Question: How does Stargardt's disease in juvenile macular degeneration affect my vision?

Answer: It doesn't affect peripheral, or side, vision. You probably won't lose night vision, but you might have trouble when you have to switch from dark to light places. Color vision goes away in later stages of the disease.


Question: What is Stargardt's disease in juvenile macular degeneration?

Answer: It's the most common form of JMD. It's named after German eye doctor Karl Stargardt, who discovered it in 1901. It affects about one in 10,000 children in the U. S. Although the disease starts before age 20, you may not notice vision loss until age 30 to 40.


Question: How is juvenile macular degeneration treated?

Answer: Unfortunately, there's no treatment. Visual aids, adaptive training, and other tools can help young people with vision loss remain active. Researchers continue to look for ways to prevent and treat JMD. Genetic counseling can teach parents about these eye problems and sort out the risks for their children. Counseling also helps families understand how their loved one's vision is affected.


Question: What causes juvenile macular degeneration (JMD)?

Answer: Causes: Researchers blame a specific gene for the disease. If both parents carry one mutated form of the gene and one normal gene, their children have a 25% chance of getting the disease. Children who inherit only one mutated gene won't get it.


Question: What causes Best disease?

Answer: If one parent has Best disease and one doesn't, there's a 50% chance their kids will get it. Children who don't develop the disease can't pass it on to their children.


Question: What is juvenile macular degeneration?

Answer: Juvenile macular degeneration ( JMD) is the term for several inherited and rare diseases that affect children and young adults. They include Stargardt's disease, Best disease, and juvenile retinoschisis. They can cause central vision loss that often starts in childhood or young adulthood.


Question: Who gets Best disease?

Answer: If one parent has Best disease and one doesn't, there's a 50% chance their kids will get it. Children who don't develop the disease can't pass it on to their children.


Question: How does someone get juvenile macular degeneration (JMD)?

Answer: These conditions come from gene changes passed down in families. Unfortunately, there's no treatment. Visual aids, adaptive training, and other tools can help young people with vision loss remain active. Researchers continue to look for ways to prevent and treat JMD.


Question: How does Best disease affect vision?

Answer: Symptoms: Show up in stages over a period of years. Early on, there's no change. Later stages involve central vision loss in one or both eyes. Things will look blurry or warped. Your central vision could drop to 20/100 in later stages. But you might not have serious vision loss. Or you could lose vision in one eye, but not the other.


Question: What are the signs of Stargardt's disease in juvenile macular degeneration?

Answer: Signs: It's usually diagnosed by yellow-white spots that appear in and around the macula. If they cover the back of the eye, then it is called fundus flavimaculatus. These deposits are an abnormal buildup of a fatty substance produced during normal cell activity.


Question: What causes juvenile retinoschisis?

Answer: Causes: The abnormal gene at fault is linked to the X chromosome. That means it behaves differently in women and men: There's a 50% chance that women who carry the gene will pass it on to their daughters, who will become carriers. They also have a 50% chance of passing it to their sons, who will get the disease. Men with the disease always pass it to their daughters, who then become carriers. But they can't pass the gene to their sons. As with other types of juvenile macular degeneration, there is no treatment.


Question: What is Best disease?

Answer: It's the second-most common type of JMD. You might also hear it called Best vitelliform macular dystrophy. It was discovered in 1905 by Friedrich Best, another German eye doctor. It may show up on an eye exam between ages 3 and 15, but symptoms may not show up until later.


Question: How does juvenile retinoschisis affect vision?

Answer: Symptoms: It causes central vision loss between 20/60 and 20/120. You might find it hard to focus both eyes on one object (strabismus). Or your eye might move on its own (nystagmus). About half of people with the disease lose side vision. By age 60 or older, you might be legally blind.


Question: What is juvenile retinoschisis?

Answer: Also called X-linked retinoschisis, it mostly affects young males. Vision loss happens between ages 10 and 20 and remains stable until around age 50 or 60.


Question: What are the symptoms of Best disease?

Answer: Unfortunately, there's no treatment. It may show up on an eye exam between ages 3 and 15, but symptoms may not show up until later. Later stages involve central vision loss in one or both eyes. Things will look blurry or warped. Your central vision could drop to 20/100 in later stages. Or you could lose vision in one eye, but not the other.


Question: What are the symptoms of juvenile macular degeneration (JMD)?

Answer: Some people lose vision quickly over a few months. Most people will have vision loss ranging from 20/100 to 20/400 by the time they're 30 or 40. It doesn't affect peripheral, or side, vision. You probably won't lose night vision, but you might have trouble when you have to switch from dark to light places. Color vision goes away in later stages of the disease. Later stages involve central vision loss in one or both eyes. Symptoms: It causes central vision loss between 20/60 and 20/120.


Question: What does juvenile retinoschisis do to your eye?

Answer: Signs: This condition causes your retina to split into two layers. Blisters and blood vessels fill the space between them. Blood leaks into the vitreous fluid, the clear liquid that fills the inside of your eye. Over time, the vitreous fluid may pull away from your retina. Or the retina can detach from the inside wall of your eye. But surgery can help repair detached retinas.


Question: What does juvenile macular degeneration (JMD) damage in the eye?

Answer: JMD damages the macula, the tissue in the center of your retina at the back of your eye. This area provides the sharp central vision that lets us do things like read and drive. It also allows us to see color and recognize faces. There's a variety of inherited diseases that can lead to JMD. Children who don't develop the disease can't pass it on to their children.


Question: How does juvenile macular degeneration affect vision?

Answer: JMD damages the macula, the tissue in the center of your retina at the back of your eye. This area provides the sharp central vision that lets us do things like read and drive. It also allows us to see color and recognize faces. You probably won't lose night vision, but you might have trouble when you have to switch from dark to light places.


Question: Are there remissions and flare-ups of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Typically, there are periods when the symptoms of JRA are better or disappear ("remissions") and times when symptoms are worse ("flare-ups"). The condition is different in each child. Some may have just one or two flare-ups and never have symptoms again. Others get many flare-ups or have symptoms that never go away.


Question: Will pain from rheumatoid arthritis limit my joint movement?

Answer: Other symptoms can include: Fever that comes and goes Less appetite Weight loss Anemia Blotchy rash on a child's arms and legs The pain may limit movement of the affected joint. Many children, especially younger ones, don't complain of pain.


Question: Is eye inflammation a complication of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)?

Answer: Eye inflammation is a potentially severe complication that sometimes happens in children with another type of JRA called âpauciarticular JRA.â Eye diseases such as iritis and uveitis usually don't happen for a while after a child first gets JRA.


Question: What areas of the body does juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) commonly affect?

Answer: JRA commonly affects the knees and joints in the hands and feet. One of the earliest warning signs of the disease is limping in the morning because of a stiff knee.


Question: Besides joint pain, what are symptoms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)?

Answer: Other symptoms can include: Fever that comes and goes Less appetite Weight loss Anemia Blotchy rash on a child's arms and legs The pain may limit movement of the affected joint. The rash and fever may appear and disappear quickly. Systemic JRA may cause the lymph nodes in the neck and other parts of the body to swell. In less than half of cases, internal organs including the heart and, very rarely, the lungs, may be involved.


Question: What common fungal infections are typically associated with diabetes?

Answer: A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" causes many of the fungal infections that happen to people with diabetes.


Question: How can you develop atherosclerosis if you have diabetes?

Answer: When you have issues with your heart or blood vessels: Atherosclerosis: This is the narrowing of blood vessels. They become narrower as the vessel walls get thick from plaque buildup. That can affect blood supply to your skin. When the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the skin become narrow, changes can happen, such as hair loss and thinning, shiny skin (especially on the shins), thickened and discolored toenails, and cold skin. Because blood carries the white blood cells that help fight infection, your legs and feet can heal more slowly when they are injured.


Question: How can you develop disseminated granuloma annulare if you have diabetes?

Answer: Disseminated granuloma annulare: While there is some controversy over whether this condition is connected to diabetes, disseminated granuloma annulare causes sharply defined ring- or arc-shaped areas on the skin. These rashes most often happen on the fingers and ears, but they can appear on the chest and abdomen, too. The rash can be red, red-brown, or skin-colored. Treatment usually isn't needed, but sometimes a steroid medication you put on your skin, such as hydrocortisone, can help.


Question: How do shin spots (diabetic dermopathy) develop in diabetics?

Answer: Shin spots (diabetic dermopathy): This condition happens due to changes to the blood vessels in your skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion on the thin skin of your shins. The patches don't hurt, and they rarely cause itching or burning. Treatment usually isn't necessary.


Question: What is necrobiosis lipoidica and how is it related to diabetes?

Answer: Necrobiosis lipoidica: If you've had diabetes for a long time without good control of your blood sugar, you could develop this condition. Poor blood supply to the skin can cause changes in the collagen and fat underneath. The overlaying skin becomes thin and red. Most lesions are found on the lower parts of the legs and can turn into an ulcer if there's trauma. Lesions have fairly well-defined borders. Sometimes, the condition is itchy and painful. As long as the sores don't break open, you won't need treatment for them. If the sores do break open, see your doctor.


Question: How can you develop digital sclerosis if you have diabetes?

Answer: Digital sclerosis: Due to poor blood flow, the skin on your toes, fingers, and hands becomes thick, waxy, and tight. It can also make your finger joints stiff. Get your blood sugar under control, because that can help treat this condition. Try lotions and moisturizers to help soften the skin.


Question: How can you develop scleredema diabeticorum if you have diabetes?

Answer: Scleredema diabeticorum: This condition causes a thickening of the skin on the back of the neck and upper back. It's rare, but it can affect people with type 2 diabetes. The treatment is to bring your blood sugar levels under control. Lotions and moisturizers might help soften your skin.


Question: How can you develop eruptive xanthomatosis if you have diabetes?

Answer: Eruptive xanthomatosis: Severe insulin resistance can make it hard for your body to get rid of fat in your blood. When you have very high cholesterol, this skin condition can happen. Firm, yellow, waxy pea-like bumps on the skin are surrounded by red halos and are itchy. These usually show up on the eyes, elbows, face, and buttocks. They also can appear on the back side of the arms and legs. To treat it, your doctor will work to control the level of fats in your blood. The bumps usually go away over several weeks. You might also need drugs that control different types of fats in the blood (lipid-lowering drugs).


Question: How do fungal infections occur in diabetics?

Answer: Fungal infections: Warm, moist folds of the skin are the perfect breeding ground for these infections. Three common fungal infections are: Jock itch (red, itchy area on the genitals and the inside of the thighs) Athlete's foot (affects the skin between the toes) Ringworm (ring-shaped, scaly patches that can itch or blister and appear on the feet, groin, chest, stomach, scalp, or nails).


Question: What is disseminated granuloma annulare and is it related to diabetes?

Answer: Disseminated granuloma annulare: While there is some controversy over whether this condition is connected to diabetes, disseminated granuloma annulare causes sharply defined ring- or arc-shaped areas on the skin. These rashes most often happen on the fingers and ears, but they can appear on the chest and abdomen, too. The rash can be red, red-brown, or skin-colored. Treatment usually isn't needed, but sometimes a steroid medication you put on your skin, such as hydrocortisone, can help.


Question: What are diabetes-related shin spots?

Answer: Shin spots (diabetic dermopathy): This condition happens due to changes to the blood vessels in your skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion on the thin skin of your shins. The patches don't hurt, and they rarely cause itching or burning. Treatment usually isn't necessary.


Question: What is eruptive xanthomatosis and how is it related to diabetes?

Answer: Eruptive xanthomatosis: Severe insulin resistance can make it hard for your body to get rid of fat in your blood. When you have very high cholesterol, this skin condition can happen. Firm, yellow, waxy pea-like bumps on the skin are surrounded by red halos and are itchy. These usually show up on the eyes, elbows, face, and buttocks. They also can appear on the back side of the arms and legs. To treat it, your doctor will work to control the level of fats in your blood. The bumps usually go away over several weeks. You might also need drugs that control different types of fats in the blood (lipid-lowering drugs).


Question: What are diabetes-related blisters?

Answer: Diabetes-related blisters (bullous diabeticorum): In rare cases, people with diabetes get blisters that resemble burn blisters. These can affect the fingers, hands, toes, feet, legs, or forearms. They're usually painless and they heal on their own. They often happen in people who have severe diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. For treatment, your doctor will help you get your blood sugar levels under control.


Question: How common are diabetes-related skin problems?

Answer: Doing so can help you avoid many diabetes skin problems. Still, skin conditions related to this disease are common. As many as 1 out of 3 people with diabetes will have one. Fortunately, most can be successfully treated before they turn into a serious problem. The key is to catch them early.


Question: What bacterial infections are commonly associated with diabetes?

Answer: Bacterial infections: Staphylococcus skin infections are more common and more serious in people with poorly controlled diabetes. When hair follicles are irritated, these bacteria can cause boils or an inflamed bump. Other infections include: Styes, which are infections of the eyelid glands Nail infections Most bacterial infections need to be treated with antibiotic pills.


Question: How can you develop diabetes-related blisters (bullous diabeticorum)?

Answer: Diabetes-related blisters (bullous diabeticorum): In rare cases, people with diabetes get blisters that resemble burn blisters. These can affect the fingers, hands, toes, feet, legs, or forearms. They're usually painless and they heal on their own. They often happen in people who have severe diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. For treatment, your doctor will help you get your blood sugar levels under control.


Question: How can you develop necrobiosis lipoidica if you have diabetes?

Answer: Necrobiosis lipoidica: If you've had diabetes for a long time without good control of your blood sugar, you could develop this condition. Poor blood supply to the skin can cause changes in the collagen and fat underneath. The overlaying skin becomes thin and red. Most lesions are found on the lower parts of the legs and can turn into an ulcer if there's trauma. Lesions have fairly well-defined borders. Sometimes, the condition is itchy and painful. As long as the sores don't break open, you won't need treatment for them. If the sores do break open, see your doctor.


Question: How does vitiligo develop in diabetics?

Answer: Vitiligo: This condition affects your skin color. It's more common with type 1 diabetes. With vitiligo, the cells that make the substance that gives your skin color, melanin, are destroyed. Patches of skin look discolored. They often appear on the chest and stomach. But they can also show up on the face around the mouth, nose, and eyes. Steroid creams, ultraviolet light treatments, and micropigmentation (tattooing) are a few treatment options. Use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on your discolored skin.


Question: Where do diabetics usually get fungal infections?

Answer: Women are likely to get this in their vaginas. People also tend to get this infection on the corners of their mouth. It feels like small cuts and is called "angular cheilitis." Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the fingernails and toenails that is more prevalent among people with diabetes. It causes discoloration, thickening, and separation from the nail bed. Medicines that kill fungus -- called antifungals -- are usually needed to treat these infections.


Question: Why does diabetes cause itching?

Answer: Itching skin, also called pruritus, can have many causes, such as dry skin, poor blood flow, or a yeast infection. When itching is caused by poor blood flow, you'll likely feel it in your lower legs and feet. Lotion can help to keep your skin soft and moist, and prevent itching due to dry skin.


Question: What is scleredema diabeticorum?

Answer: Scleredema diabeticorum: This condition causes a thickening of the skin on the back of the neck and upper back. It's rare, but it can affect people with type 2 diabetes. The treatment is to bring your blood sugar levels under control. Lotions and moisturizers might help soften your skin.


Question: What is digital sclerosis and how is it related to diabetes?

Answer: Digital sclerosis: Due to poor blood flow, the skin on your toes, fingers, and hands becomes thick, waxy, and tight. It can also make your finger joints stiff. Get your blood sugar under control, because that can help treat this condition. Try lotions and moisturizers to help soften the skin.


Question: What is diabetes-related acanthosis nigricans?

Answer: Acanthosis nigricans: This condition is most common in people with type 2 diabetes. It causes darkened and thickened skin, especially in skin folds. It looks like a small wart. Skin becomes tan or brown. It's sometimes slightly raised and may look velvety. It can be found on the sides or back of the neck, the armpits, under the breast, and groin. Sometimes, the top of your knuckles will look strange. This condition usually affects people who are very overweight. It usually starts before diabetes, and it can be a sign of insulin resistance. While there's no cure, losing weight may help.


Question: How does acanthosis nigricans develop in diabetics?

Answer: Acanthosis nigricans: This condition is most common in people with type 2 diabetes. It causes darkened and thickened skin, especially in skin folds. It looks like a small wart. Skin becomes tan or brown. It's sometimes slightly raised and may look velvety. It can be found on the sides or back of the neck, the armpits, under the breast, and groin. Sometimes, the top of your knuckles will look strange. This condition usually affects people who are very overweight. It usually starts before diabetes, and it can be a sign of insulin resistance. While there's no cure, losing weight may help.


Question: What is diabetes-related vitiligo?

Answer: Vitiligo: This condition affects your skin color. It's more common with type 1 diabetes. With vitiligo, the cells that make the substance that gives your skin color, melanin, are destroyed. Patches of skin look discolored. They often appear on the chest and stomach. But they can also show up on the face around the mouth, nose, and eyes. Steroid creams, ultraviolet light treatments, and micropigmentation (tattooing) are a few treatment options. Use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on your discolored skin.


Question: How are fungal infections due to diabetes treated?

Answer: A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" causes many of the fungal infections that happen to people with diabetes. Talk with your doctor about the right ones to use.


Question: How are fungal infections from diabetes treated?

Answer: A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" causes many of the fungal infections that happen to people with diabetes. Talk with your doctor about the right ones to use.


Question: Are there other factors besides the environment and genetics that can cause multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There's growing proof that hormones, including sex hormones, can affect and be affected by your immune system. For example, estrogen and progesterone, two important female sex hormones, may suppress your immune system. When these hormone levels are higher during pregnancy, women with MS tend to have less disease activity. Testosterone, the primary male hormone, may also suppress the immune response. Men's higher levels of testosterone may partly account for the fact that more than twice as many women as men have MS.


Question: Do genetics play a role in contracting multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Doctors still don't understand what causes multiple sclerosis.


Question: Does the environment affect a person's risk of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It's especially common in cooler climates like Scotland, Scandinavia, and throughout northern Europe -- places that are farther from the equator. People who live close to the equator are least likely to get it. In the U. S., it affects white people more than other racial groups.


Question: Is multiple sclerosis more common in certain parts of the world?

Answer: MS is an autoimmune condition. It's especially common in cooler climates like Scotland, Scandinavia, and throughout northern Europe -- places that are farther from the equator. This suggests that something about the place you live before puberty raises your odds of getting MS. But the risk factors could be in your genes. At one point, people believed each of these might cause MS.


Question: What diseases can Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cause other than mono?

Answer: EBV is best known for causing mononucleosis, but less often it can lead to other diseases, including: Ear infections and diarrhea in children Guillain- Barre syndrome Certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and cancers of the nose and throat Studies also show a link between EBV and multiple sclerosis ( MS), but more research is needed to determine if the virus can lead to MS.


Question: How is your activity restricted if you're recovering from an Epstein-Barr virus infection?

Answer: There are some rare complications of mono, so see your doctor if you or your child has any of these symptoms: Sudden, sharp pain on the left side of the belly, which could mean a problem with your spleen Very little urine, a sign of dehydration Trouble breathing or swallowing -- call 911 immediately Also call if your symptoms don't go away after 4 to 6 weeks.


Question: How can an Epstein-Barr virus infection be prevented?

Answer: No vaccine can protect you against the EBV virus. The best way to avoid catching it is to stay away from anyone who has mono. Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing or having sex with an infected person.


Question: How do you protect yourself from catching mono?

Answer: No vaccine can protect you against the EBV virus. The best way to avoid catching it is to stay away from anyone who has mono. Don't share any items, including glasses, silverware, and toothbrushes, with someone who is infected. Also avoid kissing or having sex with an infected person.


Question: How common is Epstein-Barr virus?

Answer: Even though Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV) isn't a household name, you've probably been infected without knowing it. Lots of people carry the virus but don't get sick.


Question: How does mono, or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), spread?

Answer: The virus is found in saliva, so you can catch mono from kissing someone who's infected. You can also get it from drinking from the same glass or using an infected person's toothbrush. It's also found in blood and semen, so it's possible to get mono from sex, a blood transfusion, or an organ transplant. You don't have to be sick to pass the virus to someone else. EBV stays in your body long after you get over mono. The virus can become active again months or years later, making you contagious once more.


Question: How is mono diagnosed?

Answer: It's hard to tell whether you have mononucleosis just by your symptoms. Fever, fatigue, and sore throat could also be signs of other illnesses, like the flu or a cold. See your doctor for an exam to learn for sure what's making you sick. He might find signs that you have mono, such as an enlarged spleen, an organ in your belly that filters blood. Your doctor will also check to see if you have a swollen liver and white patches on your tonsils. You may also need to get some blood tests.


Question: What are symptoms of Epstein-Barr virus  infection?

Answer: If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer.


Question: How does the Epstein-Barr virus spread?

Answer: The virus is found in saliva, so you can catch mono from kissing someone who's infected. You can also get it from drinking from the same glass or using an infected person's toothbrush. It's also found in blood and semen, so it's possible to get mono from sex, a blood transfusion, or an organ transplant. You don't have to be sick to pass the virus to someone else. EBV stays in your body long after you get over mono. The virus can become active again months or years later, making you contagious once more.


Question: What are the symptoms of mono?

Answer: Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. When they do, they're often mild, especially in young children. Kids' symptoms may be more like those of a cold or flu. Teens often have more obvious symptoms of mono. If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer. You may still feel tired a couple of months later.


Question: What are other disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus?

Answer: EBV is best known for causing mononucleosis, but less often it can lead to other diseases, including: Ear infections and diarrhea in children Guillain- Barre syndrome Certain cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma and cancers of the nose and throat Studies also show a link between EBV and multiple sclerosis ( MS), but more research is needed to determine if the virus can lead to MS.


Question: How long does it take to recover from an Epstein-Barr virus infection?

Answer: If you do get symptoms, most likely you'll have: Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Rash Sore throat Swollen glands in the neck Weakness and sore muscles Although you should start feeling better in 2 to 4 weeks, the fatigue can stick around much longer. You may still feel tired a couple of months later.


Question: What is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?

Answer: You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Even though Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV) isn't a household name, you've probably been infected without knowing it. Lots of people carry the virus but don't get sick. Like other viruses, Epstein- Barr can't be treated with antibiotics.


Question: How is an Epstein-Barr virus infection treated?

Answer: Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. Fever, fatigue, and sore throat could also be signs of other illnesses, like the flu or a cold.


Question: How is mono treated?

Answer: Once you're infected with EBV, symptoms can take 4 to 6 weeks to show up. Drink a lot of water and other liquids to stay hydrated. Suck on lozenges or ice pops, or gargle with warm salt water, to make your sore throat feel better. Take painkillers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring down fever and relieve body aches. ( Don't give aspirin to children under 19 years of age because of the risk of a rare but serious condition called Reye's syndrome.)


Question: What is Epstein-Barr virus?

Answer: You might know this disease better by its nickname, "mono." It's also called the "kissing disease" because of one way you can spread it to someone else. Like other viruses, Epstein- Barr can't be treated with antibiotics.


Question: How is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used to treat bipolar I disorder?

Answer: Electroconvulsive Therapy ( ECT) Despite its scary reputation, electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT) is a safe and effective treatment for both manic and depressive symptoms. ECT is often used to treat severe forms of depression or mania in bipolar I disorder when medicines may not be effective or likely to work fast enough to bring symptom relief.


Question: Who is at risk for bipolar I disorder?

Answer: Understanding Bipolar Disorder Virtually anyone can develop bipolar I disorder. About 2.5% of the U. S. population suffers from bipolar disorder -- almost 6 million people. Most people are in their teens or early 20s when symptoms of bipolar disorder first appear. Nearly everyone with bipolar I disorder develops it before age 50. People with an immediate family member who has bipolar are at higher risk.


Question: How does bipolar I disorder differ from other types of bipolar I disorder?

Answer: People with bipolar I disorder experience full episodes of mania -- the often severe abnormally elevated mood and behavior described above. These manic symptoms can lead to serious disruptions in life (for example, spending the family fortune, or having an unintended pregnancy). In bipolar II disorder, the symptoms of elevated mood never reach full-blown mania. They often pass for extreme cheerfulness, even making someone a lot of fun to be around -- the "life of the party." Not so bad, you might think -- except bipolar II disorder usually involves extensive and disabling periods of significant depression, which can often be harder to treat than if episodes of hypomania had never occurred.


Question: Which antipsychotic medications are used to treat bipolar I disorder?

Answer: Antipsychotics For severe manic episodes, traditional antipsychotics (such as Haldol, Loxapine, or Thorazine) as well as newer antipsychotic drugs -- also called atypical antipsychotics -- may be necessary. Cariprazine ( Vraylar) is a newly approved antipsychotic to treat manic or mixed episodes. Aripiprazole ( Abilify), asenapine ( Saphris), clozapine ( Clozaril), olanzapine ( Zyprexa), quetiapine ( Seroquel), risperidone ( Risperdal), and ziprasidone ( Geodon) are often used, and many other drugs are available. The antipsychotic lurasidone ( Latuda)is approved for use -- either alone or with lithium or valproate ( Depakote) -- in cases of bipolar I depression. Antipsychotic medicines are also sometimes used for preventive treatment.


Question: How are manic bipolar I disorder episodes treated?

Answer: Manic episodes in bipolar I disorder require treatment with drugs, such as mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, and sometimes sedative-hypnotics which include benzodiazepines such as clonazepam ( Klonopin) or lorazepam ( Ativan).


Question: How is lithium used to treat bipolar I disorder?

Answer: Mood Stabilizers Lithium: This simple metal in pill form is especially effective at controlling mania that involves classical euphoria rather than mixtures of mania and depression simultaneously. Lithium has been used for more than 60 years to treat bipolar disorder. Lithium can take weeks to work fully, making it better for maintenance treatment than for sudden manic episodes. Blood levels of lithium as well as tests to measure kidney and thyroid functioning must be monitored to avoid side effects.


Question: Can bipolar disorder be prevented?

Answer: Other antiseizure medicines that are less well-established but still sometimes used experimentally for the treatment of bipolar disorder, such as oxcarbazapine ( Trileptal). It's not known if bipolar I disorder can be prevented entirely. It is possible to lower the risk of episodes of mania or depression once bipolar disorder has developed. Regular therapy sessions with a psychologist or social worker can help people to identify factors that can destabilize mood (such as poor medication adherence, sleep deprivation, drug or alcohol abuse, and poor stress management), leading to fewer hospitalizations and feeling better overall. Taking medicine on a regular basis can help to prevent future manic or depressive episodes.


Question: What are the symptoms of bipolar I disorder?

Answer: Abnormal behavior during manic episodes includes: Flying suddenly from one idea to the next Rapid, "pressured" (uninterruptable), and loud speech Increased energy, with hyperactivity and a decreased need for sleep Inflated self-image Excessive spending Hypersexuality Substance abuse People in manic episodes may spend money far beyond their means, have sex with people they wouldn't otherwise, or pursue grandiose, unrealistic plans. In severe manic episodes, a person loses touch with reality. They may become delusional and behave bizarrely. As a mood stabilizer that can be used by a "loading dose" method -- beginning at a very high dose -- valproate allows the possibility of significant improvement in mood as early as four to five days.


Question: What is "nursemaid's elbow"?

Answer: Nursemaid's Elbow, or "pulled elbow," occurs in small children as a result of being lifted, yanked, swung by the hand or wrist, or falling on an outstretched arm. One of the arm bones slips out of place slightly. The child may: Complain that the elbow hurts Cry when the arm is moved or touched Hold the arm close to his or her side or support it with the other arm. Not use the arm The health care provider may see the child or refer you to a hospital emergency room.


Question: How do the drugs Ditropan and Levsin work for bed-wetting, and what are their side effects?

Answer: Ditropan and Levsin Ditropan and Levsin work by reducing unwanted bladder contractions. Side effects may include: Dry mouth Drowsiness Flushing Heat sensitivity Constipation


Question: What is Tofranil and how is it used to treat bed-wetting?

Answer: Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years. How it works is not clear, but it is known to have a relaxing effect on the bladder, allowing the bladder to hold more urine comfortably. Side effects of Tofranil tend to be rare with correct dosage but may include: Nervousness Anxiety Constipation Personality changes A warning: Tofranil can have toxic side effects if taken improperly. Deaths have been attributed to accidental overdoses.


Question: Are there medications to help with bedwetting?

Answer: The two drugs approved by the FDA specifically for bed-wetting are DDAVP and Tofranil. Other medications that are sometimes used to treat bed-wetting include Ditropan and Levsin. Drug therapy does not work for everyone, and these medications can have significant side effects. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child.


Question: Does my child need medication for bed-wetting?

Answer: Bed-wetting tends to go away by itself. However, if after talking to your child's doctor you decide to treat your child with medications, several drug therapies are available. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child.


Question: What is DDAVP and how is it used to treat bed-wetting?

Answer: Here's an overview of each drug used to treat bed-wetting: DDAVP DDAVP is a synthetic form of antidiuretic hormone ( ADH), a substance that occurs naturally in the body. This drug works by imitating ADH in the body, which reduces the amount of urine that the body produces and also increases the concentration of the urine. Its main use is for children who have not been helped by an alarm. It is also used as a stopgap measure to help children attend camps or sleepovers without embarrassment. It is an FDA-approved treatment for bed-wetting. Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years.


Question: When should you call your doctor immediately about back pain?

Answer: Certain back pain symptoms mean you should call your doctor ASAP. * New or progressive motor weakness, sometimes with numbness or tingling. * Loss of bowel or bladder function. * Pain for 6 weeks or more. Other red flags indicating that your back pain should be evaluated immediately include: * History of cancer or unexplained weight loss * History of immune system problems * Fever All is fine during the day, but as soon as your head hits the pillow your back starts to hurt, making sleep near impossible.


Question: Are teachers able to recognize ADHD in children?

Answer: Since teachers work with many different children, they also come to know how students typically behave in classroom situations requiring concentration and self-control. So when they notice something outside the norm, they may speak with the school psychologist or the parents about their concerns. But teachers can't diagnose ADHD. They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on.


Question: Is there a test I can give my child if the teacher suggests they have ADHD?

Answer: Instead, the ADHD diagnosis is based on observations of a child's behavior in multiple settings. The teacher, sometimes past teachers, will play a key role in the process. The professional who makes the diagnosis is usually a specially trained doctor (apsychiatrist or pediatrician), psychologist, counselor, or social worker. They will ask you and your child's teachers to rate their observations of your child's behavior on standardized evaluation or rating scales.


Question: Is it acceptable for my child's teacher to suggest my child has ADHD?

Answer: Teachers are often the first ones to recognize or suspect ADHD in children. That's because ADHD symptoms typically affect school performance or disrupt the rest of the class. Also, teachers are with children for most of the day and for months out of the year.


Question: Do I need to tell the teacher if my child is diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer: As a parent, you'll need to keep open the lines of communication with the teacher to ensure a consistent system of incentives and discipline between school and home. For example, a younger child's teacher may make a checklist and reward the child with a star or smiley face each time he or she completes a certain number of items on the list. You may have a similar system at home or provide a bigger reward -- such as a special dinner, a family movie night, or an extra hour of TV or computer time -- when your child gets a certain number of stars or smiley faces.


Question: Should my child's teacher help and support me if they are diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer: Your child's teacher can be a good supporter and resource, but you may want more help dealing with the challenges and emotions of parenting a child with ADHD, or with concerns about medications or other issues.


Question: Do I need to tell the school nurse if my child is diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer: They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on. The school nurse may play a role in dispensing ADHD medications and monitoring for side effects. Your child's teacher will be important in carrying out the behavioral part of a treatment plan and in communicating about the effectiveness of medications.


Question: What are the benefits of testosterone therapy?

Answer: What can you expect from testosterone treatment? It's impossible to predict, because every man is different. Many men report improvement in energy level, sex drive, and quality of erections. Testosterone also increases bone density, muscle mass, and insulin sensitivity in some men. Men also often report an improvement in mood from testosterone replacement. Whether these effects are barely noticeable, or a major boost, is highly individualized.


Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen prostate cancer?

Answer: Prostate cancer: Testosterone can stimulate prostate cancer to grow. Most experts recommend screening for prostate cancer before starting testosterone replacement. Men with prostate cancer or elevated prostate specific antigen ( PSA) should probably avoid testosterone treatment.


Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen blood clots?

Answer: Blood clots: The FDA requires that testosterone replacement products carry a warning about the risk of blood clots in veins. This could increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism , a potentially life threatening clot that occurs in the lungs. Products already carried a warning about the risk of blood clots due to polycythemia, an abnormal rise in the number of red blood cells that sometimes occurs with testosterone treatment. Now the warning is more general to include men who don't have polycythemia.


Question: Is low testosterone treated if there are no symptoms?

Answer: Symptoms of low testosterone include: Low sex drive (libido) Erectile dysfunction Fatigue and poor energy level Decreased muscle mass Body and facial hair loss Difficulty concentrating Depression Irritability Low sense of well-being If a man has symptoms of low testosterone and tests show he has an abnormally low testosterone level, a doctor may suggest treatment. For millions of men who have low testosterone levels but no symptoms, no treatment is currently recommended. It is has also not been approved for treating men with low levels because of aging.


Question: What are the risks of testosterone therapy?

Answer: Testosterone replacement therapy side effects most often include rash, itching, or irritation at the site where the testosterone is applied. However, there is also evidence of a possible increased risk of heart attack or stroke associated with testosterone use. Experts emphasize that the benefits and risks of long-term testosterone therapy are unknown, because large clinical trials haven't yet been done.


Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)?

Answer: Testosterone levels decline naturally in men as they age over decades. The result is difficulty urinating. This condition, benign prostatic hypertrophy, can be made worse by testosterone therapy.


Question: What is the difference between testosterone replacement and performance-enhancing steroids?

Answer: Only men with symptoms of low testosterone and blood levels that confirm this as the cause of symptoms should consider testosterone replacement. Isn't taking testosterone replacement basically the same as taking steroids, like athletes that "dope"? It's true that anabolic steroids used by some bodybuilders and athletes contain testosterone or chemicals that act like testosterone.


Question: Is testosterone replacement therapy always a good solution to low testosterone levels?

Answer: Only men with symptoms of low testosterone and blood levels that confirm this as the cause of symptoms should consider testosterone replacement. Talking with your doctor is the only way to know if testosterone therapy is right for you. Symptoms of low testosterone include: Low sex drive (libido) Erectile dysfunction Fatigue and poor energy level Decreased muscle mass Body and facial hair loss Difficulty concentrating Depression Irritability Low sense of well-being If a man has symptoms of low testosterone and tests show he has an abnormally low testosterone level, a doctor may suggest treatment. Experts emphasize that the benefits and risks of long-term testosterone therapy are unknown, because large clinical trials haven't yet been done.


Question: What is the psychological cost of psoriasis?

Answer: But it affects a lot more than your skin. â That can be difficult to deal with at times. And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. That may take a toll on your mood, your self-confidence, and even your relationships.â One study found that people with psoriasis have higher chances for depression and anxiety. And a third of adults with the condition say it interferes with their love life. Trouble is, stress can trigger psoriasis flares and pain. You might feel like you're stuck in a vicious cycle. Those steps can help you feel healthy and in control -- and ease your psoriasis symptoms, too.


Question: What are the emotional effects of psoriasis?

Answer: And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. â They may not âget it' until you open up to them. 'â A long-term disease like psoriasis can make you feel like you're not in control.


Question: What is the emotional toll of psoriasis?

Answer: And psoriasis is chronic, so it's an everyday part of your life. When you take care of yourself mentally and emotionally, you'll be more likely to feel in control of your psoriasis. When they do, they may feel itchy, tight, and painful. â They may not âget it' until you open up to them. You can't catch it. 'â A long-term disease like psoriasis can make you feel like you're not in control.


Question: What are the pyschological side effects of psoriasis?

Answer: â That can be difficult to deal with at times. That may take a toll on your mood, your self-confidence, and even your relationships.â One study found that people with psoriasis have higher chances for depression and anxiety. Trouble is, stress can trigger psoriasis flares and pain. You might feel like you're stuck in a vicious cycle. Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. Those steps can help you feel healthy and in control -- and ease your psoriasis symptoms, too.


Question: How can I handle other people's reactions to my psoriasis?

Answer: Let your friends and family know how psoriasis affects you emotionally. You can't catch it. Others might have told you that you have to âlearn to live with it.â That's not true, says Crutchfield, who has psoriasis himself.


Question: Should I keep going to the doctor if I have psoriasis?

Answer: But treatment and some small changes to your daily habits can help you stay happy and healthy, Kaminska says. Your doctor should be able to recommend a therapist. But when you do, they'll want to support you,â Kaminska says. Others might have told you that you have to âlearn to live with it.â That's not true, says Crutchfield, who has psoriasis himself.


Question: Can I get professional help for the emotional side of psoriasis?

Answer: Your doctor should be able to recommend a therapist. â I tell people who make comments, â I have psoriasis, which is a genetic condition.


Question: When should you call your doctor about vaginal infections and vaginitis?

Answer: You should call your doctor when: Your vaginal discharge changes color, is heavier, or smells different.


Question: How do you know if you have a yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis?

Answer: Two of the most common causes are related to organisms that live in your vagina. They can have very similar symptoms. Yeast infections are an overgrowth of the yeast that you normally have in your body. Bacterial vaginosis happens when the balance of bacteria is thrown off. With both conditions, you may notice white or grayish discharge. How can you tell them apart? If there's a fishy smell, bacterial vaginosis is a better guess. If your discharge looks like cottage cheese, a yeast infection may be to blame. That's also more likely to cause itching and burning, though bacterial vaginosis might make you itchy, too. And you could have both at the same time.


Question: How can you prevent vaginitis?

Answer: Keep yourself clean and dry. But doctors don't recommend vaginal sprays or heavily perfumed soaps for this area. Douching may cause irritation, too, and more importantly, could hide or spread an infection. It also removes the healthy bacteria that do the housekeeping in your vagina. Douching is never recommended. Avoid clothes that hold in heat and moisture. Nylon underwear, tight jeans, non-breathable gym shorts and leggings, and pantyhose without a cotton panel can lead to yeast infections. Eating yogurt with active cultures (check the label) might help you get fewer infections. Condoms are the best way to prevent passing infections between sexual partners. Get a complete gynecologic exam every year, including a Pap smear if your doctor recommends it.


Question: What are the different types of vaginitis?

Answer: Doctors refer to the various conditions that cause an infection or inflammation of the vagina as "vaginitis." The most common kinds are: Bacterial vaginosis Candida or "yeast" infections Chlamydia Gonorrhea Reactions or allergies (non-infectious vaginitis) Trichomoniasis Viral vaginitis Although they may have different symptoms, a diagnosis can be tricky even for an experienced doctor.


Question: What causes non-infectious vaginitis?

Answer: You could also have an infection without any symptoms. Most often, it's an allergic reaction to or irritation from products such as: Detergents Douches Fabric softeners Perfumed soaps Spermicides Vaginal sprays It could also be from a lower level of hormones because of menopause or because you've had your ovaries removed. This can make your vagina dry, a condition called atrophic vaginitis. Sexual intercourse could be painful, and you may notice vaginal itching and burning.


Question: What are symptoms of vaginal infections and vaginitis?

Answer: Having sex can make some symptoms worse. It burns when you pee. And you could have both at the same time.


Question: How are middle ear implants used for hearing loss?

Answer: This type happens when the outer or middle ear can't bring sound to the inner ear. Sensorineural. In-the-ear. They also don't cause feedback and can stay in place when you swim or bathe, depending on the type of implant you have.


Question: How are bone-anchored hearing aids used for hearing loss?

Answer: In-the-ear. These devices are usually recommended for people with: Hearing loss in one ear Problems with the shape of their ear canals Conductive or mixed hearing loss with long-term ear infections Cochlear implants.


Question: What are some tips for your babyâs ninth month?

Answer: Your 9-month-old is eager to move around. Give him plenty of opportunities to crawl, stand, and cruise -- with you nearby to supervise, of course. Nine months isn't too young to start setting limits. Your baby should understand the word ânoâ or a similar means of communication by now. Use it whenever your little one is about to do something he should not do. Hold your baby's hands and walk around the room together so he can practice getting around on two feet.


Question: What brainpower milestones should you expect in your 9-month-old?

Answer: Your baby's first year is a crucial time for brain development. Trillions of tiny connections are forming that will create the foundation for a lifetime of learning. You can accelerate baby's brain growth by providing a stimulating environment. But you don't need to invest in a series of expensive videos or teaching tools to nurture a smart baby. No DVD can ever replace the value of human interaction. Reading, singing, and talking to your baby every day are the best ways to bolster brain development. And remember, your child doesn't need to start reading at nine months to be a smart baby -- he just needs to learn and explore new things every day.


Question: What communication milestones should you expect in your 9-month-old?

Answer: If your 9-month-old is like many babies at this age, he may be babbling away nonstop. Those babbles might sound almost like real sentences, although no one will understand them but your baby. However, you may start to recognize a couple of real words, such as â Mama,â â Dada,â or âhi.â Your baby's understanding of language is improving, too. If you ask, â Where's the ball?â your baby may go pick up a ball. Or you might ask, â Where's the cow?" and he may point to a picture of a cow. In the brief pauses between babbles your baby is becoming a good listener and reader of body language. You may notice that your baby brings you a favorite toy to see you smile in response. Some babies are effective comedians, even at this young age. They'll blow bubbles and make funny sounds, just to elicit a laugh from the grown-ups around them. At other times, your baby will be a lot less happy -- especially when you're about to leave the room. Separation anxiety is starting to be an issue at this age and so is stranger anxiety. Your baby may express a fear of people and things that never bothered him before. For instance, he may suddenly start crying whenever grandma comes to visit or the lights go out at bedtime. This is because your baby's awareness and memory are improving. For the same reason, you'll probably see a few tears when you try to take something away from him. The good news is that 9-month-old babies are easily distracted and the tears shouldn't last long.


Question: What motor skills milestones should you expect in your 9-month-old?

Answer: At nine months, your baby has likely become an expert crawler. Some can even crawl up and down stairs with ease. At nine months, babies are also becoming experts at quickly changing position. They can push up to a crawl position, sit back down, and pivot to pick up a toy. Your little one may even be able to pull to a stand, and may soon start cruising around the room while holding onto furniture. In addition to getting ready for walking, 9-month-old babies are also improving their fine motor skills. With their pincer grasp, they're able to pick up smaller toys, and they can better coordinate the movement of both hands. These little sleuths will use their newfound motor skills to try to figure out how everything works -- which peg fits in the round hole, how cups fit inside one another, and which end of the toy telephone goes over their ear. Remember that each baby's motor skills develop differently.


Question: What are symptoms of hammertoes?

Answer: The most common complaint with hammertoes is rubbing and irritation on the top of the bent toe.


Question: How do I know if I have hammertoes?

Answer: Usually, an X-ray is part of this exam to assess the extent of the deformity. You should see a doctor if you have a hammertoe.


Question: How can I treat my hammertoes?

Answer: In the meantime, there are steps you can take to relieve the pain and discomfort: Wear only shoes that are high and broad across the toes, called a wide toe-box shoe. There should be at least one-half inch of space between your longest toe and the tip of the shoe. Don't wear heels higher than 2 inches. Wear the appropriate shoe for the activity you are doing. You can buy non-medicated hammertoe pads. Some brands have a gel lining that can prevent irritation of the toe by the shoe. Gently massaging the toe may help relieve pain. Put ice packs on the hammertoe to reduce painful swelling.


Question: What are common causes of constipation?

Answer: The most common causes of constipation are pretty easy to remedy, including: Too little fiber in your diet -- eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains A lack of fluids -- drink more water and less liquids that contain caffeine (which can be constipating), such as soda and coffee Too little exercise -- increase the amount of physical activity you do each day Ignoring the urge to go to the bathroom -- schedule a specific time to go each day The use of certain medicines, such as antacids, blood pressure medicines, pain relievers, antidepressants, iron supplements, and anticonvulsants; talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine.


Question: What happens if constipation is untreated?

Answer: Also see your doctor if: You've never been constipated before now You have stomach pain You've noticed blood in your stools You're losing weight without trying Don't let constipation go unchecked for too long. When untreated, constipation can lead to unpleasant complications such as hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse, a condition in which part of the intestine pushes out through the anus from too much straining.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor during an exam for constipation?

Answer: The most common causes of constipation are pretty easy to remedy, including: Too little fiber in your diet -- eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains A lack of fluids -- drink more water and less liquids that contain caffeine (which can be constipating), such as soda and coffee Too little exercise -- increase the amount of physical activity you do each day Ignoring the urge to go to the bathroom -- schedule a specific time to go each day The use of certain medicines, such as antacids, blood pressure medicines, pain relievers, antidepressants, iron supplements, and anticonvulsants; talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine. How much fiber do I need to eat? How soon should my constipation improve? Do I need to see a gastroenterologist? When should I make an appointment to see you again?


Question: When should you get a check-up for constipation?

Answer: Also see your doctor if: You've never been constipated before now You have stomach pain You've noticed blood in your stools You're losing weight without trying Don't let constipation go unchecked for too long. During the exam, the doctor may insert a gloved, lubricated finger into your anus to check for a blockage or signs of blood.


Question: What will your doctor ask during an exam for constipation?

Answer: Also see your doctor if: You've never been constipated before now You have stomach pain You've noticed blood in your stools You're losing weight without trying Don't let constipation go unchecked for too long. Once the cause of your constipation has been determined, your doctor will discuss treatments with you.


Question: How is constipation treated?

Answer: The most common causes of constipation are pretty easy to remedy, including: Too little fiber in your diet -- eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains A lack of fluids -- drink more water and less liquids that contain caffeine (which can be constipating), such as soda and coffee Too little exercise -- increase the amount of physical activity you do each day Ignoring the urge to go to the bathroom -- schedule a specific time to go each day The use of certain medicines, such as antacids, blood pressure medicines, pain relievers, antidepressants, iron supplements, and anticonvulsants; talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine. Do I need to see a gastroenterologist? Once the cause of your constipation has been determined, your doctor will discuss treatments with you. Stay in touch with your doctor while following your constipation treatment. It's possible to become dependent on laxatives and need them to have a bowel movement. In that case, your doctor may have to wean you off laxatives to get your system back to normal.


Question: What happens during an exam for constipation?

Answer: He or she will ask questions about your constipation, including: When your constipation started How often you normally have bowel movements The consistency of your stools and whether you have to strain during bowel movements Whether you've noticed blood in your stools What other constipation symptoms you're experiencing (abdominal pain, vomiting, unexplained weight loss) What, if anything, seems to relieve your constipation or make it worse Your eating habits Your family and personal history of colon cancer or digestive problems such as irritable bowel syndrome What medicines you're taking These questions may sound personal, but they're the only way your doctor can learn why you're constipated and find the best constipation treatment for you. Sometimes, your doctor may recommend that you have tests such as a barium enema X-ray, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy. These diagnostic tests allow your doctor to look for problems in your intestines, colon, and rectum.


Question: Is it normal to be constipated?

Answer: Often, constipation will go away on its own within a few days or get better after you use laxatives or another constipation treatment. He or she will ask questions about your constipation, including: When your constipation started How often you normally have bowel movements The consistency of your stools and whether you have to strain during bowel movements Whether you've noticed blood in your stools What other constipation symptoms you're experiencing (abdominal pain, vomiting, unexplained weight loss) What, if anything, seems to relieve your constipation or make it worse Your eating habits Your family and personal history of colon cancer or digestive problems such as irritable bowel syndrome What medicines you're taking These questions may sound personal, but they're the only way your doctor can learn why you're constipated and find the best constipation treatment for you.


Question: Is it healthy for people with diabetes to swap meals for meal replacement bars?

Answer: Losing weight can help, and meal replacement bars may seem like an easy way to slim down. Many meal replacement products are aimed at athletes. So they can be high in calories. Others contain ingredients like sugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol, for example), which can cause stomach trouble. Occasionally, munching on a bar for breakfast when you're pressed for time is OK as long as you pay attention to the nutrition info. But it's smarter to stick with real meals or calorie-restricted bars that are complete meals and nutritionally balanced .


Question: Is it healthy for people with diabetes to buy "sugar-free" foods?

Answer: The supermarket is full of things that appear to be diabetes-friendly because they don't have added sugar. But many have sugar substitutes that contain carbs. That means they could send your blood sugar levels soaring. Before you put something in your cart, check the nutrition facts to see how many grams of carbs are in each serving and how much sugar is added.


Question: Can people with diabetes drink diet soda?

Answer: It may be calorie-free, carbohydrate-free, and sugar-free, but you can still overdo it. One study found that overweight people who rely on diet soda end up taking in more calories from food. Why? Diet-drink lovers may think they're "saving" calories on drinks and can afford to splurge on food. Artificial sweeteners also confuse your body because they taste sweet but don't provide calories. If you're craving a cola once in a while, it's fine to treat yourself.


Question: Is it healthy for people with diabetes to avoid all high-fat foods?

Answer: A little fat is good for you, assuming you choose the right kinds. You should limit saturated fats (found in meat and dairy products) and avoid trans fats completely. But monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are healthy. In fact, certain high-fat foods seem to help people who have diabetes. Eating nuts along with higher-carb foods may prevent blood sugar levels from going up too sharply. Other studies have shown that people who eat avocados are less likely to get metabolic syndrome. That's a cluster of symptoms that includes high blood sugar. Just remember to keep portion sizes small.


Question: How should you load up on vitamins and supplements to manage type 2 diabetes?

Answer: A diet with lots of fruits and vegetables should give you all the nutrients you need. A multivitamin may help fill in the gaps, but it still can't match the real thing -- food. Some people take supplements like cinnamon or chromium to try to keep their blood sugar levels stable. It's unclear whether these work. If you choose to try them -- or any supplement -- tell your doctor. He can make sure it's safe for you and won't interact with any medication you're taking.


Question: How can you avoid high-fat foods if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: A little fat is good for you, assuming you choose the right kinds. You should limit saturated fats (found in meat and dairy products) and avoid trans fats completely. But monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are healthy. In fact, certain high-fat foods seem to help people who have diabetes. Eating nuts along with higher-carb foods may prevent blood sugar levels from going up too sharply. Other studies have shown that people who eat avocados are less likely to get metabolic syndrome. That's a cluster of symptoms that includes high blood sugar. Just remember to keep portion sizes small. The calories can add up quickly.


Question: Is it healthy for people with diabetes to drink juice?

Answer: Natural doesn't always mean healthy. One cup of apple juice, for example, has 25 grams of sugar and just 0.5 grams of fiber. An apple, on the other hand, has less sugar (19 grams) and more fiber (4.5 grams). It will satisfy you longer and help stabilize your blood sugar. What's more, a study found that drinking juice every day can raise the risk of getting diabetes.


Question: How should you swap meals for meal replacement bars to manage type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Losing weight can help, and meal replacement bars may seem like an easy way to slim down. Many meal replacement products are aimed at athletes. So they can be high in calories. Others contain ingredients like sugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol, for example), which can cause stomach trouble. Occasionally, munching on a bar for breakfast when you're pressed for time is OK as long as you pay attention to the nutrition info. But it's smarter to stick with real meals or calorie-restricted bars that are complete meals and nutritionally balanced .


Question: How should you buy sugar-free foods to manage type 2 diabetes?

Answer: The supermarket is full of things that appear to be diabetes-friendly because they don't have added sugar. But many have sugar substitutes that contain carbs. That means they could send your blood sugar levels soaring. Before you put something in your cart, check the nutrition facts to see how many grams of carbs are in each serving and how much sugar is added.


Question: Are 100-calorie snack packs healthy for people with diabetes?

Answer: They may seem like they're good for you, but they could actually be sabotaging your efforts. So they can be high in calories. One study found that overweight people who rely on diet soda end up taking in more calories from food. So be honest with yourself: Can you really stop after one?


Question: What causes neurofibromatosis?

Answer: Neurofibromatosis is often inherited (passed on by family members through our genes), but about 50% of people newly diagnosed with the disorder have no family history of the condition, which can arise spontaneously through a mutation (change) in the genes. Once this change has taken place, the mutant gene can be passed on to future generations.


Question: What is the outlook for a person with neurofibromatosis?

Answer: Often, the symptoms of NF1 are mild and people who have it are able to lead full and productive lives. Sometimes, however, pain and deformity can result leading to significant disability. The outlook for people with NF2 depends of the person's age at onset of the diseases and on the number and location of tumors. Some can be life-threatening. Often, those with schwannomatosis have severe pain, and this can be very debilitating.


Question: How can you raise your blood sugar level if you have low blood sugar (hyperglycemia)?

Answer: Give the person a high-sugar food such as: ½ cup fruit juice ½ cup regular (non diet) soda pop 3 glucose tablets Then follow with a more substantial food like a sandwich that offers protein, fat, and complex carbohydrates. If non-diabetic hypoglycemia is recurrent, see a health care provider.


Question: When should I call 911 for low blood sugar?

Answer: A person who has low blood sugar not related to diabetes loses consciousness.


Question: How is anaphylaxis treated?

Answer: Inhalers and antihistamines won't work. Epinephrine reverses the more serious problems with breathing (wheezing and shortness of breath and the dangerous drop in blood pressure seen in anaphylaxis). The faster it is given, the better. If you're allergic to insect stings or any of the foods that cause anaphylaxis, or if you ever have had an anaphylactic reaction, ask your doctor to prescribe an epinephrine injection kit. Carry two injections at all times, and know how to use them. Make sure your family members, friends, and colleagues know the signs of anaphylaxis and can give you an injection if they need to. Don't hesitate to use it if you start to show any symptoms of anaphylaxis. It won't hurt you to take the shot as a precaution.


Question: What can lower risks of atherosclerosis?

Answer: Both medications and changes in lifestyle can improve cholesterol level and reduce the risks that come with atherosclerosis: Exercise with or without weight loss increases "good" HDL cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart attacks and strokes. A diet high in fiber and low in fats can lower "bad" LDL cholesterol. Oily fish and other foods high in omega 3 fatty acids can raise âgoodâ HDL cholesterol. Statins are the medicines most-often prescribed for high cholesterol. They can dramatically lower "bad" LDL cholesterol, by up to 60% or more. They can also increase HDL.


Question: Can statins help with atherosclerosis?

Answer: Studies have shown that statins can reduce the rates of heart attacks, strokes, and death from atherosclerosis. But to be effective, statins need to be part of a larger personalized strategy you and your doctor work out together. Among other things, that strategy will be based on your level of risk for heart attack and stroke as well as your own personal life-style choices. If you know or think your cholesterol is high or if you have a family history of high cholesterol, talk to your doctor about ways you can lower it.


Question: What should my blood glucose levels be if I am diabetic and pregnant?

Answer: Keep blood glucose levels within the ideal range: 70 to 100 mg/d L before meals Less than 120 mg/d L 2 hours after eating 100-140 mg/d L before your bedtime snack Use your meals, exercise, and diabetes medications to keep a healthy balance.


Question: What are the risks of diabetes in pregnancy?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects. They also can increase the risks of miscarriage and diabetes-related complications. But many women don't know they're pregnant until the baby has been growing for 2 to 4 weeks. That's why you should have good control of your blood sugar before you start trying to conceive.


Question: What can I expect the effects of my diabetes to be on my baby when he or she is born?

Answer: If you regularly have high blood sugar levels while you're pregnant (and especially in the 24 hours before delivery), your baby may get dangerously low blood sugar right after they're born. Their insulin is based on your high sugar, and when it's suddenly taken away, their blood sugar level drops quickly and they'll need glucose to balance it out. Their calcium and magnesium levels may be off, too. Those can be fixed with medication. Some babies are too big to be delivered vaginally, and you'll need a cesarean delivery or c-section. Your doctor will keep an eye on your baby's size so you can plan for the safest way to give birth.


Question: Should I change my diet if I am pregnant and have diabetes?

Answer: Changing what and how you eat will help you avoid problems with your blood sugar levels. You'll also need to include more calories for your growing baby. Your doctor or diabetes educator can help you figure out how to do that safely.


Question: How can you prepare for diabetes and pregnancy?

Answer: A pre-conception counseling appointment will help you be physically and emotionally prepared for pregnancy. Meet with your doctor to find out if your diabetes is controlled well enough for you to stop your birth control method. A blood test called the glycosylated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c, or just A1c) can show how well it's been going over the past 8 to 12 weeks.


Question: What can high blood sugar levels early in pregnancy cause?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects. They also can increase the risks of miscarriage and diabetes-related complications. But many women don't know they're pregnant until the baby has been growing for 2 to 4 weeks. That's why you should have good control of your blood sugar before you start trying to conceive.


Question: What medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects.


Question: Can I keep using my diabetes medications if I am pregnant?

Answer: If you use insulin to control your diabetes, your doctor can tell you how to adjust your dose. Your body will probably need more while you're pregnant, especially during the last 3 months. If you take a pill, you may need to switch to insulin. It may not be safe to use some drugs, or you may get better sugar control.


Question: Do most women with mild diabetes carry their baby to full-term?

Answer: Women with well controlled diabetes often go full-term without any problems. However, many doctors prefer to plan for an early delivery, usually around weeks 38-39.


Question: What tests can help prevent diabetes-related pregnancy complications?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects.


Question: Will you carry your baby to term if you have diabetes and are pregnant?

Answer: Women with well controlled diabetes often go full-term without any problems. However, many doctors prefer to plan for an early delivery, usually around weeks 38-39.


Question: How will your medications change during pregnancy?

Answer: If you use insulin to control your diabetes, your doctor can tell you how to adjust your dose. Your body will probably need more while you're pregnant, especially during the last 3 months. If you take a pill, you may need to switch to insulin. It may not be safe to use some drugs, or you may get better sugar control.


Question: How will my diabetes affect labor?

Answer: It may not be safe to use some drugs, or you may get better sugar control. Labor can be a stressful time for you and the baby. If you've been using insulin during your pregnancy, insulin needs will continue through labor. Right after delivery, your need for insulin will likely drop quickly.


Question: What are the effects of diabetes on pregnancy?

Answer: If you're thinking about having a baby, take steps to lessen the risks for both you and your child. If you regularly have high blood sugar levels while you're pregnant (and especially in the 24 hours before delivery), your baby may get dangerously low blood sugar right after they're born. Changing what and how you eat will help you avoid problems with your blood sugar levels.


Question: Does diabetes affect pregnancies?

Answer: If you're thinking about having a baby, take steps to lessen the risks for both you and your child. If you regularly have high blood sugar levels while you're pregnant (and especially in the 24 hours before delivery), your baby may get dangerously low blood sugar right after they're born. Changing what and how you eat will help you avoid problems with your blood sugar levels.


Question: How will your blood sugar change during labor and delivery if you have diabetes?

Answer: It may not be safe to use some drugs, or you may get better sugar control. Labor can be a stressful time for you and the baby. If you've been using insulin during your pregnancy, insulin needs will continue through labor. Right after delivery, your need for insulin will likely drop quickly.


Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Your blood may show signs of possible cancer. For example, your doctor may check it to see if you have anemia from a bleeding tumor. Also, high levels of some enzymes or other things made by cancer cells might mean canceer is likely.


Question: How is adenocarcinoma diagnosed?

Answer: You could have symptoms like pain, diarrhea, bleeding, or fatigue, depending on your type of cancer. But early on, you may not feel that anything's wrong. Your doctor will give you a physical exam. He may feel your organs to see if there is any swelling or a growth. He may also notice something's not right when you have regular screening tests like a colonoscopy, when a doctor puts a tube into your colon to check for polyps.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the prostate?

Answer: This is a gland in men that's just below the bladder. It helps make some of the fluid that protects sperm cells. Adenocarcinoma starts in the cells that make this fluid. Most prostate cancers are this type.


Question: What can be affected by adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Adenocarcinoma can happen in many places, like your colon, breasts, esophagus, lungs, pancreas, or prostate.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the esophagus?

Answer: This is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. Adenocarcinoma usually starts in mucus glands that line the lower part of your esophagus.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the lungs?

Answer: Adenocarcinoma makes up about 40% of lung cancers. It's most often found in the outer part of the lungs and grows more slowly than other types of lung cancer. You usually get it if you're a smoker or used to be one.


Question: How are imaging tests used to diagnose adenocarcinoma?

Answer: They can help see if any of the tissues in your organs don't look normal. You may get a CT scan, which is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. Or you might need an MRI, which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and tissues. If you do have cancer and start treatment, imaging tests can also help your doctor learn how well your treatment is working.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the pancreas?

Answer: This is an organ in the back of your belly, behind your stomach. It makes hormones and enzymes that help digest food. About 85% of pancreatic cancers are caused by adenocarcinoma. These tumors start in the ducts of this organ.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the colon and rectum?

Answer: It's a long tube that helps remove water and nutrients from the food you eat. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of colon cancer. It starts out as a small polyp, or growth, that's usually harmless at first but can turn into cancer. The disease can also start in your rectum, the part of your large intestine where the leftover waste from digested food, called stool, gets pushed out of your body.


Question: What are the side effects of adenocarcinoma treatment?

Answer: Your cancer treatment can have side effects. You might get very tired or feel like you need to throw up. Your doctor can suggest ways to manage these problems. He may prescribe drugs that fight nausea.


Question: How is a biopsy used to diagnose adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Your doctor takes a small sample of tissue from the organ where he thinks you may have cancer. For example, he may remove a polyp or growth from your colon, or use a small needle to remove tissue from your breast. A doctor called a pathologist will look at it under a microscope to see if there are cancer cells. A biopsy can also show if they are just in that one organ, have spread from another place in your body, or how much they've grown.


Question: How is surgery used to treat adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Your first treatment will probably be to remove the tumor and tissue around it. Your doctor can then look at the tissue to see if you're cured or if there still may be cancer cells in your body. You may need to combine other treatments with surgery to make sure your cancer is gone.


Question: What can you do to manage adenocarcinoma?

Answer: If you do have cancer and start treatment, imaging tests can also help your doctor learn how well your treatment is working. They can be a huge source of support. Check the web site of the American Cancer Society. You can find out about local support groups, where you'll meet people who have the same type of cancer as you and can share their experience.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the breasts?

Answer: The disease can also start in your rectum, the part of your large intestine where the leftover waste from digested food, called stool, gets pushed out of your body. Most prostate cancers are this type.


Question: How can you get adenocarcinoma?

Answer: You get adenocarcinoma when cells in the glands that line your organs grow out of control. They may spread to other places and harm healthy tissue. If you do have cancer and start treatment, imaging tests can also help your doctor learn how well your treatment is working.


Question: What can you do to help with a broken wrist?

Answer: Regular X-rays to make sure your wrist is healing normally You will probably also want to: Elevate your wrist on a pillow or the back of a chair above the level of your heart for the first few days. This will ease pain and swelling. Ice the wrist. Do this for 15-20 minutes every two to three hours for two to three days. Be careful to keep the splint or cast dry while icing. Take over-the-counter painkillers. Ask your doctor about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin (except for children). They can help with pain and swelling. However, these drugs have side effects, such as an increased risk of bleeding and ulcers. They should be used only occasionally unless your doctor specifically says otherwise, as this may delay healing. Practice stretching and strengthening exercises of the fingers, elbow, and shoulder if your doctor recommends them.


Question: What is a prosthetic eye?

Answer: Your doctor will decide which method to use based on: type of eye condition you have degree of damage to the eye A prosthetic eye can improve the appearance of the affected eye socket. For most people it is vastly preferable to wearing an eye patch or bandage.


Question: How does a prosthetic eye function after surgery?

Answer: A prosthetic eye moves, but often not as fully or briskly as your other healthy eye. The pupil in a prosthetic eye does not change in response to light. So the pupils of the two eyes may appear unequal. The eye socket may continue to change shape after surgery. Additional fitting and adjustment of the prosthesis may be necessary for weeks or months after initial placement.


Question: Why might an eye be removed?

Answer: Some of the reasons why an eye may be removed are: injury glaucoma infection inside the eye eye tumors There are two surgical methods for removing a damaged eye.


Question: For how long am I contagious if I have a cold?

Answer: Cold symptoms usually last for about a week. During the first three days that you have cold symptoms, you are contagious.


Question: What is the best way to prevent colds and the flu?

Answer: Hand washing by rubbing the hands with warm soapy water for at least 20 seconds helps to slough germs off the skin. In addition to hand washing to prevent flu or cold symptoms, you can also get a flu vaccine to prevent seasonal influenza.


Question: What kind of mucus is associated with a cold?

Answer: With cold symptoms, the nose teems with watery nasal secretions for the first few days. Later, these become thicker and darker. Dark mucus is natural and does not usually mean you have developed a bacterial infection, such as a sinus infection.


Question: How can you know if you have the flu or a common cold?

Answer: Take your temperature, say many experts. Flu symptoms often mimic cold symptoms with nasal congestion, cough, aches, and malaise. But a common cold rarely has symptoms of fever above 101 degrees. With flu symptoms, you will probably have a fever initially with the flu virus and you will feel miserable. Body and muscle aches are also more common with the flu.


Question: What should I do if my fever isn't going away?

Answer: If you already have flu or cold symptoms, it's important to call your doctor if you also have any of the following severe symptoms: Persistent fever: A fever lasting more than three days can be a sign of another bacterial infection that should be treated.


Question: What flu or cold symptoms are emergencies for adults?

Answer: In some cases, you may need to get emergency medical attention right away. In adults, signs of a crisis include: Severe chest pain Severe headache Shortness of breath Dizziness Confusion Persistent vomiting In children, additional signs of an emergency are: Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing Bluish skin color Not drinking enough fluids Lethargy and failure to interact normally Extreme irritability or distress Symptoms that were improving and then suddenly worsen Fever with a rash The most important prevention measure for preventing colds and flu is frequent hand washing.


Question: What should I do if I have a severe sore throat?

Answer: Painful swallowing: Although a sore throat from a cold or flu can cause mild discomfort, severe pain could mean strep throat, which requires treatment by a doctor.


Question: When should I take my child to the hospital for the flu or a cold?

Answer: In some cases, you may need to get emergency medical attention right away. In adults, signs of a crisis include: Severe chest pain Severe headache Shortness of breath Dizziness Confusion Persistent vomiting In children, additional signs of an emergency are: Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing Bluish skin color Not drinking enough fluids Lethargy and failure to interact normally Extreme irritability or distress Symptoms that were improving and then suddenly worsen Fever with a rash The most important prevention measure for preventing colds and flu is frequent hand washing.


Question: How do symptoms of a cold progress?

Answer: If cold symptoms begin quickly and are improving after a week, then it is usually a cold, not allergy. Flu symptoms often mimic cold symptoms with nasal congestion, cough, aches, and malaise. But a common cold rarely has symptoms of fever above 101 degrees. Body and muscle aches are also more common with the flu.


Question: What should I do if my cold isn't going away?

Answer: If cold symptoms do not seem to be improving after a week, you may have a bacterial infection, which means you may need antibiotics. If your cold symptoms do not seem to be getting better after a week, check with your doctor to see if you have developed an allergy or sinusitis.


Question: How does the flu spread?

Answer: Several hundred different viruses may cause your cold symptoms. In addition to hand washing to prevent flu or cold symptoms, you can also get a flu vaccine to prevent seasonal influenza.


Question: How long do flu symptoms last?

Answer: While cold symptoms can make you feel bad for a few days, flu symptoms can make you feel quite ill for a few days to weeks. The flu can also result in serious health problems such as pneumonia and hospitalizations. If you notice shortness of breath, let your doctor know. Another common sign of pneumonia is fever that comes back after having been gone for a day or two.


Question: What causes pinched (compressed) nerves?

Answer: A pinched nerve occurs when there is "compression" (pressure) on a nerve. The pressure may be the result of repetitive motions.


Question: When do you need surgery to treat pinched (compressed) nerves?

Answer: In more severe cases, it may be necessary to remove material that's pressing on a nerve, such as: Scar tissue Disc material Pieces of bone Treatment may include: NSAIDs.


Question: What are the symptoms of pinched (compressed) nerves?

Answer: With nerve compression, sometimes pain may be your only symptom. Or you may have other symptoms without pain. These are some of the more common symptoms of compressed nerves: Pain in the area of compression, such as the neck or low back Radiating pain, such as sciatica or radicular pain Numbness or tingling " Pins and needles" or a burning sensation Weakness, especially with certain activities Sometimes symptoms worsen when you try certain movements, such as turning your head or straining your neck.


Question: How can pinched (compressed) nerves affect me?

Answer: In some cases, you can't reverse the damage from a pinched nerve. The pressure may be the result of repetitive motions. Nerve compression often occurs when the nerve is pressed between tissues such as: Ligament Tendon Bone For example, inflammation or pressure on a nerve root exiting the spine may cause neck or low back pain. It may also cause pain to radiate from the neck into the shoulder and arm (cervical radiculopathy). For example, if a disc weakens or tears -- known as a herniated disc -- pressure can get put on a spinal nerve.


Question: What do you need to know about pinched (compressed) nerves?

Answer: If you have a pinched nerve (nerve compression) your body may send you warning signals such as pain. Don't ignore these warning signals. It may cause temporary or long-lasting problems. The earlier you get a diagnosis and treatment for nerve compression, the more quickly you'll find relief. In some cases, you can't reverse the damage from a pinched nerve.


Question: What other conditions besides multiple sclerosis can cause Lhermitte's sign?

Answer: MS is not the only condition that can cause Lhermitte's. It can also happen to people with other disorders involving the upper part of the spinal cord, and to people with a severe lack of vitamin B12. Your doctor will want to test you to see if MS or another health problem is causing your symptoms.


Question: How are symptoms of Lhermitteâs sign treated?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe a few treatments to help relieve your pain: Electrical stimulating devices. These machines ease pain by sending low-voltage electricity to your nerves. Some work from outside your body, such as TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation). Others your doctor can implant inside you. A soft neck brace or collar to limit movement Massage and muscle relaxation techniques Deep breathing Stretching There are also medications that can combat Lhermitte's sign: Antiseizure drugs Muscle relaxers Antidepressants Sodium channel blockers Steroids Talk to your health care team about the mix of treatments that will help you the most.


Question: How is Lhermitte's sign related to multiple sclerosis?

Answer: When you have MS, your immune system begins to attack the fatty coating, called myelin, that protects your nerves. Without it, scar tissue forms and begins to block the messages traveling in your brain and spinal cord. Lhermitte's sign is one of the symptoms that happens when those signals don't move like they should.


Question: What treatments can relieve pain from Lhermitte's sign?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe a few treatments to help relieve your pain: Electrical stimulating devices. These machines ease pain by sending low-voltage electricity to your nerves. Some work from outside your body, such as TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation). Others your doctor can implant inside you. A soft neck brace or collar to limit movement Massage and muscle relaxation techniques Deep breathing Stretching There are also medications that can combat Lhermitte's sign: Antiseizure drugs Muscle relaxers Antidepressants Sodium channel blockers Steroids Talk to your health care team about the mix of treatments that will help you the most.


Question: Is Lhermitte's sign life-threatening?

Answer: The problem can be painful, but it's not life-threatening. With time or with treatment, some people stop having Lhermitte's sign.


Question: What medications are used to treat Lhermitteâs sign?

Answer: A soft neck brace or collar to limit movement Massage and muscle relaxation techniques Deep breathing Stretching There are also medications that can combat Lhermitte's sign: Antiseizure drugs Muscle relaxers Antidepressants Sodium channel blockers Steroids Talk to your health care team about the mix of treatments that will help you the most.


Question: What medications can I take to combat Lhermitte's sign?

Answer: A soft neck brace or collar to limit movement Massage and muscle relaxation techniques Deep breathing Stretching There are also medications that can combat Lhermitte's sign: Antiseizure drugs Muscle relaxers Antidepressants Sodium channel blockers Steroids Talk to your health care team about the mix of treatments that will help you the most.


Question: How can you trigger Lhermitteâs sign?

Answer: Like a lot of MS symptoms, you're more likely to trigger Lhermitte's sign if you're tired or overheated. It can also happen if you move your head the wrong way, often when your chin hits your chest.


Question: What does it mean when you get Lhermitteâs sign?

Answer: When you have MS, your immune system begins to attack the fatty coating, called myelin, that protects your nerves. Without it, scar tissue forms and begins to block the messages traveling in your brain and spinal cord. Lhermitte's sign is one of the symptoms that happens when those signals don't move like they should. MS is not the only condition that can cause Lhermitte's. It can also happen to people with other disorders involving the upper part of the spinal cord, and to people with a severe lack of vitamin B12. Your doctor will want to test you to see if MS or another health problem is causing your symptoms.


Question: What is Lhermitte's sign?

Answer: It's called Lhermitte's sign, or barber chair sign, and it's often one of the symptoms that people mention when they're first diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. It can also happen if you move your head the wrong way, often when your chin hits your chest.


Question: How is deep vein thrombosis (DVT) treated?

Answer: Your doctor will want to stop the blood clot from getting bigger or breaking off and heading toward your lungs. She'll also want to cut your chances of getting another DVT.


Question: What medications are used to to treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Blood thinners are the most common medications used to treat DVT. They cut your blood's ability to clot. You may need to take them for 6 months. If your symptoms are severe or your clot is very large, your doctor may give you a strong medicine to dissolve it. These medications, called thrombolytics, have serious side effects like sudden bleeding. That's why they're not prescribed very often.


Question: What are the signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: But you might notice any of the following: Leg or arm swelling that comes on without warning Pain or soreness when you stand or walk Warmth in the area that hurts Enlarged veins Skin that looks red or blue If a blood clot breaks free and moves through your bloodstream, it can get stuck in a blood vessel of your lung.


Question: How can sitting for long periods affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: When you sit for long stretches of time, the muscles in your lower legs stay lax. This makes it hard for blood to circulate, or move around, the way it should. Long flights or car rides can put you at risk.


Question: What injuries can affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: This could result from a broken bone, surgery, or other trauma.


Question: What health issues affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Conditions like Irritable bowel disease, cancer, and heart disease can all raise your risk.