Question: What are combined birth control pills?

Answer: A pack of combined pills usually has 21 to 24 days of hormones and 4 to 7 days of reminder pills. You should get your period while taking the reminder pills. You might take one pack of combined pills every month, or you can take the hormone pills continuously to delay or stop your periods. It's generally considered safe to skip or eliminate your periods, but you should discuss this option with your doctor and then follow her instructions on when to take the pill. Mini-pills packs contain only 1 hormone, progestin.


Question: When does the pill start working after you take it?

Answer: The pill doesn't start working immediately. You need to take it for at least a few days before it becomes effective. That's why it's important to use a backup contraceptive, like condoms, when you first start taking it. Talk to your doctor about how long you need to use a backup method. Some recommend you use one during your entire first pack.


Question: Will I get pregnant if I miss a pill?

Answer: The moment you realize it can be scary, but it doesn't necessarily mean you'll get pregnant. No matter which kind you use, it's crucial to take them exactly as prescribed, even on the days you don't have sex. Talk to your doctor if you just had a baby or are breastfeeding and want to take the birth control pill.


Question: What are mini-pills birth control pills?

Answer: Combined pills contain two hormones, estrogen and progestin. If you're taking mini-pills, it's very important to take all 28 pills at the exact same time every day. If you're late taking a pill by just 3 hours, you have to use a backup method of birth control, such as a condom.


Question: When can I start taking the pill again after pregnancy?

Answer: You got busy and forgot to take your birth control pill. You need to take it for at least a few days before it becomes effective. Remember, the pill doesn't protect against HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases, so you need to continue to use condoms every time you have sex, especially with new partners, to stay safe.


Question: What triggers a herpes outbreak?

Answer: Some commonly reported triggers include: Stress Illness Surgery Vigorous sex Diet Monthly period Your doctor can diagnose genital herpes by visual inspection if the outbreak is typical and by examining a sample from the sore(s). Once a person has the virus, it remains in the body.


Question: How does drinking alcohol affect my heart failure?

Answer: It can affect your heart rate and worsen your heart failure. Your doctor may tell you to avoid or limit alcoholic beverages. Alcohol may also interact with the medications you are taking.


Question: How can food labels help with your diet and heart failure?

Answer: Nutrition labels and an ingredient list are required on most foods so you can make the best choice for a healthy lifestyle.


Question: How can you make sure to limit salt in your diet if you have heart failure?

Answer: Learn to read food labels. Use the information on food packages to help you to make the best low-sodium selections.


Question: Does Gardasil prevent anal cancer?

Answer: The overall five-year survival rate following diagnosis of anal cancer is 60% for men and 71% for women.


Question: Does anal sex raise your chances of getting anal cancer?

Answer: Receptive anal intercourse is strongly related to the development of anal cancer.


Question: When is anal cancer diagnosed?

Answer: Most anal cancers (80%) are diagnosed in people who are over age 60.


Question: How many people get anal cancer?

Answer: The American Cancer Society estimates that 8,200 cases of anal cancer will be diagnosed in 2017 and about 1,100 deaths will occur that year from anal cancer. By contrast, some135,730 people are predicted to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the U. S. in 2017, and about 50,260 people are predicted to die of the disease the same year.


Question: What tests do I need if I think I have anal cancer?

Answer: If cancer is suspected, a biopsy should be done and the specimen examined by a pathologist. Staging workup may include an abdominal and pelvic CT scan, a pelvic MRI scan to assess the pelvic lymph nodes, a chest x-ray, and liver function studies.


Question: Who can get anal cancer?

Answer: The incidence rate of anal cancer is six times higher in single men as compared to married men. Receptive anal intercourse is strongly related to the development of anal cancer.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of anal cancer?

Answer: The most common symptom associated with anal cancer is bleeding. Because anal itching can also be a symptom of the cancer, many people initially attribute their bleeding and itching to hemorrhoids. This can delay the diagnosis of anal cancer.


Question: What are the treatments for anal cancer?

Answer: Anal cancer is primarily treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation.


Question: How can anal cancer be prevented?

Answer: Gardasil, one of the HPV vaccines originally approved for the prevention of cervical cancer, is also approved for the prevention of anal cancer in men and women.


Question: What is a major risk factor for anal cancer?

Answer: Anal infection with human papillomavirus ( HPV) resulting in genital warts is a major risk factor for the cancer.


Question: How common is anal cancer?

Answer: The American Cancer Society estimates that 8,200 cases of anal cancer will be diagnosed in 2017 and about 1,100 deaths will occur that year from anal cancer. By contrast, some135,730 people are predicted to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the U. S. in 2017, and about 50,260 people are predicted to die of the disease the same year.


Question: What are the symptoms of anal cancer?

Answer: The most common symptom associated with anal cancer is bleeding. Because anal itching can also be a symptom of the cancer, many people initially attribute their bleeding and itching to hemorrhoids. This can delay the diagnosis of anal cancer. Other signs and symptoms of anal cancer may include: Pain or pressure in the anal area Unusual discharges from the anus Lump near the anus Change in bowel habits Anal cancer may be detected during a routine digital rectal exam or during a minor procedure, such as removal of what is believed to be a hemorrhoid.


Question: How is anal cancer first detected?

Answer: Other signs and symptoms of anal cancer may include: Pain or pressure in the anal area Unusual discharges from the anus Lump near the anus Change in bowel habits Anal cancer may be detected during a routine digital rectal exam or during a minor procedure, such as removal of what is believed to be a hemorrhoid. The cancer may also be detected with more invasive procedures such as an anoscopy, proctoscopy, or endorectal ultrasound.


Question: When is anal cancer usually diagnosed?

Answer: Approximately half of all anal cancers are diagnosed before the malignancy has spread beyond the primary site, whereas 13% to 25% are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, and 10% are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to distant organs, or has metastasized.


Question: What is the survival rate for anal cancer?

Answer: Approximately half of all anal cancers are diagnosed before the malignancy has spread beyond the primary site, whereas 13% to 25% are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, and 10% are diagnosed after the cancer has spread to distant organs, or has metastasized. When it is found early, anal cancer is highly treatable. The overall five-year survival rate following diagnosis of anal cancer is 60% for men and 71% for women.


Question: How does age and gender affect your risk of anal cancer?

Answer: By contrast, some135,730 people are predicted to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the U. S. in 2017, and about 50,260 people are predicted to die of the disease the same year. Prior to age 35, anal cancer is more common in men. However, after age 50, anal cancer is slightly more common in women.


Question: Who is prone to get anal cancer?

Answer: By contrast, some135,730 people are predicted to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the U. S. in 2017, and about 50,260 people are predicted to die of the disease the same year. In this subgroup, the prognosis is worse, than for non-immunocompromised patients.


Question: Who is most likely to get anal cancer?

Answer: By contrast, some135,730 people are predicted to be diagnosed with colorectal cancer in the U. S. in 2017, and about 50,260 people are predicted to die of the disease the same year. Prior to age 35, anal cancer is more common in men. However, after age 50, anal cancer is slightly more common in women.


Question: Why shouldn't you ignore flu symptoms when you're sick?

Answer: You usually don’t need to see a doctor for a run-of-the-mill cold. But call her if you have signs of the flu, such as a high fever, body aches, and fatigue. She can give you an antiviral drug such as oseltamivir ( Tamiflu) or zanamivir ( Relenza). If you take one in the first 48 hours that you’re sick, you can ease your symptoms and shorten your illness by 1 or 2 days.


Question: Why shouldn't you smoke when you're sick?

Answer: Smoking damages your lungs and irritates your throat. That can make your cold symptoms worse. So ditch the cigarettes and steer clear of secondhand smoke.


Question: Why shouldn't you skip meals and snacks when you're sick?

Answer: You might not have much of an appetite, but it’s important to eat something. Calories and nutrients will fuel the immune cells that attack cold and flu viruses. The result: You may get better faster. Try eating a bowl of chicken soup. Research shows that this classic may actually relieve some of those symptoms.


Question: Why is getting stressed bad when you're sick?

Answer: A hormone your body makes when you’re stressed is hard on the immune system. It also increases inflammation, which can make your stuffy nose even worse. Make an effort to focus on relaxing and recovering, and you may be back on your feet sooner.


Question: Why should you drink lots of fluids when you're sick?

Answer: When your throat aches, it’s not as easy to gulp down liquids. But when you stay hydrated, you can thin your mucus and break up congestion. It can also fend off headaches. That can make your cold symptoms worse.


Question: Why shouldn't you skimp on sleep when you're sick?

Answer: One study found that people who get less than 6 hours of shut-eye a night are four times more likely to get sick than those who log at least 7. So go to bed early and take naps during the day. Are your symptoms keeping you up? Soothe a nighttime cough with a little honey, and run a humidifier to help you breathe easier. A hormone your body makes when you’re stressed is hard on the immune system.


Question: Why shouldn't you power through when you're sick?

Answer: Don’t keep up with your usual routine. Make rest a priority. Cancel those plans and stay home from work or school. Along with helping your body recover, you’ll also keep from spreading those germs around. That can make your cold symptoms worse.


Question: Why shouldn't you insist on an antibiotic when you're sick?

Answer: Nearly one-third of antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary. This can raise your risk of side effects, such as diarrhea and allergic reactions. It also contributes to a huge global health problem: antibiotic resistance. That’s when bacteria get used to the drugs, so they don’t work anymore. Calories and nutrients will fuel the immune cells that attack cold and flu viruses. That can make your cold symptoms worse.


Question: What mistakes do people make when they get sick?

Answer: You try to power through. You ignore flu symptoms. You skimp on sleep. You bug your doctor for an antibiotic.


Question: What is erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Erectile dysfunction, also known as ED or impotence, is the inability to attain or maintain an erection of the penis adequate for the sexual satisfaction of both partners. It can be devastating to the self-esteem of a man and of his partner. As many as 30 million American men are afflicted on a continuing basis, and transient episodes affect nearly all adult males. But nearly all men who seek treatment find some measure of relief.


Question: What causes erectile dysfunction in older men?

Answer: Because erections primarily involve the blood vessels, it is not surprising that the most common causes in older men are conditions that block blood flow to the penis, such as atherosclerosis or diabetes. Another vascular cause may be a faulty vein, which lets blood drain too quickly from the penis. Other physical disorders, as well as hormonal imbalances and certain operations, may also result in erectile dysfunction. The vascular processes that produce an erection are controlled by the nervous system and certain prescription medications may have the side effect of interfering with necessary nerve signals. Among the possible culprits are a variety of stimulants, sedatives, diuretics, antihistamines, and drugs to treat high blood pressure, cancer, or depression.


Question: What causes erectile dysfunction in younger men?

Answer: Erectile dysfunction in younger men. The sexual difficulties may also be linked to these factors: Depression Fatigue Stress Feelings of inadequacy Personal sexual fears Rejection by parents or peers Sexual abuse in childhood


Question: What happens after hip replacement surgery?

Answer: You will likely stay in the hospital for four to six days and may have to stay in bed with a wedge-shaped cushion between your legs to keep the new hip joint in place. A drainage tube will likely be placed in your bladder to help you go to the bathroom. Physical therapy usually begins the day after surgery and within days you can walk with a walker, crutches, or a cane. You will continue physical therapy for weeks to months following the surgery.


Question: What is a hip replacement surgery?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Hip replacement surgery is a procedure in which a doctor surgically removes a painful hip joint with arthritis and replaces it with an artificial joint often made from metal and plastic components. It usually is done when all other treatment options have failed to provide adequate pain relief. The procedure should relieve a painful hip joint, making walking easier.


Question: What are possible risks of hip replacement surgery?

Answer: Infection and bleeding are also possible, as are risks associated with using general anesthesia. Other less common concerns that you and your doctor must watch out for are: Your legs may not be of equal length after the surgery. You must be careful not to cross your legs or not to sit too low because the joint may be dislocated. Pieces of fat in the bone marrow may become loose, enter the bloodstream and get into the lungs, which can cause very serious breathing problems. Nerves in the hip area may be injured from swelling or pressure and can cause some numbness. The replacement parts may become loose, break, or become infected.


Question: How long will my new joint last after hip replacement surgery?

Answer: We now know that about 85% of the hip joint implants will last 20 years. Improvements in surgical technique and artificial joint materials should make these implants last even longer. If the joint does become damaged, surgery to repair it can be successful but is more complicated than the original procedure.


Question: Is hip replacement surgery safe?

Answer: Hip replacements surgery has been performed for years and surgical techniques are being improved all the time. As with any surgery, however, there are risks. Since you will not be able to move around much at first, blood clots are a particular concern. Your doctor will give you blood thinners to help prevent blood clots from occurring. Infection and bleeding are also possible, as are risks associated with using general anesthesia.


Question: What can I do at home after hip replacement surgery?

Answer: There are a few simple measures that you can take to make life easier when you return home after hip replacement surgery, including: Keep stair climbing to a minimum. Make the necessary arrangements so that you will only have to go up and down the steps once or twice a day. Sit in a firm, straight-back chair. To help avoid falls, remove all throw rugs and keep floors and rooms clutter free. Use an elevated toilet seat. This will help keep you from bending too far at the hips. You should ask your doctor before returning to such activities as driving, sexual activity, and exercise.


Question: What activities should I avoid after hip replacement surgery?

Answer: For anywhere from six to 12 months after hip replacement surgery, pivoting or twisting on the involved leg should be avoided. You should also not cross the involved leg past the midline of the body nor turn the involved leg inward and you should not bend at the hip past 90 degrees. Remember, by not following your therapist's recommendations you could dislocate your newly replaced hip joint and may require another surgery. Even after your hip joint has healed, certain sports or heavy activity should be avoided.


Question: What technique is used during a hip replacement surgery?

Answer: The main difference between the two procedures is the size of the incision. While most hip replacement surgeries today are performed using the standard technique (one 8 to 10 inch cut along the side of the hip), in recent years, some doctors have been using a minimally-invasive technique. In the minimally-invasive approach, doctors make one to two cuts from 2 to 5 inches long. The small cuts are thought to lessen blood loss, ease pain following surgery, shorten hospital stays, reduce scar appearance, and speed healing.


Question: What do stents do?

Answer: In people with coronary heart disease caused by the buildup of plaque, they can: Open narrowed arteries Reduce symptoms, like chest pain Help treat a heart attack These types are called heart stents, but they're also referred to as cardiac stents or coronary stents.


Question: What are the different types of stents?

Answer: Eight years later, the FDA approved the first heart stent for use in the U. S. First-generation stents were made of bare metal. Although they almost eliminated the risk of the artery collapsing, they only modestly reduced the risk of re-narrowing. About a quarter of all coronary arteries treated with bare-metal stents would close up again, usually in about 6 months. So doctors and companies began testing stents coated with drugs that interrupted the re-narrowing. These are called drug-eluting stents. In clinical trials, these reduced re-narrowing cases to less than 10%. They also lowered the need for repeat procedures for people with diabetes, who have a bigger chance of their arteries getting narrow again.


Question: Do drug-eluting stents have complications?

Answer: Still, there were concerns that drug-eluting stents were associated with a rare but serious complication called in-stent thrombosis. This is where a blood clot forms in a stent one or more years after it's implanted. Because this complication can be fatal, it's important that people with drug-eluting stents take aspirin and an anticlotting drug as prescribed until a doctor tells them to stop.


Question: How are stents used in the balloon angioplasty?

Answer: The stent expands when the balloon is inflated, locks into place, and forms a permanent scaffold to hold the artery open after the balloon is deflated and removed. In 1986, French researchers implanted the first stent into a human coronary artery. Eight years later, the FDA approved the first heart stent for use in the U. S. First-generation stents were made of bare metal.


Question: What are possible complications from getting a stent?

Answer: These can include aspirin, which usually must be taken indefinitely, and clopidogrel ( Plavix), prasugrel ( Effient), or ticagrelor ( Brilinta), which are usually prescribed for at least 1 and up to 12 months. Scar tissue or plaque can also form in the area of your stent. This can cause your artery to narrow again over a period of months. Your doctor may call this restenosis. If it happens, another stent can often solve the problem. In some cases, coronary artery bypass surgery may be needed. This is where a blood clot forms in a stent one or more years after it's implanted.


Question: What are anticholinergic drugs for an overactive bladder?

Answer: Other behavioral tips for preventing incontinence include: Avoiding drinking caffeine or a lot of fluids before activities Not drinking fluids right before you go to bed In people with overactive bladder, muscles in the bladder wall contract at the wrong time. A group of drugs called anticholinergics combat this problem by blocking the nerve signals related to bladder muscle contractions. Research suggests that these drugs also might increase bladder capacity and decrease the urge to go.


Question: Can botox help treat an overactive bladder?

Answer: Botox, more commonly known for removing wrinkles, can be injected into the bladder muscle causing it to relax. This can increase capacity in the bladder and lessen contractions. Botox is only recommended for people who can't control symptoms with behavioral therapies or oral medications.


Question: Can surgery treat an overactive bladder (OAB)?

Answer: Before starting any OAB treatment, however, it's important to understand bladder function and what factors may cause overactive bladder. This can increase capacity in the bladder and lessen contractions. Another procedure implants a small device, similar to a pacemaker, under the skin. The device is connected to a wire, which sends small electrical pulses to nerves around the pelvic floor that control the bladder and muscles surrounding it.


Question: If I have gestational diabetes, will I develop type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Because you had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes. But it won't definitely happen, and you can take action to prevent that. Your blood sugar levels will likely return to normal about 6 weeks after childbirth. ( Your doctor will check on that.) If it does, you should get follow-up tests every 3 years.


Question: If I have had gestational diabetes in the past, am I more likely to get it again in the future?

Answer: If you plan to have another baby, keep in mind that you are more likely to get gestational diabetes again. Ask your doctor if there are any lifestyle changes that would help you avoid that.


Question: If I have gestational diabetes will my child be likely to have diabetes?

Answer: Although your child will be more likely than other kids to develop type 2 diabetes later on, a healthy lifestyle (including a good diet and lots of physical activity) can cut that risk.


Question: How does having gestational diabetes affect the size and appearance of my baby?

Answer: Because you had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes. But it won't definitely happen, and you can take action to prevent that.


Question: Will gestational diabetes affect my baby?

Answer: Your baby will probably be healthy, if you and your doctor manage your blood sugar while you have gestational diabetes.


Question: How do mast cell stabilizers help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: About a quarter of people with IBS- D also have gastroenteritis, which makes your gut become inflamed. Some experts believe that could be a trigger for IBS. Mast cells control the release of histamine, which causes inflammation. These drugs help lower the amount of histamine your body makes.


Question: How do antidiarrheal drugs help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: In some cases, over-the-counter medicines like loperamide ( Imodium) can improve diarrhea symptoms for people with irritable bowel syndrome.


Question: What is rifaximin and how is it used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: Though it's not clear what causes IBS- D, some experts believe the culprit may be too much bacteria in the small intestine. Rimaxifin is an antibiotic that was approved by the FDA in 2015 to treat IBS- D. It's been shown to reduce both stomach pain and diarrhea.


Question: How do K-opioid antagonists help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: Scientists are doing clinical trials of a promising drug called asimadoline, which may help reduce stomach pain and diarrhea without causing constipation.


Question: What is eluxadoline and how is it used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: This signals your nervous system to help stop bowel spasms. It can also ease belly cramps and diarrhea.


Question: How do antidepressants help treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: Antidepressants: Medicines called tricyclic antidepressants can help reduce belly pain, particularly if you also have depression or anxiety. If you don't have depression, your doctor may still prescribe these, but in smaller doses.


Question: How difficult is it to live with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: How tough? A 2015 survey from the American Gastroenterological Association found that 47% of people with IBS would give up their cell phone just to feel 1 month of relief from their symptoms. In about a third of cases of this digestive disorder, people also get diarrhea. That's known as IBS- D. Let your doctor know about your symptoms -- even if talking about them feels uncomfortable -- because there are more treatment options than ever. In some cases, over-the-counter medicines like loperamide ( Imodium) can improve diarrhea symptoms for people with irritable bowel syndrome.


Question: What is alosetron and how is it used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D)?

Answer: For a long time, this was the only prescription medication approved to treat the condition. It can help relieve stomach pain and slow your bowels to relieve diarrhea. It may have fewer side effects, but more research is needed.


Question: How can fillings deteriorate?

Answer: Deteriorating Fillings Constant pressure from chewing, grinding, or clenching can cause dental fillings to wear away, chip, or crack. Although you may not be able to tell that a filling is wearing down, your dentist can identify weaknesses in them during a regular check-up. If the seal between the tooth enamel and the filling breaks down, food particles and decay-causing bacteria can work their way under the filling. You then run the risk of developing additional decay in that tooth. Decay that is left untreated can progress to infect the dental pulp and may cause an abscessed tooth.


Question: What should you do if you have tooth sensitivity from fillings?

Answer: Tooth Pain and Sensitivity Tooth sensitivity following placement of a filling is fairly common. A tooth may be sensitive to pressure, air, sweet foods, or temperature. Usually, the sensitivity resolves on its own within a few weeks. During this time, avoid those things that are causing the sensitivity. Pain relievers are generally not required. Contact your dentist if the sensitivity does not subside within two to four weeks or if your tooth is extremely sensitive. He or she may recommend a desensitizing toothpaste, may apply a desensitizing agent to the tooth, or possibly suggest a root canal procedure.


Question: What are the disadvantages of silver fillings?

Answer: Strength -- can withstand chewing forces Expense -- may be less expensive than composite fillings Disadvantages of silver fillings: Poor aesthetics -- silver fillings don't match the color of natural teeth. Destruction of more tooth structure -- healthy parts of the tooth must often be removed to make a space large enough to hold the amalgam filling. Discoloration -- amalgam fillings can create a grayish hue to the surrounding tooth structure. Cracks and fractures -- although all teeth expand and contract in the presence of hot and cold liquids, which ultimately can cause the tooth to crack or fracture, amalgam material -- in comparison with other filling materials -- may experience a wider degree of expansion and contraction and lead to a higher incidence of cracks and fractures. Allergic reactions -- a small percentage of people, approximately 1%, are allergic to the mercury present in amalgam restorations.


Question: What steps are involved in filling a tooth?

Answer: First, the dentist will use a local anesthetic to numb the area around the tooth to be filled. Next, a drill, air abrasion instrument, or laser will be used to remove the decayed area. Once the decay has been removed, the dentist will prepare the space for the filling by cleaning the cavity of bacteria and debris. If the decay is near the root, your dentist may first put in a liner made of glass ionomer, composite resin, or other material to protect the nerve. Generally, after the filling is in, your dentist will finish and polish it. Several additional steps are required for tooth-colored fillings and are as follows. After your dentist has removed the decay and cleaned the area, the tooth-colored material is applied in layers. Next, a special light that "cures" or hardens each layer is applied. When the multilayering process is completed, the dentist will shape the composite material to the desired result, trim off any excess material, and polish the final restoration.


Question: What types of filling materials are available?

Answer: Several additional steps are required for tooth-colored fillings and are as follows. Teeth can be filled with gold; porcelain; silver amalgam (which consists of mercury mixed with silver, tin, zinc, and copper); or tooth-colored, plastic, and materials called composite resin fillings. There is also a material that contains glass particles and is known as glass ionomer. This material is used in ways similar to the use of composite resin fillings.


Question: How is depression related to your heart?

Answer: Depression has been linked to heart disease. When you are under stress or having a panic attack, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol as part of our natural "fight or flight" response. These hormones can trigger physical symptoms like chest pain and a rapid heartbeat that may feel like a heart attack.


Question: Can depression affect your heart?

Answer: These symptoms can be related to lung or heart problems, even serious ones like a heart attack. But they also can be symptoms of depression and anxiety, what doctors call "anxious depression." These chest pains can often be chronic in those suffering from depression, but may be felt suddenly in those suffering from anxiety. If you are having these symptoms, see a doctor right away to rule out serious heart, gastrointestinal, or lung problems.


Question: What further testing is done to measure cortisol?

Answer: In addition to the tests listed above, your doctor may order other blood tests to pinpoint the cause of your abnormal cortisol levels. Some things, like abnormal growths or tumors, can affect them. If he suspects this may be the case, your doctor will order a CT scan or an MRI.


Question: How is a urine test done to measure cortisol?

Answer: Your doctor might order this to test what's called âfreeâ cortisol. This means the cortisol isn't bound to a protein like the kind blood tests measure. If you doctor prescribes a urine test, you'll need to provide a 24-hour sample. This means you'll pee into a special container or bag every time you need to use the bathroom over the course of a full day.


Question: What should I know about cortisol?

Answer: Your doctor may want you to be tested to see if you have the right level of cortisol in your blood. Cortisol is made by your adrenal glands -- two small glands that sit on top of your kidneys. Along with helping you respond to stress, it also plays a key role in other functions, including how your body breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.


Question: How is a saliva test done to measure cortisol?

Answer: Your results will show the level of cortisol in your blood at the time of the test. You'll do it at night, before you go to bed. That's because cortisol levels tend to be lowest between 11 p.m. and midnight. A high cortisol level near midnight can signal a disorder. You can purchase salivary cortisol tests at drugstores. In addition to the tests listed above, your doctor may order other blood tests to pinpoint the cause of your abnormal cortisol levels.


Question: What questions will your pediatrician ask during your baby's 2-year checkup?

Answer: Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines Is your child physically active? What words is she learning? Does she respond to 2-step commands?


Question: How should I keep my 2-year-old active?

Answer: Give your child plenty of opportunities to be active. Learning how to throw, kick, and catch builds physical confidence. Play together as much as possible and make fun the top priority. Be active as a family. It's a great way to spend time together while moving your bodies! Limit the amount of TV your toddler watches. Remember that toddlers learn by your example. So make sure to set a good one!


Question: What can I expect from my baby's 2-year checkup?

Answer: Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines Is your child physically active?


Question: How should my 2-year-old baby eat?

Answer: Let your child feed herself and choose what she eats. If your child doesn't like a particular food, keep offering it. She may change her mind later. At this stage, your child should be eating about 3 meals and 2 healthy snacks a day. Don't worry if your child doesn't eat much at times. Most of the time, it should balance out. Give your child plenty of opportunities to be active.


Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat skin cancer?

Answer: Some of the most promising developments in the field of immunotherapy have arisen from efforts to cure advanced melanoma. Some researchers are treating advanced cases with vaccines, while others are using drugs such as interferon, interleukin-2, and ipilimumab ( Yervoy) in an effort to stimulate immune cells into attacking melanoma cells more aggressively. In patients with advanced melanoma, two drugs, nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) have been found to be effective after use of ipilimumab. These drugs help block proteins on T cells that normally help keep them in check, therefore allowing these immune cells to attack melanoma cells. Genetic manipulation of melanoma tumors may make them more vulnerable to attack by the immune system. Each of these treatment approaches aims to immunize a patient's body against its own cancer -- something the body cannot do naturally.


Question: What drugs do doctors use to treat skin cancer?

Answer: There are other drugs that target specific genes within normal cells that cause them to become cancerous. Called targeted therapy, these drugs include dabrafenib ( Tafinlar), trametinib ( Mekinist) and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf).


Question: How can alternative therapies help treat skin cancer?

Answer: Once skin cancer is diagnosed, the only acceptable treatment is medical care. Alternative approaches may be useful in cancer prevention and in combating nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and headaches from chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy used to treat advanced skin cancer. Be sure to discuss any alternative treatments you are considering using with your cancer doctor.


Question: How do I know if I have skin cancer?

Answer: Depending on the suspected type of skin cancer, the biopsy techniques vary slightly but crucially. Any potential melanoma requires a surgical biopsy, in which the entire growth is removed with a scalpel if possible. A pathologist then studies the sample under a microscope to determine whether cancer cells are present. Skin growths that are most likely basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or other forms of non-melanoma can be biopsied in various ways.


Question: Can corticosteroids help with  hair loss?

Answer: Most cases of alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes hair to fall out in clumps, resolve spontaneously. Some doctors try to speed recovery with topical corticosteroid drops or steroid shots directly into the areas of hair loss on the scalp. The treatment may be somewhat painful and may cause skin thinning in the injected sites. Prednisone, an oral steroid, may be an effective treatment for alopecia areata, but its potential side effects include weight gain, metabolic abnormalities, acne, and menstrual problems. Its positive effects are often only temporary.


Question: What is hair transplantation?

Answer: Hair transplantation involves the relocation of plugs of skin from parts of the scalp containing active hair follicles to bald areas. A person may need several hundred plugs -- implanted 10 to 60 per session. The transplanted hair may drop out, but new hair usually begins to grow from the transplanted follicles within several months.


Question: What is diphencyprone, and how can it help with hair loss?

Answer: This is a topical sensitizing agent used occasionally to stimulate hair regrowth in alopecia areata.


Question: What are the treatments for hair loss?

Answer: For cosmetic purposes, or after hair loss from surgical or drug treatments, many people turn to wigs, hairpieces, and hair weaving. Some people get tattoos to simulate lost eyebrows and eyelashes. Some people may benefit from the following hair loss treatments: Minoxidil ( Rogaine). Rogaine works on hair follicles to reverse their shrinking process to stimulate new hair growth.


Question: What are the causes of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Answer: Most UTIs are due to bacteria that are normally found in your gut, such as E. coli. Other bacteria that can cause them include staphylococcus, proteus, klebsiella, enterococcus, and pseudomonas. Some bladder infections in both men and women are linked to sexually transmitted infections, including Chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma, and ureaplasma. The parasite trichomonas can also cause similar symptoms.


Question: What are urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Answer: UTIs are bacterial infections in the urinary system. They're very common and usually not serious, though there can be exceptions. Your urinary tract includes your bladder, kidneys, ureters (tubes that go from your kidneys to your bladder), and urethra (the tube that carries urine out of your body from your bladder).


Question: Who gets urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Answer: Anyone can. But they're more likely when you: Are a woman Have had UTIs before Have a condition that affects your bladder's nerves (including diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries) Have been through menopause Are overweight Have something that blocks the passage of urine, such as a tumor, kidney stone, or an enlarged prostate Use a diaphragm or spermicide for birth control Have a catheter, a tube placed into the bladder to drain urine from the bladder into a bag outside the body Are a man who has sex with men, has HIV, or hasn't been circumcised Most of these traits also raise the odds that a simple bladder infection may become a more serious kidney infection or turn into sepsis (an infection that has gotten into your bloodstream).


Question: What is carb counting for diabetes?

Answer: When you watch your diet because you have diabetes, you'll want to pay special attention to carbohydrates, because they can affect your blood sugar level faster than protein or fat. You get carbs from sweets, fruit, milk, yogurt, bread, cereal, rice, pasta, potatoes, and other vegetables. It can help to count your carbs from things you eat or drink, and split them evenly between meals so that it's in line with how much insulin is available from your body or from medicine. If you get more than your insulin supply can handle, your blood sugar level goes up. If you eat too few carbohydrates, your blood sugar level may fall too low. With carbohydrate counting, you can pick almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrates to fit the food into your meal plan.


Question: What diabetic people is carb counting most useful for?

Answer: Counting carbs is most useful for people who use insulin several times a day or wear an insulin pump, or want more flexibility and variety in their food choices. The amount and type of insulin you are prescribed may affect the flexibility of your meal plan. You don't have to count carbs. You could use diabetes food exchange lists instead. Ask your doctor or a registered dietitian for their advice on that.


Question: How does carb counting help someone with diabetes?

Answer: With carbohydrate counting, you can pick almost any food product off the shelf, read the label, and use the information about grams of carbohydrates to fit the food into your meal plan.


Question: What are some good food-based sources of fiber for diabetics?

Answer: Fiber helps control blood sugar. It also helps you lower your âbadâ ( LDL) cholesterol. Most Americans need more fiber in their diets. The average American only gets about half the fiber needed on a daily basis. You get fiber from plant foods, so plan to eat more of these foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables Cooked dried beans and peas Whole-grain breads, cereals, and crackers Brown rice Bran products Nuts and seeds Although it's best to get fiber from food sources, fiber supplements can also help you get the daily fiber you need.


Question: How does someone with diabetes raise his or her blood sugar level?

Answer: It can help to count your carbs from things you eat or drink, and split them evenly between meals so that it's in line with how much insulin is available from your body or from medicine. If you get more than your insulin supply can handle, your blood sugar level goes up. If you eat too few carbohydrates, your blood sugar level may fall too low.


Question: What are some fiber supplements that diabetics can use?

Answer: You get fiber from plant foods, so plan to eat more of these foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables Cooked dried beans and peas Whole-grain breads, cereals, and crackers Brown rice Bran products Nuts and seeds Although it's best to get fiber from food sources, fiber supplements can also help you get the daily fiber you need. Examples include psyllium and methylcellulose. Increase your fiber intake slowly to help prevent gas and cramping. It's also important to also increase the amount of liquids that you drink.


Question: How does fiber help people with diabetes?

Answer: Fiber helps control blood sugar. You get fiber from plant foods, so plan to eat more of these foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables Cooked dried beans and peas Whole-grain breads, cereals, and crackers Brown rice Bran products Nuts and seeds Although it's best to get fiber from food sources, fiber supplements can also help you get the daily fiber you need. It's also important to also increase the amount of liquids that you drink.


Question: What is the main difference between juvenile and adult rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The main difference between juvenile and adult arthritis is that some children with JRA outgrow the illness, while adults usually have lifelong symptoms. Studies estimate that by adulthood, JRA symptoms disappear in more than half of all affected children. Additionally, unlike adult rheumatoid arthritis, JRA may affect bone development as well as the child's growth.


Question: Is juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) an autoimmune disorder?

Answer: JRA is an autoimmune disorder, which means that the body mistakenly identifies some of its own cells and tissues as foreign. The immune system, which normally helps to fight off harmful, foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses, begins to attack healthy cells and tissues. The result is inflammation -- marked by redness, heat, pain, and swelling.


Question: What is systemic rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Systemic Along with joint swelling, the systemic form of JRA is characterized by fever and a light pink rash, and may also affect internal organs such as the heart, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. The systemic form, sometimes called Still's disease, affects 20% of children with JRA. Almost all children with this type of JRA test negative for both rheumatoid factor and ANA. A small percentage of these children develop arthritis in many joints and can have severe arthritis that continues into adulthood.


Question: What is an autoimmune disorder?

Answer: JRA is an autoimmune disorder, which means that the body mistakenly identifies some of its own cells and tissues as foreign. The immune system, which normally helps to fight off harmful, foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses, begins to attack healthy cells and tissues. The result is inflammation -- marked by redness, heat, pain, and swelling.


Question: What other parts of the body can juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) affect?

Answer: JRA may cause fever and anemia, and can also affect the heart, lungs, eyes, and nervous system. Arthritic episodes can last for several weeks and may recur, although the symptoms tend to be less severe during later recurrent attacks. Treatment is similar to that for adults, with an additional heavy emphasis on physical therapy and exercise to keep growing bodies active. Many of the strong medicines used for adults, though, aren't usually needed for JRA. Permanent damage from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is now rare, and most affected children recover from the disease fully without experiencing any lasting disabilities.


Question: How do doctors classify juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)?

Answer: Doctors classify three kinds of JRA, based on the number of joints involved, the symptoms, and the presence of certain antibodies (special proteins made by the immune system) in the blood. These classifications help describe how the disease will progress.


Question: Why do children develop juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)?

Answer: Researchers still don't know exactly why the immune system goes awry in children who develop JRA, although they suspect that it's a two-step process. First, something in a child's genetic makeup gives them a tendency to develop JRA. Then an environmental factor, such as a virus, triggers the development of JRA.


Question: Are there different types of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)?

Answer: Doctors classify three kinds of JRA, based on the number of joints involved, the symptoms, and the presence of certain antibodies (special proteins made by the immune system) in the blood. These classifications help describe how the disease will progress.


Question: What are national resources to help locate palliative care programs?

Answer: These national resources can help you to locate palliative care programs and providers in your area: Getpalliativecare.org Palliativedoctors.org National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization Center to Advance Palliative Care: The center, based at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, has a mission to increase availability of palliative care services.


Question: What is the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization?

Answer: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization This nonprofit organization is the nation's largest to represent hospice and palliative care programs and professionals. It engages in advocacy for patients and families, develops educational programs and materials, and conducts research.


Question: What is the National Institutes of Health: Clinical Trials on Palliative Care?

Answer: National Institutes of Health: Clinical Trials on Palliative Care The U. S. lists detailed information on clinical trials of palliative care on this site.


Question: What is the Center to Advance Palliative Care?

Answer: These national resources can help you to locate palliative care programs and providers in your area: Getpalliativecare.org Palliativedoctors.org National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization Center to Advance Palliative Care: The center, based at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, has a mission to increase availability of palliative care services. It operates a web site for patients and families called "getpalliativecare.org." This site provides general information on palliative care and links to news stories. It also offers patients' personal stories and links to resources for them and their caregivers. The resources range from financial and caregiver help to information about specific diseases.


Question: What is the  American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine?

Answer: The American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine This professional organization represents more than 4,000 doctors who specialize in hospice and palliative medicine, as well as other professionals who are interested in the field.


Question: What happens if your doctor is hesitating to make a referral for palliative care?

Answer: Most doctors welcome the services that a palliative care team provides to their patients. However, on rare occasions, a primary care doctor might hesitate to make a referral. If you encounter this problem, ask your doctor for an explanation. You can also ask the palliative care team to help you explain why you would like such services. Then you can speak with your primary care doctor about how palliative care could benefit you.


Question: How do you pay for palliative care?

Answer: Most insurance plans cover palliative care treatment in full or partially. Typically, Medicare and Medicaid also cover palliative care. If you're concerned about costs, speak to a social worker from the palliative care team.


Question: What is the first step in finding palliative care?

Answer: The palliative care team will work with your other doctors. In most cases, patients receive palliative care in the hospital. But other health care settings offer palliative care, too, including assisted living facilities, nursing homes, outpatient clinics, and hospices. However, on rare occasions, a primary care doctor might hesitate to make a referral.


Question: How is depression with erectile dysfunction treated?

Answer: Antidepressants: Many different drugs, including Prozac, Zoloft, Elavil, and Wellbutrin, are used to treat depression. Some antidepressants can cause or worsen ED, so be honest with your doctor about your condition so that he or she can prescribe an appropriate treatment. Talk therapy: During therapy, a licensed and trained mental health care professional helps you identify and work through issues related to ED and depression. Types of talk therapy include couples therapy, individual therapy, and group therapy.


Question: How is depression with erectile dysfunction diagnosed?

Answer: Tell your doctor how you are feeling so that you can start feeling like yourself again. There is no single test that can diagnose depression; however, there are certain patterns that doctors look for in order to make the diagnosis. As a result, your doctor will ask you several questions. Be honest with your answers so that you can receive the care you need.


Question: How can I know if I have depression that's linked to erectile dysfunction?

Answer: The most common symptoms of depression include: Low self-esteem Loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities Fatigue Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Apathy Depression affects the way one feels about oneself and the way one thinks about life.


Question: What are the side effects of taking black tea?

Answer: Side effects of black tea (most often in high amounts) may include: Anxiety and difficulty sleeping Faster breathing Headache Increased urination Irregular heartbeat Nausea and vomiting Nervousness and restlessness Ringing in the ears Tremors Combining black tea with other types of caffeine or a product called ephedra can be very dangerous.


Question: What are the benefits of drinking black tea?

Answer: Drinking a moderate amount of black tea (one to four cups a day) may boost blood pressure slightly, but the effect does not last long. And drinking this amount of black tea is not associated with long-term high blood pressure. Preliminary studies in people show that a black tea supplement can boost metabolism and increase blood pressure. Changes in blood pressure can be a concern.


Question: What conditions can black tea help with?

Answer: Regularly drinking black tea may also lower your risk for these conditions: Diabetes High cholesterol Kidney stones Parkinson's disease But more research about black tea's effect on these conditions is needed to be sure.


Question: What is black tea made of?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Black tea is made from the leaves of a bush called Camellia sinensis. A process called oxidation turns the leaves from green to a dark brownish-black color. Oxidation means the leaves are exposed to moist, oxygen-rich air. Tea manufacturers can control the amount of oxidation. Black tea is a fully oxidized tea. Green tea comes from the same plant, but is not oxidized.


Question: What are the risks of irreversibility after getting breast implants?

Answer: Breast implants may permanently alter your breast tissue. If you decide to have the implants removed, your breasts may not return to the shape they had before the surgery. Your breasts may stay dimpled or wrinkled.


Question: What are the surgical differences in silicone versus saline breast implants?

Answer: Saline implants are filled after they're implanted, so saline implants require a smaller incision than pre-filled silicone gel breast implants. Also, many saline implants can be adjusted after surgery. Months later, a woman could decide to increase or decrease the size of her saline implants without surgery. The doctor can just use a syringe to put in more liquid or take it out. The size of standard prefilled silicone gel implants cannot be changed.


Question: Who can get the different types of breast implants?

Answer: There are some differences in who can get the two types of implants. For reconstruction, women can get either type of breast implant at any age. But for augmentation, saline implants are approved for women 18 and older, while only women who are 22 and older can get silicone gel breast implants. The FDA explains that the risks are different for the two products, specifically citing the issues surrounding the removal of ruptured silicone gel breast implants. Keep in mind that your doctor may have a strong recommendation for one type of breast implant over another.


Question: What are some possible complications of gettting breast implants?

Answer: While some people feel that platinum could be harmful, the FDA says that studies have not found that it poses any risk in breast implants. Surgical differences. Some studies suggest that breast implants can make breastfeeding more difficult or impossible. They may prevent a woman from producing milk. Breast implants can also interfere with the accuracy of mammograms that screen for breast cancer.


Question: How do you treat pubic lice?

Answer: Pubic Lice Pubic lice can be treated with over-the counter medications containing pyrethrins or permethrin lotion 1%. Your sexual partners will also have to be treated. Crabs are also sometimes found on eyelashes or eyebrows. A nit comb or fingernails may be used if there are only a few live nits on them. Otherwise a special prescription eye ointment may be prescribed.


Question: How do you treat lice if you want to avoid the use of insecticides?

Answer: For those who prefer not to use topical products, a "combing only" technique may be effective. Wash the hair with ordinary shampoo and conditioner, and leave wet. With a fine-toothed comb, stroke slowly outward from the roots through one lock of hair at a time. Lice will land on the back of the comb, get caught between the teeth, or fall off. Space at least 30 strokes over the head. Repeat every three days. Because newborn lice do not lay eggs for the first week, all the lice should disappear after about two weeks of combing.


Question: How do you treat body lice?

Answer: Body Lice To treat body lice, wash the entire body with soap and water. If this is not effective, you may have to use pediculocide preparation -- either over-the-counter or prescription. As with a head lice infestation, you'll have to wash all clothing, towels, and bedding in hot water and dry in a hot dryer.


Question: What are pyrethrins for treating head lice?

Answer: Over-the-counter products with pesticides include: Pyrethrins are a common treatment that is available over the counter. Some studies suggest pyrethrins can affect cognitive development in children. More research is needed. Brand names include Rid, Triple X, Pronto, A-200. For best results, follow the directions exactly.


Question: What are the different topical lotions and shampoos for treating head lice?

Answer: Permethrin lotion 1% (also known as Nix) is another over-the-counter product that only kills lice, but not eggs, and will require repeat treatment in nine to 10 days. Prescription treatments include: Malathion lotion 0.5% (also known as Ovide) is a prescription medication that is approved for head lice and can kill some eggs. Directions and precautions for use must be strictly followed. Lindane shampoo 1% is not approved for lice treatment anymore, since in young children, it can attack and damage the brain and other parts of the nervous system. Spinosad ( Natroba) is topical and applied to the scalp. It is not approved for use on children under age 4. Another treatment is a topical lotion called Sklice. A comb is not required with Sklice and one treatment may be all that's needed. The active ingredient is ivermectin, a powerful parasite killer. Sklice can be used in children as young as 6 months. If used improperly, it can attack and damage the brain and other parts of the nervous system.


Question: What should I do to treat bleeding from a hand?

Answer: Apply firm pressure with a clean cloth until bleeding stops. If the bone is pushing through the skin, do not touch it or try to put it back in place.


Question: How does a health care provider treat a broken hand?

Answer: The health care provider will likely take X-rays and check for feeling and range of motion in the hand to determine whether there has been nerve or tendon damage. The health care provider may apply a splint or cast. Surgery may be needed for more complicated fractures.


Question: What can be done to treat a broken hand right away?

Answer: If the person's hand is numb or cold or the skin under the fingernails is blue, do not move the hand or arm. Otherwise: Have the person bend the arm at the elbow. Do not try to straighten the hand if it bent or deformed. Tie a splint on the lower arm with fabric or elastic bandages. Cardboard, rolled-up newspaper, or other stiff material can be used as a splint. Make a sling and place the person's arm in it. Tie the sling around his or her neck.


Question: When should I get medical attention about a hand injury?

Answer: The person is seriously injured or unconscious. The hand is numb or cold. The skin under the fingernail is blue. A bone is sticking out of the skin. The bleeding doesn't stop after several minutes of firm pressure. Blood spurts from the wound.


Question: If a personâs hand is broken, how can I control swelling?

Answer: Apply an ice pack (do not put ice directly against the skin). If possible, remove any jewelry immediately.


Question: Can dry mouth cause bad breath?

Answer: Dry mouth: Saliva is needed to cleanse the mouth. If you don't have enough of it, simply having a dry mouth can cause bad breath.


Question: Can what I eat and drink cause bad breath?

Answer: Foods and beverages: What you eat and drink can cause bad breath. Foods are absorbed into your bloodstream and move to the lungs, affecting the air your exhale. Brushing or using mouthwash can briefly mask the odor. But halitosis lasts until the culprit is no longer in your body. Common offenders include: Onions Garlic Cheese Pastrami Certain spices Orange juice or soda Alcohol Likewise, dieters who may be eating too infrequently can also experience bad breath.


Question: Could a health condition be causing my bad breath?

Answer: Health problems: Sometimes bad breath can signal a larger health problem, such as: Sinus infection Chronic lung infection Liver or kidney disease Gastrointestinal problems Diabetes There are a number of simple things you can try to get rid of bad breath.


Question: Could not taking good care of my teeth and mouth give me bad breath?

Answer: Poor dental hygiene: When you don't thoroughly clean your teeth, gums, and tongue each day, bad breath may result from remaining bits of rotting food and the growth of bacteria in your mouth. Inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) from poor dental hygiene can also cause bad breath.


Question: How often should you see your dentist about bad breath?

Answer: Brush your teeth, gums, and tongue with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day. Your dentist can spot and treat bad breath causes such as gum disease. Ask your dentist about other potential solutions for halitosis. For example, for dry mouth, your dentist might recommend artificial saliva. Also talk to your dentist before buying halitosis kits or products for controlling bad breath. If changes you make don't help, the dentist may refer you to a doctor to see whether an underlying health problem could be causing the bad breath. You can also go over a list of your medications with the doctor to see if any of them could be contributing to the problem.


Question: How can I get rid of bad breath?

Answer: Health problems: Sometimes bad breath can signal a larger health problem, such as: Sinus infection Chronic lung infection Liver or kidney disease Gastrointestinal problems Diabetes There are a number of simple things you can try to get rid of bad breath. Change what you eat and drink. Drink more water. Suck on sugar-free mints if your mouth tends to get dry. Avoid tobacco use of any kind. Brush your teeth, gums, and tongue with fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day. Floss at least once a day. Rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash twice a day. If you wear dentures, remove them while you sleep. Clean braces and retainers as directed by your dentist.


Question: How do you treat insect stings if you aren't allergic?

Answer: Don't give this medication to children under 2 years old or to pregnant women unless your doctor says it's OK. ( If you're pregnant, it's best to talk to your doctor before you take any medicine.)


Question: What are the symptoms of a mild allergic reaction to an insect sting?

Answer: A mild allergic reaction may cause one or more of these symptoms at the site of the sting: Pain Redness Pimple-like spots Mild to moderate swelling Warmth Itching Severe allergic reactions (also called an anaphylactic reaction) are not that common.


Question: What re the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction to an insect sting?

Answer: A mild allergic reaction may cause one or more of these symptoms at the site of the sting: Pain Redness Pimple-like spots Mild to moderate swelling Warmth Itching Severe allergic reactions (also called an anaphylactic reaction) are not that common. But when they happen, they're emergencies. Symptoms can include: Trouble breathing Hives that appear as a red, itchy rash and spread to areas beyond the sting Swelling of the face, throat, or any part of the mouth or tongue Wheezing or trouble swallowing Restlessness and anxiety Rapid pulse Dizziness or a sharp drop in blood pressure Get emergency treatment as soon as possible.


Question: Can allergy shots prevent allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: They're about 97% effective. Over a series of doctor visits, you'll get gradually increasing doses of venom to train your immune system to resist to a future allergic reaction.


Question: Can ultrasound therapy help treat wrinkles?

Answer: The FDA has approved a technique called Ultherapy which uses ultrasound in a noninvasive technique to lift and tighten skin on the face, neck, and chin. It can also be used on wrinkles on the chest area.


Question: Can alpha-hydroxy acids help  treat wrinkles?

Answer: These are the so-called "fruit acids" and include glycolic and lactic acid. The improvement they produce is, however, relatively subtle. Glycolic acid peels.


Question: What is epidermolysis bullosa acquisita?

Answer: Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita mostly affects middle-aged and older adults. It makes the skin so fragile that blisters form from minor injuries.


Question: What can trigger the immune system to misfire in relation to autoimmune blistering disorders?

Answer: Doctors don't know what causes the immune system to misfire. Some people have genes that make them more likely to get one of these disorders. Then, something actually triggers it, such as: Ultraviolet light from the sun Chemicals used to kill pests Hormones Infection Some medicines can also cause autoimmune blistering disorders.


Question: How can intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) and plasmapheresis treat severe autoimmune blistering disorders?

Answer: These drugs help prevent an infection: Antibiotics Antiviral drugs Antifungal drugs For more severe cases, your treatments might include: Intravenous immunoglobulin G ( IVIG). This is a blood product you get through a needle into a vein. IVIG is an antibody found in plasma -- the liquid part of blood. It's taken from thousands of donors and pooled together. IVIG treatment gives you healthy antibodies to take over for the unhealthy ones that caused your disorder. Plasmapheresis. This treatment removes the harmful antibodies from your blood.


Question: What medicines can cause autoimmune blistering disorders?

Answer: These include: Diuretics and other medicines for high blood pressure Rheumatoid arthritis medications Antipsychotic medicines Antibiotics such as amoxicillin ( Moxatag), ciprofloxacin ( Cetraxal, Ciloxan, Cipro), and penicillin Usually the blisters go away once you stop taking the medicine causing them.


Question: What are symptoms of autoimmune blistering disorders?

Answer: The places on your body where blisters form depends on which disorder you have. Some types cause blisters to grow on the skin. Other types cause them to form in the mucous membranes that line the mouth, nose, throat, eyes, and genitals. They can be painful or itchy. They can break open and leave a sore.


Question: How can autoimmune blistering disorders be diagnosed?

Answer: The places on your body where blisters form depends on which disorder you have. You might get one or more of these tests: Blister biopsy. Your doctor removes a piece of the blister and looks at it under a microscope. A biopsy can show where the skin layers have separated. Direct immunofluorescence. A chemical is placed on the skin biopsy sample. The type of antibodies in your skin can show which type of blistering disorder you have. Blood test. This test can show how severe your condition is.


Question: Does acupuncture help if you have arthritis?

Answer: The NIH considers acupuncture an acceptable alternative treatment for osteoarthritis, especially if it affects the knee. Studies have shown that acupuncture helps reduce pain, may significantly lessen the need for painkillers, and can help increase range of motion in affected knee joints.


Question: Does curcumin help with arthritis?

Answer: Topical curcumin may help relieve the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis; if taken in capsule form, it can reduce morning stiffness and boost endurance.


Question: When can your child go back to school after having a flu?

Answer: The flu is very contagious, so it's important to keep your child home if he starts feeling sick. Once his fever has been gone for at least 24 hours -- without him taking fever-reducing medication -- it's safe to send him back to the classroom.


Question: Can antiviral drugs help a child who has the flu?

Answer: They're prescription medications that can treat the flu by preventing the virus from multiplying inside the body. But to work well, your child has to start taking them ASAP -- within 48 hours of when symptoms first appear. He'll probably take the medicine -- which comes in pill, liquid, or inhaler form -- for 5 days. Antiviral drugs can make his flu symptoms milder and help him get better faster. Studies also say they make people less likely to get other serious health problems, like pneumonia.


Question: How can you eat more beans to prevent constipation?

Answer: Replace meat with a bean or legume dish at least once or twice a week. Add cooked beans to salads, and try bean soups and stews as main courses.


Question: Which foods can give you a lot of fiber?

Answer: Examples of high-fiber foods include: 1/2 cup navy beans: 9.5 grams 1 small pear: 4.4 grams 1/4 cup dates: 3.6 grams 1 medium apple: 3.3 grams 1 medium sweet potato: 4.8 grams Simple changes can improve your diet and help relieve constipation: Add veggies.


Question: How does constipation happen?

Answer: The problem often happens because of a low-fiber or high-fat diet, lack of exercise, and not drinking enough fluids. Certain medications, not going when you feel the urge, laxative abuse, and pregnancy can also lead to constipation.


Question: How can you add more fiber to your diet to prevent constipation?

Answer: Add fiber gradually. Make changes slowly over the course of a week or so -- if you up fiber too quickly, you could end up feeling bloated and gassy. Be patient -- it may take time for your body to adjust.


Question: How does fiber affect constipation?

Answer: If your bowel habits get sluggish, you don't have to rush out to buy a laxative. Most people don't need them for mild constipation. Instead, look at your diet. Are you getting enough fiber? Fiber is the part of plant foods that the body can't break down. When you eat foods that have a lot of it, the extra bulk helps keep stools soft and speeds digestion.


Question: How can you add veggies to your diet to prevent constipation?

Answer: You don't have to count grams of fiber to get the amount you need. Instead, aim to eat 2 cups of fruit and 2 1/2 cups of vegetables every day. Make sandwiches with roasted veggies, add a salad instead of fries to your meal, buy pre-cut vegetables to snack on with low-fat dip, keep the fruit bowl full for a handy and healthy snack, and add chopped, dried fruit to oatmeal and cereal.


Question: Is it normal to have constipation?

Answer: So if you're dealing with tummy troubles, you're not alone. Most of the time it doesn't last long, and simple changes can help your digestive system run smoothly again. It's not always easy to find time to be active, but try these tips: Start exercising about 20 minutes, 3 days a week, and build up to at least 30 minutes on five or more days of the week.


Question: When should you consider a fiber supplement for your constipation?

Answer: So if you're dealing with tummy troubles, you're not alone. Are you getting enough fiber? Just be sure to talk with your doctor before you use them as they can make some medications not work as well.


Question: What symptoms can bacterial and viral infections cause?

Answer: Bacterial and viral infections can cause similar symptoms such as coughing and sneezing, fever, inflammation, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and cramping -- all of which are ways the immune system tries to rid the body of infectious organisms. But bacterial and viral infections are dissimilar in many other important respects, most of them due to the organisms' structural differences and the way they respond to medications.


Question: How are bacterial infections treated?

Answer: The discovery of antibiotics for bacterial infections is considered one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history. Unfortunately, bacteria are very adaptable, and the overuse of antibiotics has made many of them resistant to antibiotics. This has created serious problems, especially in hospital settings. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses, and many leading organizations now recommend against using antibiotics unless there is clear evidence of a bacterial infection.


Question: What can microbes cause?

Answer: Microbes can also cause: Acute infections, which are short-lived. Chronic infections, which can last for weeks, months, or a lifetime. Latent infections, which may not cause symptoms at first but can reactivate over a period of months and years. Most importantly, bacterial and viral infections, can cause mild, moderate, and severe diseases.


Question: What is the historical importance of bacterial and viral infections?

Answer: Throughout history, millions of people have died of diseases such as bubonic plague or the Black Death, which is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, and smallpox, which is caused by the variola virus. In recent times, viral infections have been responsible for two major pandemics: the 1918-1919 â Spanish fluâ epidemic that killed 20-40 million people, and the ongoing HIV/ AIDS epidemic that killed an estimated 1.5 million people worldwide in 2013 alone.


Question: How do viruses differ from bacteria?

Answer: Viruses are tinier: the largest of them are smaller than the smallest bacteria. All they have is a protein coat and a core of genetic material, either RNA or DNA. Unlike bacteria, viruses can't survive without a host. They can only reproduce by attaching themselves to cells. In most cases, they reprogram the cells to make new viruses until the cells burst and die. In other cases, they turn normal cells into malignant or cancerous cells. Also unlike bacteria, most viruses do cause disease, and they're quite specific about the cells they attack. For example, certain viruses attack cells in the liver, respiratory system, or blood. In some cases, viruses target bacteria.


Question: How are bacterial and viral infections spread?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Bacterial and viral infections have many things in common. Both types of infections are caused by microbes -- bacteria and viruses, respectively -- and spread by things such as: Coughing and sneezing.


Question: How are viral infections treated?

Answer: Vaccines have drastically reduced the number of new cases of viral diseases such as polio, measles, and chickenpox. In addition, vaccines can prevent such infections such as the flu, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus ( HPV), and others. But the treatment of viral infections has proved more challenging, primarily because viruses are relatively tiny and reproduce inside cells. For some viral diseases, such as herpes simplex virus infections, HIV/ AIDS, and influenza, antiviral medications have become available. But the use of antiviral medications has been associated with the development of drug-resistant microbes.


Question: How can your doctor know the origin of bacterial and viral infections?

Answer: In some cases, it's difficult to determine whether an illness is viral or bacterial because many ailments -- including pneumonia, meningitis, and diarrhea -- can be caused by either. But your doctor may be able to determine the cause by listening to your medical history and doing a physical exam. If necessary, he or she also can order a blood or urine test to help confirm a diagnosis, or a "culture test" of tissue to identify bacteria or viruses. Occasionally, a biopsy of affected tissue may be required.


Question: How often should I see my doctor if I am postmenopausal?

Answer: Even if you are postmenopausal, getting regular check-ups and preventive screening tests such as pelvic exams, Pap smears, breast exams, and mammograms are among the most important things you can do for yourself. How often you need a check-up depends on your health history. Talk to your doctor to determine how often you should be seen.


Question: Can I get pregnant after menopause?

Answer: Having your doctor measure your follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH) level is another way to see if you are near menopause. But, continue using contraception until your doctor determines that you truly are postmenopausal.


Question: What can I do to prevent cancer?

Answer: Tips for cancer prevention include: Avoid smoking. If you do smoke, quit. Avoid too much sun exposure and wear sunscreen outdoors. Eat a nutritious diet and exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy weight. Get proper cancer screening for your age, gender, and risk factors. Take proper precautions around carcinogens and industrial chemicals, such as wearing gloves and making sure there is enough ventilation. Watch your alcohol intake.


Question: What is radiculopathy?

Answer: A spinal nerve can become pinched or inflamed. This can cause low back pain to travel (radiate) down your legs. It can also cause numbness or tingling.


Question: What puts you at risk for low back pain?

Answer: Certain things make it more likely that you will have low back pain: Age.


Question: Can back pain be a sign of a serious underlying condition?

Answer: Possibilities include: An inflammatory disease like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis Osteoporosis (bones losing to density as you age; may lead to fractures) Scoliosis (curved spine) Endometriosis, which occurs when tissue from the uterus grows in other parts of the body Back pain can also be a sign of a serious underlying condition that needs attention right away. For example: Infections of your vertebrae (osteomyelitis), disks (discitis), or the joints that connect your spine to your pelvis (sacroiliitis) Abdominal aortic aneurysm (when the blood vessel that supplies your belly, pelvis, and legs becomes swollen) Kidney stones (pain in the lower back, usually just on one side) Tumors (though this is rare) Fewer than 1% of people with low back pain will turn out to have a serious problem like cancer or an infection.


Question: What is spondylolisthesis?

Answer: In this condition, a vertebra slips out of place and pinches spinal nerves.


Question: What underlying conditions can cause back pain?

Answer: You may hear the term âmechanicalâ low back pain. Possibilities include: An inflammatory disease like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis Osteoporosis (bones losing to density as you age; may lead to fractures) Scoliosis (curved spine) Endometriosis, which occurs when tissue from the uterus grows in other parts of the body Back pain can also be a sign of a serious underlying condition that needs attention right away.


Question: How are degenerated disks associated with back pain?

Answer: Disks. If your abdominal and back muscles are weak, they don't do as good a job of supporting the structure of your spine.


Question: When should you call the doctor about low back pain?

Answer: If your back pain is short-term -- meaning it lasts a few days or a few weeks -- doctors call it âacute.â If it has gone on for 3 months or more, it's considered chronic. But you should call the doctor if: Your pain is constant or intense, especially at night or when you lie down. Your pain spreads down one or both legs. You feel numbness or tingling in one or both legs. You're losing weight without trying. Go to the emergency room right away if you have any of these symptoms: Pain after a fall, car crash or sports injury Fever Trouble controlling your bowels or bladder


Question: How can finances related to psoriasis cause stress?

Answer: Psoriasis treatments can be costly. A year's supply of biologic drugs can cost more than $25,000. And even cheaper treatments add up.


Question: How can you relax if you have stress and psoriasis?

Answer: Learn techniques to relax. Try one of these stress-busters: Deep breathing Meditation Tai chi Yoga They can lower stress and may even help your treatment. One study found that people who listened to meditation tapes while they got light therapy did twice as well as those who only got light therapy. Long walks and long baths are also good ways to ease stress.


Question: How does pain from psoriasis cause stress?

Answer: Psoriasis can cause chronic pain, which adds a constant level of stress in your life. Sometimes the pain can make day-to-day actions hard. If you have arthritis in your joints, this is more likely.


Question: How can trusting your doctor help with stress and psoriasis?

Answer: To ease stress, you need to have faith in your doctor to work out the best plan for your treatment. You are partners. If you don't feel like you are, or if you have doubts about your treatment plan, see another doctor.


Question: How can getting a massage help your stress and psoriasis?

Answer: A good massage can: Ease muscle tension Lower stress Help you relax If you can, find a massage therapist who has worked with people who have psoriasis.


Question: Can stress cause psoriasis?

Answer: Experts aren't sure how psoriasis and stress are linked. It may have to do with an effect on the immune system. Some people have their first flare of psoriasis during a very stressful time in their life.


Question: Should I get better treatment if I have psoriasis?

Answer: But it can also be the best cure for both your stress and psoriasis. If you have good control of your condition, you get rid of the core cause of your stress.


Question: Should I trust my doctor if I have psoriasis?

Answer: To ease stress, you need to have faith in your doctor to work out the best plan for your treatment. You are partners. If you don't feel like you are, or if you have doubts about your treatment plan, see another doctor.


Question: How do stress and psoriasis go together?

Answer: Stress can make psoriasis worse, and psoriasis can make you stressed. But there are ways to ease stress that may help your psoriasis, too.


Question: Should I get professional help if I have psoriasis?

Answer: If you find stress and psoriasis hard to handle -- or feel very anxious or depressed -- see a mental health therapist. A therapist can help you manage some of the hard emotional issues that stem from life with psoriasis. A therapist can also teach you useful ways to calm stress.


Question: How does life with a chronic condition cause stress related to psoriasis?

Answer: Sometimes psoriasis can wear you down. You may also sometimes find yourself anxious about the future.


Question: How can getting professional help from a mental health therapist treat stress and psoriasis?

Answer: If you don't feel like you are, or if you have doubts about your treatment plan, see another doctor. A therapist can help you manage some of the hard emotional issues that stem from life with psoriasis. A therapist can also teach you useful ways to calm stress.


Question: How does stigma of psoriasis cause stress?

Answer: Stress can make psoriasis worse, and psoriasis can make you stressed. Any aspect of being social can be stressful, from going on a date to shaking someone's hand.


Question: How can getting treatment help with stress and psoriasis?

Answer: But it can also be the best cure for both your stress and psoriasis. If you have good control of your condition, you get rid of the core cause of your stress. Treatment.


Question: Why does my baby have a fever?

Answer: A fever isn't an illness -- it's considered a symptom of one. A fever usually indicates that the body is fighting an illness and the immune system is functioning. If your baby has a fever, in most instances it means he has probably picked up a cold or other viral infection. Although they are less common in infants, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, ear infection or a more serious infection such as a blood bacterial infection or meningitis, may be causing a fever. Other causes of fever in babies include: Reaction to a vaccination Becoming overheated from being dressed too warmly or spending too much time outside on a hot day One common sign of fever in babies is a warm forehead, although not having a warm forehead doesn't mean that your baby doesn't have a fever.


Question: What should I do if my baby has a fever?

Answer: If your baby is under age 1 month and has a fever, contact your child's health care provider right away. For older babies, try these tips: Bathe your child with lukewarm water -- always check the temperature of the water on your wrist before washing your baby. Dress your baby in a light layer of clothes. Give your baby enough fluids to avoid dehydration. Those fluids should be breast milk, formula, an electrolyte solution, or water, depending on the baby's age. Contact your baby's health care provider for guidelines. A dehydrated baby may have fewer wet diapers, no tears with crying, or a dry mouth.


Question: How do I take my baby's temperature with a rectal thermometer?

Answer: To take a rectal temperature, first make sure the thermometer is clean. Wash it with soap and water or wipe it off with rubbing alcohol. Lay your baby on the belly or on the back with legs bent toward the chest. Apply a little bit of petroleum jelly around the thermometer bulb and gently insert it about 1 inch into the rectal opening. Hold the digital thermometer in place for about two minutes until you hear the "beep." Then gently remove the thermometer and read the temperature.


Question: When should I call the doctor about my baby's fever?

Answer: According to the AAP, call your doctor if your baby: Is under age 3 months and has a fever; if your baby is under 2 months and has a fever, it is considered an emergency. Seek immediate medical care. Is lethargic and not responsive Has problems breathing or eating Is very cranky, fussy or difficult to calm down Has a rash Shows signs of dehydration, such as fewer wet diapers, dry mouth, no tears with crying, or sunken soft spot on the head Has a seizure It can be difficult for doctors to tell whether a newborn has a simple virus (like a cold), or a more serious infection (like UTI, pneumonia or meningitis).


Question: What can I give my baby for a fever?

Answer: If your child is older than 6 months and your doctor says it is OK, you can give your baby either children's Tylenol or ibuprofen ( Advil or Motrin). Never give babies aspirin for a fever because of the risk for a rare but potentially dangerous condition called Reye's syndrome. Also, do not give a baby under age 6 months Advil, Motrin, or other medicines that contain ibuprofen. Be sure to ask your doctor about the dosage and read the package instructions before giving your baby a fever-reducing medicine.


Question: When does my baby have a fever?

Answer: Most doctors consider a rectal temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher as a fever.


Question: What are signs my baby has a fever?

Answer: Other causes of fever in babies include: Reaction to a vaccination Becoming overheated from being dressed too warmly or spending too much time outside on a hot day One common sign of fever in babies is a warm forehead, although not having a warm forehead doesn't mean that your baby doesn't have a fever. Your baby may also be crankier and fussier than usual. Other symptoms associated with fever in babies include: Poor sleeping Poor eating Lack of interest in play Less active or even lethargic Convulsions or seizures You can take a child's temperature a few different ways, such as via the rectum (rectally), mouth (orally), ear, under the arm (axillary), or at the temples.


Question: How does the doctor know if my newborn has a virus or serious infection due to a fever?

Answer: Is lethargic and not responsive Has problems breathing or eating Is very cranky, fussy or difficult to calm down Has a rash Shows signs of dehydration, such as fewer wet diapers, dry mouth, no tears with crying, or sunken soft spot on the head Has a seizure It can be difficult for doctors to tell whether a newborn has a simple virus (like a cold), or a more serious infection (like UTI, pneumonia or meningitis). That's why doctors will sometimes order special tests (such as blood or urine tests, and/or a chest X-ray and spinal tap) to pinpoint the exact cause of an infant fever, and to look for more serious infections in young babies.


Question: How do I take my baby's temperature?

Answer: Other symptoms associated with fever in babies include: Poor sleeping Poor eating Lack of interest in play Less active or even lethargic Convulsions or seizures You can take a child's temperature a few different ways, such as via the rectum (rectally), mouth (orally), ear, under the arm (axillary), or at the temples. Mercury thermometers should not be used because they pose a risk of mercury exposure and poisoning if they break. Rectal thermometers provide the most accurate temperature readings, and can be easiest to take in an infant. Typically, babies can't hold an oral thermometer in place, and the reading of an ear, temporal, or underarm thermometer are not as accurate. Hold the digital thermometer in place for about two minutes until you hear the "beep."


Question: What is the conventional medicine for gallstones?

Answer: Of the various conventional treatments that are available, surgical removal of the gallbladder is the most widely used.


Question: How are gallstones treated?

Answer: In most cases, treatment of gallstones is considered necessary only if you are having symptoms. Of the various conventional treatments that are available, surgical removal of the gallbladder is the most widely used. Some alternative treatments have also been found to be effective in alleviating the symptoms of troublesome gallstones.


Question: How is surgery done to treat gallstones today and how effective is it?

Answer: Patients faced a two- or three-day hospital stay plus several weeks of recovery at home. Today, however, the most commonly used surgical technique is a much simpler approach known as laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The doctor makes several small incisions in the abdomen, then uses special pencil-thin instruments to remove the gallbladder. A tiny microscope and video camera, snaked through the incision to the site, allow the surgeon to view the operation. Laparoscopic surgery is highly effective and very safe. It has reduced the hospital stay to a day or two. Patients report less pain and are generally able to resume a normal lifestyle in a short period of time. However, people who are obese or who have a severe infection or inflammation in the gallbladder may still be considered candidates for traditional open surgery.


Question: How do I know if I have gallstones?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Because other digestive problems, such as an infection of the duct, can produce symptoms similar to those of a gallstone attack, the doctor may also run other tests to determine if gallstones are in fact the culprit. If you are unable or unwilling to go through surgery for a gallstone problem that requires treatment, your doctor may recommend one of several noninvasive techniques.


Question: How can reshaping your heart valve's leaflets help with treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Reshape leaflets: If one of the leaflets is floppy, a part of it may be cut out, and then the flap will be sewn back together. This lets the valve close more tightly. This is also called quadrangular resection.


Question: How does balloon valvotomy work in treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Also called balloon valvuloplasty, doctors sometimes recommend it for people who have: Mitral valve stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve) with symptoms Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve), but aren't able to have surgery Pulmonic stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonic valve) In this procedure, a catheter is put into a blood vessel in the groin and guided to the heart. The tip is steered inside the narrowed valve. Once there, a tiny balloon is inflated and deflated several times to widen the opening. Once the cardiologist sees the valve has been made wide enough, the balloon is taken out. During this, the cardiologist may do an echocardiogram (ultrasound of your heart) to get a better look at the valve.


Question: Why is minimally invasive heart valve surgery a better option than traditional surgery?

Answer: It's done through smaller cuts. This type of surgery lowers: Blood loss Trauma How much time you'll spend in the hospital Your surgeon will review your test results first to see if you're a candidate for this procedure.


Question: What are the disadvantages of a mechanical heart valve?

Answer: People who get these have to take blood thinner medication for the rest of their life to prevent clots from forming in it. These clots can raise your chance of having a stroke. Also, some people hear a ticking sound. It's the valve leaflets opening and closing.


Question: How can annulus support help with treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Annulus support: Your doctor may reshape or tighten the ring of tissue that supports your valve (called the valve annulus) if it's too wide. He'll sew a ring structure around it. The ring may be made of tissue or synthetic material.


Question: What happens if my heart valve cannot be repaired?

Answer: If your heart valves cannot be repaired, your doctor will replace them. During the surgery, the damaged valve is removed and a new valve is sewn to the tissue that supported the original.


Question: What are the types of surgery used for heart valve disease?

Answer: When treatment for heart valve disease includes surgery, it can be traditional or a minimally invasive procedure known as balloon valvuloplasty.


Question: How can patched leaflets help with treating heart valve disease?

Answer: Patched leaflets: Your surgeon may use tissue patches to repair any leaflets that have tears or holes.


Question: What is a mechanical heart valve?

Answer: The new valve can be: Mechanical: It's made totally of mechanical parts that your body will accept. Something called a bi-leaflet valve is used most often. It's two carbon leaflets in a ring covered by polyester knit fabric. Their advantage is they're designed to last many years.


Question: What are the advantages of heart valve repair surgery?

Answer: Your heart muscle will stay strong longer. People who get these have to take blood thinner medication for the rest of their life to prevent clots from forming in it.


Question: What valve is usually repaired with heart valve repair surgery?

Answer: Something called a bi-leaflet valve is used most often. Also called balloon valvuloplasty, doctors sometimes recommend it for people who have: Mitral valve stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve) with symptoms Aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve), but aren't able to have surgery Pulmonic stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonic valve) In this procedure, a catheter is put into a blood vessel in the groin and guided to the heart.


Question: What are some symptoms of toenail fungus?

Answer: It can make your nails look yellow, thick, and cracked. They might hurt when you try to wear shoes. Toenail fungus can be hard to treat. And if you don't take care of it, there's a chance it can lead to a more serious infection.


Question: Can changing your socks and shoes often help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Put on a clean pair of socks every day. Give your shoes a rest and wear different pairs often, too. If your feet get sweaty when you walk or work out, change your socks and shoes as soon as you get a chance.


Question: Can using foot powder help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Sprinkle some on after you shower and dry your feet. Some people like cornstarch. But medicated powder is a better choice. It will help protect you against fungus, including athlete's foot.


Question: Can choosing a clean nail salon help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Look for a salon that's licensed by your state and looks well-kept. Make sure they sterilize all their tools after each use and before each new customer. Or you can bring your own sterilized tools.


Question: How can wearing shoes in public help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Don't go barefoot in public. Fungus loves to grow in warm, wet places. It also spreads easily from person to person. That's why it's key to wear shower shoes or flip flops around public pools, locker rooms, and showers.


Question: Can trimming your toenails help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Make sure yours aren't too snug and that they give your feet room to breathe. Don't pick at your nails or the skin next to them.


Question: How can checking your feet and toes regularly help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Skip the nail polish if you can. Fungus can live in them. If you think you have another infection or fungus, like athlete's foot, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about what to do. It can turn into a toenail fungus, too, if you don't treat it.


Question: How can throwing away old shoes and slippers help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: You're more likely to dodge toenail fungus if you can live without polish. Use an anti-fungal cream. Never share shoes or socks with other people.


Question: Can keeping your nail tools clean help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Rubbing alcohol should work. Don't share them with anyone else. Choose a clean nail salon.


Question: How can using the right footwear help prevent toenail fungus?

Answer: Clean and dry feet and nails are less likely to pick up a fungus. Make sure yours aren't too snug and that they give your feet room to breathe. Choose materials like leather for shoes. Look for socks made of a synthetic fiber that pulls moisture away from your feet better than cotton or wool. You'll see this called wicking.


Question: What kind of pollen mask do I need when I garden if I have allergies?

Answer: Suggest that your partner use a pollen mask, or a mask that has an â M95 filter,â when he or she works in the yard. The ones you get from a medical supplier place will filter pollen better that those from the hardware store.