Question: Why are vitamins and minerals good for your dog?

Answer: Vitamins and minerals: These are needed for many of the chemical reactions in your dog's body, such as building bones and keeping them strong.


Question: What vitamins and minerals can your dog get from complete and balanced dog food?

Answer: Your dog can get all the vitamins and minerals he needs in "balanced" dog food, including: Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K B-complex vitamins Calcium Phosphorus Dogs don't have to have vitamin C in their food because their bodies make it.


Question: How often should you feed your dog?

Answer: Usually, adult dogs should be fed once or twice a day. Most large-breed dogs should be fed at least twice a day so they don't overeat and get bloated. Experts agree that treats and table scraps should never be more than 10% of your dog's daily calories. Just like with people, overeating can make your dog overweight. And that can lead to the same kinds of health problems that people have, such as diabetes and heart disease. Your veterinarian can help you figure out the best diet and feeding schedule to keep your dog healthy.


Question: Why don't dogs have to have vitamin C?

Answer: Your dog can get all the vitamins and minerals he needs in "balanced" dog food, including: Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K B-complex vitamins Calcium Phosphorus Dogs don't have to have vitamin C in their food because their bodies make it. When he eats nutritious food, your dog doesn't need vitamin or mineral supplements. In fact, giving your dog supplements can be dangerous.


Question: How can you make sure your dog food has the right mix of nutrients?

Answer: That includes a mix of: Proteins Carbohydrates Fats Vitamins Minerals Water To make sure the dog food you buy has the right mix of nutrients, look for the words "complete and balanced nutrition" on the label. You might also see " Meets the nutritional requirements of dogs established by the American Association of Feed Control Officials ( AAFCO)" or " Complete and balanced nutrition for dogs based on AAFCO feeding trials." Both dry and canned dog food will give your dog good nutrition. Some experts prefer dry food because it may help keep teeth and gums healthy. If you make your own dog food, use recipes created by nutritionists to be "complete and balanced."


Question: How much St. John's wort should you take?

Answer: For depression, some clinical trials in adults have used 300 milligrams of St. John's wort (of 0.3% hypericin extract) taken three times a day for up to 6 months. After the initial treatment, some people choose to go onto a lower maintenance dose of 300 milligrams to 600 milligrams of St. John's wort per day.


Question: What is St. John's wort and what is it used for?

Answer: Today, St. John's wort is best known as a treatment for depression. Multiple studies have found St. John's wort helpful for depression. In fact, a few showed that St. John's wort was as effective as some prescription antidepressants.


Question: What are the risks of taking St. John's wort?

Answer: Given the lack of evidence about its safety, St. John's wort is not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: What are the side effects of taking St. John's wort?

Answer: At recommended doses, St. John's wort generally does not cause side effects. Uncommon side effects of St. John's wort include anxiety, dry mouth, sensitivity to sunlight, dizziness, stomach upset, headache, sexual problems, and fatigue.


Question: Why do people take St. John's wort?

Answer: In fact, a few showed that St. John's wort was as effective as some prescription antidepressants. But the evidence is conflicting. Two recent major studies showed that St. John's wort worked no better than a placebo for moderate depression. However, neither did the medication that was used. St. John's wort might prove more effective for milder forms of depression. For now, however, the evidence is uncertain. St. John's wort has also been studied in the treatment of other mood disorders, such as severe depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder ( OCD), and seasonal affective disorder ( SAD.) It's also been used for insomnia, PMS, menopausal symptoms, and eczema. However, studies on St. John's wort for these uses have not shown solid evidence of benefit.


Question: What are some surprising spots for skin cancer?

Answer: The next time you grab your sunscreen, don't forget these spots. They're also important places to look when you search your body for signs of sun damage: Scalp: The top of your head is a common place for skin cancer.


Question: How can you spot skin cancer?

Answer: Check your body often for new growths or any changes in ones you already have. Use hand mirrors to get a closer view: Chest and back Each side Underarms Hands, palms and fingernails Fronts and backs of your arms and legs Tops and soles of your feet Spaces between your toes and toenails Scalp -- part your hair to get a closer look Behind and inside your ears Face and neck Backside and genitals


Question: How does weather affect the prevalence of colds?

Answer: Seasonal changes in relative humidity also may affect the prevalence of colds. The most common cold-causing viruses survive better when humidity is low-the colder months of the year. Cold weather also may make the inside lining of your nose drier and more vulnerable to viral infection.


Question: How often do children get the common cold and why?

Answer: Children have about 6 to 10 colds a year. One important reason why colds are so common in children is because they are often in close contact with each other in daycare centers and schools. In families with children in school, the number of colds per child can be as high as 12 a year.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about ADHD?

Answer: Questions include: Could it be something else that has similar symptoms? What could have caused it? Is medication necessary? Are there other treatments? How do the drugs work? What are the side effects? Do people outgrow ADHD? How will we know if we no longer need ADHD medication? How often do I (or my child) need to see a doctor?


Question: What triggers itching in people with eczema?

Answer: For most people, eczema is a cycle. It flares up, quiets down when you treat it, then flares up again. If you can pinpoint what causes your flares, you may be able to stop the itching before it starts. Common triggers include: Wool. Wear soft clothing made of cotton or silk. Avoid other scratchy fabrics, too. Toiletries. Ingredients in everything from shampoo to sunscreen can make you itch. Choose hypoallergenic products without perfumes, dyes, or preservatives. Household chemicals. Detergents and solvents can trigger eczema. Protect your skin by wearing gloves when you clean or work with chemicals. Natural cleaning products can also trigger eczema, but see if you can tolerate them. Allergens. Avoid pollen, mold, and pet dander. Food allergies usually don't affect eczema in adults, but talk to your doctor if you notice that a specific food seems to bother you. Sweat. It's hard to avoid sweating, but try to wash it off quickly when you do. Stress. Your body has a harder time protecting itself when you're under stress, and that affects your skin. Get enough sleep and find ways to relax on a regular basis.


Question: Is Rett Syndrome an autistic spectrum disorder?

Answer: Children with Rett syndrome often have behaviors similar to autism, and experts used to group it among spectrum disorders. But now that it's known to be caused by a genetic mutation, it's no longer considered an ASD.


Question: What is childhood disintegrative disorder?

Answer: It described children who develop normally and then quickly lose many social, language, and mental skills, usually between ages 2 and 4. Often, these children also developed a seizure disorder.


Question: What is rapid-cycling bipolar disorder?

Answer: Rapid-cycling is a term that describes having four or more mood episodes within a 12-month period. Episodes must last for some minimum number of days in order to be considered distinct episodes. Some people also experience changes in polarity from high to low or vice-versa within a single week, or even within a single day, meaning that the full symptom profile that defines distinct, separate episodes may not be present (for example, the person may not have a decreased need for sleep). Sometimes called "ultra-rapid" cycling, there is debate within psychiatry as to whether this phenomenon is a valid or well-established feature in bipolar disorder. A pattern of rapid cycling can occur at any time in the course of illness, although some researchers believe that it may be more common at later points in the lifetime duration of illness.


Question: How does acupuncture help the flu?

Answer: The World Health Organization supports the use of acupuncture for respiratory and infectious complications of the flu.


Question: Which antiviral medicines treat and prevent the flu?

Answer: To treat and prevent both influenza A and B, there are baloxavir marboxil ( Xofluza), oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), and zanamivir ( Relenza). Zanamivir is inhaled like an asthma medication. Tamiflu and Xofluza are taken as pills and Rapivab is given in one intravenous dose.


Question: Is garlic good for the flu?

Answer: Many claims have been made, but there isn't enough research demonstrating any benefit of many herbs, including garlic and ginseng. Garlic is known to prevent the blood from clotting, so if you're on "blood thinners," it could present a problem. Garlic's active ingredient, allicin, can be found in a wide range of supplements. However, recent studies have shown the actual amount you get may vary greatly, and often, you get very little of it. Garlic does have some natural anti-viral properties, but has no proven effectiveness in the prevention or treatment of the flu. If you feel that garlic is important for your health, it's safe, the fresh variety may be the best choice.


Question: What herbs can relieve flu symptoms?

Answer: Herbs including elderflower, myrrh, willow bark, rose hips, honeysuckle flowers, and boneset have also been suggested for relief from the many symptoms that accompany the flu.


Question: Should I keep track of my ketone tests if I have diabetes?

Answer: Keep detailed records of any urine or ketone tests you perform. These can help alert you and your doctor to any problems. Bring them with you on every office visit.


Question: When should I test for ketones if I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you have type 2 diabetes, there isn't much chance you'll have too many ketones, even if you're taking insulin. But it could happen during a severe illness. Your doctor may tell you to check your urine when: You have a cold, the flu, or other illness or have unexplained nausea or vomiting. Your blood sugar level is over 300 mg/d L and continues to rise throughout the day.


Question: What ketone test results require a doctor?

Answer: A urine test for ketones should always be negative. Report a positive result to your doctor immediately. You should also let her know right away if your blood sugar remains high or if you have stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing, sweet-smelling breath, or if you're peeing a lot. The doctor may tell you to: Drink plenty of water and fluids to lower the amounts of ketones and stay hydrated. Continue to check your blood sugar. If it's high, you may need to give yourself a small amount of rapid-acting insulin. Go to the local emergency room so you can get intravenous fluids and insulin.


Question: How do I test for ketones?

Answer: Your doctor can check for ketone levels, or you can do it at home with an over-the-counter kit. You simply dip a test strip into your urine. It will change color, and you'll compare it to a chart to see what your reading means.


Question: How do people with diabetes check for kidney problems?

Answer: But early and tight control of your blood sugar and blood pressure, plus help from certain medications, can keep these organs working like they should To check for problems, your doctor can do a test that measures the amount of protein in your urine, called microalbuminuria. It shows up when small amounts of albumin (the main protein in your blood) seep into your pee. Without treatment to slow the leak, your kidneys could be damaged and eventually fail. You should get this test every year starting as soon as you're diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. That's because high blood sugar is usually present many years before you find out you have the disease. If you have type 1 diabetes, you probably won't get the test until you've been diagnosed for 5 years.


Question: When should someone call the doctor after a positive urine test?

Answer: A urine test for ketones should always be negative. Report a positive result to your doctor immediately. You should also let her know right away if your blood sugar remains high or if you have stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, rapid breathing, sweet-smelling breath, or if you're peeing a lot. The doctor may tell you to: Drink plenty of water and fluids to lower the amounts of ketones and stay hydrated. Continue to check your blood sugar. If it's high, you may need to give yourself a small amount of rapid-acting insulin. Go to the local emergency room so you can get intravenous fluids and insulin.


Question: When should I test for ketones if I have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: If you have type 1 diabetes, you may need to check your urine for ketones if: You feel sick (have a cold, the flu, or other illness) and have nausea or vomiting. You're pregnant. Your blood sugar level is over 300 mg/d L. You have symptoms of high blood sugar including extreme thirst or tiredness, a flushed or foggy feeling, or your breath smells fruity. The doctor tells you to.


Question: When should someone with type 2 diabetes check their urine for ketones?

Answer: If you have type 2 diabetes, there isn't much chance you'll have too many ketones, even if you're taking insulin. But it could happen during a severe illness. Your doctor may tell you to check your urine when: You have a cold, the flu, or other illness or have unexplained nausea or vomiting. Your blood sugar level is over 300 mg/d L and continues to rise throughout the day.


Question: How do doctors test for ketone levels in urine tests?

Answer: Your doctor can check for ketone levels, or you can do it at home with an over-the-counter kit. You simply dip a test strip into your urine. It will change color, and you'll compare it to a chart to see what your reading means.


Question: What is the follow-up for ganglion cysts?

Answer: After you have been diagnosed with a ganglion cyst and have chosen to have treatment, follow-up will be different based on what you have chosen to do. After simple aspiration, your doctor may ask you to start moving the joint soon after the procedure. Most likely after surgery, your joint will be splinted for up to 7 to 10 days. A splint is a hard wrap that will keep you from moving your joint. Recent studies show that splinting for a long period of time doesn't really help, and use of the joint soon after treatment is being encouraged. Your doctor may ask you to return for a check-up after your surgery and will decide if physical or occupational therapy is needed. Follow-up care will be based on your personal needs.


Question: When should you seek medical care for ganglion cysts?

Answer: Your doctor can be sure that you have a ganglion cyst, keep you from worrying, and help decide on the best treatment plan for you. A ganglion cyst does not need to have emergency treatment unless you have significant trauma. A routine check by either your doctor or a specialist in bones and joints (an orthopedist) is often enough.


Question: What are the symptoms and characteristics of ganglion cysts?

Answer: The ganglion cyst usually appears as a bump (mass) that changes size. It is usually soft, anywhere from 1-3 cm in diameter, and doesn't move. The swelling may appear over time or appear suddenly, may get smaller in size, and may even go away, only to come back at another time. Most ganglion cysts cause some degree of pain, usually following acute or repetitive trauma, but up to 35% are without symptoms except for appearance. If pain is present, it is usually chronic and made worse by joint motion. When the cyst is connected to a tendon, you may feel a sense of weakness in the affected finger.


Question: How can I treat ganglion cysts at home?

Answer: In the past, home care has included topical plaster, heat, and various poultices. It even extended to use of a heavy book to physically smash the cyst. ( Sometimes this is called " Bible therapy.") These forms of treatment are no longer suggested, however, because they have not been shown to keep the ganglion cysts from returning and could, in fact, cause further injury.


Question: When is surgery needed for ganglion cysts?

Answer: When found on the back of the wrist, they become more prominent when the wrist is flexed forward.


Question: Where do ganglion cysts occur?

Answer: Ganglion cysts most commonly occur on the back of the hand at the wrist joint but they can also develop on the palm side of the wrist. When found on the back of the wrist, they become more prominent when the wrist is flexed forward. Other sites, although less common, include these: The base of the fingers on the palm, where they appear as small pea-sized bumps The fingertip, just below the cuticle, where they are called mucous cysts The outside of the knee and ankle The top of the foot The cause of ganglion cysts is not known.


Question: How can you prevent ganglion cysts?

Answer: Because the cause of a ganglion cyst is not known, it is difficult to tell how to prevent them. Early evaluation and treatment are recommended.


Question: Why should I get hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after surgical menopause?

Answer: Until the early 2000s, hormone therapy was routinely recommended not just for women who had their ovaries surgically removed, but for any woman entering menopause. But things have changed in recent years as the risks of estrogen therapy have grabbed headlines and its benefits have been thrown into question. For many women undergoing surgical menopause, doctors still recommend hormone therapy.


Question: What are ways to cope with stress?

Answer: Anger Inability to concentrate Excessive worry Sadness Frequent mood swings Stooped posture Sweaty palms Chronic fatigue Weight gain or loss Erectile dysfunction Shaking Over-reacting Acting on impulse Using alcohol or drugs Withdrawing from relationships Changing jobs often Lower your expectations; accept that there are events beyond your control. Ask others to help you, delegate. Take responsibility for the situation. Engage in problem solving. Express distressing emotions; be assertive instead of aggressive. Maintain emotionally supportive relationships and emotional composure. Avoid sources of stress. Learn to relax. Eat and drink sensibly. Stop smoking or other bad habits. Exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy sense of self-esteem.


Question: How can your behaviors show that youâre under stress?

Answer: Common causes of stress include: Death of a loved one Confrontations Marital difficulties/divorce Deadlines Legal problems Job loss/new job Retirement Money problems Illnesses When you are not sure of the exact cause of your stress, it may help to know the warning signs of stress. Once you can identify these signs, you can learn how your body responds to stress and can take steps to reduce it. Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress.


Question: How can your body show you that youâre under stress?

Answer: Common causes of stress include: Death of a loved one Confrontations Marital difficulties/divorce Deadlines Legal problems Job loss/new job Retirement Money problems Illnesses When you are not sure of the exact cause of your stress, it may help to know the warning signs of stress. Once you can identify these signs, you can learn how your body responds to stress and can take steps to reduce it. Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress.


Question: What are the side effects of  coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)?

Answer: Good food sources of Co Q10 include: Cold water fish, like tuna, salmon, mackerel, and sardines Vegetable oils Meats Side effects from Co Q10 seem to be rare and mild. They include diarrhea, nausea, and heartburn. Risks. People with chronic diseases such as heart failure, kidney or liver problems, or diabetes should be wary of using this supplement. Co Q10 may lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure. Doses of more than 300 milligrams may affect liver enzyme levels.


Question: Do I need more coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Although Co Q10 plays a key role in the body, most healthy people have enough Co Q10 naturally. There is some evidence that adding more -- in the form of Co Q10 supplements -- may be beneficial. Increasing age and some medical conditions are associated with dropping levels of Co Q10. But in these cases, it's uncertain that adding Co Q10 will have an effect.


Question: Why is it important to keep your gums healthy as you age?

Answer: Bacteria, called plaque is always forming on your teeth. If you don't remove it, it can cause soreness, swelling, and bleeding in your gums. It can even cause infections that damage the bone underneath. Your dentist will treat gum disease, called periodontitis. If you let it go unchecked, it could harm your gums and bones. Once that happens, you may need to have teeth removed.


Question: Can you get astaxanthin naturally from foods?

Answer: Astaxanthin is also found in several types of seafood, including: Salmon Rainbow trout Shrimp Lobster Four ounces of sockeye salmon contains about 4.5 milligrams of astaxanthin.


Question: Who shouldn't take astaxanthin?

Answer: Astaxanthin may increase your immune function, so use caution when taking it if you: Have autoimmune problems Are taking drugs to suppress your immune system Also be cautious using astaxanthin if you have: Low calcium Low blood pressure Osteoporosis A problem with your parathyroid glands Hormone problems Interactions.


Question: What conditions can astaxanthin help treat?

Answer: It might be useful as a treatment for problems that involve inflammation, such as: Rheumatoid arthritis Carpal tunnel syndrome Laboratory research has found that an extract from algae that makes astaxanthin slowed the growth of breast and skin cancer cells.


Question: What are risks of taking astaxanthin?

Answer: Also avoid astaxanthin if you're allergic or sensitive to: Similar carotenoids such as canthaxanthin A source of astaxanthin, such as the algae that produces it Drugs that inhibit 5-alpha-reductase like finasteride ( Propecia, Proscar) or dutasteride ( Avodart, Jalyn) Women who are pregnant or might become pregnant should avoid astaxanthin.


Question: What are interactions of astaxanthin?

Answer: Use with caution if you are taking a drug that affects hormones, such as a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, or if you are on a drug for high blood pressure. Tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural.


Question: What are side effects of taking astaxanthin?

Answer: Some laboratory studies have shown astaxanthin may hinder an enzyme called 5-alpha-reductase. As a result, it could keep testosterone from changing into the hormone DHT in the body. It's unclear what effect this may have, but prescription medicines that affect the same enzyme may cause side effects, such as: Lower libido Male breast growth Erectile dysfunction One small study showed astaxanthin combined with saw palmetto actually increased testosterone, which could help libido.


Question: What is the medical treatment for muscle strain?

Answer: Medical treatment is similar to the treatment at home. The doctor, however, also can determine the extent of muscle and tendon injury and if crutches or a brace is needed for healing. The doctor can also determine if you need to restrict your activity or take days off work and if rehabilitation exercises or physical therapy are required to help you recover.


Question: How can I take care of my muscle strain at home?

Answer: The amount of swelling or local bleeding into the muscle (from torn blood vessels) can best be managed early by applying ice packs and maintaining the strained muscle in a stretched position. Heat can be applied when the swelling has lessened. However, the early application of heat can increase swelling and pain. Note: Ice or heat should not be applied to bare skin. Always use a protective covering such as a towel between the ice or heat and the skin.


Question: How should I protect, rest, ice, compress, and elevate my muscle strain?

Answer: Here's how: First, remove all constrictive clothing, including jewelry, in the area of muscle strain. Then: Protect the strained muscle from further injury. Rest the strained muscle. Avoid the activities that caused the strain and other activities that are painful. Ice the muscle area (20 minutes every hour while awake). Ice is a very effective anti-inflammatory and pain-reliever. Small ice packs, such as packages of frozen vegetables or water frozen in foam coffee cups, applied to the area may help decrease inflammation. Compression can be gently applied with an Ace or other elastic bandage, which can both provide support and decrease swelling. Do not wrap tightly. Elevate the injured area to decrease swelling. Prop up a strained leg muscle while sitting, for example. Activities that increase muscle pain or work the affected body part are not recommended until the pain has significantly improved.


Question: What are the symptoms of a muscle strain?

Answer: Symptoms of muscle strain include: Swelling, bruising, or redness due to the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons Inability to use the muscle at all If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor.


Question: What exams and tests are used to diagnose a muscle strain?

Answer: The doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical exam. During the exam, it's important to establish whether the muscle is partially or completely torn, which can involve a much longer healing process, possible surgery, and a more complicated recovery. X-rays or lab tests are often not necessary, unless there was a history of trauma or evidence of infection.


Question: When should you seek medical care for a muscle strain?

Answer: Symptoms of muscle strain include: Swelling, bruising, or redness due to the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons Inability to use the muscle at all If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor. If you hear a "popping" sound with the injury, cannot walk, or there is significant swelling, pain, fever, or open cuts, you should be examined in a hospital's emergency department.


Question: How can I prevent a muscle strain?

Answer: Help avoid injury by stretching daily. Start an exercise program in consultation with your doctor. Stretch after you exercise. Establish a warm-up routine prior to strenuous exercise, such as gently running in place for a couple of minutes.


Question: What is a muscle strain?

Answer: Muscle strain, muscle pull, or even a muscle tear refers to damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. You can put undue pressure on muscles during the course of normal daily activities, with sudden heavy lifting, during sports, or while performing work tasks.


Question: How should I take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to treat muscle strain?

Answer: Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDS) such as naproxen or ibuprofen to reduce pain and improve your ability to move around. Do not take NSAIDS if you have kidney disease or a history of gastrointestinal bleeding or if you are also taking a blood thinner -- such as Coumadin -- without first talking with your doctor. In that case, it is safer to take acetaminophen, which helps lessen pain but does not reduce inflammation.


Question: What some of the risks of an immunotherapy clinical trial?

Answer: Like all medicine, immunotherapy comes with risks. A few to think about before you join a clinical trial: The treatment may not work. There may be unexpected side effects. You may need tests that could be uncomfortable or take a lot of time. Your health insurance may not cover some costs.


Question: Why should I consider taking part in a clinical trial?

Answer: There are many reasons to consider taking part in a clinical trial: You may get it along with other treatments to boost your odds of beating cancer. It has cured some cancers. You have access to a medicine that isn't available to the public. You could help scientists learn more about cancer so they can help more people in the future.


Question: When should I see a doctor about my pelvic inflammatory disease?

Answer: They include: Pain or tenderness in the lower or upper right abdomen A foul-smelling discharge from your vagina Pain when you pee Pain during sex Fever Throwing up, or feeling like you're going to throw up More bleeding than usual during your period You should see a doctor if you're experiencing these symptoms. But some of these things can also be signs of other serious conditions, so your doctor will most likely run some tests to figure out whether you have PID or something else.


Question: What is the definition of the "stomach flu"?

Answer: The common name for tummy troubles caused by any number of different microbes. It has no relation to flu.


Question: What is the definition of antibacterial?

Answer: It can kill bacteria or slow their growth.


Question: What is the definition of antiviral agents?

Answer: Medicines that treat viral infections. Antivirals like oseltamivir phosphate ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), or zanamivir ( Relenza) can be used to treat the flu or to help prevent it in people at high risk. As a treatment, they work best if you get them within the first 2 days after your symptoms start.


Question: What is the definition of Reye's syndrome?

Answer: A life-threatening brain and liver disease that can follow infection with a virus, like the flu. It's most common in children. It's often linked with taking meds that contain aspirin.


Question: What is the definition of immunity?

Answer: Protection from disease.


Question: What is the definition of antibiotics?

Answer: Medicines that treat infections by killing bacteria. They don't work on viruses, like the flu.


Question: What is the definition of antibiotic resistance?

Answer: When bacteria get used to an antibiotic and no longer respond to it. This happens because doctors sometimes prescribe antibiotics to people who don't need them.


Question: What is the definition of germs?

Answer: Any microbes, including viruses or bacteria.


Question: What is the definition of immunization?

Answer: A way to make you immune to a disease, specifically by taking a vaccine.


Question: What is the definition of nasal vaccine?

Answer: A vaccination, like Flu Mist, that you breathe in, rather than one given by shot.


Question: What is the definition of virus?

Answer: A microscopic organism that invades living cells to reproduce. Many, like influenza, cause illness. Antibiotics don't affect a virus.


Question: What is the definition of influenza?

Answer: Also called the flu, it's a common but sometimes serious viral infection of your lungs and airways. It can cause congestion, fever, body aches, and other symptoms.


Question: What is the definition of bacteria?

Answer: Microscopic one-celled organisms. Some of them cause illness.


Question: What is the definition of the common cold?

Answer: A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. Colds aren't related to the flu.


Question: What is the definition of vaccine?

Answer: A substance that helps protect against certain diseases. Vaccines contain a dead or weakened version of a microbe. It helps your immune system recognize and destroy the living microbe during a future infection.


Question: What is the definition of pneumonia?

Answer: An inflammation of the lungs. Symptoms are fever, chills, cough, chest pain, and trouble breathing. It's often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.


Question: What is the definition of bronchitis?

Answer: Inflammation of the airways leading to your lungs. Causes include viruses, bacteria, and irritants like cigarette smoke.


Question: What causes Graves' disease?

Answer: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland control metabolism, or the speed at which the body converts food into energy. Metabolism is directly linked to the amount of hormones that circulate in the bloodstream. If, for some reason, the thyroid gland secretes an overabundance of these hormones, the body's metabolism goes into high gear, producing the pounding heart, sweating, trembling, and weight loss typically experienced by hyperthyroid people. Normally, the thyroid gets its production orders through another chemical called thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH), released by the pituitary gland in the brain. But in Graves' disease, a malfunction in the body's immune system releases abnormal antibodies that mimic TSH. Spurred by these false signals to produce, the thyroid's hormone factories work overtime and exceed their normal quota.


Question: How should I pick my doctor for colorectal cancer treatment?

Answer: Choosing a doctor for your treatment is a big decision. Ask your primary care doc or someone else you trust to recommend some. You can then ask which hospitals they work in and if they take your insurance. Try to talk with your top choices in person or on the phone to make sure you feel comfortable with them. Most importantly, check that they, and their treatment center, have experience with your type of cancer.


Question: Where can I find a support group for people with colorectal cancer?

Answer: Look for one through your hospital, or connect with other people who have colorectal cancer through an online group like the American Cancer Society's Cancer Survivors Network. All support groups are different. You might have to try a few before you find one you click with.


Question: What are good habits to practice if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: Regular exercise can also help you feel better. So can other simple activities. Try the following: Throughout the day, pay attention to your breathing and slow it down. Take time to be outdoors. Meditate, pray, or practice yoga. Spend time with positive people whose company you enjoy.


Question: How can you seek support if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: You can have some tough days with Crohn's or any other long-term condition. So ask for help and support. Family, friends, and neighbors are often willing to step up. Sometimes they're not sure how to do that. So if someone says, â Let me know if I can do anything,â give them some ideas about what would be helpful. You might like to talk to others with Crohn's disease. Look into online and local support groups. Ask your doctor or nurse about resources in your area.


Question: How can you get help if Crohn's disease makes you feel anxious or down?

Answer: Your family and close friends might also be able to recommend someone. You may also want to look for a support group, where you can talk to people who can relate to what you're going through. If it turns out that you have a medical condition like depression or anxiety, your doctor may recommend medication to help with those symptoms.


Question: How can you nourish yourself if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: Crohn's disease may make it harder for your body to take in calories and important nutrients. At times, your doctor may recommend that you add to your diet. He may suggest that you take supplements. These may be high-calorie drinks loaded with vitamins. You may also need to take specific vitamins, like B12 or D, or certain minerals like iron or calcium. You could also ask your doctor if it would help for you to work with a nutritionist.


Question: What is the best way to protect my eyes from injury?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes. Also put on safety glasses when you use tools like a lawnmower, trimmer, or leaf blower.


Question: What chemicals can seriously damage my eye?

Answer: Certain chemicals can cause very serious burns inside your eyes. Among the most dangerous chemicals are alkalis, such as oven or drain cleaners and fertilizers. They attack the tissues of the eye very quickly and cause damage or even blindness. Acids like bleach and swimming pool chemicals can also cause injury, but aren't as harmful. Vapors from chemicals can cause irritation.


Question: When should I call 911 for an eye injury?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have any of these signs of a more serious eye injury: A noticeable change in vision Swelling in the eye Double vision Severe pain Torn eyelid Deep ache around gthe eye and brow Headache Go to an emergency room or call 911 right away if: A piece of metal, glass, or other object is stuck in your eye A chemical got into your eye, and the pain didn't go away after you flushed the eye with water The best way to protect your eyes is to wear safety glasses or goggles whenever you work with chemicals or are around metal, glass, or other objects that could fly into your eyes.


Question: How can your eye get scratched?

Answer: Grains of sand, wood chips, metal shavings, or slivers of glass can get into the eye. A sharp object inside your eye can scratch or cut your cornea. Having something in your eye will feel uncomfortable and it might make your eye water. When the cornea is scratched, it will feel like something is inside your eye and you can't get it out.


Question: Will my child have to take B vitamins while using methotrexate treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your child's doctor may recommend she take one of the B vitamins (folic acid) while on methotrexate. Taking folic acid helps prevent some of the side effects, like nausea. It also lowers some of the risks.


Question: What does methotrexate do to treat juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The goal with methotrexate is to help protect your child's joints from further damage. It does this by blocking certain immune system chemicals, or enzymes. The medicine doesn't cure the disease. But it does help ease, or even stop, the symptoms.


Question: Could strep throat and other winter illnesses affect my psoriasis?

Answer: If you suffer from psoriasis, an infection by bacteria and viruses can cause symptoms to flare. A strep infection, specifically, is a known trigger for guttate psoriasis, a form of the disease that causes red, droplet-shaped lesions to develop on the abdomen, back, arms, and legs. Although researchers don't know the exact cause of psoriasis, the immune system seems to play a key role in its development. Germs, illness, viruses or bacteria -- anything that temporarily revs up your immune system -- may cause your symptoms to worsen. Even something as simple as a common cold or respiratory virus may trigger a psoriasis flare. Strive to keep yourself healthy by eating a balanced diet, getting regular physical activity, getting enough rest and keeping stress levels under control.


Question: Can I get a flu shot if I have psoriasis?

Answer: Since getting the flu may temporarily alter your immune system and could worsen your psoriasis, you're wise to think about getting immunized against the flu. There should be no problem getting a flu shot during an active psoriasis flare -- just make sure the flu vaccine you receive does not contain any live virus. Due to a risk of complication from some vaccinations for people with psoriasis, always check with a health care provider before getting your flu vaccine.


Question: How will pregnancy affect my cat's diet?

Answer: Just like many other females in the animal kingdom carrying a bun in the oven (or for a cat, an average of 4 buns per litter), your cat may need extra food and calories while she’s expecting. She’ll eat about 1.5 times her normal diet as her pregnancy draws to a close, so make sure she has constant access to her normal fare. Your vet will probably recommend that you feed your pregnant cat kitten food or food that's labeled for pregnant and lactating cats throughout her pregnancy and during the period she is nursing her young.


Question: How can you tell if your cat is pregnant?

Answer: The best way to find out is to make an appointment with your vet. He can confirm that kittens are on the way, and get an idea of how many, in a few ways: Feeling your cat's belly is sometimes useful but not always accurate. Ultrasound can confirm a pregnancy after day 16. Ultrasound cannot tell you how many kittens your cat is carrying. X-rays can determine the number of kittens to expect, but they are not always accurate. There are a few clues that you may notice, too. Her belly will get big around 30 days after she mates. Another symptom that appears as the pregnancy continues, 2 to 3 weeks after she conceives, is her nipples enlarge and redden (also called "pinking up").


Question: What should I do to help my cat's pregnancy?

Answer: So, a cat can have kittens when she’s only 6 months old. The best way to find out is to make an appointment with your vet.


Question: How can I prepare for my cat's pregnancy?

Answer: Make your home a comfortable place for the impending birth. If you normally let your cat go outside, stop that, in case she goes into labor during one of her walkabouts. About 2 weeks before the due date, you may notice your cat is acting different as she gets into nesting mode. To help out, you can scan your home for a good birthing spot for her. Find a medium-sized box with a low opening, and cover it with newspapers, old towels, and soft blankets to create a relaxing area for the mother and her future kittens. You should place the nesting box in a quiet corner of your house. Let your pregnant cat visit it often, before the birth, so she gets used to the area and feels comfortable. Keep in mind that you can guide your cat as much as possible and set up the ultimate birthing spot, but she's going to do what she's going to do. If she wants to give birth in a laundry basket, behind the garbage can, or in the back of your closet, she will. When you notice that she’s in nesting mode, take her to the vet for her final prenatal visit. He can give you more information about how to prepare for the delivery, check on the mother and kitties’ health, and tell you want to do if there’s an emergency during the birth. Two clues that the big day is coming: Cats usually stop eating 24 hours before they give birth, and their temperature drops below 100 F. You’ll meet those kittens soon!


Question: What are the different types of echinacea?

Answer: It's important to note that there are different species of echinacea, such as Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea angustifolia.


Question: What are risks of echinacea?

Answer: Although rarely, echinacea can cause allergic reactions. Some can be serious. If you have asthma or an allergy to certain plants and flowers -- like ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, or daisies -- be cautious when using echinacea. Taking echinacea by injection is dangerous. Check with a doctor before using echinacea if you have an autoimmune disease like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, MS, or if you have HIV.


Question: What are natural food sources of echinacea?

Answer: There is no standard dose of echinacea.


Question: What are side effects of echinacea?

Answer: When taken at normal doses, echinacea causes few side effects. Some people have reported symptoms like upset stomach, headache, sore throat, drowsiness, and rash.


Question: How can echinacea interact with other drugs?

Answer: If you take any drugs regularly -- particularly drugs that suppress the immune system -- talk to your doctor before you start using echinacea supplements. There is also some concern that echinacea could cause liver problems in people who are also taking certain painkillers (like Tylenol), antidepressants, blood thinners, sedatives, and other drugs.


Question: Can echinacea help with a cold?

Answer: Studies have had mixed results. So far, evidence suggests that echinacea may prevent the common cold. It also might help as a treatment. Some studies, many of them small, have found that taking echinacea may reduce the length of a cold and the severity of its symptoms. However, two large clinical trials found no benefits at all.


Question: Why should you recheck your dog's collar in the winter?

Answer: Recheck his collar, tag, and chip: It’s easier for dogs to get lost in the winter than at other times of the year. If he gets away from you, piles of snow and ice can cover up the familiar scents he would normally use to find his way back home. So make sure his collar is secure, his tag information is up to date and, if he has a microchip, make sure the registration for that is current.


Question: How should you care for your dog's skin in the winter?

Answer: Take care of sensitive skin: Just like your skin, your dog’s skin gets drier, itchier, and flakier in the winter. Don’t bathe him as often as you do in the summer -- that strips away his coat’s natural oils. When you do get him into the tub, use a moisturizing shampoo.


Question: What is a normal cardiac output?

Answer: It's different for different people, depending on their size. Usually, an adult heart pumps about 3-4 liters of blood per minute at rest. But when you run or exercise, your heart may pump 3-4 times that much to make sure your body gets enough oxygen and fuel.


Question: What are conditions associated with pelvic floor disorders?

Answer: When pelvic floor disorders develop, one or more of the pelvic organs may stop working properly. Conditions associated with pelvic floor disorders include: Pelvic organ prolapse Urinary incontinence Anal incontinence " Prolapse" refers to a descending or drooping of organs.


Question: How is pelvic organ prolapse treated?

Answer: Your doctor may order a variety of tests: Urinary tract X-ray (intravenous pyelography) CT scan of the pelvis Ultrasound of the pelvis MRI scan of the pelvis Treatment of pelvic organ prolapse depends on how severe the symptoms are. Treatment can include a variety of therapies, including: Behavioral treatments, such as doing Kegel exercises designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles Mechanical treatments, such as inserting a small plastic device called a pessary into the vagina to provide support for the drooping organs Surgical treatment, either to repair the affected tissue or organ or to remove the organ (such as removal of the uterus by hysterectomy) Many risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse are out of your control.


Question: What are the symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse?

Answer: Some women notice nothing at all, but others report these symptoms with pelvic organ prolapse: A feeling of pressure or fullness in the pelvic area A backache low in the back Painful intercourse A feeling that something is falling out of the vagina Urinary problems such as leaking of urine or a chronic urge to urinate Constipation Spotting or bleeding from the vagina Symptoms depend somewhat on which organ is drooping. If the bladder prolapses, urine leakage may occur. If it's the rectum, constipation and uncomfortable intercourse often occur. A backache as well as uncomfortable intercourse often accompanies small intestine prolapse.


Question: How is pelvic organ prolapse diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor may order a variety of tests: Urinary tract X-ray (intravenous pyelography) CT scan of the pelvis Ultrasound of the pelvis MRI scan of the pelvis Treatment of pelvic organ prolapse depends on how severe the symptoms are. Treatment can include a variety of therapies, including: Behavioral treatments, such as doing Kegel exercises designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles Mechanical treatments, such as inserting a small plastic device called a pessary into the vagina to provide support for the drooping organs Surgical treatment, either to repair the affected tissue or organ or to remove the organ (such as removal of the uterus by hysterectomy) Many risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse are out of your control.


Question: When should I call 911 about broken arms in children?

Answer: The bone has broken through the skin. The arm is bleeding heavily. The arm is numb, white, or blue. There is deformity to the arm. As long as you get medical treatment right away, a broken arm usually heals well.


Question: How do I know when I should see a doctor about a lump in my eye?

Answer: Some symptoms could mean the problem is more serious and you should see your doctor: The sore doesn't get better after you treat it at home. It comes back. It looks like something other than a stye or chalazion. Your doctor may need to do a biopsy or other tests to see if skin cancer is the problem. Again, this is rarely the case.


Question: How can I lower my chances of getting a stye or a chalazion?

Answer: There are some things you can do to lower the odds that you'll get a stye or chalazion: Take off eye makeup before you go to bed. Disinfect your contact lenses. Wash your hands before putting in your contacts or touching your eyes.


Question: How can you treat styes and chalazia?

Answer: They usually clear up in a few weeks on their own, but there are ways you can help to move the process along: First, never poke, squeeze or try to pop a stye or a chalazion. This could cause a more serious problem. Place a warm, folded cloth on your eye several times a day. Massage the swollen area gently to help drain the clogged gland. Remember: gently. Once the sore drains, keep the area clean and keep your hands away from your eyes. Go without eye makeup or contact lenses until the eyelid has healed. ( Your contacts may contain bacteria that caused the infection). Clean your lenses before using them again, along any contact lens accessories you've used.


Question: How can you tell if the lump in your eyelid is not skin cancer?

Answer: Your doctor may need to do a biopsy or other tests to see if skin cancer is the problem. Again, this is rarely the case.


Question: How do I tell the difference between a stye and a chalazion?

Answer: A stye usually forms along the outer rim of the eyelid, though sometimes it can form on the inner rim. A stye can cause the eyelid to become swollen, even torn. It's also very tender to the touch and usually is red and irritated. If the bump is on the underside of the eyelid, or behind the eyelashes, or midway up the eyelid, it's probably a chalazion. This type of bump is more likely to form on the upper eyelid.


Question: Is an ICD different than a pacemaker?

Answer: Both are devices your doctor can implant under your skin to treat arrhythmias. But a pacemaker can usually only help your heart if it's beating too slowly. An ICD is actually bigger, and can have a pacemaker built into it.


Question: When can I go home after surgery to get an ICD?

Answer: You also won't be able to drive for at least a week after your procedure, so make sure you have a ride home from the hospital.


Question: What are the signs of anaphylaxis, and how should I respond to them?

Answer: Signs of anaphylaxis are: Hives and itchiness Vomiting Diarrhea Pain in the abdomen Severe swelling in the throat that makes it hard to swallow or breathe; this can lead to stridor, or wheezing. Confusion Slurred speech Fast or weak pulse Dizziness (caused by a drop in blood pressure) Unconsciousness Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency. Keep in mind that anaphylaxis often develops quickly after exposure to the allergen -- possibly within minutes. If you know you're at risk for anaphylaxis, your doctor should have prescribed an epinephrine injection kit for emergencies (usually two pens).


Question: What are the signs of an asthma emergency?

Answer: They include: Symptoms that keep getting worse, even with treatment Difficulty catching your breath or talking Flaring your nostrils as you breathe Sucking in your chest or stomach with each breath Difficulty walking A bluish or grayish tinge to your lips or fingernails If you have any of these asthma symptoms, call 911.


Question: What are some of the most common symptoms of asthma?

Answer: The most common symptoms of asthma include: Coughing, especially at night or during exercise Wheezing or losing your breath easily Tightness in the chest Runny or stuffy nose, itchy eyes, itchy or sore throat Fatigue and weakness, especially during exercise Trouble sleeping Asthma triggers may include a common cold, exercise, cold air, and allergens.


Question: How can you manage your stress to help treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Look for new ways to ease your mind. For instance, exercise releases "feel-good" hormones called endorphins. Studies show that moving around improves your mood and helps you sleep better. Pick activities that don't put pressure on your joints. Go for a walk instead of a jog. Mind-body techniques also can lower stress. Examples are: Meditation Visualization Biofeedback Yoga Check to see if your local community center offers free or low-cost classes.


Question: How can pacing yourself help treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: On days when you feel good, you may be tempted to catch up on the things you couldn't get done when your RA was bothering you. Be careful not to do too much. You can bring on fatigue and trigger a flare if you push yourself too hard. Decide which of your chores are most important, and then do them leisurely. Take a lot of breaks, even if you don't feel tired. Don't forget to ask your friends and family to help.


Question: How can I work on managing stress from my rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Look for new ways to ease your mind. For instance, exercise releases "feel-good" hormones called endorphins. Studies show that moving around improves your mood and helps you sleep better. Pick activities that don't put pressure on your joints. Go for a walk instead of a jog. Mind-body techniques also can lower stress. Examples are: Meditation Visualization Biofeedback Yoga Check to see if your local community center offers free or low-cost classes.


Question: How can I pace myself if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: On days when you feel good, you may be tempted to catch up on the things you couldn't get done when your RA was bothering you. Be careful not to do too much. You can bring on fatigue and trigger a flare if you push yourself too hard. Decide which of your chores are most important, and then do them leisurely. Take a lot of breaks, even if you don't feel tired. Don't forget to ask your friends and family to help.


Question: Should I take my medications on schedule if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The most important thing you can do to avoid a flare is to take your medicine on time. A regular schedule helps you keep a constant level of medicine in your body. Don't skip doses. Use a pillbox, calendar, or alarm to help stay on track.


Question: What are basic safety tips that I should do during my newborn baby's first week?

Answer: Enjoy this time! As you get to know your little one, remember these basic safety tips: Always put your baby to sleep on her back. Empty her sleeping area -- no pillows, crib bumpers or wedges, toys, or soft bedding like a blanket. Your baby should sleep in your room, or vice versa. But don't sleep or snooze in the same bed. Keep up with doctor visits and immunizations. Breastfeed your baby if you can. Keep her comfy. Don't overdress her. You want to prevent overheating.


Question: How should I care for my newborn baby's circumcision?

Answer: This should disappear within about a week. If it gets worse, if you see any crusted sores with cloudy fluid, or if you're concerned, call your doctor. Keep your son's penis clean, especially after a dirty diaper. Use just water, or a mild cleanser and water, as needed. Dab a little petroleum jelly on the tip to keep it from sticking to the diaper.


Question: How can I jump-start the bonding process with my newborn baby?

Answer: Bonding with your child is one of the great joys of parenthood, but it doesn't always happen right away. You're adjusting, and your newborn is getting used to being out in the world. To jump-start the bonding process: Spend time skin to skin. Hold your infant close to your chest while you feed her or just when you're cuddling. You can also stroke or gently massage your little one. Talk to your baby. Coo, babble, sing, and speak to her -- she loves the sound of your voice. Look into your baby's eyes and smile. In time, she'll start to mimic your expressions.


Question: How should I care for my newborn baby's belly button?

Answer: Keep the umbilical cord stump and the skin around it clean and dry until the stump shrivels and falls off. Give your little one sponge baths, and don't submerge the cord in water. Fold diapers below the cord to keep pee from soaking it. Call the doctor if your baby cries when you touch the cord. She might have an infection. Redness at the base and foul-smelling, yellow liquid are also warning signs of an infection.


Question: How much will my newborn baby sleep?

Answer: A lot, at first -- as much as 18-20 hours a day. But not all at once. By 6 months, many babies sleep 6 hours a night. Use these tips to help your little one snooze: When she fusses at night, wait a minute or two to see if she calms herself down and goes back to sleep. Be quiet during nighttime feedings or diaper changes. Try not to wake her up too much. Be active and play during the day, so she stays awake for longer periods. That can gradually help her sleep more at night.


Question: How do I know if my newborn is getting plenty to eat?

Answer: She should eat every 2 to 3 hours if you give her formula and every 1-2 hours if you breastfeed her. You can tell that she's getting plenty to eat when: She spends 10 to 15 minutes at each breast actively sucking and swallowing, or she drinks 2 to 3 ounces of formula at each feeding. She has six or more wet diapers and four or more poopy diapers every 24 hours after day 4. After losing a little weight the first week, she starts to gain it the second week. If you're concerned about her weight, check with your pediatrician.


Question: How often should I bathe my newborn baby?

Answer: Three baths a week or fewer are plenty. More than that can dry out your baby's skin. Just be sure to wait until the umbilical cord has fallen off before you give her a bath.


Question: What is the latent stage of syphilis?

Answer: Latent During this phase, the syphilis bacteria are still alive in your body, but you have no signs or symptoms of the infection. You're not contagious during this stage, but syphilis may still affect your heart, brain, nerves, bones, and other parts of your body. This phase can last for years.


Question: How does diabetes affect dental health?

Answer: Diabetes: Tips for a Healthy Mouth When you stay on top of mouth care you'll prevent some of the problems diabetes can cause in your mouth -- and have a better smile! The Diabetes- Dental Link Diabetes raises your chances of getting gum disease, as well as other dental problems such as dry mouth. Gum disease is caused by sticky plaque that builds up on your teeth and gums. The germs in plaque can cause sore, swollen, and red gums. When gum disease, or gingivitis, gets worse, it can cause infections and even tooth loss. Since diabetes can make gum disease more severe than usual and infections can be harder to fight, prevention is the name of the game.


Question: What signs of dental complications should I watch out for if I have diabetes?

Answer: How to Spot a Problem Plaque can be difficult to see. That's why it's so important to visit your dentist twice a year. Also see your dentist if you have any of these symptoms. They could be signs of tooth or gum problems.


Question: What can I do to prevent dental health complications of diabetes?

Answer: What You Can Do Brush at least twice a day. The American Diabetes Association advises brushing for at least 2 minutes to make sure you brush every tooth. Use a soft toothbrush with rounded bristles, which are less likely to hurt your gums. Put the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to your gums. Then brush gently back and forth on all sides of your teeth. Be sure to brush the top of your tongue, too, to get rid of germs there. Use fluoride toothpaste to protect against tartar buildup. Floss at least once a day. Flossing helps keep plaque from building up by removing food and germs that lodge between teeth. Ask your dentist about mouth rinses. Bacteria-fighting mouth rinses can reduce germs in dental plaque and help prevent gum disease. Keep your dentures clean. Bacteria can build up on dentures just like on teeth. If you wear dentures, keep them clean. Be sure to also brush your gums and tongue. See your dentist regularly. Let your dentist know you have diabetes. Eat before your office visit. It's best to have dental work when your blood sugar level is normal. Keep your blood sugar under control. Good blood sugar levels are the best way to prevent and control mouth problems. Don't smoke. Smoking raises your chance of having gum disease. It also can make many mouth problems -- like dry mouth and infections -- worse.


Question: How does a cauliflower ear form?

Answer: When blood flow is blocked, the affected cartilage may die and, without the supportive tissue, fold in on itself. Scar tissue may form, contributing to a swollen and deformed look. Over time, the effects may become more prominent, and they may be permanent. The good news is that cauliflower ear can usually be prevented, even after such an injury occurs.


Question: What causes cauliflower ear?

Answer: The most common cause of cauliflower ear is a hit to the ear -- or repeated hits to the ear -- that leads to hematomas, or small collections of blood that clot and block the flow of blood and nutrients. These can also occur when skin is pulled away from cartilage, the semi-rigid tissue that gives the ear its shape. Usually, cauliflower ear is related to sports injuries, but not always. Any trauma to the ear can cause it. Cauliflower ear can even be the result of an infection in the ear lobe.


Question: How is cauliflower ear treated?

Answer: If you experience an injury that causes a blockage in the tissues of your ear, there's still a chance you can avoid developing cauliflower ear. The goal of treatment is to ease the blockage so that blood can again flow to the affected tissues. A doctor can accomplish this by making a small incision and draining accumulating blood or removing a clot and preventing further bleeding. He or she may need to reconnect tissues using stitches and apply a special bandage to put pressure on the area. This pressure dressing may need to stay in place for several days to a week. The site will require monitoring for signs of infection or signs that additional treatment may be needed. Your doctor may also prescribe antibiotics.


Question: What are symptoms of cauliflower ear?

Answer: The initial symptoms of the types of injuries that lead to cauliflower ear are similar to the symptoms one might experience from blunt trauma elsewhere in the body. You may have swelling, and the area may be red or bruised. So it's important not to shrug off such symptoms if you have received a blow, or multiple blows, to the ear. Prompt treatment can prevent the development of cauliflower ear.


Question: What is a transthoracic echocardiogram (echo)?

Answer: Your doctor may order an echo to: Check the overall health of your heart See if you have heart disease, including heart failure Follow the progress of heart disease See how well your heart treatment is working The types of echoes include: Transthoracic: This is the standard echo. It's a painless test similar to an X-ray, but without radiation. Ultrasound waves are bounced off the heart to make images and sounds that can help your doctor judge your heart's health.


Question: What is the intravascular ultrasound echocardiogram (echo)?

Answer: During this procedure, the transducer is threaded into the heart's blood vessels via a catheter in the groin. It is often used to provide detailed information about blockage inside the blood vessels.


Question: What is the dobutamine or adenosine stress echocardiogram (echo)?

Answer: In this one, instead of exercising to stress the heart, you're giving a drug that stimulates the heart and makes it "think" it is exercising. It's used when you can't use a treadmill or stationary bike. It shows how well your heart tolerates activity. It can also show your odds of having coronary artery disease, diagnose significant blockages in the arteries; and tell the effectiveness of your cardiac treatment plan.


Question: Why would a doctor order an echocardiogram (echo)?

Answer: Your doctor may order an echo to: Check the overall health of your heart See if you have heart disease, including heart failure Follow the progress of heart disease See how well your heart treatment is working The types of echoes include: Transthoracic: This is the standard echo.


Question: How should I prepare for an echocardiogram (echo)?

Answer: On the day of most echoes, eat and drink as you normally would. Take all of your medications at the usual times as prescribed by your doctor.


Question: What is an echocardiogram (echo)?

Answer: During this test, high-frequency sound waves, called ultrasound, provide pictures of your heart's valves and chambers. This allows your doctor to see the pumping action of the heart. Echo is often combined with tests called Doppler ultrasound and color Doppler to check the blood flow through the heart's valves. Your doctor may order an echo to: Check the overall health of your heart See if you have heart disease, including heart failure Follow the progress of heart disease See how well your heart treatment is working The types of echoes include: Transthoracic: This is the standard echo.


Question: What is a stress echocardiogram?

Answer: Stress: This is done while you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bicycle. This test can show the motion of the hearts walls and the heart's pumping action when it's stressed. It can show a lack of blood flow that isn't always seen on other heart tests. The echo is performed just before and after the exercise.


Question: What is a transthoracic echocardiogram?

Answer: Your doctor may order an echo to: Check the overall health of your heart See if you have heart disease, including heart failure Follow the progress of heart disease See how well your heart treatment is working The types of echoes include: Transthoracic: This is the standard echo. It's a painless test similar to an X-ray, but without radiation. Ultrasound waves are bounced off the heart to make images and sounds that can help your doctor judge your heart's health.


Question: Why do you need an echocardiogram?

Answer: Your doctor may order an echo to: Check the overall health of your heart See if you have heart disease, including heart failure Follow the progress of heart disease See how well your heart treatment is working The types of echoes include: Transthoracic: This is the standard echo.


Question: What is a dobutamine or adenosine stress echocardiogram?

Answer: Dobutamine or adenosine stress: This is another form of stress echo. In this one, instead of exercising to stress the heart, you're giving a drug that stimulates the heart and makes it "think" it is exercising. It's used when you can't use a treadmill or stationary bike. It shows how well your heart tolerates activity. It can also show your odds of having coronary artery disease, diagnose significant blockages in the arteries; and tell the effectiveness of your cardiac treatment plan.


Question: How do I figure out what may be causing my child's cough?

Answer: Ask yourself some questions: Does your child have other symptoms? A cough that comes with a runny nose and sneezing may point to a cold. Those symptoms, body aches, and a fever often come with the flu. When did the cough start? Allergies are more likely in the spring and fall. What does it sound like? Allergies, viral infections, and the croup can bring on a barking cough. Whooping cough (pertussis) brings on a noise that sounds like "hoop!" Call your doctor if you hear that sound. A wheezing sound could mean something is blocking your child's airway. It could be brought on by pneumonia or asthma. Call the doctor.


Question: How do fluids help with a child's cough?

Answer: Fluids: Give her plenty of drinks like water or juice to thin the mucus in her throat, making it easier for her to cough up phlegm.


Question: Can cough drops help you child's cough?

Answer: Cough drops: For kids over age 5, lozenges and hard candy can bring some relief to a sore throat caused by coughing.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my child's cough?

Answer: But call the doctor if your child: Is not drinking or eating enough Makes a whooping sound when he breathes Runs a high fever Wheezes when he breathes Has a cough that lasts more than a month Doesn't look well to you Seek emergency help if your child: Coughs up blood Has blue lips, face, or tongue Has trouble breathing


Question: Can saline drops help my child's cough?

Answer: Saline drops: Saline or saltwater drops in the nose can help loosen congestion.


Question: Can steam and humidity help treat a child's cough?

Answer: Here are a few home remedies to try: Steam: You can create your own steam room. Close the door to your bathroom and run hot water in the shower for several minutes until the mirrors fog. The steam helps unclog your child's nose. Humidity: A cool-mist humidifier in your child's room adds moisture to the air to break up congestion and help your little one breathe easier.


Question: Can I give my child cough medicine?

Answer: Ask your doctor before giving your child any cough medicine. Don't give over-the-counter cough medicine to children younger than 4. They aren't meant for young kids. Even medicine labeled for children can have serious side effects, such as high blood pressure and seizures.


Question: When might you need a sports drink instead of water during a workout?

Answer: Water is and always will be the best drink for staying hydrated, but that doesn't mean that sports drinks don't have a role to play. But athletes -- particularly those engaged in vigorous activity for more than an hour at a time -- have shown improved performance levels after prolonged activity if they replenish their electrolytes while they rehydrate.


Question: What are the benefits of testosterone therapy?

Answer: What can you expect from testosterone treatment? It's impossible to predict, because every man is different. Many men report improvement in energy level, sex drive, and quality of erections. Testosterone also increases bone density, muscle mass, and insulin sensitivity in some men. Men also often report an improvement in mood from testosterone replacement. Whether these effects are barely noticeable, or a major boost, is highly individualized.


Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen prostate cancer?

Answer: Prostate cancer: Testosterone can stimulate prostate cancer to grow. Most experts recommend screening for prostate cancer before starting testosterone replacement. Men with prostate cancer or elevated prostate specific antigen ( PSA) should probably avoid testosterone treatment.


Question: Can testosterone therapy worsen blood clots?

Answer: Blood clots: The FDA requires that testosterone replacement products carry a warning about the risk of blood clots in veins. This could increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism , a potentially life threatening clot that occurs in the lungs. Products already carried a warning about the risk of blood clots due to polycythemia, an abnormal rise in the number of red blood cells that sometimes occurs with testosterone treatment. Now the warning is more general to include men who don't have polycythemia.


Question: Is low testosterone treated if there are no symptoms?

Answer: Symptoms of low testosterone include: Low sex drive (libido) Erectile dysfunction Fatigue and poor energy level Decreased muscle mass Body and facial hair loss Difficulty concentrating Depression Irritability Low sense of well-being If a man has symptoms of low testosterone and tests show he has an abnormally low testosterone level, a doctor may suggest treatment. For millions of men who have low testosterone levels but no symptoms, no treatment is currently recommended. It is has also not been approved for treating men with low levels because of aging.


Question: What are the risks of testosterone therapy?

Answer: Testosterone replacement therapy side effects most often include rash, itching, or irritation at the site where the testosterone is applied. However, there is also evidence of a possible increased risk of heart attack or stroke associated with testosterone use. Experts emphasize that the benefits and risks of long-term testosterone therapy are unknown, because large clinical trials haven't yet been done.


Question: How is intussusception treated?

Answer: Some cases of intussusception are temporary and don't need treatment. If an enema doesn't fix the intussusception, surgery is the next step. Your surgeon may do this procedure by making a cut in the abdomen. This is called an open procedure. He may opt to do it laparoscopically, with tiny cuts and a camera. Either way, the surgeon corrects the intussusception by lightly guiding the intestine back into place. If this doesn't work, she may remove the section and sew the intestine back together. She would do this with dissolvable stitches.


Question: What questions should you ask when choosing a weight loss program?

Answer: How limited are the food choices? Who sets your weight loss goal: you, or someone else? What percentage of people complete the program? What is the average weight loss among people who finish the program and at one year? What percentage of people have problems or side effects? What are those problems? Is there a maintenance program to help keep the weight off once you lose it? Maintaining weight loss is important, so there should be a plan for this. What is the total cost, including any foods or supplements that are required?


Question: When should you test for ketones if you have diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor will probably tell you to test your ketones when: Your blood sugar is higher than 250 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dl) for two days in a row You're sick or you've been injured You want to exercise and your blood sugar level is over 250 mg/dl You're pregnant You should also take the test if you begin to experience some of the signs of DKA: Thirst Dry mouth Frequent urination Fatigue Dry or red skin Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain Trouble breathing Confusion A fruity smell to your breath If your blood sugar level is high or you're sick, check your ketone levels every 4 to 6 hours.


Question: How does a urine ketone test work?

Answer: You can buy this kind of test at your local drugstore and do it at home. Also, you can have one done while you're at the doctor's office. To take it, pee into a clean container to get a sample and then do the following: Put the strip from your test into the sample (or you can hold the test strip under your urine stream). Shake the strip gently. The strip will change color; the directions will tell you how long that takes. Check the strip color against the chart that came with your test kit. This will show you the ketone level.


Question: Who needs ketone tests?

Answer: You might need one if you have type 1 diabetes. In this type, your immune system attacks and destroys cells in your pancreas that make insulin. Without it, your blood sugar rises. People with type 2 diabetes can also get high ketones, but it isn't as common as it is with type 1. Tests can show you when your level gets high so you can treat it before you get sick.


Question: How does a blood ketone test work?

Answer: You can also take this test at home or at your doctor's office. To take the blood sample, the doctor will put a thin needle into a vein in your arm to pull out blood or prick a finger. You can also use a home meter and blood test strips. Some blood glucose meters test for ketones, too. To take this kind of test at home: Insert one of the blood ketone test strips into the meter until it stops Wash your hand with soap and water, and then dry it Stick your finger using the lancing device Place a drop of blood into the hole on the strip Check the result, which will display on the meter A urine test will show that you have: No ketones Trace amounts of ketones Moderate levels of ketones Large amounts of ketones Blood test results: Less than 0.6 = normal 0.6 - 1.0 = slightly high 1.0 - 3.0 = moderately high Higher than 3.0 = very high Write down your results on a chart or in a journal.


Question: What signs of DKA should cause you to take a ketone test?

Answer: Your doctor will probably tell you to test your ketones when: Your blood sugar is higher than 250 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dl) for two days in a row You're sick or you've been injured You want to exercise and your blood sugar level is over 250 mg/dl You're pregnant You should also take the test if you begin to experience some of the signs of DKA: Thirst Dry mouth Frequent urination Fatigue Dry or red skin Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain Trouble breathing Confusion A fruity smell to your breath If your blood sugar level is high or you're sick, check your ketone levels every 4 to 6 hours.


Question: What does a ketone test use to test?

Answer: A ketone test uses a sample of either your pee or blood. Talk to your doctor about which is best for you.


Question: What are ketones?

Answer: Everyone has them, whether you have diabetes or not. Ketones are chemicals made in your liver. You produce them when you don't have enough of the hormone insulin in your body to turn sugar (or âglucoseâ) into energy. You need another source, so your body uses fat instead. Your liver turns this fat into ketones, a type of acid, and sends them into your bloodstream. Your muscles and other tissues can then use them for fuel. For a person without diabetes, this process doesn't become an issue. But when you have diabetes, things can run out of control and you build up too many ketones in your blood.


Question: When should I test my ketones regularly?

Answer: Your doctor will probably tell you to test your ketones when: Your blood sugar is higher than 250 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dl) for two days in a row You're sick or you've been injured You want to exercise and your blood sugar level is over 250 mg/dl You're pregnant You should also take the test if you begin to experience some of the signs of DKA: Thirst Dry mouth Frequent urination Fatigue Dry or red skin Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain Trouble breathing Confusion A fruity smell to your breath If your blood sugar level is high or you're sick, check your ketone levels every 4 to 6 hours. During pregnancy, test them every morning before you eat breakfast.


Question: Can genes play a role in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

Answer: Since not everyone with a history of brain trauma gets CTE, some researchers think other things, like genetics, may play a role. But head impacts are the only proven cause.


Question: What are symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?

Answer: You may have: Memory loss Confusion Impulsive or erratic behavior Bad judgment Aggression Depression Paranoia Dementia These conditions usually begin years, sometimes decades, after your last brain injury or when you stopped playing. Some symptoms are similar to those seen in people with Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, which makes it hard to diagnose. Let your doctor know about any head injuries you've had, no matter how long ago, and when your symptoms started.


Question: How can kids and athletes prevent concussions?

Answer: Let your doctor know about any head injuries you've had, no matter how long ago, and when your symptoms started.


Question: How soon can chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) be diagnosed?

Answer: Researchers are developing tests to diagnose CTE earlier. There have already been breakthroughs in tau imaging, and scientists have learned a lot about the condition. Their work may lead to advances in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.


Question: What is intacs surgery?

Answer: The doctor makes a small incision in your cornea and places two crescent-shaped plastic rings at the outer edge. The rings flatten your cornea and change the way light rays focus on your retina. ICR was used to treat nearsightedness, but that has been replaced by laser-based procedures. Now it's used to fix keratoconus, an irregular-shaped cornea that causes your cornea to thin and results in vision loss.


Question: What is AK surgery?

Answer: LRI is short for astigmatic keratotomy. It isn't laser eye surgery, but a surgical procedure used to correct astigmatism. When you have astigmatism, your eye is shaped like a football instead of being round. The doctor makes one or two incisions at the steepest part of your cornea. This helps it relax and makes it more rounded. This procedure can be done alone, or in combination with other laser eye surgeries like PRK, LASIK, or RK.


Question: What is PRK surgery?

Answer: PRK, or photorefractive keratectomy, is used to correct mild to moderate nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. Like LASIK, a surgeon uses a laser to reshape your cornea. But it only affects the cornea's surface, not the tissue underneath. Your doctor may also use computer imaging of the cornea.


Question: What causes pinched (compressed) nerves?

Answer: A pinched nerve occurs when there is "compression" (pressure) on a nerve. The pressure may be the result of repetitive motions.


Question: When do you need surgery to treat pinched (compressed) nerves?

Answer: In more severe cases, it may be necessary to remove material that's pressing on a nerve, such as: Scar tissue Disc material Pieces of bone Treatment may include: NSAIDs.


Question: What are the symptoms of pinched (compressed) nerves?

Answer: With nerve compression, sometimes pain may be your only symptom. Or you may have other symptoms without pain. These are some of the more common symptoms of compressed nerves: Pain in the area of compression, such as the neck or low back Radiating pain, such as sciatica or radicular pain Numbness or tingling " Pins and needles" or a burning sensation Weakness, especially with certain activities Sometimes symptoms worsen when you try certain movements, such as turning your head or straining your neck.


Question: What does deep vein thrombophlebitis affect?

Answer: Deep vein thrombophlebitis affects the larger blood vessels, usually deep in the legs. Large blood clots can form, which may break off and travel to the lungs. This is a serious condition called pulmonary embolism.


Question: What are risk factors for thrombophlebitis?

Answer: Some risk factors for thrombophlebitis include the following: Prolonged inactivity - Staying in bed or sitting for many hours, as in a car or on an airplane, creating stagnant or slow flow of blood from the legs in a dependent position ( This pooling of blood in the legs leads to thrombus formation.) Sedentary lifestyle - Not getting any exercise Obesity Smoking cigarettes Certain medical conditions, such as cancer or blood disorders, that increase the clotting potential of the blood Injury to your arms or legs Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills Pregnancy Varicose veins Superficial phlebitis There is usually a slow onset of a tender red area along the superficial veins on the skin.


Question: What does superficial phlebitis affect?

Answer: Superficial phlebitis affects veins on the skin surface. The condition is rarely serious and, with proper care, usually resolves rapidly. Sometimes people with superficial phlebitis also get deep vein thrombophlebitis, so a medical evaluation is necessary.


Question: What are symptoms of superficial phlebitis?

Answer: Sedentary lifestyle - Not getting any exercise Obesity Smoking cigarettes Certain medical conditions, such as cancer or blood disorders, that increase the clotting potential of the blood Injury to your arms or legs Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills Pregnancy Varicose veins Superficial phlebitis There is usually a slow onset of a tender red area along the superficial veins on the skin. A long, thin red area may be seen as the inflammation follows a superficial vein. This area may feel hard, warm, and tender. The skin around the vein may be itchy and swollen. The area may begin to throb or burn. Symptoms may be worse when the leg is lowered, especially when first getting out of bed in the morning. A low-grade fever may occur. Sometimes phlebitis may occur where a peripheral intravenous line was started. The surrounding area may be sore and tender along the vein. If an infection is present, symptoms may include redness, fever, pain, swelling, or breakdown of the skin.


Question: What are symptoms of deep vein phlebitis?

Answer: Deep vein phlebitis This can be similar in presentation to superficial phlebitis, but some people may have no symptoms. One may have pain and swelling throughout the entire limb. For example, the lower leg may swell for no apparent reason. Some people also get fever from a superimposed bacterial infection and skin discoloration or ulcers if the condition becomes chronic and was inadequately treated earlier.


Question: What is the outlook for superficial phlebitis?

Answer: Phlebitis in the superficial veins is rarely serious and usually responds to pain control, elevation, and warm compresses for 1-2 weeks.


Question: What is the medical treatment for superficial phlebitis?

Answer: If your evaluation shows superficial phlebitis and you are otherwise healthy, you can likely go home. You will need to use compression stockings and probably anti-inflammatory medications to control your symptoms. Additional management involves elevation of the arm/leg and application of warm compresses. Only a few cases require antibiotics.


Question: What causes superficial phlebitis?

Answer: Superficial phlebitis can be a complication due to a medical or surgical procedure. Injury to a vein increases the risk of forming a blood clot. Sometimes clots occur without an injury.


Question: What is the medical treatment for deep vein phlebitis?

Answer: If you have a history of deep vein thrombophlebitis, or if the phlebitis might possibly spread to the deep veins, you will need to take a blood thinner (anticoagulant). The duration of anticoagulant treatment is usually between 3-6 months. If you have signs of infection, you will need to take an antibiotic. If the superficial phlebitis has progressed to involve the deep veins, then it is a serious condition that may even require hospital admission for treatment and further evaluation.


Question: Should I avoid certain drugs while taking beta-blockers?

Answer: A beta-blocker is often prescribed with other medications such as a diuretic, ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor ( ARNI), or angiotensin receptor blocker ( ARB). If you have side effects after taking your medications together, call your doctor or nurse. You may need to change the times you take each drug. It's important that your doctor be aware of all the medications you are taking, as some may interact with beta-blockers. Talk to your doctor before taking any new drug, including over-the-counter drugs, herbs, and supplements.


Question: What are the types of beta-blockers?

Answer: There are several types of beta-blockers, but only three are approved by the FDA to treat heart failure: Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Metoprolol ( Toprol) They may be taken with meals, at bedtime, or in the morning.


Question: What do beta-blockers do for people with heart failure?

Answer: Drugs called beta-blockers perform four main tasks essential for people with heart failure: Improve your heart's ability to relax Decrease the production of harmful substances your body makes in response to heart failure Slow your heart rate Improve the heart's pumping ability over time If you have heart failure, you need beta-blockers -- even if you do not have symptoms.


Question: How should you take beta blockers to treat heart failure?

Answer: There are several types of beta-blockers, but only three are approved by the FDA to treat heart failure: Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Metoprolol ( Toprol) They may be taken with meals, at bedtime, or in the morning. Food delays how your body absorbs beta-blockers, but they also may reduce side effects. Follow the directions on the label. Beta-blockers shouldn't be used if you have very low blood pressure (hypotension) or a slow pulse (bradycardia) that may cause you to feel dizzy or lightheaded. If you have severe lung congestion, your doctor will treat your congestion before prescribing a beta-blocker. While you are taking this beta-blocker, your doctor may tell you to take and record your pulse daily. He'll tell you how rapid your pulse should be. If your pulse is slower than it should be or your blood pressure is less than 100, call your doctor about taking your beta-blocker that day. Never stop taking your medicine without speaking to your doctor first, even if you feel that it's not working. When you start taking beta-blockers, your heart failure symptoms may become a bit worse while your heart adjusts to the medication. This is normal, but let your doctor or nurse know if you become extremely tired, gain more than 5 pounds, have trouble breathing, or have other signs of congestion or swelling. Once your heart adjusts, you will feel better.


Question: What beta-blockers do doctors use to treat heart failure?

Answer: There are several types of beta-blockers, but only three are approved by the FDA to treat heart failure: Bisoprolol ( Zebeta) Carvedilol ( Coreg) Metoprolol ( Toprol) They may be taken with meals, at bedtime, or in the morning.


Question: How do beta-blockers help with heart failure?

Answer: Drugs called beta-blockers perform four main tasks essential for people with heart failure: Improve your heart's ability to relax Decrease the production of harmful substances your body makes in response to heart failure Slow your heart rate Improve the heart's pumping ability over time If you have heart failure, you need beta-blockers -- even if you do not have symptoms. Beta-blockers are prescribed for patients with systolic heart failure and improve survival, even in people with severe symptoms.


Question: What are compression fractures?

Answer: Soft, weakened bones are at the heart of the problem. Compression fractures are usually caused by the bone-thinning condition osteoporosis, especially if you are a woman over age 50 who has been through menopause.


Question: How do you know if you have spinal compression fractures because of osteoporosis?

Answer: You can have osteoporosis and not even know it. In fact, about two-thirds of spinal compression fractures are never diagnosed because many people think the back pain is just a part of aging and arthritis. But if osteoporosis isn't treated, it can lead to more fractures. It's important to see your doctor if you're in pain. Osteoporosis treatment won't guarantee that you'll never get another compression fracture, but it will significantly lower your odds.


Question: What increases your risk of getting spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Some people have a higher chance of getting the disease because of: Race: White and Asian women have the greatest risk. Age: The chances are higher for women over 50 and go up with age. Weight: Thin women are at higher risk. Early menopause: Women who went through it before age 50 have higher chances of getting osteoporosis. Smokers: People who smoke lose bone thickness faster than nonsmokers.


Question: How do compression fractures happen?

Answer: Soft, weakened bones are at the heart of the problem. Compression fractures are usually caused by the bone-thinning condition osteoporosis, especially if you are a woman over age 50 who has been through menopause. When bones are brittle, your vertebrae aren't strong enough to support your spine in everyday activities. When you bend to lift an object, miss a step, or slip on a carpet, you can put your spinal bones at risk of fracture. Even coughing or sneezing can cause compression fractures if you have severe osteoporosis.


Question: How do compression fractures affect the spine?

Answer: The strength and shape of the spine can change. You lose height because your spine is shorter. Most compression fractures happen in the front of the vertebra. When you get enough of them, the front part of the bone can collapse. The back of the vertebra is made of harder bone, so it stays intact. That creates a wedge-shaped vertebra, which can lead to the stooped posture you might know as a dowager's hump. Doctors call it kyphosis.


Question: What are the effects of spinal compression fractures?

Answer: The strength and shape of the spine can change. You lose height because your spine is shorter. Most compression fractures happen in the front of the vertebra.


Question: What factors can increase an individuals chance of getting a spinal compression fracture?

Answer: But most spinal compression fractures happen because of osteoporosis. Some people have a higher chance of getting the disease because of: Race: White and Asian women have the greatest risk. Age: The chances are higher for women over 50 and go up with age. Weight: Thin women are at higher risk. Early menopause: Women who went through it before age 50 have higher chances of getting osteoporosis. Smokers: People who smoke lose bone thickness faster than nonsmokers.


Question: What happens if osteoporosis isn't treated?

Answer: But if osteoporosis isn't treated, it can lead to more fractures. It's important to see your doctor if you're in pain. Osteoporosis treatment won't guarantee that you'll never get another compression fracture, but it will significantly lower your odds.


Question: Are people with cancer at risk for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Two groups of people are at highest risk for spinal compression fractures: People with osteoporosis People with cancer that has spread to their bones If you have been diagnosed with certain kinds of cancer -- including multiple myeloma and lymphoma -- your doctor may monitor you for compression fractures. On the other hand, sometimes a spinal fracture may be the first sign that a person has cancer.


Question: How does traumatic brain injury (TBI) cause brain swelling?

Answer: The following list explains different ways the brain can swell: Traumatic brain injury ( TBI): A TBI is also called a head injury, brain injury, or acquired brain injury. In TBI, a sudden event damages the brain. Both the physical contact itself and the quick acceleration and deceleration of the head can cause the injury. The most common causes of TBI include falls, vehicle crashes, being hit with or crashing into an object, and assaults. The initial injury can cause brain tissue to swell. In addition, broken pieces of bone can rupture blood vessels in any part of the head. The body's response to the injury may also increase swelling. Too much swelling may prevent fluids from leaving the brain.


Question: What are the symptoms of brain swelling?

Answer: Symptoms of brain swelling vary, depending on the severity and the cause. Usually they begin suddenly. You may notice any of these symptoms: Headache Neck pain or stiffness Nausea or vomiting Dizziness Irregular breathing Vision loss or changes Memory loss Inability to walk Difficulty speaking Stupor Seizures Loss of consciousness The steps used by your doctor to diagnose brain swelling depend on the symptoms and the suspected cause.


Question: How can tumors cause brain swelling?

Answer: Tumors: Growths in the brain can cause swelling in several ways. As a tumor develops, it can press against other areas of the brain. Tumors in some parts of the brain may block cerebrospinal fluid from flowing out of the brain. New blood vessels growing in and near the tumor can also lead to swelling.


Question: What are other names for brain swelling?

Answer: Brain swelling goes by many names: Brain edema Elevated intracranial pressure Cerebral edema Swelling can occur in specific locations or throughout the brain.


Question: How does a ventriculostomy treat brain swelling?

Answer: Ventriculostomy: In this procedure, a surgeon cuts a small hole in the skull and inserts a plastic drain tube. Cerebrospinal fluid is drained from inside the brain, helping to relieve the pressure.


Question: How does medication treat brain swelling?

Answer: Medication: In some cases of brain edema, your doctor may start a drug to help relieve the swelling. Medication may also be given for other reasons, such as to slow your body's response to the swelling or to dissolve any clots. The drugs your doctor gives you depend on the cause and symptoms of brain swelling.


Question: How does surgery treat brain swelling?

Answer: Surgery: Surgery may have one or more of these goals: Removing part of the skull to relieve intracranial pressure; this procedure is called decompressive craniectomy. Removing or repairing the source of the swelling, such as repairing a damaged artery or vein or removing a growth It's common to have lingering effects from brain swelling.