Question: What causes vomiting in children?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Nausea and vomiting are not diseases, but they are symptoms of many conditions such as: Motion sickness or seasickness Early stages of pregnancy (nausea occurs in approximately 50%-90% of all pregnancies; vomiting in 25%-55%) Medication-induced vomiting Intense pain Emotional stress (such as fear) Gallbladder disease Food poisoning Infections (such as the "stomach flu") Overeating A reaction to certain smells or odors Heart attack Concussion or brain injury Brain tumor Ulcers Some forms of cancer Bulimia or other psychological illnesses Gastroparesis or slow stomach emptying (a condition that can be seen in people with diabetes) Ingestion of toxins or excessive amounts of alcohol Bowel obstruction Appendicitis The causes of vomiting differ according to age. For children, it is common for vomiting to occur from a viral infection, food poisoning, milk allergy, motion sickness, overeating or feeding, coughing, or blocked intestines and illnesses in which the child has a high fever.


Question: What can happen if you vomit while pregnant?

Answer: Recurrent vomiting in pregnancy can lead to a serious condition called hyperemesis gravidarum in which the mother may develop fluid and mineral imbalances that can endanger her life or that of her unborn child.


Question: When should you call the doctor about nausea and vomiting?

Answer: Call a doctor about nausea and vomiting: If the nausea lasts for more than a few days or if there is a possibility of being pregnant If home treatment is not working, dehydration is present, or a known injury has occurred (such as head injury or infection) that may be causing the vomiting Adults should consult a doctor if vomiting occurs for more than one day, diarrhea and vomiting last more than 24 hours, or there are signs of dehydration. Take an infant or child under six years to the doctor if vomiting lasts more than a few hours, diarrhea is present, signs of dehydration occur, there is a fever, or if the child hasn't urinated for 4-6 hours. Take a child over age six years to the doctor if vomiting lasts one day, diarrhea combined with vomiting lasts for more than 24 hours, there are any signs of dehydration, there is a fever higher than 101 degrees, or the child hasn't urinated for six hours.


Question: What causes nausea or vomiting?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Nausea and vomiting are not diseases, but they are symptoms of many conditions such as: Motion sickness or seasickness Early stages of pregnancy (nausea occurs in approximately 50%-90% of all pregnancies; vomiting in 25%-55%) Medication-induced vomiting Intense pain Emotional stress (such as fear) Gallbladder disease Food poisoning Infections (such as the "stomach flu") Overeating A reaction to certain smells or odors Heart attack Concussion or brain injury Brain tumor Ulcers Some forms of cancer Bulimia or other psychological illnesses Gastroparesis or slow stomach emptying (a condition that can be seen in people with diabetes) Ingestion of toxins or excessive amounts of alcohol Bowel obstruction Appendicitis The causes of vomiting differ according to age.


Question: How can I get dehydration from vomiting?

Answer: Adults have a lower risk of becoming dehydrated, because they can usually detect the symptoms of dehydration (such as increased thirst and dry lips or mouth). But young children have a greater risk of becoming dehydrated, especially if they also have diarrhea, because they often are unable to communicate symptoms of dehydration. Adults caring for sick children need to be aware of these visible signs of dehydration: dry lips and mouth, sunken eyes, and rapid breathing or pulse. In infants, also watch for decreased urination and a sunken fontanelle (soft spot on top of the baby's head).


Question: What are symptoms of short bowel syndrome?

Answer: Doctors may remove the small intestine as part of a treatment for: Crohn's disease, a lifelong inflammatory bowel disease that causes belly pain, diarrhea, and other digestive problems Cancer Damage from cancer treatment, like radiation therapy Bowel injury The main symptom of short bowel syndrome is diarrhea that doesn't go away. You or your child may also have: Cramping Bloating Gas Heartburn Weakness Fatigue Weight loss Since your body has trouble getting nutrients and vitamins from food, it can also cause: Anemia (not enough red blood cells) Easy bruising Fatty liver Gallstones Kidney stones Bone pain and osteoporosis (thinning and fragile bones) Trouble eating certain foods If you're having any symptoms and you've had a lot of your small intestine removed, your doctor may already suspect short bowel syndrome.


Question: What questions will my doctor most likely ask when diagnosing me with short bowel syndrome?

Answer: Along with the tests, your doctor will probably also ask you questions about your symptoms, like: How are you feeling? When did your symptoms begin? Do you have any other medical conditions? How are your energy levels? Are you having any diarrhea? Do you have problems after you eat certain foods? What makes your symptoms better? What makes them worse?


Question: What other conditions could I have if I'm malnourished due to short bowel syndrome?

Answer: You or your child may also have: Cramping Bloating Gas Heartburn Weakness Fatigue Weight loss Since your body has trouble getting nutrients and vitamins from food, it can also cause: Anemia (not enough red blood cells) Easy bruising Fatty liver Gallstones Kidney stones Bone pain and osteoporosis (thinning and fragile bones) Trouble eating certain foods If you're having any symptoms and you've had a lot of your small intestine removed, your doctor may already suspect short bowel syndrome.


Question: Can you ease the symptoms of short bowel syndrome?

Answer: If you learn you have short bowel syndrome, know that doctors can do a lot of things to ease your symptoms and make sure you get the right nutrition. People who have the disease can lead active lives. Over time, your body may adjust to having a shorter small intestine, and you may be able to take fewer medicines. The key is to stick to your treatment plan and get the support you need.


Question: How do you treat short bowel syndrome?

Answer: For mild cases, you may need to have several small meals a day, along with extra fluids, vitamins, and minerals. Your doctor will probably also give you medicine for diarrhea. Treatment is the same for moderate cases, but from time to time, you may need extra fluids and minerals through an IV. For more serious cases, you may get an IV feeding tube instead of eating meals. Or, you may have a tube placed directly into your stomach or small intestine. If your condition improves enough, you can stop the tube feedings. In the most severe cases, people need IV feeding tubes all the time.


Question: How is a liver biopsy done?

Answer: Most of the time, doctors make a small cut on your belly and use a hollow needle to get the cells they need. They use a CT scan or an ultrasound to see where to place the needle. The biopsy takes about 5 minutes, but you may need a few hours to recover.


Question: What other health problems can short bowel syndrome cause?

Answer: You or your child may also have: Cramping Bloating Gas Heartburn Weakness Fatigue Weight loss Since your body has trouble getting nutrients and vitamins from food, it can also cause: Anemia (not enough red blood cells) Easy bruising Fatty liver Gallstones Kidney stones Bone pain and osteoporosis (thinning and fragile bones) Trouble eating certain foods If you're having any symptoms and you've had a lot of your small intestine removed, your doctor may already suspect short bowel syndrome.


Question: What causes short bowel syndrome?

Answer: Adults usually have about 20 feet of small intestine. Those with short bowel syndrome usually have at least half of their small intestine missing or removed. There are a lot of reasons why this might happen. Some babies are born with bowel problems that damage parts of the intestine. Others are just born with shorter bowels. Most often, short bowel syndrome happens after surgery to remove a large part of the small intestine. Doctors may remove the small intestine as part of a treatment for: Crohn's disease, a lifelong inflammatory bowel disease that causes belly pain, diarrhea, and other digestive problems Cancer Damage from cancer treatment, like radiation therapy Bowel injury The main symptom of short bowel syndrome is diarrhea that doesn't go away.


Question: What should you eat to help with ADHD?

Answer: Experts say that whatever is good for the brain is likely to be good for ADHD. You may want to eat: A high-protein diet. Beans, cheese, eggs, meat, and nuts can be good sources of protein. Eat these kinds of foods in the morning and for after-school snacks. It may improve concentration and possibly make ADHD medications work longer. More complex carbohydrates. These are the good guys. Load up on vegetables and some fruits, including oranges, tangerines, pears, grapefruit, apples, and kiwi. Eat this type of food in the evening, and it may help you sleep. More omega-3 fatty acids. You can find these in tuna, salmon, and other cold-water white fish. Walnuts, Brazil nuts, and olive and canola oils are other foods with these in them. You could also take an omega-3 fatty acid supplement. The FDA approved an omega compound called Vayarin as part of an ADHD management strategy. Simple carbohydrates. Cut down on how many of these you eat: Candy Corn syrup Honey Sugar Products made from white flour White rice Potatoes without the skins.


Question: Where can I find omega-3 fatty acids for my ADHD diet?

Answer: You can find these in tuna, salmon, and other cold-water white fish. Walnuts, Brazil nuts, and olive and canola oils are other foods with these in them. You could also take an omega-3 fatty acid supplement.


Question: What are concerns about eliminating sugar to help with ADHD?

Answer: Sugar: Some children become hyperactive after eating candy or other sugary foods. No evidence suggests that this is a cause of ADHD, though. For the best overall nutrition, sugary foods should be a small part of anyone's diet. But you can try cutting them to see if symptoms improve.


Question: What is an elimination diet for ADHD?

Answer: Elimination diets: These involve not eating foods or ingredients that you think might be triggering certain behaviors or making your symptoms worse.


Question: What specific food additives should be eliminated in a child's ADHD diet?

Answer: Based on this and other recent studies, the American Academy of Pediatrics now agrees that eliminating preservatives and food colorings from the diet is a reasonable option for children with ADHD. Some experts recommend that people with ADHD avoid these substances: Artificial colors, especially red and yellow Food additives such as aspartame, MSG (monosodium glutamate), and nitrites. Some studies have linked hyperactivity to the preservative sodium benzoate.


Question: Are there any studies that prove eliminating food additives from diet will help ADHD symptoms?

Answer: Some say the idea of cutting all those things out of a diet is unfounded and unsupported by science. But one study has shown that some food coloring and one preservative did make some children more hyperactive.


Question: How do I follow an elimination diet for ADHD?

Answer: To follow one of these, you pick a particular food or ingredient you think might be making your symptoms worse. Then you don't eat anything with that in it. If the symptoms get better or go away, then you keep avoiding that food.


Question: What are concerns about eliminating food additives to help with ADHD?

Answer: Still, here are some common areas of concern and what the experts suggest: Food additives: In 1975, an allergist first proposed that artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives might lead to hyperactivity in some children. Since then, researchers and child behavior experts have hotly debated this issue. Some say the idea of cutting all those things out of a diet is unfounded and unsupported by science. But one study has shown that some food coloring and one preservative did make some children more hyperactive. But the effects varied according to age and additive. Based on this and other recent studies, the American Academy of Pediatrics now agrees that eliminating preservatives and food colorings from the diet is a reasonable option for children with ADHD. Some experts recommend that people with ADHD avoid these substances: Artificial colors, especially red and yellow Food additives such as aspartame, MSG (monosodium glutamate), and nitrites. Some studies have linked hyperactivity to the preservative sodium benzoate.


Question: How can overall nutrition affect ADHD?

Answer: You may hear about these choices that you could focus on: Overall nutrition: The assumption is that some foods you eat may make your symptoms better or worse. You might also not be eating some things that could help make symptoms better.


Question: Should sugar be eliminated from the diet of someone with ADHD?

Answer: Sugar: Some children become hyperactive after eating candy or other sugary foods. No evidence suggests that this is a cause of ADHD, though. For the best overall nutrition, sugary foods should be a small part of anyone's diet.


Question: How can supplementation diet affect ADHD?

Answer: Supplementation diet: With this plan, you add vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients. The idea is that it could help you make up for not getting enough of these through what you eat. Supporters of these diets think that if you don't get enough of certain nutrients, it may add to your symptoms.


Question: Does the elimination diet work in helping ADHD?

Answer: Research in all these areas is ongoing and the results are not clear-cut. Most scientists don't recommend this approach for managing ADHD, though.


Question: Are ADHD diets backed by research studies?

Answer: ADHD diets haven't been researched a lot. Data is limited, and results are mixed. Many health experts, though, think that what you eat and drink may help ease symptoms.


Question: What are concerns about eliminating caffeine to help with ADHD?

Answer: Caffeine: Small amounts of it may help with some ADHD symptoms in children, studies have shown. But the side effects of caffeine may outweigh any potential benefit. Most experts recommend that people eat or drink less caffeine or just avoid it. It you take medication for ADHD, caffeine can make some side effects worse.


Question: Should caffeine be eliminated from the diet of a person with ADHD?

Answer: But the side effects of caffeine may outweigh any potential benefit. Most experts recommend that people eat or drink less caffeine or just avoid it.


Question: How can elimination diets affect ADHD?

Answer: Elimination diets: These involve not eating foods or ingredients that you think might be triggering certain behaviors or making your symptoms worse.


Question: Can what you eat and drink help with ADHD?

Answer: ADHD diets haven't been researched a lot. Data is limited, and results are mixed. Many health experts, though, think that what you eat and drink may help ease symptoms.


Question: What is a supplementation diet for ADHD?

Answer: Supplementation diet: With this plan, you add vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients. The idea is that it could help you make up for not getting enough of these through what you eat. Supporters of these diets think that if you don't get enough of certain nutrients, it may add to your symptoms.


Question: Can diet or nutritional problems cause ADHD?

Answer: There's no clear scientific evidence that ADHD is caused by diet or nutritional problems.


Question: When should I see my doctor to treat symptomatic relief medications?

Answer: Note: if symptomatic relief medications are used more than twice a week, you should see your doctor, who may prescribe preventive headache medications. Overuse of symptomatic medications can actually cause more frequent headaches or worsen headache symptoms.


Question: What can increase your risk for colorectal cancer?

Answer: Overall, only about 4.2% of men in the U. S. develop colorectal cancer, but several factors increase your risk: Age: Your risk of colorectal cancer goes up as you age. It is much more common to get it after age 50, but studies are showing a colon cancer rise in younger adults. Family History: If people in your immediate family or near relations had colorectal cancer at a young age, you should be screened earlier. Previous Colorectal Cancer: If you've had cancer removed already, you're at higher risk to develop a new one. Inflammatory Bowel Disease: If you have had a condition such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis for several years, your risk of colorectal cancer goes up.


Question: What happens when you're exposed to the virus that causes cold sores?

Answer: When you're first exposed to the virus, you're likely to get a cold sore. After a week or two, it'll go away on its own. Then the virus goes dormant in your body. You may never have another cold sore outbreak again, but many people do.


Question: How do you spread the virus that causes cold sores?

Answer: Herpes simplex is spread by close contact. If you kiss someone with a cold sore, or you touch his face and then touch your own face, you can catch the virus. You can also get herpes simplex by sharing lip balm, a fork, a mug or a razor with someone who has it. You're most likely to get the virus from someone who has an active cold sore, but it's also possible to contract it from someone who doesn't have a sore or blister showing.


Question: What are things that bring on cold sores?

Answer: Some things that make an outbreak more likely are: A cold or other illness A fever Stress Too much sun Your period There are many that you can do at home to soothe the sting of a cold sore, such as: Ice.


Question: Can aloe vera gel treat cold sores?

Answer: The same gel used for sunburn may help a cold sore to heal.


Question: What are the early symptoms of mononucleosis?

Answer: The early symptoms of mononucleosis are like those of the flu, including: Severe fatigue Headache Sore throat, which sometimes can be very severe Chills, followed by a fever Muscle aches After a day or two, someone with mono may also have: Swollen lymph nodes Jaundice (a yellow tinge to the skin and eyes) A measles-like skin rash anywhere on the face or body.


Question: What makes you more likely to get Goodpasture syndrome?

Answer: Goodpasture syndrome can run in families. So some researchers believe it may have a genetic component. Other factors that may increase the risk of Goodpasture syndrome include: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as hydrocarbon solvents and the weed killer paraquat Exposure to metallic dust Use of certain drugs, such as cocaine Tobacco smoking Viral infections Goodpasture syndrome usually affects young men.


Question: What is an electrophysiology (EP) study?

Answer: An electrophysiology ( EP) study is a test that records the electrical activity and the electrical pathways of your heart. This test is used to help determine the cause of your heart rhythm disturbance and the best treatment for you. During the EP study, your doctor will safely reproduce your abnormal heart rhythm and then may give you different medications to see which one controls it best or to determine the best procedure or device to treat your heart rhythm.


Question: How does your body make growth hormone?

Answer: Growth hormone is made by the pituitary gland. It's a pea-sized gland near the center of your head, just below the front of the brain and behind your nose.


Question: What will you need to do before you take a growth hormone stimulation test?

Answer: If you need to take a growth hormone stimulation test, you may need to: Fast: Some medical experts recommend up to 12 hours without food before the test. Talk to your doctor about this beforehand to find out what you should do in your case. Avoid certain medications: These include insulin, birth control pills, and the herb St. John's wort. If you take these or any other medicines, talk to your doctor to see what you need to do. Don't exercise: Workouts 10 hours or less before the test can throw off resting hormone levels.


Question: What will my doctor do if she suspects I have sarcoidosis?

Answer: Your doctor may also order pulmonary-function tests, which measure how well your lungs are working.


Question: What if my shampoo irritates my scalp?

Answer: What helps: Switch to a new shampoo. Look for fragrance-free, organic shampoo for color-treated hair or mild "baby" shampoos. Be sure to give your hair a good rinse.


Question: What hair products can irritate your scalp?

Answer: Treatments that color, bleach, or straighten your hair are the most likely hair products to irritate your scalp. If you use heat during processing -- to help lighten hair, for example -- the irritation can be worse.


Question: What can I do if the weather affects my sensitive scalp?

Answer: What helps: Try to keep indoor temperatures "just right" -- not too warm or too cool. Wash your hair less in winter to keep in oils and moisture that protect your scalp.


Question: Why do some shampoos cause irritation to my sensitive scalp?

Answer: Wash your hair less in winter to keep in oils and moisture that protect your scalp.


Question: How should I experiment with a new hair product?

Answer: What helps: Always do a patch test to see how your skin reacts before using a new hair product. If it stings or itches, try a different brand. If you're coloring your hair, try a semi-permanent color or a rinse. Permanent color has an ingredient called PPDA that can cause an allergic reaction. To limit exposure to harsh chemicals, retouch the roots instead of doing all-over color every time. Or highlight instead of lightening all over.


Question: Which sites should be used for self-injection?

Answer: Important: Only use the sites on the front of your body for self-injection. Any of the sites may be used if someone else is giving you the injection.


Question: What can happen if someone withdraws too much cloudy insulin?

Answer: Important: This must be an exact measurement. If you withdraw too much cloudy insulin, the total dosage in the syringe must be discarded. Be careful not to push any of the clear insulin from the syringe into the cloudy insulin. If there are large air bubbles after mixing the insulin in the syringe, discard this dosage and start the procedure again. Do not push the insulin back into the bottle.


Question: How do you select and clean an injection site when giving yourself an insulin shot?

Answer: Do not inject near joints, the groin area, navel, the middle of the abdomen, or near scars. Clean the injection site (about 2 inches of your skin) in a circular motion with an alcohol wipe or a cotton ball dampened with rubbing alcohol. Leave the alcohol wipe or cotton ball nearby.


Question: What is an insulin shot?

Answer: Subcutaneous tissue (also called "sub Q" tissue) is found throughout your body.


Question: What are the guidelines for injections?

Answer: Follow these guidelines: Ask your doctor, nurse, or health educator which sites you should use. Move the site of each injection. Inject at least 1 1/2 inches away from the last injection site. Try to use the same general injection area at the same time of each day (for example, use the abdomen for the injection before lunch). Note: The abdomen absorbs insulin the fastest, followed by the arms, thighs, and buttocks. Keep a record of which injection sites you have used.


Question: How does someone prepare the insulin and syringe?

Answer: Remove the plastic cap from the insulin bottle. Roll the bottle of insulin between your hands two to three times to mix the insulin. Do not shake the bottle, as air bubbles can form and affect the amount of insulin withdrawn. Wipe off the rubber part on the top of the insulin bottle with an alcohol pad or cotton ball dampened with alcohol. Set the insulin bottle nearby on a flat surface. Remove the cap from the needle.


Question: Where should someone go to learn about proper disposal of insulin needles?

Answer: Do NOT put this container in the recycling bin. Some communities have specific disposal laws. Check with your local health department for specific disposal instructions in your community.


Question: What is neuropathy?

Answer: Neuropathy: Nerve damage; people who have had diabetes that is not well controlled may develop nerve damage.


Question: What is the definition of renal?

Answer: Renal: Relating to the kidneys.


Question: What is the definition of juvenile-onset diabetes?

Answer: Juvenile-onset diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What are the adrenal glands?

Answer: Adrenal glands: Two endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys and make and release stress hormones, such as epinephrine (adrenaline), which stimulates carbohydrate metabolism; norepinephrine, which raises heart rate and blood pressure; and corticosteroid hormones, which control how the body utilizes fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals, and helps reduce inflammation. They also produce sex hormones like testosterone and can produce DHEA and progesterone.


Question: What are fats?

Answer: The results should show an elevated blood glucose of more than 200 mg/d L. Fats: Substances that help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; they are also the main way the body stores energy. In food, there are many types of fats -- saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and trans fats. To maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as near the normal ranges as possible, the American Diabetes Association recommends limiting the amount of saturated fats and cholesterol in our diets. Saturated fats contribute to blood levels of LDL (''bad'') cholesterol. The amount of saturated fats should be limited to less than 10% of total caloric intake, and the amount of dietary cholesterol should be limited to 300 mg/day.


Question: What are injection sites?

Answer: Injection sites: Places on the body where people can inject insulin most easily.


Question: What is an artery?

Answer: Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body; arteries are thicker than veins and have stronger, more elastic walls. Arteries sometimes develop plaque within their walls in a process known as "atherosclerosis." These plaques can become fragile and rupture, leading to complications associated with diabetes, such as heart attacks and strokes.


Question: What is the definition of adverse effect?

Answer: Adverse effect: Harmful effect.


Question: What is ultralente insulin?

Answer: Ultralente insulin: A type of insulin that is long-acting; usually, the action of this type of insulin works for 25-36 hours after injection. This type of insulin has an onset of action four to five hours after injecting and works most powerfully at eight to 14 hours after injection. Other types of long-acting insulin include nsulin detemir ( Levemir) and iinsulin glargine ( Lantus).. Unit of insulin: The basic measure of insulin; U-100 is the most common concentration of insulin.


Question: What are fats and what role do they play in diabetes?

Answer: The results should show an elevated blood glucose of more than 200 mg/d L. Fats: Substances that help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; they are also the main way the body stores energy. In food, there are many types of fats -- saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and trans fats. To maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as near the normal ranges as possible, the American Diabetes Association recommends limiting the amount of saturated fats and cholesterol in our diets. Saturated fats contribute to blood levels of LDL (''bad'') cholesterol. The amount of saturated fats should be limited to less than 10% of total caloric intake, and the amount of dietary cholesterol should be limited to 300 mg/day.


Question: What is non-insulin dependent diabetes?

Answer: Non-insulin dependent diabetes: Former term for type 2 diabetes.


Question: What is a bunion?

Answer: Bunion: Bump or bulge on the first joint of the big toe caused by the swelling of a sac of fluid under the skin and abnormalities in the joint; women are usually affected because of tight fitting or pointed shoes or high heels that put pressure on the toes, forcing the outward movement of the joint. People with flat feet or low arches are also prone to bunions. Shoes that fit well and are padded can prevent bunions from forming. Bunions may lead to other problems, such as serious infection from the big toe putting pressure on other toes.


Question: What does blood pressure mean?

Answer: Blood pressure: The measurement of the pressure or force of blood against the blood vessels (arteries); blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first number or top number is called the systolic pressure and is the measure of pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pushes more blood into the arteries. The second number, called the diastolic pressure, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. The ideal blood pressure for non-pregnant people with diabetes is 130/80 or less.


Question: What does brittle diabetes mean?

Answer: Brittle diabetes: When a person's blood sugar level often shifts very quickly from high to low and from low to high.


Question: What are adrenal glands?

Answer: Adrenal glands: Two endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys and make and release stress hormones, such as epinephrine (adrenaline), which stimulates carbohydrate metabolism; norepinephrine, which raises heart rate and blood pressure; and corticosteroid hormones, which control how the body utilizes fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals, and helps reduce inflammation. They also produce sex hormones like testosterone and can produce DHEA and progesterone.


Question: What is a urologist?

Answer: Urologist: A doctor who specializes in treatment of the urinary tract for men and women, as well as treatment of the genital organs for males.


Question: What is injection site rotation?

Answer: Injection site rotation: Changing the areas on the body where a person injects insulin; by changing the area of injection, the injections will be easier, safer, and more comfortable. If the same injection site is used over and over again, hardened areas, lumps, or indentations can develop under the skin, which keep the insulin from being used properly. These lumps or indentations are called "lipodystrophies."


Question: What is regular insulin?

Answer: Regular insulin: A type of insulin that is rapid-acting.


Question: What is a jet injector?

Answer: Jet injector: A device that uses high pressure to push insulin through the skin and into the tissue.


Question: What is polyphagia?

Answer: Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes. When insulin levels are decreased or there is insulin resistance, the cells of the body do not get enough sugar, and hunger develops. People with polyphagia often lose weight, even though they are eating more than normal, because the excess calories are lost in the urine as sugar (glucose).


Question: What is the definition of vascular?

Answer: Vascular: Relating to the body's blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).


Question: What is obesity?

Answer: Obesity: A term uses to describe excess body fat; it is defined in terms of a person's weight and height, or his/her body mass index ( BMI). A BMI over 30 is classified as being obese. Obesity makes your body less sensitive to insulin's action. Extra body fat is thought to be a risk factor for diabetes.


Question: What is laser treatment?

Answer: Laser treatment: The use of a strong beam of light (laser) to heal a damaged area; a person with diabetes might receive laser treatments to heal blood vessels in the eye.


Question: What is an anomaly?

Answer: Anomaly: Birth defects; deviation from the norm or average.


Question: What is the definition of brittle diabetes?

Answer: Brittle diabetes: When a person's blood sugar level often shifts very quickly from high to low and from low to high.


Question: What is emergency medical identification?

Answer: Emergency medical identification: Cards, bracelets, or necklaces with a written message, used by people with diabetes or other medical problems to alert others in case of a medical emergency, such as coma.


Question: What is the definition of blood pressure?

Answer: Blood pressure: The measurement of the pressure or force of blood against the blood vessels (arteries); blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first number or top number is called the systolic pressure and is the measure of pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pushes more blood into the arteries. The second number, called the diastolic pressure, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. The ideal blood pressure for non-pregnant people with diabetes is 130/80 or less.


Question: What is polydipsia?

Answer: Polydipsia: Excessive thirst that lasts for long periods of time; may be a sign of diabetes. Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes.


Question: What is insulin-dependent diabetes?

Answer: Insulin-dependent diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What is insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome?

Answer: Insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome: This syndrome is defined by a cluster of medical conditions that raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A diagnosis is important, because you can make health improvements that lessen the risk. Insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when a person has 3 or more of the following: Blood pressure equal to or higher than 130/85 mm Hg Fasting blood sugar (glucose) equal to or higher than 100 mg/d L Large waist circumference (a waistline of 40 inches or more for men; 35 inches or more for a woman) Low HDL cholesterol (under 40mg/d L for men; under 50 mg/d L for women) Triglycerides equal to or higher than 150 mg/d L Insulin shock: A severe condition that occurs when the level of blood sugar drops quickly.


Question: What is the glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)?

Answer: Glycated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c): This is an important blood test to determine how well you are managing your diabetes; hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. It can also attach to sugar in the blood, forming a substance called glycated hemoglobin or a Hemoglobin A1 C. The test provides an average blood sugar measurement over a 6- to 12-week period and is used in conjunction with home glucose monitoring to make treatment adjustments. The ideal range for people with diabetes is generally less than 7%. This test can also be used to diagnose diabetes when the Hb A1c level is equal to or greater than 6.5%.


Question: What is the definition of asymptomatic?

Answer: Asymptomatic: No symptoms; no clear sign that disease is present.


Question: What does cardiovascular mean?

Answer: Cardiovascular: Relating to the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).


Question: What is a hormone?

Answer: Hormone: A chemical released in one organ or part of the body that travels through the blood to another area, where it helps to control certain bodily functions; for instance, insulin is a hormone made by the beta cells in the pancreas and when released, it triggers other cells to use glucose for energy.


Question: What is the Somogyi effect?

Answer: Somogyi effect: Also called "rebound effect," it occurs when there is an upward swing in blood sugar from an extremely low level of glucose in the blood to a very high level. It usually happens during the night and early morning hours. People who experience high levels of blood sugar in the morning may need to test their blood sugar levels in the middle of the night. If blood sugar levels are repeatedly low, addition of an evening snack or a lowering of insulin doses may be recommended.


Question: What is stevia?

Answer: Stevia: A natural sugar substitute that has no calories; Truvia is the brand name for a sweetener made from the stevia leaf.


Question: What is rapid-acting insulin?

Answer: Rapid-acting Insulin: Covers insulin needs for meals eaten at the same time as the injection; this type of insulin is used with longer-acting insulin.


Question: What is the retina?

Answer: Retina: The center part of the back lining of the eye that senses light; it has many small blood vessels that are sometimes harmed when a person has had diabetes for a long time. Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels in the retina of the eye.


Question: What are triglycerides?

Answer: Triglyceride: Fats carried in the blood from the food we eat; most of the fats we eat, including butter, margarines, and oils, are in triglyceride form. Excess triglycerides are stored in fat cells throughout the body.


Question: What is insulin resistance, or metabolic, syndrome?

Answer: Insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome: This syndrome is defined by a cluster of medical conditions that raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A diagnosis is important, because you can make health improvements that lessen the risk.


Question: What is vaginitis?

Answer: Vaginitis: An inflammation or infection of the vaginal tissues; a woman with this condition may have itching or burning or vaginal discharge. Women who have diabetes may develop vaginitis more often than women who do not have diabetes.


Question: What is human insulin?

Answer: Human insulin: Bio-engineered insulin very similar to insulin made by the body; the DNA code for making human insulin is put into bacteria or yeast cells and the insulin made is purified and sold as human insulin.


Question: What is the pancreas?

Answer: Pancreas: An organ behind the lower part of the stomach that is about the size of a hand; it makes insulin so the body can use sugar for energy.


Question: What does polydipsia mean?

Answer: Polydipsia: Excessive thirst that lasts for long periods of time; may be a sign of diabetes. Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes.


Question: What is a vein?

Answer: Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.


Question: What does polyphagia mean?

Answer: Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes. When insulin levels are decreased or there is insulin resistance, the cells of the body do not get enough sugar, and hunger develops. People with polyphagia often lose weight, even though they are eating more than normal, because the excess calories are lost in the urine as sugar (glucose).


Question: What are ketone bodies?

Answer: Ketone bodies: Often simply called ketones, one of the products of fat burning in the body; when there is not enough insulin, your body is unable to use sugar (glucose) for energy and your body breaks down its own fat and protein. When fat is used, ketone bodies, an acid, appear in your urine and blood. A large amount of ketones in your system can lead to a serious condition called ketoacidosis. Ketones can be detected and monitored in your urine at home using products such as Ketostix, Chemstrips, and Acetest. When your blood sugar is consistently greater than 250 mg/dl, if you are ill or if you are pregnant and have diabetes, ketones should be checked regularly.


Question: What is dehydration?

Answer: Dehydration: Large loss of body water; if a person with diabetes has a very high blood sugar level, it causes increased water loss through increased urination and therefore, extreme thirst.


Question: What is periodontal disease and how does it relate to diabetes?

Answer: Periodontal disease: Damage to the gums and tissues around the teeth; people who have diabetes are more likely to have periodontal disease than people who do not have diabetes.


Question: What is an ophthalmologist?

Answer: Ophthalmologist: A doctor who treats people with eye diseases.


Question: What is a carbohydrate?

Answer: Carbohydrate: One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy; carbohydrates are mainly sugars and starches that the body breaks down into glucose (a simple sugar that the body can use to feed its cells).


Question: What is a unit of insulin?

Answer: Other types of long-acting insulin include nsulin detemir ( Levemir) and iinsulin glargine ( Lantus).. Unit of insulin: The basic measure of insulin; U-100 is the most common concentration of insulin. U-100 means that there are 100 units of insulin per milliliter (ml) of liquid. For the occasional patient who has severe insulin resistance, insulin is available as a U-500 form.


Question: What is polyuria?

Answer: Polyuria: Increased need to urinate often; a common sign of diabetes.


Question: What is a podiatrist?

Answer: Podiatrist: A health professional who diagnoses and treats foot problems.


Question: What is a coma?

Answer: Coma: An emergency in which a person is not conscious; may occur in people with diabetes because their blood sugar is too high or too low.


Question: What is high blood pressure?

Answer: High blood pressure: A condition when the blood flows through the blood vessels at a force greater than normal; high blood pressure strains the heart, harms the arteries, and increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney problems; also called "hypertension." The goal for blood pressure in people with diabetes is less than 130/80.


Question: What are insulin receptors?

Answer: Insulin receptors: Areas on the outer part of a cell that allow insulin in the blood to join or bind with the cell; when the cell and insulin bind together, the cell can take glucose from the blood and use it for energy.


Question: What is sucralose?

Answer: Sucralose: An artificial sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sugar; can be used in cooking. Splenda is a brand name of sucralose.


Question: What is an insulin reaction?

Answer: Insulin reaction: Another term for hypoglycemia in a person with diabetes; this occurs when a person with diabetes has injected too much insulin, eaten too little food, or has exercised without eating extra food.


Question: What is glaucoma?

Answer: Glaucoma: An eye disease associated with increased pressure within the eye; glaucoma can damage the optic nerve and cause impaired vision and blindness.


Question: What is juvenile-onset diabetes?

Answer: Juvenile-onset diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What is late-onset diabetes?

Answer: Late-onset diabetes: Former term used for type 2 diabetes.


Question: What are exchange lists?

Answer: Exchange lists: A way of grouping foods together to help people on special diets stay on the diet; each group lists food in a serving size. A person can exchange, trade, or substitute a food serving in one group for another food serving in the same group. The lists put foods into six groups: starch/bread, meat, vegetables, fruit, milk, and fats. Within a food group, one serving of each food item in that group has about the same amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and calories.


Question: What is intermediate-acting insulin?

Answer: Intermediate-acting Insulin: Covers insulin needs for about half the day or overnight; this type of insulin is often combined with rapid- or short-acting insulin.


Question: What is sucrose?

Answer: Sucrose: Table sugar; a form of sugar that the body must break down into a more simple form before the blood can absorb it and take it to the cells.


Question: What does injection site rotation mean for diabetics?

Answer: Injection site rotation: Changing the areas on the body where a person injects insulin; by changing the area of injection, the injections will be easier, safer, and more comfortable. If the same injection site is used over and over again, hardened areas, lumps, or indentations can develop under the skin, which keep the insulin from being used properly. These lumps or indentations are called "lipodystrophies."


Question: What does metabolism mean?

Answer: Metabolism: All of the physical and chemical processes in the body that occur when food is broken down, energy is created and wastes are produced.


Question: What are oral diabetes medications?

Answer: Oral diabetes medications: Medications that people take to lower the level of sugar in the blood; oral diabetes medications are prescribed for people whose pancreas still produces some insulin. These medications are not used in diabetes during pregnancy.


Question: What does Mg/dL mean?

Answer: Mg/d L (milligrams per deciliter): Measurement that indicates the amount of a particular substance such as glucose in a specific amount of blood.


Question: What does "renal" mean?

Answer: Renal: Relating to the kidneys.


Question: What is a vitrectomy?

Answer: Vitrectomy: A procedure in which the gel from the center of the eyeball is removed because it has blood and scar tissue that blocks vision; an eye surgeon replaces the clouded gel with a clear fluid.


Question: What does adverse effect mean?

Answer: Adverse effect: Harmful effect.


Question: What is Acidosis?

Answer: Acidosis: Too much acid in the body, usually from the production of ketones like acetone, when cells are starved; for a person with diabetes, the most common type of acidosis is called "ketoacidosis."


Question: What are antibodies?

Answer: Antibodies: Proteins that the body produces to protect itself from foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses.


Question: What is blood glucose?

Answer: Blood glucose: See glucose.


Question: What is advantame?

Answer: Advantame: An FDA-approved sugar substitute similar to Aspartame; it can be used as both a tabletop sweetener and as an ingredient in cooking. Advantame can also be used in baked goods, soft drinks and other non-alcoholic beverages, chewing gum, candies, frostings, frozen desserts, gelatins and puddings, jams and jellies, processed fruits and fruit juices, toppings and syrups.


Question: What is adult-onset diabetes?

Answer: Adult-onset diabetes: A term for type 2 diabetes that is no longer used, because this type of diabetes is now commonly seen in children; "non-insulin dependent diabetes" is also considered an incorrect phrase in describing type 2 diabetes, because patients with this type of diabetes may at some point require insulin.


Question: What does "Acute" mean for people with diabetes?

Answer: Acute: Abrupt onset that is usually severe; happens for a limited period of time.


Question: What is intermittent claudication?

Answer: Intermittent claudication: Pain in the muscles of the legs that occurs off and on, usually while walking or exercising; the pain results from atherosclerosis of the blood vessels feeding the muscles of the lower extremities. Claudication usually increases with age and is most common in people in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Risk factors for developing narrowing of the arteries that can cause claudication include smoking cigarettes, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Drugs are available to treat this condition.


Question: What is Acesulfame-k?

Answer: Acesulfame-k: An artificial sweetener used in place of sugar; it contains no carbohydrates or sugar; therefore, it has no effect on blood sugar levels. This sweetener is often used in conjunction with other artificial sweeteners in processed low-calorie foods. It is also used as a tabletop sweetener under the brand names Sunette, Sweet One, and Swiss Sweet.


Question: What does asymptomatic mean?

Answer: Asymptomatic: No symptoms; no clear sign that disease is present.


Question: What is sugar?

Answer: Sugar: A class of carbohydrates that tastes sweet; sugar is a quick and easy fuel for the body to use. Some types of sugar are lactose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.


Question: What is albumuria and how does it affect people with diabetes?

Answer: Albuminuria: When kidneys become damaged, they start to leak protein in the urine. Albumin is a small, abundant protein in the blood that passes through the kidney filter into the urine easier than other proteins. Albuminuria occurs in about 30%-45% of people who have had type 1 diabetes for at least 10 years. In people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the kidneys may already show signs of small amounts of protein spillage, called "microalbuminuria." This may be from the result of diabetes or from other diseases seen in conjunction with diabetes, like high blood pressure. Protein in the urine increases the risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. It also means that the person is at a particularly high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease.


Question: What is a callus?

Answer: Shoes that fit well and are padded can prevent bunions from forming. Bunions may lead to other problems, such as serious infection from the big toe putting pressure on other toes. Callus: A small area of skin, usually on the foot, that has become thick and hard from rubbing or pressure; calluses may lead to other problems, such as serious infection.


Question: What is Acetone?

Answer: Acetone: A chemical formed in the blood when the body breaks down fat instead of sugar for energy; if acetone forms, it usually means the cells are starved. Commonly, the body's production of acetone is known as "ketosis." It occurs when there is an absolute or relative deficiency in insulin so sugars cannot get into cells for energy. The body then tries to use other energy sources like proteins from muscle and fat from fat cells.


Question: What are antigens?

Answer: Antigens: Substances that cause an immune response in the body, identifying substances or markers on cells; the body produces antibodies to fight antigens, or harmful substances, and tries to eliminate them.


Question: What is an optometrist?

Answer: Optometrist: A person professionally trained to test the eyes and to detect and treat eye problems, as well as some diseases, by prescribing and adapting corrective lenses.


Question: What is a risk factor?

Answer: Risk factor: Anything that increases the chance of a person developing a disease or condition.


Question: What does vascular mean?

Answer: Vascular: Relating to the body's blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).


Question: What is a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG)?

Answer: Fasting plasma glucose test ( FPG): The preferred method of screening for diabetes; the FPG measures a person's blood sugar level after fasting or not eating anything for at least 8 hours. Normal fasting blood glucose is less than 100 milligrams per deciliter or mg/d L. A fasting plasma glucose greater than 100 mg/d L and less than126 mg/d L implies that the person has an impaired fasting glucose level but may not have diabetes. A diagnosis of diabetes is made when the fasting blood glucose is greater than 126 mg/d L and when blood tests confirm abnormal results. These tests can be repeated on a subsequent day or by measuring glucose 2 hours after a meal. The results should show an elevated blood glucose of more than 200 mg/d L. Fats: Substances that help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; they are also the main way the body stores energy.


Question: What is background retinopathy?

Answer: Background retinopathy: This is the mildest form of eye disease caused by diabetes; it can be associated with normal vision. With a longer duration of diabetes or with uncontrolled blood sugars, eye damage can progress to more serious forms.


Question: What is retinopathy?

Answer: Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels in the retina of the eye.


Question: What is sorbitol?

Answer: Sorbitol: A sugar -- produced from fruits -- that the body uses slowly; it is a sweetener used in diet foods and is called a "nutritive sweetener" because it has four calories in every gram, just like table sugar and starch. These compounds are used in many foods labeled as ''sugar free'' and ''no sugar added'' and can raise your blood glucose. Because a food is labeled ''sugar free,'' it doesn't necessarily mean carbohydrate-free.


Question: What is an ulcer?

Answer: Ulcer: A break in the skin; a deep sore. People with diabetes may develop ulcers from minor scrapes on the feet or legs, from cuts that heal slowly, or from the rubbing of shoes that don't fit well. Ulcers can become infected and should be treated promptly.


Question: What is saccharin?

Answer: Saccharin: An artificial sweetener that is used in place of sugar because it has no calories and does not increase blood sugar; it is sold as Sugar Twin and Sweet' N Low.


Question: What is a cardiologist?

Answer: Cardiologist: A doctor who takes care of people with heart disease; a heart specialist.


Question: What is a neurologist?

Answer: Neurologist: A doctor who treats people who have problems of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves).


Question: What is neuropathy in diabetes?

Answer: Neuropathy: Nerve damage; people who have had diabetes that is not well controlled may develop nerve damage.


Question: What does "regular insulin" mean?

Answer: Regular insulin: A type of insulin that is rapid-acting.


Question: How does laser treatment work for diabetes?

Answer: Laser treatment: The use of a strong beam of light (laser) to heal a damaged area; a person with diabetes might receive laser treatments to heal blood vessels in the eye.


Question: What does hypoglycemia mean?

Answer: Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar; the condition often occurs in people with diabetes. Most cases occur when there is too much insulin and not enough glucose in your body.


Question: What does obesity mean?

Answer: Obesity: A term uses to describe excess body fat; it is defined in terms of a person's weight and height, or his/her body mass index ( BMI). A BMI over 30 is classified as being obese. Obesity makes your body less sensitive to insulin's action.


Question: What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

Answer: Blood urea nitrogen ( BUN): A product of metabolism that is excreted in the urine; it is measured in the blood as an indirect measure of how well the kidney is functioning. Increased BUN levels in the blood may indicate early kidney damage, meaning the kidneys aren't effectively excreting BUN.


Question: What is fructose?

Answer: Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey; fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods, but this type of sweetener is typically not recommended for people with diabetes, because it could have a negative effect on blood sugar.


Question: What dose peak action mean for diabetics?

Answer: Peak action: The time when the effect of something is as strong as it can be, such as when insulin is having the most effect on blood sugar.


Question: What is an artery and what role does it play in diabetes?

Answer: Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body; arteries are thicker than veins and have stronger, more elastic walls. Arteries sometimes develop plaque within their walls in a process known as "atherosclerosis." These plaques can become fragile and rupture, leading to complications associated with diabetes, such as heart attacks and strokes.


Question: What are sulfonylureas?

Answer: Sulfonylureas: Pills or capsules that people take to lower the level of sugar in the blood; these oral diabetic medications work to lower your blood sugar by making your pancreas produce more insulin.


Question: What does insulin-dependent diabetes mean?

Answer: Insulin-dependent diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What is short-acting insulin?

Answer: Short-acting Insulin: Covers insulin needs for meals eaten within 30-60 minutes; includes humulin or novolin, or Velosulin (in an insulin pump).


Question: What is an Alpha cell?

Answer: Alpha cell: A type of cell in an area of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans; alpha cells make and release a hormone called "glucagon." Glucagon functions in direct opposition to insulin -- it increases the amount of glucose in the blood by releasing stored sugar from the liver.


Question: What is a Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)?

Answer: Certified Diabetes Educator ( CDE): A health care professional who is certified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators ( AADE) to teach people with diabetes how to manage their condition.


Question: What is an emergency medical identification?

Answer: Emergency medical identification: Cards, bracelets, or necklaces with a written message, used by people with diabetes or other medical problems to alert others in case of a medical emergency, such as coma.


Question: What is the dawn phenomenon?

Answer: Dawn phenomenon: A rise in blood sugar levels in the early morning hours.


Question: What is urine testing?

Answer: Urine testing: Checking urine to see if it contains ketones; if you have type 1 diabetes, are pregnant and have diabetes, or have gestational diabetes, your doctor may ask you to check your urine for ketones. This is an easy test done at home with a dipstick measure.


Question: What does a mixed dose mean for diabetics?

Answer: Mixed dose: A prescribed dose of insulin in which two types of insulin are combined and injected at once; a mixed dose commonly combines a fast-acting and longer-acting insulin. A mixed dose can either come in a pre-mixed syringe or mixed at the time of injection. A mixed dose may be prescribed to provide better blood sugar control.


Question: What does gangrene mean?

Answer: Gangrene: The death of body tissues, usually due to a lack of blood supply, especially in the legs and feet.


Question: What is a jet injector for diabetes?

Answer: Jet injector: A device that uses high pressure to push insulin through the skin and into the tissue.


Question: What is a calorie?

Answer: Calorie: Energy that comes from food; some foods have more calories than others. Fats have more calories than proteins and carbohydrate.


Question: What is a glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)?

Answer: Glycated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c): This is an important blood test to determine how well you are managing your diabetes; hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. It can also attach to sugar in the blood, forming a substance called glycated hemoglobin or a Hemoglobin A1 C. The test provides an average blood sugar measurement over a 6- to 12-week period and is used in conjunction with home glucose monitoring to make treatment adjustments. The ideal range for people with diabetes is generally less than 7%. This test can also be used to diagnose diabetes when the Hb A1c level is equal to or greater than 6.5%.


Question: What is protein?

Answer: Protein: One of three main classes of food; proteins are made of amino acids, which are called the "building blocks of the cells." Cells need protein to grow and to mend themselves. Protein is found in many foods, like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, and dairy products.


Question: What is an urologist?

Answer: Urologist: A doctor who specializes in treatment of the urinary tract for men and women, as well as treatment of the genital organs for males.


Question: What is a lipid?

Answer: Lipid: Another term for a fat or fat-like substance in the blood; the body stores fat as energy for future use, just like a car that has a reserve fuel tank. When the body needs energy, it can break down lipids into fatty acids and burn them like glucose. Excess amounts of fats in the diet can cause fat buildup in the walls of the arteries -- called "atherosclerosis." Excess amounts of calories from fats or other nutrients can lead to an increase in weight gain.


Question: How does surgery work to treat hypospadias?

Answer: There are three kinds, depending on where the urethra opening is located: Near the head of the penis (subcoronal) Along the shaft of the penis (midshaft) Where the penis and scrotum meet, or on the scrotum (penoscrotal) If the location of the opening is near the tip, the penis often works well enough to leave it alone. But many cases of hypospadias call for surgery to move the urethra and opening. This procedure often includes straightening the penis. The goal of surgical correction is to create a penis with normal function and appearance with a urethral opening as close as possible to the ventral tip of the penis.


Question: What are the types of hypospadias?

Answer: There are three kinds, depending on where the urethra opening is located: Near the head of the penis (subcoronal) Along the shaft of the penis (midshaft) Where the penis and scrotum meet, or on the scrotum (penoscrotal) If the location of the opening is near the tip, the penis often works well enough to leave it alone.


Question: How can you make changes in your eye-care routine to prevent eye fatigue?

Answer: Your eye-care routine: Apply a washcloth soaked in warm water to tired, dry eyes (keep your eyes closed). Use artificial tears to refresh your eyes when they feel dry. To help prevent dry eyes while indoors, use an air cleaner to filter dust and a humidifier to add moisture to the air.


Question: What happens if you have eye fatigue?

Answer: Your eyes are burning, itchy, and tired. It's a common condition but rarely serious. You can take simple steps to prevent or ease this problem.


Question: What can happen if you have symptoms of eye fatigue?

Answer: Be on the lookout for: Sore or irritated eyes Trouble focusing Dry or watery eyes Blurred or double vision Increased sensitivity to light Pain in the neck, shoulders, or back These symptoms can lower your productivity. If you stay awake long hours working, you can make the problem worse. Sleep refreshes your eye with essential nutrients. Lack of sleep may lead to repeated eye irritation.


Question: How do digital devices lead to eye fatigue?

Answer: This naturally refreshes the eyes. But studies suggest that people only blink about half as often while looking at a computer or other digital device. This can result in dry, tired, itchy, and burning eyes.


Question: How do you know if you need treatment for eye fatigue?

Answer: What you're feeling could be a sign of a deeper condition that requires treatment. This is especially important if you have headaches or other problems like: Eye discomfort Double vision A big change in vision Anything that requires intense eye use can cause fatigue.


Question: When should you see a doctor about your eye fatigue?

Answer: If the problem doesn't go away, make an appointment for a full eye exam. The doctor can make sure your symptoms aren't linked to a problem like an eye muscle imbalance or dry eye. He can also tell if your glasses or contact lens prescription is up to date and good for computer use.


Question: When is eye fatigue a serious problem?

Answer: This is especially important if you have headaches or other problems like: Eye discomfort Double vision A big change in vision Anything that requires intense eye use can cause fatigue.


Question: How do you know if you have eye fatigue?

Answer: The doctor can make sure your symptoms aren't linked to a problem like an eye muscle imbalance or dry eye.


Question: How can I change my work environment to prevent eye fatigue?

Answer: Your work environment: Change lighting to get rid of glare and harsh reflections. Use an adjustable chair. Place a document holder next to your computer screen.


Question: How can I prevent eye fatigue?

Answer: Make some simple changes to: Your computer screen: Place it 20-26 inches away from your eyes and a little below eye level. Regularly clean off dust and fingerprints from the surface. Smudges can reduce contrast and create problems like glare and reflections. Choose screens that tilt and swivel. Use a glare filter for your screen.


Question: How can eating healthy help ease sleep apnea?

Answer: Lack of Zzz's and fatigue have also been linked with changes in the hormones leptin and ghrelin, which control your feelings of hunger and fullness. When you're tired, you may want to eat more, and you might feel less satisfied when you do.


Question: How can limiting alcohol and stopping smoking ease sleep apnea?

Answer: Did you know they can also make your sleep apnea symptoms worse? Cigarette smoking increases swelling in your upper airway. That can aggravate symptoms like snoring and pauses in breathing. Alcohol decreases the muscle tone in the back of the throat, which can interfere with air flow -- the last thing you need when you already have breathing problems.


Question: What are the best foods to eat if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: The American Diabetes Association suggests you eat these tasty items. They're low in carbs (also known as low glycemic index foods). And they're high in key nutrients like calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and other vitamins. Beans Dark green leafy vegetables Citrus fruit Sweet potatoes Berries Tomatoes Fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon) Whole grains Nuts Fat-free yogurt and milk


Question: Can I eat sugar if I have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: But type 1 is caused by genetics and other factors. Still, many sweet foods have a lot of carbs, and that can affect your blood sugar. If a food is "sugar free," that doesn't mean it also has fewer carbs or calories. Read the label so you can count how many carbs you're getting. You may want to consider foods and drinks that use low-calorie or artificial sweeteners. They can satisfy your sweet tooth without the extra carbs and calories.


Question: How can sugar affect your type 1 diabetes?

Answer: But type 1 is caused by genetics and other factors. Still, many sweet foods have a lot of carbs, and that can affect your blood sugar. If a food is "sugar free," that doesn't mean it also has fewer carbs or calories. Read the label so you can count how many carbs you're getting. You may want to consider foods and drinks that use low-calorie or artificial sweeteners. They can satisfy your sweet tooth without the extra carbs and calories.


Question: How can carbohydrates affect your type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Carbs raise your blood sugar levels faster than any food. How many and what type of carbohydrate foods you eat can affect how well you manage your diabetes.


Question: Why does diet matter if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: With type 1 diabetes, your body stops making insulin. So you take insulin every day either through shots or a pump. It's also key to track your blood sugar levels. Insulin is only part of the picture. Diet and exercise also play important roles in helping keep your blood sugar levels stable. When you make healthy food choices and eat consistent amounts through the day, it can help control your sugars. It can also lower your chance of diabetes-related problems like heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.


Question: What are some general guidelines for what to eat if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Follow some general guidelines: Eat less unhealthy fat. Cut back on the saturated fats you find in high-fat meats like bacon and regular ground beef, as well as full-fat dairy like whole milk and butter. Unhealthy fats raise your chance of heart disease. With diabetes, you face higher-than-average odds of getting heart disease. Make smart food choices to lower that risk. Get enough fiber. It may help control your blood sugar. You can get fiber from whole grains, beans, and fruits and vegetables. Try to get 25-30 grams a day. Those high-fiber foods are always better choices than low-fiber carbs such as refined 'white' grains and processed sugary foods.


Question: Which foods have carbohydrates?

Answer: Carbohydrates are your body's main source of energy. You get them from many foods, like grains (pasta, bread, crackers, and cookies), fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and sugars.


Question: What are general diet guidelines for people with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Follow some general guidelines: Eat less unhealthy fat. Cut back on the saturated fats you find in high-fat meats like bacon and regular ground beef, as well as full-fat dairy like whole milk and butter. Unhealthy fats raise your chance of heart disease. With diabetes, you face higher-than-average odds of getting heart disease. Make smart food choices to lower that risk. Get enough fiber. It may help control your blood sugar. You can get fiber from whole grains, beans, and fruits and vegetables. Try to get 25-30 grams a day. Those high-fiber foods are always better choices than low-fiber carbs such as refined 'white' grains and processed sugary foods.


Question: How can counting carbs affect your type 1 diabetes?

Answer: How many and what type of carbohydrate foods you eat can affect how well you manage your diabetes. Counting carbs helps you keep track of how many carbs you eat. You can work with your doctor or a dietitian to figure out how many grams of carbs you should eat for each meal and snack. You can use the food label, a food exchange app, or other reference to count up the grams of carbs in foods.


Question: Why do carbohydrates matter for people with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Carbohydrates are your body's main source of energy. You get them from many foods, like grains (pasta, bread, crackers, and cookies), fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and sugars. Carbs raise your blood sugar levels faster than any food. How many and what type of carbohydrate foods you eat can affect how well you manage your diabetes.


Question: What should you know about allergic asthma triggers?

Answer: If your child has allergic asthma and inhales one of his triggers, that can launch an attack, making him cough, wheeze, and have trouble breathing. It's best to know what your child's triggers are so you can help him avoid them altogether or at least keep them far, far away. Each person has their own set of asthma triggers, but there are some common ones you can watch for.


Question: How should you watch for smoke as a trigger for allergic asthma?

Answer: There are a million good reasons to keep yourself and your child away from tobacco smoke, and allergic asthma is one of them. Secondhand smoke is extra toxic to young children because their lungs aren't mature yet. Make sure no one smokes in your home or your car. Other types of smoke, such as from wood-burning stoves, can also make asthma worse. If you can, avoid wood fires, inside and outside.


Question: How should you watch for cockroaches as a trigger for allergic asthma?

Answer: These pests are everywhere but are most common in cities and in southern U. S. states. They eat and drink the same things you do: water and leftovers. But they (and their droppings) can trigger asthma flares. To prevent them, keep food stored in the fridge or in an airtight container, wash dishes right after you use them, sweep up any crumbs, and plug any holes or cracks that let cockroaches get inside. You can also set out traps. If you see any roach droppings, sweep them up right away and put them in the trash. And keep a lid on your trash can inside and take it out often.


Question: How should you watch for dust mites as a trigger for allergic asthma?

Answer: There's not much you can do about shedding dead skin, but you can work to keep dust mites from bothering your family. Wash any bed linens that you can at least once a week in hot water, then put them in a hot dryer. Wash stuffed toys the same way. There are also special covers for mattresses and pillows. If you can, trade in carpets, rugs, and fabric furniture for wood, vinyl, and other smooth surfaces. These pests are everywhere but are most common in cities and in southern U. S. states.


Question: What are symptoms of the third stage of HIV, or AIDS?

Answer: AIDS is the advanced stage of HIV infection. This is usually when your CD4 T-cell number drops below 200. You can also be diagnosed with AIDS if you have an " AIDS defining illness" such as Kaposi's sarcoma (a form of skin cancer) or pneumocystis pneumonia (a lung disease). If you didn't know you were infected with HIV earlier, you may realize it after you have some of these symptoms: Being tired all of the time Swollen lymph nodes in your neck or groin Fever that lasts for more than 10 days Night sweats Unexplained weight loss Purplish spots on your skin that don't go away Shortness of breath Severe, long-lasting diarrhea Yeast infections in your mouth, throat, or vagina Bruises or bleeding you can't explain People with AIDS who don't take medication only survive about 3 years, even less if they get a dangerous infection.


Question: What are the symptoms of the first stage of HIV?

Answer: The symptoms are similar to those of other viral illnesses, and they're often compared to the flu. They typically last a week or two and then completely go away. They include: Headache Fatigue Aching muscles Sore throat Swollen lymph nodes A red rash that doesn't itch, usually on your torso Fever If you have symptoms like these and might have been exposed to someone with HIV in the past 2-6 weeks, you should go to a doctor and ask that you get an HIV test, even if you have had a negative test in the past.


Question: How long can you survive with AIDS if you don't take medication?

Answer: If you didn't know you were infected with HIV earlier, you may realize it after you have some of these symptoms: Being tired all of the time Swollen lymph nodes in your neck or groin Fever that lasts for more than 10 days Night sweats Unexplained weight loss Purplish spots on your skin that don't go away Shortness of breath Severe, long-lasting diarrhea Yeast infections in your mouth, throat, or vagina Bruises or bleeding you can't explain People with AIDS who don't take medication only survive about 3 years, even less if they get a dangerous infection. But HIV can still be treated at this stage. If you start on HIV drugs, stay on them, follow your doctor's advice regarding other conditions you may have, and have But with the right treatment and a healthy lifestyle, you can live a long time.


Question: What is an otolaryngologist with a rhinology specialization?

Answer: Rhinology: These doctors focus on your nose and sinuses. They treat sinusitis, nose bleeds, loss of smell, stuffy nose, and unusual growths.


Question: What are the common problems that pediatric otolaryngologists see?

Answer: Common problems include ear infections, tonsillitis, asthma, and allergies. Pediatric ENT's also care for children with birth defects of the head and neck. They also can help figure out if your child has a speech or language problem.


Question: What conditions do otolaryngologists treat?

Answer: ENT's can do surgery and treat many different medical conditions. You would see one if you have a problem involving: An ear condition, such as an infection, hearing loss, or trouble with balance Nose and nasal issues like allergies, sinusitis, or growths Throat problems like tonsillitis, difficulty swallowing, and voice issues Sleep trouble like snoring or obstructive sleep apnea, in which your airway is narrow or blocked and it interrupts your breathing while you sleep Infections or tumors (cancerous or not) of your head or neck Some areas of your head are treated by other kinds of doctors. For example, neurologists deal with problems with your brain or nervous system, and ophthalmologists care for your eyes and vision.


Question: What is an otolaryngologist with a sleep medicine specialization?

Answer: Sleep medicine: Some ENT's specialize in sleep problems that involve your breathing, for instance snoring or sleep apnea. Your doctor may order a sleep study to see if you have trouble breathing at times during the night.


Question: What are some things you might notice from fibrocystic breast changes?

Answer: Aside from a difference in the way your breast tissue feels, you might notice that: Changes are similar in both breasts Dark brown or green discharge leaks from your nipples Lumps change size during your menstrual cycle Pain or discomfort increases before your period Yes.


Question: What is the treatment for fibrocystic breast changes?

Answer: You usually won't need any -- unless your doctor finds it's cancer. If it's a cyst, your doctor can puncture and drain it. This can lessen pain and pressure, but the fluid can come back. Sometimes, cysts go away on their own. Some women find relief if they avoid caffeine. This is found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and sodas. Studies haven't proven a link, but if you have fibrocystic breasts, you might try cutting back to see if it helps.


Question: How is polymyalgia rheumatica diagnosed?

Answer: Under the new criteria developed by the American College of Rheumatology and The European League Against Rheumatism, patients ages 50 years and older can be classified as having PMR if they meet the conditions below: Shoulder pain on both sides Morning stiffness that lasts at least 45 minutes High levels of inflammation measured by blood tests Reported new hip pain Absence of swelling in the small joints of the hands and feet, and absence of positive blood tests for rheumatoid arthritis The new classification criteria may also help to evaluate existing treatments for polymyalgia rheumatica.


Question: What is the long-term prognosis for people with polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis?

Answer: With careful monitoring and appropriate treatment, most patients with polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arteritis have a normal life span and lifestyle. Most of the time, these diseases can be successfully controlled with steroids and other drugs (including tocilizumab, a rheumatoid arthritis drug which has been touted for people who have trouble with or are nonresponsive to steroids), The success of treatment is related to prompt diagnosis, aggressive treatment, and careful follow-up to prevent or minimize side effects from the medications.


Question: What are the symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica tend to develop quickly and in addition to muscle pain, other symptoms may include: Stiffness around the shoulders and hips, especially in the morning and after resting Weakness Fatigue Generally feeling ill Mild fevers (occasionally) Weight loss About 15% of people with polymyalgia rheumatica also have temporal arteritis and about half of people with temporal arteritis also have polymyalgia rheumatica.


Question: What are the risks of long-term steroid treatment and how are they prevented?

Answer: Long-term steroid treatment (for a few months to several years) requires additional testing and monitoring. The long-term use of steroids can cause osteoporosis (bone loss), which can be detected with scans similar to X-rays. Taking supplements of calcium and vitamin D, sometimes along with prescription medication is recommended to prevent osteoporosis in people taking steroids. Discuss the potential side effects caused by your treatment with your doctor.


Question: How can I learn to relax when I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A number of methods can calm things down. Exercises include breathing, muscle and mind relaxation, and relaxation to music. Whichever you try, first make sure you have a: Quiet location that's free of distractions Comfortable body position (sit or recline on a chair or sofa) Good state of mind (try to block out worries and distracting thoughts) Then try one of these techniques: Two-minute relaxation.


Question: What are some ways someone can reduce stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control. Also try to follow these tips: Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive. Learn relaxation techniques. Exercise regularly. Eat well-balanced meals. Get enough sleep and rest. Don't rely on alcohol or drugs to end stress.


Question: How does deep-breathing relaxation help manage stress?

Answer: Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breathe into that spot and fill your belly with air. Let the air fill you from the belly up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. With every long, slow breath out, you should feel more relaxed.


Question: How does mind relaxation help manage stress?

Answer: As you breathe out, silently say to yourself the word "one," a short word such as "peaceful," or a short phrase such as " I feel quiet." Continue for 10 minutes. If your mind wanders, gently remind yourself to think about your breathing and your chosen word or phrase. Let your breathing become slow and steady.


Question: What are the emotional signals of oncoming stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What are the physical warning signs of oncoming stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What can I do to reduce stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control. Also try to follow these tips: Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive. Learn relaxation techniques. Exercise regularly. Eat well-balanced meals. Get enough sleep and rest. Don't rely on alcohol or drugs to end stress.


Question: How is two minute relaxation used to manage stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Switch your thoughts to yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, then breathe out slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice areas that feel tense or cramped and then loosen them up.


Question: How can I manage my emotions if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There are many ways to keep those feelings under control, including relaxation methods and exercise. To help manage your emotions, it helps to learn the warning signs that you are under too much stress. Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: How can someone let go of as much tension as they can to help manage stress?

Answer: Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. ( Stop if you feel pain.) Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and then breathe out slowly.


Question: What can happen if someone has a long-term illness like multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There are many ways to keep those feelings under control, including relaxation methods and exercise. To help manage your emotions, it helps to learn the warning signs that you are under too much stress. Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: How can I let go of as much tension as possible from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. ( Stop if you feel pain.) Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and then breathe out slowly.


Question: How can someone learn to relax to help manage stress?

Answer: A number of methods can calm things down. Exercises include breathing, muscle and mind relaxation, and relaxation to music. Whichever you try, first make sure you have a: Quiet location that's free of distractions Comfortable body position (sit or recline on a chair or sofa) Good state of mind (try to block out worries and distracting thoughts) Then try one of these techniques: Two-minute relaxation.


Question: How can I use mind relaxation to help treat stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: As you breathe out, silently say to yourself the word "one," a short word such as "peaceful," or a short phrase such as " I feel quiet." Continue for 10 minutes. If your mind wanders, gently remind yourself to think about your breathing and your chosen word or phrase. Let your breathing become slow and steady.


Question: What are the behavioral warning signs of stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What are some emotional signs of stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What is two-minute relaxation for stress management?

Answer: Switch your thoughts to yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, then breathe out slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice areas that feel tense or cramped and then loosen them up.


Question: How can I use deep breathing relaxation to help treat stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breathe into that spot and fill your belly with air. Let the air fill you from the belly up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. With every long, slow breath out, you should feel more relaxed.


Question: What are some behavioral warning signs of stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What are some physical warning signs of stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: Is the bird flu going to be the next flu pandemic?

Answer: While experts say it's inevitable that sooner or later we'll see another flu pandemic, it's by no means certain that the current bird flu virus will be the cause. Even if a new human flu emerges, public health officials might be able to contain it. H5 N1 is susceptible to the newer flu drugs. And a vaccine already has been created and stockpiled by the World Health Organization.


Question: How could the bird flu become airborne or more of a risk to humans?

Answer: If a person -- or a susceptible animal -- gets infected with bird flu and human flu at the same time, the bird and human flu viruses could swap genes. Even without swapping genes, H5 N1 could mutate into a form that more easily infects humans. The lab-created H5 N1 mutants remain in high-security labs. But the mutations needed to make H5 N1 an airborne, human virus already exist in H5 N1 viruses seen in nature. So far, the full set of mutations has not appeared in the same virus.


Question: What are common triggers of migraines?

Answer: Common triggers include: Lighting: Bright, flickering, or fluorescent lights can bring migraines to some people. So can glaring computer screens. Smells: You may get a migraine when faced with strong odors like perfumes, secondhand smoke, or cleaners. Different smells can affect people with migraine. Even a whiff of someone's lunch in the microwave can be a trigger. Noise: For some, loud sounds or too much noise can bring a migraine. Travel: Heading out of town for work can bring the pain. It can happen because you change how you sleep and eat when you're on the road. Stress: Many people have lots of pressure on the job. Migraines are most likely to happen when you're stressed.


Question: What causes meningitis?

Answer: Meningitis symptoms can develop within hours or days and may include: Confusion Fever Headache Numbness in your face Sensitivity to light Stiff neck so that you can't lower your chin to your chest Upset stomach or vomiting Meningitis is almost always caused by a bacterial or viral infection that begins somewhere else in your body, like your ears, sinuses, or throat. Less common causes of meningitis include: Autoimmune disorders Cancer medications Syphilis Tuberculosis It's an extremely serious illness.


Question: What is fungal meningitis?

Answer: Fungal meningitis is much less common than the bacterial or viral forms. Healthy people rarely get it. Someone with a problem with their immune system -- because they have AIDS, for example -- is more likely to become infected with this form of meningitis.


Question: Who's more likely to get meningitis?

Answer: Anyone can get meningitis, but research shows that it's more common in these age groups: Children under 5 Teenagers and young adults ages 16-25 Adults over 55 Meningitis is more of a danger for people with certain medical conditions, such as a damaged or missing spleen, long-term disease, or immune system disorders. Because certain germs that cause meningitis can spread easily, outbreaks are most likely to happen in places where people live close to each other. College students in dorms or military recruits in barracks can be more likely to catch the disease.


Question: What are the different types of meningitis?

Answer: There are several causes of this disease, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Bacterial meningitis can be life-threatening and spreads between people in close contact with each other. Viral meningitis tends to be less severe, and most people recover completely without treatment. Fungal meningitis is a rare form of the disease. It usually happens only in people whose immune system -- the body's defense against germs -- has been weakened.


Question: How does bacterial meningitis spread?

Answer: The bacteria that cause meningitis can spread when people who are infected cough or sneeze. If you or your child has been around someone who has bacterial meningitis, ask your doctor what steps you should take to avoid catching it.


Question: How does bacterial meningitis start?

Answer: In many cases, bacterial meningitis starts when bacteria get into your bloodstream from your sinuses, ears, or throat. The bacteria travel through your bloodstream to your brain.


Question: My child has Down syndrome. What are some everyday parenting tips?

Answer: They also respond better to positive support than discipline. Keep both of those things in mind as you try the following tips. Do all the run-of-the-mill kid things: Give your child chores around the house. Just break them up into small steps and be patient. Have your child play with other kids who do and don't have Down syndrome. Keep your expectations high as your child tries and learns new things. Make time to play, read, have fun, and go out together. Support your child in doing day-to-day tasks on his own.


Question: Does precision medicine exist for everyone?

Answer: Precision medicine, at its core, is about matching the right drugs to the right people. But today it's not yet possible for every disease. So even though it sounds like a great idea, your doctor might still give you the standard drug that most other people get.


Question: Will precision medicines cure cancer?

Answer: Cancers can evolve over time and become resistant to a treatment. Or a drug may work against only part of a tumor, which lets the remaining part continue to grow.


Question: Where is precision medicine most used currently?

Answer: Where precision medicine is starting to make a difference is in the treatment of some cancers. Researchers are beginning to change how they classify tumors. The genetics of some breast cancers, for instance, may be more like stomach tumors than other breast cancers. With precision medicine, cancers that are genetically alike are treated similarly. For example, doctors know a drug called Gleevec (imatinib) works to treat leukemia only when the cancer cells have one particular genetic makeup. So, rather than treat everyone with leukemia using Gleevec, doctors test people for that specific genetic mix and give the drug only to those who have it. They're using the same approach to decide which meds people take for breast, lung, and colorectal cancers, as well as melanoma.


Question: What is a low-pressure headache?

Answer: Two types of headaches are caused by a change of pressure inside your skull: Low-pressure headaches (your doctor may call them spontaneous intracranial hypotension, or SIH) and high-pressure headaches (idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or IIH). A low-pressure headache often gets worse when you stand or sit. It can get better if you lie down. It can start at the back of the head, sometimes with neck pain, though it can be felt all over your head. It often gets worse with coughing, sneezing, and exertion. It can come with: Ringing in your ears Muffled hearing Dizziness Nausea You might feel a stabbing pain, throbbing, or just overall pressure in your head.


Question: What should you do if you get regular headaches?

Answer: For some, though, headaches are an inconvenient -- sometimes debilitating -- part of their lives. If you get regular headaches, it's important to work with your doctor to uncover the cause and find out how to treat it. That's not always easy because headaches can be caused by many things, from eating ice cream too quickly, to stroke, to many other serious conditions. Two types of headaches are caused by a change of pressure inside your skull: Low-pressure headaches (your doctor may call them spontaneous intracranial hypotension, or SIH) and high-pressure headaches (idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or IIH). A low-pressure headache often gets worse when you stand or sit.