Question: How is psychosis diagnosed?

Answer: You can see a psychologist, psychiatrist, or a social worker. They'll find out what might have caused your symptoms and look for related conditions. Doctors diagnose mental illnesses after ruling out other things that could be causing psychotic symptoms.


Question: How can psychotherapy help with psychosis?

Answer: Counseling, along with medicines, can also help manage psychosis.


Question: How can cognitive enhancement therapy help with psychosis?

Answer: Cognitive enhancement therapy ( CET) uses computer exercises and group work to help you think and understand better.


Question: How can cognitive behavioral therapy help with psychosis?

Answer: It also helps you figure out whether what you see and hear is real or imagined. This kind of therapy also stresses the importance of antipsychotic medications and sticking with your treatment. Cognitive enhancement therapy ( CET) uses computer exercises and group work to help you think and understand better.


Question: Do you need to get treated in a hospital if you have psychosis?

Answer: You or your family members may notice: A drop in grades or job performance Trouble thinking clearly or concentrating Suspiciousness or unease around others Lack of self-care or hygiene Spending more time alone than usual Stronger emotions than situations call for No emotions at all Signs of early psychosis: You may: Hear, see, or taste things others don't Hang on to unusual beliefs or thoughts no matter what others say Pull away from family and friends Stop taking care of yourself Not be able to think clearly or pay attention Symptoms of a psychotic episode: Usually you'll notice all of the above plus: Hallucinations: Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices when no one is around Tactile hallucinations: Strange sensations or feelings you can't explain Visual hallucinations: You see people or things that aren't there, or you think the shape of things looks wrong Delusions: Beliefs that aren't in line with your culture and that don't make sense to others, like: Outside forces are in control of your feelings and actions Small events or comments have huge meaning You have special powers, are on a special mission, or actually are a god Doctors don't know exactly what causes psychosis, but some known risk factors include: Genetics: You can have the genes for it, but that doesn't always mean you'll get psychosis. The doctor will check your symptoms, look for causes, and suggest the best treatment for you. Some clinics and programs offer help just for young people.


Question: What does it mean if you have psychosis?

Answer: You might see, hear, or believe things that aren't real. Psychosis is a symptom, not an illness. A mental or physical illness, substance abuse, or extreme stress or trauma can cause it. Psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia, involve psychosis that usually affects you for the first time in the late teen years or early adulthood. Young people are especially likely to get it, but doctors don't know why. Even before what doctors call the first episode of psychosis ( FEP), you may show slight changes in the way you act or think. This is called the prodromal period and could last days, weeks, months, or even years. You or your family members may notice: A drop in grades or job performance Trouble thinking clearly or concentrating Suspiciousness or unease around others Lack of self-care or hygiene Spending more time alone than usual Stronger emotions than situations call for No emotions at all Signs of early psychosis: You may: Hear, see, or taste things others don't Hang on to unusual beliefs or thoughts no matter what others say Pull away from family and friends Stop taking care of yourself Not be able to think clearly or pay attention Symptoms of a psychotic episode: Usually you'll notice all of the above plus: Hallucinations: Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices when no one is around Tactile hallucinations: Strange sensations or feelings you can't explain Visual hallucinations: You see people or things that aren't there, or you think the shape of things looks wrong Delusions: Beliefs that aren't in line with your culture and that don't make sense to others, like: Outside forces are in control of your feelings and actions Small events or comments have huge meaning You have special powers, are on a special mission, or actually are a god Doctors don't know exactly what causes psychosis, but some known risk factors include: Genetics: You can have the genes for it, but that doesn't always mean you'll get psychosis. You doctor may recommend coordinated specialty care ( CSC).


Question: What causes psychosis?

Answer: Psychosis is a symptom, not an illness. You or your family members may notice: A drop in grades or job performance Trouble thinking clearly or concentrating Suspiciousness or unease around others Lack of self-care or hygiene Spending more time alone than usual Stronger emotions than situations call for No emotions at all Signs of early psychosis: You may: Hear, see, or taste things others don't Hang on to unusual beliefs or thoughts no matter what others say Pull away from family and friends Stop taking care of yourself Not be able to think clearly or pay attention Symptoms of a psychotic episode: Usually you'll notice all of the above plus: Hallucinations: Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices when no one is around Tactile hallucinations: Strange sensations or feelings you can't explain Visual hallucinations: You see people or things that aren't there, or you think the shape of things looks wrong Delusions: Beliefs that aren't in line with your culture and that don't make sense to others, like: Outside forces are in control of your feelings and actions Small events or comments have huge meaning You have special powers, are on a special mission, or actually are a god Doctors don't know exactly what causes psychosis, but some known risk factors include: Genetics: You can have the genes for it, but that doesn't always mean you'll get psychosis. Drugs: Triggers include some prescription medications and abuse of alcohol or drugs like marijuana, LSD, and amphetamines. Trauma: The death of a loved one, a sexual assault, or war can lead to psychosis.


Question: How can family psychoeducation and support help with psychosis?

Answer: It combines medicine and therapy with social services and work and education support. It helps you bond and improves the way you solve problems together.


Question: What is the treatment for psychosis?

Answer: Even before what doctors call the first episode of psychosis ( FEP), you may show slight changes in the way you act or think. That will help keep the symptoms from affecting your relationships, work, or school. It may also help you avoid more problems down the road. You doctor may recommend coordinated specialty care ( CSC). This is a team approach to treating schizophrenia when the first symptoms appear. It combines medicine and therapy with social services and work and education support. The family is involved as much as possible. What your doctor recommends will depend on the cause of your psychosis. Your doctor will prescribe antipsychotic drugs -- in pills, liquids, or shots -- to ease your symptoms. They'll also suggest you avoid using drugs and alcohol.


Question: Can you get overactive bladder symptoms from other conditions?

Answer: Added pounds are linked to OAB and urine leaks (your doctor will call this urinary incontinence). Try to hold your pee when you have the urge to pee. The main symptoms of OAB can also occur in other conditions: Urinary tract infection Enlarged prostate Bladder cancer Interstitial cystitis, prostatitis If you're living with what seems to be overactive bladder, but don't have an official diagnosis, it's time to see your doctor.


Question: What are symptoms of scarlet fever?

Answer: The namesake red rash usually starts out looking like a bad sunburn. When the rash goes away, the skin may peel around the fingertips, toes, and groin. There may be a pale, white area just around your mouth. " Strawberry" tongue. Other signs of scarlet fever can include: Very red sore throat Fever of 101 F or higher, sometimes with chills Swollen glands in the neck Whitish coating on the tonsils and throat Headache or body aches Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain Difficulty swallowing Because scarlet fever symptoms can be similar to other conditions, always check with your doctor or pediatrician.


Question: What does scarlet fever rash look like?

Answer: The namesake red rash usually starts out looking like a bad sunburn. It typically starts on your neck and face and then spreads to the chest, the back, and the rest of the body. It's raised and looks a little like sandpaper. It can be itchy, and areas of the rash can turn white when you press on them. When the rash goes away, the skin may peel around the fingertips, toes, and groin. In the folds of skin where creases form, the rash forms red lines.


Question: How is a small-gauge vitrectomy done for vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: Small-gauge vitrectomy: Your eye surgeon may choose to use a more recently developed instrument of smaller size to remove the vitreous gel to relieve the pulling on the macula. You get local anesthesia. Because a smaller cutting/suction hand piece is used and the cut is smaller, you don't need any sutures or stitches. Recovery time is quicker. You may also have less discomfort afterward.


Question: How do you treat vitreomacular adhesion (VMA)?

Answer: But if you've noticed changes to your vision, you should see your eye doctor. First, she'll dilate your pupil and look inside your eye. You'll also get a test called optical coherence tomography ( OCT). That shows the back of your eye. She needs to do that to be sure you have VMA and to see if you have any damage inside your eye that needs treatment. OCT can show the jelly inside your eye, called the vitreous. It sticks to your retina if you have VMA. Your test can also show damage to something called your macula. That's the part of your retina that gives you clear, detailed eyesight. If you have that but don't have symptoms, you may start treatment.


Question: What is nocturia?

Answer: Nocturia means you have to get up a lot during the night to go to the bathroom.


Question: What mechanical aids treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine. Urethral insert: A thin, flexible solid tube in the urethra that blocks the flow of leaking urine. External urethral barrier: A self-adhesive patch you can put over the opening where urine comes out.


Question: How does bladder training help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some things you can try: Bladder training aims to let you go longer between your trips to the bathroom. You start by setting a schedule for when you'll pee. Then you train yourself to resist the first urge to go and refrain from going until your scheduled time. Eventually, the time between restroom visits lasts for several hours.


Question: How can absorbent products help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Absorbent products such as mini-shields that attach to underwear or plastic-backed diapers. These items help you guard against accidents. Most of them are disposable, but you can also buy absorbent cloths that you can wash and reuse.


Question: What drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder?

Answer: These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine.


Question: Is surgery used to deal with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Doctors usually recommend an operation only as a last resort when other treatments haven't worked.


Question: How does prompted voiding help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Prompted voiding trains a caregiver to remind someone to go to the bathroom. The goal is to have fewer accidents by making the person aware that they need to pee every so often. People often use timed voiding at the same time.


Question: How can medications help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If behavior changes don't work, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help with bladder control. You might also take them while you keep up your behavior training.


Question: Is it important to treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A bladder problem is more than an inconvenience. If you don't get treatment, it can turn into other health issues, including bladder infections, kidney damage, and hygiene problems. It also can keep you from doing the things you'd normally do and make you feel isolated.


Question: What diet changes should I consider to treat bladder control that comes from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: One way to start is to change the liquid you put in your body every day. Your doctor may recommend that you: Drink no more than 2 quarts of liquids a day Steer clear of drinks with caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and sodas Have no more than one alcoholic drink per day Change your behavior.


Question: Which medications help control the bladder issues associated with  multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If behavior changes don't work, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help with bladder control. You might also take them while you keep up your behavior training. These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine.


Question: How does bladder training affect bladder control issues associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some things you can try: Bladder training aims to let you go longer between your trips to the bathroom. You start by setting a schedule for when you'll pee. Then you train yourself to resist the first urge to go and refrain from going until your scheduled time. Eventually, the time between restroom visits lasts for several hours.


Question: How do absorbent products affect bladder control issues associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Absorbent products such as mini-shields that attach to underwear or plastic-backed diapers. These items help you guard against accidents. Most of them are disposable, but you can also buy absorbent cloths that you can wash and reuse.


Question: What are some bladder control treatments for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A bladder problem is more than an inconvenience. If you don't get treatment, it can turn into other health issues, including bladder infections, kidney damage, and hygiene problems. It also can keep you from doing the things you'd normally do and make you feel isolated. Talk to your doctor if you notice any changes in when and how often you're going to the bathroom. She might recommend that you see a doctor who specializes in bladder problems, called a urologist. She might also talk to you about some things you can do on your own: Diet changes.


Question: What are some bladder control problems associated with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: There are a few versions that affect people with MS: Urinary urgency means you feel the need to pee often and urgently. The small "tickle" and feeling of pressure that help us know it's time to head to the restroom are intense. Incontinence is the loss of bladder control. Sometimes MS will disrupt the nerve signals that direct the movement of urine in your body so that it comes out when you're not ready. Nocturia means you have to get up a lot during the night to go to the bathroom. Urinary hesitancy is when you have trouble starting to pee.


Question: Which mechanical aids help treat bladder control issues associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: These drugs help control muscle movements that force urine out of the bladder: Darifenacin ( Enablex) Fesoterodine ( Toviaz) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Oxybutynin ( Ditropan, Gelnique gel, Oxytrol transdermal patch) Solifenacin ( Vesicare) Tolterodine ( Detrol) Trospium ( Sanctura) Mechanical aids such as: Catheters: Your doctor can put this thin, flexible, hollow tube through your urethra, the tube through which pee leaves your body, and into your bladder to drain urine. Urethral insert: A thin, flexible solid tube in the urethra that blocks the flow of leaking urine. External urethral barrier: A self-adhesive patch you can put over the opening where urine comes out.


Question: How does surgery help treat bladder control problems associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Doctors usually recommend an operation only as a last resort when other treatments haven't worked.


Question: How does diet affect bladder control issues with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: One way to start is to change the liquid you put in your body every day. Your doctor may recommend that you: Drink no more than 2 quarts of liquids a day Steer clear of drinks with caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and sodas Have no more than one alcoholic drink per day Change your behavior.


Question: How does prompted voiding affect bladder control problems associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Prompted voiding trains a caregiver to remind someone to go to the bathroom. The goal is to have fewer accidents by making the person aware that they need to pee every so often. People often use timed voiding at the same time.


Question: When should I talk to my doctor if I have bladder problems with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: She might also talk to you about some things you can do on your own: Diet changes. Your doctor can tell you how to do them.


Question: How does timed voiding help treat bladder problems that arise from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Then you train yourself to resist the first urge to go and refrain from going until your scheduled time. This method doesn't try to teach the person to resist the urge to go. People often use timed voiding at the same time.


Question: How do kegel exercises affect bladder control issues associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Trouble with bladder control is common for people with MS. Talk to your doctor if you notice any changes in when and how often you're going to the bathroom.


Question: How does multiple sclerosis (MS) affect bladder control?

Answer: Trouble with bladder control is common for people with MS. If you don't get treatment, it can turn into other health issues, including bladder infections, kidney damage, and hygiene problems. Kegel exercises strengthen the pelvic floor muscles, which help with bladder control.


Question: How does timed voiding affect bladder control problems associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Then you train yourself to resist the first urge to go and refrain from going until your scheduled time. This method doesn't try to teach the person to resist the urge to go. People often use timed voiding at the same time.


Question: What is apple cider vinegar?

Answer: Taking apple cider vinegar at full strength could erode the enamel of the teeth and burn the mouth and throat. Throat injury from an apple cider vinegar tablet has also been reported.


Question: What are vagal maneuvers?

Answer: Early beats in the atria speed up your heart rate.


Question: How can vagal maneuvers slow your heart rate?

Answer: Simply put, they affect the vagus nerve, a long nerve that runs from your brain to your belly. It sends signals to the atrioventricular node, a cluster of cells at the bottom of your heart's upper right chamber that helps control your heartbeat. Think of it as an electrical relay station. It takes signals from the sinoatrial node and slows them down before passing them along to the lower chambers. The result: A slower heart rate.


Question: What are the risks of the Valsalva maneuver?

Answer: Valsalva maneuver. It may also be riskier for children. If you sometimes have episodes of tachycardia, talk with your doctor about all your treatment options. But if your doctor suggests you learn one or more vagal maneuvers to slow your heart down, you may be able to cut short the unsettling feeling that comes with a racing heart.


Question: What is a carotid sinus massage?

Answer: Carotid sinus massage: Only a doctor should perform this one: Lie down and stick out your chin. The doctor will put pressure on your carotid sinus, a bundle of nerves surrounding the carotid artery in your neck just below your jaw. You should only do them if your doctor has explained when and how.


Question: When is surgery needed for UTIs?

Answer: It's not likely that you'll need an operation. But you might if your UTI is due to an anatomical problem. Or you could need an operation if a blockage, such as a kidney stone or enlarged prostate, is the cause.


Question: How are UTIs treated?

Answer: Complicated UTIs happen in people with abnormal urinary tracts or when antibiotics cannot treat the bacteria causing the infection. In this case, you may get tests such as: Blood tests X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or ultrasound to show your urinary tract Cystoscopy, in which your doctor inserts a long, thin instrument into your urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your body) to look inside your bladder Intravenous pyelogram, an X-ray test that uses dye so your doctor can better see your urinary system. You might take antibiotics for a longer time, depending on what caused the infection and how long you've had your UTI, or if you have an infection that won't go away. Men usually have to take antibiotics for weeks if the infection is in their prostate. That's important to do to make sure the infection doesn't cause serious problems. You'll need to take all the pills in your prescription and follow the instructions to take them on time -- even after you start to feel better. If you have bladder pain and pain when you urinate, you may get a bladder anesthetic to curb irritation of the bladder and urethra. Depending on which bladder pain medication you take, it may change the color of your urine to reddish-orange or even blue.


Question: How do doctors diagnose and treat UTIs?

Answer: A urine culture is another test that can find the type of bacteria that caused the infection, which will help your doctor choose an antibiotic to give you. In this case, you may get tests such as: Blood tests X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, or ultrasound to show your urinary tract Cystoscopy, in which your doctor inserts a long, thin instrument into your urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your body) to look inside your bladder Intravenous pyelogram, an X-ray test that uses dye so your doctor can better see your urinary system. If you're pregnant and you have a UTI, be sure to see your doctor promptly before it causes problems with your pregnancy.


Question: Can allergies cause pinkeye?

Answer: You also should check with a doctor if these are among the symptoms: Fever Pain Changes in vision Take note of when the eye problems and any other symptoms show up. If you have to consult your doctor, he will want to know this. An allergy may cause you to get pinkeye often. Your doctor can give you tests that may find the trigger. If it's something in the house, you can make changes to help prevent pinkeye in the future.


Question: Which eye drops are used to treat a pinkeye?

Answer: The itching can also be helped with over-the-counter eye drops. Here are some tips: Look for the kind that say âlubricatingâ or âartificial tears.â Avoid eye drops advertised to treat âred eyes.â These drops can mask the true course of the pinkeye. If you have pinkeye that's caused by allergies, try refrigerating the drops.


Question: How do you keep pinkeye from spreading?

Answer: The two most important things for everyone in your household to remember are: Wash your hands, and often. Try not to touch your eyes. It's also helpful to change towels and pillowcases often, and use hot water when you wash them. Never share towels or pillows with someone who has pinkeye.


Question: Should I wash my clothes more if I have pinkeye?

Answer: You may need to throw away your contact lenses and case, because bacteria or viruses may be living in it and you can reinfect yourself If the problem is allergic conjunctivitis, it's very important to wash clothes and pillowcases often. Showering or bathing before bed might help, too. If you know the source of the allergy, always try to avoid it.


Question: When should you see a doctor about pinkeye?

Answer: If there's no sign of relief after you've tried home remedies for a few days, call your pediatrician or your family's eye doctor. You also should check with a doctor if these are among the symptoms: Fever Pain Changes in vision Take note of when the eye problems and any other symptoms show up. If you have to consult your doctor, he will want to know this. An allergy may cause you to get pinkeye often. Your doctor can give you tests that may find the trigger. If it's something in the house, you can make changes to help prevent pinkeye in the future.


Question: How soon can you wear contacts if you have pinkeye?

Answer: The symptoms may last a week or 10 days, maybe longer, but they usually go away without your having to go to the doctor. You may need to throw away your contact lenses and case, because bacteria or viruses may be living in it and you can reinfect yourself If the problem is allergic conjunctivitis, it's very important to wash clothes and pillowcases often.


Question: Do I have to go to the doctor for pinkeye?

Answer: If you have pinkeye, or your child has it, you may be tempted to rush to a doctor right away. But that may not be necessary. The symptoms may last a week or 10 days, maybe longer, but they usually go away without your having to go to the doctor.


Question: How do you treat pinkeye at home?

Answer: If you only have pinkeye in one eye, keep the compress away from the other one, or it could get infected. If a warm compress feels better, then use warm water. Don't make it too hot â that could make your pinkeye worse and burn your eyelid skin. Use a compress for a few minutes at a time, several times a day. Make sure no one else uses the cloth. You may need to throw away your contact lenses and case, because bacteria or viruses may be living in it and you can reinfect yourself If the problem is allergic conjunctivitis, it's very important to wash clothes and pillowcases often. Try not to touch your eyes. It's also helpful to change towels and pillowcases often, and use hot water when you wash them.


Question: What can you do to prevent pinkeye?

Answer: There are some easy steps you can take to ease the symptoms of pinkeye. The two most important things for everyone in your household to remember are: Wash your hands, and often. Try not to touch your eyes. It's also helpful to change towels and pillowcases often, and use hot water when you wash them. Never share towels or pillows with someone who has pinkeye.


Question: How can your doctor tell if you have sinus headaches?

Answer: Usually your doctor can tell if your sinuses are blocked based on the symptoms you describe and a physical exam, but in some cases, you may need CT or MRI scans.


Question: Are sinus headaches similar to any other types of headaches?

Answer: At the same time, you might have other sinus symptoms, such as: A runny nose Feeling of fullness in your ears Fever Swelling in your face Other kinds of recurring headaches, like migraines or tension headaches, are often mistaken for sinus headaches. Because the treatment you need depends on what kind of headache you have, it's important to figure out if your symptoms are caused by your sinuses. If a sinus blockage, such as an infection, really is the cause, you'll likely have a fever.


Question: What can happen if you take too many medicines for treating headaches?

Answer: If you take decongestant and pain-relieving medicines too often, you might get medication overuse headaches. It's important to touch base with your doctor if you're using any medication for a long time to relieve your headaches. Decongestants also can raise your blood pressure, so if you have high blood pressure, talk to your doctor before you take one.


Question: How do you know if you have sinus headaches?

Answer: You'll feel a deep and constant pain in your cheekbones, forehead, or the bridge of your nose. The pain usually gets stronger when you move your head suddenly or strain. At the same time, you might have other sinus symptoms, such as: A runny nose Feeling of fullness in your ears Fever Swelling in your face Other kinds of recurring headaches, like migraines or tension headaches, are often mistaken for sinus headaches.


Question: What are the symptoms of a sinus headache?

Answer: You'll feel a deep and constant pain in your cheekbones, forehead, or the bridge of your nose. The pain usually gets stronger when you move your head suddenly or strain. At the same time, you might have other sinus symptoms, such as: A runny nose Feeling of fullness in your ears Fever Swelling in your face Other kinds of recurring headaches, like migraines or tension headaches, are often mistaken for sinus headaches.


Question: What are often mistaken for sinus headaches?

Answer: At the same time, you might have other sinus symptoms, such as: A runny nose Feeling of fullness in your ears Fever Swelling in your face Other kinds of recurring headaches, like migraines or tension headaches, are often mistaken for sinus headaches. Because the treatment you need depends on what kind of headache you have, it's important to figure out if your symptoms are caused by your sinuses. If a sinus blockage, such as an infection, really is the cause, you'll likely have a fever.


Question: Is sinus surgery used to treat a sinus headache?

Answer: In rare cases, he may recommend sinus surgery to remove polyps or open up small or constantly swollen sinuses.


Question: Can pain relievers treat a sinus headache?

Answer: You can also take pain relievers, or if they don't help, your doctor can prescribe corticosteroids to ease the inflammation in your sinuses. If an allergic reaction causes your sinus flare-ups, you might need a preventive allergy treatment.


Question: Can I treat a sinus headache at home?

Answer: You can also feel better with simple at-home tricks, such as drinking more fluids, using a humidifier, or saltwater nasal spray.


Question: What can you take to treat sinus headaches?

Answer: You can also take pain relievers, or if they don't help, your doctor can prescribe corticosteroids to ease the inflammation in your sinuses. If an allergic reaction causes your sinus flare-ups, you might need a preventive allergy treatment. You can also feel better with simple at-home tricks, such as drinking more fluids, using a humidifier, or saltwater nasal spray.


Question: How are sinus headaches treated?

Answer: You might take antibiotics, as well as antihistamines or decongestants for a short time. You can also use inhaled nasal decongestants, but only for up to 3 days. Longer use can make your symptoms worse. You usually have to treat the two conditions separately.


Question: What are two categories of dwarfism?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } There are two main categories of dwarfism -- disproportionate and proportionate. Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by an average-size torso and shorter arms and legs or a shortened trunk with longer limbs. In proportionate dwarfism, the body parts are in proportion but shortened.


Question: What is spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias (SED) and what are its features?

Answer: A less common form of dwarfism, SED affects approximately one in 95,000 babies. Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia refers to a group of conditions characterized by a shortened trunk, which may not become apparent until a child is between ages 5 and 10. Other features can include: club feet cleft palate severe osteoarthritis in the hips weak hands and feet barrel-chested appearance Diastrophic dysplasia.


Question: What is diastrophic dysplasia, and what are its features?

Answer: A rare form of dwarfism, diastrophic dysplasia occurs in about one in 100,000 births. People who have it tend to have shortened forearms and calves (this is known as mesomelic shortening). Other signs can include deformed hands and feet limited range of motion cleft palate ears with a cauliflower appearance Skeletal dysplasia is caused by a genetic mutation.


Question: What are the causes of dwarfism?

Answer: Dwarfism can be caused by any of more than 200 conditions. Causes of proportionate dwarfism include metabolic and hormonal disorders such as growth hormone deficiency. The most common types of dwarfism, known as skeletal dysplasias, are genetic. Skeletal dysplasias are conditions of abnormal bone growth that cause disproportionate dwarfism.


Question: How is dwarfism diagnosed?

Answer: Some forms of dwarfism are evident in utero, at birth or during infancy and can be diagnosed through X-rays and a physical exam. A diagnosis of achondroplasia, diastrophic dysplasia, or spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia can be confirmed through genetic testing. In some cases, prenatal testing is done if there is concern for specific conditions.


Question: What are signs of dwarfism  in children?

Answer: Sometimes dwarfism doesn't become evident until later in a child's life, when dwarfism signs lead parents to seek a diagnosis. Here are signs and symptoms to look for in children that indicate a potential for dwarfism: a larger head late development of certain motor skills, such as sitting up or walking breathing problems curvature of the spine bowed legs joint stiffness and arthritis lower back pain or numbness in the legs crowding of teeth Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or lessen some of the problems associated with dwarfism.


Question: What is the most common form of dwarfism, and what are its features?

Answer: The most common form of dwarfism, achondroplasia occurs in about one out of 26,000 to 40,000 babies and is evident at birth. People with achondroplasia have a relatively long trunk and shortened upper parts of their arms and legs. Other features of achondroplasia include: a large head with a prominent forehead a flattened bridge of the nose protruding jaw crowded and misaligned teeth forward curvature of the lower spine bowed legs flat, short, broad feet "double-jointedness" Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias ( SED).


Question: What is dwarfism?

Answer: Although other groups may extend the criteria for certain forms of dwarfism to 5 feet, the average height of an adult with dwarfism is 4 feet. This is a fatal condition that usually results in miscarriage.


Question: Who's most likely to get osteoporosis?

Answer: Some of these risk factors -- such as age and gender -- are not under your control. Osteoporosis is more likely in older people. Women are more likely than men to get osteoporosis. Family history increases the chances that you, too, will develop it. The condition may not have been diagnosed in your parents. However, if one or both had a noticeable amount of height loss, they may have had fractures in the spine, and that could be the result of osteoporosis. If you have a small, thin frame, you are more likely to get osteoporosis.


Question: How do doctors diagnose osteoporosis?

Answer: To make a diagnosis, a doctor will usually take a full medical history, order a bone density test, and possibly other tests. During an exam, your doctor will: Look at your age, consider whether women have reached menopause, whether you have ever broken a bone as an adult, your own family history, and your habits such as drinking, eating, and exercise. Ask about which medications you take. Some, such as corticosteroids, can weaken the bones if taken long term. Measure you to see if you have lost height. The doctor will inspect your spine. If it abnormally curves forward, that could be a sign that you've already had spinal fractures due to osteoporosis.


Question: What surgical procedures can be done for osteoporosis?

Answer: Two surgical procedures, both minimally invasive, can be done for fracture-related back pain: Kyphoplasty involves inserting a balloon to expand the fractured vertebrae. The space created by the balloon is then filled with bone cement. The balloon is withdrawn. Vertebroplasty involves injection of the cement, but without the use of the balloon.


Question: How is osteoporosis treated?

Answer: These drugs help maintain bone density and can reduce fracture risk. If you start taking a bone-maintenance drug, be sure your doctor knows about all other medicines you are on. Some drugs can affect the bones, and your doctor may want to switch you to another drug or adjust the dose. Hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) -- either estrogen alone or a combination of estrogen and progestin -- can prevent and treat osteoporosis. However, research has shown that hormone replacement therapy increases the risk of breast cancer, heart disease, and stroke in some women.


Question: Where are fractures from osteoporosis most common?

Answer: Fractures from osteoporosis often occur at the hip, wrist, and/or spine. Hip fractures often require surgery. About 700,000 spinal fractures occur a year. Weak bones can lead to a compression fracture in the vertebrae, the bones that form your spine. Over time, these fractures can change the strength and shape of your spine. You may lose height. Spine fractures sometimes can lead to chronic back pain.


Question: How common is osteoporosis?

Answer: Many more are at high risk for the condition. About 50% of women and up to 25% of men over age 50 will break a hip or wrist, or suffer a spinal fracture due to osteoporosis. The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends adult women age 50 and younger and adult men age 70 and younger get 400-800 IU of vitamin D and 1,000 mg of calcium daily.


Question: How is depression diagnosed?

Answer: There is no single test that can diagnose depression; however, there are certain patterns that doctors look for in order to make the diagnosis. As a result, your doctor will ask you several questions. Be honest with your answers so that you can receive the care you need.


Question: What do I need to know about erectile dysfunction (ED) and depression?

Answer: Such feelings, if not dealt with, can sometimes lead to clinical depression in men with a biological vulnerability to depression.


Question: What are some common treatments for depression?

Answer: Treatment for depression may include medication, talk therapy, or a combination of both.


Question: What are some of the symptoms of depression?

Answer: Some of the symptoms of depression include: Low self-esteem Loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (such as sex and hobbies) Fatigue Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Apathy Drug and/or alcohol use Suicidal thoughts Depression affects the way one feels about oneself and life in general.


Question: How does depression affect you?

Answer: Some of the symptoms of depression include: Low self-esteem Loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (such as sex and hobbies) Fatigue Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Apathy Drug and/or alcohol use Suicidal thoughts Depression affects the way one feels about oneself and life in general. People who are depressed cannot simply "pull themselves together" and get better. Without treatment, symptoms of depression can last indefinitely. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people who suffer from depression get back on track.


Question: What should you do if you get depressed about erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: The first step in overcoming depression is to be honest with yourself, your partner, and your doctor. After depression has been brought out into the open, coping with it will be easier and less stressful. There is no single test that can diagnose depression; however, there are certain patterns that doctors look for in order to make the diagnosis.


Question: How can laser surgery help treat a detached retina?

Answer: The retina is a thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is crucial for vision. For different reasons, it can start to peel away from the layer beneath it. If your retina has a hole or tear, but has not started to detach, you won't need those procedures. An eye surgeon points a laser beam into your eye to cause tiny burns around the hole. This creates scars or a âsealâ to wall off the tear to prevent it from developing into a retina detachment.


Question: How can an injecting gas in the eye help with treating retinal detachment?

Answer: The retina is a thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is crucial for vision. For different reasons, it can start to peel away from the layer beneath it. Injecting gas in the eye is one possibility to push the retina back in original position. The doctor injects a bubble of gas into the center of your eye, which pushes the retina back. Your body will later absorb the gas over time. Doctors use this method, called pneumatic retinopexy, if the retina has just begun to detach.


Question: What are the risks of surgery for retinal detachment?

Answer: If you have a detached retina, you'll likely need surgery right away to raise the odds of saving your sight in that eye. The surgery itself can cause other problems, though, including: Bleeding Infection Not getting your full vision back Failure to repair the detached retina, which can mean more surgery An increase in eye pressure Before surgery, you and your doctor will talk about its risks and benefits.


Question: Can you avoid surgery for retinal detachment?

Answer: Injecting gas in the eye is one possibility to push the retina back in original position. If your retina has a hole or tear, but has not started to detach, you won't need those procedures. Your doctor may advise the following methods, though, to repair the hole. An eye surgeon points a laser beam into your eye to cause tiny burns around the hole. This creates scars or a âsealâ to wall off the tear to prevent it from developing into a retina detachment. Freezing, which doctors call âcryopexy,â is another possibility. For this procedure, the doctor will numb your eye and then put a small, freezing probe on it. Like laser surgery, the freezing method creates a scar tissue around the hole to correct the problem. Sometimes the retina detaches with no tear. This usually happens if you have a disease or injury that causes fluid to build up behind the retina. In these rare cases, the detached retina may be fixed by treating the disease, and no surgery is needed.


Question: Do I need surgery for retinal detachment?

Answer: Over time, this can cause the retina to lift off the layer below it like wallpaper falling off a wall. Only a doctor can tell you if you have a retinal detachment or a retinal tear. If you do need surgery, there are different types. This usually happens if you have a disease or injury that causes fluid to build up behind the retina. That's why you need to see your doctor right away if you have sudden changes in your vision, especially if you suddenly start to see a lot more âfloatersâ -- these are dots or squiggles that appear before your eyes -- or you see flashes of light or a dark curtain moving into your vision.


Question: What is "indenting" as a treatment for retinal detachment?

Answer: The retina is a thin layer of tissue in the back of the eye that is crucial for vision. For different reasons, it can start to peel away from the layer beneath it. An eye surgeon points a laser beam into your eye to cause tiny burns around the hole. This creates scars or a âsealâ to wall off the tear to prevent it from developing into a retina detachment.


Question: How does genital herpes affect pregnancy?

Answer: Women with genital herpes are examined carefully for any symptoms before giving birth. If sores or signs that an outbreak is coming show up at the time of delivery, the baby may be delivered by cesarean section (also called a C-section).


Question: Can I take antiviral drugs for herpes during pregnancy?

Answer: Women taking antiviral drugs for herpes -- either daily suppressive therapy or occasional therapy for outbreaks -- should consult their doctor about whether to take the drugs during pregnancy. The answer is not set in stone: You and your doctor have to discuss the risks and benefits to decide what's right for you.


Question: Where can I find a neti pot?

Answer: Neti pots are available over-the-counter at many drug stores, health food stores, and online retailers. They usually cost between $15 and $30.


Question: Does nasal irrigation with a neti pot ease sinus symptoms?

Answer: Research backs up these claims, finding that nasal irrigation can be an effective way to relieve sinus symptoms when used along with standard sinus treatments. For some people, nasal irrigation may bring relief of sinus symptoms without the use of medications.


Question: How do you use a neti pot?

Answer: You might also want to ask your family doctor or an ear, nose, and throat specialist to talk you through the process so you can get comfortable with the Neti pot before trying it on your own. Typically, to use the Neti pot or other nasal irrigation device, mix 3 teaspoons of iodide-free, preservative-free salt with 1 teaspoon of baking soda and store in a small clean container. Mix 1 teaspoon of this mixture in 8 ounces of distilled, sterile or previously boiled and cooled water. Place the spout into your top nostril, and gently pour the saline solution into that nostril.


Question: How is breast reconstruction without implants done?

Answer: When you use your own tissue, it's commonly called a flap procedure. There are two basic methods for the reconstruction: Pedicle or tunneling procedure. With this technique, the section of tissue being moved stays attached to its blood supply. With this technique, the tissue being moved is disconnected from its blood supply and then reconnected to vessels in its new location using microsurgical techniques. This is a more complicated procedure.


Question: What does chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer consist of?

Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body. Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. These chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer: 5-fluorouracil (5- FU) or capecitabine Gemcitabine Both 5- FU and gemcitabine are given into the veins during regular visits to an oncologist (cancer doctor). An oral drug, capecitabine, may be substituted for 5- FU, especially with radiation.


Question: What happens after pancreatic cancer is found to be resectable?

Answer: If pancreatic cancer is resectable, surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation or both may extend survival.


Question: Can chemotherapy help metastatic pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy can also help improve pancreatic cancer symptoms and survival. Gemcitabine has been the most widely used chemotherapy drug for treating metastatic pancreas cancer. Other drug combinations include gemcitabine with erlotinib, gemcitabine with capecitabine, gemcitabine with cisplatin, and gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel. If you're in fairly good health you may receive FOLFIRINOX (5- FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin/irinotecan). Other combinations include gemcitabine alone or with another agent like (nab)-paclitaxel or capecitabine. Next line drug combinations to treat pancreatic cancer include oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine, or irinotecan liposome ( Onivyde) in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin.


Question: What can help resectable pancreatic cancer?

Answer: If pancreatic cancer is resectable, surgery followed by chemotherapy or radiation or both may extend survival.


Question: How is advanced pancreatic cancer treated?

Answer: 1 priority of treatment will shift from extending life to alleviating symptoms, especially pain. Numerous treatments can help protect against the discomfort from advanced pancreatic cancer: Procedures like bile duct stents can relieve jaundice, thus reducing itching and loss of appetite associated with bile obstruction. Opioid analgesics and a nerve block called a celiac plexus block can help relieve pain. Antidepressants and counseling can help treat depression common in advanced pancreatic cancer.


Question: How is metastatic pancreatic cancer treated?

Answer: In metastatic pancreatic cancer, surgery is used only for symptom control, such as for pain, jaundice, or gastric outlet obstruction. Radiation may be used for symptom relief, as well. Chemotherapy can also help improve pancreatic cancer symptoms and survival. Gemcitabine has been the most widely used chemotherapy drug for treating metastatic pancreas cancer. Other drug combinations include gemcitabine with erlotinib, gemcitabine with capecitabine, gemcitabine with cisplatin, and gemcitabine with nab-paclitaxel. If you're in fairly good health you may receive FOLFIRINOX (5- FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin/irinotecan). Other combinations include gemcitabine alone or with another agent like (nab)-paclitaxel or capecitabine. Next line drug combinations to treat pancreatic cancer include oxaliplatin/fluoropyrimidine, or irinotecan liposome ( Onivyde) in combination with fluorouracil plus leucovorin.


Question: How is a distal pancreatectomy done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Distal pancreatectomy: The tail and/or portion of the body of the pancreas are removed, but not the head. This surgery is uncommon for pancreatic cancer, because most tumors arising outside the head of the pancreas within the body or tail are unresectable.


Question: What is stage III pancreatic cancer?

Answer: The tumor may have expanded into nearby major blood vessels or nerves, but has not metastasized to distant sites.


Question: What is total pancreatectomy?

Answer: Total pancreatectomy: The entire pancreas and the spleen is surgically removed. Although once considered useful, this operation is uncommon today.


Question: What does metastatic pancreatic cancer mean?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.


Question: What does palliative treatment for pancreatic cancer consist of?

Answer: 1 priority of treatment will shift from extending life to alleviating symptoms, especially pain. Numerous treatments can help protect against the discomfort from advanced pancreatic cancer: Procedures like bile duct stents can relieve jaundice, thus reducing itching and loss of appetite associated with bile obstruction. Opioid analgesics and a nerve block called a celiac plexus block can help relieve pain. Antidepressants and counseling can help treat depression common in advanced pancreatic cancer.


Question: What is stage I pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater than 2 but no more than 4 centimeters (stage IB).


Question: Are there clinical trials available for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: New pancreatic cancer treatments are constantly being tested in clinical trials. You can find out about clinical trials for the latest treatments for pancreatic cancer on the websites of the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute.


Question: How is a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy) done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?

Answer: People whose pancreatic cancer is considered resectable may undergo one of three surgeries: Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): A surgeon removes the head of the pancreas and sometimes the body of the pancreas, parts of the stomach and small intestine, some lymph nodes, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. The remaining organs are reconnected in a new way to allow digestion. The Whipple procedure is a difficult and complicated surgery. Surgeons and hospitals that do the most operations have the best results. About half the time, once a surgeon sees inside the abdomen, pancreatic cancer that was thought to be resectable turns out to have spread, and thus be unresectable. The Whipple procedure is not completed in these cases.


Question: How is locally advanced (unresectable) pancreatic cancer treated?

Answer: In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, surgery can't remove the entire tumor. Since surgery to remove only part of the pancreatic cancer has been shown not to help, nonsurgical therapies are best. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Either 5- FU or gemcitabine can extend life in people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.


Question: What chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body. Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. These chemotherapy drugs can be used for pancreatic cancer: 5-fluorouracil (5- FU) or capecitabine Gemcitabine Both 5- FU and gemcitabine are given into the veins during regular visits to an oncologist (cancer doctor). An oral drug, capecitabine, may be substituted for 5- FU, especially with radiation.


Question: How is total pancreatectomy done to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Total pancreatectomy: The entire pancreas and the spleen is surgically removed. Although once considered useful, this operation is uncommon today.


Question: How is chemotherapy or radiation therapy used to treat resectable pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body.


Question: How is pancreatic cancer surgery described?

Answer: Since surgery has risks, doctors first determine whether pancreatic cancer appears to be removable by surgery (resectable). Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable. About 10% of pancreatic cancers are considered resectable when first diagnosed. Locally advanced (unresectable): Pancreatic cancer has grown into major blood vessels on imaging tests, so the tumor can't safely be removed by surgery. Metastatic: Pancreatic cancer has clearly spread to other organs, so surgery cannot remove the cancer.


Question: What is done before surgery for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Since surgery has risks, doctors first determine whether pancreatic cancer appears to be removable by surgery (resectable). Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable.


Question: What is Stage 0 pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is limited to top layers of cells in the ducts of the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is not visible on imaging tests or even to the naked eye.


Question: In what cases is a Whipple procedure unsuccessful?

Answer: About half the time, once a surgeon sees inside the abdomen, pancreatic cancer that was thought to be resectable turns out to have spread, and thus be unresectable.


Question: What is stage II pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is over 4 centimeters and is either limited to the pancreas or there is local spread where the cancer has grown outside of the pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph nodes.


Question: What does resectable pancreatic cancer mean?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable. About 10% of pancreatic cancers are considered resectable when first diagnosed.


Question: How does radiation therapy work to treat pancreatic cancer?

Answer: In radiation therapy, a machine beams high-energy X-rays to the pancreas to kill pancreatic cancer cells. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks.


Question: What does locally advanced (unresectable) pancreatic cancer mean?

Answer: Locally advanced (unresectable): Pancreatic cancer has grown into major blood vessels on imaging tests, so the tumor can't safely be removed by surgery.


Question: How is locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated?

Answer: In locally advanced pancreatic cancer, surgery can't remove the entire tumor. Since surgery to remove only part of the pancreatic cancer has been shown not to help, nonsurgical therapies are best. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Either 5- FU or gemcitabine can extend life in people with locally advanced pancreatic cancer.


Question: Can chemotherapy or radiation therapy be used along with surgery for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy or radiation therapy or both can also be used in conjunction with surgery for resectable and unresectable pancreatic cancer in order to: Shrink pancreatic cancer before surgery, improving the chances of resection (neoadjuvant therapy) Prevent or delay pancreatic cancer from returning after surgery (adjuvant therapy) Chemotherapy includes cancer drugs that travel through the whole body.


Question: What is stage IV pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.


Question: What is the role of surgery and radiation for metastatic pancreatic cancer?

Answer: In metastatic pancreatic cancer, surgery is used only for symptom control, such as for pain, jaundice, or gastric outlet obstruction. Radiation may be used for symptom relief, as well.


Question: What is a Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy)?

Answer: People whose pancreatic cancer is considered resectable may undergo one of three surgeries: Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy): A surgeon removes the head of the pancreas and sometimes the body of the pancreas, parts of the stomach and small intestine, some lymph nodes, the gallbladder, and the common bile duct. The remaining organs are reconnected in a new way to allow digestion. The Whipple procedure is a difficult and complicated surgery. Surgeons and hospitals that do the most operations have the best results.


Question: What are the stages of pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Stage is a term used in cancer treatment to describe the extent of the cancer's spread. The stages of pancreatic cancer are used to guide treatment and to classify patients for clinical trials. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread. Pancreatic cancer is limited to top layers of cells in the ducts of the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is not visible on imaging tests or even to the naked eye. Stage I: Local growth. Pancreatic cancer is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater than 2 but no more than 4 centimeters (stage IB). Stage II: Local spread. Pancreatic cancer is over 4 centimeters and is either limited to the pancreas or there is local spread where the cancer has grown outside of the pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph nodes. The tumor may have expanded into nearby major blood vessels or nerves, but has not metastasized to distant sites. Stage IV: Confirmed spread. Pancreatic cancer has spread to distant organs.


Question: What are the side effects of radiation and chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy.


Question: How effective is radiation therapy and chemotherapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy ("chemo") kills pancreatic cancer cells in the main tumor as well as those that have spread widely. Radiation therapy is done during a series of daily treatments, usually over a period of weeks. Treatment consists of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy.


Question: What is the best treatment for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: What is difficult is attempting to stage pancreatic cancer without resorting to major surgery. In practice, doctors choose pancreatic cancer treatments based upon imaging studies, surgical findings, and an individual's general state of well being. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread. Pancreatic cancer is then described as follows: Resectable: On imaging tests, pancreatic cancer hasn't spread (or at least not far), and a surgeon feels it might all be removable.


Question: How is the stage of pancreatic cancer determined?

Answer: What is difficult is attempting to stage pancreatic cancer without resorting to major surgery. Imaging tests like CT scans and ultrasound provide some information, but knowing exactly how far pancreatic cancer has spread usually requires surgery.


Question: How are stages used to describe pancreatic cancer?

Answer: The stages of pancreatic cancer are easy to understand. The stages of pancreatic cancer are: Stage 0: No spread.


Question: What does it mean if my baby smiles?

Answer: Sometimes a smile in the early weeks of life is simply a sign that your little bundle is passing gas. But starting between 6 and 8 weeks of life, babies develop a "social smile" -- an intentional gesture of warmth meant just for you. This is an important milestone. Your pediatrician will ask you whether you've seen your baby's grin at her two-month well child visit. So be on the lookout.


Question: How can you make a baby smile?

Answer: By encouraging your baby to smile, you're helping her develop self-esteem. Smile widely at her and offer a warm "hello" in that sing-song pitch parents do so well. If you're trying to get your baby to smile and can't seem to coax a grin, don't fret. Respect differences between you and your partner in the way each of you plays with the baby. Caring for baby at this age is still demanding.


Question: How can anthralin help with skin conditions?

Answer: Anthralin : This drug, though not often used because it can be irritating and can stain, helps reduce inflammation and can help treat psoriasis.


Question: How are corticosteroids used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Corticosteroids: These are used to treat skin conditions including eczema. Corticosteroids come in many different forms including foams, lotions, ointments, and creams.


Question: How are retinoids used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Retinoids: These medications (such as Retin- A, Differin, and Tazorac) are gels, foams, lotions, or creams derived from vitamin A and are used to treat conditions including acne.


Question: What benzoyl peroxide products are used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Benzoyl peroxide : Creams, gels, washes, and foams containing benzoyl peroxide are used to treat acne.


Question: How are enzyme inhibitors used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Enzyme inhibitors: Enzyme inhibitors such as apremilast ( Otezla) shuts down an enzyme in the immune system to fight inflammation. Eucrisa ointment is an enzyme inhibitor FDA approved for mild to moderate atopic dermatitis/eczema.


Question: What antifungal agents are used for skin conditions?

Answer: Antifungal agents: Clotrimazole ( Lotrimin), ketoconazole ( Nizoral), and terbinafine ( Lamisil AT), are a few examples of common topical antifungal drugs used to treat skin conditions such as ringworm and athlete's foot.


Question: How are oral antifungal agents used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Antifungal agents: Oral antifungal drugs include fluconazole and itraconazole. These drugs can be used to treat more severe fungal infections. Terbinafine is an oral antifungal medicine that may be used to treat fungal infections of the nails.


Question: What antibacterials are used for skin conditions?

Answer: Some common topical treatments for skin conditions include: Antibacterials: These medicines, including mupirocin or clindamycin, are often used to treat or prevent infection.


Question: How are oral antibiotics used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Some common oral or injection treatments for skin conditions include: Antibiotics: Oral antibiotics are used to treat many skin conditions. Common antibiotics include dicloxacillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline.


Question: What corticosteroids are used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Corticosteroids: These medications, including prednisone, can be helpful in treating skin conditions linked to autoimmune diseases including vasculitis and inflammatory diseases such as eczema. Dermatologists prefer topical steroids to avoid side effects; however, short-term use of prednisone is sometimes necessary.


Question: How is coal tar used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Coal tar : This topical treatment is available with and without a prescription, with strengths ranging from 0.5% to 5%. Coal tar is used to treat conditions including seborrheic dermatitis (usually in shampoos) or psoriasis. Currently, coal tar is seldom used because it can be slow acting and can cause severe staining of personal clothing and bedding.


Question: How is salicylic acid used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Salicylic acid : This drug is sold in lotions, gels, soaps, shampoos, washes, and patches. Salicylic acid is the active ingredient in many skin care products for the treatment of acne and warts.


Question: How are antiviral agents used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Antiviral agents: Common antiviral agents include acyclovir ( Zovirax), famciclovir ( Famvir), and valacyclovir ( Valtrex). Antiviral treatments are used for skin conditions including those related to herpes and shingles.


Question: How are non-steroidal ointments used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Non-steroidal ointment: The ointments crisaborole ( Eucrisa) and tacrolimus ( Protopic) and the cream pimecrolimus ( Elidel) also are prescribed for eczema, including atopic dermatitis.


Question: What retinoids are used to treat skin conditions?

Answer: Coal tar is used to treat conditions including seborrheic dermatitis (usually in shampoos) or psoriasis. It reduces skin cell growth. It causes severe birth defects and should not be used if you are planning to become pregnant, are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: What are indications that I should call a doctor about a cold?

Answer: You notice an inability to swallow You have a sore throat for more than 2 or 3 days, particularly if it seems to be worsening You have an earache You have a stiff neck or sensitivity to bright lights You're pregnant or nursing Your newborn or infant has cold symptoms Your throat hurts and your temperature is 101 degrees F or higher Your cold symptoms worsen after the third day; you may have a bacterial infection


Question: How long do colds usually last and do they require medical care?

Answer: Cold symptoms typically last for about 3 days. At that point the worst is over, but you may feel congested for a week or more. Except in newborns, colds themselves are not dangerous. They usually go away in 4 to 10 days without any special medicine. Unfortunately, colds do wear down your body's resistance, making you more susceptible to bacterial infections.


Question: What is the link between dementia and Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Experts think between 60% to 80% of people with dementia have this disease. More than 5 million Americans have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's. It's what most people think of when they hear "dementia." If someone you know has Alzheimer's, you'll notice symptoms such as memory loss and trouble planning and doing familiar tasks.


Question: What are the symptoms of vascular dementia?

Answer: Your friend or relative might: Be confused about where he is or what day or year it is Have problems speaking or writing Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them Show poor judgment Have mood and personality changes If a relative or friend of yours gets this type of dementia, it's usually because he's had a major stroke, or one or more "silent" strokes, which can happen without him realizing it. The symptoms depend on which part of his brain was affected by the stroke. While Alzheimer's usually begins with memory problems, vascular dementia more often begins with poor judgment or trouble planning, organizing, and making decisions.


Question: What is Parkinson's disease with dementia?

Answer: The symptoms include: Problems thinking clearly, making decisions, or paying attention Memory trouble Seeing things that aren't there, known as visual hallucinations Unusual sleepiness during the day Periods of "blanking out" or staring Problems with movement, including trembling, slowness, and trouble walking Dreams where you act out physically, including, talking, walking, and kicking People with the nervous system disorder Parkinson's disease get this type of dementia about 50% to 80% of the time. On average, the symptoms of dementia develop about 10 years after a person first gets Parkinson's. This type is very similar to DLB. They have the same symptoms, and people with both conditions have signs of Lewy bodies in their brains.


Question: What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

Answer: Your loved one might have: Memory and concentration problems Poor judgment Confusion Mood swings Depression Sleep problems Twitching or jerky muscles Trouble walking This type of dementia is caused by a buildup of fluid in the brain. The symptoms include problems walking, trouble thinking and concentrating, and personality and behavior changes. Some symptoms can be treated by draining the extra fluid from the brain into the abdomen through a long, thin tube, called a shunt.


Question: What are other symptoms of vascular dementia?

Answer: Other symptoms may include: Memory problems that disrupt your loved one's daily life Trouble speaking or understanding speech Problems recognizing sights and sounds that used to be familiar Being confused or agitated Changes in personality and mood Problems walking and having frequent falls Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that form in some people's brains.


Question: What is dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)?

Answer: Other symptoms may include: Memory problems that disrupt your loved one's daily life Trouble speaking or understanding speech Problems recognizing sights and sounds that used to be familiar Being confused or agitated Changes in personality and mood Problems walking and having frequent falls Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that form in some people's brains. They're named after the scientist who discovered them. If someone you know gets DLB, it's because these deposits have formed in the part of the brain called the cortex.


Question: What is mixed dementia?

Answer: There are many different types of dementia. The most common combination is Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.


Question: What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

Answer: Your loved one might have: Memory and concentration problems Poor judgment Confusion Mood swings Depression Sleep problems Twitching or jerky muscles Trouble walking This type of dementia is caused by a buildup of fluid in the brain. It most commonly happens in people who are long-term heavy drinkers. The dementia symptom that's most common with this condition is a problem with memory. Usually a person's problem-solving and thinking skills aren't affected.


Question: What are the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: It will get worse over time. Your friend or relative might: Be confused about where he is or what day or year it is Have problems speaking or writing Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them Show poor judgment Have mood and personality changes If a relative or friend of yours gets this type of dementia, it's usually because he's had a major stroke, or one or more "silent" strokes, which can happen without him realizing it.


Question: What is dementia?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Dementia itself is not a disease, but a syndrome; its symptoms are common to several brain diseases. It will get worse over time. But medications might slow that decline and help with symptoms, such as behavior changes. There are many different types of dementia. Your loved one's treatments will depend on the type he has. The dementia symptom that's most common with this condition is a problem with memory.


Question: Why is high blood pressure bad for you?

Answer: That added stress can raise your chances for a heart attack or stroke. Over time, problems in your arteries could cut back on blood flow. And since all of the tissues and organs in your body need blood to work well, that means things like your brain, your kidneys, your eyesight, and your sex life can be affected, too. By living with healthy habits and taking medication to get or keep your blood pressure down now, you may prevent long-term problems. Your heart is a muscle, and it needs blood, too. High blood pressure is a leading cause of stroke.


Question: How can high blood pressure affect your eyes?

Answer: High blood pressure changes that. That's where fatty bits, called plaque, get caught and build up. This could lead to kidney failure. You could also lose your sight when your optic nerve doesn't get enough blood.


Question: How can high blood pressure affect your brain?

Answer: Why is high blood pressure a big deal? Depending on what part of your brain loses blood and what it does, you could have problems with language, vision, movement, or anything else your brain controls. It could be temporary if the blood flow is restored, or the damage may be permanent if the cells die. A lessened blood supply to the brain can also keep you from thinking clearly and remembering. It can cause a condition called vascular dementia.


Question: How can high blood pressure affect your arteries?

Answer: Over time, problems in your arteries could cut back on blood flow. High blood pressure changes that. The extra force of the blood can damage the cells on the inside walls of your arteries. If the pressure doesn't let up, it can cause tears in the lining so it's not smooth anymore. That's where fatty bits, called plaque, get caught and build up. Blood can't move as well around these clogs, which can even block arteries. These deposits can also make the walls stiff so it's harder to move the blood. This damage can make the artery wall stretch and bulge out like a balloon. The bump is called an aneurysm. It can break open and bleed. When its supply lines can't deliver enough, you could have: Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Chest pain (angina) Heart attack To push blood through stiff or clogged arteries, your heart has to work harder.


Question: How can high blood pressure affect your heart?

Answer: Over time, problems in your arteries could cut back on blood flow. Your heart is a muscle, and it needs blood, too. When its supply lines can't deliver enough, you could have: Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) Chest pain (angina) Heart attack To push blood through stiff or clogged arteries, your heart has to work harder. An overworked heart can become larger than normal. Then the walls of the heart muscle lose strength and can't pump blood well. This could lead to a heart attack or heart failure. The chances are greater if you already have heart problems.


Question: What other tests might be needed in addition to an immunoglobulin test?

Answer: Depending on your results, the doctor might need to do other tests, such as a: Complete blood count ( CBC) Protein blood test Urine test to check for kidney problems If your immunoglobulin level is high, it might be caused by: Allergies Chronic infections An autoimmune disorder that makes your immune system overreact, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or celiac disease Liver disease Inflammatory bowel disease Cancer, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia Low levels of immunoglobulins mean your immune system isn't working as well as it should.


Question: What is immunoglobulin M?

Answer: Immunoglobulin M: Your body makes Ig M antibodies when you are first infected with new bacteria or other germs. They are your body's first line of defense against infections. When your body senses an invader, your Ig M level will rise for a short time. It will then begin to drop as your Ig G level kicks in and increases to protect you long-term.


Question: How can immunoglobulin test results vary?

Answer: This can be caused by: Medicines that weaken your immune system, such as steroids Diabetes complications Kidney disease or kidney failure A weakened immune system that you were born with or developed (as with HIV/ AIDS) Just because your immunoglobulin level is high or low doesn't mean you have one of these conditions. Each person's test can differ based on the method the lab uses to check the results. Talk to your doctor about your test results, and find out what you should do next.


Question: What is immunoglobulin E?

Answer: Immunoglobulin E: Your body makes Ig E antibodies when it overreacts to substances that aren't harmful, such as pollen or pet dander. Your doctor will likely measure your Ig E levels if you have a blood test to check for allergies.


Question: How is an immunoglobulin test done?

Answer: She may also order the test if you have: Diarrhea that doesn't go away Unexplained weight loss Fevers that can't be explained by another cause Skin rashes Allergies Sickness after traveling HIV/ AIDS or multiple myeloma (a type of cancer), or another condition that needs to be monitored Doctors often measure Ig A, Ig G, and Ig M together to get a snapshot of your immune function. A lab tech will usually take a sample of your blood by inserting a needle into a vein in your arm. The blood collects into a tube or vial. Another way to do this test is with a sample of what's called cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF). CSF surrounds your brain and spinal cord. The doctor will take a sample of this fluid with a lumbar puncture (often called a âspinal tapâ). For this, you go to an outpatient facility or a hospital. A technician will give you a shot in your back to help numb any pain. You will likely lie on your side with your knees pulled up to your chest, or you sit on a table. The technician inserts a hollow needle between two vertebrae in your lower spine and removes a small amount of fluid so it can be tested.


Question: Why might I need an immunoglobulin test?

Answer: Your doctor might order an immunoglobulin test if you get a lot of infections -- especially infections of the sinuses, lungs, stomach, or intestines. She may also order the test if you have: Diarrhea that doesn't go away Unexplained weight loss Fevers that can't be explained by another cause Skin rashes Allergies Sickness after traveling HIV/ AIDS or multiple myeloma (a type of cancer), or another condition that needs to be monitored Doctors often measure Ig A, Ig G, and Ig M together to get a snapshot of your immune function.


Question: What does a high immunoglobulin level mean?

Answer: Depending on your results, the doctor might need to do other tests, such as a: Complete blood count ( CBC) Protein blood test Urine test to check for kidney problems If your immunoglobulin level is high, it might be caused by: Allergies Chronic infections An autoimmune disorder that makes your immune system overreact, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or celiac disease Liver disease Inflammatory bowel disease Cancer, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia Low levels of immunoglobulins mean your immune system isn't working as well as it should.


Question: What does a low immunoglobulin level mean?

Answer: Depending on your results, the doctor might need to do other tests, such as a: Complete blood count ( CBC) Protein blood test Urine test to check for kidney problems If your immunoglobulin level is high, it might be caused by: Allergies Chronic infections An autoimmune disorder that makes your immune system overreact, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or celiac disease Liver disease Inflammatory bowel disease Cancer, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia Low levels of immunoglobulins mean your immune system isn't working as well as it should. This can be caused by: Medicines that weaken your immune system, such as steroids Diabetes complications Kidney disease or kidney failure A weakened immune system that you were born with or developed (as with HIV/ AIDS) Just because your immunoglobulin level is high or low doesn't mean you have one of these conditions.


Question: What is immunoglobulin G?

Answer: Immunoglobulin G: Ig G is the most common type of antibody in your blood and other body fluids. These antibodies protect you against infection by "remembering" which germs you've been exposed to before. If those germs come back, your immune system knows to attack them. Your doctor can test for Ig G to figure out whether you've been infected by certain kinds of bacteria or virus.


Question: What is immunoglobulin A?

Answer: Your body makes a few different types of immunoglobulin antibodies, including these: Immunoglobulin A: Ig A antibodies are found in the mucous membranes of the lungs, sinuses, stomach, and intestines. They're also in fluids these membranes produce, like saliva and tears, as well as in the blood.


Question: What is an immunoglobulin test?

Answer: Some conditions cause your body to make too many or too few immunoglobulins. Having too few immunoglobulins in your blood gives you a greater chance of getting infections. Having too many could mean you have allergies or an overactive immune system. Your body makes a few different types of immunoglobulin antibodies, including these: Immunoglobulin A: Ig A antibodies are found in the mucous membranes of the lungs, sinuses, stomach, and intestines. Immunoglobulin M: Your body makes Ig M antibodies when you are first infected with new bacteria or other germs. This can be caused by: Medicines that weaken your immune system, such as steroids Diabetes complications Kidney disease or kidney failure A weakened immune system that you were born with or developed (as with HIV/ AIDS) Just because your immunoglobulin level is high or low doesn't mean you have one of these conditions.


Question: How is a collapsed lung diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will probably start with a physical exam. They'll listen to your chest through a stethoscope as you breathe and tap your chest to find out if it sounds hollow. You might get an X-ray so your doctor can see the outline of your lung. If the doctor still isn't sure after these steps, you may have a CT scan, a series of X-rays that a computer turns into a detailed image of your lung.


Question: How is a collapsed lung treated?

Answer: They treat a collapsed lung by getting rid of the pressure outside the lung so it can inflate again. In minor cases without symptoms, the lung can expand again on its own. You may need to breathe oxygen from a container for a short time to help. Even if your case is minor, it's important to have follow-up visits with your doctor so they can keep an eye on how you're doing. If the lung has collapsed further, the doctor may use a needle or tube to release the extra air from your chest. If the doctor uses a tube, it might have to stay attached for several hours or several days.


Question: How does pleurodesis work in treating collapsed lung?

Answer: Cases involving lung disease, an accident, or repeated collapsed lungs may need surgery or pleurodesis. Pleurodesis is a procedure in which a doctor uses a needle and tube to get medicine like doxycycline into your chest. It triggers inflammation, which helps the lung stick to the chest wall and stay inflated.


Question: How can cancer cause hip pain?

Answer: Tumors that start in the bone or that spread to the bone can cause pain in the hips, as well as in other bones of the body.


Question: How can bursitis cause hip pain?

Answer: Bursae are sacs of liquid found between tissues such as bone, muscles, and tendons. They ease the friction from these tissues rubbing together. When bursae get inflamed, they can cause pain. Inflammation of bursae is usually due to repetitive activities that overwork or irritate the hip joint.


Question: How can you relieve hip pain at home?

Answer: Try to rest the affected joint as much as possible until you feel better. You may also try heating the area. A warm bath or shower can help ready your muscle for stretching exercises that can lessen pain.


Question: How can a hip labral tear cause hip pain?

Answer: This is a rip in the ring of cartilage (called the labrum) that follows the outside rim of the socket of your hip joint. Along with cushioning your hip joint, your labrum acts like a rubber seal or gasket to help hold the ball at the top of your thighbone securely within your hip socket. Athletes and people who perform repetitive twisting movements are at higher risk of developing this problem.


Question: When should I call a doctor about hip pain?

Answer: Also call if you have hip pain at night or when you are resting. Get medical help right away if: The hip pain came on suddenly. A fall or other injury triggered the hip pain. Your joint looks deformed or is bleeding. You heard a popping noise in the joint when you injured it. The pain is intense. You can't put any weight on your hip. You can't move your leg or hip.


Question: What are the symptoms of hip pain?

Answer: Depending on the condition that's causing your hip pain, you might feel the discomfort in your: Thigh Inside of the hip joint Groin Outside of the hip joint Buttocks Sometimes pain from other areas of the body, such as the back or groin (from a hernia), can radiate to the hip. You might notice that your pain gets worse with activity, especially if it's caused by arthritis. Along with the pain, you might have reduced range of motion. Some people develop a limp from persistent hip pain.


Question: How can arthritis cause hip pain?

Answer: Arthritis leads to inflammation of the hip joint and the breakdown of the cartilage that cushions your hip bones. The pain gradually gets worse. People with arthritis also feel stiffness and have reduced range of motion in the hip. This is a rip in the ring of cartilage (called the labrum) that follows the outside rim of the socket of your hip joint.


Question: How can you get hip pain?

Answer: Whenever you use the hip (for example, by going for a run), a cushion of cartilage helps prevent friction as the hip bone moves in its socket. Despite its durability, the hip joint isn't indestructible. With age and use, the cartilage can wear down or become damaged. Muscles and tendons in the hip can get overused. Bones in the hip can break during a fall or other injury. Any of these conditions can lead to hip pain. Hip labral tear. This is a rip in the ring of cartilage (called the labrum) that follows the outside rim of the socket of your hip joint.


Question: How can muscle or tendon strain cause hip pain?

Answer: Muscles and tendons in the hip can get overused. When bursae get inflamed, they can cause pain.


Question: Can medications prevent ocular migraines?

Answer: These often include: Stress Smoking High blood pressure Hormonal birth control pills Exercise Bending over High altitude Dehydration Low blood sugar Excessive heat Although dietary triggers - such as caffeine, alcohol, and artificial sweeteners -- can cause other types of migraines; they seem less likely to trigger ocular migraines. Medications can also prevent ocular migraines. Calcium-channel blockers, such as Cardene and Calan, are the most commonly used drugs. They work by opening up the blood vessels. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as aspirin are also sometimes used. Less often, your doctor may prescribe drugs used to prevent blood clotting, depression and epilepsy.


Question: Are devices options for treating ocular migraines?

Answer: A device is also an option. Cefaly is a portable headband-like device used for preventing migraines. It gives electrical impulses on the skin at the forehead and stimulates a nerve associated with migraine headaches. Cefaly is used once a day for 20 minutes, and when it's on you'll likely feel a tingling or massaging sensation. Spring TM may be another option. You hold this device at the back of your head at the first sign of a headache, and it gives off a magnetic pulse that stimulates part of the brain. In addition, there is a noninvasive vagus nerve stimulator called gamma Core. When placed over the vagus nerve in the neck, it releases a mild electrical stimulation to the nerve's fibers to relieve pain.


Question: What does Z score mean in bone mineral density test?

Answer: Here's what the T score means: â -1 and above: Your bone density is normal â -1 to -2.5: Your bone density is low, and it may lead to osteoporosis â -2.5 and above: You have osteoporosis Z score: This allows you to compare how much bone mass you have compared with other people of your age, gender, and size. A Z score below -2.0 means that you have less bone mass than someone your age and that it could be caused by something other than aging.


Question: Who should get a bone mineral density test?

Answer: She may recommend it if you meet any of the following: You're a woman 65 or older You're a postmenopausal woman 50 or older You're a woman at the age of menopause and have a high chance for breaking bones You're a woman who has already been through menopause, younger than 65, and have other things that give you a higher chance of osteoporosis You're a man 50 or older with other risk factors You break a bone after 50 You've lost more than 1.5 inches of your adult height Your posture has gotten more hunched You're having back pain without any cause Your periods have stopped or are irregular although you're neither pregnant nor menopausal You've gotten an organ transplant You've had a drop in hormone levels Some types of prescription drugs can cause bone loss.


Question: How can you prepare for bone mineral density test?

Answer: She may recommend it if you meet any of the following: You're a woman 65 or older You're a postmenopausal woman 50 or older You're a woman at the age of menopause and have a high chance for breaking bones You're a woman who has already been through menopause, younger than 65, and have other things that give you a higher chance of osteoporosis You're a man 50 or older with other risk factors You break a bone after 50 You've lost more than 1.5 inches of your adult height Your posture has gotten more hunched You're having back pain without any cause Your periods have stopped or are irregular although you're neither pregnant nor menopausal You've gotten an organ transplant You've had a drop in hormone levels Some types of prescription drugs can cause bone loss. Don't take calcium supplements for 24 hours before the exam. The contrast dye could interfere with your bone density test. Avoid wearing clothes with metal zippers, belts, or buttons.


Question: What type of bone mineral density test is central dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)?

Answer: They are: Central DXA: This test looks at your spine and hip bones. It tends to be more accurate. They are also used for larger people who cannot get the central DXA because of weight limits.


Question: How does the bone mineral density test work?

Answer: The X-rays measure how much calcium and minerals are in a part of your bone. The more minerals you have, the better. That means your bones are stronger, denser, and less likely to break. The lower your mineral content, the greater your chance of breaking a bone in a fall. Based on how much the X-rays change after passing through your bones, it comes up with an image of your skeleton. Here's what the T score means: â -1 and above: Your bone density is normal â -1 to -2.5: Your bone density is low, and it may lead to osteoporosis â -2.5 and above: You have osteoporosis Z score: This allows you to compare how much bone mass you have compared with other people of your age, gender, and size.


Question: What are bedsores?

Answer: Bedsores: Bedsores (also known as pressure ulcers) are skin ulcers that develop from pressure when people lie in bed or sit in a chair for long periods of time. Bedsores are a fairly common problem in people who have trouble moving on their own. People with diabetes are more prone to bedsores because of their poor circulation and decreased feeling in their skin. Frequent rotation or re-positioning helps to prevent bedsores.


Question: What are the risk factors for heel spurs?

Answer: Risk factors for heel spurs include: Walking gait abnormalities,which place excessive stress on the heel bone, ligaments, and nerves near the heel Running or jogging, especially on hard surfaces Poorly fitted or badly worn shoes, especially those lacking appropriate arch support Excess weight and obesity Other risk factors associated with plantar fasciitis include: Increasing age, which decreases plantar fascia flexibility and thins the heel's protective fat pad Diabetes Spending most of the day on one's feet Frequent short bursts of physical activity Having either flat feet or high arches Heel spurs often cause no symptoms.


Question: What are heel spurs?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A heel spur is a calcium deposit causing a bony protrusion on the underside of the heel bone. On an X-ray, a heel spur can extend forward by as much as a half-inch. Without visible X-ray evidence, the condition is sometimes known as "heel spur syndrome."


Question: What does the treatment for heel spurs include?

Answer: Treatments for heel spurs and associated conditions include exercise, custom-made orthotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and cortisone injections. If conservative treatments fail, surgery may be necessary.


Question: What causes heel spurs?

Answer: Heel spurs occur when calcium deposits build up on the underside of the heel bone, a process that usually occurs over a period of many months. Heel spurs are often caused by strains on foot muscles and ligaments, stretching of the plantar fascia, and repeated tearing of the membrane that covers the heel bone. Heel spurs are especially common among athletes whose activities include large amounts of running and jumping.


Question: What surgical techniques are used to treat heel spurs?

Answer: Surgical techniques include: Release of the plantar fascia Removal of a spur Pre-surgical tests or exams are required to identify optimal candidates, and it's important to observe post-surgical recommendations concerning rest, ice, compression, elevation of the foot, and when to place weight on the operated foot.


Question: How can you prevent heel spurs?

Answer: You can prevent heel spurs by wearing well-fitting shoes with shock-absorbent soles, rigid shanks, and supportive heel counters; choosing appropriate shoes for each physical activity; warming up and doing stretching exercises before each activity; and pacing yourself during the activities. Avoid wearing shoes with excessive wear on the heels and soles. If you are overweight, losing weight may also help prevent heel spurs.


Question: What over-the-counter medications can you take for heel spurs?

Answer: He or she may recommend conservative treatments such as: Stretching exercises Shoe recommendations Taping or strapping to rest stressed muscles and tendons Shoe inserts or orthotic devices Physical therapy Night splints Heel pain may respond to treatment with over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol), ibuprofen ( Advil), or naproxen ( Aleve). In many cases, a functional orthotic device can correct the causes of heel and arch pain such as biomechanical imbalances. In some cases, injection with a corticosteroid may be done to relieve inflammation in the area.


Question: What are the symptoms of heel spurs?

Answer: Although heel spurs are often painless, they can cause heel pain. But heel spurs can be associated with intermittent or chronic pain -- especially while walking, jogging, or running -- if inflammation develops at the point of the spur formation. In general, the cause of the pain is not the heel spur itself but the soft-tissue injury associated with it. Many people describe the pain of heel spurs and plantar fasciitis as a knife or pin sticking into the bottom of their feet when they first stand up in the morning -- a pain that later turns into a dull ache. They often complain that the sharp pain returns after they stand up after sitting for a prolonged period of time.