough can last weeks or months after the virus is gone. Over time your airways will heal and the cough will stop.


Question: Why do viruses cause coughing?

Answer: Colds and the flu are the most common causes. While annoying, coughs that are âproductiveâ get germy mucus out of your lungs when you're sick. Most will go away in a few days.


Question: What are some less known causes of coughing?

Answer: Many other problems -- lung inflammation, sleep apnea, and drug side effects -- can be triggers. Get coughs that won't go away checked out to make sure you don't have a separate problem.


Question: Can medicine be used for a cough?

Answer: Over-the-counter cough remedies can help in a number of ways. Suppressants lessen your urge to cough. Expectorants thin mucus and make it easier to hack up.


Question: What are common asthma triggers?

Answer: Some asthma triggers include: Contaminants in the air such as smoke, chemicals, vapors (gases), fumes, dust, or other particles Respiratory infections, such as colds and flu (viruses) Allergens in the air such as molds, animal dander, and pollen Occupational asthma can occur in almost any line of work or any work environment, including offices, stores, hospitals, and medical facilities.


Question: What type of occupational asthma is irritant asthma?

Answer: Irritant asthma: Exposure to certain substances or conditions in the workplace irritates the airways, causing immediate symptoms. Although this is not an allergic-type reaction, the irritation may cause allergy-like or asthma-like symptoms.


Question: What happens once an occupational asthma attack is triggered?

Answer: Once the attack is triggered, the airways begin to swell and tighten (bronchospasm) and secrete mucus. The swelling and extra mucus partially block, or obstruct, the airways. This makes it more difficult to push air out of your lungs (exhale).


Question: How can chemotherapy help with treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: Allogenic (from a donor) stem cell transplant Autologous (from yourself) stem cell transplant Chemotherapy uses strong drugs to kill cancer cells all over your body. You get these drugs by mouth, through an IV, or via an injection under your skin. If the cancer has spread, you'll get chemotherapy into the fluid around your brain and spinal cord. Doctors call this intrathecal chemotherapy.


Question: How can stem cell transplant help treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?

Answer: Your doctor can do a stem cell transplant after chemotherapy to replace your damaged bone marrow with young stem cells from your own body or from a donor. These stem cells will grow into new, healthy blood cells.


Question: Are there drugs that exist to help with quitting smoking?

Answer: There are also two drugs your doctor can prescribe that may help: Chantix and Zyban. When using any of these products, follow the directions on the package and report any side effects to your doctor. Don't use more than one type, and don't smoke while using nicotine replacement products, since doing so can cause serious side effects.


Question: What kinds of non-drug nicotine replacement therapies exist?

Answer: You can also ask your doctor if nicotine replacement therapy might help. Nicotine patches, gum, lozenges, and nasal sprays are four ways to curb cravings for nicotine without a prescription. You wear the patch on your skin, between the neck and waist. It steadily supplies small amounts of nicotine. The gum lets you control the amount of nicotine you get each day. Use it for up to 30 minutes at a time. The nasal spray provides fast relief from nicotine cravings but requires a prescription. The lozenges also control the amount of nicotine you get each day.


Question: How does smoking affect people with diabetes?

Answer: And since diabetes makes you more likely to get heart disease, you definitely don't want the extra risk that comes from smoking. No matter how much or how long you have smoked, quitting helps your health. You'll feel better, look better (since smoking gives you wrinkles before you're old), and you'll save money, too. If you have diabetes, here are some tips to help you quit, based on guidelines from the American Cancer Society.


Question: Where does angina hurt?

Answer: You usually feel angina in your chest, but you might feel it in your: Arms Back Jaw Neck Shoulder Symptoms are often subtler in women.


Question: Can ischemia happen when youâre at rest?

Answer: If this happens to you, call your doctor or go to the emergency room. Ischemia can happen without warning in anyone with heart disease, although it is more common in people with diabetes.


Question: What is EECP for heart disease?

Answer: People who have chronic angina but haven't gotten any help from nitrate medications or don't qualify for some procedures may find relief with this. It's an outpatient procedure -- one where you won't need to be admitted to the hospital -- that uses cuffs on the legs that inflate and deflate to boost blood supply to your coronary arteries.


Question: What is angiogenesis for heart disease?

Answer: For this treatment, you'll get stem cells and other genetic material through your vein or directly into your damaged heart tissue. It helps new blood vessels grow and go around the clogged ones.


Question: How does coronary artery disease develop?

Answer: Plaque can start to collect along your blood vessel walls when you're young and build up as you get older. That buildup inflames those walls and raises the risk of blood clots and heart attacks. The plaque makes the inner walls of your blood vessels sticky. Things like inflammatory cells, lipoproteins, and calcium attach to the plaque as they travel through your bloodstream.


Question: How is coronary artery disease diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor can tell if you have coronary artery disease after: They learn your symptoms, medical history, and risk factors. They do a physical exam. You might also get diagnostic tests so your doctor can find the extent of your coronary artery disease and its effect on your heart. This helps them choose the best treatment for you.


Question: What are tips to cut down the amount of salt in my diet?

Answer: Try these tips: Read labels. Look for "salt," "sodium," "sea salt," and "kosher salt." Rinse salty canned food such as tuna before using it. Substitute herbs and spices for sodium and salt when cooking. Avoid instant or flavored side dishes, which usually have a lot of added sodium. Instead, try cooking plain rice, pasta, or grains without adding salt. You can add other flavorings or a bit of salt when you serve them. Look for "low sodium" on food labels.


Question: When should I seek medical care for what might be an adhesion?

Answer: See a doctor any time you experience abdominal pain, pelvic pain, or unexplained fever. If you have undergone surgery or have a history of medical illness, discuss any changes in your recovery or condition with your doctor. Call 911 and go to the nearest emergency department if chest pain occurs.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Your health care team should include: Neurologists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Counselors Social workers Speech therapists Registered dietitians The goals of treatment vary for each person, but in most cases, treatment for Parkinson's disease is designed to: Maintain overall quality of life Improve mobility and function Reduce rigidity Reduce tremor Reverse slowed movements Improve posture, gait, balance, speech, and writing skills Maintain mental sharpness Most people with Parkinson's disease can be treated using prescribed medications.


Question: Which health care professionals can be part of your medical team if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Treating Parkinson's disease is often a "team effort" involving not only your neurologist but also a wide variety of specialists. Your health care team should include: Neurologists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Counselors Social workers Speech therapists Registered dietitians The goals of treatment vary for each person, but in most cases, treatment for Parkinson's disease is designed to: Maintain overall quality of life Improve mobility and function Reduce rigidity Reduce tremor Reverse slowed movements Improve posture, gait, balance, speech, and writing skills Maintain mental sharpness Most people with Parkinson's disease can be treated using prescribed medications.


Question: What are tips to help manage the emotional changes of menopause?

Answer: Here are some tips that may make it easier for you to handle your fluctuating emotions: Exercise and eat healthy. Find a self-calming skill to practice, such as yoga, meditation, or rhythmic breathing. Avoid tranquilizers and alcohol. Engage in a creative outlet that fosters a sense of achievement. Stay connected with your family and community. Nurture your friendships.


Question: Can hormone replacement therapy help during menopause?

Answer: Although depression is not caused by menopause, some women exhibit the symptoms of depression during this time. If you are feeling increasingly unable to cope, see your doctor. He or she may be able to recommend medicine, such as antidepressants, or therapy that can get you through this rough time.


Question: When should I see a doctor about menopause?

Answer: Although depression is not caused by menopause, some women exhibit the symptoms of depression during this time. If you are feeling increasingly unable to cope, see your doctor. He or she may be able to recommend medicine, such as antidepressants, or therapy that can get you through this rough time.


Question: Is having a hard time concentrating and being forgetful a normal part of perimenopause?

Answer: Unfortunately, difficulty with concentration and minor memory problems can often be a normal part of perimenopause, the time leading up to menopause (defined as not having a period for a year). The good news is that it is likely to be temporary. Current medical knowledge is limited as to why memory changes occur with perimenopause, and there are currently no treatments available to relieve these symptoms. If you are having memory problems, discuss this with your doctor. He or she can help manage memory problems or refer you to a provider who can.


Question: What are the emotional changes experienced with menopause?

Answer: Some of the emotional changes experienced by women undergoing perimenopause or menopause can include: Irritability Feelings of sadness Lack of motivation Anxiety Aggressiveness Difficulty concentrating Fatigue Mood changes Tension If you are feeling irritable and sad, there is a good chance it could be related to menopause, but the above listed symptoms are not linked only to menopause. There are a number of conditions that can cause you to feel downright irritable. Tell your doctor how you are feeling, so he or she can rule out other medical or psychiatric conditions. Irritability and feelings of sadness are the most common emotional symptoms of menopause.


Question: When can patellofemoral pain syndrome happen?

Answer: The pain might start because you've suddenly started to exercise more, such as going from working out 3 days a week to 6. Or maybe you've made your workouts more intense. Other things that might bring on patellofemoral pain syndrome: Poor exercise technique The wrong equipment, such as shoes Changing your exercise surface; for instance, running on streets after you've been running on a track Patellofemoral pain syndrome also may come from an alignment problem in how your knee works.


Question: What movements might hurt your kneecap and cause patellofemoral pain syndrome?

Answer: If you have this condition, you might hurt when you: Go up or down stairs Kneel or squat Sit with your knees bent for a long time, such as during a movie or plane ride You might also hear popping or crackling in your knees when you climb stairs or get up after you've been sitting a long time.


Question: When can your kneecap get fractured?

Answer: Symptoms that your kneecap has subluxated include: Pain in the front of your knee A feeling that your kneecap is loose Your knee suddenly buckles In a fall, landing directly on your knee A direct hit to your knee, like slamming it against the dashboard in a car accident If you break your kneecap, your symptoms might include: Bruises You can't walk You can't straighten your knee or keep it straight when you raise your leg This catch-all term describes pain in the front of the knee and around the kneecap.


Question: What are signs that you've dislocated your kneecap?

Answer: Signs that you've dislocated your kneecap include: The joint looks out of place, though it might move back on its own A popping sound or feeling Severe pain You can't straighten your leg or walk Sudden swelling Your knee also might dislocate without an injury because there's a problem with the structure.


Question: What is patellofemoral pain syndrome?

Answer: Symptoms that your kneecap has subluxated include: Pain in the front of your knee A feeling that your kneecap is loose Your knee suddenly buckles In a fall, landing directly on your knee A direct hit to your knee, like slamming it against the dashboard in a car accident If you break your kneecap, your symptoms might include: Bruises You can't walk You can't straighten your knee or keep it straight when you raise your leg This catch-all term describes pain in the front of the knee and around the kneecap. Sometimes it's called ârunner's kneeâ or a âtrackingâ problem.


Question: What are symptoms that your kneecap has subluxated?

Answer: Symptoms that your kneecap has subluxated include: Pain in the front of your knee A feeling that your kneecap is loose Your knee suddenly buckles In a fall, landing directly on your knee A direct hit to your knee, like slamming it against the dashboard in a car accident If you break your kneecap, your symptoms might include: Bruises You can't walk You can't straighten your knee or keep it straight when you raise your leg This catch-all term describes pain in the front of the knee and around the kneecap.


Question: What are the symptoms of a broken kneecap?

Answer: Symptoms that your kneecap has subluxated include: Pain in the front of your knee A feeling that your kneecap is loose Your knee suddenly buckles In a fall, landing directly on your knee A direct hit to your knee, like slamming it against the dashboard in a car accident If you break your kneecap, your symptoms might include: Bruises You can't walk You can't straighten your knee or keep it straight when you raise your leg This catch-all term describes pain in the front of the knee and around the kneecap.


Question: What are some dietary recommendations for treating bipolar disorder?

Answer: Some general dietary recommendations for treating bipolar disorder include: Getting only moderate amounts of caffeine and not stopping caffeine use abruptly Avoiding high-fat meals to lower the risk for obesity Watching your salt if you have high blood pressure but not skimping on salt if you are being prescribed lithium (low salt intake can cause higher levels of lithium in the blood) Following your doctor's instructions to stay away from foods that may affect your specific bipolar medication, if any In addition, you need to be wary of natural dietary supplements that can cause a drug-herb interaction.


Question: How does fish oil help with bipolar disorder?

Answer: But some experts also believe that fish oil might play a role in brain function and behavior. While studies of omega-3 fatty acids for mood symptoms are not conclusive, some experts believe that they may be helpful in some people with bipolar disorder, particularly if they have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease or high triglycerides. Some research suggests that getting more omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil is linked to greater volume in areas of the brain. In particular, these areas are related to mood and behavior. In one study of 75 patients, one of the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids was decreasing depression in bipolar disorder. Still, the overall evidence for benefit of fish oil in bipolar disorder is inconsistent. More studies are needed before fish oil can be recommended as a proven treatment for bipolar disorder. If you're a vegetarian or vegan looking for possible benefits of fish oil, go with nuts. Walnuts, flaxseed, and canola oil contain alpha-linolenic acid ( ALA), which is converted to omega-3 fatty acid in the body.


Question: What are good sources of fish oil for bipolar disorder?

Answer: Good choices include: Albacore tuna Anchovies Herring Mackerel Salmon Sardines Trout If you do not like fish, you can take an over the counter fish oil supplement, but it is not known if that will have the same positive effect.


Question: Can I drink grapefruit juice while on bipolar drugs?

Answer: Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice with your bipolar medication. Grapefruit juice may increase the blood levels of many psychiatric medications that are used in bipolar disorder. These include some antidepressants - such as fluvoxamine ( Luvox) or sertraline ( Zoloft), the anti-anxiety drug buspirone ( Buspar), certain anticonvulsants - such as carbamazepine ( Carbatrol, Epitol, Equetro, Tegretol), some antipsychotics - such as lurasidone ( Latuda), quetiapine ( Seroquel) or ziprasidone Geodon), stimulants - such as dextroamphetamine ( Adderall, Adderall XR, or Dexedrine), and many sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines), such as alprazolam ( Xanax),clonazepam( Klonopin), diazepam ( Valium), and lorazepam ( Ativan), which could cause excessive drowsiness, mental impairment and even toxicity.


Question: What should you know about alcohol and bipolar disorder?

Answer: Instructions for most psychiatric medications warn users not to drink alcohol, but people with bipolar disorder frequently abuse alcohol and other drugs. The abuse is possibly an attempt to self-medicate or to treat their disturbing mood symptoms, and they may also cause mood symptoms that can mimic those of bipolar disorder. Alcohol is a depressant. That's why many people use it as a tranquilizer at the end of a hard day or as an assist for tense social situations. While some patients stop drinking when they are depressed, it is more common that someone with bipolar disorder drinks during low moods. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, people with bipolar disorder are five times more likely to develop alcohol misuse and dependence than the rest of the population.


Question: Should you take bipolar medication with or without food?

Answer: So talk with your doctor or pharmacist before taking the first dose. Some bipolar drugs can be taken with or without food. Others (such as Latuda or Geodon) are better absorbed into your system when taken with food or are less effective if taken with food (such as Saphris). Your doctor or pharmacist can pull the latest recommendations on taking the bipolar medication so you can safely take the medicine and get the full benefit of the drug.


Question: When should you see a doctor about the symptoms of breast cancer?

Answer: Many of the symptoms of breast cancer can also be symptoms of something else. Only your doctor can tell for sure. If you have any of these, make an appointment with your doctor. A lump in the breast or armpit Thickening of breast skin or tissue that lasts through your period A change in the size, shape, or contour of the breast Clear or bloody fluid coming from the nipple A change in how the skin on your breast or nipple looks or feels. It may look dimpled, puckered, scaly, or inflamed. Redness of your breast or nipple An area on your breast that clearly looks different from any other A hard, marble-like area under the skin Your doctor will do tests to find out the cause.


Question: What happens during an evoked potential test?

Answer: When you have the tests, you'll have wires placed on your scalp. It's safe and painless. It usually takes about 2 hours to do all three types of evoked potential tests. A doctor with special training in these tests will interpret the results.


Question: How do evoked potential tests help treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If you have multiple sclerosis ( MS), the disease causes damage to your nerves that may slow down, garble, or stop this activity entirely. Evoked potential tests can help doctors see if this is happening to you. The tests measure the electrical activity in parts of the brain caused by light, sound, and touch.


Question: What should you know about multiple sclerosis and evoked potential tests?

Answer: If you have multiple sclerosis ( MS), the disease causes damage to your nerves that may slow down, garble, or stop this activity entirely. Evoked potential tests can help doctors see if this is happening to you. The tests measure the electrical activity in parts of the brain caused by light, sound, and touch. They can help doctors diagnose someone with MS because they can detect problems along some nerves that are too subtle to find through other exams.


Question: What are the three main types of evoked potential tests?

Answer: There are three main types of evoked potential tests: Visual evoked potentials ( VEP): You sit in front of a screen and watch an alternating checkerboard pattern. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials ( BAEP): You hear a series of clicks in each ear. Sensory evoked potentials ( SEP): You get short electrical pulses on one of your arms or legs. A fourth type of test, motor evoked potentials, can find damage along nerves in the brain and spinal cord that make your body move. But doctors don't usually use this type to diagnose MS.


Question: What are the different types of evoked potential tests for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There are three main types of evoked potential tests: Visual evoked potentials ( VEP): You sit in front of a screen and watch an alternating checkerboard pattern. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials ( BAEP): You hear a series of clicks in each ear. Sensory evoked potentials ( SEP): You get short electrical pulses on one of your arms or legs. A fourth type of test, motor evoked potentials, can find damage along nerves in the brain and spinal cord that make your body move. But doctors don't usually use this type to diagnose MS.


Question: What happens in an evoked potential test for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: When you have the tests, you'll have wires placed on your scalp. It's safe and painless. It usually takes about 2 hours to do all three types of evoked potential tests. A doctor with special training in these tests will interpret the results. While evoked potentials can help diagnose MS, they can't let your doctor know for sure whether the condition is causing problems with the signals in your nerves or if they're happening because of another health problem. Your doctor will consider the results of these tests along with those of other lab tests and your symptoms before he makes a diagnosis.


Question: What three types of scars are there from acne?

Answer: Acne leaves three major types of scars: Ice pick: deep but small pits Boxcar: sharp angles and edges; can be shallow or deep Rolling: tend to be wide and shallow (a wavy look) caused by damage under the surface You may need more than one kind of treatment to smooth your skin.


Question: What should I ask when considering treatments for acne scars and skin damage?

Answer: Here are some you may want to ask: Will I need other treatments? Will it hurt? What are the risks? How long before I see a change? Will I need to have the treatment more than once? What can I do (or not do) after surgery? How much does it cost? What will my insurance cover?


Question: How can I determine what treatment for severe acne scarring is right for me?

Answer: A wide variety of treatments can help make them less noticeable. A dermatologist (skin doctor) can help you choose the right ones. Your doctor will examine you and suggest a treatment plan. Her recommendations will depend on the type of damage to your skin and how serious it is.


Question: What are the drawbacks of rheumatoid factor used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Drawbacks: It misses 20% to 30% of cases of RA. It also shows up in other conditions, including: Chronic hepatitis Chronic viral infection Dermatomyositis Infectious mononucleosis Leukemia Scleroderma Sjogren's syndrome Lupus It's uncommon, but some healthy people can have RF in their blood test results. People with lupus often have high levels of these immune system chemicals.


Question: What are the drawbacks for an anti-CCP antibody test for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Drawbacks: It misses 10% to 15% of cases of RA.


Question: How does an erythrocyte sedimentation rate help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: This test gauges how much inflammation is in the body. It's usually higher than normal in people with RA and other inflammatory diseases. Doctors may use this test to see whether treatment has lowered inflammation.


Question: What are the drawbacks of using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Drawbacks: The test doesn't diagnose RA or any other disease. It also doesn't show why someone has inflammation.


Question: How are joint fluid tests used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Sometimes doctors order tests to analyze samples of joint fluid, also called synovial fluid. They remove it from the joint space with a needle.


Question: What are the drawbacks of using the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Drawbacks: By itself, this test does not diagnose RA.


Question: What are the drawbacks of using a C-reactive protein (CRP) to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Drawbacks: Like the sed rate, the CRP test only tells you that there is inflammation. It does not show the cause. Also, not all people with RA have high CRP levels.


Question: What are the drawbacks of joint fluid tests to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: But finding fluid with evidence of inflammation supports the diagnosis.


Question: What are the drawbacks of using x-rays to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: And they only show harm to joints and bones, not soft tissue like ligaments, tendons, or muscles.


Question: What are the drawbacks of using rheumatoid factor (RF) to help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Drawbacks: It misses 20% to 30% of cases of RA. It also shows up in other conditions, including: Chronic hepatitis Chronic viral infection Dermatomyositis Infectious mononucleosis Leukemia Scleroderma Sjogren's syndrome Lupus It's uncommon, but some healthy people can have RF in their blood test results. People with lupus often have high levels of these immune system chemicals.


Question: How do x-rays diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: X-rays of the joints help find and track rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: What are the drawbacks of C-reactive protein used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Drawbacks: Like the sed rate, the CRP test only tells you that there is inflammation. It does not show the cause. Also, not all people with RA have high CRP levels.


Question: What are the drawbacks of erythrocyte sedimentation rate used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Drawbacks: The test doesn't diagnose RA or any other disease. It also doesn't show why someone has inflammation.


Question: How does an anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: People with lupus often have high levels of these immune system chemicals. So do some, but not all, people with RA.


Question: Are certain tests used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Doctors diagnose RA based largely on your medical history and a physical exam. You may also get lab tests, including the following.


Question: What are the drawbacks of X-rays used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Drawbacks: X-rays aren't sensitive enough to show early RA damage. And they only show harm to joints and bones, not soft tissue like ligaments, tendons, or muscles.


Question: Are there drawbacks of an anti-CCP antibody test used to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Drawbacks: It misses 10% to 15% of cases of RA.


Question: What are the symptoms of gingivitis?

Answer: Over time you may notice: Red, swollen, or purplish gums. Healthy gums should appear pink and firm. Bleeding gums. You may see blood on your toothbrush or when you spit out toothpaste. Sore gums that are tender to the touch If you think you may have gingivitis, you can take some simple steps to reverse it.


Question: What are the warning signs of an acetaminophen overdose?

Answer: If you think you may have accidentally taken too much acetaminophen, you may have: Nausea Loss of appetite Vomiting Sweating Diarrhea These symptoms may not start until hours after you've taken the drug. By the time you notice something's wrong, your liver may already be severely damaged. If you have questions about whether you took the right amount, call your local poison control center, which will tell you if you need to go to the ER. If you think someone may have overdosed, call 911.


Question: How can you pass the daily limit for acetaminophen?

Answer: Common reasons people mistakenly pass the daily limit include: They take too much at once. They don't wait long enough between doses.


Question: What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Dementia is the name for a group of brain disorders that make it hard to remember, think clearly, make decisions, or even control your emotions. Alzheimer's disease is one of those disorders, but there are many different types and causes of dementia. Dementia isn't just about simple memory mishaps -- like forgetting someone's name or where you parked. A person with dementia has a hard time with at least two of the following: Memory Communication and speech Focus and concentration Reasoning and judgment Visual perception (can't see the difference in colors or detect movement, or sees things that aren't there) Since some types of dementia share similar symptoms, it can be hard for a doctor to figure out which one you or your loved one has. Be sure to tell him about all symptoms, medication and alcohol use, and previous illnesses to help him make the right diagnosis.


Question: Why should you make an appointment for Alzheimer's now?

Answer: The sooner you know, the better. Starting treatment may help relieve symptoms and keep you independent longer. It also helps you plan better. You can work out living arrangements, make financial and legal decisions, and build up your support network.


Question: What are warning signs of Alzheimer's?

Answer: Words and conversations are frustrating Vocabulary becomes hard.


Question: What are some other causes of hypothermia?

Answer: The risk of cold exposure increases as the winter months arrive.


Question: Who is at risk for hypothermia?

Answer: People at increased risk for hypothermia include: The elderly, infants, and children without adequate heating, clothing, or food People with mental illness People who are outdoors for extended periods People in cold weather whose judgment is impaired by alcohol or drugs Recognizing the symptoms is the first step in diagnosing hypothermia.


Question: How does cold exposure cause hypothermia?

Answer: During exposure to cold temperatures, most heat loss -- up to 90% -- escapes through your skin; the rest, you exhale from your lungs. Heat loss through the skin happens primarily through radiation and speeds up when skin is exposed to wind or moisture. If cold exposure is due to being immersed in cold water, heat loss can occur 25 times faster than it would if exposed to the same air temperature. The hypothalamus, the brain's temperature-control center, works to raise body temperature by triggering processes that heat and cool the body. During cold temperature exposure, shivering is a protective response to produce heat through muscle activity. In another heat-preserving response -- called vasoconstriction -- blood vessels temporarily narrow. Normally, the activity of the heart and liver produce most of your body heat. But as core body temperature cools, these organs produce less heat, in essence causing a protective "shut down" to preserve heat and protect the brain. Low body temperature can slow brain activity, breathing, and heart rate. Confusion and fatigue can set in, hampering a person's ability to understand what's happening and make intelligent choices to get to safety.


Question: Are pilates, tai chi, or yoga used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These slow, gentle, flowing exercises help boost your balance and flexibility. They may even ease your pain. Research by the Arthritis Foundation shows that yoga poses, breathing, and relaxation lower joint tenderness and swelling for some people with RA. Studies show tai chi reduces long-term pain. Pilates strengthens your core, which takes pressure off your joints. All of these exercises are good for your mind and your body.


Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have higher levels of cytokines than people without rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: People with RA have higher levels of cytokines than others. Studies show that omega-3s may ease joint pain and shorten the time you have morning stiffness. Good sources include cold-water fatty fish like salmon, trout, tuna, or sardines.


Question: Should I eat healthy foods if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It helps you fight inflammation. Certain fish, for example, are full of omega-3 fatty acids that curb chemicals called cytokines, which ramp up inflammation in the body.


Question: Are occupational therapists useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: An occupational therapist shows you ways to do specific tasks at home or at work. A physical therapist helps keep you moving and gets you stronger and more flexible. No matter which type you choose, it's best to see someone who has experience working with people who have arthritis.


Question: What are the symptoms of occupational asthma?

Answer: These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack Examples of occupational asthma -- also called work-related asthma -- include: Health care workers who develop an allergy to latex gloves by breathing in the powdered proteins from the inner lining of the gloves Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents Proteins in animal hair and/or dander Grains, green coffee beans, and papain (an extract of papaya that may trigger a latex allergy) Cotton, flax, and hemp dust, commonly found in the textile industry Metals such as platinum, chromium, nickel sulfate, and soldering fumes Generally, if your asthma symptoms are worse on days that you work, improve when you are at home for any length of time (weekends, vacations) and then recur when you return to work, occupational asthma should be considered. Symptoms of occupational asthma include general symptoms of an asthma attack, such as coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulty. Eye irritation, nasal congestion, and/or runny nose may also be present. As stated previously, this can be allergy-related or an irritant reaction from exposure to asthma triggers in the workplace.


Question: How can I treat my occupational asthma?

Answer: If you think you have occupational asthma, ask your health care provider about a referral to an asthma specialist. The specialist will perform a detailed exam, including taking your past medical history and reviewing current breathing problems. After any necessary asthma tests, the specialist will develop an asthma treatment plan, which will include asthma medications, such as bronchodilators, asthma inhalers, and inhaled steroids to control your asthma. It will also be important to avoid any asthma triggers at work.


Question: How do I know if my asthma could be work-related?

Answer: These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack Examples of occupational asthma -- also called work-related asthma -- include: Health care workers who develop an allergy to latex gloves by breathing in the powdered proteins from the inner lining of the gloves Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents Proteins in animal hair and/or dander Grains, green coffee beans, and papain (an extract of papaya that may trigger a latex allergy) Cotton, flax, and hemp dust, commonly found in the textile industry Metals such as platinum, chromium, nickel sulfate, and soldering fumes Generally, if your asthma symptoms are worse on days that you work, improve when you are at home for any length of time (weekends, vacations) and then recur when you return to work, occupational asthma should be considered.


Question: What substances can trigger occupational asthma?

Answer: These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack Examples of occupational asthma -- also called work-related asthma -- include: Health care workers who develop an allergy to latex gloves by breathing in the powdered proteins from the inner lining of the gloves Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents Proteins in animal hair and/or dander Grains, green coffee beans, and papain (an extract of papaya that may trigger a latex allergy) Cotton, flax, and hemp dust, commonly found in the textile industry Metals such as platinum, chromium, nickel sulfate, and soldering fumes Generally, if your asthma symptoms are worse on days that you work, improve when you are at home for any length of time (weekends, vacations) and then recur when you return to work, occupational asthma should be considered.


Question: What are examples of occupational asthma?

Answer: These substances may cause asthma in one of 3 ways: An allergic reaction (like people with allergies who develop allergic asthma) An irritant reaction (like a person that reacts to smoking with asthma) A reaction which results in the buildup of naturally occurring chemicals such as histamines in the lungs resulting in an asthma attack Examples of occupational asthma -- also called work-related asthma -- include: Health care workers who develop an allergy to latex gloves by breathing in the powdered proteins from the inner lining of the gloves Workers in the chemical industry who are exposed to substances like ammonia and develop symptoms of asthma as the result of an irritant effects, not an allergic reaction There are numerous substances used in various industries that can trigger occupational asthma including: Chemicals such as adhesives, shellac and lacquer, plastics, epoxy resins, carpeting, foam and rubber, insulation, dyes (textile workers), and enzymes in detergents Proteins in animal hair and/or dander Grains, green coffee beans, and papain (an extract of papaya that may trigger a latex allergy) Cotton, flax, and hemp dust, commonly found in the textile industry Metals such as platinum, chromium, nickel sulfate, and soldering fumes Generally, if your asthma symptoms are worse on days that you work, improve when you are at home for any length of time (weekends, vacations) and then recur when you return to work, occupational asthma should be considered.


Question: How do I prevent asthma attacks if I have occupational asthma?

Answer: Preventing asthma symptoms by reducing exposure to the triggers at work is the most important step you can take to reduce the occurrence of occupational asthma. It's also important to use appropriate asthma medication to prevent symptoms. Even with the right asthma medications, continued exposure at work can make asthma more difficult to control.


Question: What can you expect prior to transurethral resection (TUR) surgery for bladder cancer?

Answer: You first may need a blood test and chest X-ray to make sure you're healthy enough to have TUR surgery, but your surgeon won't need to make a cut into your skin. He'll get to your bladder through your urethra -- the tube pee goes through as it passes out of your body. Before the surgery, you'll have either general anesthesia -- which puts you to sleep -- or regional anesthesia that numbs just the lower part of your body. The procedure starts once that medicine starts to work.


Question: What is transurethral resection (TUR) surgery for bladder cancer?

Answer: It's a type of surgery used to take samples of tissue from inside your bladder to find out if you have cancer there or if a tumor has spread. Doctors also take out tumors this way.


Question: What is postmenopause?

Answer: Postmenopause. These are the years after menopause. During this stage, menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes ease for most women.


Question: How do I know when I'm going through menopause?

Answer: To help figure it out, your doctor can do a certain blood test. It also helps if you keep track of your periods and chart them as they become irregular.


Question: What long-term health problems are tied to menopause?

Answer: After menopause, women are more likely to have: Osteoporosis Heart disease A poorly working bladder and bowel Greater risk of Alzheimer's disease Poor skin elasticity (increased wrinkling) Poor muscle power and tone Some weakening in vision, such as from cataracts (clouding of the lens of the eye) and macular degeneration (breakdown of the tiny spot in the center of the retina that is the center of vision) A number of treatments can help lower risks that are linked with these conditions.


Question: How does induced menopause cause premature menopause?

Answer: Induced" menopause happens when the ovaries are surgically removed for medical reasons, such as uterine cancer or endometriosis. Induced menopause can also result from damage to the ovaries caused by radiation or chemotherapy.


Question: What is menopause?

Answer: But some women can go through menopause early, either as a result of surgery, such as hysterectomy, or damage to the ovaries, such as from chemotherapy.


Question: What is perimenopause?

Answer: This typically begins several years before menopause, when the ovaries gradually make less estrogen. Perimenopause lasts up until menopause, the point when the ovaries stop releasing eggs. In the last 1 to 2 years of perimenopause, the drop in estrogen quickens. At this stage, many women have menopause symptoms.


Question: How does premature ovarian failure cause premature menopause?

Answer: Normally, the ovaries make both estrogen and progesterone. Changes in the levels of these two hormones happen when the ovaries, for unknown reasons, prematurely stop releasing eggs. When this happens before the age of 40, it's called premature ovarian failure.


Question: What causes menopause?

Answer: Menopause happens when the ovaries no longer release an egg every month and menstruation stops. Menopause is considered a normal part of aging when it happens after the age of 40. But some women can go through menopause early, either as a result of surgery, such as hysterectomy, or damage to the ovaries, such as from chemotherapy.


Question: What is respiratory distress in children and what are the signs and causes?

Answer: Respiratory Distress Respiratory distress refers to difficulty breathing and taking in enough oxygen. Causes may include choking, asthma, an infection, or pneumonia. The signs of respiratory distress are coughing, wheezing, labored breathing (especially flaring of the nose and use of chest and neck muscles to aid breathing), grunting, inability to talk, or turning blue.


Question: When are vomiting and/or diarrhea in children an emergency?

Answer: Vomiting and/or Diarrhea Vomiting and/or diarrhea can require emergency care if a child becomes dehydrated. If your child can't keep anything down or has severe diarrhea, watch for signs of dehydration such as sunken eyes, dry mucus membranes, and abnormally low amounts of urine. If any of these appear your child should be evaluated by the doctor When to Call 911: The child is unresponsive.


Question: Should I take my child to the hospital because of a broken bone?

Answer: Broken Bones Broken bones are common childhood emergencies. While these injuries are usually not life-threatening, the child should be taken to a hospital or urgent care center for evaluation. Generally speaking, parents can drive kids with broken bones to the hospital themselves.


Question: Who gets cavities?

Answer: Many people think only children get cavities, but changes in your mouth as you age make them an adult problem, too. As you get older, your gums pull away from your teeth. They can also pull away because of gum disease. This exposes the roots of your teeth to plaque. And if you eat a lot of sugary or high-carb foods, you're more likely to get cavities. Older adults sometimes get decay around the edges of fillings. Seniors often have a lot of dental work because they didn't get fluoride or good oral care when they were kids. Over the years, these fillings can weaken teeth and break. Bacteria gather in the gaps and cause decay.


Question: How do I know if I have cavities?

Answer: He'll probe your teeth, looking for soft spots, or use X-rays to check between your teeth. If you've had a cavity for a while, you might get a toothache, especially after you eat or drink something sweet, hot, or cold. Sometimes you can see pits or holes in your teeth.


Question: What should my baby be able to do when they're 8-12 months old?

Answer: During this time, your baby will push himself into a sitting position, where he can reach for and explore toys, books, and new activities. Help him develop skills like clapping with patty-cake and other hand games.


Question: Can I get exercise from walking if I have diabetes?

Answer: Walk more -- briskly. For most people with diabetes, walking is a great choice. It's easy. You can do it anywhere. You don't need any gear besides a good pair of sneakers. If you have foot problems from diabetes, though, your doctor may advise you to do exercises that get you off your feet.


Question: What exercises can I do that are off of my feet if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you have poor blood flow and nerve damage, opt for low-impact exercises to protect your feet from injury. Swimming and biking are both good choices.