Question: What should you prepare at home before eyelid surgery?

Answer: At home, you should have the following items ready: Ice cubes Ice pack (or you can use freezer bags filled with ice, frozen corn, or peas) Small gauze pads Eye drops or artificial tears (ask your doctor to recommend the proper type to meet your particular needs) Clean washcloths and towels Over-the-counter painkillers (which your doctor can recommend) Advil, Motrin, Naproxen, Aleve, and aspirin should not be used due to the increased risk of bleeding.


Question: Who is a good candidate for eyelid surgery?

Answer: The best candidates for an eye lift are people who are in good health and who have realistic expectations. Most are 35 years or older, but if baggy eyelids or droopy eyelids run in your family, you may decide to have the surgery done sooner. Eyelid surgery can enhance your appearance and help build your confidence. However, it may not result in your ideal look or alter your facial structure. Before you decide to have surgery, think about your goals and discuss them with your surgeon.


Question: Which vaccines should I get if I have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and plan to travel out of the country?

Answer: Meningococcal (bacterial meningitis) two shots over 2 months If you have HIV, be sure to get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B if you are not already immune. Make sure your routine vaccines are up to date and that you have the ones that are required by the country you're traveling to. However, make sure these are the inactivated, not the live, vaccines. If an inactivated version is not available, do not get the live vaccine. Examples of live vaccines include some forms of typhoid fever vaccine and yellow fever vaccine. Instead, have your doctor provide a letter explaining that you are medically unable to be vaccinated.


Question: What viruses can cause orchitis?

Answer: The virus that causes mumps can cause orchitis, as well. Most common in young boys (rare in boys younger than 10 years), orchitis begins four to six days after mumps begins. A third of boys with mumps will develop orchitis and end up with a condition called testicular atrophy (shrinking of the testicles). That's why it is so critical for all children, boys especially, to have shots to protect them from getting the childhood disease of mumps.


Question: What exams and tests are there for orchitis?

Answer: A urine sample might be taken to check for STDs and other bacteria that might be responsible for the infection.


Question: What are symptoms of orchitis?

Answer: With orchitis, you may have a rapid onset of pain in one or both testicles that may spread to the groin. One or both of your testicles may appear tender, swollen, and red or purple. You might have a "heavy feeling" in the swollen testicle. You might see blood in your semen. Other symptoms include high fever, nausea, vomiting, pain with urination, or pain from straining with a bowel movement, groin pain, pain with intercourse, and simply feeling ill.


Question: What are the lasting effects of orchitis?

Answer: For some of the men who have orchitis, the affected testicle will shrink and lose its function. The longer you delay getting treatment, the more likely the testicle will have long-term damage. Untreated orchitis can result in infertility, loss of one or both testicles, and severe illness or death.


Question: What is follow-up care for orchitis?

Answer: Go to a hospital's emergency department if you are unable to contact or see your doctor promptly, or if symptoms worsen despite antibiotic treatment. Your health care provider may perform a series of diagnostic tests.


Question: When should you call a doctor about orchitis?

Answer: Most cases of orchitis caused by bacteria require antibiotics right away. If you suspect that you have the disease, or notice redness, swelling, pain, or inflammation of the scrotum or testicle, call your health care provider immediately. Do not delay medical care. Go to a hospital's emergency department if you are unable to contact or see your doctor promptly, or if symptoms worsen despite antibiotic treatment.


Question: What are my odds of getting atherosclerosis?

Answer: If you're 40 and generally healthy, you have about a 50% chance of getting serious atherosclerosis in your lifetime. The risk goes up as you get older. Most adults older than 60 have some atherosclerosis, but most don't have noticeable symptoms.


Question: What is cardiac catheterization for heart disease?

Answer: Cardiac catheterization (also called cardiac cath or coronary angiogram) is an invasive imaging procedure that tests for heart disease by allowing your doctor to "see" the inside of the arteries and how well your heart is functioning. During the test, a long, narrow tube, called a catheter, is inserted into a blood vessel in your arm or leg and guided to your heart with the aid of a special X-ray machine. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter so that X-ray movies of your valves, coronary arteries, and heart chambers can be created.


Question: When should I call my doctor about sporotrichosis?

Answer: When to call the doctor If you think you might have sporotrichosis, see a doctor about diagnosis and treatment. If you are already being treated for sporotrichosis, contact a doctor if new sores develop or if the old ones appear to be growing.


Question: How can I prevent my child from getting abdominal migraines?

Answer: With their parents' and doctor's help, kids with abdominal migraines may be able to figure out what triggers them. Keep a diary: Note the date and time they get it, what foods they had eaten earlier, what they were doing before it happened, if they took any medication recently, and if there's anything going on in their lives that could be making them stressed or anxious. If a food triggers abdominal migraines, they can try to avoid eating it. But that may not work for everyone.


Question: How long do abdominal migraines last?

Answer: Your little one could also: Feel queasy or throw up Be pale or flushed Yawn, be drowsy, or have little energy Lose their appetite or be unable to eat Have dark shadows under their eyes Abdominal migraines are often sudden and quite severe. They can hit without any warning signs. The pain may go away after an hour, or it may last as long as 3 days.


Question: What triggers abdominal migraines?

Answer: Foods such as chocolate, Chinese food with monosodium glutamate ( MSG), and processed meats with nitrites might trigger abdominal migraines in some people. Swallowing a lot of air may also trigger them or set off similar tummy symptoms. It can cause bloating and trouble eating.


Question: What can kids do to prevent abdominal migraines?

Answer: Cyproheptadine, an antihistamine that also helps tummy troubles Propranolol ( Inderal), a kind of heart medication called a beta-blocker Valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote), a medicine for seizures and bipolar disorder Kids who have abdominal migraines should eat a nutritious diet with plenty of fiber. Other healthy habits, like daily exercise and getting enough sleep, and teaching them how to manage their emotions and deal with problems, can help, too.


Question: What is an abdominal migraine?

Answer: As their name suggests, they make your belly ache instead. But they often happen as a reaction to the same triggers as migraine headaches. They can hurt a lot and cause nausea, cramps, and often vomiting.


Question: Can swallowing too much air cause abdominal migraine?

Answer: Swallowing a lot of air may also trigger them or set off similar tummy symptoms. It can cause bloating and trouble eating.


Question: Which medications treat an abdominal migraine in children?

Answer: Medications like rizatriptan ( Maxalt) and sumatriptan ( Imitrex), called triptans, haven't been approved for children, though older kids may have luck taking sumatriptan as a nasal spray.


Question: What healthy habits can help kids avoid abdominal migraines?

Answer: Cyproheptadine, an antihistamine that also helps tummy troubles Propranolol ( Inderal), a kind of heart medication called a beta-blocker Valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote), a medicine for seizures and bipolar disorder Kids who have abdominal migraines should eat a nutritious diet with plenty of fiber. Other healthy habits, like daily exercise and getting enough sleep, and teaching them how to manage their emotions and deal with problems, can help, too.


Question: Which drugs can prevent abdominal migraines?

Answer: Cyproheptadine, an antihistamine that also helps tummy troubles Propranolol ( Inderal), a kind of heart medication called a beta-blocker Valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote), a medicine for seizures and bipolar disorder Kids who have abdominal migraines should eat a nutritious diet with plenty of fiber.


Question: Are abdominal migraine and normal migraine headaches related somehow?

Answer: And kids who have abdominal migraines typically get migraine headaches when they get older.


Question: What drugs can help to prevent abdominal migraines?

Answer: Cyproheptadine, an antihistamine that also helps tummy troubles Propranolol ( Inderal), a kind of heart medication called a beta-blocker Valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote), a medicine for seizures and bipolar disorder Kids who have abdominal migraines should eat a nutritious diet with plenty of fiber.


Question: What causes abdominal migraines?

Answer: We don't know their exact cause. One theory is that changes in the levels of two compounds your body makes, histamine and serotonin, are responsible. Experts think that being upset or worried can affect them.


Question: What medications are used to treat abdominal migraines?

Answer: Medications like rizatriptan ( Maxalt) and sumatriptan ( Imitrex), called triptans, haven't been approved for children, though older kids may have luck taking sumatriptan as a nasal spray.


Question: How long does an abdominal migraine last?

Answer: Your little one could also: Feel queasy or throw up Be pale or flushed Yawn, be drowsy, or have little energy Lose their appetite or be unable to eat Have dark shadows under their eyes Abdominal migraines are often sudden and quite severe. They can hit without any warning signs. The pain may go away after an hour, or it may last as long as 3 days.


Question: What are the symptoms of an abdominal migraine?

Answer: It will hurt in the center of your child's body or around their belly button (not their sides), what doctors call midline abdominal pain. Your little one could also: Feel queasy or throw up Be pale or flushed Yawn, be drowsy, or have little energy Lose their appetite or be unable to eat Have dark shadows under their eyes Abdominal migraines are often sudden and quite severe.


Question: Who is more likely to get abdominal migraines?

Answer: ; they're rare in adults. More girls get them than boys. And kids who have abdominal migraines typically get migraine headaches when they get older.


Question: How are abdominal migraines treated?

Answer: Sometimes, simply knowing what the problem is makes it easier to deal with. Because we don't know much about abdominal migraines, doctors may treat them like other migraines. But they usually don't prescribe drugs unless the symptoms are very bad or happen a lot.


Question: Do certain foods cause abdominal migraine?

Answer: Foods such as chocolate, Chinese food with monosodium glutamate ( MSG), and processed meats with nitrites might trigger abdominal migraines in some people.


Question: What is melanoma?

Answer: Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. It starts in skin pigment cells called melanocytes.


Question: How can I prevent skin cancer?

Answer: Radiation therapy if you have advanced melanoma Follow these tips to help prevent skin cancer: Wear sunscreen every day. It should have a sun protection factor ( SPF) of at least 30 and should be "broad-spectrum," meaning it guards against UVA and UVB rays. Put it on 15 minutes before you go outside. Reapply every 80 minutes when outside, and more often when swimming or sweating. Check the label for directions. Choose clothing, cosmetics, and contact lenses that offer UV protection. Pick sunglasses with total UV protection and a wide-brimmed hat to shade your face and neck. If you have kids, be a good role model for sun protection and help your child learn how to take good care of their skin. Check your skin at least once a month so you know what's normal for you. This will help you notice any changes or new growths. Try to stay out of the sun as much as possible from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m, the peak hours for UVB radiation. The UVA rays, which cause premature skin aging and initiate skin cancers, are out all day long.


Question: What is cryosurgery?

Answer: You'll get this done in your doctor's office. She will use a spray, cotton swab, or metal device called a cryoprobe to apply extremely cold liquid nitrogen to the cancer. This freezes the cancer cells and the immediate surrounding cells. The frozen skin thaws and forms a scab, which eventually falls off, leaving a white scar.


Question: What is electrodesiccation and curettage?

Answer: Electrodesiccation and curettage. These in-office procedures take 5 minutes or less. You'll get anesthesia in the affected area. Your doctor will use a metal scoop device followed by an electric needle to scrape away the skin cancer cells.


Question: How important is treatment for skin cancer?

Answer: Early treatment greatly improves your chances of beating it. Left untreated, it can spread to other parts of your body and become hard to control.


Question: How is skin cancer diagnosed?

Answer: This means any new spot or mole changing in color, shape, or size, and any spot that itches, bleeds or becomes painful.. Doctors usually diagnose skin cancer by doing a biopsy. You'll be awake for this short, in-office procedure. First, you'll get some local anesthesia, which means it will numb just that area of your skin. Your doctor will then take a small sample of skin. A specialist will check the sample under a microscope to see if it's cancer.


Question: What is the most common type of skin cancer?

Answer: Almost all skin cancers -- 95% -- are basal cell and squamous cell cancers. Also called non-melanoma skin cancers, they are highly curable when treated early.


Question: What is the most serious form of skin cancer?

Answer: Melanoma is the most serious form of skin cancer. It starts in skin pigment cells called melanocytes. Early treatment greatly improves your chances of beating it. Left untreated, it can spread to other parts of your body and become hard to control.


Question: How does high blood pressure affect the retina of your eye?

Answer: Hypertension can cause damage to the blood vessels in the retina, the area at the back of the eye where images focus. This eye disease is known as hypertensive retinopathy. The damage can be serious if hypertension is not treated.


Question: What are the symptoms of hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer: A person typically won't experience symptoms of mild to moderate hypertensive retinopathy; it is usually discovered during a routine eye exam. Symptoms of more severe and accelerated hypertension might include headaches and vision problems.


Question: How is hypertensive retinopathy treated?

Answer: Using an ophthalmoscope, an instrument that projects light to examine the back of the eyeball, the doctor will look for signs of retinopathy that include: Narrowing of blood vessels Spots on the retina known as cotton wool spots and exudates Swelling of the macula (the central area of the retina) and optic nerve Bleeding in the back of the eye The best way to treat hypertensive retinopathy is to adequately control your blood pressure.


Question: How can you prevent hypertensive retinopathy?

Answer: To prevent hypertensive retinopathy, keep your blood pressure under control by reaching and maintaining your optimal weight, sticking with a diet recommended by your physician, exercising regularly, and faithfully taking your high blood pressure medications as prescribed. In addition, see your doctor on a regular basis for follow-up care.


Question: Can depression play a role in fatigue from hepatitis C?

Answer: Hepatitis C is no different. You may be angry, anxious, or sad about your health or the changes you've had to make in your life. Your doctor can help.


Question: How should you eat to prevent fatigue from hepatitis C?

Answer: Instead of larger breakfasts, lunches, and dinners, this dining style gives your body and brain a regular supply of fuel. Make sure to keep it healthy, with lots of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Fatty, fried, and processed foods zap your energy.


Question: Why does hepatitis C cause fatigue?

Answer: But two things are clear. If you have scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis, you're more likely to get tired. And taking interferon, sometimes a part of treatment, can rob you of energy. But if you go through treatment and get cured, your fatigue will get better.


Question: Are there ways to treat fatigue from hepatitis C?

Answer: Alcohol is not only a danger to your liver -- it also makes you tired. Eat smaller meals, more often.


Question: How can alcohol affect you if you have hepatitis C?

Answer: If your hepatitis C makes you feel tired, you've got ways to fight back.


Question: What are some tips to get enough rest and prevent fatigue from hepatitis C?

Answer: Try these tips to get better shut-eye: Don't watch TV (or text or read) in bed. Go to sleep and get up at the same time every day. Keep your bedroom cool and quiet. Don't drink caffeine late in the day. If you still can't sleep, talk to your doctor. Sleeping pills may give you some short-term help.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about fatigue from hepatitis C?

Answer: If you're having trouble with daily activities because you're too tired, talk to your doctor about your medication options. You might be able to take newer drugs instead of interferon to wipe out the virus more quickly, so you don't have to deal with side effects for so long.


Question: How can you manage your stress and prevent fatigue from hepatitis C?

Answer: Try yoga, meditation, or other relaxation techniques on a regular basis. Or simply make time for things you enjoy.


Question: Is incontinence likely after prostate cancer surgery?

Answer: After surgery, most men have temporary urine leakage, called incontinence, but they usually regain complete urinary control over time. If it is severe or lasts a long time, incontinence can be managed with special disposable underwear, exercises, condom catheters, biofeedback, penile clamps, implants around the urethra, or a urethral sling.


Question: What is a PCA-3 test?

Answer: For men who have high PSA levels but biopsies don't find cancer, there is a urine test known as a PCA-3 that looks for cancer. This test can prevent the need for repeat biopsies in some men.


Question: What does watchful waiting for prostate cancer mean?

Answer: Watchful Waiting Since prostate cancer can grow slowly and may not be fatal in many men, some patients -- after discussing the options with their doctors -- opt for "watchful waiting." Watchful waiting means not treating it. Instead, the doctor regularly checks the prostate cancer for signs that it is becoming more aggressive. Watchful waiting is typically recommended for men who are older or have other life-threatening conditions. In these cases, a less aggressive cancer may be growing so slowly that it's not likely to be fatal.


Question: How can chemotherapy help with treating prostate cancer?

Answer: Other Treatments Chemotherapy is effective for some men with advanced prostate cancer who didn't do well or respond on hormone therapy. When traditional hormonal treatments stop working, newer hormonal therapies may be considered.


Question: Does a PSA test tell if you have prostate cancer?

Answer: It is important to discuss this test with your doctor before having one. A high PSA level does not mean that you have cancer; a normal PSA level does not mean you don't have cancer.


Question: What is hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Hormone Therapy Hormone therapy is the recommended treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Since testosterone can make prostate cancer grow, hormone therapy works by tricking the body to stop making testosterone, thus stopping or slowing the cancer's growth. The following drugs decrease the amount of testosterone being made by the testicles: leuprolide ( Eligard, Lupron) goserelin ( Zoladex) triptorelin ( Trelstar) histrelin ( Vantas) Even advanced cases that cannot be cured may be controlled for many years with hormone therapy. But there is a higher risk of heart disease with this treatment. Fractures are also a risk due to thinning of bone. Medications are given to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and fractures.


Question: What is a radical retropubic prostatectomy?

Answer: Surgery The standard operation, a radical retropubic prostatectomy, removes the prostate and nearby lymph nodes. In most cases, surgeons can remove the gland without cutting nerves that control erections or the bladder, making impotence or incontinence much less common than in the past.


Question: How does brachytherapy help treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Though it may take less time than IMRT, it may have more side effects.. Radioactive seeds (brachytherapy) deliver radiation to the prostate with little damage to surrounding tissues. During the procedure, the tiny radioactive seeds, each like a grain of rice, are implanted in the prostate gland using ultrasound guidance. The implants remain in place permanently and become inactive after many months. In some patients, brachytherapy may be used with traditional radiation. In some patients, if the prostate gland is too large for brachytherapy, hormone therapy can shrink the prostate to allow brachytherapy to be done.


Question: When do you get radiation for prostate cancer?

Answer: Radiation Radiation is often the main treatment for prostate cancer that has not spread. It may also be given as follow-up to surgery. Radiation may also be used, in advanced cases, to relieve pain from the spread of cancer to bones. Incontinence and impotence also occur with radiation. Radiation to the pelvis may also be done if PSA levels rise after surgery.


Question: What causes folliculitis?

Answer: Different kinds of folliculitis have other names you might have heard, such as: Barber's itch Hot tub rash Razor bumps Shaving rash Staph, a kind of bacteria, is most often to blame. You have staph on your skin all the time, and it normally doesn't cause any issues. But if it gets inside your body, say through a cut, then it can cause problems. These other things can also cause folliculitis: Blockages from skin products, such as moisturizers with oils A fungus Hair removal, such as shaving, waxing, and plucking Ingrown hairs Other bacteria, such as the kind you might find in a hot tub Some drugs, such as corticosteroids that are used to ease inflammation In general, you're more likely to get the condition if you have damaged follicles.


Question: How should I shave to prevent folliculitis?

Answer: You might want to try an electric razor. If that doesn't work for you either, then be sure to: Wash your skin with warm water and a gentle cleanser. Apply plenty of gel or shaving cream, not soap, and let it sit 5 to 10 minutes to soften your hairs. Use a new blade each time you shave so you know it's clean and sharp; single blades are ideal. Shave in the direction your hairs grow. Rinse with warm water and use moisturizing lotion.


Question: How should I clean around folliculitis?

Answer: To help yourself heal and ease symptoms, you can: Clean the infected area: Wash twice a day with warm water and antibacterial soap. Be sure to use a fresh cloth and towel each time.


Question: What are symptoms of folliculitis?

Answer: You may have: Groups of small red bumps like pimples, some with white heads on them Blisters that break open, ooze, and become crusty Large areas of red, swollen skin that may leak pus These areas of your skin may be itchy, tender, and painful as well.


Question: How is folliculitis diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor can usually tell if you have it by looking at your skin closely and asking questions about your medical history. You don't usually need tests unless other treatments don't work. In that case, your doctor may use a swab to take a skin sample and find out exactly what's causing the problem.


Question: How can you get folliculitis?

Answer: Hair follicles are tiny pockets in your skin. You have them just about everywhere except for your lips, your palms, and the soles of your feet. If you get bacteria or a blockage in a follicle, it may become red and swollen. You can get this condition anywhere you have hair, but it's most likely to show up on your neck, thighs, buttocks, or armpits.


Question: What is important to remember when taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer: Have your blood pressure and kidneys tested regularly while you take these. Keep all appointments with your medical team so they can monitor your response to the medicine. It may take many weeks for you to feel the full effects of the medication.


Question: When should you call the doctor about side effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer: If you have severe vomiting or diarrhea, you may become dehydrated. This can lead to low blood pressure. Call your doctor. Also call him if you have any other side effects that concern you.


Question: How do I take angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer: Most ARBs can be taken on an empty or full stomach. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for specific instructions. Follow the label on how often to take it. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you'll take them will depend on the type of ARB prescribed and your condition.


Question: What are the types of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer: There are several different ARBs, including: Candesartan ( Atacand) Eprosartan ( Teveten) Irbesartan ( Avapro) Losartan ( Cozaar) Olmesartan ( Benicar) Telmisartan ( Micardis) Valsartan ( Diovan) Candesartan and Valsartan are approved to treat heart failure.


Question: Should I avoid certain medicines while taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer: Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicines (like ibuprofen or naproxen) and aspirin may make you hang on to sodium and water and lower the effect of your ARB. Check with your doctor before taking any anti-inflammatory medications. Digoxin and warfarin may interfere with the effects of some ARBs. If you're taking these drugs, tell your doctor before an ARB is prescribed.


Question: Should I avoid certain foods when taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?

Answer: Don't use salt substitutes if you're taking an ARB. They have potassium and can also cause you to retain it. Choose foods low in both potassium and sodium. A dietitian can help you.


Question: How can nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)  cause your psoriasis to be worse?

Answer: These are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They're painkillers that ease joint pain and swelling from psoriatic arthritis. But they also can trigger psoriasis flare-ups. Naproxen ( Aleve) and indomethacin ( Tivorbex) are NSAIDs that have been linked to the skin condition. Others also might cause problems. If you have trouble with NSAIDs, ask your doctor if you can try a different kind of pain reliever, such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol).


Question: Can NSAIDs be used to treat psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: They're painkillers that ease joint pain and swelling from psoriatic arthritis. But they also can trigger psoriasis flare-ups. Naproxen ( Aleve) and indomethacin ( Tivorbex) are NSAIDs that have been linked to the skin condition. Others also might cause problems. If you have trouble with NSAIDs, ask your doctor if you can try a different kind of pain reliever, such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol).


Question: How can mental health medicines cause your psoriasis to be worse?

Answer: Some drugs that treat mental health issues like depression or bipolar disorder can make your psoriasis worse. They include fluoxetine ( Prozac, Sarafem) and lithium. A few medications that treat anxiety, panic disorders, and sleep problems may affect your skin condition, too: Alprazolam ( Niravam, Xanax) Clonazepam ( Klonopin) Diazepam ( Valium) Your doctor may lower the dose of these medicines to see if that helps. You might, though, need to switch to something else.


Question: What blood pressure medicines can make psoriasis worse?

Answer: If you have heart disease or a heart rhythm problem, you might take a medicine that's been linked to psoriasis flares. These drugs include: Amiodarone Digoxin ( Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin) Gemfibrozil ( Lopid) Quinidine Talk with your doctor if you take one of these meds.


Question: What other medicines could trigger a flare?

Answer: A few other drugs to discuss with your doctor include: Antibiotics like tetracycline. They're often used to treat infections like pneumonia. Drugs called interferons. They help your body fight off viruses like hepatitis C. Terbinafine ( Lamisil, Terbinex). This medicine treats infections caused by a fungus such as toenail fungus.


Question: How can antimalarial drugs cause your psoriasis to be worse?

Answer: If your plans include travel to southern Africa or another part of the world where malaria is common, you might need medicine to protect yourself against the mosquito-borne disease. But be aware. If you have psoriasis, chloroquine ( Aralen) and hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil) can cause problems.


Question: When should I get medical attention about febrile seizures in children?

Answer: The child stops breathing or is turning blue. This is the child's first seizure. Seizure lasts more than ten minutes or is accompanied by breathing problems. The child is not awake and alert after seizure.


Question: How does a menstrual cup work?

Answer: The small, flexible cup is made of silicone or latex rubber. Instead of absorbing your flow, like a tampon or pad, it catches and collects it. Just before your period begins, tightly fold the menstrual cup and insert it like a tampon without an applicator. Used correctly, you shouldn't feel it. It's similar to putting a diaphragm or birth control ring in place. Your cup will spring open (you may need to rotate it first) and rest against the walls of your vagina. It forms a seal to prevent leaks. The blood then simply drips into the cup. Some types are disposable, but most are reusable. To remove it, you pull the stem sticking out the bottom and pinch the base to release the seal. Then you just empty, wash with soap and water, and replace. At the end of your cycle, you can sterilize your cup in boiling water. Like any other product for your period, you can buy them online or over the counter at grocery and drugstores.


Question: What are the symptoms of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?

Answer: At first, PCP may cause only mild symptoms or none at all. Fever (it's usually low-grade if you have HIV, higher temperature if you don't) Dry cough or wheezing Shortness of breath, especially when you're active Fatigue Chest pain when you breathe Call your doctor if you have these symptoms and HIV or a weakened immune system, because PCP can be fatal.


Question: What is pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in people with HIV?

Answer: Before we had medicine to treat HIV, about 3/4 of HIV-positive people who developed AIDS got PCP. Antiretroviral therapy ( ART) has prevented HIV-infected people from developing AIDS, and among persons who have developed AIDS, additional preventive therapy has brought this number way down. However, PCP is still the most common opportunistic infection in persons who get AIDS. You're most likely to get PCP when your CD4 cell count is less than 200. PCP patients with HIV are eight times more likely to be hospitalized. People with AIDS can die from it, even though they get treatment.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?

Answer: Usually, a lab technician will look at the fluid or tissue from your lungs with a microscope to find traces of the fungus. Your doctor will get a sample by helping you cough up stuff or by using a special tool called a bronchoscope that goes into your airways through your mouth. Or your doctor can do a biopsy, taking a needle or a knife to remove a tiny bit of cells from your lung. A test called PCR (polymerase chain reaction) makes copies of specific pieces of DNA, so it can find smaller amounts of the fungus in samples. You might also get a chest X-ray, or blood tests to check for low oxygen levels.


Question: When do you need medications for pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?

Answer: Before your CD4 cell count drops or you get sick, you can also take the same medication that treats PCP, but with different doses and timing. Your doctor may recommend this when: You've had PCP before. Your CD4 count is below 200.. You're taking drugs that suppress your immune system. If you get PCP, your doctor may want you to keep taking medicine after your PCP clears up so you don't get it again. When your CD4 count goes over 200 and stays there for at least 3 months, it may be OK to stop.


Question: What is the treatment for pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?

Answer: Most often, doctors prescribe a combination of two antibiotics, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, or TMP/ SMX ( Bactrim, Cotrim, or Septra). Depending how sick you are, you'll get this in pills or through a needle in your vein (by IV) at the hospital. Other drugs your doctor might prescribe to fight the infection include: Dapsone ( Aczone), sometimes with pyrimethamine ( Daraprim) Pentamidine ( Nubu Pent, Pentam) that you breathe in through a machine called a nebulizer, maybe in a doctor's office or a clinic ( You could also get a shot if your infection is serious.) Atovaquone ( Mepron) in a liquid that you take with food Corticosteroids can help when your PCP is moderate to severe and you have low oxygen levels.


Question: How does disposable underwear help me with my urinary incontinence?

Answer: Some look similar to (and pull on and off like) elastic-banded underwear but are designed to be disposable. Others have tape on the sides so they are adjustable and can be easily removed. They come in a range of colors as well as day and overnight versions.


Question: How do condom catheters help in treating urinary incontinence?

Answer: Male guards are small absorbent pads that fit like a sleeve over the tip of the penis to contain light moisture.


Question: How can a portable toilet help in treating urinary incontinence?

Answer: If you have difficulty walking, talk to your health care clinician. You may benefit from a portable toilet that can be placed close to your bed or living area. In addition, move electrical cords, throw rugs, or furniture out of hallways and walkways so that you do not trip or fall on the way to the bathroom.


Question: How can my doctor help me with my urinary incontinence?

Answer: Your doctor can recommend the type of products that will help you take control.


Question: How do penile clamps help in treating urinary incontinence?

Answer: Penile clamps which squeezes the penis to keep the urethra closed for mild to moderate leaks. This can be used only for a certain amount of time.


Question: How do incontinence panties and briefs help me with my urinary incontinence?

Answer: But they include a waterproof liner and built-in cloth pad that can absorb 10 or more ounces of urine. They are reusable, washable, and typically available in a range of colors. You can get day styles as well as overnight ones, which are designed to hold more urine. Like pads, this underwear is designed to be absorbent, to keep moisture from your skin, and to control odor.


Question: How do plastic pants help me with my urinary incontinence?

Answer: Penile clamps which squeezes the penis to keep the urethra closed for mild to moderate leaks.


Question: How do absorbent pads help me with my urinary incontinence?

Answer: They're disposable and designed for women and men. Adhesive strips hold them inside your underwear. They trap 8 or more ounces of urine and keep it away from your skin. They also block odor and can be changed throughout the day.


Question: How do protective underpads help me with my urinary incontinence?

Answer: Protective underpads are disposable or reusable flat pads with an absorbent layer on one side and a moisture barrier on the other. They protect mattresses, chairs, or other furniture from urine leaks. Some have antibacterial and antifungal finishes and adhesive strips to keep them in place. They also come in a range of absorbencies.


Question: How do male guards help in treating urinary incontinence?

Answer: Male guards are small absorbent pads that fit like a sleeve over the tip of the penis to contain light moisture.


Question: How should you treat symptoms for a black widow spider bite?

Answer: Apply ice on the way to the health care provider's office or emergency room to relieve pain and swelling.


Question: How should you follow up regarding a black widow spider bite?

Answer: The health care provider will examine and clean the wound. The person may require a tetanus shot or booster, depending on the date of the last injection. A person with severe symptoms -- such as intense pain and cramping or high blood pressure -- may be admitted to the hospital. Antivenin may be needed.


Question: When should you call 911 about a black widow spider bite?

Answer: Has trouble breathing Shows signs of shock Call your health care provider or go to a hospital emergency room.


Question: When should you get help for a black widow spider bite?

Answer: Has trouble breathing Shows signs of shock Call your health care provider or go to a hospital emergency room. If possible, kill the spider and take it to the doctor with you. Symptoms include target-like marking and slight swelling at wound site, muscle pains and cramps within 2 hours of the bite, weakness, headache, nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, itching, anxiety, and increased blood pressure.


Question: Can a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) play sports?

Answer: Exercise helps loosen mucus in the lungs. It strengthens the muscles that help your child breathe. It can also boost her confidence and self-esteem. Don't be alarmed if your child coughs a lot during exercise -- it helps to clear the lungs. Be sure to speak with your child's CF care team before she starts any type of exercise.


Question: Does cystic fibrosis make it harder for a child to absorb vitamins?

Answer: CF affects the body's ability to absorb vitamins. Kids who have it need to take vitamin supplements to make sure they get enough. Work with your child's CF care team to find the right vitamins, supplements, and doses for your child.


Question: How can I help my child with cystic fibrosis get enough calories?

Answer: Children with CF need about 2,000 to 2,800 calories per day --that's more than most kids eat. One way to help your child take in more fat and calories is to offer whole milk at every meal. You can also add whole-milk dairy products to the foods she eats. For example: Use cream on cereal Add butter to most meals Put extra cheese in casseroles and other foods Vitamins.


Question: What is one of the most dangerous aspects of hypertension?

Answer: In fact, nearly one-third of people who have high blood pressure don't know it. The only way to know if your blood pressure is high is through regular checkups. This is especially important if you have a close relative who has high blood pressure. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for,including: Severe headache Fatigue or confusion Vision problems Chest pain Difficulty breathing Irregular heartbeat Blood in the urine Pounding in your chest, neck, or ears If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis that could lead to a heart attack or stroke.


Question: What are symptoms to look out for regarding high blood pressure?

Answer: This is especially important if you have a close relative who has high blood pressure. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for,including: Severe headache Fatigue or confusion Vision problems Chest pain Difficulty breathing Irregular heartbeat Blood in the urine Pounding in your chest, neck, or ears If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor immediately. You could be having a hypertensive crisis that could lead to a heart attack or stroke.


Question: What foods should you eat while pregnant?

Answer: Eat a variety of foods to get all the nutrients you need. Recommended daily servings include 6-11 servings of breads and grains, two to four servings of fruit, four or more servings of vegetables, four servings of dairy products, and three servings of protein sources (meat, poultry, fish, eggs or nuts). Consume fats and sweets sparingly.


Question: Should you avoid fats while pregnant?

Answer: For a person eating 2000 calories a day, this would be 65 grams of fat or less per day. Limit cholesterol intake to 300 mg or less per day.


Question: Can I eat a "low carb" diet while pregnant?

Answer: Low-carbohydrate diets, such as Atkins and the South Beach Diet, are very popular. There have been no studies of the effects of a low-carb diet on pregnancy, so its effect on the fetus, if any, are unknown. While you are pregnant, you should eat a balanced diet, from all of the food groups.


Question: What can happen if you do not have enough calcium while pregnant?

Answer: Your growing baby needs a considerable amount of calcium to develop. If you do not consume enough calcium to sustain the needs of your developing baby, your body will take calcium from your bones, decreasing your bone mass and putting you at risk for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis causes dramatic thinning of the bone, resulting in weak, brittle bones that can easily be broken. Pregnancy is a critical time for a woman to consume more calcium. Even if no problems develop during pregnancy, an inadequate supply of calcium at this time can diminish bone strength and increase your risk for osteoporosis later in life.


Question: How much iron do you need during pregnancy?

Answer: Eating at least three servings of iron-rich foods a day will help ensure that you are getting 27 mg of iron in your daily diet.


Question: Should you avoid alcohol while pregnant?

Answer: Avoid alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol has been linked to premature delivery, intellectual disability, birth defects, and low birthweight babies.


Question: What is lactose intolerance?

Answer: If you are lactose intolerant, you can still receive the calcium you need. Here are some suggestions: Use Lactaid Milk fortified with calcium. Talk to your dietitian about other lactose-reduced products.


Question: How much folate do you need during pregnancy?

Answer: Choose at least one good source of folate every day, like dark green leafy vegetables, veal, and legumes (lima beans, black beans, black-eyed peas and chickpeas). Every pregnant woman needs at least 0.64 mg of folate per day to help prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida. Man-made supplements of folate are called folic acid and can be an important option when you are pregnant.


Question: Should you avoid caffeine while pregnant?

Answer: Limit caffeine to no more than 300 mg per day. The caffeine content in various drinks depends on the beans or leaves used and how it was prepared. An 8-ounce cup of coffee has about 150 mg of caffeine on average while black tea has typically about 80 mg. A 12-ounce glass of caffeinated soda contains anywhere from 30-60 mg of caffeine. Remember, chocolate (especially dark chocolate) contains caffeine -- sometimes a significant amount.


Question: Why do I need more calcium while pregnant?

Answer: Calcium also allows blood to clot normally, muscles and nerves to function properly, and the heart to beat normally. Most of the calcium in your body is found inside your bones.


Question: How much vitamin A do you need during pregnancy?

Answer: Choose at least one source of vitamin A every other day. Sources of vitamin A include carrots, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, spinach, water squash, turnip greens, beet greens, apricots, and cantaloupe.


Question: Should you avoid saccharin while pregnant?

Answer: But, the use of other non-nutritive or artificial sweeteners approved by the FDA is acceptable during pregnancy. These FDA-approved sweeteners include aspartame ( Equal or Nutra Sweet), acesulfame- K ( Sunett), and sucralose ( Splenda). These sweeteners are considered safe in moderation, so talk with your health care provider about how much non-nutritive sweetener is acceptable during pregnancy.


Question: Can I stay vegetarian while pregnant?

Answer: Just because you are pregnant doesn't mean you have to diverge from your vegetarian diet. Your baby can receive all the nutrition he or she needs to grow and develop while you follow a vegetarian diet, if you make sure you eat a wide variety of healthy foods that provide enough protein and calories for you and your baby. Depending on the type of vegetarian meal plan you follow, you may need to adjust your eating habits to ensure that you and your baby are receiving adequate nutrition. You should consume about 300 more calories than you did before you became pregnant. Discuss your diet with your doctor.


Question: What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Answer: This is your endocrine system's master gland. It uses information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body what to do.


Question: What should you know about the key parts in the endocrine system?

Answer: Your endocrine system: Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction Controls how your hormones are released Sends those hormones into your bloodstream so they can travel to other body parts Many glands make up the endocrine system. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach. Your ovaries (if you're a woman) or testes (if you're a man) are in your pelvic region.


Question: What can happen if your endocrine system isn't healthy?

Answer: If your endocrine system isn't healthy, you might have problems developing during puberty, getting pregnant, or managing stress. You also might gain weight easily, have weak bones, or lack energy because too much sugar stays in your blood instead of moving into your cells where it's needed for energy.


Question: What is the role of the parathyroid gland in the endocrine system?

Answer: This is a set of four small glands behind your thyroid. They play a role in bone health. The glands control your levels of calcium and phosphorus.


Question: What is the role of the adrenal glands in the endocrine system?

Answer: Best known for making the "fight or flight" hormone adrenaline (also called epinephrine), these two glands also make hormones called corticosteroids. They affect your metabolism and sexual function, among other things.


Question: What health issues should you keep in mind regarding the endocrine system?

Answer: As you get older, it's natural to notice some things related to your endocrine system. Your metabolism tends to slow down. So you might gain weight even though you haven't changed how you eat or exercise. Hormonal shifts also explain, at least in part, why you're more likely to have heart disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes as you age. No matter how old you are, stress, infections, and being around certain chemicals can also mess with parts of your endocrine system. And genetics or lifestyle habits can increase your chances of an endocrine disorder like hypothyroidism, diabetes, or osteoporosis.


Question: What is the role of the thymus in the endocrine system?

Answer: This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child's immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.


Question: How is cinnamon used?

Answer: But extracts from the bark of the cinnamon tree have also been used in traditional medicine around the world. There are many types of cinnamon, but darker-colored cassia is the one most commonly sold in the United States. Ceylon cinnamon, also known as true cinnamon, is frequently found in other countries.


Question: Why do people take cinnamon as medicine?

Answer: Some research shows cassia cinnamon may lower blood sugar in people with diabetes. But other studies haven't found a benefit. There's also no proof that cinnamon can lower cholesterol or treat yeast infections in people with HIV.


Question: How much cinnamon should I take?

Answer: Because cinnamon is an unproven treatment, there isn't a set dose. Some experts suggest 1/2 to 1 teaspoon (2-4 grams) of powder a day. Some studies have used between 1 gram and 6 grams of cinnamon. Very high doses might be toxic.


Question: What are the side effects of taking cinnamon?

Answer: But heavy use could irritate your mouth and lips, causing sores. Some people are allergic to it. It might cause redness and irritation if you put it on your skin.


Question: What interactions might occur when taking cinnamon?

Answer: If you take any medication regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using cinnamon supplements. They could affect the way antibiotics, diabetes drugs, blood thinners, heart medicines, and others work.


Question: How much cinnamon should you take?

Answer: Because cinnamon is an unproven treatment, there isn't a set dose. Some experts suggest 1/2 to 1 teaspoon (2-4 grams) of powder a day. Some studies have used between 1 gram and 6 grams of cinnamon. Very high doses might be toxic.


Question: When should I call a doctor about my child's abdominal pain?

Answer: When to Call a Doctor Call your child's doctor immediately if your child has any of the following: Persistent pain on the right side of the abdomen, which could be an appendicitis Pain confined to one part of the abdomen Severe or rapidly worsening abdominal pain or pain that doesn't go away within 24 hours Pain or tenderness when you press on the belly A swollen abdomen or an abdomen that is rigid to the touch Pain in the groin, or pain or swelling in a testicle Unexplained fever Lots of vomiting or diarrhea Bleeding from the rectum Blood in the stool or vomit A recent abdominal injury


Question: What is a gastrologist?

Answer: You may need to visit a gastroenterologist for health concerns with your: Esophagus, the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach Stomach Small intestine Colon Rectum Pancreas Gallbladder Bile ducts Liver Technically, a gastrologist is someone who specializes in gastrology. That could mean caring for the stomach with medicine. It could also mean caring for the stomach with food. Gastrology may have been a medical term in the early 1900s, judging by journals from around that time. If so, the word was long ago replaced by gastroenterology. You won't find doctors who describe themselves as gastrologists today -- at least not in the U. S. There are many reasons you may visit a gastroenterologist.


Question: What is a gastroenterologist?

Answer: Gastroenterologists are doctors who are trained to diagnose and treat problems in your gastrointestinal ( GI) tract and liver. They have 5 to 6 years of specialized education after medical school. You may need to visit a gastroenterologist for health concerns with your: Esophagus, the tube that connects your mouth to your stomach Stomach Small intestine Colon Rectum Pancreas Gallbladder Bile ducts Liver Technically, a gastrologist is someone who specializes in gastrology.


Question: How do I track my personal triggers for migraine attacks?

Answer: The first step is to track your migraine symptoms in a diary. Note what you were doing before and when your headache came on. What were you eating? How much sleep did you get the night before? Did anything stressful or important happen that day? These are key clues.


Question: What are the common migraine triggers?

Answer: When you look at your diary, you might find that these things tend to lead to a migraine: Stress Menstrual periods Changes in your normal sleep pattern Extreme fatigue Certain foods and drinks Too much caffeine or withdrawal from it Skipping meals or fasting Changes in the weather Exercise Smoking Bright, flickering lights Certain smells Watch what you eat and drink.


Question: What are some triggers of migraines found in food?

Answer: Red wine, caffeine withdrawal, stress, and skipped meals are among the common culprits.


Question: How does someone track their migraine headaches?

Answer: With migraine, one of the best things you can do is learn your personal triggers that bring on the pain. Red wine, caffeine withdrawal, stress, and skipped meals are among the common culprits. The first step is to track your migraine symptoms in a diary. Note what you were doing before and when your headache came on. What were you eating? How much sleep did you get the night before? Did anything stressful or important happen that day? These are key clues.


Question: Should I track my personal triggers for migraine headaches?

Answer: With migraine, one of the best things you can do is learn your personal triggers that bring on the pain. Red wine, caffeine withdrawal, stress, and skipped meals are among the common culprits.


Question: What is teriparatide (Forteo) for osteoporosis?

Answer: Teriparatide ( Forteo) is a synthetic version of the human parathyroid hormone, which helps to regulate calcium metabolism. It promotes the growth of new bone, while other osteoporosis medications improve bone density by inhibiting bone resorption, or breakdown. It is the only osteoporosis medicine approved by the FDA that rebuilds bone. Forteo should be used only in men with osteoporosis and postmenopausal women.


Question: What are side effects of teriparatide (Forteo)?

Answer: Forteo's side effects may include: Itching, swelling, redness at injection site Back spasms Depression Leg cramps Heartburn Other side effects are also possible. Tell your doctor if you think Forteo is having a bad effect on your well-being.


Question: What other blood tests are used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Electrolytes (sodium, potassium), protein, and markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR) and C-reactive protein ( CRP), may be drawn to look at disease severity. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p ANCA) levels may be up in ulcerative colitis. In addition, specific tests for sexually transmitted diseases may be done.


Question: What causes inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: IBD is a disease with an unknown cause. Some agent or a combination of agents -- bacteria, viruses, antigens -- triggers the body's immune system to produce an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal tract. Recent studies show some combination of hereditary, genetic, and/or environmental factors may cause the development of IBD. It could also be that the body's own tissue causes an autoimmune response. Whatever causes it, the reaction continues without control and damages the intestinal wall, leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain.


Question: How is an upper endoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: If you have upper GI symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, a doctor will use an endoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, that will be inserted through the mouth -- to examine your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of your small intestine. Ulceration occurs in the stomach and duodenum in up to one out of every 10 people with Crohn's disease.


Question: How can support groups help with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Participating in a support group puts you in contact with others who know exactly the effect IBD has on your day-to-day life, because they are going through the same things you are. They can offer support and tips on how to deal with symptoms and the effect they have on you.


Question: Are there complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: They include: Abdominal cramps and pain Diarrhea that may be bloody Severe urgency to have a bowel movement Fever Weight loss Loss of appetite Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss IBD can lead to several serious complications in the intestines, including: Profuse intestinal bleeding from the ulcers Perforation, or rupture of the bowel Narrowing - called a stricture -- and obstruction of the bowel; found in Crohn's Fistulae (abnormal passages) and perianal disease, disease in the tissue around the anus; these conditions are more common in Crohn's than in ulcerative colitis. Toxic megacolon, which is an extreme dilation of the colon that is life-threatening; this is associated more with ulcerative colitis than Crohn's. Malnutrition IBD, particularly ulcerative colitis, also increases the risk of colon cancer. IBD can also affect other organs; for example, someone with IBD may have arthritis, skin conditions, inflammation of the eye, liver and kidney disorders, or bone loss.


Question: How can a specific diet help with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Treatment for IBD involves a combination of self-care and medical treatment. Self-care Although no specific diet has been shown to prevent or treat IBD, dietary changes may be helpful in managing your symptoms. It's important to talk with your doctor about ways to modify your diet while making sure you get the nutrients you need. For instance, depending on your symptoms, the doctor may suggest that you reduce the amount of fiber or dairy products that you consume. Also, small, frequent meals may be better tolerated. In general, there is no need to avoid certain foods unless they cause or worsen your symptoms. One dietary intervention your doctor may recommend is a low-residue diet, a very restricted diet that reduces the amount of fiber and other undigested material that pass through your colon. Doing so can help relieve symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain. If you do go on a low-residue diet, be sure you understand how long you should stay on the diet, because a low-residue diet doesn't provide all the nutrients you need. Your doctor may recommend that you take vitamin supplements.


Question: What other radiologic tests are used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Computed tomography ( CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), and ultrasound have also been used in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.


Question: What are the major types of inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Two major types of IBD are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon or large intestine. Crohn's disease, on the other hand, can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. Most commonly, though, it affects the last part of the small intestine or the colon or both.


Question: When is surgery needed to treat inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Surgical treatment for IBD depends upon the disease. Ulcerative colitis, for instance, can be cured with surgery, because the disease is limited to the colon. Once the colon is removed, the disease doesn't come back. However, surgery will not cure Crohn's disease, although some surgeries may be used. Excessive surgery in people with Crohn's disease can actually lead to more problems.


Question: How is a stool exam used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: In addition, the stool will be examined for traces of blood that cannot be seen with the naked eye.


Question: What are the symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: As with other chronic diseases, a person with IBD will generally go through periods in which the disease flares up and causes symptoms, followed by periods in which symptoms decrease or disappear and good health returns. Symptoms range from mild to severe and generally depend upon what part of the intestinal tract is involved. They include: Abdominal cramps and pain Diarrhea that may be bloody Severe urgency to have a bowel movement Fever Weight loss Loss of appetite Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss IBD can lead to several serious complications in the intestines, including: Profuse intestinal bleeding from the ulcers Perforation, or rupture of the bowel Narrowing - called a stricture -- and obstruction of the bowel; found in Crohn's Fistulae (abnormal passages) and perianal disease, disease in the tissue around the anus; these conditions are more common in Crohn's than in ulcerative colitis.


Question: What surgical options are available for inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Which one is right for you depends on several factors: The extent of your disease Your age Your overall health The first option is called a proctocolectomy. It involves the removal of the entire colon and rectum. The surgeon then makes an opening on the abdomen called an ileostomy that goes into part of the small intestine. This opening provides a new path for feces to be emptied into a pouch that's attached to the skin with an adhesive. Another commonly used surgery is called ileoanal anastomosis. The surgeon removes the colon and then creates an internal pouch that connects the small intestine to the anal canal. This allows feces to still exit through the anus.


Question: What is the outlook for people with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: When you have an IBD, the symptoms will come and go over a period of many years. That doesn't mean they control you; managing your condition with the help of your health care providers is the best way to stay as healthy as possible in the long term.


Question: What is inflammatory bowel disease like?

Answer: If you have an IBD, you know it usually runs a waxing and waning course. When there is severe inflammation, the disease is considered active and the person experiences a flare-up of symptoms. When there is less or no inflammation, the person usually is without symptoms and the disease is said to be in remission.


Question: How is a complete blood count used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: A nurse or lab technician will draw blood, which will then be tested in the lab. An increase in the white blood cell count suggests the presence of inflammation. And if you have severe bleeding, the red blood cell count and hemoglobin level may decrease.


Question: How can managing stress help with inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Another important aspect of self-care is to learn how to manage stress, which may worsen your symptoms. One thing you might want to do is to make a list of things that cause you stress and then consider which ones you can eliminate from your daily routine. Also, when you feel stress coming on, it can help to take several deep breaths and release them slowly by blowing out. Learning to meditate, creating time for yourself, and regular exercise are all important tools for reducing the amount of stress in your life.


Question: What is the goal of medical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Medical Treatment The goal of medical treatment is to suppress the abnormal inflammatory response so intestinal tissue has a chance to heal. As it does, the symptoms of diarrhea and abdominal pain should be relieved. Once the symptoms are under control, medical treatment will focus on decreasing the frequency of flare-ups and maintaining remission.


Question: How is a sigmoidoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: In this procedure, a doctor uses a sigmoidoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, to visually examine the last one-third of your large intestine, which includes the rectum and the sigmoid colon. The sigmoidoscope is inserted through the anus and the intestinal wall is visually examined for ulcers, inflammation, and bleeding. The doctor may also take samples -- biopsies -- of the intestinal lining with an instrument inserted through the tube. These will then be examined in a laboratory under a microscope.


Question: How common is surgery to treat inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Even though surgery will not cure Crohn's disease, approximately 50% of people with Crohn's require surgery at some point. If you have Crohn's disease and require surgery, your doctor will discuss your options with you. Be sure you ask questions and understand the goal or goals of the surgery, its risks and benefits, and what could happen if you don't have the surgery.


Question: What is a rotator cuff?

Answer: The rotator cuff is a group of tendons and muscles in your shoulder. They form a âcuffâ over the top end of your arm. It helps you lift and rotate your arm. And it keeps the shoulder steady as your arm moves. A rotator cuff tear can be caused by different things. It can get sore from normal wear and tear over the years. This happens mostly to people over age 40. But you can also get one in a fall or by repeating the same activity over and over.


Question: How can you injure a rotator cuff?

Answer: When you do the same thing again and again, the rotator cuff can start to fray, like a worn sock. It can separate or tear, especially if you lift something heavy.


Question: Can you use physical therapy after surgery for a rotator cuff tear?

Answer: The therapist will help you: Get back your range of motion Learn exercises to strengthen your shoulder muscles Improve the way you sit and stand (your posture) to help reduce pain Find a way to sleep that doesn't hurt your shoulder Learn to carry objects safely Use ice or heat to ease the pain Understand why you need to keep moving Find ways to do things so that they don't hurt your shoulder Return to your regular activities (be patient -- this can take a while) PT can also help you recover after rotator cuff surgery.


Question: How can a physical therapist help you recover from a rotator cuff tear?

Answer: The therapist will help you: Get back your range of motion Learn exercises to strengthen your shoulder muscles Improve the way you sit and stand (your posture) to help reduce pain Find a way to sleep that doesn't hurt your shoulder Learn to carry objects safely Use ice or heat to ease the pain Understand why you need to keep moving Find ways to do things so that they don't hurt your shoulder Return to your regular activities (be patient -- this can take a while) PT can also help you recover after rotator cuff surgery.


Question: What are signs of hypomania in bipolar II disorder?

Answer: Signs of hypomania in bipolar II disorder include: Decreased need for sleep Extreme focus on projects at work or at home Exuberant and elated mood Increased confidence Increased creativity and productivity Increased energy and libido Reckless behaviors Risky pleasure-seeking behaviors As with most mood disorders, there is no laboratory test or brain imaging method to diagnose bipolar disorder.


Question: What are signs of mania in bipolar disorder?

Answer: The clinical depression symptoms seen with bipolar disorder are the same as those seen in major depressive disorder and include: Decreased appetite and/or weight loss, or overeating and weight gain Difficulty concentrating, remembering, and making decisions Fatigue, decreased energy, being "slowed down" Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, helplessness Feelings of hopelessness, pessimism Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities that were once enjoyed, including sex Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain Persistently sad, anxious, or "empty" moods Restlessness, irritability Thoughts of death or suicide, suicide attempts The signs of mania in bipolar disorder include: Disconnected and very fast (racing) thoughts Grandiose beliefs Inappropriate elation or euphoria Inappropriate irritability Inappropriate social behavior Increased sexual desire Increased talking speed or volume Markedly increased energy Poor judgment A decreased need for sleep due to high energy While mania is the main characteristic of bipolar I disorder, bipolar II has milder periods of elation known as hypomania.


Question: At what age does bipolar disorder usually first appear?

Answer: It's rare that newly diagnosed mania is seen in young children or in adults over age 65.


Question: What happens when coronary arteries narrow?

Answer: When the coronary arteries narrow to the point that blood flow to the heart muscle is limited (coronary artery disease), a network of tiny blood vessels in the heart that aren't usually open (called collateral vessels) may enlarge and become active. This allows blood to flow around the blocked artery to the heart muscle, protecting the heart tissue from injury.


Question: How does blood flow through your lungs?

Answer: This is called the pulmonary circulation. From your pulmonic valve, blood travels to the pulmonary arteries and eventually to tiny capillary vessels in the lungs. Here, oxygen travels from the tiny air sacs in the lungs, through the walls of the capillaries, into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, passes from the blood into the air sacs. Carbon dioxide leaves the body when you exhale. Once the blood is oxygenated, it travels back to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.


Question: What do valves do in the heart?

Answer: The heart valves work the same way as one-way valves in the plumbing of your home. They prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction. Each valve has a set of flaps, called leaflets or cusps. The mitral valve has two leaflets; the others have three. The leaflets are attached to and supported by a ring of tough, fibrous tissue called the annulus. The annulus helps to maintain the proper shape of the valve. The leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves are also supported by tough, fibrous strings called chordae tendineae. These are similar to the strings supporting a parachute. They extend from the valve leaflets to small muscles, called papillary muscles, which are part of the inside walls of the ventricles.


Question: How does blood flow through the right side of the heart?

Answer: Right side of the heart Blood enters the heart through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen-poor blood from the body into the right atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve. When the ventricle is full, the tricuspid valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the right atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the pulmonic valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins.


Question: How does the heart beat?

Answer: The atria and ventricles work together, alternately contracting and relaxing to pump blood through your heart. This is your heartbeat. The electrical system of your heart is the power source that makes this possible.


Question: What does the heart look like on the inside?

Answer: On the inside, the heart is a four-chambered, hollow organ. It is divided into the left and right side by a muscular wall called the septum. The right and left sides of the heart are further divided into two top chambers called the atria, which receive blood from the veins, and two bottom chambers called ventricles, which pump blood into the arteries.


Question: What is a normal heart rate?

Answer: This fist-sized powerhouse beats (expands and contracts) 100,000 times per day, pumping five or six quarts of blood each minute, or about 2,000 gallons per day.


Question: How does blood travel through the heart?

Answer: As the heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, called the circulatory system. The vessels are elastic, muscular tubes that carry blood to every part of the body. Blood is essential. In addition to carrying fresh oxygen from the lungs and nutrients to your body's tissues, it also takes the body's waste products, including carbon dioxide, away from the tissues. This is necessary to sustain life and promote the health of all the body's tissues.


Question: What are the two major coronary arteries?

Answer: Two major coronary arteries branch off from the aorta near the point where the aorta and the left ventricle meet: Right coronary artery supplies the right atrium and right ventricle with blood. It branches into the posterior descending artery, which supplies the bottom portion of the left ventricle and back of the septum with blood. Left main coronary artery branches into the circumflex artery and the left anterior descending artery. The circumflex artery supplies blood to the left atrium, as well as the side and back of the left ventricle. The left anterior descending artery supplies the front and bottom of the left ventricle and the front of the septum with blood.


Question: How does blood flow through the left side of the heart?

Answer: Left side of the heart The pulmonary veins empty oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.


Question: What are the coronary arteries in your heart?

Answer: Like all organs, your heart is made of tissue that requires a supply of oxygen and nutrients. Although its chambers are full of blood, the heart receives no nourishment from this blood. The heart receives its own supply of blood from a network of arteries, called the coronary arteries.


Question: Where is your heart and what does it look like?

Answer: The heart is located under the rib cage, under and to the left of your breastbone (sternum), and between your lungs. Looking at the outside of the heart, you can see that the heart is made of muscle. The strong muscular walls contract (squeeze), pumping blood to the arteries. The major blood vessels that are connected to the heart include the aorta, the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, the pulmonary artery (which takes oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated), the pulmonary veins (which bring oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart) and the coronary arteries (which supply blood to the heart muscle).


Question: How is oppositional defiant disorder similar to ADHD?

Answer: Kids who lose their temper a lot, refuse to follow rules, argue with adults, and say mean things to other people are often diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, or ODD. It usually goes away within 3 years in about 60% of kids. But studies have shown that about 30% of children with ODD develop conduct disorder.


Question: How is depression related to ADHD?

Answer: Depression. About 1 in 7 children with ADHD are also diagnosed with depression. Experts think it could be made worse by the stress from having ADHD. To complicate things even more, certain ADHD medications have side effects that can look like symptoms of depression, including changes in eating and sleeping habits.


Question: How are anxiety disorders related to ADHD?

Answer: About one-fifth of kids with ADHD also have some type of anxiety disorder, including separation anxiety, social anxiety, or general anxiety. And children with ADHD are more likely than others to get anxiety. The type of medication they take for ADHD makes a big difference if they also have anxiety.


Question: How can lupus cause color changes in fingers and toes?

Answer: Blood vessels in your fingers and toes can tighten and slow the flow of blood there. The tips of your fingers or toes may turn red, white, or blue in cold weather or a cold room. They may also tingle, hurt, or go numb. This problem is known as Raynaud's phenomenon. It helps to keep your toes and fingers warm by wearing mittens and thick socks.


Question: How can you treat skin conditions caused by lupus?

Answer: Your doctor will likely prescribe a topical medication, such as a steroid cream or gel, to clear up the problems. Sometimes steroid shots are used. You can also help prevent skin reactions, too. The best way is to use sunscreen to protect yourself from the sun's ultraviolet ( UV) rays, and cover up!


Question: How can lupus cause bluish, lacy pattern under the skin?

Answer: This is known as livedo reticularis. It's likely to appear on your legs, where it can give a "fishnet" look. Like Raynaud's, it tends to be worse in cold weather.


Question: How can lupus cause butterfly rash?

Answer: Be on the lookout for some of these rashes that can be caused by skin lupus: Butterfly rash: Called a "malar" rash, this may spread over your nose and cheeks in the shape of a butterfly. The butterfly rash can be just a faint blush or a very severe, scaly rash.


Question: How can lupus cause sores and rashes?

Answer: Some may be coin-shaped (called discoid lupus). Or you may develop red, scaly patches or a red, ring-shaped rash, especially where your skin gets sun or other UV light. The sores get worse without treatment. They usually don't itch or hurt, but they can cause scarring. If this happens on your scalp, you may get patches of permanent baldness.


Question: How can lupus cause hair loss?

Answer: In some cases, your immune system may destroy hair follicles and make hair fall out for a time. New hair may sometimes grow in. A severe lupus flare can also make your hair fragile and brittle. This is most likely around the edge of your scalp.


Question: Should I consider a wig during chemotherapy?

Answer: If you decide to wear one, do your shopping at the beginning of your treatment so you can match the natural color, texture, and style of your hair.


Question: How can someone protect their hair while resting?

Answer: Wearing a soft cap or turban around your head at night can help collect loose hair as it falls out. Don't braid your hair or put it into a ponytail, since both can tug on it. A silk pillowcase will also reduce friction when you're asleep.


Question: What hairstyle can someone have that makes their hair look fuller and thicker?

Answer: Try a shorter style. Shorter hair doesn't lie flat against your head, so it can make your hair look thicker and fuller. ( It's also easier to manage under wigs.) If you choose to shave your head, use an electric shaver or have it done at a barbershop. Plastic razors can cut your scalp.


Question: Why is it important for someone to prepare their family for hair loss from chemotherapy?

Answer: Depending on their age, children may be scared or even embarrassed by your hair loss. Let them know what to expect and why your treatment is so important. The more positive you can be, the better they'll react.


Question: What are some of the best ways to take care of hair before hair loss?

Answer: Go easy on your hair. To slow down hair loss, stay away from shampoos that contain strong fragrances, alcohol, or salicylic acid. For now, don't color, perm, or chemically straighten your hair. Don't use rollers, curling irons, or straightening irons. Use a soft-bristle hairbrush, and instead of using a blow-dryer, let your hair air-dry.


Question: How does taking care of skin affect hair loss?

Answer: Take care of your skin. As you lose your hair, your scalp may get tender or itchy. Some people even feel a tingling sensation. A moisturizing shampoo and conditioner can help, as will a gentle lotion you massage into your scalp.


Question: What is scalp cooling for chemotherapy?

Answer: Ask your doctor about âscalp cooling.â A tight cap filled with cold gel reduces hair loss for some people. The temperature narrows blood vessels underneath the scalp, limiting the amount of medicine that reaches hair follicles.


Question: Can I go to a support group for hair loss during chemotherapy?

Answer: It's normal to feel anxious, depressed, or self-conscious about losing your hair. And women often have a harder time with it than men. A support group can connect you with others going through the same thing. They can share your feelings and offer advice.


Question: Should I cut my hair if I am doing chemotherapy?

Answer: Try a shorter style. Shorter hair doesn't lie flat against your head, so it can make your hair look thicker and fuller. ( It's also easier to manage under wigs.) If you choose to shave your head, use an electric shaver or have it done at a barbershop. Plastic razors can cut your scalp.


Question: How can I make hair loss from chemotherapy less intense?

Answer: Go easy on your hair. To slow down hair loss, stay away from shampoos that contain strong fragrances, alcohol, or salicylic acid. For now, don't color, perm, or chemically straighten your hair. Don't use rollers, curling irons, or straightening irons. Use a soft-bristle hairbrush, and instead of using a blow-dryer, let your hair air-dry.


Question: How long does it take for hair to grow back after chemotherapy?

Answer: Be patient. Most people notice their hair growing back within a few weeks to months after they've finished chemotherapy. Many times, it's a different color or texture, but this change is usually temporary.


Question: How do I know if my chemotherapy will cause hair loss?

Answer: Not all drugs will affect your hair the same way. Some only cause gradual hair thinning. Others may cause your hair to fall out in clumps. Make hair loss less scary by asking your doctor what exactly will happen.


Question: How common is genital herpes?

Answer: As you adjust, keep in mind that it's a common condition. In the U. S., 1 in 5 women ages 14-49 and 1 in 10 men in the same age range have it.


Question: Do genital herpes outbreaks ever get better?

Answer: Remember that symptoms tend to calm down in time. Your first outbreak may be the worst you'll ever have.


Question: How safe are corticosteroids in treating eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: Inhaled corticosteroids are generally safe and are meant to be used daily. They can be used with another inhaler called a long-acting beta agonist ( LABA). The amount you absorb into your bloodstream is small. But doctors suggest you rinse your mouth out after you use them, because having steroids in your mouth can lead to thrush, a fungal condition in your mouth. But the inhaled versions may not work well in eosinophilic asthma, so you may need to take corticosteroid pills. They have more side effects than the inhaled types.


Question: How can bronchial thermoplasty help with treating eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: The drugs are: Benralizumab ( Fasenra) Dupilumab ( Dupixent) Mepolizumab ( Nucala) Reslizumab ( Cinqair) Unlike the prescription medication, bronchial thermoplasty is a procedure that's being studied to treat eosinophilic asthma. Your doctor may recommend it if other methods haven't controlled your symptoms. A lung specialist uses a special probe and thermal heat to lessen the smooth muscle in your airways. This keeps the muscles from constricting during an asthma attack. To get the most benefit, bronchial thermoplasty may require multiple procedures over several weeks.


Question: What is de Quervain's disease?

Answer: It's a painful inflammation of tendons in your wrist and lower thumb. When the swollen tendons rub against the narrow tunnel they pass through, it causes pain at the base of your thumb and into the lower arm.


Question: What are the symptoms of de Quervain's disease?

Answer: If you have de Quervain's, you'll probably notice: Pain along the back of your thumb, directly over the two tendons. Swelling and pain at the base of your thumb Swelling and pain on the side of your wrist The condition can happen gradually or start suddenly. In either case, the pain may travel into your thumb or up your forearm. It may be hard and painful to move your thumb, particularly when you try to pinch or grasp things.


Question: What causes de Quervain's disease?

Answer: Doctors often don't know why you get de Quervain's tenosynovitis. But it does result from: A direct blow to the thumb Gaming Hobbies like gardening or racket sports Inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis Overuse Repetitive workplace tasks Anyone can get de Quervain's tenosynovitis.


Question: What are symptoms of drug allergy?

Answer: You may have some or all of these symptoms: Hives -- itchy, bumpy, irregular patches on the skin Rash Itchy skin Swollen face, lips, or tongue Wheezing Most drug allergy symptoms start right after you take the drug, but some may take hours, days or weeks to appear.


Question: What is the difference between surgery and cosmetic surgery relative to vaginoplasty or labiaplasty?

Answer: In order to decide if you should consider vaginoplasty or labiaplasty, it's important to understand the difference between reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery. Reconstructive surgery improves the function of a body part, while cosmetic surgery changes the aesthetics of essentially normal anatomy. You can think of it like a nose job: a surgeon can restructure the interior nasal cavities to help you breathe better or reshape the nose, just for the sake of appearances. It's a critical distinction, because the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists evaluates surgeries and outcomes to fix functional problems, such as urinary incontinence. But ACOG remains skeptical and cautious about cosmetic vaginal surgery due to its risks and lack of scientific data on safety and effectiveness. Some vaginoplasty procedures, for instance, were originally developed as reconstructive surgeries to repair birth defects when the vagina was malformed, too short, or absent (such as in vaginal agensis), so that a girl could grow up to have normal urination, menstruation, and intercourse.


Question: How do you know if your lower leg pain is caused by a blood clot?

Answer: Most deep-vein blood clots happen in the lower leg or thigh. They're more likely to happen if you're inactive for long periods, like on a long flight or car ride. You're also at risk if you're overweight, or you smoke, or take certain medications. There's a chance a clot could break off into your bloodstream and travel to an artery in the lungs. If so, it could block blood flow. This is a serious condition called pulmonary embolism.


Question: What can you do to treat lower leg pain caused by broken bones or sprains?

Answer: Try the RICE treatment: rest, ice, compression, and elevation. For a more severe sprain or a broken bone (fracture), apply ice and see your doctor right away. You may need a cast or brace. You may also need physical therapy.


Question: What does recovery look like from lower leg pain caused by broken bones or sprains?

Answer: It will take time, but gradually you'll be able to walk comfortably, again. Go slow as you gradually increase your strength and put weight on the injured leg.


Question: What can you do to treat lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease?

Answer: Other treatments include medications to control cholesterol, diabetes, or high blood pressure. Some people need surgery to improve blood flow to the area.


Question: What can you do to relieve lower leg pain caused by varicose veins?

Answer: Try support stockings to relieve the pain. And throughout the day, switch between standing and sitting. See your doctor about other types of treatment if your varicose veins are very painful.


Question: What should you do if you think you have lower leg pain because of a blood clot?

Answer: If you think you might have a blood clot, go to your doctor or emergency room right away.


Question: What can you do to relieve lower leg pain caused by shin splints?

Answer: Rest your legs to feel better. Ice helps. So can anti-inflammatory meds such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen, if your doctor says these are safe for you. You can buy them over the counter. You might want to see your doctor if the pain stays. Try not to do anything that makes your leg hurt more. Once it feels a little better, do some stretches. The next time out, wear comfortable, supportive shoes. And don't run on hard surfaces if possible.


Question: How do you know if your lower leg pain is caused by shin splints?

Answer: You can feel this pain right up the front of your calf. The muscles and flesh along the edge of the shin bone become inflamed, so it hurts to walk, run, or jump. Doing activity over and over on hard surfaces can bring this on. You may also be more likely to get shin splints if you have flat feet or your feet turn outward.


Question: What can you do to prevent getting lower leg pain caused by blood clots?

Answer: Try support stockings to relieve the pain.


Question: How do you know if your lower leg pain is caused by varicose veins?

Answer: You might be familiar with these, because you can see them at the surface of the skin. They appear to be twisted, dark blue or purple veins, and are caused by weak valves and vein walls. They may cause a dull ache, especially after standing.


Question: Who is more likely to get lower leg pain caused by lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease?

Answer: Other treatments include medications to control cholesterol, diabetes, or high blood pressure.


Question: How do you know if your lower leg pain is caused by muscle cramps?

Answer: It can strike in your sleep or in the middle of the day. This sudden, tight, intense lower leg pain is sometimes called a "charley horse." When it takes a grip, it can get worse quickly. It happens when your muscles are tired or dehydrated. Drink more water if you're prone to leg cramps.


Question: What can you do to relieve lower leg pain caused by lower-extremity peripheral arterial disease?

Answer: But if your arteries become severely narrowed or blocked, the pain may persist, even when you rest. Also, wounds may not heal well.


Question: How do you know if you have lower-leg pain caused by a narrowed spinal canal (stenosis) and sciatica?

Answer: A common cause of a narrowed spinal canal is arthritis of the spine. Sometimes a herniated disc puts pressure on nearby nerve roots, which can lead to symptoms of sciatica, such as: Burning, cramping leg pain when standing or sitting Numbness Tingling Fatigue Weakness Pain may begin in your back and hip, then later extend down into your leg. Rest is often the cure for other pains of the leg, but not this one. It doesn't help sciatica.


Question: What conditions can cause sinus blockage?

Answer: Conditions that can cause sinus blockage include: The common cold Allergic rhinitis, which is swelling of the lining of the nose Small growths in the lining of the nose called nasal polyps A deviated septum, which is a shift in the nasal cavity You may hear your doctor use these terms: Acute sinusitis usually starts with coldlike symptoms such as a runny, stuffy nose and facial pain.


Question: What can cause sinusitis in children?

Answer: It's more likely if you have: Swelling inside the nose like from a common cold Blocked drainage ducts Structural differences that narrow those ducts Nasal polyps Immune system deficiencies or medications that suppress the immune system For children, things that can cause sinusitis include: Allergies Illnesses from other kids at day care or school Pacifiers Bottle drinking while lying on the back Smoke in the environment The main things that make sinusitis more likely for adults are infections and smoking.


Question: Can I prevent sinusitis?

Answer: There is no sure-fire way to prevent sinusitis. But there are some things that might help. Don't smoke, and avoid other people's smoke. Wash your hands often, especially during cold and flu season, and try not to touch your face. Stay away from things you know you're allergic to.


Question: What other things can you do to help with chronic sinusitis?

Answer: There are some other things you can do yourself to help with chronic sinusitis: Warm compresses can ease pain in the nose and sinuses. Saline nose drops are safe to use at home. Over-the-counter decongestant drops or sprays can help. Don't take them longer than recommended. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe steroids along with antibiotics.


Question: What are the main signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis?

Answer: The main signs include: Facial pain or pressure " Stuffed-up" nose Runny nose Loss of smell Cough or congestion You may also have: Fever Bad breath Fatigue Dental pain It may be acute sinusitis if you have two or more symptoms, or thick, green, or yellow nasal discharge. You may have these symptoms for 12 weeks or more: A feeling of congestion or fullness in your face A nasal obstruction or nasal blockage Pus in the nasal cavity Fever Runny nose or discolored postnasal drainage You may also have headaches, bad breath, and tooth pain.


Question: What are the main signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis?

Answer: You may have these symptoms for 12 weeks or more: A feeling of congestion or fullness in your face A nasal obstruction or nasal blockage Pus in the nasal cavity Fever Runny nose or discolored postnasal drainage You may also have headaches, bad breath, and tooth pain. You may feel tired a lot. Lots of things can cause symptoms like these. You'll need to see your doctor to find out if you have sinusitis.


Question: What happens if sinusitis remains untreated?

Answer: You'll have pain and discomfort until it starts to clear up. In rare cases, untreated sinusitis can lead to meningitis, a brain abscess, or an infection of the bone. Talk to your doctor about your concerns.


Question: How quickly will I see benefits from quitting smoking?

Answer: After 20 minutes of not smoking: Your blood pressure and pulse rate begin to decrease. Circulation and the temperature of your hands and feet begin to increase. After 12 hours of not smoking: The carbon monoxide level in your blood returns to normal. After 2 weeks to 3 months of not smoking: Your body circulates blood better Your lungs function better After one to nine months of not smoking: Coughing and shortness of breath lessen After one year of not smoking: Your risk of heart disease decreases to half that of a smoker's risk. After five years of not smoking: Your risk of getting mouth, throat, or esophaguscancer drops to half that of a smoker.


Question: What are the stages of sleep?

Answer: When you get your ZZZs, you cycle between REM and non- REM sleep. REM stands for rapid eye movement. During REM sleep, your eyes move quickly in different directions. That doesn't happen during non- REM sleep. First comes non- REM sleep, followed by a shorter period of REM sleep, and then the cycle starts over again. Dreams typically happen during REM sleep.


Question: How does your sleep change as you age?

Answer: As you get older, you sleep more lightly and get less deep sleep. Aging is also linked to shorter time spans of sleep, although studies show you still need as much sleep as when you were younger.


Question: What should I do if my pet is choking?

Answer: If your pet is unconscious, open its mouth and try to clear the object out with your fingers. If the animal is conscious, do a modified Heimlich maneuver. Place the pet on its side, applying pressure right behind the ribs and pressing your hands forward. This may help push the item out. Get someone else to drive to the vet so you can continue to do this on the way.


Question: What should I do if my pet was poisoned?

Answer: But don't panic. Many of these have antidotes. Call the Animal Poison Control hotline at 888-426-4435 or the Pet Poison Helpline at 800-213-6680 immediately. They can probably help you even before you get to the vet. ( Understand, however that there is a fee for the advice.)


Question: What should I do if my pet is having seizures?

Answer: A seizure will generally pass on its own in less than 3 minutes. Your job is to make sure the animal is safe while it's happening. Get any movable furniture away from the pet. Don't put your hands or your face near the animal's mouth, and don't pull its tongue out of the mouth. When the seizure is over, contact your vet.


Question: What should I do if my pet was hit by car?

Answer: An animal in pain is more likely to bite. So muzzle it first with a scarf, belt, or towel, unless it’s vomiting. Get the animal off the road by gently sliding it onto a towel or blanket (these should be in your car's first-aid kit). Don't lift the animal. Make sure it’s warm, as it may be in shock. If it seems to have any broken bones, do your best to not move it too much.


Question: What should I do if my dog is bitten by another dog?

Answer: If another dog bites your pet, get to the clinic as soon as possible. Dog bites can pull a lot of hair and debris into the wound. If it’s not cleaned out soon, it can become infected.


Question: What are symptoms of pericoronitis?

Answer: If the pericoronitis is severe, the swelling and infection may extend beyond the jaw to the cheeks and neck. Symptoms of pericoronitis can include: Pain Infection Swelling in the gum tissue (caused by an accumulation of fluid) A "bad taste" in the mouth (caused by pus leaking from the gums) Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck Difficulty opening the mouth Your dentist will examine your wisdom teeth to see how they are coming in, and determine if they are partially erupted.


Question: What is pericoronitis?

Answer: Pericoronitis is a dental disorder in which gum tissue becomes swollen and infected around the wisdom teeth, the third and final set of molars that most people get in their late teens or early twenties. Pericoronitis can develop when wisdom teeth only partially erupt (break through the gum).


Question: How do you diagnose pericoronitis?

Answer: Symptoms of pericoronitis can include: Pain Infection Swelling in the gum tissue (caused by an accumulation of fluid) A "bad taste" in the mouth (caused by pus leaking from the gums) Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck Difficulty opening the mouth Your dentist will examine your wisdom teeth to see how they are coming in, and determine if they are partially erupted. He or she may take an X-ray periodically to determine the alignment of the wisdom teeth. Your dentist will also take note of any symptoms such as swelling or infection, and will check for the presence of a gum flap around a wisdom tooth.