Question: When should I get the flu shot?

Answer: It's especially important if you're in a group that doctors say is at high risk for getting sick: Children Adults older than 50 Women who will be pregnant during flu season Nursing home residents People with asthma or a long-term heart or lung condition People with diabetes or another condition that weakens the immune system -- the body's defense against germs Health care workers For the best protection, get the flu vaccine when it comes out each year in October or November. But even later is better than not at all. It takes 2 weeks for the flu vaccine to take effect, and flu season can last into March or April.


Question: What is the best method for hand washing to prevent sickness?

Answer: Do it thoroughly: Use soap and water. Scrub for at least 20 seconds. Wash before you eat or prepare food and after you use the bathroom or change a diaper. If you're taking care of someone who's sick, wash your hands before and after being with them.


Question: Do I have to stay home when I'm sick?

Answer: Stay home when you're sick. If you go to school or work when you don't feel well, you can make a lot of people sick. Although a cold or flu might not be a big deal for you, it can be serious for people with weak immune systems, like young children, the elderly, and anyone with a long-term health problem. Working while you're sick isn't good for you, either. It can make it harder for your body to fight off a cold. So do what's best for you and everyone else. Take a couple of days off.


Question: Who should get a flu vaccine?

Answer: Anyone over 6 months old should get one. It's especially important if you're in a group that doctors say is at high risk for getting sick: Children Adults older than 50 Women who will be pregnant during flu season Nursing home residents People with asthma or a long-term heart or lung condition People with diabetes or another condition that weakens the immune system -- the body's defense against germs Health care workers For the best protection, get the flu vaccine when it comes out each year in October or November.


Question: Should I wash cloths and towels more often if someone in my home is sick?

Answer: Cold and flu germs can cling to fabric. So when someone in your house is sick, replace cloth hand towels and dishrags with paper towels. Remove water glasses and add paper cups in the bathroom, too.


Question: Can using hand sanitizer keep me from getting sick?

Answer: It's the next best thing if you can't get to a sink. Keep a small bottle with you -- at work, in your car, and in your purse. Buy one with at least 60% alcohol. Rub it all over your hands until they're dry.


Question: How are heart failure and sleep related?

Answer: Having heart failure means you're likely to have other health issues, including sleep problems. Likewise, sleep problems, including obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA) and insomnia, can make your heart failure symptoms worse. A good night's sleep is important, whether your heart is healthy or not. Rest helps your heart as well as your energy levels, thinking skills, and overall health. If you can deal with your sleep problems, you may ease the burden on your heart.


Question: How can a sleep specialist help with medical sleep problems?

Answer: A sleep specialist can help you figure out what's going on medically, whether you're dealing with insomnia or OSA or something else, and how to treat it.


Question: What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

Answer: OSA is more common among people who are overweight, but anyone can get it. The tissue in the back of your throat relaxes and blocks your airway while you sleep. You stop breathing, so your brain signals your throat muscles to contract, which opens up your airway again. This can happen dozens or even hundreds of times a night.


Question: How can heart failure make it hard to breathe while sleeping?

Answer: During the day, you're standing and sitting, so extra fluid would normally settle in your legs and feet. But lie down, and it's going to move up into your chest and throat. This can close in your lungs and airway, making it harder to breathe. Your doctor might prescribe diuretics to help get rid of that extra fluid. But these medicines don't stop working when you sleep, which can mean interrupting your slumber for a trip or two to the bathroom.


Question: What can you do to set yourself up for a restful night's sleep?

Answer: Set yourself up for restful sleep: Stick to a regular sleep/wake schedule. Turn off the TV, computer, and other devices before bedtime. Keep your bedroom cool and dark. Avoid alcohol before bedtime and caffeine in the afternoon or evening. Exercise every morning.


Question: What are complications of heart failure that can affect your sleep?

Answer: For example: Chest pain and discomfort make it hard to relax and fall or stay asleep. Lying in bed can make you feel short of breath. You may have to get up during the night to pee.


Question: What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

Answer: That's why regular prostate cancer screenings are so important. Once a tumor causes the prostate gland to swell, or once cancer spreads beyond the prostate, the following symptoms may happen: The need to pee often, especially at night Trouble starting or stopping a stream of urine A weak stream, or one that starts and stops Leaking when you laugh or cough Not being able to pee standing up Pain or burning when you pee Pain or burning when you ejaculate Less fluid when you ejaculate Blood in your pee or semen Pressure or pain in your rectum Pain or stiffness in your lower back, hips, pelvis, or thighs A decrease in the amount of fluid ejaculated New trouble getting an erection These aren't symptoms of the cancer itself.


Question: When should you call your doctor about prostate cancer?

Answer: Symptoms of advanced prostate cancer include: Dull, deep pain or stiffness in the pelvis, lower back, ribs, or upper thighs; pain in the bones of those areas Loss of weight and appetite Fatigue, nausea, or vomiting Swelling of the lower extremities Weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs, often with constipation Bowel problems You have trouble urinating or find that urination is painful or different from normal; your doctor should examine your prostate gland to determine whether it is enlarged, inflamed with an infection, or cancerous. You have chronic pain in your lower back, pelvis, upper thighbones, or other bones. Pain in these areas can be caused by different things, including the spread of prostate cancer. You have unexplained weight loss. You have swelling in your legs. You have weakness in your legs or a hard time walking, especially if you also have constipation.


Question: Should you drink water and go to the bathroom frequently if you have nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer: All adults and children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus should take frequent bathroom breaks. This helps to avoid over-distending the bladder, which can cause long-term problems, though rarely. The most important treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is to ensure constant access to lots of water. Not keeping up with fluid losses can lead to dehydration or electrolyte imbalances, which can sometimes be severe. Seek medical help if symptoms don't improve after rehydrating, eating fresh fruit, and taking a multivitamin.


Question: How are my kidneys involved in my nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer: In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, enough ADH is produced. But the kidneys are partially or completely blind to it. Typically, the kidneys' ADH sensors are missing or defective. As a result, ADH flows by without effect. The kidneys don't absorb enough water. Instead, they excrete abundant dilute urine as if no ADH were present.


Question: Can nephrogenic diabetes insipidus cause me to use the bathroom frequently?

Answer: Symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include: Unexplained weakness Lethargy Muscle pains Irritability For someone without nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the extreme thirst it creates can be hard to understand. Some people need to drink a large glass of liquid every 15 minutes, all day, every day. And since the kidneys aren't holding that water in, that means a lot of bathroom breaks.


Question: What causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer: Diabetes insipidus is caused by problems related to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. ADH is produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It's stored in the pituitary gland. Release of ADH is triggered by fluid loss or dehydration. When it's released, it causes the kidneys to retain water. This results in a decrease and concentration of urine.


Question: What are mechanisms by which nephrogenic diabetes insipidus works?

Answer: Diabetes insipidus is caused by problems related to a hormone called antidiuretic hormone or ADH. ADH is produced in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It's stored in the pituitary gland. Release of ADH is triggered by fluid loss or dehydration. When it's released, it causes the kidneys to retain water. This results in a decrease and concentration of urine. In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, enough ADH is produced. But the kidneys are partially or completely blind to it. Typically, the kidneys' ADH sensors are missing or defective. As a result, ADH flows by without effect. The kidneys don't absorb enough water. Instead, they excrete abundant dilute urine as if no ADH were present.


Question: What are symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Answer: The lack of ability by the kidneys to conserve water leads to the symptoms of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. They include: Excessive thirst Excessive urine production (polyuria).


Question: How do I know if my nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused an electrolyte imbalance?

Answer: In some people, these symptoms can become extreme and cause dehydration. Excessive fluid losses can also cause electrolyte imbalances. Symptoms of electrolyte imbalances include: Unexplained weakness Lethargy Muscle pains Irritability For someone without nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the extreme thirst it creates can be hard to understand.


Question: What does high blood pressure do to your body?

Answer: When the heart beats, it pushes blood through the arteries in your entire body. Higher blood pressures mean that with each beat, arteries throughout the body swell and stretch more than they would normally. This stretching can injure the endothelium, the delicate lining of all arteries, causing arteries to become stiffer over time.


Question: What can plaque in your arteries do to your body?

Answer: The cholesterol and cells build up in the artery wall, eventually forming the plaque of atherosclerosis. Plaque is dangerous. Although it often grows without symptoms for years, plaque can suddenly rupture, forming a blood clot that blocks the artery, which keeps oxygen from getting to the heart muscle or the brain. The result can be a heart attack or stroke.


Question: How is high blood pressure treated?

Answer: For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount. Weight management is also important in maintaining a healthy blood pressure. For most people, though, medication is necessary to adequately control high blood pressure. In fact, most people will eventually require two or more drugs for blood pressure. Numerous drugs effectively treat hypertension.


Question: What causes atherosclerosis?

Answer: Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone. High blood pressure in isolation increases the risk of atherosclerosis, but it's particularly dangerous when it in combination with: Diabetes Abnormal cholesterol levels Cigarette smoking If you have any of these other risk factors and hypertension, your risk of atherosclerosis begins to rise dramatically.


Question: What is the normal blood pressure?

Answer: Normal blood pressure is less than 120 over less than 80. Treatment is recommended for blood pressure above 130 over 80 for most people. Treatment may be considered at lower levels, depending on other medical conditions you may have.


Question: What can atherosclerosis lead to?

Answer: Because high blood pressure increases the risk of atherosclerosis, it raises the chance of developing all the complications of atherosclerosis, such as: Heart attack Stroke Peripheral arterial disease Erectile dysfunction Kidney disease When it comes to causing atherosclerosis, though, high blood pressure rarely acts alone.


Question: How is high blood pressure linked to atherosclerosis?

Answer: High blood pressure is a major cause of atherosclerosis, the artery-clogging process that leads to heart attacks and strokes. Blood pressure higher than 130/80 is seen in: 69% of people who have their first heart attack 77% of people who have their first stroke 74% of people who have congestive heart failure High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, even if it is severely elevated.


Question: What can lowering my blood pressure do for me?

Answer: For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount.


Question: How is hepatitis C known not to spread?

Answer: If a mom has hepatitis C and her nipples are cracked and bleeding, she should stop nursing until her nipples have healed. Then she can resume nursing.


Question: How can avoiding direct exposure to blood or blood products help prevent hepatitis C infection?

Answer: If you are a medical worker or health care provider, avoid coming into direct contact with blood. Any tools that draw blood in the workplace should be thrown out safely or sterilized to prevent hepatitis C infection.


Question: How can avoiding sharing personal care items help prevent hepatitis C infection?

Answer: Often, people will cut themselves while shaving, or their gums will bleed while brushing their teeth. Even small amounts of blood can infect someone, so it is important not to share items such as toothbrushes, razors, nail and hair clippers, and scissors. If you already have hepatitis C, make sure you keep your personal items, such as razors and toothbrushes, separate and out of children's reach.


Question: How can avoiding sharing needles help prevent hepatitis C infection?

Answer: Besides needles, the virus may be present in other equipment used with illicit drugs.


Question: How can practicing safe sex prevent hepatitis C?

Answer: It is rare for hepatitis C to be transmitted through sexual intercourse, but there is a higher chance of getting hepatitis C if you have HIV, another sexually transmitted disease, multiple sex partners, or if you engage in rough sex.


Question: How is hepatitis C transmission currently prevented?

Answer: One of the main problems with preventing hepatitis C is that most people who are infected don't show symptoms at first. Many only find out when they have a blood test for an unrelated reason. Until relatively recently, this often led to infected blood and organs being used in transfusions and transplants. As of July 1992, all blood and organ donations are screened for the hepatitis C virus. Although not perfect, only about 1 in 2 million blood transfusions may transmit hepatitis C. Anyone who received a blood transfusion or organ donation before July 1992 should be tested for the virus. As of 1987, all blood products for the treatment of hemophilia are treated to remove infectious viruses, such as hepatitis C and HIV. But if you took any blood products before 1987, you should be tested for hepatitis C. There is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C infection.


Question: How should you choose tattoo and piercing parlors to prevent hepatitis C infection?

Answer: Only use a licensed tattoo and piercing artist who does the right sanitary procedures. A new, disposable needle and ink well should be used for each customer. If in doubt, ask about their disposable products and sanitary procedures before getting a tattoo or piercing.


Question: What are some symptoms of an insulin overdose?

Answer: If you have low blood sugar because of an insulin overdose, you may have: Anxiety Confusion Extreme hunger Fatigue Irritability Sweating or clammy skin Trembling hands If your blood sugar levels continue to fall, you could have seizures or pass out.


Question: What are the signs of an insulin overdose?

Answer: Cold sweats, trembling hands, intense anxiety, a general sense of confusion -- these are signs of low blood sugar.


Question: What should someone do if they have an insulin overdose?

Answer: Don't panic. Most insulin overdoses can be treated at home. Follow these steps if you're able: Check your blood sugar. You'll need to know where you're starting from. Drink one-half cup of regular soda or sweetened fruit juice, and eat a hard candy or have glucose paste, tablets, or gel. If you skipped a meal, eat something now. Something with 15 to 20 grams of carbohydrates should raise your blood sugar. Rest. Get off your feet and take a break. Recheck your blood sugar after 15 or 20 minutes. If it's still low, take another 15 to 20 grams of a quick-acting sugar, and eat something if you can. Pay attention to how you feel for the next few hours. If you still have symptoms, check your sugar again an hour after eating. Keep snacking if your sugar is low. Get medical help if your sugar level stays low after 2 hours or if your symptoms don't get better.


Question: How should you take long-term control asthma medications?

Answer: Some of these drugs should be taken daily to get your asthma under control and keep it that way. Others are taken on an as needed basis to reduce the severity of an asthma attack.


Question: What are quick-relief asthma medications?

Answer: These medications provide fast relief of asthma attack symptoms like cough, chest tightness, and wheezing. They include: Short-acting beta-agonists (bronchodilators) Anticholinergics. These are bronchodilators that can be paired with, or used instead of, short-acting beta-agonists. Systemic corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that get symptoms under control.


Question: Can allergy shots treat my asthma?

Answer: Children who get allergy shots are less likely to get asthma, recent studies show, but there are asthma shots specifically for adolescents and adults. Since allergies are an asthma trigger, it makes sense that if you control them, you'll have fewer asthma attacks.


Question: How often will you have to take asthma medications?

Answer: How often you need to take your medications depends on how severe your condition is and how frequently you have symptoms. For example, if you only have trouble when you exercise, you may only need to use an inhaler before a workout. But most people with asthma need daily treatment.


Question: What problems could develop with a dental crown?

Answer: Your newly crowned tooth may be sensitive immediately after the procedure as the anesthesia begins to wear off. If the tooth that has been crowned still has a nerve in it, you may experience some heat and cold sensitivity. Your dentist may recommend that you brush teeth with toothpaste designed for sensitive teeth. Pain or sensitivity that occurs when you bite down usually means that the crown is too high on the tooth. If this is the case, call your dentist. He or she can easily fix the problem.


Question: What happens during the second visit for a dental crown?

Answer: Second visit: Receiving the permanent dental crown At the second visit, your dentist will remove the temporary crown and check the fit and color of the permanent crown. If everything is acceptable, a local anesthetic will be used to numb the tooth and the new crown is permanently cemented in place.


Question: Why is a dental crown needed?

Answer: A dental crown may be needed in the following situations: To protect a weak tooth (for instance, from decay) from breaking or to hold together parts of a cracked tooth To restore an already broken tooth or a tooth that has been severely worn down To cover and support a tooth with a large filling when there isn't a lot of tooth left To hold a dental bridge in place To cover misshapened or severely discolored teeth To cover a dental implant To make a cosmetic modification For children, a crown may be used on primary (baby) teeth in order to: Save a tooth that has been so damaged by decay that it can't support a filling.


Question: What metals are used for dental crowns?

Answer: Metals used in crowns include alloys that have a high content of gold or platinum, or base-metal alloys (for example, cobalt- chromium and nickel-chromium alloys). Metal crowns withstand biting and chewing forces well and probably last the longest in terms of wear down. Also, metal crowns rarely chip or break. The metallic color -- and the high price of gold -- is the main drawback. Metal crowns are a good choice for out-of-sight molars.


Question: What happens after reshaping a tooth for a dental crown?

Answer: After reshaping the tooth, your dentist typically will use a paste or putty to make an impression of the tooth to receive the crown. Sometimes, though, impressions are made with a digital scanner. Impressions of the teeth above and below the tooth to receive the dental crown will also be made to make sure that the crown will not affect your bite. The impressions or scans are sent to a dental lab where the crown will be manufactured. The crown is usually returned to your dentist's office in two to three weeks. If the crown is made of porcelain, your dentist will also select the shade that most closely matches the color of the neighboring teeth. During this first office visit your dentist will make a temporary crown to cover and protect the prepared tooth while the crown is being made. Temporary crowns usually are made of acrylic and are held in place using a temporary cement.


Question: How are stainless steel dental crowns used?

Answer: Stainless steel crowns are prefabricated crowns that are used on permanent teeth primarily as a temporary measure. The crown protects the tooth or filling while a permanent crown is made from another material. For children, a stainless steel crown is commonly used to fit over a primary tooth that's been prepared to fit it. The crown covers the entire tooth and protects it from further decay. When the primary tooth comes out to make room for the permanent tooth, the crown comes out naturally with it. In general, stainless steel crowns are used for children's teeth because they don't require multiple dental visits to put in place and so are more cost- effective than custom-made crowns and prophylactic dental care needed to protect a tooth without a crown.


Question: How can you get a loose dental crown?

Answer: Sometimes the cement washes out from under the crown. Not only does this allow the crown to become loose, it allows bacteria to leak in and cause decay to the tooth that remains. If a crown feels loose, contact your dentist's office.


Question: How are porcelain-fused-to-metal dental crowns used?

Answer: Porcelain-fused-to-metal dental crowns can be color matched to your adjacent teeth (unlike the metallic crowns). However, more wearing to the opposing teeth occurs with this crown type compared with metal or resin crowns. The crown's porcelain portion can also chip or break off. Next to all-ceramic crowns, porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns look most like normal teeth. However, sometimes the metal underlying the crown's porcelain can show through as a dark line, especially at the gum line and even more so if your gums recede. These crowns can be a good choice for front or back teeth as well as long bridges where the metal is needed for strength.


Question: How much do dental crowns cost?

Answer: Costs of crowns vary depending on what part of the country you live in and on the type of crown selected (porcelain versus gold, for example). Generally, crowns can range in cost from $800 to $1700 or more per crown. A portion of the cost of a crown is generally covered by insurance. To be certain, check with your dental insurance company.


Question: How should I care for my temporary dental crown?

Answer: Because temporary dental crowns are just that -- a temporary fix until a permanent crown is ready -- most dentists suggest that a few precautions. These include: Avoid sticky, chewy foods (for example, chewing gum, caramel), which have the potential of grabbing and pulling off the crown. Minimize use of the side of your mouth with the temporary crown. Shift the bulk of your chewing to the other side of the mouth. Avoid chewing hard foods (such as raw vegetables), which could dislodge or break the crown. Slide rather than lift out dental floss when cleaning between your teeth to avoid pulling off the temporary crown.


Question: What happens before making a dental crown?

Answer: Before the process of making a crown begins, your dentist will anesthetize (numb) the tooth and the gum tissue around the tooth. Next, the tooth receiving the crown is reshaped along the chewing surface and sides to make room for the crown. The amount removed depends on the type of crown used. If, on the other hand, a large area of the tooth is missing (due to decay or damage), your dentist will use filling material to "build up" the tooth to support the crown.


Question: What happens during the first visit for a dental crown?

Answer: First visit: Examining and preparing the tooth At the first visit in preparation for a crown, your dentist may take a few X-rays to check the roots of the tooth receiving the crown and surrounding bone. If the tooth has extensive decay or if there is a risk of infection or injury to the tooth's pulp, a root canal treatment may first be performed.


Question: How can you get an allergic reaction from a dental crown?

Answer: Because the metals used to make crowns are usually a mixture of metals, an allergic reaction to the metals or porcelain used in crowns can occur, but this is extremely rare.


Question: How does a dentist prepare a tooth for a dental crown?

Answer: Preparing a tooth for a crown usually requires two visits to the dentist -- the first step involves examining and preparing the tooth, the second visit involves placement of the permanent crown. First visit: Examining and preparing the tooth At the first visit in preparation for a crown, your dentist may take a few X-rays to check the roots of the tooth receiving the crown and surrounding bone.


Question: How are all-resin dental crowns used?

Answer: However, they wear down over time and are more prone to fractures than porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. All-ceramic or all-porcelain dental crowns provide better natural color match than any other crown type and may be more suitable for people with metal allergies.


Question: How can autoimmune thyroiditis cause goiter?

Answer: As the disease goes on, your thyroid may become enlarged, a condition called a goiter. The front of your neck will look swollen, and it might make your throat feel full. It may not hurt. Left alone, the thyroid will eventually shrink on its own, but that doesn't mean you're cured. That just means your thyroid is damaged.


Question: What foods and supplements can mess with your treatment for autoimmune thyroiditis?

Answer: You'll need to take medicine for the rest of your life.


Question: What causes autoimmune thyroiditis?

Answer: Or it could be a combination of causes.


Question: How is autoimmune thyroiditis treated?

Answer: The usual therapy is a prescription medicine called levothyroxine ( Levo- T, Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, Unithroid). It's a man-made version of what a healthy thyroid makes. Your doctor will keep an eye on you and may have to adjust your dosage every once in a while. You'll need to take medicine for the rest of your life.


Question: Who is more likely to get autoimmune thyroiditis?

Answer: You may be more likely to get autoimmune thyroiditis if you: Are a woman Are middle-aged Have another autoimmune disorder like lupus, type 1 diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis Are related to someone who has autoimmune thyroiditis Have been exposed to environmental radiation You may not have any in the beginning.


Question: How is autoimmune thyroiditis diagnosed?

Answer: Symptoms can include: Tiredness Sensitivity to cold Puffy face Trouble pooping Enlarged tongue Pale, dry skin and brittle nails Hair loss Weight gain Muscle aches and joint pain Depression Memory lapse Heavy menstrual bleeding Your doctor will order blood tests to check your thyroid hormone levels. The tests also look for something called thyroperoxidase antibodies. You also might have an ultrasound so your doctor can look at your thyroid, especially if your blood test results aren't clear. Your doctor might spot the problem through regular blood tests even if you don't have any symptoms, especially if they're aware that your family has a history of thyroid problems.


Question: What are complications of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children?

Answer: In infants and children, LPR can cause: Narrowing of the area below the vocal cords Contact ulcers Recurrent ear infections from problems with eustachian tube function Lasting buildup of middle ear fluid In adults, silent reflux can scar the throat and voice box.


Question: What lifestyle changes can help treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in adults?

Answer: Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed. Quit smoking, if you are a smoker. Avoid alcohol. Restrict chocolate, mints, fats, citrus fruits, carbonated beverages, spicy or tomato-based products, red wine, and caffeine. Stop eating at least three hours before going to bed. Elevate the head of the bed about 4 to 6 inches. Avoid wearing tight-fitting clothes around the waist. Try chewing gum to increase saliva and neutralize acid.


Question: What is surgery called fundoplication for laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)?

Answer: Fundoplication is a type of surgery which involves wrapping the upper part of the stomach around the lower esophagus to create a stronger valve between the esophagus and stomach. It is usually done laparoscopically, with small surgical incisions and use of small surgical equipment and a laparoscope to help the surgeon see inside. Fundoplication can also be done as a traditional open surgery with a larger incision.


Question: How is laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) treated in infants and children?

Answer: Silent reflux treatment for infants and children may include: Smaller and more frequent feedings Keeping an infant in a vertical position for at least 30 minutes after feeding Medications such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors, as directed by the pediatrician Surgery for any abnormalities that can't be treated in other ways Silent reflux treatment for adults may include these lifestyle modifications: Lose weight, if needed.


Question: What medications might be used to treat laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)?

Answer: You may also need to take one or more types of medicine such as: Proton pump inhibitors such as rabeprazole ( Aciphex), dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), or omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid) to reduce gastric acid. H2 blockers such as nizatidine ( Nizatidine), famotidine ( Pepcid), cimetidine ( Tagamet), or ranitidine ( Zantac) to reduce gastric acid. Prokinetic agents to increase the forward movement of the GI tract and increase the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. These medications are not as commonly used, because they have been linked to adverse effects on heart rhythm and diarrhea. Sucralfate to help protect injured mucous membranes. Antacids to help neutralize acid; these are used more commonly for symptoms of heartburn.


Question: What are the symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in infants and children?

Answer: Symptoms in infants and children may include: Hoarseness " Barking" or chronic cough Reactive airway disease (asthma) Noisy breathing or pauses in breathing (apnea) Trouble feeding, spitting up, or inhaling food Trouble gaining weight With LPR, adults may have heartburn or a bitter taste or burning sensation in the back of the throat.


Question: What are the side effects of the Td vaccine?

Answer: Mild side effects of Tdap may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache Tiredness Stomach upset, including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Muscle aches and pains Swollen glands Mild side effects of Td may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache In some people, these side effects may be more intense. They may temporarily interfere with daily activities. Severe swelling of the arm has been reported in three out of 100 people receiving either Tdap or Td. About one in 250 adults who receive the Tdap vaccine develop a fever of 102 F or higher.


Question: What is tetanus?

Answer: Tetanus enters the body through a wound or cut. It affects the brain and nervous system and causes extremely painful muscle spasms. Spasms of the jaw can make it impossible for you to open your mouth. This condition is often called "lockjaw." Tetanus kills one out of five people infected with the disease.


Question: What is pertussis?

Answer: Pertussis, or whooping cough, is an extremely contagious respiratory infection that can lead to severe breathing problems, especially in infants. Pertussis first appears like an ordinary cold, but then causes intense, uncontrollable coughing spells. A "whoop" noise is heard when the person tries to take a breath after coughing.


Question: What is Tdap and Td vaccine?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Tdap is a combination vaccine that protects against three potentially life-threatening bacterial diseases: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough). Td is a booster vaccine for tetanus and diphtheria. It does not protect against pertussis.


Question: Who needs a Tdap vaccine?

Answer: Tdap is given only once during your lifetime. However, you may need routine booster shots of the Td vaccine every 10 years to adequately protect you against tetanus and diphtheria.


Question: What has been found in clinical trials of the Tdap vaccine?

Answer: During clinical trials of Tdap, two adults developed temporary nervous system problems. It's unknown whether this was due to the vaccine or not. In rare cases, vaccination with Tdap or Td has led to extreme swelling of the arm where the shot was given.


Question: What are the mild side effects of Tdap vaccine?

Answer: Mild side effects of Tdap may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache Tiredness Stomach upset, including nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Muscle aches and pains Swollen glands Mild side effects of Td may include: Pain, redness, or swelling in the arm where the shot was given Mild fever Headache In some people, these side effects may be more intense.


Question: What is diphtheria?

Answer: Diphtheria is a very contagious infection that makes it difficult to breathe. In severe cases, it can cause heart and nerve damage.


Question: When should I get the Tdap vaccine?

Answer: New mothers who have never received the Tdap People who travel to countries where pertussis is common You may be given the Tdap vaccine if you have a severe cut or burn and have never received a dose before. Severe cuts or burns raise your risk for tetanus. The Tdap vaccine can be given any time of the year. Only one shot is needed. It may be given with other vaccinations. Tdap can be given regardless of the interval since the last Td vaccine was given. The Tdap vaccine can be used safely for those ages 65 and over, according to 2013 CDC recommendations.


Question: Who should not get the vaccine?

Answer: You should not receive the vaccine if you have had: A serious allergic reaction to any of the vaccine ingredients in the past A coma or seizures within a week of receiving childhood vaccinations for pertussis (such as DTa P), unless the vaccine was not the cause; Td can be used in these cases.


Question: When should adults be vaccinated with Tdap?

Answer: New mothers who have never received the Tdap People who travel to countries where pertussis is common You may be given the Tdap vaccine if you have a severe cut or burn and have never received a dose before.


Question: What are the side effects and risks of Tdap and Td vaccine?

Answer: Like all medicines, vaccines can have side effects. However, the chance of a life-threatening reaction is small. The CDC says the dangers of developing pertussis, tetanus, or diphtheria far outweigh the risks of vaccination.


Question: When should I talk to my doctor about getting Tdap vaccine?

Answer: If you have had any of the following, talk to your doctor about whether the Tdap or Td vaccine is right for you: Epilepsy or another nervous system problem Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome ( GBS) A history of severe swelling or pain after receiving a pertussis, tetanus, or diphtheria vaccination in the past If you are moderately to severely ill (your doctor may recommend waiting to get the shot until after you recover); the CDC says you can still get the vaccine if you have a mild illness such as a cold or low-grade fever.


Question: What are common causes of tension headaches in children?

Answer: Common causes of tension headaches include emotional stress, eye strain due to poor vision, and neck or back strain linked to poor posture.


Question: How will the doctor diagnose my child's headache?

Answer: Take your child to a doctor right away if any of these symptoms occur with a headache: Loss of vision Vomiting Muscle weakness Any symptoms that cause your child to awaken during the night In young children headaches located in the back of the head Your child's doctor will examine her and ask questions about the headaches, including the type of pain, how often they happen, and if anything makes them better or worse. You and your child will need to be as specific as possible. Usually, the doctor can make a diagnosis based on this information. Sometimes, a CT or MRI is needed to give the doctor more information. These imaging tests create detailed pictures of the brain that can show any problem areas that could cause headaches.


Question: Do children outgrow headaches?

Answer: They may get better as your child gets older. They might disappear and then return later in life. By middle school, many boys who've had migraine headaches outgrow them. But for girls, the headaches tend to happen more often as they grow up because of hormone changes.


Question: How is coenzyme Q10 used to treat headaches in children?

Answer: About one-third of kids with migraine are lacking in this antioxidant, which is normally found in every cell in the body. There are no significant side effects in kids. Mild gastrointestinal upset may occur, but it's rare.


Question: What options might my doctor suggest to treat my child's headache?

Answer: Some of the options your doctor might suggest might include: Tracking symptoms: Create a headache diary to note the things that trigger your child's headache, like a lack of sleep, not eating at regular times, certain foods or ingredients, caffeine, the environment, or stress.


Question: What causes migraines in children?

Answer: Doctors don't know exactly what causes them, but they do know they're linked to physical and chemical changes in the brain, as well as genes that parents pass to their kids.


Question: How does tracking symptoms help treat my child's headache?

Answer: Some of the options your doctor might suggest might include: Tracking symptoms: Create a headache diary to note the things that trigger your child's headache, like a lack of sleep, not eating at regular times, certain foods or ingredients, caffeine, the environment, or stress. Once you learn what your child's headache triggers are, you can help her avoid them.


Question: How is magnesium used to treat headaches in children?

Answer: Teens who have migraine headaches have lower levels of magnesium than other kids do. Taking this nutrient for several months may prevent some of these headaches. Magnesium supplements can cause diarrhea and interfere with some medications, so you should check with your child's doctor before using it. You can help boost your child's magnesium levels by adding more dark green, leafy vegetables, beans, seeds, nuts, and whole grains to her diet.


Question: How is vitamin B2 used to treat headaches in children?

Answer: Also called riboflavin, this supplement may ease pain and prevent some headaches. Side effects are rare but include diarrhea, having to pee more than usual, and brighter yellow urine.


Question: How do doctors treat headaches in children and teens?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend different headache treatments. The best one for your child will depend on the type of headache she has, how often it happens, what causes it, and her age.


Question: When should I take my child to the doctor for a headache?

Answer: Take your child to a doctor right away if any of these symptoms occur with a headache: Loss of vision Vomiting Muscle weakness Any symptoms that cause your child to awaken during the night In young children headaches located in the back of the head Your child's doctor will examine her and ask questions about the headaches, including the type of pain, how often they happen, and if anything makes them better or worse.


Question: Are child headaches harmless?

Answer: Most headaches are harmless. But if they get worse over time and happen with certain other symptoms, they can be a sign of a more serious problem.


Question: What are home treatment tips for tension headaches in children?

Answer: For tension headaches, these tips might help: Have your child lie down with her head raised slightly Take a hot bath or shower Place a cold or warm compress on her forehead or neck For a migraine: Lie down in a quiet, dark room and relax.


Question: Is home treatment an option for my child's headaches?

Answer: If your child's headaches aren't happening with any other symptoms, you may wish to try some home remedies or over-the-counter pain relievers first to ease the pain.


Question: How will biofeedback help treat my child's headache?

Answer: Biofeedback: Special sensors attached to the body track how your child responds to headaches. The sensors record changes in breathing, pulse, heart rate, temperature, muscle tension, and brain activity. This helps your child understand how her body physically responds to stressful situations. It can help her learn how to release and control tension that leads to headaches.


Question: How will a massage help treat my child's headache?

Answer: Massage : When done by a trained professional, along with a healthy diet and regular exercise, massage can help your child relax. It can ease muscle tension that may trigger headaches.


Question: How will I work with my doctor to develop a treatment plan for my child's headache?

Answer: Once your doctor determines the specific type of headache your child is having, you can work together to create a treatment plan to help her feel better.


Question: Are child migraines heritable?

Answer: About 7 out of 10 kids who have migraine have a mom, dad, or sibling with a history of them. Similar things -- like fatigue, bright lights, and changes in weather -- might even trigger their attacks.


Question: How will medications help treat my child's headache?

Answer: Medications: Many of the medicines that treat adult headaches are fine in smaller doses to treat headaches in children and teens. But never give aspirin to a child under age 19. It can cause Reye's syndrome, a rare but fatal condition in young kids. Your child may need prescription medications to help certain headaches, especially migraine headaches. Some meds treat symptoms when they strike. Others help prevent future headaches. It can take some time to find a headache treatment that works. Tell your doctor what helps your child and what doesn't.


Question: What are the risks of strontium, and who is not allowed to take it?

Answer: Strontium ranelate has risks though. Doctors can prescribe it only for postmenopausal women and for men with severe osteoporosis who can't take other drugs. It's also not for people who: Have blood clots or have had them before Can't move very much, either for a short time, such as after surgery, or for the long term, such as because of a disability Have a history of heart problems, like a heart attack, angina, or peripheral artery disease, which means there's less blood flow to your arms and legs Have high blood pressure that isn't under control


Question: What foods should you eat in the days before a colonoscopy?

Answer: Your list may include: A prescription or over-the-counter laxative specified by your doctor Low-fiber food Sports drinks, juices, and broths Moist wipes Diaper cream You can help the cleansing process by eating light 3 or 4 days before the procedure. Doctors recommend low-fiber foods that are easy to digest and leave your system quickly. You can have: White bread, pasta, and rice Well-cooked vegetables without skin Fruit without skin or seeds Lean meat, chicken, or fish Eggs Don't eat: Seeds, nuts, or popcorn Fatty foods Tough meat Whole grains Raw vegetables Fruit with seeds or peel Corn, broccoli, cabbage, beans, or peas At this point you should stop taking vitamins or other supplements.


Question: Should you stop taking supplements and medication before a colonoscopy?

Answer: You can have: White bread, pasta, and rice Well-cooked vegetables without skin Fruit without skin or seeds Lean meat, chicken, or fish Eggs Don't eat: Seeds, nuts, or popcorn Fatty foods Tough meat Whole grains Raw vegetables Fruit with seeds or peel Corn, broccoli, cabbage, beans, or peas At this point you should stop taking vitamins or other supplements. Ask your doctor whether and when you should stop taking any prescription medicines you use regularly, and any over-the-counter anti-inflammatory or blood thinning meds you may use.


Question: What is required for a colonoscopy to be accurate?

Answer: To make that happen, you'll have to fast and use strong laxatives beforehand. It's inconvenient and somewhat unpleasant, but it's temporary, and it might help save your life. Here's how to make the process as smooth as possible. Your doctor is your best source of information about how to get ready.


Question: What are some tricks to help get the solution down in preparation for a colonoscopy?

Answer: Keep it well chilled. Drink it through a straw placed far back on your tongue. Follow it with a sip of something good tasting. Suck on a lemon slice or piece of hard candy after drinking.


Question: How should you plan for a colonoscopy?

Answer: Here's how to make the process as smooth as possible. Your doctor is your best source of information about how to get ready. When you schedule the procedure, you'll get instructions. Read them over well before your appointment, and call your doctor if you have any questions. Clear your schedule for the evening before and the day of your colonoscopy, and make plans for someone to go with you the day of the colonoscopy. Shop for some key supplies several days ahead, too. Your list may include: A prescription or over-the-counter laxative specified by your doctor Low-fiber food Sports drinks, juices, and broths Moist wipes Diaper cream You can help the cleansing process by eating light 3 or 4 days before the procedure.


Question: What should be eaten the day before a colonoscopy?

Answer: The day before your procedure you can't eat anything solid.you can only consume clear (see-through) liquids. It is important to stay hydrated by drinking lots of clear liquids, such as sports drinks, clear juice like apple and white grape, and clear broth. Soda is OK, and so are coffee and tea, but without cream. You can have gelatin and ice pops, but stay away from anything colored red, blue, or purple. The dyes can discolor the lining of the colon and make it harder for the doctor to see. Also avoid alcohol and drinks you can't see through, like milk or orange juice. Two to four hours before the procedure, be sure not to drink or eat anything (please consult your doctor on the exact time stop consuming clear liquids)..


Question: What will start to happen when the laxative kicks in for a colonoscopy?

Answer: You may have cramps and bloating. If you have hemorrhoids, they may become irritated. You may also feel nauseated and even vomit. If so, your doctor may recommend you take a short break. Try these tips to make yourself as comfortable as possible: Stay in the bathroom -- bring something to entertain yourself, like a book, television, or laptop. Apply diaper cream before the diarrhea starts.


Question: Does menopause make your breast sore?

Answer: Because the hormonal changes of perimenopause make your cycle irregular, breast soreness can strike unpredictably, according to the National Cancer Institute. What You Can Do About It: If your breasts hurt, wearing the right bra can make a big difference: 85% of women with breast pain gained relief when they wore a well-fitted sports bra, according to a 2014 study. The same researchers found that relaxation techniques or massaging achy breasts with over-the-counter pain creams was helpful for up to 60% of women.


Question: When should you see a doctor about breast changes during menopause?

Answer: Talk to your doctor if you notice any of these problems: A lump or a firm or thick area in your breast or under your arm. Nipple discharge fluid or changes, such as a nipple that becomes sunken into the breast, also called "inverted." Skin changes, such as redness, dimpling, puckering, or ridges that look like orange peel. Unexplained swelling or shrinkage of the breast, especially on one side only. Most of the time, breast changes are not cancer, but it's important to get any new or unusual symptom checked out quickly.


Question: What is moodiness like in periods?

Answer: You love everybody. You can't stand anybody. All at the same time. Hello hormones. Before and during your period, hormones are hard at work moving your body through each phase. When those hormones rise and fall, so does your mood. During PMS and your period, expect to feel everything from crabbiness and anger to feeling more anxious or down than normal. You can't avoid the mood swings that come with your period, but it does help to get good sleep, stay active, and steer clear of caffeine and unhealthy foods to keep the lows from feeling too low. These choices can also cut down on breast tenderness, acne, bloating, and food cravings that come with the menstrual cycle.


Question: How do blood loss and blood clots happen in periods?

Answer: Though it can vary from month to month, periods usually start off with a light flow, get heavier, then taper off. On average, women lose about 2 to 4 tablespoons of blood during each period. In terms of pads or tampons, that means changing them out every 2 hours or more. If you need to change out less than every 2 hours -- or have quarter-size or larger clots -- let your doctor know. Small clots of blood are common. Your body releases anticoagulants to keep the blood from clotting as it moves through your vagina. But on days when you're bleeding or cramping heavily, it may not be released in time.


Question: What should you use to treat a general insect bite?

Answer: Soothe them all with an ice cube, a cold washcloth, calamine lotion, a paste of baking soda, or an over-the-counter hydrocortisone ointment. For mosquito or other minor bites, try calamine lotion.


Question: What should you do to treat fire ant stings?

Answer: Soak the affected area in ice water and use an anti-itch medicine to calm your skin.


Question: What are some serious stings and bites that you should call your doctor about?

Answer: If you've been bitten or stung by any of the following (or think you have), call your doctor: Black widow.


Question: What are the two types of mastectomy?

Answer: There are two kinds: A lumpectomy removes the tumor and a small cancer-free area of tissue surrounding the tumor. A quadrantectomy removes the tumor and more of the breast tissue than a lumpectomy. In some cases, more surgery is required after a partial mastectomy. Sometimes, if cancer cells are still in breast tissue, it may be necessary to remove the entire breast.


Question: What does the right type of mastectomy depend on?

Answer: The type of mastectomy that's right for you depends on several things, including: Your age General health Menopause status Tumor size Tumor stage (how far it's spread) Tumor grade (its aggressiveness) Tumor's hormone receptor status Whether or not lymph nodes are involved With this procedure, also called simple mastectomy, your doctor removes your entire breast, including the nipple.


Question: What is a total mastectomy?

Answer: The type of mastectomy that's right for you depends on several things, including: Your age General health Menopause status Tumor size Tumor stage (how far it's spread) Tumor grade (its aggressiveness) Tumor's hormone receptor status Whether or not lymph nodes are involved With this procedure, also called simple mastectomy, your doctor removes your entire breast, including the nipple. Your lymph nodes, the small glands that are part of your immune system, may sometimes be removed from your underarm. You're most likely to have a total mastectomy if the cancer has not spread beyond the breast or if you're having a preventative mastectomy to lower your risk of getting breast cancer.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's communication habits?

Answer: One-month-old babies pretty much have one mode of communication -- crying. Your baby will cry for up to three hours a day (don't panic, the crying will decrease as time passes). Crying is baby's way of saying, '' I'm hungry - feed me!'' '' I have a wet diaper,'' or, '' I'm really tired.'' Eventually, you'll start to translate these cries, and discover the best ways to soothe him (for example by rocking or swaddling your baby). Some babies who cry too much may have colic or a medical problem, so call your doctor if you just can't console your newborn.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's motor skills development?

Answer: You'll notice that your baby was born with several innate reflexes, including sucking. Soon after birth, he will be able to (with a little help from you) latch on to a breast or nipple to feed. If you put your finger inside baby's palm, you'll notice that he'll close his fist around it (and many a proud father has bragged about the strength of his newborn's grip). Babies who are startled will quickly flare both arms and legs out and then pull them in. This is called the Moro reflex. Even at 1 month old, your baby has the instinct for walking. If you put a newborn's feet on a solid surface while supporting their body, they'll appear to take a few steps. Although 1-month-olds may be able to turn their head while lying on their stomach, they don't yet have the neck strength to support their head while upright. Make sure to put a hand under your baby's head whenever you lift him.


Question: What are some tips for your baby's first month?

Answer: Babies love to be touched. Give your 1-month-old lots of skin-to-skin contact, for example by holding and rocking, or giving him a gentle massage. It will make your newborn feel comforted and loved. Move baby's legs in a bicycling motion for a couple of minutes at a time. This easy exercise will help tone the muscles to prepare for crawling and walking -- which your baby will start doing before you know it!


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's sleeping habits?

Answer: In fact, newborns sleep 15 to 16 hours a day. Those hours may be erratic, because baby hasn't yet adjusted to the normal day and night cycle. You can help your baby adjust by limiting activities to daytime, and keeping things quiet, dark, and boring at night. Eventually he will get the hint that day is for play and night is for sleep. Also, your 1-month-old's sleep cycles are much different than yours. Unlike adults, newborn babies spend more time in REM sleep than in deeper non- REM sleep. That means they may wake up fairly easily during those first few weeks.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's development of the senses?

Answer: Newborns are very nearsighted. Your baby can see objects and people most clearly when they are just 8 to 12 inches away. That means he can see your face while he is nursing, and in fact, will prefer looking at you than at a stuffed animal, because infants are naturally drawn to human faces. They also prefer high-contrast objects because they're easier to see (although you needn't outfit your entire nursery in black-and-white; bright colors are good, too). You may notice that your 1-month-old's eyes cross when trying to focus. That is normal, because a newborn's eye control hasn't fully developed. However, if they remain crossed at three or four months, call your pediatrician, because it could be a sign of strabismus (crossed eyes). Although a newborn's hearing isn't yet fully developed, babies can recognize sounds -- especially their parents' voices, which they got used to hearing in the womb. They especially like high-pitched sounds; so don't get too annoyed when your mother-in-law uses that squeaky baby voice every time she talks to your newborn. If baby doesn't seem to be responding at all to sound, be sure to mention this to your pediatrician at your well visits. Many states screen all babies' hearing at birth, but be sure to mention hearing concerns to your pediatrician even if the birth test was OK. Like many older children (and adults), babies prefer sweet tastes. Their taste buds aren't yet mature enough to distinguish bitter and sour. They have a well-developed sense of smell, and can already pick out the scent of their mother's nipple, and breast milk, within the first few days of life.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's growth development?

Answer: Don't be alarmed if your baby loses some weight during the first few days of life. Babies are born with extra body fluid and typically lose up to 10% of their birth weight before they stabilize and start gaining. By their two-week birthday, babies should be back up to their birth weight, and during the first month they'll gain weight quickly -- putting on between a half-ounce and an ounce a day. Your doctor will check baby's weight gain against a growth chart during your well-baby visits, to make sure he is growing at the right rate.


Question: What happens during stage III breast cancer?

Answer: In stage III, the cancer has spread beyond the breast and into nearby lymph nodes. Usually many lymph nodes have cancer cells, or the tumor is so large it grows into the chest wall or skin of the breast. A combination of different treatments often works best.


Question: How does surgery treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: Or you might need a mastectomy, in which the whole breast is removed. The surgeon would also remove lymph nodes. After a mastectomy, you might choose to get breast reconstruction surgery.


Question: What are some different ways to receive chemotherapy to treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: You can get chemo several different ways. You may take pills or liquids, but often the drugs are put right into your veins. Depending on the type of treatment, it may be given in cycles that allow your body breaks in between.


Question: How does hormone therapy treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: Hormone therapy can help women with hormone receptor-positive cancers. That means the cancer needs hormones to grow. In these women, medications can prevent the tumor from getting the hormone. These drugs include tamoxifen for all women and aromatase inhibitors anastrozole ( Arimidex), exemestane ( Aromasin), and letrozole ( Femara) for postmenopausal women. Fulvestrant ( Faslodex) and toremifene ( Fareston) block hormone receptors and are sometimes given to women with metastatic breast cancer. Women who haven't reached menopause may consider having their ovaries removed to stop them from making hormones that help cancer grow. Medications can also stop the ovaries from releasing hormones.


Question: How does chemotherapy treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy is a common treatment for stage III breast cancer. Sometimes people have chemo before surgery to shrink a tumor and make it easier to remove. It can help destroy cancer cells that remain after surgery. In cases where surgery isn't an option, chemotherapy may be the main treatment.


Question: What are the symptoms of drug allergy?

Answer: Symptoms of a drug allergy can range from mild to life-threatening. Even in people who aren't allergic, many drugs can cause irritation, such as an upset stomach. But during an allergic reaction, the release of histamine can cause signs like hives, skin rash, itchy skin or eyes, and congestion. A more severe reaction may include swelling in the mouth and throat, difficulty breathing, blueness of the skin, dizziness, fainting, anxiety, confusion, rapid pulse, nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal problems.


Question: What is a CT coronary angiogram used for to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: It uses an X-ray and a contrast dye to see if you have coronary artery disease. Your doctor can view images in 3- D, which lets him see blockages in your arteries.


Question: What is a cardiac MRI used for to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: This less-commonly used test helps your doctor figure out if you have problems with your heart muscle or the tissues that surround the heart.


Question: What is cardiac catheterization used for to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: It uses an X-ray and a contrast dye to see if you have coronary artery disease.


Question: What is an echocardiogram used for to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: This test, often called an "echo," shows your heart's movement. During this exam, your doctor places a wand on the surface of your chest. It sends ultrasound waves that show pictures of your heart's valves and chambers. Those images let your doctor look at how well your ticker is pumping. Your doctor may combine an echocardiogram with tests called Doppler ultrasound and color Doppler to check blood flow across your heart's valves.


Question: What will the doctor ask before figuring out the right treatment for heart failure?

Answer: First, your doctor will want to know if you: Have other conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, angina, high blood pressure, or other heart problems Smoke Drink alcohol, and how much Take medications, and which ones Your doctor will also do a physical exam.


Question: How common is a migraine without aura?

Answer: A migraine without aura is the most common type of migraine headache. They account for about 75% of all migraines. Another name you might hear is "common migraine." It doesn't have the early symptoms, called an aura, that some people have before a migraine begins, like vision changes, dizziness, confusion, feeling prickling skin, and weakness.


Question: Should I reduce physical triggers to treat a migraine without aura?

Answer: Illnesses, missing meals, and being too tired can all trigger migraines. So can overdoing exercise, motion, and head injuries. Even menstruation can set off migraines. To curb the effect of these things, know how they affect you, keep a regular routine, treat illnesses quickly, and take steps to avoid other physical triggers.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for a migraine without aura?

Answer: Your doctor may also use some tests to be sure that your headache isn't caused by something else: Blood tests Imaging tests such as X-ray, CT scan, or MRI Tests for infection, bleeding, or other medical problems that could cause similar symptoms Treatment for migraines without aura has two goals: Relieve your symptoms and prevent future attacks.


Question: How can keeping a headache diary help with migraines without aura?

Answer: It will help you spot anything that might trigger your migraines. Diary entries should include the date and time of your headache, any foods you ate, what you did, and medication you took just before the headache began. It may take 6 to 8 weeks or longer to begin to see patterns and triggers.


Question: Should I look for environmental triggers to treat a migraine without aura?

Answer: Some people are sensitive to flickering lights, fluorescent lights, changes in air pressure or altitude, or even bold visual patterns. Use your headache diary to spot any possible triggers in your environment -- and then take steps to get rid of them or avoid them.


Question: How can I help relieve symptoms of a migraine without aura?

Answer: Take pain-relieving medications such as aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketorolac ( Toradol), or naproxen. ( Do not use aspirin in anyone under the age of 19) Or take prescription drugs, such as almotriptan ( Axert), eletriptan ( Relpax), frovatriptan ( Frova), naratriptan ( Amerge), rizatriptan ( Maxalt), and sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Onzetra, Sumavel, Zembrace) and , which help narrow blood vessels. Ergots ( Migergot, Cafergot) may also be effective in treating migraine pain. Or take prescription pain relievers.


Question: Should I keep a headache diary to treat a migraine without aura?

Answer: It will help you spot anything that might trigger your migraines. Diary entries should include the date and time of your headache, any foods you ate, what you did, and medication you took just before the headache began. It may take 6 to 8 weeks or longer to begin to see patterns and triggers.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose a migraine without aura?

Answer: Your doctor may also use some tests to be sure that your headache isn't caused by something else: Blood tests Imaging tests such as X-ray, CT scan, or MRI Tests for infection, bleeding, or other medical problems that could cause similar symptoms Treatment for migraines without aura has two goals: Relieve your symptoms and prevent future attacks.


Question: What will your doctor ask about when diagnosing a migraine without aura?

Answer: You might also have any of these other symptoms: Nausea Vomiting Yawning Irritability Low blood pressure Feeling "hyper" Sensitivity to light, sounds, or motion Dark circles under your eyes Your doctor will want to be sure that there are no other causes for your headache. So, it's likely she'll do physical and perhaps neurologic exams. She'll also ask you about your health history, including questions like: Do other people in your family have migraines or other kinds of headaches? Do you have any allergies? What is the level of stress in your life? Do you use medications such as birth control pills or vasodilators that could cause headaches? Do you notice that headaches start after coughing or sneezing or after intense exercise?


Question: What common foods can trigger a migraine without aura?

Answer: Chocolate Cheese Red wine or other alcohol Citrus fruits Avocados Bananas Raisins Plums Artificial sweeteners Food preservatives, such as nitrates, nitrites, and monosodium glutamate ( MSG) Ice cream or other cold foods Avoid medication triggers.


Question: How is a migraine without aura diagnosed?

Answer: You might also have any of these other symptoms: Nausea Vomiting Yawning Irritability Low blood pressure Feeling "hyper" Sensitivity to light, sounds, or motion Dark circles under your eyes Your doctor will want to be sure that there are no other causes for your headache. So, it's likely she'll do physical and perhaps neurologic exams. She'll also ask you about your health history, including questions like: Do other people in your family have migraines or other kinds of headaches? Do you have any allergies? What is the level of stress in your life? Do you use medications such as birth control pills or vasodilators that could cause headaches? Do you notice that headaches start after coughing or sneezing or after intense exercise?


Question: When do migraines often begin?

Answer: Migraines often begin in childhood and get worse through adolescence. Although more boys than girls have migraines, more adult women than adult men have them. But they usually happen less over time.


Question: Who can get a migraine without aura?

Answer: Migraines often begin in childhood and get worse through adolescence. Although more boys than girls have migraines, more adult women than adult men have them. But they usually happen less over time. Migraines become rare after age 50.


Question: What are environmental triggers of a migraine without aura?

Answer: Some people are sensitive to flickering lights, fluorescent lights, changes in air pressure or altitude, or even bold visual patterns. Use your headache diary to spot any possible triggers in your environment -- and then take steps to get rid of them or avoid them.


Question: Is a migraine without aura life threatening?

Answer: A migraine without aura is the most common type of migraine headache.


Question: How can you reduce physical triggers for a migraine without aura?

Answer: Illnesses, missing meals, and being too tired can all trigger migraines. So can overdoing exercise, motion, and head injuries. Even menstruation can set off migraines. To curb the effect of these things, know how they affect you, keep a regular routine, treat illnesses quickly, and take steps to avoid other physical triggers.


Question: What is a Cefaly and how is it used to treat a migraine without aura?

Answer: Devices: Cefaly is a portable headband-like device sends electrical impulses through the skin of the forehead to stimulate a nerve linked with migraine headaches. You use it once a day for 20 minutes, and when it's on you'll feel a tingling or massaging sensation. Spring TM or e Neura s TMS may be another option. You hold this device at the back of your head at the first sign of a headache, and it gives off a magnetic pulse that stimulates part of the brain. In addition, there is a noninvasive vagus nerve stimulator called gamma Core. When placed over the vagus nerve in the neck, it releases a mild electrical stimulation to the nerve's fibers to relieve pain.


Question: Does migraine run in families?

Answer: Migraines often run in families, so researchers think there may be a genetic link for the condition. Other things can trigger migraine attacks for some people, like some foods, smells, stress, and things in the environment.


Question: When should I see a doctor if I've injured my finger?

Answer: When to See a Doctor Inability to move the finger Numbness Bone is exposed The wound is deep or long. Pain and swelling are severe or persistent. You can't clean the wound or the wound is very dirty. ( You may need antibiotics) The injury is a puncture or open wound and you haven't had a tetanus shot in the last 10 years. The injury is from a human or animal bite. If the wound doesn't heal or shows signs of infection: redness, swelling, pain, or pus.


Question: When do symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) usually show up?

Answer: They aren't cancer, but they can cause problems where they're growing.


Question: How do you get tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: About a third of people inherit TSC from a parent. If one of your parents has it, you have a 50% chance of getting it.


Question: What should you ask your doctor when you have tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: How fast might the tumors grow? How do the tumors cause the symptoms? How might my symptoms change over time? What treatments are available? What are the possible complications from those treatments? When do I need to go to the emergency room? Should the rest of my family be tested? If I have another baby (or if my child has a child), what are the chances that the baby will have TSC? Is there a local support network for families affected by this condition?


Question: What are the symptoms of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: Your symptoms depend on how many tumors you have, how big they are, and where they are. When you have TSC, all of that can change throughout your life.


Question: How can family and friends help you with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: Talk with your family and friends about the condition. They'll want to know how they can support you. Ask them for things you need, as they may not know what's most helpful for you.


Question: What do you need to do if you feel overwhelmed or depressed with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: If you have tumors in your brain, sometimes drugs can shrink them, or surgeons can remove them.


Question: How can a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help in the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: This makes a more detailed image than CT. An MRI scan can show how blood and spinal fluid are flowing, and can help pinpoint locations of tumors and other changes. The doctor may inject a dye to make certain kinds of tissue look different in the image. That helps them see changes faster and clearer.


Question: Where do you get tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: Every case is different. You might get TSC in certain parts of your body, and TSC might affect someone else differently. The tumors can look like thick or light patches on your skin, and if they're in your lungs, they can cause breathing problems.


Question: How can tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) affect your kidney?

Answer: Tumors in a kidney can stop it from working like it should. They can also cause bleeding inside your body or high blood pressure.


Question: How can a computed tomography (CT) scan help in the diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: This makes a more detailed image than CT. An MRI scan can show how blood and spinal fluid are flowing, and can help pinpoint locations of tumors and other changes.


Question: How can joining a support group help with managing tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: Joining a support group can help you manage better. Hearing from other people and families who face similar challenges can help you understand what's going on and make you feel connected. They can also offer tips for dealing with symptoms.


Question: How can laser treatment help with treating tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: The tumors can look like thick or light patches on your skin, and if they're in your lungs, they can cause breathing problems.


Question: How can tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) affect your eyes?

Answer: Tumors in your brain could cause: Seizures, which can be mild at first Behavior changes, such as temper tantrums, anxiety, or sleep problems Nausea or headaches Problems such as autism and developmental delays Tumors in your eyes can make you see double or give you blurry vision.


Question: How can tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) affect your mouth?

Answer: The tumors can look like thick or light patches on your skin, and if they're in your lungs, they can cause breathing problems.


Question: How can tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) affect your heart?

Answer: Tumors in your heart usually happen when you're young, and they shrink over time. But they can block blood flow or cause problems with your heart rhythm.


Question: How can sirolimus help with treating tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: With the right treatments, most people with TSC can expect a normal life span.


Question: What organization can help you with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)?

Answer: Joining a support group can help you manage better.


Question: What are the treatments when tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) affects your brain?

Answer: If you have tumors in your brain, sometimes drugs can shrink them, or surgeons can remove them.


Question: How can tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) affect your brain?

Answer: Tumors in your brain could cause: Seizures, which can be mild at first Behavior changes, such as temper tantrums, anxiety, or sleep problems Nausea or headaches Problems such as autism and developmental delays Tumors in your eyes can make you see double or give you blurry vision.


Question: Are over-the-counter painkillers safe to use?

Answer: Some signs that your flu is getting worse include: A high fever Shaking chills Shortness of breath If you take them properly and follow the label instructions, OTC painkillers are safe for most people. But if you need pain relief for more than 10 days, talk to your doctor. Although they're usually safe, side effects can occur and may be quite serious for some people. For instance, if you use blood-thinning medicine or have active stomach or bowel ulcers, don't take aspirin or other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen.


Question: Can I combine over-the-counter pain relievers with other cold medicines?

Answer: Since combination cold medicines often have a pain reliever in them, usually acetaminophen or ibuprofen, be careful that you don't take another painkiller on top of that. Read the ingredients label to see which pain reliever is in your cold medicine. If it's one that's not safe to take with your medical condition, look for another. To be safe, talk with your doctor about any OTC drugs you're thinking of using.


Question: Is acetaminophen safer than ibuprofen?

Answer: You shouldn't take it if you already have liver disease or if you regularly drink moderate to heavy amounts of alcohol.


Question: What is cholesterol ratio and what should yours be?

Answer: To find your cholesterol ratio, you divide your total cholesterol number by your HDL, or good, cholesterol number. For example, if your total cholesterol number is 200 and your good cholesterol is 50, your total cholesterol ratio is 4:1. Cholesterol ratio may be used as a monitoring tool by some health care specialists. However, the AHA suggests that doctors use LDLcholesterol with patients rather than cholesterol ratio. That's because the total cholesterol number is considered a better tool for guiding the doctor in planning the best patient care and helping patients understand their health risks. Discuss with your doctor what the best numbers to monitor for you are.


Question: What helps fragile hair caused by lupus?

Answer: Try these tips to keep your hair healthy and look your best: For fragile hair: Avoid pulling your hair. Don't put stress on your hair by using curlers, chemical treatments like coloring or straightening, and hot combs or curling irons. Wash with baby shampoo and a leave-in conditioner with sunblock.


Question: What should you do when you have rashes caused by lupus?

Answer: If you have a butterfly-shaped rash on your face or other rashes, ask your doctor if corticosteroid creams, ointments, gels, or injections can help.


Question: What helps minor thinning or bald patches caused by lupus?

Answer: For minor thinning or bald patches: Treat yourself to a new hairstyle. Ask your stylist to suggest a short, layered cut that can help hide the areas and make your hair look thicker. Hair extensions are an option for thin spots on the side of your head if you aren't actively losing hair. But protect your scalp: Avoid chemicals, glues, and heat, and don't make them tight, or you could pull out weak hair.


Question: What are the treatments when lupus affects the skin on the inside of your nose and mouth?

Answer: Lupus can also affect the skin on the inside of your mouth and nose. If you have sores in your mouth, gargle many times a day with hydrogen peroxide or buttermilk mixed with a little water. Ask your doctor about special mouthwash or dental paste that can help healing. For sores in your nose, try soothing them with petroleum jelly.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an erythrocyte sedimentation rate test for lupus?

Answer: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ( ESR) What it is: ESR measures the speed of red blood cells moving toward the bottom of a test tube. When inflammation is present, blood proteins stick together and fall and collect more quickly as sediment. The more quickly the blood cells fall, the greater the inflammation. Why the test is used: ESR is used as a marker of inflammation. Inflammation could indicate lupus activity. This test could be used to monitor inflammation, which could indicate changes in disease activity or response to treatment. Limitations of the test: Like CRP, the ESR is not specific to lupus. Because there are many causes for a positive result, including infection, the test is not diagnostic for lupus. Nor can it distinguish a lupus flare from an infection. Also, the level doesn't directly correlate with lupus disease activity. So it isn't necessarily useful for monitoring disease activity.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of a chemistry panel for lupus?

Answer: Chemistry Panel What it is: A chemistry panel is a test to assess kidney function and liver function. It also gives information on electrolytes, blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Why the test is used: Abnormalities may indicate the development of complications from lupus. They could also result from treatments for such conditions as kidney disease, elevated blood sugar levels, elevated cholesterol levels, and liver disease.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an anti-Ro(SSA) and anti-La(SSB) test for lupus?

Answer: Anti- Ro( SSA) and Anti- La( SSB) What it is: Anti- Ro( SSA) and Anti- La( SSB) are two antibodies that are commonly found together. They are specific against ribonucleic acid ( RNA) proteins. Why the test is used: Anti- Ro is found in anywhere from 24% to 60% of lupus patients. It's also found in 70% of people with another autoimmune disorder called SjÃ¶gren's syndrome. Anti- La is found in 35% of people with SjÃ¶gren's syndrome. For this reason, their presence may be useful in diagnosing one of these disorders. Both antibodies are associated with neonatal lupus, a rare but potentially serious problem in newborns. In pregnant women, a positive Anti- Ro( SSA) or Anti- La( SSB) warns doctors of the need to monitor the unborn baby. Limitations of the test: Like other antibodies, the fact that the test is not positive in many people with lupus means it can't be used to diagnose lupus. Also, it is more indicative of SjÃ¶gren's syndrome than of lupus.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an antiphospholipid antibodies test for lupus?

Answer: Antiphospholipid Antibodies ( APLs) What it is: APLs are a type of antibody directed against phospholipids. Why the test is used: APLs are present in up to 60% of people with lupus. Their presence can help confirm a diagnosis. A positive test is also used to help identify women with lupus that have certain risks that require preventive treatment and monitoring. Those risks include blood clots, miscarriage, or preterm birth. Limitations of the test: APLs may also occur in people without lupus. Their presence alone is not enough for a lupus diagnosis.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an antinuclear antibody test for lupus?

Answer: Antinuclear Antibody ( ANA) What it is: ANA is a type of antibody directed against the cells' nuclei. Why the test is used: ANA is present in nearly everybody with active lupus. Doctors often use the ANA test as a screening tool. Plus, looking at patterns of the antibodies can sometimes help doctors determine the specific disease a person has. That, in turn, helps determine which treatment would be most appropriate. Limitations of the test: Although almost all people with lupus have the antibody, a positive result doesn't necessarily indicate lupus. Positive results are often seen with some other diseases and in a smaller percentage of people without lupus or other autoimmune disorders. So a positive ANA by itself is not enough for a lupus diagnosis. Doctors must consider the result of this test along with other criteria.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of a complete blood cell count for lupus?

Answer: Complete Blood Cell Count ( CBC) What it is: CBC is a test to measure levels of different blood cells. Why the test is used: Abnormalities in blood cell counts, including white blood cells and red blood cells, may occur in people with lupus. This may be related to the lupus, lupus treatments, or infection. For example, leukopenia, a decrease in the number of white blood cells, is found in about 50% of people with lupus. Thrombocytopenia, or a low platelet count, occurs in about 50% of people with lupus, as well. Doctors can use this test to monitor these potentially serious problems. Limitations of the test: Many other medical conditions can cause abnormalities in blood cell counts. So the test by itself is not specific to a lupus diagnosis.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an anti-Sm test for lupus?

Answer: Anti- Sm What it is: Anti- Sm is an antibody directed against Sm, a specific protein found in the cell nucleus. Why the test is used: The protein is found in up to 30% of people with lupus. It's rarely found in people without lupus. So a positive test can help confirm a lupus diagnosis. Limitations of the test: Up to only 30% of people with lupus have a positive anti- Sm test. So relying on an anti- Sm result alone would miss a large majority of people with lupus.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an anti-dsDNA for lupus?

Answer: Anti-ds DNA What it is: Anti-ds DNA is a protein directed against double-stranded DNA. DNA is the material that makes up the body's genetic code. Why the test is used: Between 75% and 90% of people with lupus have a positive anti-ds DNA test. Also, the test is very specific for lupus. Therefore, a positive test can be useful in confirming a diagnosis. For many people, the titer, or level, of the antibodies rises as the disease becomes more active. So, doctors can also use it to help measure disease activity. Also, the presence of anti-ds DNA indicates a greater risk of lupus nephritis, a kidney inflammation that occurs with lupus. So a positive test can alert doctors to the need to monitor the kidneys. Limitations of the test: Up to 25% of people with lupus have a negative test. So, a negative test doesn't mean a person doesn't have lupus.


Question: What are side effects of antiplatelet drugs?

Answer: Antiplatelets can cause: Nausea Upset stomach Stomach pain Diarrhea Rash Itching To ease nausea and stomach upset, take these with meals. Call your doctor if these side effects are severe or don't go away.


Question: When should you call a doctor about side effects from antiplatelet drugs?

Answer: Contact your doctor right away if you have any of the following while you take antiplatelets: Blood in the urine or stool Nosebleeds Any unusual bruising Heavy bleeding from cuts Black tarry stools Coughing up of blood Unusually heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected vaginal bleeding Vomit that looks like coffee grounds Dizziness Severe headache Difficulty swallowing Shortness of breath Difficulty breathing or wheezing Tightness in chest, chest pain Fever, chills, sore throat Swelling of the face or hands Ringing in the ears Severe stomach pain Side effects can be worse in people with asthma and allergies.


Question: What are antiplatelet drugs used for?

Answer: When you are wounded, platelets arrive on the scene and group together to form a clot that stops the bleeding. This is a good thing when an injury involves a break in your skin. But platelets can also group when injury to a blood vessel comes from the inside, as may happen in an artery affected by atherosclerosis. In this situation, the platelets cause blood clots in an already injured artery. Antiplatelet medications can prevent this from happening. Antiplatelets may be prescribed to folks with a history of: Coronary artery disease Heart attack Angina (chest pain) Stroke and transient ischemic attacks ( TIAs) Peripheral artery disease Antiplatelets are also used: After angioplasty and stent placement After heart bypass or valve replacement surgery Usually once or twice a day.


Question: How is transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) used to treat bleeding varices?

Answer: A radiological procedure in which a stent (a tubular device) is placed in the middle of the liver. The stent connects the hepatic vein with the portal vein. This procedure is done by placing a catheter through a vein in the neck. It is done to relieve the high blood pressure that has built up in the portal vein and the liver.


Question: How do you treat severe cases of bleeding varices?

Answer: This increased pressure in the portal vein causes blood to be pushed away from the liver to smaller blood vessels, which are not able to handle the increased amount of blood.


Question: How serious is bleeding from varices?

Answer: Symptoms include: Vomiting of blood Black, tarry, or bloody stool Low blood pressure Rapid heart rate Lightheadedness Shock (in severe cases) Bleeding from varices is a medical emergency. If the bleeding is not controlled quickly, a person may go into shock or die. Even after the bleeding has been stopped, there can be serious complications, such as pneumonia, sepsis, liver failure, kidney failure, confusion, and coma.


Question: What does what you eat when working out depend on if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: What to eat depends on a few things: How high your blood sugar is before you work out How long you'll be at it What time of day you plan to do it How your body reacts to exercise Check your blood sugar.


Question: When is the best time to eat after working out if I have diabetes?

Answer: Even if you don't need a snack right after you work out, you'll still need to build your energy back to help your muscles recover. The best time to eat is between 30 minutes and 2 hours after you're done.


Question: What should you eat if you plan on working out for at least an hour if you have diabetes?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein. These choices have it and less than 5 grams of carbs each: 15 almonds 1 tablespoon peanut butter 1 hard-boiled egg 1 piece of string cheese Many people with diabetes find that snacks with a ratio of 3 grams of carbs to 1 gram of protein work well.


Question: Should I eat protein before working out if I have diabetes?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein. These choices have it and less than 5 grams of carbs each: 15 almonds 1 tablespoon peanut butter 1 hard-boiled egg 1 piece of string cheese Many people with diabetes find that snacks with a ratio of 3 grams of carbs to 1 gram of protein work well. There's no need to take a protein supplement. Your food has enough.


Question: Is it normal for my blood sugar to still be low for up to 24 hours after exercise?

Answer: Your sugar level can drop for up to 24 hours after moderate or intense exercise. If it's still below 100 mg/dl at bedtime, double up on your snack. If you take insulin, ask your doctor if it's OK to lower your dose at bedtime.


Question: How do I know what I should eat before or after working out if I have diabetes?

Answer: What to eat depends on a few things: How high your blood sugar is before you work out How long you'll be at it What time of day you plan to do it How your body reacts to exercise Check your blood sugar.


Question: What should you eat when you work out if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: You'll need to fuel up the right way before, during, and after you work out. If you can manage your diabetes with diet and exercise alone, you don't need a pre-workout snack any more than someone without the disease. But if you take insulin or a drug that pushes your pancreas to make it, you might have to think before you snack.


Question: How can I prepare for long exercise sessions if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you take insulin or diabetes meds, ask your doctor if you need to make adjustments for exercise. If you're going to head out for a bike trip, marathon, or day-long hike, take some snacks with you. Food may not be easy to carry around if you're in a race. Glucose gels and tablets or sports drinks can be good options. Count the carbs like you would with food. Tip: Your body will absorb carbs more quickly if they're in liquids and gels. This can come in handy if you're going full tilt.


Question: What are easy snacks with 30 grams of carbs?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein.


Question: What should you do after you work out if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If your next regularly scheduled meal or snack is 30-60 minutes later, 15 grams of carbs should hold you. If your next meal or snack is more than an hour away, have about 15 grams of carbs and 7 or 8 grams of protein. Your sugar level can drop for up to 24 hours after moderate or intense exercise. If it's still below 100 mg/dl at bedtime, double up on your snack. If you take insulin, ask your doctor if it's OK to lower your dose at bedtime. Even if you don't need a snack right after you work out, you'll still need to build your energy back to help your muscles recover. The best time to eat is between 30 minutes and 2 hours after you're done.


Question: Which snacks have 13 grams of carbs if you have diabetes?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein.


Question: What can the timing of nausea or vomiting tell you?

Answer: Nausea or vomiting one to eight hours after a meal may also indicate food poisoning. However, certain food- borne bacteria, such as salmonella, can take longer to produce symptoms.


Question: How do I prevent vomiting once I feel nauseated?

Answer: When you begin to feel nauseated, you may be able to prevent vomiting by: Drinking small amounts of clear, sweetened liquids such as soda or fruit juices (except orange and grapefruit juices, because these are too acidic) Resting either in a sitting position or in a propped lying position; activity may worsen nausea and may lead to vomiting. To prevent nausea and vomiting in children: To treat motion sickness in a car, seat your child so he or she faces the front windshield (watching fast movement out the side windows can make the nausea worse). Also, reading or playing video games in the car could cause motion sickness. Don't let kids eat and play at the same time.


Question: When should I seek immediate care if I'm vomiting?

Answer: You should seek immediate medical care if any of the following situations occur with vomiting: There is blood in the vomit (bright red or "coffee grounds" in appearance) Severe headache or stiff neck Lethargy, confusion, or a decreased alertness Severe abdominal pain Diarrhea Rapid breathing or pulse Treatment for vomiting (regardless of age or cause) includes: Drinking gradually larger amounts of clear liquids Avoiding solid food until the vomiting episode has passed If vomiting and diarrhea last more than 24 hours, an oral rehydrating solution such as Pedialyte should be used to prevent and treat dehydration.