Question: How can you cut sodium in your diet when you have chronic kidney disease (CKD)?

Answer: Try these simple tips to cut the sodium in your diet: Avoid table salt and high-sodium seasonings (soy sauce, sea salt, garlic salt, etc.). Cook at home -- most fast foods are high in sodium.


Question: Is the Whipple procedure available for patients newly diagnosed with pancreatic cancer?

Answer: The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas.


Question: Who is a candidate for the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure. Some patients may be eligible for a minimally invasive (laparoscopic) Whipple procedure, which is performed through several small incisions instead of a single large incision. Compared to the classic procedure, the laparoscopic procedure may result in less blood loss, a shorter hospital stay, a quicker recovery, and fewer complications. The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas.


Question: How many people survive after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Overall, the five-year survival rate after a Whipple procedure is about 20 to 25%. Even if the procedure successfully removes the visible tumor, it's possible that some cancer cells have already spread elsewhere in the body, where they can form new tumors and eventually cause death. The five-year survival rate is higher in node-negative patients (their cancer has not spread to nearby lymph nodes) than for node-positive patients.


Question: How long do patients stay in the hospital after a Whipple procedure?

Answer: Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications.


Question: What are other complications after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Other possible complications include: Weight loss. Most patients can expect to lose weight after the surgery. Diabetes. This condition can develop if too many insulin-producing cells are removed from the pancreas. However, patients who have normal blood sugar before surgery are unlikely to develop diabetes, and those who recently developed diabetes before surgery are even likely to improve.


Question: What other treatments do patients get after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Regardless of node status, most patients receive chemotherapy, radiation, or both after surgery. However, cancer specialists have differing opinions on the best combination and the best drugs to use. It's not yet known if therapy works better before or after surgery. But some research suggests that therapy could allow a few patients who are initially thought to be ineligible for surgery to eventually undergo the Whipple procedure. Studies are ongoing.


Question: How long does the Whipple procedure take?

Answer: The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts.


Question: Where should the Whipple procedure be done?

Answer: Because the Whipple procedure continues to be one of the most demanding and risky operations for surgeons and patients, the American Cancer Society says it's best to have the procedure done at a hospital that performs at least 15 to 20 pancreas surgeries per year. The organization also recommends choosing a surgeon who does many such operations.


Question: Who should perform the Whipple procedure?

Answer: The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts.


Question: What is it like for patients after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover.


Question: What is the death rate for patients undergoing the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Since then, improvements in diagnosis, staging, surgical techniques, anesthesia, and postoperative care have reduced the short-term death rate to less than 4% in patients whose operation is performed at cancer centers by experienced surgeons. At some major centers, the reported death rate is less than 1%. But the rate may still be above 15% in patients who are treated at small hospitals or by less experienced surgeons.


Question: What is recovery from the Whipple procedure like?

Answer: Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications. At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover.


Question: What is the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple procedure involves removal of the "head" (wide part) of the pancreas next to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It also involves removal of the duodenum, a portion of the common bile duct, gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. Afterward, surgeons reconnect the remaining intestine, bile duct, and pancreas.


Question: Which pancreatic cancer patients can have the Whipple procedure done?

Answer: Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure.


Question: What is the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple procedure involves removal of the "head" (wide part) of the pancreas next to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It also involves removal of the duodenum, a portion of the common bile duct, gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. Afterward, surgeons reconnect the remaining intestine, bile duct, and pancreas. After the Whipple procedure was introduced, many surgeons were reluctant to perform it because it had a high death rate.


Question: What is the prognosis for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Because pancreatic cancer often grows and spreads long before it causes any symptoms, only about 6% of patients are still alive five years after diagnosis. One of the most common of these include the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of the bowel reconnection.


Question: How many people die from the Whipple procedure?

Answer: The classic Whipple procedure is named after Allen Whipple, MD, a Columbia University surgeon who was the first American to perform the operation in 1935. As recently as the 1970s, up to 25% of patients either died during the surgery or shortly thereafter. Since then, improvements in diagnosis, staging, surgical techniques, anesthesia, and postoperative care have reduced the short-term death rate to less than 4% in patients whose operation is performed at cancer centers by experienced surgeons. At some major centers, the reported death rate is less than 1%. But the rate may still be above 15% in patients who are treated at small hospitals or by less experienced surgeons.


Question: What should you expect if you have pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Because pancreatic cancer often grows and spreads long before it causes any symptoms, only about 6% of patients are still alive five years after diagnosis. One of the most common of these include the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of the bowel reconnection.


Question: What are complications of the Whipple procedure?

Answer: One of the most common of these include the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of the bowel reconnection. Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Most patients can expect to lose weight after the surgery.


Question: Does the Whipple procedure work better before or after surgery for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: For some pancreatic patients, however, a complex surgery known as the Whipple procedure may extend life and could be a potential cure. Studies are ongoing.


Question: What are possible complications of the Whipple procedure?

Answer: One of the most common of these include the development of false channels (fistulas) and leakage from the site of the bowel reconnection. Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Most patients can expect to lose weight after the surgery.


Question: How should I take angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for heart disease?

Answer: You can take most of these drugs on an empty or full stomach. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for specific instructions. Follow the label directions on how often to take it. The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and how long you need to take the medication depends on the type of ARB, as well as your condition. It may take many weeks for you to feel the full effects of the drug.


Question: Why are angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) prescribed for heart disease?

Answer: Examples of these medicines include: Atacand (candesartan) Avapro (irbesartan) Cozaar (losartan) Diovan (valsartan) Micardis (telmisartan) They have similar effects on heart disease as other types of drugs called ACE inhibitors, but they work a different way. Doctors prescribe them if you can't take ACE inhibitors. For instance, some people switch to ARBs if they get a cough while taking an ACE inhibitor.


Question: What are angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer: They lower certain chemicals that narrow your blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easily through your body. ARBs also lower certain chemicals that cause salt and fluid to build up in your body. It may take many weeks for you to feel the full effects of the drug. ARBs can cause potassium to build up in your body, so don't use salt substitutes, which contain potassium.


Question: Which medications should I avoid when taking ARBs?

Answer: Check with your doctor before you take aspirin or NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), like ibuprofen or naproxen. These over-the-counter medicines may cause sodium and water to build up in your body and lessen the effect of an ARB. Digoxin and warfarin may interfere with the effects of Micardis. If you are taking these medications, tell your doctor before he prescribes an ARB. Tell your doctor about all the medications you take, including over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and supplements.


Question: What causes acne?

Answer: The exact cause of acne is not known, but one important factor is an increase in hormones called androgens. These male sex hormones increase in both boys and girls during puberty. Some things that can make acne worse include friction caused by leaning on or rubbing the skin, harsh scrubbing, picking or squeezing blemishes, and emotional stress. Acne is not caused by chocolate or other kinds of foods.


Question: What does my skin do?

Answer: The skin contains nerves that sense cold, heat, pain, pressure, and touch. This is the least severe type of burn, affecting only the outer layer of skin.


Question: How can Kegel exercises help with treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: Kegel exercises . These strengthen your pelvic muscles. They're very easy to do. Imagine you have to pee, but instead of letting it out, you squeeze to hold it. Do this for 5 seconds, relax, then do it again. Do 10 sets of these up to 15 times per day. Work up to 10 seconds, 20 repetitions, 3 times per day. Over time, your prolapse may get better or disappear altogether.


Question: What is obliterative surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: There are two types of prolapse surgery: obliterative and reconstructive. Obliterative surgery narrows or closes off part or all of the vagina. The goal is to provide more support to the organs that have dropped out of their normal positions and are pressing against the walls of the vagina. This may be an option if surgery hasn't worked and you can't tolerate another procedure, or if you are not healthy enough to have bigger surgery to correct the problem. After this operation you will no longer be able to have intercourse.


Question: How can pessary help with treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: This is probably one of the first treatments your doctor will recommend if you have symptoms of POP. A pessary is a device (it looks like a ring) that's inserted into your vagina. It helps to support, or hold up, your pelvic organs. You'll need to be fitted for one in your doctor's office. It's a lot like being fitted for a diaphragm.


Question: What can I expect after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: In general, you should plan to take a few weeks off from work. You should also avoid sex and vigorous exercise or activity for at least 6 weeks. It typically takes longer to recover from abdominal surgery than it does from vaginal surgery. With vaginal surgery, you may get a creamy white discharge for 4 to 6 weeks afterward. This is because of the stitches in the vagina. You can't have abdominal surgery.


Question: What is reconstructive surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: There are two types of prolapse surgery: obliterative and reconstructive. Reconstructive surgery aims to repair the pelvic floor and return organs to their original position. This can be done with cuts either in the vagina or the abdomen. It can also be done using laparoscopic surgery, in which a surgeon makes smaller cuts in the abdomen and uses special instruments.


Question: How can vaginal mesh help with treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: There are a number of reconstructive surgeries your doctor can perform to restore the appearance and function of your pelvic organs. This procedure is also done through the vagina by using your own tissues or vaginal mesh to repair the prolapse.


Question: How can anterior and posterior colporrhaphy help with treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: There are a number of reconstructive surgeries your doctor can perform to restore the appearance and function of your pelvic organs. The goal here is to make the tissue that holds the pelvic organs in place tighter and stronger. Anterior repair is used when the bladder drops and presses against the front of the vagina. Posterior repair is used when the rectum drops and pushes into the back of the vagina. This procedure is also done through the vagina by using your own tissues or vaginal mesh to repair the prolapse.


Question: What are the risks of vaginal mesh for pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: Vaginal mesh repairs prolapse by putting mesh under the vaginal skin to help lift sagging organs into place. With mesh placed in the vagina, there's a risk of pain and infection, and also that the mesh will erode. In 2016, safety concerns prompted the FDA to classify vaginal mesh for pelvic organ prolapse as a âhigh-risk device.â You probably would only have this procedure if: You've tried other prolapse surgery without success. Your tissues are too weak to repair. You can't have abdominal surgery.


Question: How can biofeedback therapy help with treating pelvic organ prolapse (POP)?

Answer: Pelvic organ prolapse ( POP) happens when organs like the bladder, uterus or rectum drop down and press against the vagina. This treatment combines teaching you how to contract your pelvic muscles with proper breathing techniques and abdominal control.


Question: Is my child hyper because he or she is not getting enough exercise?

Answer: Kids can get restless if they don't get enough physical activity to burn off their energy. You can help your child get the exercise he needs, though. For instance, take your family for a nature walk or hike. Or go bike riding or play tag in the front yard. If you have a yard, set up a safe space to play, such as a sandbox.


Question: What does the research say about the correlation between hyper behavior and sugar?

Answer: Many people think there's a link between being hyper and eating sugar, but research doesn't back that up. Several studies tested behavior and learning in children given sugar vs. a sugar substitute, and found no difference.


Question: Is there too much noise in my house that makes my child hyper?

Answer: Sometimes too much noise and activity in your home can make it hard for your child to relax. For instance, too much family conflict, such as arguments, can cause stress. So can chaotic schedules and lack of sleep. So try to keep the atmosphere as calm as possible. And leave a place on your calendar for family time. Sometimes, a child who's acting hyper needs some quiet, close time with mom or dad. Cuddle up on the couch with a blanket and read to your child to help calm things down.


Question: Is being hyper normal for any age?

Answer: If your child is hyper, it could be because he's just a kid. It's normal for children of all ages to have lots of energy.


Question: How can too much noise and activity affect a child's ability to relax?

Answer: Sometimes too much noise and activity in your home can make it hard for your child to relax. For instance, too much family conflict, such as arguments, can cause stress. So can chaotic schedules and lack of sleep.


Question: What do studies say about children getting ADHD from the parents?

Answer: If ADHD is the cause of your child being hyper, some studies do show that the condition tends to run in families. There may be certain genes that make it more likely for people to develop ADHD. "


Question: When should I check with my pediatrician about my child's hyperactivity?

Answer: If your child's hyper behavior regularly causes a problem in the classroom, with homework, or with friendships and relationships, check with his pediatrician.


Question: What do studies say about children being affected by other food additives?

Answer: But some studies show that a small percentage of children with ADHD may be sensitive to some of these additives.


Question: Are food additives making my child hyper?

Answer: For most kids, the answer is probably no. But some studies show that a small percentage of children with ADHD may be sensitive to some of these additives. If you think this might be the case, you could try an "elimination diet." Cut out sources of artificial additives like candy, fruit drinks, soda, brightly-colored cereals, and junk food, and see if you notice any behavior changes.


Question: What should parents with a hyper child do?

Answer: So try to keep the atmosphere as calm as possible. And leave a place on your calendar for family time. Sometimes, a child who's acting hyper needs some quiet, close time with mom or dad. Cuddle up on the couch with a blanket and read to your child to help calm things down.


Question: What are some signs of ADHD?

Answer: Watch out for these other signs of ADHD: Does he interrupt frequently? Does he have trouble following instructions and organizing tasks? Is he forgetful? Is he impatient? Does he frequently speak out of turn? If your child has ADHD, these problems will happen over a long period of time, and usually at home as well as school.


Question: Could a hyper child have ADHD?

Answer: It's natural to wonder if ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) could be the cause of your child's high energy. But just being hyper doesn't necessarily mean your child has the condition.


Question: What age groups are active?

Answer: Preschoolers, for instance, can be very active -- they often move quickly from one activity to another. Older kids and teens are also energetic and don't have the same attention span as adults.


Question: What have studies shown about children who eat sugar versus a sugar substitute?

Answer: Other studies found that parents who think their children have eaten sugar rate their behavior as more hyper than parents who think their children have had a non-sugar substitute. This doesn't mean it's a good idea to let your child gorge on sugar, of course, but cutting it from his diet probably won't end the problem.


Question: What kind of physical activity can children do to burn off some excess energy?

Answer: Kids can get restless if they don't get enough physical activity to burn off their energy. You can help your child get the exercise he needs, though. For instance, take your family for a nature walk or hike. Or go bike riding or play tag in the front yard. If you have a yard, set up a safe space to play, such as a sandbox.


Question: What should a parent do if their child's hyper behavior affects their daily life?

Answer: If your child's hyper behavior regularly causes a problem in the classroom, with homework, or with friendships and relationships, check with his pediatrician.


Question: Is it normal for children to be hyper?

Answer: If your child is hyper, it could be because he's just a kid. It's normal for children of all ages to have lots of energy. Preschoolers, for instance, can be very active -- they often move quickly from one activity to another. Older kids and teens are also energetic and don't have the same attention span as adults.


Question: What are common signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: If your child is hyper, it could be because he's just a kid. But just being hyper doesn't necessarily mean your child has the condition. Watch out for these other signs of ADHD: Does he interrupt frequently? Does he have trouble following instructions and organizing tasks? Is he forgetful? Is he impatient? Does he frequently speak out of turn?


Question: What foods tend to increase inflammation in the body?

Answer: Foods with natural anti-inflammatory properties include: Healthy fats like omega-3 fatty acids, olive oil, flaxseed oil, and canola oil Avocados Walnuts Most fruits and vegetables, like oranges, tomatoes, and leafy greens Foods that tend to increase inflammation in the body include unhealthy fats, such as: Trans-fatty acids Vegetable shortening Margarine Red meat (beef and pork) Cheese, cream and other full-fat dairy


Question: Does inflammation play a role in the development of type 2 diabetes?

Answer: The good news: An "anti-inflammatory" diet and exercise plan can help prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. Scientists are only beginning to understand the role this form of internal inflammation may play in the development of chronic diseases like diabetes. It's not as simple as that, however, researchers know for sure that inflammation is somehow involved in the development of type 2 diabetes.


Question: What should you consider when choosing a treatment for prostate cancer?

Answer: When choosing a treatment, think about: The risks. Talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of each type of therapy. The side effects. Consider whether or not you're willing to deal with how the treatment might make you feel. Whether or not you need it. Not all men with prostate cancer need to be treated right away. Your age and overall health. For older men or those with other serious health conditions, treatment may be less appealing than watchful waiting.


Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment works with your immune system to fight the disease. It's used to treat advanced prostate cancer.


Question: How can immunotherapy help with treating prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment works with your immune system to fight the disease. It's used to treat advanced prostate cancer.


Question: What are watchful waiting and active surveillance for prostate cancer?

Answer: How quickly the tumor is likely to grow Your age and how healthy you are Your personal preferences Your doctor might suggest waiting to see if your tumor will grow or spread before you treat it. Most prostate cancer grows slowly. Some doctors think it's better not to treat it unless it changes or causes symptoms. In watchful waiting, your doctor will closely track how the disease makes you feel. With active surveillance, you'll also get regular tests to check on the cancer.


Question: How is bisphosphonate therapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: If the disease reaches your bones, these drugs can ease pain and prevent fractures.


Question: How is active surveillance done to help with prostate cancer?

Answer: How quickly the tumor is likely to grow Your age and how healthy you are Your personal preferences Your doctor might suggest waiting to see if your tumor will grow or spread before you treat it. Most prostate cancer grows slowly. Some doctors think it's better not to treat it unless it changes or causes symptoms. In watchful waiting, your doctor will closely track how the disease makes you feel. With active surveillance, you'll also get regular tests to check on the cancer.


Question: What are new therapies for prostate cancer?

Answer: There are several types. This treatment uses high-energy beams (similar to X-rays) to kill the cancer. It's often a choice when your cancer is low grade or still only in your prostate. This special kind of radiation therapy uses very small particles to attack and kill cancer cells that haven't spread. He'll put small needles or probes into your prostate to deliver very cold gasses that destroy the cells. If they're too tough to handle, you might want to change your approach. Talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of each type of therapy.


Question: How is hormone therapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment keeps the cancer cells from getting them. The treatments for prostate cancer also can affect your body in other ways.


Question: How is radiation done to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment uses high-energy beams (similar to X-rays) to kill the cancer. The treatments for prostate cancer also can affect your body in other ways.


Question: How is surgery done to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will consider many things when he recommends one for you, including: The size of your tumor and how far it has spread. It's usually not the first treatment a doctor recommends.


Question: How can radiation help to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment uses high-energy beams (similar to X-rays) to kill the cancer. The treatments for prostate cancer also can affect your body in other ways.


Question: How can hormone therapy help with treating prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment keeps the cancer cells from getting them. The treatments for prostate cancer also can affect your body in other ways.


Question: Are there treatment options to ease migraines with nausea?

Answer: A number of things can ease migraine with nausea.


Question: How can a cold, the flu, or a stomach flu cause nausea and a headache?

Answer: These viral illnesses can give you nausea and a bad headache. But unlike migraine headaches, you'll usually have other symptoms, too, like a runny nose, diarrhea, chills, body aches, and fever.


Question: Does a migraine with or without an aura cause nausea?

Answer: Those without aura cause severe head pain, sensitivity to light, and nausea. People who have migraines with aura typically have warning symptoms 20 minutes to 1 hour before the headache begins, like nausea, vision problems, and dizziness.


Question: What complementary treatments can help ease migraines with nausea?

Answer: Some evidence shows that biofeedback and acupuncture may help ease migraine and related symptoms, such as nausea.


Question: What is cyclic vomiting syndrome and how is it related to a migraine?

Answer: It causes people, usually children, to have periods of nausea and vomiting that can last anywhere from hours to days. The condition isn't a type of migraine, but the two seem to be connected. Many kids who have cyclic vomiting syndrome go on to have migraine as adults.


Question: How does migraine with or without aura cause nausea?

Answer: Certain conditions associated with migraine are more likely to cause nausea or vomiting than others. These include: Migraine with or without aura. Those without aura cause severe head pain, sensitivity to light, and nausea. People who have migraines with aura typically have warning symptoms 20 minutes to 1 hour before the headache begins, like nausea, vision problems, and dizziness.


Question: Do migraines cause stomach pain?

Answer: Many who have migraine headaches often have stomach problems at the same time. In fact, 8 out of every 10 people in the U. S. with these headaches say they get nausea along with them.


Question: What are complementary treatments for migraines with nausea?

Answer: Some evidence shows that biofeedback and acupuncture may help ease migraine and related symptoms, such as nausea.


Question: How are migraine headaches and nausea related?

Answer: One theory involves a brain chemical called serotonin. Scientists think migraines happen when certain nerves in the brain signal blood vessels on the brain's surface to enlarge. What else makes them swell? Low levels of serotonin, which are also linked to motion sickness and nausea. It's possible that people with low levels of serotonin may be more likely to have migraines. It may also be due to certain nerve pathways (vagus and glossopharyngeal) and brain pathways that excite an area in the brainstem that activates the vomiting center.


Question: How do you know what's causing your headache and nausea?

Answer: Whatever type you have, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. She can figure out the cause and the best treatment to help you.


Question: How can lifestyle changes treat migraines with nausea?

Answer: A number of things can ease migraine with nausea. They include: Lifestyle changes. Stress is a common trigger for nauseating migraine headaches. Find ways to cut it, and your attacks could get less severe and happen less often. What else helps? Quit smoking, and keep a diary to identify any foods that trigger your headaches.


Question: What medications can help treat migraines with nausea?

Answer: Your doctor might prescribe drugs to prevent migraine headaches, to stop them once they've started, and to relieve your symptoms. You can also take anti-nausea medications during your headache. They come in different forms, like pills, suppositories, syrups, and shots. They have a number of side effects, so work with your doctor to find one that works for you.


Question: Does an abdominal migraine cause nausea?

Answer: In rare cases, children have migraines that cause stomach pain instead of a headache. Those can make them feel nauseated or vomit.


Question: How can meningitis cause nausea and a headache?

Answer: A severe headache that causes nausea and extreme sensitivity to light may sound like a migraine. But if you also have a stiff neck, with or without a fever, it could be meningitis, which requires emergency evaluation and treatment.


Question: What type of headaches are most likely to cause nausea?

Answer: A migraine is the type of headache most likely to make you nauseated. But other causes of head pain can make your stomach upset, too. Whatever type you have, talk to your doctor about your symptoms. She can figure out the cause and the best treatment to help you.


Question: Who is more likely to get nausea with a migraine?

Answer: Low levels of serotonin, which are also linked to motion sickness and nausea.


Question: Who is most likely to get nausea with a migraine?

Answer: Some folks are more likely to get nausea with a migraine, like women and people who are prone to motion sickness.


Question: How does cyclic vomiting syndrome cause nausea?

Answer: It causes people, usually children, to have periods of nausea and vomiting that can last anywhere from hours to days. The condition isn't a type of migraine, but the two seem to be connected. Many kids who have cyclic vomiting syndrome go on to have migraine as adults.


Question: How can meningitis cause nausea?

Answer: A severe headache that causes nausea and extreme sensitivity to light may sound like a migraine. But if you also have a stiff neck, with or without a fever, it could be meningitis, which requires emergency evaluation and treatment.


Question: Are certain types of migraine more likely to include nausea or vomiting?

Answer: Certain conditions associated with migraine are more likely to cause nausea or vomiting than others. The condition isn't a type of migraine, but the two seem to be connected.


Question: How can a cluster headache cause nausea?

Answer: Cluster headaches: You might have migraine-like nausea with these headaches. Some folks are more likely to get nausea with a migraine, like women and people who are prone to motion sickness.


Question: How does benign proximal vertigo cause nausea?

Answer: What else makes them swell? This can be a precursor of migraine in kids, but can happen in anyone even without a history of migraine. It usually happens to people over 60. They may get sick to their stomach or vomit.


Question: How are medications used to treat migraines with nausea?

Answer: You might also have a headache and nausea along with vomiting when you're withdrawing from alcohol. The condition isn't a type of migraine, but the two seem to be connected. A number of things can ease migraine with nausea. Medications . Your doctor might prescribe drugs to prevent migraine headaches, to stop them once they've started, and to relieve your symptoms. They come in different forms, like pills, suppositories, syrups, and shots. They have a number of side effects, so work with your doctor to find one that works for you.


Question: How can lifestyle changes help treat migraines with nausea?

Answer: Stress is a common trigger for nauseating migraine headaches. Find ways to cut it, and your attacks could get less severe and happen less often. Common culprits include chocolate and alcohol.


Question: What are some simple things you can do to manage and ease stress?

Answer: Do things that are pleasurable, like reading or gardening. Take 15-20 minutes every day to sit quietly and reflect. Learn and practice relaxation techniques like yoga or deep breathing.


Question: How can you manage stress through acceptance and keeping a positive attitude?

Answer: Here are some stress-management tips that may help you feel better - and less stressed - every day: Accept that there are events that you cannot control. Keep a positive attitude; rather than defaulting to negatives ('' Nothing goes right for me,'' or '' Bad things always happen to me''), give yourself positive messages ('' I'm doing my best,'' or '' I'll ask for help'').


Question: Can exercise help reduce stress?

Answer: Take 15-20 minutes every day to sit quietly and reflect. Learn and practice relaxation techniques like yoga or deep breathing. Exercise regularly by bicycling, walking, hiking, jogging, or working out at the gym. Your body can fight stress better when it is fit.


Question: Can getting sleep help reduce stress?

Answer: Get enough rest and sleep. Your body needs time to recover from stressful events.


Question: Can eating healthy help reduce stress?

Answer: Eat healthy, well-balanced meals.


Question: What should you keep in mind regarding Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: It's important to keep several facts in mind: GERD is common among American adults. Only a small percentage of people with GERD (less than one out of every 10) develop Barrett's esophagus. Less than 1% of those with Barrett's esophagus each year go on to develop esophageal cancer. A diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is not a cause for major alarm. Barrett's esophagus, however, can lead to precancerous changes in a small number of people and has an increased risk for cancer. So, a diagnosis is a reason to work with your doctor to be watchful of your health


Question: Why do you need a repeat endoscopy for Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: If you have Barrett's esophagus but no cancer or precancerous cells are found, the doctor will still most likely recommend that you have periodic endoscopies. This is a precaution, because cancer can develop in Barrett tissue years after diagnosing Barrett's esophagus. If precancerous cells are present in the biopsy, your doctor will discuss treatment and surveillance options with you.


Question: What is Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Barrett's esophagus is a potentially serious complication of GERD, which stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease. In Barrett's esophagus, normal tissue lining the esophagus -- the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach -- changes to tissue that resembles the lining of the intestine. About 10% of people with chronic symptoms of GERD develop Barrett's esophagus. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Barrett's esophagus does not have any specific symptoms, although patients with Barrett's esophagus may have symptoms related to GERD. It does, though, increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is a serious, potentially fatal cancer of the esophagus.


Question: How is an endoscopy done to diagnose Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: To perform an endoscopy, a doctor called a gastroenterologist inserts a long flexible tube with a camera attached down the throat into the esophagus after giving the patient a sedative. The process may feel a little uncomfortable, but it isn't painful. Most people have little or no problem with it. Once the tube is inserted, the doctor can visually inspect the lining of the esophagus. Barrett's esophagus, if it's there, is visible on camera, but the diagnosis requires a biopsy. The doctor will remove a small sample of tissue to be examined under a microscope in the laboratory to confirm a diagnosis. The sample will also be examined for the presence of precancerous cells or cancer. If the biopsy confirms the presence of Barrett's esophagus, your doctor will probably recommend a follow-up endoscopy and biopsy to examine more tissue for early signs of developing cancer.


Question: Are there treatments that specifically target Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Those medications may include: Proton pump inhibitors that reduce the production of stomach acid Antacids to neutralize stomach acid H2 blockers that lessen the release of stomach acid Promotility agents -- drugs that speed up the movement of food from the stomach to the intestines There are several treatments, including surgery, that are designed specifically to focus on the abnormal tissue. They include: Radiofrequency ablation ( RFA) uses radio waves delivered through an endoscope inserted into the esophagus to destroy abnormal cells while protecting the healthy cells underneath. Photodynamic therapy ( PDT) uses a laser through an endoscope to kill abnormal cells in the lining without damaging normal tissue. Before the procedure, the patient takes a drug known as Photofrin, which causes cells to become light-sensitive. Endoscopic spray cryotherapy is a newer technique that applies cold nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas, through the endoscope to freeze the abnormal cells. Endoscopic mucosal resection ( EMR) lifts the abnormal lining and cuts it off the wall of the esophagus before it's removed through the endoscope. The goal is to remove any precancerous or cancer cells contained in the lining. If cancer cells are present, an ultrasound is done first to be sure the cancer hasn't moved deeper into the esophagus walls. Surgery to remove most of the esophagus is an option in cases where severe precancer (dysplasia) or cancer has been diagnosed. The earlier the surgery is done following the diagnosis, the better the chance for the cure.


Question: How common is Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Although the risk of this cancer is higher in people with Barrett's esophagus, the disease is still rare. Less than 1% of people with Barrett's esophagus develop this particular cancer. Nevertheless, if you've been diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus, it's important to have routine examinations of your esophagus. With routine examination, your doctor can discover precancerous and cancer cells early, before they spread and when the disease is easier to treat.


Question: How is Barrett's esophagus diagnosed?

Answer: Although the risk of this cancer is higher in people with Barrett's esophagus, the disease is still rare. No. Risk factors include age over 50, male sex, white race, hiatal hernia, long standing GERD, and overweight, especially if weight is carried around the middle.


Question: What medications are used to treat Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Sleeping with your head raised may help prevent the acid in your stomach from flowing up into the esophagus. Those medications may include: Proton pump inhibitors that reduce the production of stomach acid Antacids to neutralize stomach acid H2 blockers that lessen the release of stomach acid Promotility agents -- drugs that speed up the movement of food from the stomach to the intestines There are several treatments, including surgery, that are designed specifically to focus on the abnormal tissue.


Question: How is Barrett's esophagus treated?

Answer: But in patients with frequent acid reflux, the normal cells in the esophagus may eventually be replaced by cells that are similar to cells in the intestine to become Barrett's esophagus. This is done with lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes include taking steps such as: Make changes in your diet. Avoid alcohol, caffeinated drinks, and tobacco. Lose weight. Being overweight increases your risk for reflux. Sleep with the head of the bed elevated. Sleeping with your head raised may help prevent the acid in your stomach from flowing up into the esophagus. Don't lie down for 3 hours after eating. Take all medicines with plenty of water.


Question: What can I do to prevent bleeding and bruising during chemotherapy?

Answer: To prevent bleeding and bruising: Use an electric shaver instead of a razor. If you need to blow your nose, do it gently. Don't play rough sports. Don't use dental floss or toothpicks, which can make your gums bleed.


Question: Can medicine help with fatigue during chemotherapy?

Answer: This is common during chemotherapy. Some people feel just a little low in energy, while others feel wiped out. Depending on how tired you are, your doctor might give you medicines that treat other side effects that can make you feel tired, like depression, pain, and anemia. Studies have shown these drugs can boost energy in people with cancer.


Question: What habits will help with hair loss during chemotherapy?

Answer: You also can handle hair loss with a few other simple habits: Treat your hair and your scalp gently. That means mild shampoos, soft brushes, and no electric rollers, curling irons, dyes, or perms. Use moisturizing shampoo, conditioner, and cream on your hair before it falls out and later on your scalp. This will help with dryness and itching. Explore wigs, scarves, turbans, or hats to mask your hair loss. You might even want to shave your head before you start treatment.


Question: What habits will help with constipation and diarrhea during chemotherapy?

Answer: Other habits can also keep bathroom troubles at bay. For constipation, try high-fiber foods, exercise, and drinking lots of fluid. For diarrhea, low-fiber foods like white rice, oatmeal, and skinless chicken may help.


Question: Why does chemotherapy cause anemia?

Answer: You might get this blood condition during chemo, because some drugs can kill cells that form red blood cells in the bone marrow. It can also be a major cause of fatigue during treatment.


Question: Can you get nerve problems during chemotherapy?

Answer: If you feel numbness, tingling, weakness, burning, a pins-and-needles sensation, or pain in your hands and feet, it might mean your chemo drugs have damaged some nerves. Your doctor might give you a few different medicines to help.


Question: How can you manage nerve changes from chemotherapy?

Answer: If you feel numbness, tingling, weakness, burning, a pins-and-needles sensation, or pain in your hands and feet, it might mean your chemo drugs have damaged some nerves. Your doctor might give you a few different medicines to help. You can also try other tips: Always wear shoes to protect your feet. Wear gloves when you're cooking or working outside. Use bath mats in the shower. Use a cane to balance yourself.


Question: What foods help with anemia during chemotherapy?

Answer: Foods rich in iron, such as spinach, red meat, and beans, might help boost your energy, too.


Question: How can you treat fatigue from chemotherapy?

Answer: This is common during chemotherapy. Some people feel just a little low in energy, while others feel wiped out. Depending on how tired you are, your doctor might give you medicines that treat other side effects that can make you feel tired, like depression, pain, and anemia. Studies have shown these drugs can boost energy in people with cancer.


Question: How can you manage mouth and throat sores from chemotherapy?

Answer: Painful sores can make it hard to eat, and they can get infected. Ask your doctor about pain medicines and ointments. If you start having dry mouth, he might recommend treatments to help you make more saliva. Other tips: Visit your dentist 2 weeks before you start chemo to get any dental work done. Brush your teeth and tongue after every meal and before bed with a soft toothbrush or cotton swabs. Suck on ice chips right before or during a session.


Question: Where will chemotherapy cause hair loss?

Answer: Chemotherapy can make you lose hair not just on top of your head but in other places, like your eyebrows and eyelashes.


Question: What habits will help with nerve issues in the hands and feet during chemotherapy?

Answer: You can also try other tips: Always wear shoes to protect your feet. Wear gloves when you're cooking or working outside. Use bath mats in the shower. Use a cane to balance yourself.


Question: How is anemia from chemotherapy treated?

Answer: He might tell you to try a few treatments at once. If your anemia is severe, you might need a blood transfusion. In some cases, your doctor might prescribe drugs that prompt your body to make more red blood cells. Foods rich in iron, such as spinach, red meat, and beans, might help boost your energy, too.


Question: Why is risk of infection, bleeding, and bruising higher during chemotherapy?

Answer: Chemotherapy kills white blood cells, which fight germs, and platelets, which help your blood clot. As a result, you have a higher risk of infections, bleeding, and bruising (even if you haven't bumped yourself).


Question: Can my doctor help with mouth and throat sores during chemotherapy?

Answer: Painful sores can make it hard to eat, and they can get infected. Ask your doctor about pain medicines and ointments. If you start having dry mouth, he might recommend treatments to help you make more saliva.


Question: Can medication help with constipation and diarrhea during chemotherapy?

Answer: Try anti-diarrheal medicines or laxatives and stool softeners for constipation. You can get them over the counter or by prescription, but always talk to your doctor before you take them.


Question: What habits will help with mouth and throat sores during chemotherapy?

Answer: Other tips: Visit your dentist 2 weeks before you start chemo to get any dental work done. Brush your teeth and tongue after every meal and before bed with a soft toothbrush or cotton swabs. Suck on ice chips right before or during a session.


Question: What habits will help with nausea during chemotherapy?

Answer: Other tips: Eat several small meals throughout the day rather than three big ones. Drink liquids an hour before you eat rather than during the meal. Sip clear liquids all day long. Plan your eating around your chemo. For some people, a snack right before a session helps keep nausea away. Others do better on an empty stomach.


Question: Can medicine help with anemia during chemotherapy?

Answer: Your doctor might prescribe iron supplements, vitamin B12, or folic acid supplements. He might tell you to try a few treatments at once. If your anemia is severe, you might need a blood transfusion. In some cases, your doctor might prescribe drugs that prompt your body to make more red blood cells.


Question: What habits will help with fatigue during chemotherapy?

Answer: Adjust your work schedule if you need to. Eat a healthy diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein. Exercise, even if it's just a little bit every day. Drink plenty of water. Take short naps if you need to, but not too close to bedtime. Ask your doctor if it might help you. To keep yourself on track, try a few of these habits: Stick to a routine.


Question: Can chemotherapy cause side effects?

Answer: If you're about to start your cancer treatment, find out what steps you can take to feel better if you end up having some of these side effects. You can get them over the counter or by prescription, but always talk to your doctor before you take them.


Question: How can exercise help you recover from depression?

Answer: Many studies have established that regular physical activity can help you feel better when you are recovering from depression. The type of physical activity really doesn't matter. Just choose something that you enjoy. Start slowly, perhaps with walks around the neighborhood. Try exercising with a friend or relative, or sign up for a class. Sharing the activity with someone may help you stick to a new exercise regimen.


Question: How can avoiding alcohol help you in recover from depression?

Answer: Avoid alcohol and drugs. Alcohol and many illicit drugs can contribute to depression and make it worse. In fact, substance abuse often goes hand in hand with depression. Alcohol and drugs may also affect how well antidepressants work. If you think you have a substance abuse problem, you need to get help now. Addiction or abuse can prevent you from fully recovering from your depression.


Question: How can getting enough sleep help you recover from depression?

Answer: Not getting enough sleep can have a huge impact on your mood. So you need to get into some good sleep habits. Stay on a regular schedule: go to bed and get up at the same time each day. Don't nap. Physical activity during the day may help you sleep, but don't exercise too close to bedtime. However, avoid watching TV or staring at a bright computer screen in bed.


Question: How does sunlight help you recover from depression?

Answer: Many studies have established that regular physical activity can help you feel better when you are recovering from depression. Some people have seasonal affective disorder ( SAD), depression that typically recurs during the fall and winter, when sunlight is scarce and goes away in the spring and summer. If you think you might have SAD, ask your doctor if light therapy -- exposure to artificial sunlight with a special lamp -- might help.


Question: How can doing things you enjoy help you recover from depression?

Answer: Many studies have established that regular physical activity can help you feel better when you are recovering from depression. But you should push yourself a little. Set aside time to do things that you used to enjoy doing. Make a plan to go out to dinner or a movie with friends. Or return to a hobby that you used to pursue. Try expressing yourself creatively.


Question: How long can you have diabetes before being at risk for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer: Although retinopathy usually does not appear for approximately five years after a type 1 diabetes diagnosis, it may already be present when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed. After 15 years of having diabetes, 98 percent of those with type 1 diabetes and 78 percent of those with type 2 have some degree of retinal damage.


Question: What are the consequences of untreated retinopathy?

Answer: Retinopathy can also lead to glaucoma, increased pressure within the eye that can further threaten vision. Untreated, retinopathy can lead to progressive and irreversible vision loss. This condition is the leading cause of blindness in people between the ages of 20 and 60. But if retinopathy is diagnosed early, blindness can be prevented. Although many people with diabetes develop impaired vision, fewer than 5% suffer severe vision loss.


Question: How does having diabetes affect your risk for retinopathy?

Answer: For a person who has diabetes, the risk of developing retinopathy is directly related to the length of time that he or she has had diabetes. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can lead to retinal damage.


Question: What is the American Lung Association?

Answer: American Cancer Society Information on all aspects of respiratory health, including lung cancer and emphysema.


Question: What is the American Society of Clinical Oncology?

Answer: American Society of Clinical Oncology


Question: What is the National Comprehensive Cancer Network?

Answer: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network is a nonprofit alliance of 26 cancer centers throughout the U. S. that treats all cancers.


Question: How is sunlight used to treat skin problems?

Answer: Too many rays coming directly from the sun can make your symptoms worse and raise your chances of getting skin cancer. If your doctor tells you to get some sun each day, about 20 minutes a day should be enough. Use a sunscreen with zinc oxide and an SPF of 30 or higher on areas of your skin that don't have psoriasis.


Question: What are the side effects of psoralen plus ultraviolet A for your skin?

Answer: PUVA clears up psoriasis quickly with long-lasting results. But using it for a long time can raise your chances of skin cancer. Because of that, it's typically only recommended for severe cases or when other treatments haven't worked. The treatment also has side effects such as: Nausea Exhaustion Headaches Burning and itching Because psoralen makes your body extra sensitive to light, you need to protect your skin and eyes after taking it.


Question: What combination treatment works with ultraviolet B for your skin?

Answer: Your doctor might suggest you use UVB treatment along with another kind of therapy, like a cream made from coal tar. He may call this the Goeckerman regimen. Another combination treatment pairs anthralin-salicylic acid paste with ultraviolet light. You might hear this called the Ingram regimen.


Question: Are lasers used to treat skin problems?

Answer: These highly focused beams of light target your psoriasis patches, not your healthy skin. This cuts down on side effects and may lower your chances of skin cancer. You'll also need fewer treatments compared with other types of light therapy.


Question: When is light therapy used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: If the medicine you put on your skin isn't doing all that it needs to, your doctor may suggest adding phototherapy to your psoriasis treatment. It uses ultraviolet rays that come from sunshine, artificial lamps, or lasers to slow skin cell growth and ease your symptoms.


Question: How are lasers used to help with your skin condition?

Answer: It makes your skin more sensitive to light. This cuts down on side effects and may lower your chances of skin cancer. You'll also need fewer treatments compared with other types of light therapy. The excimer laser uses focused, high-energy ultraviolet B light. It can help patches get better faster than other methods. You usually get this treatment in your doctor's office twice a week for 4 or 5 weeks.


Question: How can I get ultraviolet B rays to treat a skin problem?

Answer: Sunlight. Your doctor can treat you with UVB rays from a phototherapy machine in his office. You can also get one to use at home. Both UVA and UVB rays are linked to skin cancer.


Question: How can ultraviolet B help with your skin condition?

Answer: UVB (ultraviolet B). Your doctor can treat you with UVB rays from a phototherapy machine in his office. You can also get one to use at home. Both UVA and UVB rays are linked to skin cancer. You'll probably need phototherapy treatments 3 days a week for 2 to 3 months.


Question: How can psoralen plus ultraviolet A help with your skin condition?

Answer: This treatment combines UVA lamp sessions with a drug called psoralen. The treatment also has side effects such as: Nausea Exhaustion Headaches Burning and itching Because psoralen makes your body extra sensitive to light, you need to protect your skin and eyes after taking it. Call your doctor if you see blisters.


Question: How is psorlaen used to treat skin problems?

Answer: PUVA (psoralen plus ultraviolet A). It makes your skin more sensitive to light.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Have you treated someone with CML before? What tests should I take to confirm a diagnosis? What phase of CML am I in? What treatment do you recommend for me? How will the therapy make me feel? What if the treatment doesn't work? How do I find a support group?


Question: What are symptoms of the chronic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: CML has three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blastic. Your symptoms depend on which one you're in. Chronic phase. It's the earliest stage and the easiest to treat. You might not even have symptoms.


Question: What are symptoms of the accelerated phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: You're more likely to get some of these symptoms: Feel very tired Have a fever Get bruises Have night sweats Be short of breath Lose some weight Feel less hungry Get swelling or pain on your left side (which could be a sign of an enlarged spleen) Feel pain in your bones Other symptoms may include stroke, changes in your vision, ringing in your ears, you feel like you're in a daze, and you get prolonged erections.


Question: What causes chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: Most people will never know what caused them to get CML. You don't typically get it from your parents or from infections. Your smoking habits and diet don't seem to raise your chance of getting it either. The only known risk is if you've been in contact with high levels of radiation.


Question: What is chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer: You may also hear your doctor call it chronic myeloid leukemia. These are cells that live in your bone marrow and help make new blood cells.


Question: How can you prevent MRSA in children?

Answer: Here's what you can do: Teach your children to wash their hands often with soap and water for at least 15 seconds. This includes after playing with pets or other children. Have your children use alcohol-based hand sanitizers or wipes when washing isn't possible. Teach your children not to share towels, uniforms, or other items that come into contact with bare skin. Keep cuts or broken skin clean and covered with dry bandages until healed. Encourage your children to clean shared sports equipment with antiseptic solution before each use. Or, he or she can use a towel as a barrier between skin and equipment. If your child has dry skin, eczema, or a skin condition, use creams and moisturizers as directed by the doctor. Try to keep areas of flare-up on the skin covered to prevent an entryway for bacteria, as the natural skin barrier may be compromised. Protect against sunburn and bug bites.


Question: What is MRSA?

Answer: It is one of many strains of a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus -- or staph, for short. Staph bacteria are common on skin and inside nostrils. Staph infection was first reported in humans more than 40 years ago. In the past, staph rarely caused problems, except for minor skin infections. And these infections could be treated effectively with antibiotics. But in recent years, there has been a big increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of staph infection, such as MRSA, even in children. These resistant strains used to be seen mainly in hospitalized patients or chronically ill patients. Now it is found in healthy people, including children. For example, head and neck MRSA infections in children more than doubled during a five-year period. It's important to know how to help prevent MRSA in children and what to do if you suspect your child has it.


Question: What are the "Five Cs" that make MRSA more likely?

Answer: Remember: although MRSA can show up anywhere, it is more likely when these " Five Cs" are present: Crowding Contact between skin Compromised skin (cuts or scrapes) Contaminated items Cleanliness lacking If you suspect your child has a MRSA infection, seek medical attention right away.


Question: How can you prevent the spread of MRSA infection?

Answer: To help prevent the spread of MRSA infection, do this: Change any bandages often. Do it before you can see any drainage through the bandage. Wear gloves while cleaning a wound or changing bandages. Carefully dispose of used bandages. Wash your hands thoroughly after you finish or use an alcohol-based sanitizer. Clean surfaces with detergent-based cleaners or EPA-registered disinfectants. Use separate hand towels, washcloths, and towels. Encourage showers instead of baths. And, don't forget to practice other MRSA prevention steps. Unless your doctor says otherwise, your child can continue attending school, even with an MRSA infection, as long as the infected skin can be kept entirely covered and contained with a clean and dry bandage.


Question: Why is MRSA in kids a concern?

Answer: MRSA is a concern today because it can be harder to treat than other infections, and it's infecting healthy people -- not just those with weakened immune systems as in the past. This type of MRSA is called community-associated MRSA ( CA- MRSA). That's because it affects people in the community, outside of hospitals and nursing homes. And, with more people infected with community-associated MRSA, more children with MRSA have been admitted to hospitals.


Question: What are treatments for MRSA in children?

Answer: Your child or other family member also has a fever or feels sick Skin infections are passing between family members or friends Treatment for MRSA may include: Draining any skin abscesses Prescribing antibiotics to prevent widespread infection Do not try to drain infections yourself. This can worsen the infection and spread it to other people. Be sure your child takes any antibiotics exactly as prescribed. This can help prevent other bacteria from becoming resistant, which is more likely to happen when germs aren't completely wiped out by treatment. To help prevent the spread of MRSA infection, do this: Change any bandages often.


Question: Who is most at risk for getting community-associated MRSA?

Answer: This type of MRSA is called community-associated MRSA ( CA- MRSA). Children (or adults) who come into close contact with other people in places like: Day care centers Playgrounds Locker rooms Classrooms and other school settings Gymnasiums Workout facilities In these kinds of settings, MRSA is more likely, because kids have skin-to-skin contact and may share equipment or toys that have not been cleaned. Children are also more likely to have frequent scrapes or bug bites -- potential entryways for infection. This can worsen the infection and spread it to other people.


Question: How is inattentive ADHD treated?

Answer: A doctor will need to know if your child does at least six of these things in order to diagnose the condition: Daydreams and becomes easily distracted Misses important details or makes careless mistakes on homework and tests Gets bored quickly and has difficulty staying focused Has trouble getting organized (for example, losing homework assignments or keeping the bedroom messy and cluttered) Doesn't seem to listen when spoken to Avoids tasks which require a lot of focus Often loses track of things Is forgetful in day to day activities Has trouble following instructions and often shifts from task to task without finishing anything The doctor may also suggest some testing to rule out conditions that can have similar symptoms, including: Hearing or vision problems Learning disabilities Anxiety or depression If your child is diagnosed, his doctor may prescribe medication to improve his ability to concentrate,,suggest therapy, or use a small device to help stimultae the party of the brain believed to be responsible for ADHD. This recently FDA-approved device, called the Monach extermal Trigeminsl Nerve Stimulation (e TNS) System, can be prescribed for patients 7 to 12 years old who are not already taking ADHD medication. A combination of medicine and therapy is the most common approach.


Question: What are the two other types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Answer: Hyperactive-impulsive ADHDmakes kids appear to be in constant motion. Their bodies and mouths are always going, as if driven by a motor. Combined ADHD is when a child has both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.


Question: How can I help my child with inattentive ADHD find things quicker?

Answer: Make sure your child's clothes and schoolwork are always in the same place and easy to find. Get into a routine. A sense of order helps inattentive children stay focused.


Question: What is a colostomy irrigation?

Answer: Colostomy irrigation is a way to manage bowel movements by emptying the colon at a scheduled time. The process involves putting water into the colon through the stoma. This causes the colon to empty. By repeating this process regularly -- once a day or once every second day -- you can train your colon to empty without spilling waste in between irrigation. Colostomy irrigation also can help you avoid constipation.


Question: Should you do a colostomy irrigation?

Answer: That's a personal decision. If you are a candidate (see below), your doctor or a nurse who is specially trained to help people with colostomies, will discuss this option with you while you are still in the hospital after your surgery.


Question: When should I do a colostomy irrigation?

Answer: It's most effective when done about an hour after a meal, which is when the colon is most likely to be full. You can do it once a day or once every other day, depending on your preference and ability to control your bowel movements. It generally takes about 6 to 8 weeks for the bowel to become regulated with irrigation. It helps to set a routine and irrigate at the same time each day.


Question: Can I do a colostomy irrigation?

Answer: People with permanent colostomies and whose opening is in the descending or sigmoid portion of the colon are good candidates for irrigation. This is because their stools tend to be more formed. People with irritable bowel syndrome, stomal problems, or stomas in the ascending or transverse parts of the colon are less likely to have success with irrigation.


Question: What are common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion?

Answer: The most common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include: Confusion Dark-colored urine (a sign of dehydration) Dizziness Fainting Fatigue Headache Muscle or abdominal cramps Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Pale skin Profuse sweating Rapid heartbeat If you, or anyone else, has symptoms of heat exhaustion, it's essential to immediately get out of the heat and rest, preferably in an air-conditioned room.


Question: What is the treatment for heat exhaustion?

Answer: The most common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include: Confusion Dark-colored urine (a sign of dehydration) Dizziness Fainting Fatigue Headache Muscle or abdominal cramps Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Pale skin Profuse sweating Rapid heartbeat If you, or anyone else, has symptoms of heat exhaustion, it's essential to immediately get out of the heat and rest, preferably in an air-conditioned room. If you can't get inside, try to find the nearest cool and shady place. Other recommended strategies include: Drink plenty of fluids, especially sports drinks to replace lost salt (avoid caffeine and alcohol). Remove any tight or unnecessary clothing. Take a cool shower, bath, or sponge bath. Apply other cooling measures such as fans or ice towels. If such measures fail to provide relief within 15 minutes, seek emergency medical help, because untreated heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke.


Question: What are other risk factors associated with heat-related illness?

Answer: Other risk factors associated with heat-related illness include: Age. Infants and children up to age 4, and adults over age 65, are particularly vulnerable because they adjust to heat more slowly than other people. Certain health conditions. These include heart, lung, or kidney disease, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, diabetes, mental illness, sickle cell trait, alcoholism, sunburn, and any conditions that cause fever. People with diabetes are at increased risk of emergency room visits, hospitalization, and death from heat-related illness and may be especially likely to underestimate their risk during heat waves. Medications. These include some medicines in the following classes: diuretics, sedatives, tranquilizers, stimulants, heart and blood pressure medications, and medications for psychiatric conditions.


Question: What should you know about heat exhaustion?

Answer: Salt depletion. Signs include nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, and dizziness. Although heat exhaustion isn't as serious as heat stroke, it isn't something to be taken lightly. Without proper intervention, heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke, which can damage the brain and other vital organs, and even cause death. After you've recovered from heat exhaustion, you'll probably be more sensitive to high temperatures during the following week.


Question: What are the risk factors for heat exhaustion?

Answer: Heat exhaustion is strongly related to the heat index, which is a measurement of how hot you feel when the effects of relative humidity and air temperature are combined. If you live in an urban area, you may be especially prone to develop heat exhaustion during a prolonged heat wave, particularly if there are stagnant atmospheric conditions and poor air quality. In what is known as the "heat island effect," asphalt and concrete store heat during the day and only gradually release it at night, resulting in higher nighttime temperatures. Check with your doctor to see if your health conditions and medications are likely to affect your ability to cope with extreme heat and humidity. When the heat index is high, it's best to stay inside in air conditioning.


Question: What can you do to prevent heat exhaustion?

Answer: Other recommended strategies include: Drink plenty of fluids, especially sports drinks to replace lost salt (avoid caffeine and alcohol). When the heat index is high, it's best to stay inside in air conditioning. If you must go outdoors, you can prevent heat exhaustion by taking these steps: Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothing, and a wide-brimmed hat. Use a sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or more. Drink extra fluids.


Question: What are plant sources of Vitamin A (from beta-carotene)?

Answer: Good food sources of retinoid vitamin A include: Eggs Whole milk Liver Fortified skim milk and cereals Plant sources of vitamin A (from beta-carotene) include sweet potatoes, carrots, spinach, and apricots.


Question: What are the side effects of taking Vitamin A?

Answer: Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include dry skin, joint pain, vomiting, headaches, confusion.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy breast changes?

Answer: Recommendations: Wear a bra that provides firm support. Choose cotton bras or those made from natural fibers. Get a bigger bra as your breasts become larger and fuller. Your bra should fit well without irritating your nipples. Try maternity or nursing bras, which provide more support and can be used after pregnancy if you choose to breastfeed. Try wearing a bra during the night. Tuck a cotton handkerchief or gauze pad into each bra cup to absorb leaking fluid. You can also buy nursing pads in the drugstore or maternity/baby store that fit into your bra. Make sure to change these pads as needed so your skin doesn't get irritated. Wash your breasts with warm water and mild soap that will not cause dryness.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy nasal congestion?

Answer: Recommendations: Apply a warm, wet washcloth to your cheeks, eyes, and nose to reduce congestion. Avoid using nasal sprays unless prescribed by your doctor because they can aggravate your symptoms. Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day) to thin mucus. Elevate your head with an extra pillow while sleeping to prevent mucus from blocking your throat. Use a humidifier or vaporizer to add moisture to the air. Take a warm shower or bath.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy varicose veins?

Answer: Recommendations: Although varicose veins are usually hereditary, here are some preventive tips: Avoid standing or sitting in one place for long periods. It's important to get up and move around often. Avoid remaining in any position that might restrict the circulation in your legs (such as crossing your legs while sitting). Elevate your legs and feet while sitting. Exercise regularly. Wear support hose but avoid any leg wear that is too tight or constraining.


Question: What causes shortness of breath during pregnancy?

Answer: Shortness of breath can happen due to increased upward pressure from the uterus and changes in physiologic lung function.


Question: What are the recommendations for abdominal pain or discomfort during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: Change your position or activity until you are comfortable; avoid sharp turns or movements. If you have a sudden pain in your abdomen, bend forward to the point of pain to relieve tension and relax the tissue. Apply a hot water bottle or heating pad to your back, or take a warm bath or shower. Try a massage. Make sure you are getting enough fluids. Take Tylenol (acetaminophen) occasionally. Contact your health care provider if the pain is severe or constant or if you are less than 36 weeks pregnant and you have signs of labor. ( Signs of labor include repetitive cramping like contractions.)


Question: What causes pregnancy varicose veins?

Answer: Pregnancy may affect your circulation, which can enlarge or swell your legs' veins.


Question: What causes pregnancy hemorrhoids?

Answer: Hemorrhoids are swollen veins that appear as painful lumps on the anus. During pregnancy, they may form as a result of increased circulation and pressure on the rectum and vagina from your growing baby.


Question: What causes pregnancy breast changes?

Answer: Most pregnant women will feel some changes in their breasts. Your breasts will increase in size as your milk glands enlarge and the fat tissue enlarges, causing breast firmness and tenderness typically during pregnancy's first and last few months. Bluish veins may also appear as your blood supply increases. Your nipples can also darken, and sometimes a thick fluid called colostrum may leak from your breasts. All of these changes are normal.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy heartburn or indigestion?

Answer: Recommendations: Eat several small meals each day instead of three large meals. Eat slowly. Drink warm liquids. Avoid fried, spicy, or rich foods, or any foods that seem to give you indigestion. Don't lie down right after eating. Keep the head of your bed higher than the foot of your bed. Or, place pillows under your shoulders to prevent stomach acids from rising into your throat. Don't mix fatty foods with sweets in one meal, and try to separate liquids and solids at meals. Try heartburn relievers such as Tums, Maalox, Titralac, Mylanta, Riopan, or Gaviscon.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy stretch marks?

Answer: Recommendations: Be sure that your diet contains enough sources of the nutrients needed for healthy skin (especially vitamins C and E). Apply lotion to your skin to keep it soft and reduce dryness. Exercise daily.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy bleeding and swollen gums?

Answer: Recommendations: Get a dental checkup early in your pregnancy to make sure your teeth and mouth are healthy. See your dentist if you notice a particular problem. Brush your teeth, floss regularly and rinse daily with an antiseptic mouthwash.


Question: What causes difficulty sleeping during pregnancy?

Answer: Finding a comfortable resting position can become difficult later in pregnancy.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy hemorrhoids?

Answer: Recommendations: Try to avoid constipation. Constipation can cause hemorrhoids and will make them more painful. Avoid sitting or standing for long periods of time; change your position frequently. Don't strain during a bowel movement. Apply ice packs or cold compresses to the area or take a warm bath a few times a day to provide relief. Avoid tight-fitting underwear, pants, or pantyhose. If you still need more help, consult your health care provider.


Question: What are the recommendations for difficulty sleeping during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: Don't take sleep medication. Try drinking warm milk at bedtime. Try taking a warm shower or bath before bedtime. Use extra pillows for support while sleeping. Lying on your side, place a pillow under your head, abdomen, behind your back and between your knees to prevent muscle strain and help you get the rest you need. You will probably feel better lying on your left side; this improves circulation of blood throughout your body.


Question: What causes vaginal discharge during pregnancy?

Answer: Normal vaginal secretions increase during pregnancy due to greater blood supply and hormones. Normal vaginal discharge is white or clear, isn't irritating, is odorless, and may look yellow when dry on your underwear or panty liners.


Question: What are the recommendations for swelling in the feet and legs during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: Try not to stay on your feet for long periods of time. Avoid standing in one place. Drink plenty of fluids (at least 6-8 glasses of fluids a day). Avoid foods high in salt (sodium). Elevate your legs and feet while sitting. Avoid crossing your legs. Wear loose, comfortable clothing; tight clothing can slow circulation and increase fluid retention. Don't wear tight shoes; choose supportive shoes with low, wide heels. Keep your diet rich in protein; too little protein can cause fluid retention. Notify your health care provider if your hands or face swell. This may be a warning sign of preeclampsia. Rest on your side during the day to help increase blood flow to your kidneys.


Question: What are the recommendations for Braxton-Hicks contractions?

Answer: Recommendations: Try to relax Change positions. Sometimes this can ease the contractions. Call your doctor if they do not go away.


Question: What causes pregnancy backaches?

Answer: Backaches are usually caused by the strain put on the back muscles, changing hormone levels, and changes in your posture.


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy backaches?

Answer: Recommendations: Wear low-heeled (but not flat) shoes. Avoid lifting heavy objects. Squat down with your knees bent when picking things up instead of bending down at the waist. Don't stand on your feet for long periods. If you need to stand for long periods, place one foot on a stool or box for support. Sit in a chair with good back support, or place a small pillow behind your lower back. Also, place your feet on a footrest or stool. Check that your bed is firm. If needed, put a board between the mattress and box spring. Sleep on your left side with a pillow between your legs for support. Apply a hot water bottle or heating pad on low setting to your back, take a warm bath or shower, or try massage. Perform exercises, as advised by your health care provider, to make your back muscles stronger and help relieve the soreness. Maintain good posture. Standing up straight will ease the strain on your back. Contact your health care provider if you have a low backache that goes around your stomach and does not go away within one hour after you change position or rest. This might be a sign of premature labor.


Question: What are the recommendations for vaginal discharge during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: Choose cotton underwear or brands made from natural fibers. Avoid tight-fitting jeans or pants. Do not douche. Douching can introduce air into your circulatory system or break your bag of waters in later pregnancy. Clean the vaginal area often with soap and water. Wipe yourself from front to back. Contact your health care provider if you have burning, itching, irritation or swelling, bad odor, bloody discharge, or bright yellow or green discharge (these symptoms could be a sign of infection).


Question: What are the recommendations for pregnancy nausea or vomiting?

Answer: Recommendations: If nausea is a problem in the morning, eat dry foods like cereal, toast or crackers before getting out of bed. Try eating a high-protein snack such as lean meat or cheese before going to bed (protein takes longer to digest). If you are hungry but extremely nauseated, try the BRAT (bananas, rice and tea) diet as well as bland foods. Seabands offer some pregnant women comfort. Ginger may combat nausea. Eat small meals or snacks every two to three hours rather than three large meals. Eat slowly and chew your food completely. Sip on fluids throughout the day. Avoid large amounts of fluids at one time. Try cool, clear fruit juices, such as apple or grape juice. Avoid spicy, fried, or greasy foods. If you are bothered by strong smells, eat foods cold or at room temperature to minimize or avoid odors that bother you. Talk to your doctor about taking vitamin B6. Other natural treatments and prescription medications can provide relief. Contact your health care provider if your vomiting is constant or so severe that you can't keep fluids or foods down. This can cause dehydration and should be treated right away.


Question: What causes pregnancy constipation?

Answer: Pressure on your rectum from your uterus may also cause constipation.


Question: What are the recommendations for shortness of breath during pregnancy?

Answer: Recommendations: When walking, slow down and rest a few moments. Raise your arms over your head (this lifts your rib cage and allows you to breathe in more air). Avoid lying flat on your back, and try sleeping with your head elevated. If prolonged shortness of breathing continues or you experience sharp pain when inhaling, contact your health care provider. You could have a pulmonary embolism (blood clot in the lungs).


Question: What causes pregnancy bleeding and swollen gums?

Answer: But your blood circulation and hormone levels can make your gums tender and swollen, and you may notice they bleed more easily. You may also develop nose bleeds. You may have a stuffy nose or feel like you have a cold.


Question: What causes swelling in the feet and legs during pregnancy?

Answer: Pressure on your rectum from your uterus may also cause constipation. Elevate your legs and feet while sitting.


Question: What causes pregnancy stretch marks?

Answer: Hemorrhoids are swollen veins that appear as painful lumps on the anus. Though they won't disappear completely, stretch marks will fade after delivery. Stretch marks affect the surface under the skin and are not preventable.


Question: What causes pregnancy nausea or vomiting?

Answer: Avoid straining when you have a bowel movement. It's important to get up and move around often. Backaches are usually caused by the strain put on the back muscles, changing hormone levels, and changes in your posture.


Question: What causes Braxton-Hicks contractions?

Answer: This will happen again in the third trimester, when the baby's head drops into the pelvis before birth. Irregular, infrequent contractions are called Braxton- Hicks contractions (also known as "false labor pains"). These are normal during pregnancy.


Question: What causes pregnancy frequent urination?

Answer: This will happen again in the third trimester, when the baby's head drops into the pelvis before birth. More blood is also going to your growing uterus.


Question: What causes abdominal pain or discomfort during pregnancy?

Answer: Pressure from your growing uterus can cause leg cramps or sharp pains down your legs. These pains may also travel down your thigh and into your leg.


Question: What things should I do at my rheumatoid arthritis appointment?

Answer: Read up on RA. The more you know about RA, the more you'll get out of your talk with your doctor. Bring a record of your symptoms. What makes them worse? What makes them better? It may help to keep a log of your symptoms and when they occur for a few weeks before you go to your appointment. Bring a list of all the drugs, vitamins, and supplementsyou use. Or bring the bottles, so the doctor can see the dosage and directions for use. Ask a friend or relative to go with you. He or she can take notes and remind you of important questions. Be honest. Tell the truth about your symptoms, how much exercise you get, and any alternative treatments you're using.


Question: What should I ask my rheumatoid arthritis doctor?

Answer: What's the goal of my treatment? Should I take methotrexate or other DMARDs? Do I need other drugs to help my symptoms right now? Could these drugs cause problems with any other medications, vitamins, or supplements I use? What will happen if I don't take my RA meds? What side effects should I watch out for? Do you advise using any nondrug treatments? Could a physical therapist or an occupational therapist help me? Can you tell if my joints have been damaged? Can you tell how quickly the disease is progressing? Aside from my joints, how else could RA affect my health? What will help with my fatigue? Can you suggest any support groups in the area? Will I be able to continue working?


Question: What assistive devices can be used in the bathroom to help treat arthritis?

Answer: Try these options: A tub bench or shower seat lets you sit down while you get clean. Non-skid shower mats make the tub safer. Grab bars make it easier to get in and out of the bath. A raised toilet seat with side rails makes it easier to get on and off. Long-handled sponges help you wash your legs and feet without bending. Also, large sponges are easier to grip than washcloths. Easy-to-pull shower curtains are better than heavy shower doors. An electric toothbrush with a fat handle is easier than a regular toothbrush. Put a seat in front of your sink so you can avoid leaning forward. Do the same with using a freestanding mirror for grooming.


Question: What are some assistive devices for the bedroom if you have RA?

Answer: Most people with rheumatoid arthritis have joint stiffness in the morning. A few simple changes will make it easier to get going. Switch to big buttons, button hooks, or Velcro closures. Buttons the size of a nickel or larger are easier to use. Closures in the front are better, especially for bras and dresses. Use lamps that turn on and off by touch or by your voice. And replace small, hard-to-turn switches on lamps with larger grip-and-turn knobs. Find sock aids and zipper pulls. A sock aid can help you pull up your socks without bending your legs. A zipper pull, which has a large rung that attaches to a zipper tag, makes zippers easier to grab and zip.


Question: Where can you get assistive devices for RA?

Answer: These items and many more are available at full-service pharmacies and surgical supply stores. The Arthritis Foundation is also a great source. If you can't install something yourself, the store can often arrange it. Or check with your local hardware store to see if they can recommend someone to do it for you. Also get a referral to an occupational therapist from your rheumatologist or your regular doctor if you haven't already. Occupational therapists specialize in helping people keep their independence. They may have other ideas for assistive devices or changes to your home that could make a huge difference.


Question: Where can I buy items to help me with my rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These items and many more are available at full-service pharmacies and surgical supply stores. The Arthritis Foundation is also a great source. If you can't install something yourself, the store can often arrange it. Or check with your local hardware store to see if they can recommend someone to do it for you.


Question: What assistive devices can be used in the kitchen to help treat arthritis?

Answer: Arthritis-friendly utensils with fat foam handles are widely available and can make a world of difference. Consider these other simple ideas around the kitchen, too: Buy pots and pans with handles on both sides. They're easier to carry. Give your fingers and hands a break and use an electric jar opener and electric can opener when you prepare foods. Rearrange your kitchen so that the things you use most often are the easiest to reach. Replace small switches and doorknobs with large, easy-to-grip knobs, or levers that you don't need to turn.


Question: Should I get a referral to an occupational therapist to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Also get a referral to an occupational therapist from your rheumatologist or your regular doctor if you haven't already. Occupational therapists specialize in helping people keep their independence. They may have other ideas for assistive devices or changes to your home that could make a huge difference.


Question: What are some aids to help you get around for RA?

Answer: A cane or crutch used on the opposite side of a painful knee or hip makes walking easier. Orthotics help ease painful feet. They are inserts (either ready-made, or custom-fit by a podiatrist) worn in the shoe. Other options include padded insoles or a pair of comfortable orthopedic shoes. Braces and splints support joints and lower strain. Reachers are long rods with a grip handle on one end and pincers (like a claw, used to grab) on the other. They let you pick up small objects without having to bend over or reach uncomfortably. Taller chair legs make it easier to get in and out of your seat. The chairs you have can usually be fitted with extenders.


Question: How can you get started using assistive devices for RA?

Answer: The first step is to recognize when and where you could use some more help. Sometimes people adapt to changes in their ability level, giving up things they like to do without even realizing it. Next, take action to stay as independent as possible.


Question: What are assistive devices for the bathroom if you have RA?

Answer: Try these options: A tub bench or shower seat lets you sit down while you get clean. Non-skid shower mats make the tub safer. Grab bars make it easier to get in and out of the bath. A raised toilet seat with side rails makes it easier to get on and off. Long-handled sponges help you wash your legs and feet without bending. Also, large sponges are easier to grip than washcloths. Easy-to-pull shower curtains are better than heavy shower doors. An electric toothbrush with a fat handle is easier than a regular toothbrush. Put a seat in front of your sink so you can avoid leaning forward. Do the same with using a freestanding mirror for grooming.


Question: What assistive devices can be used in the bedroom to help treat arthritis?

Answer: Rearrange your kitchen so that the things you use most often are the easiest to reach. Most people with rheumatoid arthritis have joint stiffness in the morning. A few simple changes will make it easier to get going. Use lamps that turn on and off by touch or by your voice. And replace small, hard-to-turn switches on lamps with larger grip-and-turn knobs. Find sock aids and zipper pulls. A sock aid can help you pull up your socks without bending your legs. A zipper pull, which has a large rung that attaches to a zipper tag, makes zippers easier to grab and zip.


Question: Are assistive devices necessary to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Extra help is available if you start to have trouble with everyday activities. Most people with rheumatoid arthritis have joint stiffness in the morning.


Question: How is acute insomnia treated?

Answer: Acute insomnia may not require treatment. Mild insomnia often can be prevented or cured by practicing good sleep habits (see below). If your insomnia makes it hard for you to function during the day because you are sleepy and tired, your health care provider may prescribe sleeping pills for a limited time. Rapid onset, short-acting drugs can help you avoid effects such as drowsiness the following day. Avoid using over-the-counter sleeping pills for insomnia, because they may have undesired side effects and tend to lose their effectiveness over time.


Question: What are some helpful tips for people with insomnia?

Answer: Good sleep habits, also called sleep hygiene, can help you get a good night's sleep and beat insomnia. Here are some tips: Try to go to sleep at the same time each night and get up at the same time each morning. Try not to take naps during the day, because naps may make you less sleepy at night. Avoid prolonged use of phones or reading devices ("e-books") that give off light before bed. This can make it harder to fall asleep. Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol late in the day. Caffeine and nicotine are stimulants and can keep you from falling asleep. Alcohol can cause waking in the night and interferes with sleep quality. Get regular exercise. Try not to exercise close to bedtime, because it may stimulate you and make it hard to fall asleep. Experts suggest not exercising for at least three to four hours before the time you go to sleep. Don't eat a heavy meal late in the day. A light snack before bedtime, however, may help you sleep. Make your bedroom comfortable. Be sure that it is dark, quiet, and not too warm or too cold. If light is a problem, try a sleeping mask. If noise is a problem, try earplugs, a fan, or a "white noise" machine to cover up the sounds. Follow a routine to help you relax before sleep. Read a book, listen to music, or take a bath. Avoid using your bed for anything other than sleep or sex. If you can't fall asleep and don't feel drowsy, get up and read or do something that is not overly stimulating until you feel sleepy. If you find yourself lying awake worrying about things, try making a to-do list before you go to bed. This may help you to not focus on those worries overnight.


Question: What are the symptoms of insomnia?

Answer: Causes of acute insomnia can include: Significant life stress (job loss or change, death of a loved one, divorce, moving) Illness Emotional or physical discomfort Environmental factors like noise, light, or extreme temperatures (hot or cold) that interfere with sleep Some medications (for example those used to treat colds, allergies, depression, high blood pressure, and asthma) may interfere with sleep Interferences in normal sleep schedule (jet lag or switching from a day to night shift, for example) Causes of chronic insomnia include: Depression and/or anxiety Chronic stress Pain or discomfort at night Symptoms of insomnia can include: Sleepiness during the day General tiredness Irritability Problems with concentration or memory If you think you have insomnia, talk to your health care provider.


Question: What causes acute insomnia?

Answer: Causes of acute insomnia can include: Significant life stress (job loss or change, death of a loved one, divorce, moving) Illness Emotional or physical discomfort Environmental factors like noise, light, or extreme temperatures (hot or cold) that interfere with sleep Some medications (for example those used to treat colds, allergies, depression, high blood pressure, and asthma) may interfere with sleep Interferences in normal sleep schedule (jet lag or switching from a day to night shift, for example) Causes of chronic insomnia include: Depression and/or anxiety Chronic stress Pain or discomfort at night Symptoms of insomnia can include: Sleepiness during the day General tiredness Irritability Problems with concentration or memory If you think you have insomnia, talk to your health care provider.