Question: What can you expect during a polysomnogram (PSG) for narcolepsy?

Answer: It electronically transmits and records specific physical actions of the body while you sleep, such as muscle movement, breathing patterns, and brain activity. The recordings are analyzed by a qualified sleep specialist to determine whether or not you have a particular sleep disorder. What to Expect During a PSG If you're scheduled for a PSG, you will arrive at the sleep lab about two hours prior to bedtime without making any changes in your daily habits. You will be assigned to a private bedroom in a sleep center or hospital.


Question: Does everyone who gets sudden drops in blood pressure have heart failure?

Answer: This doesn't mean that everyone who gets sudden drops in blood pressure has -- or will have -- heart failure. Scientists need to do more research before they understand the connection and if it can predict the problem later on.


Question: Why might your blood pressure drop when you stand up?

Answer: Some people who have it won't notice it, but most commonly, you'll have symptoms for a few seconds after you stand, including: Feeling lightheaded or dizzy Blurry vision Weakness Fainting Confusion Nausea Your legs buckle Headaches Chest, head, or neck pain A fast, irregular heartbeat There are many reasons this shift can happen. You might be dehydrated, have low blood sugar, or be taking medication that changes your blood pressure. But some research suggests it could be an early sign that your heart isn't pumping blood as well as it should.


Question: What are some side effects of beta-blockers?

Answer: When you're taking a beta-blocker, you may: Feel drained of energy Have cold hands and feet Be dizzy Gain weight You could also have: Trouble sleeping or vivid dreams Swelling in your hands, feet, and ankles Shortness of breath, wheezing, or other breathing problems Depression Let your doctor know if any of these bother you a lot. He may change your dose or switch you to a different medicine. A beta-blocker might raise your triglycerides and lower your "good" HDL cholesterol a bit for a little while. Don't stop taking your beta-blocker unless your doctor says it's OK. That could raise your chance of a heart attack or other heart problems.


Question: When can I stop taking beta-blockers to help high blood pressure?

Answer: This slows your heart rate and eases up on the force your heart squeezes with.


Question: Who shouldn't take beta-blockers to help high blood pressure?

Answer: Beta-blockers may not work as well for older people and for African- Americans. Doctors don't usually prescribe them for people with asthma, COPD, or breathing trouble or for those with very low blood pressure (hypotension), a type of heart rhythm problem called a heart block, or a slow pulse (bradycardia). Beta-blockers can make symptoms of these conditions worse. These drugs can hide signs of low blood sugar. You'll have to check your blood sugar more often when you have diabetes. They may not be safe for women who are planning a pregnancy, pregnant, or breastfeeding. Tell your doctor right away if you get pregnant while you're taking a beta-blocker.


Question: What should I be aware of when taking beta-blockers?

Answer: You might have to check your pulse daily. When it's slower than it should be, find out from your doctor if you should take your medication that day. Take your medicine regularly with meals to keep the level steady so it works consistently.


Question: What should I avoid while taking beta-blockers to help high blood pressure?

Answer: To avoid problems, let your doctor know about any medications -- prescription or over-the-counter -- or supplements that you're taking, especially: Other blood pressure and heart medicines Allergy shots Antidepressants Diabetes medicines and insulin Street drugs, such as cocaine Avoid products with caffeine and alcohol. Don't take cold medicines, antihistamines, or antacids that have aluminum in them. If you're going to have surgery of any kind (including dental procedures), make sure the doctor knows you're taking a beta-blocker.


Question: What are the drug names for beta-blockers?

Answer: Beta-blockers include: Acebutolol ( Sectral) Atenolol ( Tenormin) Betaxolol ( Kerlone) Bisoprolol ( Zebeta, Ziac) Carteolol ( Cartrol) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Labetalol ( Normodyne, Trandate) Metoprolol ( Lopressor, Toprol- XL) Nadolol ( Corgard) Nebivolol ( Bystolic) Penbutolol ( Levatol) Pindolol ( Visken) Propanolol ( Inderal) Sotalol ( Betapace) Timolol ( Blocadren) Your doctor will probably want you to try another medicine to control your blood pressure before he prescribes a beta-blocker. You may need to take other kinds of medicine for your high blood pressure, too.


Question: What are the economic costs of the flu in America?

Answer: Roughly $10.4 billion in direct costs for hospitalizations and outpatient visits for adults. Both the flu shot and the nasal flu vaccine work really well to keep you from getting ill.


Question: Can compression stockings affect how you perform?

Answer: Studies show the gear has little to no effect on athletic performance, but some people swear by it. Maybe thinking they have an edge gives them one. The evidence for faster recovery is better, but not enough to make a difference for weekend warriors.


Question: What do compression stockings do?

Answer: People with or at risk for circulation problems, like DVT, varicose veins, or diabetes People who've just gotten surgery Those who can't leave their bed or have a hard time moving their legs People who stand all day at work Athletes Pregnant women People who spend long stretches of time on airplanes, like pilots The pressure these stockings put on your legs helps your blood vessels work better. The arteries that take oxygen-rich blood to your muscles can relax, so blood flows freely. The veins get a boost pushing blood back to your heart. Compression stockings can keep your legs from getting tired and achy. They can also ease swelling in your feet and ankles as well as help prevent and treat spider and varicose veins. They may even stop you from feeling light-headed or dizzy when you stand up. Because the blood keeps moving, it's harder for it to pool in your veins and make a clot. If one forms and breaks free, it can travel with your blood and get stuck somewhere dangerous, like your lungs. Clots also make it harder for blood to flow around them, and that can cause swelling, discolored skin, and other problems.


Question: What are compression stockings?

Answer: Graduated compression or pressure stockings are tighter around your ankle and get looser as they move up your leg. Compression sleeves are just the tube part, without the foot.


Question: How can you decide which compression stocking works best for you?

Answer: They come in different sizes and strengths, so you or your doctor will need to decide which option will work best.


Question: Who uses compression stockings?

Answer: People with or at risk for circulation problems, like DVT, varicose veins, or diabetes People who've just gotten surgery Those who can't leave their bed or have a hard time moving their legs People who stand all day at work Athletes Pregnant women People who spend long stretches of time on airplanes, like pilots The pressure these stockings put on your legs helps your blood vessels work better.


Question: Where can you buy compression stockings?

Answer: You can buy them over the counter, but if your doctor prescribes them, your insurance may cover the cost. You can buy them at medical supply companies, online, and in many drug stores. They can cost from around $10 to as much as $100 per pair, depending on what kind you get.


Question: How does fibromyalgia affect sleep?

Answer: You may be able to fall asleep, but your sleep is light and easily disturbed. When you get up in the morning, you're exhausted and not refreshed. It doesn't help the fatigue. Tests done in sleep labs show that people with fibro are constantly interrupted by bursts of brain activity similar to what happens in the brain when they're awake. These interruptions limit how much time you spend in deep sleep, when your body restores itself, and you feel run down as a result. Up to half of all people with fibromyalgia have depression or an anxiety disorder when they're diagnosed with fibro.


Question: What does the pain and tenderness associated with fibromyalgia feel like?

Answer: Since there are no lab or imaging tests for it, when you go to get a diagnosis, your doctor will ask about your symptoms to decide if you have fibromyalgia Many people with fibro -- also called fibromyalgia syndrome or FMS -- may have: Pain and tender points Fatigue Sleep problems Concentration and memory problems, known as "fibro fog" Anxiety or depression Morning stiffness Numbness, and tingling in hands, arms, feet, and legs Headaches Irritable bowel syndrome Problems with urinating Painful menstrual cramps Almost all people with fibromyalgia ache all over. It can feel similar to osteoarthritis, bursitis, and tendinitis, but it's over your entire body. This is usually what makes you go see your doctor. The pain can be deep, sharp, dull, throbbing, or aching. You feel it in your muscles, tendons, and ligaments around the joints. For some people, the pain comes and goes. It could travel throughout your body. You may also have tender points -- specific spots around your joints that hurt when you press them with a finger. If you press a tender point on a person without fibromyalgia, they'll just feel pressure. But that same pressure would be very painful for someone with fibro. These tender points are in predictable places on the body. They're often under the surface of the skin, not in areas of deep pain. It's the tissue around the muscles and joints that hurts rather than the joints themselves.


Question: How does fibromyalgia affect mood?

Answer: Up to half of all people with fibromyalgia have depression or an anxiety disorder when they're diagnosed with fibro. Dealing with being fatigued and in pain all the time can be stressful. You probably worry about keeping up with life and what you can do to feel better. You may become less active and more withdrawn, which can lead to depression. It's also possible that anxiety and depression may actually be a part of fibromyalgia, like the pain. People diagnosed with fibromyalgia and depression have a hard time with concentration and short-term memory, which make it hard to remember day-to-day things, like where they've put their keys or plans they've made for lunch tomorrow.


Question: How can problems peeing happen to people with fibromyalgia?

Answer: Feeling the urge to go a lot, hurting when you do, or a leaky bladder can happen when you have fibromyalgia. These symptoms could also be caused by bladder and kidney diseases, such as an infection.


Question: How do headaches affect people with fibromyalgia?

Answer: Up to 2 out of 5 people with fibro also get migraine or tension headaches regularly. They may be a result of pain in your neck and upper back. They're often caused by tight neck muscles. They may also be caused by tender points over the back of your head and neck. Headaches can make it much harder for you to live with fibro and manage the disease.


Question: What should you know about the symptoms of fibromyalgia?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Because the classic symptoms of fibromyalgia -- widespread muscle and joint pain and fatigue -- aren't very distinctive, the condition is often misdiagnosed and misunderstood. You may not have all of the symptoms, and you may have other medical problems, too. Since there are no lab or imaging tests for it, when you go to get a diagnosis, your doctor will ask about your symptoms to decide if you have fibromyalgia Many people with fibro -- also called fibromyalgia syndrome or FMS -- may have: Pain and tender points Fatigue Sleep problems Concentration and memory problems, known as "fibro fog" Anxiety or depression Morning stiffness Numbness, and tingling in hands, arms, feet, and legs Headaches Irritable bowel syndrome Problems with urinating Painful menstrual cramps Almost all people with fibromyalgia ache all over.


Question: How does swelling and tingling in hands and feet affect people with fibromyalgia?

Answer: While the cause of numbness, tingling, and burning is unclear, many people with fibro feel them. These sensations, called paresthesia, tend to happen randomly. They may last a few minutes, or they may be constant. The feelings can be especially bothersome in the mornings along with morning stiffness.


Question: How does fibromyalgia affect menstrual cramps?

Answer: You may not have all of the symptoms, and you may have other medical problems, too.


Question: What does fatigue feel like in people with fibromyalgia?

Answer: A lingering tiredness and feeling drained is another big complaint. People often feel tired even when they should feel rested, such as after a good night's sleep. Some say it's like having the flu. Some compare it to working long hours and missing a lot of sleep. You may feel too tired to exercise or more tired after a workout. Simple things such as grocery shopping or cooking dinner could wipe you out. Starting a project such as folding clothes or ironing could seem like too much effort. You might even be too tired for sex.


Question: How common is irritable bowel syndrome in people with fibromyalgia?

Answer: About two-thirds of people with fibromyalgia often have belly pain, gas, and bloating and feel like throwing up. They can also have constipation and diarrhea. Many have acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), too.


Question: What are common symptoms of and related conditions associated with fibromyalgia?

Answer: Since there are no lab or imaging tests for it, when you go to get a diagnosis, your doctor will ask about your symptoms to decide if you have fibromyalgia Many people with fibro -- also called fibromyalgia syndrome or FMS -- may have: Pain and tender points Fatigue Sleep problems Concentration and memory problems, known as "fibro fog" Anxiety or depression Morning stiffness Numbness, and tingling in hands, arms, feet, and legs Headaches Irritable bowel syndrome Problems with urinating Painful menstrual cramps Almost all people with fibromyalgia ache all over.


Question: What is morning stiffness like in people with fibromyalgia?

Answer: Most people with fibromyalgia feel like they need to "loosen up" after getting out of bed before they can start their day. The muscles and joints of their back, arms, and legs feel stiff. It's not typical creakiness. It's more like the stiffness someone with rheumatoid arthritis feels. Although some people say it lasts only a few minutes, the stiffness usually sticks around for more than 15 to 20 minutes each day. Sometimes it lasts for hours, and it could linger all day.


Question: When should I call 911 about cyanide poisoning?

Answer: You are sure the person was exposed to cyanide. If you are not sure it is cyanide, call Poison Control at 800-222-1222.


Question: What should I do if someone has cyanide poisoning?

Answer: Treat the person as follows, depending on whether cyanide was inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin: Get the person to fresh air immediately. If you can't get away from the area where cyanide gas is, stay low to the ground. If the person has difficulty breathing or has stopped breathing, do hands-only CPR: For a child, start CPR for children. For an adult, start adult CPR. Do not do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.


Question: Can I touch someone who's had cyanide poisoning?

Answer: Avoid touching a person whose skin has been exposed to cyanide; only emergency personnel with special protective clothing should have direct contact with the victim, as secondary contamination is possible.


Question: What can happen if I don't treat an abscessed tooth?

Answer: Most often that results from:  A deep cavity or tooth decay Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease A cracked tooth If you don't treat the infection, it can kill the pulp and lead to an abscess. There are two common types: A periapical abscess forms at the tip of your tooth's root. A periodontal abscess affects the bone next to your tooth. You can get more than one abscess. Or one abscess can travel through the bone and show up in several spots.


Question: How common are exocrine pancreatic cancers?

Answer: Other less common exocrine pancreatic cancers include: Adenosquamous carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Giant cell carcinoma Acinar cell carcinoma Small cell carcinoma The exocrine pancreas makes up 95% of the pancreas, so it's not surprising that most pancreatic cancers arise here.


Question: How can you prevent pancreatic cancer?

Answer: There is no known way to prevent pancreatic cancer.


Question: What are risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for pancreatic cancer: Smoking roughly doubles the risk for pancreatic cancer when compared to non-smokers. While diabetes is not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, the two have been linked. Age, race, and family history are other risk factors for pancreatic cancer.


Question: How is pancreatic cancer treated?

Answer: Chemotherapy and radiation are often given together, prior to, after, or even without surgery, to slow pancreatic cancer's growth. Palliative care aims to reduce discomfort for people whose pancreatic cancer cannot be cured.


Question: What are exocrine pancreatic cancers?

Answer: Exocrine Pancreatic Cancer Although there are several different types of exocrine pancreatic cancer, 95% of cases are due to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Other less common exocrine pancreatic cancers include: Adenosquamous carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Giant cell carcinoma Acinar cell carcinoma Small cell carcinoma The exocrine pancreas makes up 95% of the pancreas, so it's not surprising that most pancreatic cancers arise here.


Question: How is pancreatic cancer classified?

Answer: Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer Other cells of the pancreas make hormones that are released directly into the bloodstream (endocrine system).


Question: How is pancreatic cancer prevented?

Answer: There is no known way to prevent pancreatic cancer.


Question: What causes pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer occurs when cells in the pancreas grow, divide, and spread uncontrollably, forming a malignant tumor. The exact cause of pancreatic cancer is unknown. Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor for pancreatic cancer: Smoking roughly doubles the risk for pancreatic cancer when compared to non-smokers. While diabetes is not a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, the two have been linked. Age, race, and family history are other risk factors for pancreatic cancer.


Question: How is surgery used for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is treated in several ways, alone or in combination: Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Palliative care Surgery is generally done to attempt to cure pancreatic cancer, but it may also be done to lessen or prevent symptoms. Chemotherapy and radiation are often given together, prior to, after, or even without surgery, to slow pancreatic cancer's growth. Palliative care aims to reduce discomfort for people whose pancreatic cancer cannot be cured.


Question: What is the goal of glioblastoma treatment?

Answer: The goal of glioblastoma treatment is to slow and control tumor growth and help you live as comfortably and as well as possible.


Question: How is surgery used to treat glioblastoma?

Answer: There are four treatments, and many people get more than one type: Surgery is the first treatment. The surgeon tries to remove as much of the tumor as possible. In high-risk areas of the brain, it may not be possible to remove all of it.


Question: How is electric field therapy used to treat glioblastoma?

Answer: Electric field therapy uses electrical fields to target cells in the tumor while not hurting normal cells. To do this, doctors put electrodes directly on the scalp. The device is called Optune. You get it with chemotherapy after surgery and radiation. The FDA has approved it for both newly diagnosed people and people whose glioblastoma has come back.


Question: How is radiation used to treat glioblastoma?

Answer: Radiation is used to kill as many leftover tumor cells as possible after surgery. It can also slow the growth of tumors that can't be removed by surgery.


Question: What is palliative care like for glioblastoma?

Answer: It includes taking care of your pain and the emotions you may be dealing with, as well as other symptoms from your cancer. The goal is to improve the quality of your life. You may also want to ask your doctor if there's a clinical trial that would be a good fit for you.


Question: How common is glioblastoma?

Answer: And when they do happen, about 4 out of 5 aren't glioblastomas. Men are more likely to get them than women. And chances go up with age. Doctors diagnose about 14,000 glioblastoma cases in the U. S. each year.


Question: How is a glioblastoma diagnosed?

Answer: Depending on where the tumor is, it can cause: Constant headaches Seizures Vomiting Trouble thinking Changes in mood or personality Double or blurred vision Trouble speaking A neurologist (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating brain disorders) will give you a complete exam. You may get an MRI or CT scan and other tests, depending on your symptoms.


Question: What are side effects of epilepsy medicines for children?

Answer: The side effects for these epilepsy medicines vary, but generally they include: Grogginess Double vision Dizziness Nausea Unsteadiness on the feet Rash Less common side effects of epilepsy drugs include depression, irritability, and hyperactivity. Many epilepsy drugs cause specific side effects, and you should ask your child's doctor about them. Any side effects should be checked out with a doctor. This is especially true of rashes, which could indicate a possibly dangerous allergic reaction to the drug.


Question: What causes a broken tailbone after giving birth?

Answer: The coccyx (tailbone) is at the very bottom of your spine. If your baby moves through the birth canal very quickly or at the wrong angle, it can bruise or fracture your tailbone. It's more likely if your doctor delivers your baby with forceps. The pain can last for weeks or months. It may hurt when you sit down, stand for a long time, use the bathroom, or have sex.


Question: Can you eat hawthorn?

Answer: Hawthorn fruit can be eaten as food. The fruits are also canned and processed into jam, candy, and drinks.


Question: What is hawthorn?

Answer: Researchers are still looking into hawthorn as a treatment for disease.


Question: How does familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) cause adrenal gland adenoma?

Answer: Doctors don't know what causes adrenal gland adenomas, but you're more likely to get one if you have certain genetic conditions, such as: Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP). This is a rare condition characterized by the presence of hundreds or even thousands of noncancerous polyps (growths) in the large intestine and upper respiratory tract.


Question: How likely is someone at risk for getting adrenal gland adenoma if they have tumors?

Answer: Having the tumors doesn't make you any more likely to get adrenal cancer, but it can be hard to tell the difference between an adenoma and a tumor that's cancer. So your doctor will likely have your urine and blood tested to check your hormone levels, and maybe do some imaging to be sure what it is. If you do have symptoms, it's because you have a functioning tumor that could be in either part of the adrenal gland: the outer part (the cortex) or the inner part (the medulla).


Question: What is the treatment for adrenal gland adenomas?

Answer: If you have a nonfunctioning tumor, you probably won't need any treatment. Your doctor will just want to keep an eye on it to make sure it doesn't become functional. For functional tumors, you typically get surgery. You can usually have laparoscopic surgery, where the adrenal gland and tumor are removed through small openings made in your body. But if there's a chance it's cancer, you'll likely need open surgery. Sometimes, instead of surgery, you may be able to get medicine that prevents hormones from working or lowers their levels so you won't have any symptoms.


Question: What is the difference between cancer and a tumor?

Answer: When most people hear the word tumor, their next thought is cancer. But they're not always the same thing. You get a tumor when instead of growing in their usual, orderly way, a group of cells starts to grow out of control. They form a mass that normally wouldn't be there, and that mass may or may not be cancer.


Question: What is adrenal gland adenoma?

Answer: If you have an adrenal gland adenoma, you have a tumor on your adrenal gland, but it's not cancer. Your two adrenal glands, one on each kidney, make hormones. Hormones are like messengers that scoot around your body and tell your organs what to do -- from how to handle stress to controlling blood sugar levels.


Question: What problems do adrenal gland adenomas cause?

Answer: But some of them are functioning tumors -- that means they make the same hormones as your adrenal glands. The extra hormones from the tumor can lead to several conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome. Typically, surgery and medicine can successfully treat the symptoms. Doctors don't know what causes adrenal gland adenomas, but you're more likely to get one if you have certain genetic conditions, such as: Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP).


Question: What are the symptoms of adrenal gland adenoma?

Answer: When you have these conditions like these, you have a defect in one or more genes that can have different effects on your body. Often, you wouldn't even know you have one of these tumors. You might not have any symptoms, and you only find out about the condition because you got imaging for some other issue.


Question: What are medulla tumors?

Answer: This type of tumor is called a pheochromocytoma. It's rare and not usually cancer. You may get too much epinephrine or norepinephrine in your blood, which can cause high blood pressure, headaches, and heart problems.


Question: Does sleepwalking need medical treatment?

Answer: Medical treatment for sleepwalking is not usually necessary. For children and adults, sleepwalking is usually a sign of lack of sleep, intense emotional problems, stress, or fever. As these conditions resolve, sleepwalking stops.


Question: What are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?

Answer: Symptoms of colorectal cancer include: A persistent change in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea) Blood on or in the stool Abdominal discomfort Unexplained weight loss Anemia If colorectal polyps are found, they should be removed and sent to a laboratory for microscopic analysis.


Question: What happens if a colorectal polyp is found?

Answer: Symptoms of colorectal cancer include: A persistent change in bowel habits (such as constipation or diarrhea) Blood on or in the stool Abdominal discomfort Unexplained weight loss Anemia If colorectal polyps are found, they should be removed and sent to a laboratory for microscopic analysis. Once the microscopic type of polyp is determined, the follow-up interval for the next colonoscopy can be made.


Question: How does colorectal cancer develop?

Answer: Colorectal cancer usually begins as a "polyp," a nonspecific term to describe a growth on the inner surface of the colon. Polyps are often non-cancerous growths, but some can develop into cancer. The two most common types of polyps found in the colon and rectum include: Hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps. Usually these polyps do not carry a risk of developing into cancer. However, large hyperplastic polyps, especially on the right side of the colon, are of concern and should be completely removed. Adenomas or adenomatous polyps. Polyps, which, if left alone, could turn into colon cancer. These are considered pre-cancerous. Although most colorectal polyps do not become cancer, virtually all colon and rectal cancers start from these growths. People may inherit diseases in which the risk of colon polyps and cancer is very high. Colorectal cancer may also develop from areas of abnormal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum. This area of abnormal cells is called dysplasia and is more commonly seen in people with certain inflammatory diseases of the bowel such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.


Question: How do you know if you have colorectal cancer?

Answer: Risk factors for colorectal cancer include: A personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps A diet high in red meats and processed meats Inflammatory bowel disease ( Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) Inherited conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer Obesity Smoking Physical inactivity Heavy alcohol use Type 2 diabetes Being African- American Unfortunately, colorectal cancer may strike without symptoms. For this reason, it is very important to talk to your doctor about whether you are at risk for colorectal cancer and should be screened.


Question: Who is more likely to get colorectal cancer?

Answer: People at higher risk for colorectal cancer include those with a personal history of polyps on previous colonoscopy, colorectal cancer, and/or inflammatory bowel disease, strong family history of colorectal cancer or precancerous polyps, and a family history of a hereditary cancer syndrome. Screening guidelines for adults consist of screening with colonoscopy starting at a younger age. However, the exact age to start screening and interval of testing depends on specific risk factors.


Question: How long can I live with prostate cancer?

Answer: You can live a long time with prostate cancer, maybe even decades. If you catch and treat it early, you might even be able to cure it.


Question: How do you take PCSK9 inhibitors?

Answer: PCSK9 inhibitors are given as a shot every 2 or 4 weeks. You'll need to inject the medicine in your upper arm, stomach, or upper thigh. The doctor will teach you how to do it properly. The injection is usually easy with little pain. And you won't have to remember to take a pill every day.


Question: What makes PCSK9 inhibitors different from statins?

Answer: Statins work in a different way. One main way they work is to block an enzyme that your liver needs to make cholesterol. This lowers your LDL level. Statins are taken as pills, while PCSK9 inhibitors come only as shots. PCSK9 inhibitors can be used with statins to boost their benefit. The combination can lower LDL levels by more than half.


Question: Who shouldn't take PCSK9 inhibitors?

Answer: Most people with high cholesterol don't need PCSK9 inhibitors. The FDA has only approved alirocumab and evolocumab for people with genetic high cholesterol or serious heart disease including those who've already had a heart attack or stroke and who need their LDL cholesterol lower. If you don't have either of these conditions, your doctor will likely recommend another treatment.


Question: How effective are PCSK9 inhibitors at lowering LDL cholesterol?

Answer: In fact, one review of studies found that PCSK9 inhibitors slash LDL levels by an average of 47%. This protects your heart: The drugs were shown to reduce the risk of heart attack by 27%.


Question: Should you ask your doctor about PCSK9 inhibitors if you're at risk for a heart attack or stroke?

Answer: You're at risk for heart attack or stroke: If you already have heart disease and other medications, like statins, aren't working, your doctor may consider PCSK9 inhibitors.


Question: Can you be prescribed PCSK9 inhibitors with other drugs?

Answer: You're at risk for heart attack or stroke: If you already have heart disease and other medications, like statins, aren't working, your doctor may consider PCSK9 inhibitors.


Question: Should you ask your doctor about PCSK9 inhibitors if you have genetic high cholesterol?

Answer: You may want to ask your doctor about PCSK9 inhibitors if: You have genetic high cholesterol: About 600 thousand Americans have a genetic disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. It affects how your body processes cholesterol. For most people with this condition, even the highest dose of statins won't bring their LDL cholesterol down to a healthy level.


Question: What should I do before I see the doctor about bipolar disorder?

Answer: Before meeting with your doctor to clarify a diagnosis, it's helpful to write down the symptoms you notice that may reflect depression, hypomania, or mania. Particular attention should focus not just on mood but also changes in sleep, energy, thinking, speech, and behavior. It is also useful to get an in-depth family history from relatives before meeting with your doctor.


Question: What tests will the doctor use to make a bipolar diagnosis?

Answer: Before your visit, think about and record the following: Your mental and physical health concerns Symptoms you've noticed Unusual behaviors you've had Past illnesses Your family history of mental illness (bipolar disorder, depression, mania, seasonal affective disorder or SAD, or others) Medications you are taking now and in the past (bring all medications to your doctor's appointment) Natural dietary supplements you are taking (bring your supplements to your doctor's appointment) Your lifestyle habits (exercise, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, recreational drug use) Your sleep habits Causes of stress in your life (marriage, work, relationships) Questions you may have about bipolar disorder Your doctor may have you fill out a mood questionnaire or checklist to help guide the clinical interview when he or she assesses mood symptoms. In addition, your doctor may order blood and urine tests to rule out other causes of your symptoms. In a toxicology screening, blood, urine, or hair are examined for the presence of drugs.


Question: Do the benefits of birth control pills outweigh the risk of breast cancer?

Answer: Since the early 1960s, birth control pills have become the most popular and one of the most effective forms of birth control used in the U. S. But an association between estrogen and an increased risk of breast cancer has led to a continuing debate about the role birth control pills may play in developing breast cancer. For most women, especially young women, experts say the benefits of birth control pills far outweigh the risk.


Question: Does the risk of breast cancer associated with birth control pills vary by age?

Answer: A study of more than 100,000 women suggests that the increased breast cancer risk associated with birth control pills is highest among older women. The study found that the risk of breast cancer was greatest among women aged 45 and over who were still using the pill. This group of women was nearly one-and-a-half times as likely to get breast cancer as women who had never used the pill. But experts caution that many of the women were using older birth control pills that contained higher doses of hormones. Today's lower-dose birth control pills are thought to reduce this risk.


Question: When should you call your doctor about insect bite symptoms?

Answer: Call 911 if you have any of these symptoms: Rapid swelling of the lips, tongue, throat, or around the eyes Difficulty breathing Wheezing or hoarseness Severe itching, cramping, or numbness Dizziness A reddish rash or hives Stomach cramps Loss of consciousness If you experience any of these things and have epinephrine on hand, don't hesitate to use it --even if you're not sure your symptoms are caused by allergies. Using an auto-injector pen as a precaution won't harm you.


Question: What are symptoms of a poisonous spider bite?

Answer: If you've been bitten by a poisonous spider, you may notice any of the following: Intense pain at the site of the wound Stiffness or joint pain Muscle spasms Abdominal pain, nausea or vomiting Fever or chills Difficulty breathing or swallowing A wound that spreads or turns into a sore (tissue around the wound might also die) Dizziness Difficulty speaking Convulsions Insect stings and bites can cause severe allergic reactions. Doctors call this âanaphylaxis.â Rarely, a spider bite can cause an allergic reaction doctors call âanaphylactic shock.â It can be fatal. Call 911 if you have any of these symptoms: Rapid swelling of the lips, tongue, throat, or around the eyes Difficulty breathing Wheezing or hoarseness Severe itching, cramping, or numbness Dizziness A reddish rash or hives Stomach cramps Loss of consciousness If you experience any of these things and have epinephrine on hand, don't hesitate to use it --even if you're not sure your symptoms are caused by allergies.


Question: What is uric acid and what does it mean if you have high levels of it?

Answer: Typically, one of those waste products is uric acid. It's formed when your body breaks down purines, which are found in some foods, but also show up when cells die and get taken apart. Most of the uric acid leaves your body when you pee, and some when you poop. So if you have high levels of uric acid, it can be a sign of disease such as gout. That's when you might need a uric acid blood test, which measures how much uric acid you have in your blood. You may also hear this test called a serum uric acid test, serum urate, or UA.


Question: Why would I need a uric acid blood test?

Answer: Your doctor can use this test to help find out if you have: Gout: This is a form of arthritis where crystals from uric acid form in your joints and cause intense pain. You often feel it in your big toe, but can get it in your ankles, feet, hands, knees, and wrists, as well. It can also cause swelling, redness, and discomfort in those joints, and may limit your range of motion. Kidney stones: These are little, hard masses -- like small stones -- that form in your kidneys when you have too much uric acid. They may cause severe pain in your lower back that comes and goes, blood in your urine, throwing up, upset stomach, and an urgent need to pee. High uric acid level during chemo or radiation: These treatments kill a lot of cells in your body, which can raise the level of uric acid. The test is used to check that your level doesn't get too high.


Question: What other tests might I need in addition to a uric acid blood test?

Answer: Based on your symptoms and what your doctor's looking for, you may get: More tests for gout, including one where they take fluid from the joint with symptoms Urinalysis, a urine test that looks for more signs of kidney stones, including blood, white blood cells, and crystals in your pee If you don't seem to have gout or kidney stones, your doctor may order more blood or urine tests to look into what else might be triggering high uric acid levels.


Question: What are signs of "chemo brain"?

Answer: Chemo brain can start during or after your treatment for cancer. The symptoms may disappear quickly after your chemotherapy ends, or they may linger for months. You may notice things like these happening to you: Forget things that you usually remember, like names, dates, and common words Feel "spaced out" or can't concentrate Find it hard to do more than one thing at a time Take longer than usual to do things, or feel like you're slow and disorganized Misplace objects Doctors don't fully understand why you get chemo brain.


Question: When should I get tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: You could have an HIV infection if you: Have had several sexual partners Had unprotected sex with someone who is or could be HIV-positive, including someone whose sexual history you don't know Injected drugs with a needle, syringe, or other equipment someone else had used first Have had or are getting tested for TB, hepatitis, or any sexually transmitted disease, including syphilis, gonorrhea, or herpes. Have had sex for drugs or money Had sex with someone who has a history of any of these Pregnant women should also get tested. And in fact, the CDC recommends that all persons in the United States between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once.


Question: How do antibody screening tests help diagnose HIV?

Answer: These tests check for a kind of protein that your body makes in response to the HIV infection, 2-8 weeks later. They're also called immunoassay or ELISA tests. They're generally very accurate, but they won't catch early infections. Usually, a technician will take a small blood sample and send it to a lab for testing. Some immunoassay tests check urine or fluids from your mouth (not saliva), but there aren't as many antibodies in these, so you may not get a positive result even if you're infected. ( That's called a false negative.)


Question: What is the link between depression and Parkinson's disease?

Answer: It's common in people with Parkinson's disease. Often, the depression begins years before any of the other Parkinson's symptoms show up. Depression can sometimes make your Parkinson's symptoms worse. Get in touch with your doctor if you notice any of these things happening to you for longer than 2 weeks at a time. You have a depressed mood. You can't find pleasure in things that you once enjoyed. You have trouble getting to sleep or you sleep too much. Your appetite changes. You feel tired or your energy levels change. It's hard to concentrate. You have low self-esteem. You have thoughts of death.


Question: Do I need to do anything to prepare for an estrogen test?

Answer: A man might have an estrogen test to: Check on whether puberty is delayed Diagnose enlarged male breasts, a condition with doctors call gynecomastia Find if high estrogen levels are due to low levels of testosterone or androgen --two key hormones in men Find tumors that make estrogen You don't need to do anything special to prepare for an estrogen test. You don't need to stop eating or drinking anything before it as you do with some types of blood tests. But before the test, you should tell your doctor about all the medications and supplements you take. It's especially important to tell your doctor if you take birth control pills or hormone therapy, which may affect the test results.


Question: How does diabetes affect your foot health?

Answer: It makes them more likely to get ulcers and infections.


Question: What are shoe inserts?

Answer: Shoe inserts can help with foot problems like flat arches and foot and leg pain. They provide extra support for different parts of your feet, like your heel, arch, or ball of the foot. You can get them over-the-counter. They're different from custom orthotics, which are prescribed by a doctor and designed for your feet.


Question: What causes my feet to stink?

Answer: The two main culprits are sweating of the feet and your shoes. When your sweat mingles with the bacteria in your shoes and socks, it creates an odor.


Question: How can I get my feet to sweat less?

Answer: Start with good foot hygiene: Wash your feet with antibacterial soap. Make sure to clean between your toes. Dry your feet, and sprinkle them with cornstarch, foot powder, or antifungal powder. Wear moisture-wicking socks. Change socks frequently throughout the day. Still can't control it? See a doctor. Treatment options include prescription roll-on antiperspirants, Botox injections, iontophoresis (a treatment that temporarily plugs sweat glands) and surgery.


Question: How can I prevent warts?

Answer: Follow these tips: Wear flip-flops in public showers, locker rooms, and pool areas. Change your shoes and socks every day. Keep your feet dry (warts thrive in moisture). Don't touch other people's warts or warts on other parts of your body.


Question: When should I call a doctor about foot pain?

Answer: Get to a doctor immediately if you: Have an open wound See signs of infection Are not able to walk Can't put weight on your foot Have diabetes and a wound that's either not getting better or is warm, red, deep, or swollen How can I prevent foot pain?


Question: How do I treat corns?

Answer: Mild corns and calluses don't usually need treatment and will go away on their own. But there are some things you can do to help them go away more quickly: Wear thick socks to protect your skin. Rub your callus with a pumice stone while you're in the bath or shower. Use corn pads to relieve pressure. Apply salicylic acid to help dissolve corns and calluses. Be sure to follow directions carefully so you don't damage healthy skin. Never use acid treatments on your feet if you have diabetes. Wear prescription foot orthotics.


Question: What are the main causes of foot pain?

Answer: Several things could be causing your aches. For women, high heels may be the biggest culprit. Other causes include being overweight, wearing poorly constructed shoes, a foot injury or a bruise, or faulty biomechanics, meaning that your walking gait isn't quite normal.


Question: How can I prevent foot pain?

Answer: Solutions depend on what's triggering your pain, but here are some general pointers to remember: Wear properly fitted shoes, replacing them if they have too much wear on the heels or soles. Wear the right shoes for any activity you're doing. Avoid wearing high heels every day, and don't wear any that are higher than 2 inches. Lose weight if you need to. Give yourself time to warm up and cool down when you exercise. Stop smoking. Use an over-the-counter shoe insert or pad that targets your particular problem.


Question: How can I relieve foot pain?

Answer: Spend more time off your feet. Massage your feet to ease tension and aches. You can rub your feet with your hands or move them over a rolling pin. Take an over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medication for pain. Wear shoe inserts. Over-the-counter inserts may provide enough support. In some cases, your doctor may recommend prescription orthotics, which will be specially made for you. If you have swelling that hasn't improved within 2 to 5 days, pain that continues for a few weeks, or have burning pain, numbness, or tingling in your foot, call your doctor.


Question: How do I treat athleteâs foot?

Answer: Athlete's foot can be hard to treat. See your doctor to make sure it is a fungus and not another condition. Soaking your feet in warm water with Epsom salt may provide some relief. Your doctor may suggest an over-the-counter antifungal powder, cream, or spray or prescribe some medication you apply directly to your skin. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe antifungal pills. Be sure to keep using your medication as directed, even if your symptoms have gone away. This will help prevent it from returning.


Question: How can I prevent corns?

Answer: Because irritation is the main cause of corns and calluses, a few simple strategies can help you avoid them: Wear shoes that fit your feet properly. Avoid wearing high heels every day. Use gel pad inserts to further cut down on rubbing and pressure on your foot.


Question: Why do my feet sweat so much?

Answer: It's likely inherited. Most people sweat when it's hot out, but people with hyperhidrosis sweat all the time. Hyperhidrosis is more common in men than women and in younger adults. Stress, medications, and hormonal changes can also trigger your body to sweat more. What problems can sweaty feet cause?


Question: What are the symptoms of childhood asthma?

Answer: Possible signs and symptoms of asthma in children include: Frequent coughing spells, which can happen during play, at night, or while laughing or crying A chronic cough (which may be the only symptom) Less energy during play Rapid breathing (from time to time) Complaint of chest tightness or chest hurting Wheezing -- a whistling sound when breathing in or out Retractions -- seesaw motions in the chest from labored breathing Shortness of breath, loss of breath Tightened neck and chest muscles Feeling weak or tired While these are some signs, your child's doctor should check out any illness that makes it hard for her to breathe.


Question: What can make a child more likely to get asthma?

Answer: Many things can make childhood asthma more likely: Nasal allergies (hay fever) or eczema (allergic skin rash) A family history of asthma or allergies Frequent respiratory infections Low birth weight Exposure to tobacco smoke before or after birth Black or Puerto Rican ethnicity Being raised in a low-income environment Avoiding triggers, using medications, and keeping an eye on daily asthma symptoms are the ways to control asthma in children of all ages.


Question: What are the signs of slow transit constipation?

Answer: Signs of this kind of constipation include: Not feeling the urge to go to the bathroom Pooping less than once a week Passing dry, hard stools A bloated or painful belly This type is more common in young women. Doctors aren't sure why. Laxatives and fiber may not work for this type, but behavioral training (biofeedback) may help.


Question: When does someone have a defecation disorder?

Answer: You may have this problem if you: Spend a lot of time on the toilet straining and pushing to move your bowels Use your fingers to get stool out or use enemas frequently Laxatives or fiber supplements don't relieve your constipation People with this type often have hemorrhoids, cracks around the anus called fissures, and hard, impacted stools. These problems need treatment because they can make it even more difficult and painful to go. It's not clear what brings this kind of constipation on, but it's often treated with behavioral and relaxation training.


Question: What are defecation disorders?

Answer: Defecation disorders: It takes coordinated muscle movements in your pelvic floor to move stool out of your body. These muscles, including your anal sphincter, need to relax at the right time for you to poop comfortably. If you have this type of constipation, you may feel the urge to go but have a hard time doing it. It may be painful.


Question: What is functional constipation?

Answer: When you have chronic (long-lasting) constipation, you need to find out what's causing it. It could be a medical condition or even medications that you take that are backing you up. But it could also be that your body's waste disposal system isn't working as it should. This is called functional or primary constipation. It's constipation not caused by something else, and it's more common in young children and older adults.


Question: What is normal transit constipation?

Answer: There are 3 different types: Normal transit constipation: This is the most common. When you have this, muscles in your colon squeeze and relax the way they should: not too fast and not too slow. Your waste moves at the right speed. Still, your stool may be hard and difficult to pass. You may have belly pain or bloating, too. It usually gets better by eating more fiber-rich foods or by using a certain kind of laxative.


Question: What is slow transit constipation?

Answer: Slow transit constipation: This means your colon isn't moving waste fast enough. Doctors don't know exactly why this happens.


Question: Why should I talk to the surgeon before undergoing back surgery?

Answer: That said, any operation has some degree of risk, including: Reaction to anesthesia or other drugs Bleeding Infection Blood clots, for instance in your legs or lungs Heart attack Stroke Herniated disk Nerve damage, which can lead to weakness, paralysis, pain, sexual dysfunction, or loss of bowel or bladder control The odds that something could go wrong go up for people with certain health conditions. They also vary by type of surgery. Part of your surgeon's job is to identify potential problems. So talk it over before you head to the OR.


Question: What's the biggest rsk of back surgery?

Answer: The biggest risk of back surgery: Not knowing for sure if it's going to help with your pain. The best thing you can do is talk openly with your surgeon so he knows what's going on with your health and you know what to expect before you go into the operating room.


Question: What are the risks of back surgery?

Answer: Most people who get back surgery have minimal, if any, complications. That said, any operation has some degree of risk, including: Reaction to anesthesia or other drugs Bleeding Infection Blood clots, for instance in your legs or lungs Heart attack Stroke Herniated disk Nerve damage, which can lead to weakness, paralysis, pain, sexual dysfunction, or loss of bowel or bladder control The odds that something could go wrong go up for people with certain health conditions.


Question: What is foraminotomy?

Answer: The surgeon cuts away bone at the sides of your vertebrae to widen the space where nerves exit your spine. The extra room may relieve pressure on the nerves and ease your pain. Like a laminectomy, this procedure can also make your spine less stable. So the surgeon may do a spinal fusion at the same time. That'll increase the amount of time you need for recovery.


Question: What is a dixkectomy?

Answer: In a diskectomy, the surgeon removes all or part of the disk. He may have to make a big cut in your back, or he may be able to do it through a small one called microdiscectomy. Microdiscectomy is performed with an operating microscope through a smaller incision than open discectomy and has become the standard surgical procedure for lumbar disc herniation. Sometimes a diskectomy is part of a larger surgery that includes laminectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion.


Question: What are the benefits of back surgery?

Answer: Often, the result is more than just a drop in pain. You may find: You can move around better. You're more physically fit. Your mood improves. You don't need to take as much pain medicine. You can go back to work. You're more productive at work.


Question: How can someone prevent a stroke?

Answer: If you have diabetes and your doctor suspects your arteries are hardened, he may suggest diet and lifestyle changes -- along with medicines -- to prevent the blockages that lead to stroke. Other ways to lower your odds of a stroke include: Don't smoke. Control your blood sugar level. Stay at a healthy weight. Exercise regularly. Get your cholesterol checked (especially your LDL, or "bad," cholesterol). The target should be an LDL level of less than 100 mg/dl. Your doctor may suggest changes to your diet to help get the numbers down. Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. The guidelines are no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks a day for men. Have your blood pressure checked. Your doctor will tell you how to get it under control it if it's high. Take preventive medicines if your doctor prescribes them. Take daily aspirin if prescribed by your doctor. Some people with diabetes can benefit from low doses of aspirin (81 mg - 325 mg a day) to prevent heart disease.


Question: What is a stroke?

Answer: In a stroke, one of the many blood vessels that supply your brain with oxygen becomes damaged or blocked. If the blood flow is cut off for more than 3 to 4 minutes, that part of your brain begins to die. There are two types of strokes: Hemorrhagic strokes are caused by a ruptured artery.


Question: Is there anything I can do to prevent stroke if I have diabetes?

Answer: Some people with diabetes can benefit from low doses of aspirin (81 mg - 325 mg a day) to prevent heart disease.


Question: What are some other treatments for a stroke?

Answer: Other treatment options include a surgery called carotid endarterectomy to remove plaque from inside your carotid artery, which supplies much of the blood to your brain. Another treatment is known as carotid angioplasty and stenting. Doctors insert a deflated balloon into the artery to expand its walls. They follow it with a mesh structure, the stent, which holds the artery open. This procedure may not be as effective, especially if you have diabetes.


Question: What is the treatment for stroke?

Answer: Sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of the body) Trouble speaking or understanding words or simple sentences Sudden blurred vision or worse vision in one or both eyes Sudden trouble swallowing Dizziness, loss of balance, or lack of coordination Brief loss of consciousness Sudden inability to move part of the body (paralysis) Sudden, unexplainable, and intense headache One treatment for ischemic stroke is a clot-buster drug called t PA, which must be taken within the first 3 hours after stroke symptoms begin. It dissolves the clot that has clogged an artery and can restore blood flow to brain tissue. But this drug isn't for all people who have an ischemic stroke, especially if you've had major surgery in the previous 2 weeks or recent head trauma. Also, several new and experimental drugs may stop and even reverse brain damage if taken immediately after a stroke. Other treatment options include a surgery called carotid endarterectomy to remove plaque from inside your carotid artery, which supplies much of the blood to your brain. Another treatment is known as carotid angioplasty and stenting. Doctors insert a deflated balloon into the artery to expand its walls. They follow it with a mesh structure, the stent, which holds the artery open. This procedure may not be as effective, especially if you have diabetes. There are other ways to remove a blood clot in the brain. The FDA has approved the Merci Retrieval System and the Penumbra System for certain people. These devices can remove a blood clot after the stroke.


Question: What are synbiotics?

Answer: Synbiotics: These are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics. Early studies show these might help people with IBS. But doctors need more research to learn if and how they should be recommended.


Question: What foods are good sources of prebiotics if you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Fruits and vegetables are also good sources of prebiotics, especially bananas, onions, garlic, leeks, asparagus, and artichokes, plus soybeans and whole wheat foods.


Question: How can I get enough water but not so much that I have to pee all the time?

Answer: Here are six tips for managing your fluid intake: Spread out fluid intake throughout the day, sipping water between meals. Unless exercising, don't carry a large water bottle with you. Fill your cup or glass half-way or use a smaller cup. Sip, don't gulp. If you're drinking enough water, your urine should be light yellow or almost colorless. Remember that you also get fluids in other foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and soups.


Question: How can lupus lead to elbow pain?

Answer: Lupus: This is another illness where your immune system attacks healthy parts of your body, including your joints and organs. It more commonly affects your hands and feet, but it can cause problems in your elbow.


Question: How can trapped nerves lead to elbow pain?

Answer: Trapped nerves: You might be familiar with carpal tunnel syndrome, where a nerve that passes through your wrist gets squeezed and causes some wrist and arm issues. You can have similar problems in your elbow. If you have cubital tunnel syndrome, one of the main nerves in your arm (the ulnar nerve) gets squeezed as it runs along the inside of your elbow and passes through tissue called the cubital tunnel. You may have burning or numbness in your hand, arm, and fingers. If you have radial tunnel syndrome, you have a similar issue with the radial nerve as it passes through the radial tunnel near the outside of your elbow. You may have burning or numbness on your outside forearm and elbow.


Question: How can bursitis lead to elbow pain?

Answer: Bursitis: Often caused by repeating the same motion over and over, you can also get bursitis from an accident or infection. Bursa are small sacs with fluid in them. You have them in your joints to help cushion your bones, tendons, and muscles. They also help skin slide over bone. But they can get swollen and cause you pain. Often, bursitis is simply treated with pain medicine and starts to get better within a few weeks.


Question: How can arthritis cause elbow pain?

Answer: Arthritis: Many types of arthritis can affect your elbow, but the main ones are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is the most common type of arthritis in the elbow. When you have it, your immune system attacks your body's healthy tissue and causes swelling in your joints. You get osteoarthritis when your elbow cartilage breaks down over time, which means the bones rub together and cause pain and stiffness.


Question: Why does my elbow hurt?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Your elbow lets you throw, lift, swing, and hug, for starters. You can do all this because it's not a simple joint. And that means there are a lot of ways things can go wrong. Your elbow's a joint formed where three bones come together -- your upper arm bone, called the humerus, and the ulna and the radius, the two bones that make up your forearm. Each bone has cartilage on the end, which helps them slide against each other and absorb shocks. They're lashed into place with tough tissues called ligaments. And your tendons connect your bones to muscles to allow you to move your arm in different ways. If anything happens to any of these parts, not to mention the nerves and blood vessels around them, it can cause you pain.


Question: Can visual impairments be passed genetically?

Answer: Infantile cataracts (a cloudy lens) and congenital glaucoma (a disorder that damages the optic nerve) often run in families.


Question: What is ptosis?

Answer: Ptosis , or drooping of the upper eyelid, usually requires surgery if it affects vision or can be corrected in adulthood for cosmetic reasons.


Question: Can I make time for myself if my child is severely visually impaired?

Answer: Learn all you can about your child's disability and the options for treatment and education.


Question: What is amblyopia (lazy eye)?

Answer: Amblyopia, also know as "lazy eye," occurs when vision in one eye is reduced. This happens because the brain and eye are not working together. Patching or special eye drops may help treat it.


Question: How can I educate myself if my child is severely visually impaired?

Answer: Learn all you can about your child's disability and the options for treatment and education. Look at other articles on this web site, and seek out relevant information from government and nonprofit organizations that offer resources for families of visually impaired children.


Question: Where can I find a support system if my child is severely visually impaired?

Answer: Seek out other parents of visually impaired children. They will be a wonderful source of information and support. Ask your doctor or learning specialist for referrals to parents' support groups in your area.


Question: What is albinism?

Answer: This genetic condition affects the pigment of the skin, and often causes eye problems.


Question: What are symptoms of vision problems in older children?

Answer: He or she can refer you to an eye doctor if needed: Redness or swelling in the eye Lots of tearing or blinking Poor eye alignment Frequent rubbing of one or both eyes Frequent closing or covering of one eye Extreme sensitivity to light Trouble tracking an object in range of vision Tilting the head when trying to focus Eyes that appear asymmetric or that show white reflection in photos These are other possible symptoms of vision problems you may notice in an older child: Trouble seeing the blackboard at school (check with your child or child's teacher) Sitting very close to the television Leaning close to books while reading or doing homework Dizziness Headaches or nausea Visually impaired children can have learning problems that range from mild to severe.


Question: What is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)?

Answer: This occurs most often in premature and low-birthweight babies. It is the result of abnormal blood vessels or scarring in the eye's retina. The problem often resolves by itself.


Question: Should my child get their eyes checked?

Answer: Everyone needs regular eye exams. This is particularly important if your child has risk factors or a family history of eye problems. Children need their vision checked at infancy, 6 months, between 3 and 3 1/2 years, and upon entering school, around the age of 5.


Question: What is cortical visual impairment (CVI)?

Answer: This is a result of a problem in the area of the brain that controls vision. Not enough oxygen to the brain, brain injury, or infections such as encephalitis and meningitis can cause CVI. It can lead to temporary or permanent vision impairment and blindness.


Question: What does nearsightedness mean?

Answer: These are common vision problems: Nearsightedness (myopia) is a problem with focusing that makes distant objects appear blurry. Glasses or contacts can usually improve it.


Question: How common are vision problems in children?

Answer: Children need their vision checked at infancy, 6 months, between 3 and 3 1/2 years, and upon entering school, around the age of 5.


Question: What does farsightedness mean?

Answer: Farsightedness (hyperopia) is a problem with focusing that makes close objects appear blurry. Glasses or contacts can usually improve it.


Question: Can a corneal abrasion be prevented?

Answer: If you feel like there's something in your eye, you're going to want to rub it. Don't -- that's how you get a scratch. Do this instead: Blink your eye several times. Pull your upper eyelid over the lower eyelid. Gently rinse your eye out with clean water or a sterile saline solution. Don't try to remove anything that's stuck onto your cornea. Only a doctor should do that.


Question: What should I do while my eye heals from a corneal abrasion?

Answer: While your eye heals: Don't rub your eye. Don't wear contacts until your eye doctor says it's safe to do so. Wear sunglasses to ease discomfort caused by sunlight.


Question: What causes a corneal abrasion?

Answer: You might get a scratch if you: Poke your eye with a fingernail, pen, or makeup brush Get dirt, sand, sawdust, ash, or some other foreign matter in your eye Get chemicals in your eye Rub it too hard Wear poor-fitting or dirty contact lenses Get a certain type of eye infection Have surgery without proper eye protection Play sports or engage in high-risk physical activity without safety eyewear Overwear your contact lenses You may not feel symptoms right away. As a result, you may not be able to figure out what caused it.


Question: How will I recover from a corneal abrasion?

Answer: You should fully recover from a minor scratch without permanent eye damage. But deep scratches can cause infections, scars, and other problems. If you don't take care of them, they can lead to long-term vision problems. Report any unusual symptoms, including a return of pain after treatment, to your eye doctor.


Question: Can corneal abrasions be prevented?

Answer: If you feel like there's something in your eye, you're going to want to rub it. Don't -- that's how you get a scratch. Do this instead: Blink your eye several times. Pull your upper eyelid over the lower eyelid. Gently rinse your eye out with clean water or a sterile saline solution. Don't try to remove anything that's stuck onto your cornea. Only a doctor should do that.


Question: Can finding the source of stress and getting support help manage it?

Answer: Find the source of your stress: Once you know what's causing your discomfort, you can take steps to deal with it. So identify the stress you have at work, at home, and in your relationships. Get support: Spending time with people who care about you is a key buffer. You can confide in each other or do things that are fun.


Question: What are common signs of stress?

Answer: Stress can show up in different ways. Some common signs, besides sleep loss, include depression, tension, anxiety, and poor focus. You might feel physical signs, too, like headaches, upset stomach, fatigue, appetite loss, and chest, neck, or back pain.


Question: Can improving your sleep help manage stress?

Answer: Start asking others for help, and find ways to free up more of your time. Take steps to improve your sleep: Set a regular bedtime and waking-up time, and stick to them. Before you go to bed, wind down with meditation or relaxation techniques. Just sitting quietly for a few minutes can make a difference. If your sleep problems persist, talk to a doctor. They can help you address your stress and help you figure out what's causing it.


Question: How can getting exercise help manage stress?

Answer: Get moving: Exercise eases stress by letting you blow off tension. Flexible muscles are also less likely to become tense when you're stressed. If you have a medical condition, are over age 45, or haven't been active for a while, it's best to check with your doctor before starting an exercise routine, so you know what's OK for you to do.


Question: How can eating better help manage stress?

Answer: Eat a better diet: You probably already know how smart it is to eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and less sugar, caffeine, and alcohol. When you make that shift, you'll have more energy to handle stress.


Question: What causes fast, labored breathing in my baby?

Answer: Fast, labored breathing: Fluid in the smallest airways (the "alveoli") causes pneumonia, an infection due to a virus or bacteria. Pneumonia causes fast, labored breathing, occasionally cyanosis, a persistent cough, and crackly sounds ("rales") when listened to with a stethoscope.


Question: What causes a deep cough in my baby's breathing?

Answer: Deep cough: A blockage in the large bronchi (divisions of the trachea, which lead into the lungs) makes a deep cough.


Question: What causes a whistling sound (wheezing) in my baby's breathing?

Answer: Whistling sound (wheezing): A blockage in the bronchioles (small airways that come from the bronchi) makes a whistling sound when the infant breathes out (as in bronchiolitis or asthma later on).


Question: What causes a high-pitched squeaky sound in my baby's breathing?

Answer: High-pitched, squeaky sound: Called stridor or laryngomalacia, this is a sound very young babies make when breathing in. It is worse when a child is lying on his or her back. It is caused by excess tissue around the larynx and is typically harmless. It typically passes by the time a child reaches age 2.


Question: What causes a whistling noise in my baby's breathing?

Answer: This will help determine if there is a problem in the breathing passages and where: Whistling noise: A small blockage in the nostrils tends to make a whistling noise that clears when you suction it out. Newborn babies breathe out of their noses, not their mouths. This is a good trick, as it allows them to breathe and eat at the same time. However, their little noses have small air passages, so a little bit of mucus or dried milk can make the breathing passage even smaller, causing a whistling noise or occasionally, difficulty moving the air in and out.


Question: What causes a hoarse cry and a "barking" cough in my baby's breathing?

Answer: Hoarse cry and a "barking" cough: A blockage in the larynx (windpipe), often due to mucus, makes a hoarse cry and a "barking" cough. This may be a sign of croup, an infection of the larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes.


Question: When should you worry about your baby's breathing?

Answer: Signs of potentially worrisome breathing problems in your baby include: Persistently increased rate of breathing (greater than 60 breaths per minute or so) Increased work to breathe. Signs of this include: Grunting. The baby makes a little grunting noise at the end of respiration. This serves to try to open up blocked airways. Flaring. The baby's nostrils flare during breathing, showing increased effort. Retractions. The muscles in the baby's chest (under the ribs) and neck are visibly seen going in and out much more deeply than usual. Cyanosis. This means the blood has remained blue and has not gotten sufficient oxygen from the lungs (such as with pneumonia). For true cyanosis, the blood all over the body should look blue. Check areas that get a lot of blood flow, such as the lips and the tongue. Sometimes, the hands and feet of newborns turn bluish, but the rest of the body is fine. This is not cyanosis but a common response to changes in temperature. Poor feeding. " Respiratory distress" is often accompanied by a noticeable decrease in feeding intake. Lethargy. Your baby's energy level may be markedly decreased if she has a significant lung problem. Fever. Most infections of the lung will cause a fever, as well. Always check your baby's temperature when you are concerned.


Question: Are breathing problems normal in babies?

Answer: Breathing problems (such as noisy breathing) that only occur occasionally are normal. Worrisome breathing problems, on the other hand, are usually persistent. However, when it comes to any breathing concerns, be sure to contact your pediatrician.


Question: What are some tips for parents concerned with their baby's breathing?

Answer: Watch your baby's breathing when she's well, so you can get used to how it looks. Time how many breaths she takes in a minute. It's probably faster than you imagined. Knowing what's normal for your baby's breathing will help you spot a potential problem more quickly. When in doubt of what's going on, make a video of the breathing pattern that is worrying you to show to your baby's health care provider.


Question: What are some steps to help with sleep if you have bipolar disorder?

Answer: Steps like these may also help restore sleep: Eliminate alcohol and caffeine late in the day. Keep the bedroom as dark and quiet as possible and maintain a temperature that is not too hot or cold. Use fans, heaters, blinds, earplugs, or sleep masks, as needed. Talk with your partner about ways to minimize snoring or other sleep habits that may be affecting your sleep. Exercise, but not too late in the day. Try visualization and other relaxation techniques. Try to unplug from the TV, laptop or your phone earlier.


Question: How can alcohol cause infertility?

Answer: And chronic alcoholism is related to disorders in ovulation, which interferes with fertility. Alcohol use by men interferes with the synthesis of testosterone and has an impact on sperm concentration. Alcoholism may delay a man's sexual response and cause impotence by interfering with a man's ability to have an erection.


Question: How can tobacco cause infertility?

Answer: In experimental animals, nicotine has been shown to block the production of sperm and decrease the size of male testicles. In women, tobacco changes the cervical mucus, thus affecting the way sperm reach the egg.


Question: How can marijuana cause infertility?

Answer: Marijuana may disrupt a woman's ovulation cycle, affecting the release of the egg. In men, marijuana use can decrease the sperm count as well as affect the quality of the sperm.


Question: What should I expect during pericardiocentesis?

Answer: You will get a mild sedative to relax you, but you will be conscious during the procedure. An IV (intravenous) line is inserted into your hand or arm in case fluids or medications are needed. The doctor will use a local anesthetic to numb an area on your chest. A needle will be inserted, and then a catheter (a thin plastic tube) will be threaded into the sac around your heart. The doctor may use an X-ray or echocardiogram machine to make sure the catheter is in the right spot. The doctor will then drain the fluid around your heart.


Question: Why is pericardiocentesis performed?

Answer: Your doctor uses it to: Find out if the fluid around your heart is caused by problems such as infection or cancer Relieve symptoms, like shortness of breath, that are caused by the fluid around your heart Your doctor or nurse will tell you what you can and can't eat or drink before it.


Question: What should I expect after having pericardiocentesis?

Answer: Your doctor will monitor you for several hours. If the operation isn't successful, more procedures may be needed to drain fluid from around the heart or to thin out the pericardium to relieve pressure.


Question: When should I worry about my baby's vision?

Answer: So you're not imaging it when you see your baby fixate on your face and eyes, especially during a feeding, when your face is about a foot away. If your baby never seems to fixate on objects about a foot away -- especially your face -- in the first weeks or months, tell your pediatrician. At three to four months, if your baby still looks "cross-eyed" (the left and right eyes seem to be looking in different directions), this could be a sign of a visual or eye muscle problem and should be evaluated at your next check-up. Be sure to tell your pediatrician if you're concerned.


Question: How well can newborn babies see?

Answer: However, newborns cannot see very far -- only objects that are 8-15 inches away. Newborns prefer to look at faces over other shapes and objects and at round shapes with light and dark borders (such as your adoring eyes). Just after birth, a baby sees only in black and white, with shades of gray. As the months go by, he/she will slowly start to develop his color vision at around 4 months. So you're not imaging it when you see your baby fixate on your face and eyes, especially during a feeding, when your face is about a foot away.


Question: What is psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) is a form of inflammatory arthritis that can affect some of the millions of people who have psoriasis. Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes a red, scaly rash, most often on your elbows, knees, ankles, feet, hands, and other areas.


Question: What causes a chalazion?

Answer: You have glands throughout your body. They make things that your cells, tissues, and organs need to work properly. The meibomian glands in your upper and lower eyelids make oil that mixes with your tears to moisten and protect your eyes. If the oil gets too thick or if the glands are plugged because of inflammation, you may get a chalazion. Sometimes an infection can cause a chalazion, though this is rare.


Question: When should you call a doctor about a chalazion?

Answer: Make the call if you think you have a chalazion. Your doctor may want to check it and tell you how to take care of it to help it heal. He may also suggest you use eye drops or creams. If the more simple treatments don't work, your doctor may prescribe medicines or give you injections to help clear up the problem


Question: How long do biopsy results for colon cancer take?

Answer: How quickly the cells divide Whether the cancer has spread to other parts of your body Biopsy results can take 1 or 2 days, and sometimes longer. The pathologist might need extra time to get a second opinion.


Question: How is a colonoscopy used to diagnose colon cancer?

Answer: You'll have this test in a hospital outpatient center, clinic, or at your doctor's office. With a tiny camera attached to a thin, flexible tube, your doctor will look for cancer inside your rectum and the entire large intestine. You'll have to prep the day before the test by drinking a liquid that cleans out your colon. Before the colonoscopy, you'll get medicine to make you sleep. The whole test takes about 30 minutes.


Question: How is an ultrasound used to evaluate colon cancer?

Answer: This test uses sound waves to make a picture of your organs. It can show whether the cancer has spread inside your pelvis or to your liver. Often during surgery to remove the tumor from your colon, the doctor will discover that your cancer has spread. The doctor might remove one or more lymph nodes during surgery and biopsy them to look for cancer.


Question: What is peritoneal cancer?

Answer: Symptoms include: A cough that doesn't go away Chest pain Blood in the mucus Trouble breathing Weight loss Peritoneum Cancer cells that break off from the main tumor can get into the lining of the abdomen.


Question: How is a chest X-ray used to evaluate colon cancer?

Answer: An X-ray uses radiation in low doses to make images of structures inside your body. A chest X-ray can help your doctor see whether the cancer has spread to your lungs.


Question: What are the symptoms of colon cancer?

Answer: Many people with colon cancer don't have symptoms. That's why it is so important to keep up with routine screening tests. When the disease -- at any stage -- causes symptoms, they may include: Blood (usually dark red or black) in the stool Constipation and diarrhea. These can also be symptoms of other, less serious conditions. But if they persist, see your doctor. Long, thin, pencil-like stools. These are a sign that something is blocking your colon. The blockage could be a tumor or something else. Fatigue and weakness. Feeling much more tired or weak than usual could be a sign that the tumor is bleeding and you've lost iron. Abdominal pain or bloating. Colon tumors can cause a blockage that makes it hard to fully empty your bowels. You can feel bloated and full as a result. Unexplained weight loss. A weight loss of 10 pounds or more, when you haven't changed your diet and exercise habits, could be cancer, especially if you also have other colon cancer symptoms. Nausea and vomiting, which may happen if the tumor causes an obstruction Other symptoms you have depend on where the cancer has spread.


Question: When is a biopsy used in the diagnosis for colon cancer?

Answer: During the colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, the doctor might remove a small piece of tissue. This is called a biopsy. Doctors will check it under a microscope to look for signs of cancer.


Question: What are symptoms of colon cancer that has spread to the lungs?

Answer: If they do have symptoms, they may be vague and can include: Loss of appetite or feeling full early Fatigue Fever Itching Pain in the abdomen Swelling in the legs Weight loss Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, called jaundice Lungs Because the lungs get blood flow from the rest of the body, cancer can travel there from other organs, including the colon. Cancer that has spread to the lungs often affects breathing. Symptoms include: A cough that doesn't go away Chest pain Blood in the mucus Trouble breathing Weight loss Peritoneum Cancer cells that break off from the main tumor can get into the lining of the abdomen.


Question: What are the symptoms of colon cancer that has spread to the bones?

Answer: Symptoms include: Pain in the belly Loss of appetite Weight loss or gain Bones When colon cancer travels to the bones, it can weaken them and cause them to release stored calcium. Symptoms include: Bone pain Constipation, nausea, and loss of appetite from high calcium levels in the blood Broken bones Numbness or weakness in the legs and possibly the arms Pain in the back or neck Your doctor will first ask some general questions about your health.


Question: What are symptoms of colon cancer that has spread to the liver?

Answer: Liver The liver removes toxic substances from the body and produces bile, a fluid used in digestion. Colon cancer can spread to the liver through a blood vessel that connects the intestines and liver. Many people don't have symptoms at first, if colon cancer is in their liver. If they do have symptoms, they may be vague and can include: Loss of appetite or feeling full early Fatigue Fever Itching Pain in the abdomen Swelling in the legs Weight loss Yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, called jaundice Lungs Because the lungs get blood flow from the rest of the body, cancer can travel there from other organs, including the colon.


Question: How is magnetic resonance imaging used to evaluate colon cancer?

Answer: An MRI machine uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and structures inside your body. This test can show where the cancer has spread inside your abdomen or pelvis. You may get dye before the test to create a clearer picture.


Question: How can dogs get Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer: This chemical helps him respond to stress, control his weight, fight infections, and keep his blood sugar levels in check. But too much or too little of it can cause problems. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Cushing’s, which is also known as hypercortisolism and hyperadrenocorticism, can be tricky for a vet to diagnose, because it has the same symptoms as other conditions. The key is to let your vet know about anything that’s different about your pet.


Question: What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs?

Answer: The condition mostly affects middle-aged and older dogs, and the warning signs may be harder to spot in the beginning. You might notice your dog: Is thirstier than usual Seems hungrier Pees more often; housebroken dogs may have indoor accidents.


Question: Does a cold compress help if you have eczema?

Answer: When your itching feels out of control, put a cold compress right on your skin. If your eczema is severe, after you've put on lotion or medicine, make a wet wrap by soaking a gauze or piece of soft clothing, like a T-shirt or pair of socks, in warm -- not hot -- water. Wet wraps help your skin absorb medicine and moisture. They also relieve itching and pain. Once they're dry, you'll want to either make them wet again or remove them.


Question: How can skipping long, hot showers relieve moderate to severe eczema?

Answer: Very hot water will dry your skin and make your symptoms worse. Take lukewarm showers or baths instead. Use mild, perfume-free soap or non-soap cleanser, and avoid bubble baths. When you're done, gently towel off your skin -- don't rub -- until it's partly dry. Then, within 3 minutes, put on a moisturizer. If your doctor has prescribed an eczema cream, apply that to your skin first.


Question: Does stress make eczema worse?

Answer: Stay calm. Angst and stress can make you itch and scratch even more. Look for ways to ease your mind. Talk with friends, try a yoga class, or learn how to meditate. Asking a loved one to give you a quick massage with a moisturizing cream or oil may help, too.


Question: Do temperature changes affect eczema?

Answer: Avoid drastic temperature changes. Going from a hot room into a chilly one may cause a flare-up. Try to keep your home at a comfortable, consistent temperature. Low humidity can dry your skin. Use a humidifier to add moisture to the air.


Question: How do health issues affect how you can get deep vein thrombosis?

Answer: People with heart disease, lung disease, and inflammatory bowel disease are more likely to get DVT. So are people who have cancer or are going through cancer treatment.


Question: How does sitting or being in bed affect how you can get deep vein thrombosis?

Answer: If your muscles don't move for a while, blood starts to pool in your lower legs. This makes it more likely for a clot to form.


Question: How does age affect how you can get deep vein thrombosis?

Answer: The odds that you'll get DVT increase with your age.


Question: When should you seek medical help about gastroenteritis?

Answer: Seek medical help if: Vomiting in an adult or a child age 2 or older lasts more than 1 day or a fever or severe diarrhea (large amounts of loose stool every 1 to 2 hours) lasts more than 2 days. A child under age 2 has vomiting or diarrhea for more than 12 hours or has a fever with vomiting and diarrhea. Vomit or diarrhea turns bloody or tarry. The person has kidney, liver, or heart disease and must restrict fluid intake. The person develops sudden, severe abdominal pain. Dehydration symptoms develop. Symptoms fail to resolve after a week.


Question: What should you do while recovering from gastroenteritis?

Answer: Gradually ease food back into the person's diet. Start with bland, easy-to-digest food such as crackers, bananas, toast, rice, and chicken. Avoid dairy, caffeine, and alcohol until recovery is complete. If medical treatment is necessary, the person may receive fluids intravenously and anti-nausea medications.


Question: What causes food allergies?

Answer: Food allergies occur when a sensitive person eats, inhales, or comes into contact with even tiny amounts of certain foods. These reactions occur with exposure to proteins called allergens and can be very mild or may be life-threatening. Food allergies are becoming more and more common.


Question: What are the most common food allergies in adults?

Answer: In children, the most common food allergies are: Cow's milk Hen's eggs Peanuts Tree nuts Soybeans Wheat In adults, the most common food allergies are: Peanuts Tree nuts Fish Crustaceans (such as shrimp, crabs, and lobster) Mollusks (such as clams, oysters, and mussels) Fruits Vegetables Symptoms tend to occur just after eating, inhaling, or coming into contact with the offending food.


Question: How does yellow fever spread?

Answer: Yellow fever is typically spread to humans from bites by infected mosquitoes. People cannot spread yellow fever among themselves through casual contact, although the infection can be transmitted directly into the blood through contaminated needles. A few different species of mosquitoes transmit the yellow fever virus; some breed in urban areas, others in jungles. Mosquitoes that breed in the jungle also transmit yelllow fever to monkeys, who, in addition to humans, are a host for the disease.


Question: How high is the risk of yellow fever?

Answer: The CDC has identified 44 counties with a risk of yellow fever transmission, many of them with tropical climates. While the actual number of yellow fever cases among U. S. and European travelers to these at-risk countries is low, vaccination is advised for most international travelers to these countries, because yellow fever has no cure and can be deadly.


Question: What are symptoms of yellow fever?

Answer: Yellow fever gets its name from two of its most obvious symptoms: fever and yellowing of the skin. The yellowing occurs because the disease causes liver damage, hepatitis. For some people, yellow fever has no initial symptoms, while for others, the first symptoms appear from three to six days after exposure to the virus from a mosquito bite.


Question: How is yellow fever treated?

Answer: Because there is no cure for the viral infection itself, medical treatment of yellow fever focuses on easing symptoms such as fever, muscle pain, and dehydration. Because of the risk of internal bleeding, avoid aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs if you suspect you have yellow fever. Hospitalization is often needed.


Question: How can phototherapy help with treating newborn jaundice?

Answer: Sometimes phototherapy -- special light treatment -- is used to help the body get rid of the excess bilirubin. Phototherapy is conducted with a lamp called a bili-light or with a bili-blanket. Your baby is naked during the treatment so that as much skin as possible is exposed to light. Eyes are covered to protect them during treatment. Supplemental feedings may be necessary because of the excess water loss that can occur through the skin.


Question: What are some simple ways to update an aging loved one's home so it's safer for them?

Answer: Falls are a big risk. Look for things that someone could trip on, and remove them. Make sure that rugs have non-slip backing. Check on the lighting in your loved one's home. Do you need more lights, or brighter bulbs? In the bathroom, install grab bars in and outside the tub or shower, and next to the toilet. Stairs should have railings on both sides. You may also want to paint the top edge of steps a contrasting color (for instance, a white strip at the edge of a black step) and put non-slip tape on the steps.


Question: How much will Medicare cost you?

Answer: With a traditional Medicare plan, there is no out-of-pocket maximum. That means that if you have a serious health issue, there's no limit to what you might have to spend for your co-insurance, which is the percentage of your medical charges that are your responsibility. Medicare Part D (remember, that's the part for prescription medicines) does have a catastrophic threshold. That means that after you spend a certain amount out-of-pocket, its catastrophic coverage kicks in. But you'll still pay 5% of the cost of any prescription drugs over that amount. If you take a high-priced drug, that could add up. Supplemental ( Medigap) policies can help you bridge the cost gap.


Question: What is Medicare?

Answer: It's a huge program with a variety of rules and options, and it can get confusing.


Question: What are the different parts of Medicare?

Answer: In addition to signing up with Medicare or a Medicare Advantage plan, you may need to enroll in Medicare Parts B and D -- which cover outpatient medical care and prescription drugs -- or you risk paying a penalty later. And you may need a supplemental plan for additional coverage, or to help you pay for out-of-pocket costs.


Question: What can complicate things if you have Medicare?

Answer: If you're insured with a Marketplace plan when you become eligible for Medicare, you might think you should just keep your Marketplace plan. You'd be wrong. For one thing, if you're getting a subsidy to help pay your premiums, most people won't be eligible for the subsidy once they're eligible for Medicare. ( This means you could face tax penalties if you keep it.) If you delay enrolling in Medicare Parts B or D, you'll pay a late enrollment penalty the entire time you're on Medicare. And if you miss your Medicare enrollment window the first time, you risk a gap in coverage while you wait for the sign-up window to roll around again. In most cases, you'll want to cancel your Marketplace plan and enroll in Medicare.


Question: What is a Medigap plan?

Answer: If you enroll in an original Medicare plan, a Medigap policy acts as supplemental insurance. It pays some of the costs that Medicare doesn't, such as copayments and deductibles. During your Medigap open enrollment period you can buy any Medigap policy that's available to you, regardless of your health. But after that, you may not be able to get one, and that may be a major disadvantage if something serious comes up and you need expensive services. If you chose a Medicare Advantage plan instead of original Medicare but decide you are not happy with it, you can leave the program within the first 12 months to join or return to original Medicare (known as a âtrial rightâ). If you had a Medigap policy before buying a Medicare Advantage plan or you bought the Medicare Advantage plan when you first turned 65, you will still be eligible to buy a Medigap policy.


Question: What choices do you have to make about Medicare?

Answer: Traditional Medicare isn't your only option. You can choose it ( Medicare Parts A and B) for hospital care and access to any doctor or hospital in the country that accepts Medicare. Or you can choose a Medicare Advantage plan (also called Medicare Part C), which you buy from a private insurer that provides Medicare benefits. If you choose Medicare Parts A and B (sometimes called Original Medicrae), you'll also need to choose a Part D plan if you want prescription drug coverage. You may also want to consider buying a supplemental policy known as a Medigap plan. It can help with your out-of-pocket costs, such as deductibles. Some Medigap plans also have an out-of-pocket maximum, too, meaning there's an annual limit to what you'd have to pay. If you instead choose a Medicare Advantage plan, it most cases it will include prescription drug coverage so you don't have to sign up for a separate Part D plan. It may also offer additional coverage like dental or eye glasses. But you'll be limited to that insurer's network of providers, and it may cost more. If you chose a Medicare Advantage plan, you can't buy a supplemental Medigap plan.


Question: What are some warning signs of suicide in people with bipolar disorder?

Answer: Some warning signs of suicide include: Talking about suicide Always talking or thinking about death Making comments about being hopeless, helpless, or worthless Saying things like " It would be better if I wasn't here" or " I want out" Worsening depression A sudden switch from being very sad to being very calm or appearing to be happy Having a "death wish," tempting fate by taking risks that could lead to death, like driving through red lights Losing interest in things one used to care about Visiting or calling people one cares about Putting affairs in order, tying up lose ends, changing a will Recent worsening of sleep Not sleeping Seeming restless or agitated Think you cannot stop from harming yourself Hear voices telling you to harm yourself Want to commit suicide You know someone who has mentioned wanting to commit suicide


Question: What are the risk factors for suicide in people with bipolar disorder?

Answer: Risk factors for suicide include: Having mental and substance abuse disorders Family history of mental or substance abuse disorders Having attempted suicide previously Having a family history of physical or sexual abuse Having family members or friends who have attempted suicide Keeping a firearm in the home If you or someone you know is at risk for suicide -- and has shown warning signs -- do not leave them alone.