Question: What causes gum disease?

Answer: Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Plaque is the primary cause of gum disease. However, other factors can contribute to periodontal disease. These include: Hormonal changes, such as those occurring during pregnancy, puberty, menopause, and monthly menstruation, make gums more sensitive, which makes it easier for gingivitis to develop. Illnesses may affect the condition of your gums. This includes diseases such as cancer or HIV that interfere with the immune system. Because diabetes affects the body's ability to use blood sugar, patients with this disease are at higher risk of developing infections, including periodontal disease and cavities. Medications can affect oral health, because some lessen the flow of saliva, which has a protective effect on teeth and gums. Some drugs, such as the anticonvulsant medication Dilantin and the anti-angina drug Procardia and Adalat, can cause abnormal growth of gum tissue. Bad habits such as smoking make it harder for gum tissue to repair itself. Poor oral hygiene habits such as not brushing and flossing on a daily basis, make it easier for gingivitis to develop. Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis.


Question: What is periodontal disease (gum disease)?

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Question: How can gum disease be prevented?

Answer: Family history of dental disease can be a contributing factor for the development of gingivitis. Proper plaque control consists of professional cleanings at least twice a year and daily brushing and flossing. Brushing eliminates plaque from the surfaces of the teeth that can be reached; flossing removes food particles and plaque from in between the teeth and under the gum line. Antibacterial mouth rinses can reduce bacteria that cause plaque and gum disease, according to the American Dental Association.


Question: Is gum disease linked to other health problems?

Answer: The body's immune system fights the bacteria as the plaque spreads and grows below the gum line. In some people, gum disease may affect only certain teeth, such as the molars. Treatment options depend on the stage of disease, how you may have responded to earlier treatments, and your overall health. Tobacco use is a significant risk factor for development of periodontitis.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for atrial flutter?

Answer: The goals are to control the heart rate, restore a normal sinus rhythm, prevent future episodes, and prevent stroke.


Question: How can you prevent future episodes of atrial flutter?

Answer: Prevent future episodes: You can do this by taking daily medication to keep you heart beating at a safe and comfortable rate.


Question: What is a complication of atrial flutter?

Answer: The choice of medication depends on how often atrial flutter happens, the root cause, your other medical conditions and overall health, and the other drugs you take. The classes of medications used in atrial flutter are: Heart rate medicines: The most common way to treat atrial fibrillation is with drugs that control your heartbeat. These slow your rapid heart rate so your heart can pump more effectively.


Question: How do you know what medications to use for atrial flutter?

Answer: The choice of medication depends on how often atrial flutter happens, the root cause, your other medical conditions and overall health, and the other drugs you take.


Question: How long does atrial flutter last?

Answer: Paroxysmal atrial flutter can come and go. An episode of atrial flutter usually lasts hours or days. Persistent atrial flutter is more or less permanent.


Question: How does controlling the ventricular rate treat atrial flutter?

Answer: Control your heart rate: The first treatment goal is to control the ventricular rate. If you have serious symptoms, like chest pain or congestive heart failure related to the ventricular rate, the doctor will lower your heart rate rapidly with IV medications or electrical shock. ( This is called cardioversion.) If you have no serious symptoms, you may get medications by mouth. Sometimes you may need a combination of oral drugs to control your heart rate. You might need surgery to control your heart rate or rhythm, but this is rare.


Question: What is the outlook of atrial flutter?

Answer: But if you don't have other heart disease, your outlook is generally quite good. If it happens once without serious heart or lung disease, you may never have it again. If you do have other heart disease, your atrial flutter may come back. If that happens, you should see a heart specialist (cardiologist).


Question: What are symptoms of atrial flutter if you have heart or lung disease?

Answer: Others describe: Palpitations (rapid heartbeat or a pounding or fluttering sensation in the chest) Shortness of breath Anxiety People with heart or lung disease who have atrial flutter may have these and other, more significant symptoms: Angina pectoris (chest or heart pains) Feeling faint or light-headed Syncope (fainting) Call your doctor: If you have any of the symptoms of atrial flutter If you're taking medication for atrial flutter, and you have any of the signs and symptoms described If you've been diagnosed and are being treated for atrial flutter, go immediately to a hospital emergency department if you: Have severe chest pain Feel faint or light-headed Faint When you tell him your symptoms, your doctor will probably suspect an arrhythmia.


Question: How can you take care of an atrial flutter at home?

Answer: Talk to your doctor before taking any new medications, herbs, or supplements.


Question: When does atrial flutter occur?

Answer: It beats extra-fast, about 250-400 beats per minute. The beat slows down when the signals reach the AV node, a bundle of cells in the upper wall of muscle between the ventricles, your heart's lower chambers. Because atrial flutter comes from the atria, it is called a supraventricular (above the ventricles) tachycardia. ( This is called cardioversion.)


Question: Does atrial flutter increase your risk of getting a stroke?

Answer: Persistent atrial flutter is more or less permanent. Prevent stroke : This devastating complication of atrial flutter happens when a piece of a blood clot formed in your heart breaks off and travels to the brain, where it blocks blood flow. This lowers the odds that a blood clot will form in the heart or in a blood vessel and lead to a stroke. Atrial flutter does raise your chance of having a stroke.


Question: What should you do if you have symptoms of atrial flutter but your electrocardiogram results are normal?

Answer: Others describe: Palpitations (rapid heartbeat or a pounding or fluttering sensation in the chest) Shortness of breath Anxiety People with heart or lung disease who have atrial flutter may have these and other, more significant symptoms: Angina pectoris (chest or heart pains) Feeling faint or light-headed Syncope (fainting) Call your doctor: If you have any of the symptoms of atrial flutter If you're taking medication for atrial flutter, and you have any of the signs and symptoms described If you've been diagnosed and are being treated for atrial flutter, go immediately to a hospital emergency department if you: Have severe chest pain Feel faint or light-headed Faint When you tell him your symptoms, your doctor will probably suspect an arrhythmia. Also, you can't get treatment until the doctor knows your specific arrhythmia type. That can happen because arrhythmia comes and goes. Or you may just have premature heartbeats, which aren't dangerous. This test can help your doctor find out if you have a significant arrhythmia and what type. If you have no serious symptoms, you may get medications by mouth. Atrial flutter does raise your chance of having a stroke.


Question: How is defibrillation used to treat atrial flutter?

Answer: That can happen because arrhythmia comes and goes. ( This is called cardioversion.) The goal of treatment is to convert the atrial flutter to a normal sinus rhythm and make sure it doesn't come back. The first step in treatment is to restore a normal rate and sinus rhythm. These will give you a mild electrical shock to get your heart's rhythm back to normal.


Question: How is catheter ablation (radiofrequency ablation) used to treat atrial flutter?

Answer: Atrial flutter results from an abnormal circuit inside the right atrium, or upper chamber of your heart. In some people, no root cause is ever found. Prevent stroke : This devastating complication of atrial flutter happens when a piece of a blood clot formed in your heart breaks off and travels to the brain, where it blocks blood flow. Radiofrequency ablation: This is a type of catheter ablation most often used for atrial flutter.


Question: What controls the beating of the heart?

Answer: The beat slows down when the signals reach the AV node, a bundle of cells in the upper wall of muscle between the ventricles, your heart's lower chambers. Because atrial flutter comes from the atria, it is called a supraventricular (above the ventricles) tachycardia. These tests can tell a lot about what's happening with your heart: Electrocardiogram ( EKG): Measures and records the electrical impulses that control your heartbeat Highlights problems in these impulses and abnormalities in the heart The tracings can help pinpoint the type of arrhythmia and where in the heart it comes from.


Question: What kinds of medications are used for atrial flutter?

Answer: It identifies heart valve problems, checks how well your ventricles work, and looks for blood clots in the atria. The goals are to control the heart rate, restore a normal sinus rhythm, prevent future episodes, and prevent stroke. The classes of medications used in atrial flutter are: Heart rate medicines: The most common way to treat atrial fibrillation is with drugs that control your heartbeat. Most people take a medication called digoxin ( Lanoxin). Some are called beta-blockers. These treatments are sometimes called chemical cardioversion: Sodium channel blockers, which slow your heart's ability to conduct electricity: Flecainide ( Tambocor) Propafenone ( Rythmol) Quinidine Potassium channel blockers, which slow the electrical signals that cause AFib: Amiodarone ( Cordarone, Nexterone Pacerone), Dofetilide ( Tikosyn) Sotalol ( Betapace, Sorine, Sotylize) Anticoagulants: These drugs make your blood less able to clot. This lowers the odds that a blood clot will form in the heart or in a blood vessel and lead to a stroke.


Question: What does the heart do?

Answer: The beat slows down when the signals reach the AV node, a bundle of cells in the upper wall of muscle between the ventricles, your heart's lower chambers. But atrial flutter can result from: Diseases or other problems in the heart A disease elsewhere in your body that affects the heart Substances that change the way your heart transmits electrical impulses Heart diseases or problems that can cause atrial flutter include: Ischemia : Lower blood flow to the heart due to coronary heart disease, hardening of the arteries, or a blood clot Hypertension : High blood pressure Cardiomyopathy : Disease of the heart muscle Abnormal heart valves: Especially the mitral valve Hypertrophy: An enlarged chamber of the heart Open-heart surgery Diseases elsewhere in your body that affect the heart include: Hyperthyroidism : An overactive thyroid gland Pulmonary embolism : A blood clot in a blood vessel in the lungs Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ): A condition that lowers the amount of oxygen in your blood Substances that may contribute to atrial flutter include: Alcohol (wine, beer, or hard liquor) Stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, diet pills, cold medicines, and even caffeine Some people have no symptoms at all with atrial flutter. They slow your heart rate and cut the strength of contractions.


Question: What is an atrial flutter?

Answer: Such problems, whether in the rhythm or speed of the heartbeat, are known as arrhythmias. But atrial flutter can result from: Diseases or other problems in the heart A disease elsewhere in your body that affects the heart Substances that change the way your heart transmits electrical impulses Heart diseases or problems that can cause atrial flutter include: Ischemia : Lower blood flow to the heart due to coronary heart disease, hardening of the arteries, or a blood clot Hypertension : High blood pressure Cardiomyopathy : Disease of the heart muscle Abnormal heart valves: Especially the mitral valve Hypertrophy: An enlarged chamber of the heart Open-heart surgery Diseases elsewhere in your body that affect the heart include: Hyperthyroidism : An overactive thyroid gland Pulmonary embolism : A blood clot in a blood vessel in the lungs Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ): A condition that lowers the amount of oxygen in your blood Substances that may contribute to atrial flutter include: Alcohol (wine, beer, or hard liquor) Stimulants like cocaine, amphetamines, diet pills, cold medicines, and even caffeine Some people have no symptoms at all with atrial flutter.


Question: Is atrial flutter life-threatening?

Answer: Atrial flutter is a problem with way your heart beats. Complications of atrial flutter can be devastating, but treatment almost always prevents them.


Question: Why should people with weakened immune systems get a pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: Many diseases can cause your immune system to weaken, so it's less able to fight off bugs like pneumonia. If you have heart disease, diabetes, emphysema, asthma, or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), you're more likely to have a weakened immune system, which makes you more likely to get pneumonia. The same goes for people who receive chemotherapy, people who have had organ transplants, and people with HIV or AIDS.


Question: Why should people over the age of 65 get a pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: As you age, your immune system doesn't work as well as it once did. You're more likely to have trouble fighting off a pneumonia infection. All adults over age 65 should get the vaccine.


Question: Why should people getting over surgery get a pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: People getting over surgery or a severe illness. If you were in the hospital ICU (intensive care unit) and needed help breathing with a ventilator, you're at risk of getting pneumonia. The same is true if you've just had major surgery or if you're healing from a serious injury. When your immune system is weak because of illness or injury or because it's helping you get better from surgery, you can't fight off germs as well as you normally can.


Question: Do I need a pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: And if you've had the shot and you do get pneumonia anyway, you will probably have a much milder case. Older adults and some people with health problems are more likely to get pneumonia, a lung infection that makes it harder to breathe. It's more common among people whose immune systems are weak.


Question: Why should smokers get a pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: If you've smoked for a long time, you could have damage to the small hairs that line the insides of your lungs and help filter out germs. When they're damaged, they aren't as good at stopping those bad germs.


Question: How does a pneumonia vaccine work?

Answer: PPSV23 protects against an additional 23 types of pneumonia bacteria. Neither can prevent every type of pneumonia, but they work against more than 30 common, severe types. People who need a pneumonia vaccine should get both shots: first, the PCV13 shot and then the PPSV23 shot a year or more later. For most people, one of each shot should be enough to protect them for their entire lives. Sometimes, you may need a booster shot. Ask your doctor whether you should get one. You cannot get pneumonia from the vaccine. The shots only contain an extract of the pneumonia bacteria, not the actual bacteria that cause the illness.


Question: Why should heavy drinkers get a pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: As you age, your immune system doesn't work as well as it once did. If you have heart disease, diabetes, emphysema, asthma, or COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), you're more likely to have a weakened immune system, which makes you more likely to get pneumonia.


Question: What are the risks of getting a pneumonia vaccine?

Answer: If it's flu season, you can even get a pneumonia vaccine at the same time that you get a flu vaccine, as long as you receive each shot in a different arm. PCV13 helps protect people from 13 of the most severe types of bacteria that cause pneumonia. But some people have mild side effects from the vaccine, including: Swelling, soreness, or redness where you got the shot Mild fever Fussiness or irritability Loss of appetite Sore muscles Fewer than 1% of people who get the pneumonia vaccine have these types of side effects. Allergic reactions are even rarer.


Question: What can trigger hives in kids?

Answer: Symptoms can include: Severe itching Skin redness or rash Thick, scaly, leathery patches on the skin that develop over time Things that can set off these reactions include: Nickel, a metal in some earrings, snaps, and buttons Poison ivy, oak, and sumac Ingredients in mouthwash and toothpaste Chemicals and dyes in shoes Cosmetics Medicines used on the skin, such as neomycin (an antibiotic), antihistamines, and anesthetics (skin-numbing treatments) Hives are itchy red bumps or patches on the skin. They can last for a few minutes to a few hours and can come and go over a few days. Triggers include: Foods like eggs, milk, peanuts, wheat, soy, seafood, nuts, and strawberries Medicines, especially antibiotics Insect bites and stings Latex Pet saliva or dander Viral infections Sometimes, hives can appear without a known trigger.


Question: What can cause skin allergies in kids?

Answer: Repeat skin infections that may be caused by scratching The following things can set off more itching: Dry air Sweating Rough fabrics Certain soaps and detergents Foods like eggs, nuts, cow milk, wheat, soy, and seafood, but only sometimes When your child gets a rash after touching something he's sensitive to, it's called allergic contact dermatitis. Symptoms can include: Severe itching Skin redness or rash Thick, scaly, leathery patches on the skin that develop over time Things that can set off these reactions include: Nickel, a metal in some earrings, snaps, and buttons Poison ivy, oak, and sumac Ingredients in mouthwash and toothpaste Chemicals and dyes in shoes Cosmetics Medicines used on the skin, such as neomycin (an antibiotic), antihistamines, and anesthetics (skin-numbing treatments) Hives are itchy red bumps or patches on the skin.


Question: Can DEET help prevent insect and spider bites?

Answer: It can be found in a variety of lotions and sprays and purchased in most drug stores. There has been some concern about the negative effects of using this chemical, particularly for children, but none of the natural plant products are likely to be as reliable. The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP) recommends that DEET not be used on children younger than two months of age. Picaridin is a plant-derived compound and is also somewhat effective against mosquitoes and ticks. Essential oil of eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus) is a natural insect repellent.


Question: Can natural insect repellent work for preventing insect and spider bites?

Answer: Essential oil of eucalyptus (eucalyptus globulus) is a natural insect repellent. Make a solution by adding five drops or eucalyptus oil to 1 cup of water and dab it on your skin. Essential oil of citronella also discourages insects when placed on exposed skin. A few dabs of calendula (calendula officinalis) ointment on the face, arms, and legs may keep insects away and is also available as a commercially available product.


Question: What is picardin?

Answer: Picaridin is a plant-derived compound and is also somewhat effective against mosquitoes and ticks.


Question: What are some grooming checklist for caregivers for people with cancer?

Answer: A woman with cancer might feel more confident and in control when she takes care of how she looks. For safety, use an electric shaver. For someone getting chemotherapy, remind her to brush her teeth after she eats to avoid infection. Offer waxed dental floss, a soft-bristle toothbrush, and fluoride toothpaste without whitening or tartar control. Talk to her doctor about flossing if her gums bleed and she has low levels of platelets in her blood. Make a mouth rinse by mixing 1/2 teaspoon baking soda with 1 cup of water for her to use after each brush. Don't use store-bought mouthwash. It can have alcohol or chemicals that may irritate her mouth.


Question: Are there any specific tips that can help adapt my lifestyle for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Other Tips Always keep emergency numbers where you can get to them easily. Pre-set them on your phone. Use telephones with oversized buttons. Remove throw rugs to avoid slipping or tripping. Make your home as comfortable and cozy as possible. Use soothing colors to decorate, and buy scented candles or potpourri in fragrances that relax you. Keep photos and music around that lift your spirits. Make sure the temperature is right for you.


Question: What can I do to clean in a way that is better adapted for treating multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Cleaning Use long handles on sponge mops, cleaning brushes, dustpans, brooms, or window washers. Sit to fold laundry, wash dishes, iron clothes, use the vacuum, mop the floor, or plug in appliances at low outlets. Adapt counters so that you can reach them from a wheelchair or from a sitting position.


Question: Are there small tweaks I can make to my home to help treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some examples include: Built-up utensils Grab bars Reacher devices Electric beds or mattresses Sliding boards Wheelchairs There are many small tweaks you can make in your usual routine, including dressing, using the bathroom, cleaning, and working in the kitchen. Not all of these recommendations for habits and gear may be right for you.


Question: How can I change my shopping habits to better adapt to multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Ask to reserve a wheelchair or tri-wheel cart if you aren't planning to bring your own. Call a taxi, or ask a friend or family member to drive you.


Question: What ways can I change the habits in my bathroom to better treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: In the Bathroom Use an elevated toilet seat or safety rails to make it easier to sit and stand. Do not use towel racks or bathroom tissue holders to help you stand. They're not sturdy enough. Install grab bars inside and outside the bathtub or shower. Use a bathtub transfer bench or a shower chair with back support. Put extended lever handles on faucets to make them easier to turn. Put a nonskid mat in the bathtub. Use a handheld hose for showering and bathing. Use a long-handled sponge or scrubbing brush. Use soap-on-a-rope, bath mitts, or sponges with soap inside instead of bar soap. Use lukewarm water. Very hot water can make you tired and aggravate your symptoms. Sew straps on towels to make them easier to hold while you dry yourself. Place a towel on the floor outside the tub to dry your feet so you don't slip. Put a towel on the back of your chair and rub your back against it to dry. Use toothbrushes with built-up handles or use an electric toothbrush. Use utensils with built-up, lightweight handles.


Question: How can Tay-Sachs disease be prevented?

Answer: Tay- Sachs disease is a rare, fatal disorder most commonly diagnosed in babies around 6 months of age. If both parents are carriers of Tay- Sachs disease, there is a 25% chance that any child they have will get the disease. You can have a blood test that analyzes your genes or the levels of the Hex- A protein in your blood to tell you whether you are a carrier. If two people planning to have children find out they're both carriers, a genetic counselor can help them review the options for lowering the chances of having a baby with Tay- Sachs.


Question: Who gets Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer: Tay- Sachs disease is a rare, fatal disorder most commonly diagnosed in babies around 6 months of age. But babies born with Tay- Sachs disease inherited a mutated copy of the gene from both parents, so they don't make any Hex- A protein. A baby born with Tay- Sachs grows normally until 3 to 6 months of age. Non- Jewish French Canadians living near the St. Lawrence River in Canada and in the Cajun community of Louisiana also have a higher incidence of Tay- Sachs. If both parents are carriers of Tay- Sachs disease, there is a 25% chance that any child they have will get the disease.


Question: What are symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer: Tay- Sachs disease is a rare, fatal disorder most commonly diagnosed in babies around 6 months of age. A baby born with Tay- Sachs grows normally until 3 to 6 months of age. Around this time, parents might notice their baby's development start to slow and the muscles weaken. Gradually, the disease causes more symptoms in babies, including: A loss of motor skills such as turning over, sitting, and crawling A very strong reaction to loud noises Trouble focusing on objects or following them with their eyes Cherry-red spots, which can be identified with an eye examination, in the eyes By age 2, most children with Tay- Sachs have started getting more severe problems. They can include: Swallowing and breathing issues that keep getting worse Seizures Loss of mental function, hearing, and sight Paralysis Past age 3, there are few visible changes in children with Tay- Sachs, but the nervous system continues to go downhill, often leading to death by age 5.


Question: What should I expect from Tay-Sachs disease later in life?

Answer: Tay- Sachs disease is a rare, fatal disorder most commonly diagnosed in babies around 6 months of age. A baby born with Tay- Sachs grows normally until 3 to 6 months of age. Like the version of the disease that affects infants, the Tay- Sachs that starts later in life is caused by HEXA gene mutations. Symptoms might start to appear anywhere from the teen years to adulthood. Early symptoms often include clumsiness, problems balancing, and muscle weakness in the legs. People with it may also have mental health issues. Late-onset Tay- Sachs doesn't always shorten life span.


Question: What causes Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer: Tay- Sachs disease is a rare, fatal disorder most commonly diagnosed in babies around 6 months of age. Defects in a gene called HEXA cause Tay- Sachs. Some people have just one normal copy of the gene, and they still make enough Hex- A protein to keep the brain and spinal cord healthy. But babies born with Tay- Sachs disease inherited a mutated copy of the gene from both parents, so they don't make any Hex- A protein. This is what makes them become so sick. Over time, GM2 ganglioside builds up in their nervous system and starts to cause damage.


Question: What treatments and programs can help my child with Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer: Tay- Sachs disease is a rare, fatal disorder most commonly diagnosed in babies around 6 months of age. A baby born with Tay- Sachs grows normally until 3 to 6 months of age. They can provide ways to help your baby keep the suck-swallow reflex going as well as help you figure out when it is time to consider a feeding tube for your little one. These specialists can help you manage your baby's seizures with medication. Specialists such as pediatricians and pulmonologists (doctors who treat lung and breathing problems) can recommend ways for parents to reduce the chance of lung infections in their child. Play and stimulation. They can relax your baby. Palliative and hospice care.


Question: Why do I have high triglycerides?

Answer: Some people have high triglycerides because they inherited a genetic predisposition from their parents. One common inherited condition is called familial hypertriglyceridemia. You can also have high triglycerides for other reasons, especially if you're overweight, have an unhealthy diet, and aren't physically active.


Question: How will your doctor help you determine if you have high triglycerides?

Answer: Your doctor will ask you to take a blood test, after fasting, to check your blood's triglyceride level.


Question: What if lifestyle changes don't lower my triglyceride levels enough?

Answer: If lifestyle changes don't lower your triglyceride levels enough, your doctor may consider prescribing fibrates, niacin, omega-3 fatty acids, and statins to help lower your high triglycerides. However, you'll still need to keep up with diet and exercise to manage your triglyceride levels.


Question: What should I ask my parents about my family's medical history and triglycerides?

Answer: Ask them these three questions: Did anyone in your family have high triglycerides? Was anyone in the family diagnosed with heart disease before age 50? Did anyone in your family have a heart attack or stroke before age 50?


Question: What lifestyle changes can help lower my triglyceride levels?

Answer: Your doctor will ask you to take a blood test, after fasting, to check your blood's triglyceride level. These simple steps may help: Lose extra weight. If you're overweight, work with your doctor to reach and keep a healthier weight. If you drink too much alcohol, your triglyceride levels may rise. In some people, even small amounts of alcohol may raise triglyceride levels. Cut back on sugar in desserts, drinks, and other foods. Get moving. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise on most days. Eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and omega-3 fatty acids.


Question: Why do I need to be concerned about my triglyceride levels?

Answer: The good news is that you can do a lot to manage that risk. Did anyone in your family have a heart attack or stroke before age 50?


Question: Does baby eczema go away by itself?

Answer: Most children outgrow it before they start school. It's not common, but some kids will have eczema into adulthood. They may have times -- even years -- without the symptoms. But they may still tend to have dry skin.


Question: How can eczema show up on my baby?

Answer: It shows up as patches of red or dry skin.


Question: How common is eczema?

Answer: It's common and very treatable. Many infants outgrow it. Not sure if your baby's itchy, irritated rash is eczema? Your doctor can tell you for sure.


Question: What should you do about itching related to your baby's eczema?

Answer: Try to keep your baby from scratching her itchy skin. Scratching can make the rash worse, lead to an infection, and cause the irritated skin to get thicker and more leathery. Trim her nails often, and then take the edge off of them with a file if you can. Some parents also slip "scratch mittens" onto their little one's hands. Others try long socks, tucked in under a long-sleeved shirt, so they're harder for a baby to remove.


Question: How can you treat baby eczema with a lukewarm bath?

Answer: This hydrates and cools the skin. It may also ease itching. Make sure the water isn't too hot! Keep the bath short -- no more than 10 minutes. To soothe itchiness even more, you could try adding oatmeal soaking products to your baby's tub.


Question: What does eczema look like?

Answer: It shows up as patches of red or dry skin. The skin is almost always itchy and rough, too. Babies can get the condition just about anywhere on their body. Most often, it affects their cheeks and the joints of their arms and legs.


Question: How can you treat baby eczema with moisturizers?

Answer: One with ceramides is the best option. These are available over the counter and by prescription. Otherwise, a good moisturizer, fragrance-free cream, or ointment such as petroleum jelly, when used several times daily, will help your baby's skin retain its natural moisture. Apply immediately after a bath.


Question: How can you treat baby eczema by dressing your child?

Answer: To avoid the irritation of clothing rubbing on the skin, your child should wear loose clothes made of cotton. Always wash new clothes before you put them on your baby. Use a mild, fragrance-free detergent. To keep your little one comfy, don't overdress her or use too many blankets. If she gets hot and sweaty, that can trigger an eczema flare.


Question: How can you treat baby eczema with mild, unscented, laundry soaps?

Answer: Think scratchy wool clothes, polyester, perfumes, body soaps, and laundry soaps. Perfumed, deodorant, and antibacterial soaps can be rough on a baby's sensitive skin.


Question: What can make eczema worse?

Answer: Not sure if your baby's itchy, irritated rash is eczema? But there are some common eczema triggers to avoid, including: Dry skin . It can make a baby more itchy. Low humidity, especially during winter when homes are well-heated and the air is dry, is a cause. Irritants. Think scratchy wool clothes, polyester, perfumes, body soaps, and laundry soaps. These can all trigger symptoms. Stress. Children with eczema may react to stress by flushing. That can lead to itchy, irritated skin. And that, in turn, ramps up their eczema symptoms. Heat and sweat. Both can make the itch of infant eczema worse. Allergens. It's not certain, but some experts believe that removing cow's milk, peanuts, eggs, or certain fruits from a child's food may help control eczema symptoms. Remember that your baby can get exposed to these foods if her mother eats them before she breastfeeds.


Question: When should you call your doctor about your baby's eczema?

Answer: Some over-the-counter products, such as hydrocortisone creams and ointments, target itching and inflammation. It may be time for a prescription medicine. Also check with your doctor if yellow or light brown crust or pus-filled blisters appear on top of the eczema. This could be the sign of a bacterial infection that needs antibiotics. You should call your doctor if your baby is around anyone who has cold sores or genital herpes. Eczema can make your little one more likely to pick up those germs.


Question: What medicines can you use to treat baby eczema?

Answer: The skin is almost always itchy and rough, too. But there are some key differences. Make the call if your baby's eczema doesn't begin to get better within a week of starting over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams.


Question: How can you tell if your baby has eczema and not cradle cap?

Answer: It's easy to confuse baby eczema (also called infant eczema or atopic dermatitis) with cradle cap. Cradle cap is much less red and scaly. But there are some common eczema triggers to avoid, including: Dry skin . These are available over the counter and by prescription.


Question: What can you do to treat baby eczema at home?

Answer: Give your little one's skin some TLC. Clean carefully. Use soap only where your baby may be dirty, such as the genitals, hands, and feet. Simply rinse off the rest of your child's body. Dry off. Pat skin dry. Don't rub.


Question: What type of air filters I use if I have allergies?

Answer: Use high-efficiency air filters on your AC and heating units. They're rated on what's called the MERV scale. You want something that's around a MERV 11 or 12. Change the filter every 3 months.


Question: Are there good bedtime habits that can help me with my allergies?

Answer: Prop yourself up with some pillows. Lying flat can let mucus build up in your sinuses and clog your nose. Drink water in the evening. Stay hydrated. It keeps nasal mucus thin and helps it to drain, which means less nighttime stuffiness.


Question: Does humidity impact allergies?

Answer: If it creates the kind of spot that dust mites love, it's time to dry things up. You can check a room's humidity with a gadget called a hygrometer. You'll find them at home supply stores. Keep levels between 40% and 50% to hold off allergens. Clean the filter often, or you'll spread bacteria or fungal spores around the room. That can trigger allergies, too.


Question: What can I do to help allergy-proof my home?

Answer: If you can, choose wooden blinds instead of drapes. Consider hardwood floors instead of wall-to-wall carpeting or rugs, which can trap allergens. Don't clean the bedroom in the evening. It can take 2 hours or more for the dust to settle after a clean-up gets it moving. You love them, but the dander in their fur can set off your symptoms. Clear the bedroom of extra pillows, linens, stuffed animal collections, and dust-collecting knickknacks. Vacuum at least once a week. Use a vacuum with a HEPA filter and pay special attention to the bedroom.


Question: It is important to make a correct diagnosis for headaches and migraine?

Answer: In order to receive proper treatment for headaches and migraines, a correct diagnosis must be made. That means your doctor will first ask you about the history of your headaches. It is important to describe your headache symptoms and characteristics as completely as possible.


Question: Should I tell my doctor about past medication treatment for headaches?

Answer: Who else in your family has headaches What symptoms, if any, occur between headaches If your school or work performance has been affected by the headaches It is also important to tell your doctor how you feel when you get a headache and what happens when you get a headache, such as: Where the pain is located What it feels like How severe the headache pain is, using a scale from one (mild) to 10 (severe) How long the headache lasts If the headaches appear suddenly without warning or with accompanying symptoms What time of day the headache usually occurs If there is an aura (changes in vision, blind spots, or bright lights) before the headache What other symptoms or warning signs occur with a headache (such as weakness, nausea, sensitivity to light or noise, appetite changes, changes in attitude or behavior) How frequently you get headaches You should also tell your doctor if you've been treated in the past for headaches and what medications (both prescribed and over-the-counter) you have taken in the past and what medications are currently being taken. Don't hesitate to list them, bring the bottles, or ask your pharmacist for a printout.


Question: How is an eye exam used to diagnose migraines and headaches?

Answer: An eye pressure test performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) will rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as a cause of headaches.


Question: How are migraines and headaches diagnosed?

Answer: That means your doctor will first ask you about the history of your headaches. It is important to describe your headache symptoms and characteristics as completely as possible.


Question: What information about a headache is important for diagnosis?

Answer: Who else in your family has headaches What symptoms, if any, occur between headaches If your school or work performance has been affected by the headaches It is also important to tell your doctor how you feel when you get a headache and what happens when you get a headache, such as: Where the pain is located What it feels like How severe the headache pain is, using a scale from one (mild) to 10 (severe) How long the headache lasts If the headaches appear suddenly without warning or with accompanying symptoms What time of day the headache usually occurs If there is an aura (changes in vision, blind spots, or bright lights) before the headache What other symptoms or warning signs occur with a headache (such as weakness, nausea, sensitivity to light or noise, appetite changes, changes in attitude or behavior) How frequently you get headaches You should also tell your doctor if you've been treated in the past for headaches and what medications (both prescribed and over-the-counter) you have taken in the past and what medications are currently being taken.


Question: How is the cause of migraines and headaches diagnosed?

Answer: After completing the headache history portion of the evaluation, the doctor will perform a complete physical and neurological exam. The doctor will look for signs and symptoms of an illness that may be causing the headaches, such as: Fever or abnormalities in breathing, pulse, or blood pressure Infection Nausea, vomiting Changes in personality, inappropriate behavior Mental confusion Seizures Loss of consciousness Excessive fatigue, wanting to sleep all of the time High blood pressure Muscle weakness, numbness, or tingling Speech difficulties Balance problems, falling Dizziness Vision changes (blurry vision, double vision, blind spots) Neurological tests focus on ruling out diseases of the brain or nerves that may also cause headaches and migraines.


Question: What is some important information when diagnosing migraines and headaches?

Answer: Your headaches can be better diagnosed if you tell your doctor: How old you were when the headaches started How long you have been experiencing them If you experience a single type of headache or multiple types of headaches How often the headaches occur What causes the headaches, if known (for example, do certain situations, foods, or medications trigger the headaches?)


Question: What signs and symptoms of an illness will a doctor look for that might be causing my headaches?

Answer: After completing the headache history portion of the evaluation, the doctor will perform a complete physical and neurological exam. The doctor will look for signs and symptoms of an illness that may be causing the headaches, such as: Fever or abnormalities in breathing, pulse, or blood pressure Infection Nausea, vomiting Changes in personality, inappropriate behavior Mental confusion Seizures Loss of consciousness Excessive fatigue, wanting to sleep all of the time High blood pressure Muscle weakness, numbness, or tingling Speech difficulties Balance problems, falling Dizziness Vision changes (blurry vision, double vision, blind spots) Neurological tests focus on ruling out diseases of the brain or nerves that may also cause headaches and migraines.


Question: What are blood chemistry and urinalysis tests?

Answer: These tests may determine many medical conditions, including diabetes, thyroid problems, and infections, which can cause headaches.


Question: What is the psychological evaluation for diagnosing headaches?

Answer: Some of the tests look for a physical or structural abnormality in the brain that may cause your headache, such as: Tumor Brain abscess (an infection of the brain) Hemorrhage (bleeding within the brain) Bacterial or viral meningitis (an infection or inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord) Pseudotumor cerebri (increased intracranial pressure) Hydrocephalus (abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain) Infection of the brain such as meningitis or Lyme disease Encephalitis (inflammation and swelling of the brain) Blood clots Head trauma Sinus blockage or disease Blood vessel abnormalities Injuries Aneurysm (a "bubble" in the wall of a blood vessel that can leak or rupture) An interview with a psychologist is not a routine part of a headache evaluation, but it may be done to identify stress factors triggering your headaches. You may be asked to complete a computerized questionnaire to provide more in-depth information to the doctor. After evaluating the results of the headache history and physical, neurological, and psychological exams, your doctor should be able to determine the type of headache you have, whether a serious problem is present, and whether additional tests are needed. Possible additional tests you may be given include diagnostic tests.


Question: What abnormalities could be causing migraines and headaches?

Answer: The doctor will look for signs and symptoms of an illness that may be causing the headaches, such as: Fever or abnormalities in breathing, pulse, or blood pressure Infection Nausea, vomiting Changes in personality, inappropriate behavior Mental confusion Seizures Loss of consciousness Excessive fatigue, wanting to sleep all of the time High blood pressure Muscle weakness, numbness, or tingling Speech difficulties Balance problems, falling Dizziness Vision changes (blurry vision, double vision, blind spots) Neurological tests focus on ruling out diseases of the brain or nerves that may also cause headaches and migraines. The vast majority of headaches turn out to be benign in nature. Some of the tests look for a physical or structural abnormality in the brain that may cause your headache, such as: Tumor Brain abscess (an infection of the brain) Hemorrhage (bleeding within the brain) Bacterial or viral meningitis (an infection or inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord) Pseudotumor cerebri (increased intracranial pressure) Hydrocephalus (abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain) Infection of the brain such as meningitis or Lyme disease Encephalitis (inflammation and swelling of the brain) Blood clots Head trauma Sinus blockage or disease Blood vessel abnormalities Injuries Aneurysm (a "bubble" in the wall of a blood vessel that can leak or rupture) An interview with a psychologist is not a routine part of a headache evaluation, but it may be done to identify stress factors triggering your headaches.


Question: How is a spinal tap used to diagnose migraines and headaches?

Answer: A spinal tap is the removal of spinal fluid from the spinal canal (located in the back). This procedure is performed to look for conditions such as infections of the brain or spinal cord.


Question: How is an MRI used to diagnose migraines and headaches?

Answer: This test produces very clear pictures, or images, of the brain without the use of X-rays. MRI uses a large magnet, radio frequency ( RF), and a computer to produce these images. A MRI may be recommended if you are getting daily or almost daily headaches. It may also be recommended if a CT scan does not show definitive results. In addition, a MRI scan is used to evaluate certain parts of the brain that are not as easily viewed with CT scans, such as the spine at the level of the neck and the back portion of the brain.


Question: How is a sinus X-ray used to diagnose migraines and headaches?

Answer: CT Scan.


Question: How is a blood chemistry and urinalysis used for diagnosing migraines and headaches?

Answer: These tests may determine many medical conditions, including diabetes, thyroid problems, and infections, which can cause headaches.


Question: What should I tell my doctor about my headache?

Answer: Who else in your family has headaches What symptoms, if any, occur between headaches If your school or work performance has been affected by the headaches It is also important to tell your doctor how you feel when you get a headache and what happens when you get a headache, such as: Where the pain is located What it feels like How severe the headache pain is, using a scale from one (mild) to 10 (severe) How long the headache lasts If the headaches appear suddenly without warning or with accompanying symptoms What time of day the headache usually occurs If there is an aura (changes in vision, blind spots, or bright lights) before the headache What other symptoms or warning signs occur with a headache (such as weakness, nausea, sensitivity to light or noise, appetite changes, changes in attitude or behavior) How frequently you get headaches You should also tell your doctor if you've been treated in the past for headaches and what medications (both prescribed and over-the-counter) you have taken in the past and what medications are currently being taken.


Question: Should I tell my doctor what tests I've had in the past for my headaches?

Answer: Studies performed by other doctors who may have evaluated your headaches in the past, including X-rays and other imaging tests, are also very important; you should bring these to your appointment. This may save time and repeated tests.


Question: What is a spinal tap?

Answer: A spinal tap is the removal of spinal fluid from the spinal canal (located in the back). This procedure is performed to look for conditions such as infections of the brain or spinal cord.


Question: What is an eye exam?

Answer: An eye pressure test performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) will rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as a cause of headaches.


Question: What is a sinus X-ray?

Answer: Although the CT scan and MRI provide more details, your doctor may use this test if your symptoms seem to indicate sinus problems.


Question: What tests are used for diagnosing headaches?

Answer: Possible additional tests you may be given include diagnostic tests. Keep in mind that most of these laboratory tests are not helpful in diagnosing migraine, cluster, or tension headaches. Blood Chemistry and Urinalysis.


Question: When will the doctor be able to determine the cause of my headache?

Answer: After completing the headache history portion of the evaluation, the doctor will perform a complete physical and neurological exam. Possible additional tests you may be given include diagnostic tests.


Question: How much can I change my eating habits to lose weight if I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you drop even 10 or 15 pounds, that has health perks, such as: Lower blood sugar Lower blood pressure Better cholesterol levels Less stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet More energy Brighter mood Keep tight control over your blood sugar levels while you lose weight. You don't want to get high or low levels while you change your eating habits. It's generally safe for someone with diabetes to cut 500 calories a day. Trim from protein, carbohydrates, and fat. The USDA says that calories for adults should come from: 45% to 55% carbs 25% to 35% fat 10% to 35% protein Carbs have the biggest effect on blood sugar. Those that have fiber (whole-grain bread and vegetables, for example) are much better than eating sugary or starchy carbs, because they're less likely to spike your blood sugar and quickly make it crash.


Question: If I am losing weight and have diabetes, should I eat carbs?

Answer: The USDA says that calories for adults should come from: 45% to 55% carbs 25% to 35% fat 10% to 35% protein Carbs have the biggest effect on blood sugar. Those that have fiber (whole-grain bread and vegetables, for example) are much better than eating sugary or starchy carbs, because they're less likely to spike your blood sugar and quickly make it crash.


Question: What can lower my blood sugar and improve my health if I am overweight and have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If you're overweight and have type 2 diabetes, you will lower your blood sugar, improve your health, and feel better if you lose some of your extra pounds. You'll want to work closely with your doctor or diabetes educator, because your blood sugar, insulin, and medications will need special attention while you're losing weight.


Question: How much does weight loss help with type 2 diabetes symptoms?

Answer: If you're overweight and have type 2 diabetes, you will lower your blood sugar, improve your health, and feel better if you lose some of your extra pounds. You'll want to work closely with your doctor or diabetes educator, because your blood sugar, insulin, and medications will need special attention while you're losing weight. If you drop even 10 or 15 pounds, that has health perks, such as: Lower blood sugar Lower blood pressure Better cholesterol levels Less stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet More energy Brighter mood Keep tight control over your blood sugar levels while you lose weight.


Question: Can exercising regularly help manage my diabetes?

Answer: Over time, as you exercise regularly and work with your doctor, you may be able to lower doses of medications and insulin.


Question: What levels should I manage while losing weight with diabetes?

Answer: If you drop even 10 or 15 pounds, that has health perks, such as: Lower blood sugar Lower blood pressure Better cholesterol levels Less stress on your hips, knees, ankles, and feet More energy Brighter mood Keep tight control over your blood sugar levels while you lose weight. You don't want to get high or low levels while you change your eating habits.


Question: If I have diabetes and am trying to lose weight, how should I change my diet?

Answer: It's generally safe for someone with diabetes to cut 500 calories a day. Trim from protein, carbohydrates, and fat. The USDA says that calories for adults should come from: 45% to 55% carbs 25% to 35% fat 10% to 35% protein Carbs have the biggest effect on blood sugar.


Question: Should I watch over my blood sugar while exercising with diabetes?

Answer: You'll want to work closely with your doctor or diabetes educator, because your blood sugar, insulin, and medications will need special attention while you're losing weight. To help yourself lose weight you'll need to do more physical activity.


Question: If I have diabetes and want to lose weight, how often should I work out?

Answer: You'll want to work closely with your doctor or diabetes educator, because your blood sugar, insulin, and medications will need special attention while you're losing weight. She can let you know if there are any limits on what you can do. You should also do strength training at least twice a week. You can use weight machines at a gym, hand weights, or even your own body weight (think push-ups, lunges, and squats).


Question: If I have diabetes, which exercise can affect my blood sugar?

Answer: If you're overweight and have type 2 diabetes, you will lower your blood sugar, improve your health, and feel better if you lose some of your extra pounds. Weightlifting or working out hard for a long time may affect your blood sugar level many hours later. This can be a problem, especially if you're driving a car after your workout. It's one of the many reasons you should check your blood sugar before you get behind the wheel. It's also a good idea to carry snacks like fruit, crackers, juice, and soda.


Question: What is an anal abscess?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } An anal abscess is a painful condition in which a collection of pus develops near the anus. Most anal abscesses are a result of infection from small anal glands.


Question: What can prevent anal abscesses?

Answer: These include: An anal fissure, a tear in the anal canal, that becomes infected Sexually transmitted infections Blocked anal glands Risk factors for anal abscesses include: Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Diabetes Diverticulitis Pelvic inflammatory disease Being the receptive partner in anal sex Use of medications such as prednisone For adults, using condoms during sexual intercourse, including anal intercourse, can help prevent anal abscesses. For infants and toddlers, frequent diaper changes and proper cleaning during diaper changes can help prevent anal fistulas and perianal abscesses.


Question: How are anal abscesses diagnosed?

Answer: But some patients may require additional tests to screen for: Sexually transmitted infections inflammatory bowel disease Diverticular disease Rectal cancer In rare cases, an examination may be done under anesthesia. The doctor may also ask for an ultrasound, a CT scan, or an MRI.


Question: What are superficial anal abscesses associated with?

Answer: Superficial anal abscesses are often associated with: Pain, which is usually constant, throbbing, and worse when sitting down Skin irritation around the anus, including swelling, redness, and tenderness Discharge of pus Constipation or pain associated with bowel movements Deeper anal abscesses may also be associated with: Fever Chills Malaise Sometimes, fever is the only symptom of deep anal abscesses.


Question: What complications can come from an anal abscess?

Answer: About 50% of patients with an anal abscess will develop a complication called a fistula. A fistula is a small tunnel that makes an abnormal connection between the site of the abscess and the skin. In some cases, an anal fistula causes persistent drainage. In other cases, where the outside of the tunnel opening closes, the result may be recurrent anal abscesses. Surgery is needed to cure almost all anal fistulas.


Question: What is the most common type of anal abscess?

Answer: This often appears as a painful boil-like swelling near the anus. It may be red in color and warm to the touch. Anal abscesses located in deeper tissue are less common and may be less visible. Surgical incision and drainage is the most common treatment for all types of anal abscesses and is usually successful.


Question: What are complications after surgery for anal abscess?

Answer: Complications after surgery can include: Infection Anal fissure An abscess returning Scarring After an anal abscess or fistula has properly healed, it's unlikely that the problem will come back.


Question: What is the outlook after an anal abscess has healed?

Answer: Complications after surgery can include: Infection Anal fissure An abscess returning Scarring After an anal abscess or fistula has properly healed, it's unlikely that the problem will come back. To prevent one from doing so, however, it's important to follow the advice of your doctor or colon and rectal surgeon.


Question: When is fistula surgery done for anal abscesses?

Answer: Surgery is needed to cure almost all anal fistulas. So fistula surgery is usually a separate procedure that can be performed on an outpatient basis or with a short hospital stay.


Question: What causes an anal abscess?

Answer: In some cases, an anal fistula causes persistent drainage. These include: An anal fissure, a tear in the anal canal, that becomes infected Sexually transmitted infections Blocked anal glands Risk factors for anal abscesses include: Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Diabetes Diverticulitis Pelvic inflammatory disease Being the receptive partner in anal sex Use of medications such as prednisone For adults, using condoms during sexual intercourse, including anal intercourse, can help prevent anal abscesses.


Question: Who is at high risk for colon cancer?

Answer: History of inflammatory bowel disease ( Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) Close relatives who have had colorectal disease or polyps before age 60 Family history of familial adenomatous polyposis or hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer Specific recommendations for high-risk people are as follows: Colonoscopy at the time of initial polyp diagnosis If 1-2 small adenonatous polyps with low grade abnormality, repeat in 5 years.


Question: What are specific recommendations for people who have had surgery for colorectal cancer?

Answer: If 3-10 adenomatous polyps or 1 adenomoatous polyp greater than 1 centimeter, repeat colonoscopy within three years after polyp removal With certain types of polyps or with high grade abnormality, repeat colonoscopy within three years If normal, repeat again in five years If more than 10 adenomatous polyps, repeat in less than 3 years If polyps are permanently attached and not on a stem and are removed in portions, repeat colonoscopy in 2-6 months to verify complete polyp removal Colonoscopy within one year after surgery; if normal, repeat in three years; if still normal, repeat in five years. Colonoscopy at age 40 or 10 years before the age that the immediate family member was diagnosed with cancer, whichever is earlier; if normal, repeat every five years.


Question: What are specific recommendations for people with a family history of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer?

Answer: Colonoscopy every one to two years, starting at age 20 to 25 or2 to 5 years before the age that an immediate family member had cancer, whichever is earlier Genetic testing offered to first-degree family members Colonoscopy every one to two years, starting eight years after the start of pancolitis (involvement or the entire colon) or 12-15 years after the start of left-sided colitis


Question: What are specific recommendations for people with a family history of colorectal cancer?

Answer: Colonoscopy at age 40 or 10 years before the age that the immediate family member was diagnosed with cancer, whichever is earlier; if normal, repeat every five years.


Question: What are specific recommendations for people with a family history of familial adenomatous polyposis relative to colorectal cancer?

Answer: At age 10 to 12, annual flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. If positive genetic test, colon removal should be considered because of very high risk of colorectal cancer.


Question: Does alcohol affect deep vein thrombosis?

Answer: Alcohol itself, in low to moderate amounts, isn't likely to raise your DVT risk. It may even protect healthy adults. It can act as a blood thinner. And a researcher in Norway found studies that show the more you drink, the lower your blood clot risk. But moderation is key. Doctors don't recommend drinking alcohol to protect against DVT. The relationship between alcohol and deep vein thrombosis may depend on what, and how much, you pour in your glass.


Question: How does beer and wine affect deep vein thrombosis?

Answer: A 2013 study of almost 60,000 people found no difference in the risk of blood clots between wine or beer drinkers. An antioxidant found in the skin of grapes, resveratrol, helps fight blood clots.


Question: How does liquor affect deep vein thrombosis?

Answer: Another study found that, compared to non-drinkers, people who drank more than 3 ounces of liquor per week had a 53% higher risk of DVT. It might be a question of habits. People who said they drink a lot of liquor also tended to binge drink, which counteracts any helpful effects you might get from alcohol in moderation.


Question: How much weight will you lose after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Weight Loss Ask your doctor how much weight you can expect to lose. The type of weight loss surgery makes a difference. Surgeries that affect digestion, such as gastric bypass, tend to result in faster and greater weight loss than adjustable banding procedures. Many people find that their weight loss ebbs and flows over months, dropping, then leveling off, and then dropping again. Depending on the procedure, you might keep losing weight for up to 2 or 3 years after surgery.


Question: Should you exercise more after weight loss surgery?

Answer: A More Active Life Keeping the weight off takes work, and becoming more active is key. If you're not active now, take it easy when you get started, and gradually make it more challenging. Talk to your doctor about easy ways to begin. You may also benefit from working with a physical therapist or trainer.


Question: How might weight loss surgery help your health?

Answer: Health Benefits After gastric bypass or certain other types of weight loss surgery, the health benefits often happen right away. For instance, your diabetes might improve dramatically. The same might be true of high blood pressure, arthritis, sleep apnea, high cholesterol, and other conditions. Improved health after adjustable banding procedures may be more gradual.


Question: How will your self-image change after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Your Self- Image It may take a while to get used to the new you and to adjust to the changes in your lifestyle. You might also realize how much you relied on food for comfort in the past, something that's just not possible after surgery. That's normal. Consider talking to a therapist about it. You can also ask your doctor if there are support groups in the area for people who have had weight loss surgery. Meeting people who are going through the same changes helps a lot.


Question: How might your relationships change after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Your Relationships When you lose a lot of weight, it can affect your relationships. For instance, if you usually socialize while eating and drinking, you may need to think of new ways of meeting up with family and friends that aren't so focused on food.


Question: How will weight loss surgery affect your nutrition intake?

Answer: Nutrition Because you're eating less, you need to focus on choosing the most nutritious foods. Some weight loss surgeries, including gastric bypass, also make it harder for your body to absorb nutrients. Talk to your doctor or a dietitian for advice on what sorts of foods to eat after weight loss surgery and whether you should take supplements.


Question: How will your appearance change after weight loss surgery?

Answer: Your Appearance Many people are thrilled to see the changes in how they look as they start losing after weight loss surgery. There are some downsides, too. As your body shrinks, you may find that your skin doesn't shrink as much. It may start to look loose and baggy. Some people choose to have plastic surgery to remove this extra skin.


Question: How does high cholesterol cause heart disease?

Answer: Follow These Simple Tips to Lower Your Cholesterol When you have too much cholesterol, it builds up in the walls of your arteries, This buildup causes the arteries to harden -- a process called atherosclerosis. It also narrows the arteries, which slows and even blocks the flow of blood. That's where the problem starts. Your blood is supposed to carry oxygen to all parts of your body, including your heart muscle. Without enough oxygen, your body's parts won't function the way they're supposed to. For instance, if your heart muscle doesn't get enough blood and oxygen you'll have chest pain. And if the blood supply to a portion of your heart is completely cut off, you'll have a heart attack.


Question: Are there foods or other drugs I should avoid while taking cholesterol-lowering drugs?

Answer: Other side effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs include: Abnormal liver function Allergic reaction (skin rashes) Heartburn Dizziness Abdominal pain Constipation Decreased sexual desire Memory loss Ask your doctor about the other drugs you are taking, including herbals and vitamins, and their impact on cholesterol-lowering medications. You should not drink grapefruit juice while taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. It can interfere with the liver's ability to metabolize these medications.


Question: Is cholesterol hereditary?

Answer: Your genes partly determine how much cholesterol your body makes. High blood cholesterol can run in families.


Question: What is niacin for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Examples of statins include: Atorvastatin ( Lipitor) Fluvastatin ( Lescol, Lescol XL) Lovastatin ( Altocor, Altoprev, Mevacor) Pitavastatin ( Livalo) Pravastatin ( Pravachol) Rosuvastatin ( Crestor) Simvastatin ( Zocor) Niacin Niacin is a B-complex vitamin. It's found in food, but it is also available at high doses by prescription. It lowers LDL cholesterol and raises HDL cholesterol. The main side effects are flushing, itching, tingling, and headache. Aspirin can reduce many of these symptoms. Speak with your doctor first, though, before taking aspirin. Research studies suggest that even though niacin may improve your cholesterol numbers, it does not appear to lower your risk of heart disease, especially if you are already taking a statin.


Question: Does weight affect your cholesterol levels?

Answer: Being overweight is in itself a risk factor for heart disease. It also can increase your cholesterol. Losing weight will help lower your LDL, total cholesterol levels, and triglyceride levels. At the same time it can help you raise your HDL.


Question: What are statins for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Statins Statins block the production of cholesterol in the liver. They lower LDL and triglycerides and can slightly raise HDL. These drugs are the first line of treatment for most people with high cholesterol. They are associated with a lower risk of heart disease, and for people with heart disease, statins reduce the risk of future heart attacks. Side effects can include intestinal problems, liver damage, and, in a few people, muscle tenderness or weakness. If your doctor prescribes statins, you should discuss the percentage by which you should lower your cholesterol. Generally, it will be between 30% and 50%.


Question: What are fibrates for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Examples of bile acid resins include: Cholestyramine resin ( Prevalite, Questran and Questran Light) Colesevelam ( Wel Chol) Colestipol ( Colestid) Fibrates Fibrates lower triglyceride levels and can increase HDL and lower LDL. It's thought that fibrates enhance the breakdown of triglyceride-rich particles and decrease the secretion of certain blood fats.


Question: What are examples of bile acid sequestrants for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Examples of bile acid resins include: Cholestyramine resin ( Prevalite, Questran and Questran Light) Colesevelam ( Wel Chol) Colestipol ( Colestid) Fibrates Fibrates lower triglyceride levels and can increase HDL and lower LDL.


Question: Does diet affect your cholesterol levels?

Answer: Reducing the amount of saturated fat, trans fats, and cholesterol in your diet can help lower your blood cholesterol. Eating too much sugar and too many simple carbohydrates will also increase your cholesterol levels.


Question: What are combination drugs for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Combination drugs Some people with high cholesterol achieve the best results with combination drugs. These are pills that contain more than one medication to treat cholesterol problems, trigylceride abnormalities, or even high blood pressure.


Question: What drugs are used to treat high cholesterol?

Answer: Cholesterol-lowering drugs include: Statins Niacin Bile-acid resins Fibrates Cholesterol-lowering drugs are most effective when combined with a low-cholesterol diet and exercise program.


Question: What are examples of combination drugs for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Some examples include: Advicor: Lovastatin and niacin ( nicotinic acid ) Caduet: Atorvastatin and amlodipine , a calcium channel blocker Liptruzet: Atorvastatin and ezetimibe Simcor: Simvastatin and niacin (nicotinic acid) Vytorin: Simvastatin and ezetimibe , a cholesterol absorption inhibitor The side effect you need to be most concerned about is muscle aches.


Question: Do medications affect cholesterol levels?

Answer: Some drugs, such as steroids and progestins, can increase the "bad" cholesterol and decrease the "good" cholesterol.


Question: What are examples of statins for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Examples of statins include: Atorvastatin ( Lipitor) Fluvastatin ( Lescol, Lescol XL) Lovastatin ( Altocor, Altoprev, Mevacor) Pitavastatin ( Livalo) Pravastatin ( Pravachol) Rosuvastatin ( Crestor) Simvastatin ( Zocor) Niacin Niacin is a B-complex vitamin.


Question: What are bile acid sequestrants for lowering high cholesterol?

Answer: Bile Acid Sequestrants These drugs work inside the intestine, where they bind to bile and prevent it from being reabsorbed into the circulatory system. Bile is made largely from cholesterol, so these drugs work by reducing the body's supply of cholesterol. That then lowers both total and LDL cholesterol. The most common side effects are constipation, gas, and upset stomach.


Question: What are symptoms of high cholesterol?

Answer: High cholesterol does not have any symptoms. So you can be completely unaware that your cholesterol levels are getting too high. That's why it's important to find out what your cholesterol numbers are. If the level is too high, lowering it will lessen your risk for developing heart disease. And if you already have heart disease, lowering cholesterol can reduce your chance of a heart attack or of dying from heart disease.


Question: Do age and gender affect your cholesterol levels?

Answer: As you get older, your cholesterol rises. Before menopause, women tend to have lower total cholesterol than men. After menopause, though, women's LDL levels tend to rise.


Question: What are triglycerides and how are they linked to heart disease?

Answer: So you can be completely unaware that your cholesterol levels are getting too high. In addition to the numbers, the doctor will factor in your age, blood pressure, smoking history, and use of blood pressure medicines.


Question: How do you find out what your cholesterol numbers are?

Answer: Your blood is supposed to carry oxygen to all parts of your body, including your heart muscle. The test will show you your: Total cholesterol level LDL level HDL level Triglycerides level Your numbers will help you and your doctor determine not only your risk for heart disease but also the best options for lowering it. If your doctor prescribes statins, you should discuss the percentage by which you should lower your cholesterol.


Question: How does cordyceps interact with other medicine?

Answer: Interactions. If you take any medicines regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using cordyceps supplements. Cordyceps could interact with blood thinners, diabetes treatments, and drugs that suppress the immune system. Supplements are not regulated by the FDA.


Question: What foods contain cordyceps?

Answer: Cordyceps is not found in foods.


Question: Why do people take cordyceps?

Answer: Cordyceps has long been a traditional treatment in Chinese medicine. However, more research is needed to determine if cordyceps has real benefit on human health. The best dose of cordyceps hasn't been set for any condition. Ask your health care provider for advice.


Question: What are risks of taking cordyceps?

Answer: Side effects. Cordyceps is generally safe, but it may cause upset stomach, nausea, and dry mouth in some people. Don't take cordyceps if you have cancer, diabetes, or a bleeding disorder. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and children should avoid cordyceps. We don't know if cordyceps is safe for them. If you take any medicines regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using cordyceps supplements.


Question: What is cordyceps?

Answer: In Chinese medicine, people take cordyceps as a daily treatment for good health. Studies have also shown that cordyceps may boost athletic endurance and tolerance to high-intensity exercise.


Question: What are side effects of taking cordyceps?

Answer: Side effects. Cordyceps is generally safe, but it may cause upset stomach, nausea, and dry mouth in some people. Don't take cordyceps if you have cancer, diabetes, or a bleeding disorder. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and children should avoid cordyceps. We don't know if cordyceps is safe for them. If you take any medicines regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using cordyceps supplements.


Question: What are some precautions about taking cordyceps?

Answer: Cordyceps has long been a traditional treatment in Chinese medicine. It comes from a bizarre source: a fungus that grows on caterpillars. Some people use it to try to boost energy and improve well-being. However, we don't have much research about whether cordyceps has health benefits. Cordyceps is generally safe, but it may cause upset stomach, nausea, and dry mouth in some people. Don't take cordyceps if you have cancer, diabetes, or a bleeding disorder. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and children should avoid cordyceps.


Question: What is cordyceps and why do people take it?

Answer: Cordyceps has long been a traditional treatment in Chinese medicine. It comes from a bizarre source: a fungus that grows on caterpillars. Studies have also shown that cordyceps may boost athletic endurance and tolerance to high-intensity exercise. This makes it hard to set a standard dose. Cordyceps is not found in foods.


Question: How can over-the-counter (OTC) drugs cause heart failure?

Answer: Other types of drugs that can bring on heart failure include: Antifungal medications Cancer medications Stimulants Antidepressants Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) inhibitors You may not think twice about taking over-the-counter ( OTC) drugs for minor things like a headache or stuffy nose. But if you're at risk of heart failure, or if you already have it, you might want to limit or avoid some medications. OTC NSAIDs, just like the prescription ones, can make heart failure worse. They can even make it more likely that you'll go to the hospital for heart failure. Watch out for cold medicines. Some have NSAIDs like ibuprofen. Others have sodium or ingredients that can worsen your heart failure or conditions that come along with it. Nasal decongestants often contain drugs that narrow your blood vessels. Look for the word vasoconstrictor on the label. These can cause heart problems when you take more than you should for a long time. Ask your doctor for a list of safe OTC drugs and tips on what to look for on product labels.


Question: What are some precautions for taking natural supplements to prevent heart failure?

Answer: In the meantime: Don't take vitamins or supplements to prevent cardiovascular problems or improve heart failure symptoms. Avoid products that contain ephedra (you may see ephedrine as part of their name). They affect your blood pressure and heart rate. Avoid products that can interact with heart medications, like digoxin and blood thinners. Keep everyone on your health care team in the loop about the drugs and supplements you take.


Question: What are some tips for medications that can cause heart failure?

Answer: Keep everyone on your health care team in the loop about the drugs and supplements you take. This keeps your risk low. It's also a good idea to limit any drugs or supplements you don't need. Some tips: At each doctor visit, provide a list of each drug and supplement you take. Include the dose and how often you take it. Ask your doctor if there are any medications you can limit or stop taking. If you have multiple doctors, ask one to be in charge of your medications. Update her when you get a new prescription or when one of your prescriptions changes. That way you'll know about any increased heart risk before you make a medication change.


Question: How can blood pressure medicine cause heart failure?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers can worsen edema or fluid that stays in your body's tissues. Central agonists (clonidine, moxonidine) cause changes in the way your body releases hormones that affect your heart.


Question: How can natural supplements cause heart failure?

Answer: There's no government regulation of natural supplements, so you can't always be sure the package contains what the label says it does. Some can cause serious risks, especially if you have a health condition. That goes for vitamins, too. They seem harmless because they occur naturally in food. But in pill form, it's a different story. More than 400 IU of vitamin E daily can increase your chances of developing heart failure. Supplements can also interact with other drugs. One natural product may be fine for your neighbor but put your health at risk.


Question: How can prescription drugs cause heart failure?

Answer: Some drugs and natural supplements cause or worsen heart failure because they: Are toxic to your heart Affect the strength of heart muscle contractions Make high blood pressure worse Prevent heart failure medications from working well People with heart failure take an average of 6.8 prescription medicines a day. The more drugs you take, the more likely you are to have a drug-drug interaction. This can put your heart at risk.


Question: How can medications cause heart failure?

Answer: Some drugs and natural supplements cause or worsen heart failure because they: Are toxic to your heart Affect the strength of heart muscle contractions Make high blood pressure worse Prevent heart failure medications from working well People with heart failure take an average of 6.8 prescription medicines a day.


Question: What other types of drugs can cause heart failure?

Answer: Other types of drugs that can bring on heart failure include: Antifungal medications Cancer medications Stimulants Antidepressants Tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) inhibitors You may not think twice about taking over-the-counter ( OTC) drugs for minor things like a headache or stuffy nose.


Question: How can nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause heart failure?

Answer: These drugs can raise your risk of heart failure or related problems: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs). Prescription NSAIDs include diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and ketorolac. More than 70 million prescriptions are written every year for this type of pain reliever. NSAIDs can boost heart failure odds because they make you retain water and salt, make it harder for your blood to flow, and make it tougher for diuretic drugs (often used to treat high blood pressure) to work.


Question: What is tumor grading relative to invasive breast cancer?

Answer: After surgery to remove the tumor, a doctor will check it and assign a grade to it. The grade depends on how closely the cancer cells resemble normal cells when viewed under a microscope. Low-grade cancer cells are similar to normal breast cells. Higher grade breast cancer cells look more different. They show the cancer is more aggressive. The doctor will also test for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. This test will show whether the female hormones -- estrogen and progesterone -- influence the cancer cells. If the test is positive, it means hormones cause the cancer cells to grow. In that case, therapies to suppress or block hormones may help treat the cancer. The cancer will also be tested for a gene called HER2. If it's found, additional drugs like trastuzumab ( Herceptin) can be used. Other tests will see if the cancer has spread from the breast to other areas of the body.


Question: What is the goal of treatment for invasive breast cancer?

Answer: The goal of your treatment is to give you the best possible outcome. Your doctor may use one or a combination of them.


Question: What are the types of invasive breast cancer?

Answer: It can remain localized, which means it stays near the site where the tumor started. Or cancer cells may spread anywhere in the body. Invasive lobular carcinoma ( ILC). This type accounts for about 10% of invasive breast cancers. ILC starts in the lobules or milk glands and then spreads. With ILC, most women feel a thickening instead of a lump in their breast. Some women may have a combination of both or a different type of invasive breast cancer.


Question: How may clinical trials help with invasive breast cancer?

Answer: Some women may have a combination of both or a different type of invasive breast cancer. These trials test new drugs or treatment combinations to see if they are safe and if they work. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for you.


Question: What are the signs of invasive breast cancer?

Answer: Women in the U. S. have a 1 in 8 chance of developing an invasive form of breast cancer during their lifetime. Or cancer cells may spread anywhere in the body. By doing a regular self-check of your breast, you can become familiar with the normal changes in your breasts.


Question: How likely are women to get invasive breast cancer?

Answer: It can then spread into the nearby lymph nodes and beyond. ILC starts in the lobules or milk glands and then spreads. With ILC, most women feel a thickening instead of a lump in their breast.


Question: What does the treatment for invasive breast cancer include?

Answer: There are effective treatments. They include: Surgery. A lumpectomy is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon removes the cancer and a small area of healthy tissue around it. A mastectomy may be performed after chemotherapy. This procedure removes all of your breast. Chemotherapy. This drug treatment may be done before surgery to shrink the tumor and make the cancer operable. It's also sometimes given after surgery to try to prevent he cancer from coming back. Radiation . Often, radiation treatments are given after chemotherapy and surgery to prevent the cancer from coming back. Hormone therapy. Certain medications may be given if the cancer cells have hormone receptors. Targeted therapy. If the cancer cells have the gene HER2, you may be given drug treatments specifically for that.


Question: What increases the risk of invasive breast cancer?

Answer: There's no way to know if you'll develop an invasive form of breast cancer, but there are things that increase your chances, many of which you can't change. Older women are at higher risk. About 10% of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer are under age 45. Also, you're at higher risk if you're obese, your breasts are dense, you didn't have children, or you became pregnant after the age of 35. Different things will determine the type of breast cancer treatment your doctor recommends, including: Size of the tumor Location of the tumor Results of lab tests done on the cancer cells Stage of the cancer Your age and general health If you've been through menopause Your own feelings about the treatment options Family history Results of tests for a gene mutation that would increase the risk of breast cancer There are many treatments for invasive breast cancer. Women with invasive breast cancer have more promise for a good outcome than ever before.


Question: What is ketamine?

Answer: Others have become associated with drug abuse: Ketamine is an anesthetic widely used in people and animals. It keeps you from feeling pain during surgery or other procedures that can hurt. It can make you feel disconnected from your body or make you see things that aren't there (hallucinate). It's sometimes known as a "club drug." In recent years, scientists have studied whether ketamine can be used to treat depression. Other researchers have looked at whether it can be used to help people with bipolar disorder or brain injuries or if PCP and ketamine could be used to treat schizophrenia.


Question: How can NMDA receptor antagonist drugs help with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: If you have Alzheimer's disease, your cells can make too much glutamate. When that happens, the nerve cells get too much calcium, and that can speed up damage to them. NMDA receptor antagonists make it harder for glutamate to "dock" -- but they still let important signals flow between cells. Scientists are studying how they can be used against Alzheimer's.


Question: Are there surgical treatments for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: When chronic pain from a spinal compression fracture persists despite rest, activity modification, back bracing, and pain medication, surgery is the next step. Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time.


Question: What is kyphoplasty and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Kyphoplasty: This procedure helps correct the bone deformity and relieves the pain associated with spinal compression fractures. During the procedure: A tube is inserted through a half inch cut in the back into the damaged vertebrae. X-rays help ensure the accuracy of the procedure. A thin catheter tube -- with a balloon at the tip -- is guided into the vertebra. The balloon is inflated to create a cavity in which liquid bone cement is injected. The balloon is then deflated and removed, and bone cement is injected into the cavity. The cement mixture hardens in about 10 minutes. "


Question: Is spinal fusion surgery used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Spinal fusion surgery is sometimes used for spinal compression fractures to eliminate motion between two vertebrae and relieve pain. The procedure connects two or more vertebrae together, holds them in the correct position, and keeps them from moving until they have a chance to grow together, or fuse.


Question: How are vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time. They also use acrylic bone cement that hardens quickly, stabilizing the spinal bone fragments and therefore stabilizing the spine immediately. Most patients go home the same day or after one night's hospital stay.


Question: Are there any drawbacks or side effects of spinal fusion surgery?

Answer: There are drawbacks to spinal fusion surgery. It eliminates the natural movement of the two vertebrae, which limits the person's movement. Also, it puts more stress on vertebrae next to the fusion - increasing the chance of fracture in those vertebrae. Even after healing is complete, patients may need to avoid certain lifting and twisting activities to prevent putting excess stress on the spine. "


Question: Are graft techniques used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: The patient's own bone or bone from a bone bank can be used to create a graft. The patient's own bone marrow or blood platelets -- or a bio-engineered molecule -- can be used to stimulate growth of bone for the procedure.


Question: What occurs during spinal fusion surgery?

Answer: Metal screws are placed through a small tube of bone and into the vertebrae. The screws are attached to metal plates or metal rods that are bolted together in the back of the spine. The hardware holds the vertebrae in place. This stops movement, allowing the vertebrae to fuse. Bone is grafted into the spaces between vertebrae. "


Question: How is vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time. They also use acrylic bone cement that hardens quickly, stabilizing the spinal bone fragments and therefore stabilizing the spine immediately. Most patients go home the same day or after one night's hospital stay.


Question: What can be used in spinal fusion surgery for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: The patient's own bone or bone from a bone bank can be used to create a graft. The patient's own bone marrow or blood platelets -- or a bio-engineered molecule -- can be used to stimulate growth of bone for the procedure.


Question: When is spinal fusion surgery used for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Spinal fusion surgery is sometimes used for spinal compression fractures to eliminate motion between two vertebrae and relieve pain. The procedure connects two or more vertebrae together, holds them in the correct position, and keeps them from moving until they have a chance to grow together, or fuse.


Question: What pain medications are used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: A carefully prescribed "cocktail" of pain medications can relieve bone-on-bone, muscle, and nerve pain, explains F. Todd Wetzel, MD, professor of orthopaedics and neurosurgery at Temple University School of Medicine in Philadelphia. " If it's prescribed correctly, you can reduce doses of the individual drugs in the cocktail." Over-the-counter pain medications are often sufficient in relieving pain. Two types of non-prescription medications -- acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) -- are recommended. Narcotic pain medications and muscle relaxants are often prescribed for short periods of time, since there is risk of addiction. Antidepressants can also help relieve nerve-related pain.


Question: How can back bracing treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: A back brace provides external support to limit the motion of fractured vertebrae -- much like applying a cast on a broken wrist. The rigid style of a back brace limits spine-related motion significantly, which may help reduce pain. Newer elastic braces and corsets are more comfortable to wear but don't work, says Wetzel. " There's an old saying, ' The inconvenience of the brace is directly proportional to its effectiveness,'" he tells Web MD. However, braces should be used cautiously and only under a doctor's supervision. Weakening and loss of muscle can occur with excessive use of braces for lumbar conditions.


Question: How is spinal fusion surgery done to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Metal screws are placed through a small tube of bone and into the vertebrae. The screws are attached to metal plates or metal rods that are bolted together in the back of the spine. The hardware holds the vertebrae in place. This stops movement, allowing the vertebrae to fuse. Bone is grafted into the spaces between vertebrae. "


Question: What do doctors think about vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for the treatment of spinal compression fractures?

Answer: These procedures are amazing, when you look at how well patients do," says Rex Marco, MD, chief of spine surgery and musculoskeletal oncology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. " They're often in terrible, terrible pain, and it's not going away. But with two small incisions we can take care of something that needed a huge operation in the past but without really good results." " We do everything we can to make the operation go as smoothly as possible," says Marco. " Antibiotics decrease the chance of infection. And a special x-ray machine helps us get the needle into the bone and assure that cement goes into the bone and stays in the bone."


Question: What is the treatment for osteoporosis that has caused a spinal compression fracture?

Answer: Osteoporosis treatment.


Question: How can activity modification treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Bed rest may help with acute pain, but it can also lead to further bone loss and worsening osteoporosis, which raises your risk for future compression fractures. Doctors may recommend a short period of bed rest for no more than a few days. However, prolonged inactivity should be avoided.


Question: What is vertebroplasty and how is it used to treat spinal compression?

Answer: This procedure is effective for relieving pain from spinal compression fractures and helping to stabilize the fracture. During this procedure: A needle is inserted into the damaged vertebrae. X-rays help ensure that it's done with accuracy. The doctor injects a bone cement mixture into the fractured vertebrae. The cement mixture hardens in about 10 minutes. The patient typically goes home the same day or after a one-night hospital stay.


Question: What are the drawbacks of spinal fusion surgery for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: There are drawbacks to spinal fusion surgery. It eliminates the natural movement of the two vertebrae, which limits the person's movement. Also, it puts more stress on vertebrae next to the fusion - increasing the chance of fracture in those vertebrae. Even after healing is complete, patients may need to avoid certain lifting and twisting activities to prevent putting excess stress on the spine. "


Question: How can you recover from spinal compression fractures?

Answer: The majority of fractures heal with pain medication, reduction in activity, medications to stabilize bone density, and a good back brace to minimize motion during the healing process. Most people return to their everyday activities. Some may need further treatment, such as surgery.


Question: How is a vertebroplasty done to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: This procedure is effective for relieving pain from spinal compression fractures and helping to stabilize the fracture. During this procedure: A needle is inserted into the damaged vertebrae. X-rays help ensure that it's done with accuracy. The doctor injects a bone cement mixture into the fractured vertebrae. The cement mixture hardens in about 10 minutes. The patient typically goes home the same day or after a one-night hospital stay.


Question: What do doctors say about spinal fusion surgery for treating spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Spinal fusion is often the last resort," Wetzel tells Web MD. " If the bone is more than 50% compressed in height, if patients are in a great deal of pain, and if they have had complications from another spinal surgery, we suggest spinal fusion surgery."


Question: Are there nonsurgical treatment options for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: But the pain usually improves significantly in a matter of days or weeks. Pain management may include analgesic pain medicines, bed rest, back bracing, and physical activity. " We do everything we can to make the operation go as smoothly as possible," says Marco. "


Question: Are vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: But with two small incisions we can take care of something that needed a huge operation in the past but without really good results." And a special x-ray machine helps us get the needle into the bone and assure that cement goes into the bone and stays in the bone."


Question: Is osteoporosis treatment used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Some may need further treatment, such as surgery. This is a critical part of treatment to help prevent further compression fractures.


Question: Is back bracing used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: A back brace provides external support to limit the motion of fractured vertebrae -- much like applying a cast on a broken wrist. The rigid style of a back brace limits spine-related motion significantly, which may help reduce pain. However, braces should be used cautiously and only under a doctor's supervision. Weakening and loss of muscle can occur with excessive use of braces for lumbar conditions.


Question: What is the surgical treatment for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Activity modification. Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time.


Question: What are some non-surgical treatments for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: But the pain usually improves significantly in a matter of days or weeks. Pain management may include analgesic pain medicines, bed rest, back bracing, and physical activity. " We do everything we can to make the operation go as smoothly as possible," says Marco. "


Question: Do the majority of spinal compression fractures heal quickly?

Answer: Some may need further treatment, such as surgery. Pain medications.