Question: How long should it take for all my baby teeth to make it through the gums?

Answer: The dentist can give you advice about: baby tooth care teething fluoride thumb sucking It can take two years before all of the infant teeth have made their way through your baby's gums.


Question: How do I prevent cavities in my baby's teeth?

Answer: To prevent cavities, only fill your baby's bottle with: formula breast milk water Avoid giving your child fruit juices, sodas, and other sugary drinks. Sweet drinks -- even milk -- can settle on the teeth. This can lead to baby tooth decay -- also known as "baby bottle tooth decay." Bacteria feed on the sugar from sweet drinks and produce acid, which attacks baby's teeth. If you have to send your baby to bed or naps with a bottle or sippy cup, fill it with water only. Also avoid putting anything sweet -- such as sugar or honey -- on your baby's pacifier.


Question: How important are baby teeth?

Answer: Baby teeth may be small, but they're important. They act as placeholders for adult teeth. Without a healthy set of baby teeth, your child will have trouble chewing and speaking clearly. That's why caring for baby teeth and keeping them decay-free is so important.


Question: What are the symptoms of teething?

Answer: Teething is uncomfortable. That's why your baby cries and fusses in the days or weeks before each baby tooth pops up. Babies can display other teething symptoms, too, including: drooling swollen gums slightly higher than normal temperature Here are a few tips to relieve your baby's teething pain: Teething rings.


Question: Which type of toothbrush should I use to brush my baby's teeth?

Answer: Choose one with a: soft brush small head large handle At first, just wet the toothbrush. In addition to caring for baby teeth, you need to protect them.


Question: How can I ease my baby's teething pain?

Answer: You can start caring for baby's gums right away. Let your baby chew on a clean, cool teething ring or cold washcloth. Just avoid giving your child anything that is small enough to choke on. Also avoid a teething ring with liquid inside that could break open. Rub your baby's gums with a clean finger. Pain relief. Give your baby Tylenol (acetaminophen) occasionally to relieve pain -- but ask your pediatrician first. Never give your child aspirin. It has been linked with a rare but serious condition called Reye's syndrome in children.


Question: Why can't children use cough medicine, decongestants, or antihistamines?

Answer: So if he's that young, don't give him: Cough medicine Decongestants Antihistamines Evidence suggests these cold medicines don't really help, and they have a small risk of serious side effects. Between 1969 and 2006 there were reports that 60 young children died from decongestants or antihistamines. Since there's no proof that kids' cold medicines help children, some think any risk, no matter how slight, isn't worth it. Most colds run their course in 5 to 10 days -- with or without treatment.


Question: When should I call the doctor if my child has a common cold?

Answer: Ask your child's doctor if you're not sure if a medicine is right for your child.


Question: How can I ease symptoms without cold medicines?

Answer: So if he's that young, don't give him: Cough medicine Decongestants Antihistamines Evidence suggests these cold medicines don't really help, and they have a small risk of serious side effects. Use caution, and check with your physician prior to using them if you are unsure or if your child is under age 4. That way he can check if the cold medicine works safely with them. Don't use ibuprofen in children under age 6 months. Try saline drops in his nose to clear out mucus. If your child is young enough, you may be able to bulb suction some of the mucous. Make sure your child gets plenty to drink. It helps thin his mucus. Use a humidifier in your child's room to add moisture to the dry air, especially during winter when the air is drier. If he has asthma or wheezes, talk to the doctor. Your child may need prescription medicine to open up swollen airways. Avoid cold/cough medicines in children with asthma; they can aggravate asthma symptoms.


Question: What medicines should not be used in children?

Answer: So if he's that young, don't give him: Cough medicine Decongestants Antihistamines Evidence suggests these cold medicines don't really help, and they have a small risk of serious side effects. Children's cough and cold medicines are considered safe for kids 4 and over.


Question: What are the rules for giving cough and cold medicine to children?

Answer: Cough and cold medicines should not be used by kids under 4. But the FDA recommends you follow these commonsense rules: Always read the package label and follow directions carefully. Many of these medicines contain several drugs. If you're giving a cold medicine to your child that has a painkiller, fever reducer or decongestant in it, make sure you don't give him more of those separately. Too much medicine could be risky, and your child can get an overdose of medicine. Never increase the dose or give it to your child more frequently than it says to on the package. Too much can cause serious and life-threatening side effects. Don't give adult medicines to kids. Children should only take products marked for use in babies, infants, or children, sometimes called "pediatric" use on the package. There are many natural and herbal remedies available on the market. Use caution, and check with your physician prior to using them if you are unsure or if your child is under age 4. Ask your child's doctor if you're not sure if a medicine is right for your child. Remember, cough and cold medicines come in many different strengths. Tell your child's doctor about any other medications your child takes. That way he can check if the cold medicine works safely with them. Always use the measuring device that comes in the medicine package. A teaspoon from your kitchen isn't accurate.


Question: How is meningioma diagnosed?

Answer: The most common symptoms include: Headaches Seizures Blurred vision Weakness in arms or legs Numbness Speech problems Meningiomas are rarely diagnosed before they begin to cause symptoms. If symptoms indicate the possibility of a tumor, a doctor may order a brain scan: an MRI and/or a CT scan. These will allow the doctor to locate the meningioma and determine its size. A biopsy may sometimes be performed. A surgeon removes part or all of the tumor to determine whether it is benign or malignant.


Question: How is meningioma treated?

Answer: Regular brain scans will be performed to determine if the tumor is growing. If the tumor's growth threatens to cause problems or if symptoms begin to develop, surgery may be necessary. If surgery is required, a craniotomy will typically be performed. The procedure involves removing a piece of bone from the skull. This gives the surgeon access to the affected portion of the brain. The surgeon then removes the tumor -- or as much of it as possible. The bone that was removed at the start of the procedure is then replaced. The location of the meningioma will determine how accessible it is to the surgeon. If it can't be reached via surgery, radiation therapy may be used. Radiation can shrink the tumor or help prevent it from growing any larger. Radiation can also be used to kill cancer cells if the tumor is malignant. It may also be used on the parts of a tumor the surgeon was unable to remove.


Question: What are the causes and risks factors of meningioma?

Answer: Exposure to radiation Neurofibromatosis type 2, a genetic disorder Previous injury may also be a risk factor, but a recent study failed to confirm this. Meningiomas have been found in places where skull fractures have occurred. They've also been found in places where the surrounding membrane has been scarred. Some research suggests a link between meningiomas and the hormone progesterone. Middle-aged women are more than twice as likely as men to develop a meningioma. Most meningiomas occur between the ages of 30 and 70. They are very rare in children. The location of the meningioma will determine how accessible it is to the surgeon.


Question: What are the symptoms of meningioma?

Answer: The most common symptoms include: Headaches Seizures Blurred vision Weakness in arms or legs Numbness Speech problems Meningiomas are rarely diagnosed before they begin to cause symptoms. If the tumor's growth threatens to cause problems or if symptoms begin to develop, surgery may be necessary.


Question: What is MAGNUN (Migraine Awareness group: A National Understanding for Migraineurs)?

Answer: MAGNUM: The National Migraine Association Magnum: Migraine Awareness Group: A National Understanding for Migraineurs, was created to raise awareness of migraines as a neurological disease.


Question: What is the American Headache Society?

Answer: American Headache Society The American Headache Society is a professional society of health care providers dedicated to the study and treatment of headache and face pain.


Question: What is the National Headache Foundation?

Answer: National Headache Foundation The National Headache Foundation exists to enhance the medical treatment of headache. It serves as a resource for people who suffer from headaches, physicians, allied health professionals, and the public.


Question: How is circumcision done?

Answer: During a circumcision, the foreskin is freed from the head of the penis, and the excess foreskin is clipped off. If done in the newborn period, the procedure takes about five to 10 minutes. Adult circumcision takes about one hour. The circumcision generally heals in five to seven days.


Question: What is circumcision?

Answer: Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin, the tissue covering the head(glans) of the penis. It is an ancient practice that has its origin in religious rites. Today, many parents have their sons circumcised for religious or other reasons.


Question: Can circumcision prevent hygiene problems with the penis?

Answer: Circumcision also makes it easier to keep the end of the penis clean. Note: Some studies show that good hygiene can help prevent certain problems with the penis, including infections and swelling, even if the penis is not circumcised. In addition, using a condom during sex will help prevent STDs and other infections.


Question: What are the risks of circumcision?

Answer: Like any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with circumcision. However, this risk is low. Problems associated with circumcision include: Pain Risk of bleeding and infection at the site of the circumcision Irritation of the glans Increased risk of meatitis (inflammation of the opening of the penis) Risk of injury to the penis


Question: What are the benefits of circumcision?

Answer: There is some evidence that circumcision has health benefits, including: A decreased risk of urinary tract infections. A reduced risk of some sexually transmitted diseases in men. Protection against penile cancer and a reduced risk of cervical cancer in female sex partners. Prevention of balanitis (inflammation of the glans) and balanoposthitis (inflammation of the glans and foreskin). Prevention of phimosis (the inability to retract the foreskin) and paraphimosis (the inability to return the foreskin to its original location). Circumcision also makes it easier to keep the end of the penis clean.


Question: Is circumcision necessary?

Answer: The use of circumcision for medical or health reasons is an issue that continues to be debated. The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP) found that the health benefits of newborn male circumcision outweigh the risks, but the benefits are not great enough to recommend universalnewborn circumcision. The procedure may be recommended in older boys and men to treat phimosis (the inability to retract the foreskin) or to treat an infection of the penis. Parents should talk with their doctor about the benefits and risks of the procedure before making a decision regarding circumcision of a male child. Other factors, such as your culture, religion, and personal preference, will also be involved in your decision.


Question: When is circumcision done?

Answer: Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin, the tissue covering the head(glans) of the penis. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Circumcision is usually performed on the first or second day after birth. ( Among the Jewish population, circumcision is performed on the eighth day.) The procedure becomes more complicated and riskier in older babies, children, and men.


Question: When should my child get medical attention for croup?

Answer: No matter which type of croup it is, any time your child has difficulty breathing, retractions (when his skin pulls tight around his ribs), or stridor at rest, immediate medical attention is needed. Stridor when crying, agitated, or playing, or a barky cough is not an emergency.


Question: What is croup?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Croup is a condition that irritates your baby's upper airways and causes them to swell. As the airway below his vocal cords becomes narrow, your baby will find it hard to breathe. His breathing will be noisy and he'll have a cough that sounds a lot like a high-pitched seal or dog bark. His voice will also sound raspy and hoarse, especially when he cries.


Question: When do babies usually get croup?

Answer: Croup is more common in the fall and early winter. It's more common in boys than in girls. The condition is contagious, especially in the first few days or until your child's fever is gone. There are two types of this condition -- viral and spasmodic.


Question: What causes viral croup?

Answer: Most often, croup is caused by an infection. The virus that most often causes croup is parainfluenza. But over time, your child will develop a âbarkyâ cough. He also may make a high-pitched, wheezing sound in his lower airway when he breathes in. The croup sound in the upper airway is a harsh, loud sound known as âstridor.â There can be a low fever too. He might also be hoarse, have stridor, and a barky cough.


Question: How is an event monitor used to diagnose arrhythmias?

Answer: Event monitor -- If your symptoms don't happen often, your doctor may suggest you wear one of these, usually for about a month. This is a device that, when you push a button, will record and store your heart's electrical activity for a few minutes. Each time you notice symptoms, you should try to get a reading on the monitor. Your doctor will interpret the results.


Question: How is an echocardiogram used to diagnose arrhythmias?

Answer: Echocardiogram -- This test uses ultrasound to evaluate heart muscle and heart valves.


Question: What is long QT syndrome?

Answer: This may cause potentially dangerous arrhythmias and sudden death. Doctors can treat it with medications or devices called defibrillators.


Question: What is catheter ablation?

Answer: You can think of this procedure as rewiring to fix an electrical problem within the heart. The doctor will insert a catheter through the leg. The catheter delivers high-frequency electrical energy to a small area inside the heart that causes the abnormal heart rhythm. This energy "disconnects" the pathway of the abnormal rhythm. Doctors use ablation to treat most PSVTs, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, and some atrial and ventricular tachycardias. Some people also need other procedures.


Question: What is electrical cardioversion?

Answer: If drugs can't control a persistent irregular heart rhythm (such as atrial fibrillation), you might need cardioversion. For this, doctors, give you a short-acting anesthesia, then deliver an electrical shock to your chest wall to allow the normal rhythm to restart.


Question: What are bradyarrhythmias?

Answer: These are slow heart rhythms, which may be due to disease in the heart's electrical system. When this occurs, you may feel like you are going to pass out, or actually pass out. This could also be from medication. The treatment for this could be a pacemaker.


Question: How is a head-up tilt table test used to diagnose arrhythmias?

Answer: Head-up tilt table test -- Doctors use this test to find out what's causing fainting spells. It measures the difference in heart rate and blood pressure when you're standing up or lying down. You'll get this test in a lab. You'll lie on a stretcher, tilted at different angles while you're getting an EKG and specialists are checking your blood pressure and oxygen level. This shows if symptoms of passing out are due to the electrical system, the nervous system, or the vascular system.


Question: What is ventricular fibrillation?

Answer: This happens when the heart's lower chambers quiver and can't contract or pump blood to the body. This is a medical emergency that must be treated with CPR and defibrillation as soon as possible.


Question: What is atrial fibrillation relative to arrhythmias?

Answer: This common irregular heart rhythm causes the upper chambers of the heart to contract abnormally.


Question: What causes arrhythmias?

Answer: You could have an arrhythmia even if your heart is healthy. Or it could happen because you have: Heart disease The wrong balance of electrolytes (such as sodium or potassium) in your blood Changes in your heart muscle Injury from a heart attack Healing process after heart surgery The many types of arrhythmias include: Premature atrial contractions.


Question: What is paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)?

Answer: A rapid heart rate, usually with a regular rhythm, starting from above the heart's lower chambers, or ventricles. PSVT begins and ends suddenly.


Question: What is a premature atrial contraction?

Answer: These are early extra beats that start in the heart's upper chambers, called the atria. They are harmless and generally don't need treatment.


Question: What happens during heart surgery to treat arrhythmias?

Answer: The Maze procedure is a type of surgery used to correct atrial fibrillation. During this procedure, the surgeon makes a series, or "maze," of cuts in the heart's upper chambers. The goal is to keep the heart's electrical impulses only on certain pathways. Some people may need a pacemaker afterward.


Question: How is a cardiac catheterization used to diagnose arrhythmias?

Answer: Cardiac catheterization -- Your doctor will insert a long, thin tube, called a catheter, into a blood vessel in your arm or leg. She will guide it to your heart with help from a special X-ray machine. Then she'll inject dye through the catheter to help make X-ray videos of your heart's valves, coronary arteries, and chambers.


Question: What are accessory pathway tachycardias?

Answer: You can get a rapid heart rate because there is an extra pathway between the heart's upper and lower chambers. It's just like if there was an extra road on your way home as well as your usual route, so cars can move around faster. When that happens in your heart, it can cause a fast heart rhythm, which doctors call tachycardia. The impulses that control your heart rhythm travel around the heart very quickly, making it beat unusually fast.


Question: How is an Holter monitor used to diagnose arrhythmias?

Answer: Holter monitor -- This is a portable EKG that you'll use for 1 to 2 days. You'll have electrodes taped to your skin. It's painless and you can do everything but shower while wearing the electrodes.


Question: How is an electrocardiogram used to diagnose arrhythmias?

Answer: If you do have symptoms, they may include: Palpitations (a feeling of skipped heart beats, fluttering or "flip-flops") Pounding in your chest Dizziness or feeling light-headed Fainting Shortness of breath Chest pain or tightness Weakness or fatigue (feeling very tired) To diagnose an arrhythmia or find its cause, doctors use tests including: Electrocardiogram -- Also called an EKG or ECG, this test records the electrical activity of your heart. You wear small electrode patches on your chest, arms, and legs for the quick, painless test, which you take in your doctor's office.


Question: What is an AV nodal reentrant tachycardia?

Answer: AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. This is another type of fast heartbeat. It's caused by there being an extra pathway through a part of the heart called the AV node. It can cause heart palpitations, fainting, or heart failure. In some cases, you can stop it simply by breathing in and bearing down. Some drugs can also stop this heart rhythm.


Question: What is a ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)?

Answer: A rapid heart rhythm starting from the heart's lower chambers. Because the heart is beating too fast, it can't fill up with enough blood. This can be a serious arrhythmia -- especially in people with heart disease -- and it may be linked to other symptoms.


Question: How is a stress test used to diagnose arrhythmias?

Answer: Stress test -- There are different kinds of stress tests. The goal is to check how much stress your heart can manage before having a heart rhythm problem or not getting enough blood flow to the heart. For the most common type of stress test, you'll walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike at increasing levels of difficulty while you're getting an EKG and getting your heart rate and blood pressure monitored.


Question: What are premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)?

Answer: Premature ventricular contractions ( PVCs). But sometimes, PVCs can be caused by heart disease or electrolyte imbalance. If you have a lot of PVCs, or symptoms linked to them, see a heart doctor (cardiologist).


Question: What is a pacemaker?

Answer: The pacemaker has a pulse generator (which houses the battery and a tiny computer) and wires that send impulses from the pulse generator to the heart muscle. When the heart beats too fast, you get a series of small electrical impulses to the heart muscle to restore a normal heart rate and rhythm.


Question: What should I know about arrhythmias?

Answer: It just means it's out of its normal rhythm. It may feel like your heart skipped a beat, added a beat, is "fluttering," or is beating too fast (which doctors call tachycardia) or too slow (called bradycardia). Or, you might not notice anything, since some arrhythmias are "silent." Arrhythmias can be an emergency, or they may be harmless. If you feel something unusual happening with your heartbeat, call 911 so doctors can find out why it's happening and what you need to do about it. This is another type of fast heartbeat.


Question: When should I call my doctor about arrhythmias?

Answer: If you experience this, call your doctor. Sinus node dysfunction. Heart block. There is a delay or a complete block of the electrical impulse as it travels from the heart's sinus node to its lower chambers. The heart may beat irregularly and, often, more slowly. In serious cases, you'd get a pacemaker. Some people may need a pacemaker afterward.


Question: How is benign positional vertigo treated?

Answer: The most common and effective treatment is called particle repositioning maneuvers ( Epley maneuver). A form of physical therapy for the inner ear, it can be done in outpatient setting and continued at home.


Question: How do human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) affect African-Americans?

Answer: AIDS is a leading cause of death in African- Americans, especially in young women. Part of the problem may be a lingering distrust in the black community of government sources of information and research. As a group, African- Americans are more likely to be uninsured or publicly insured than whites.


Question: How can lacking of awareness put African-Americans at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

Answer: In many ways, African- Americans have been hit harder by HIV than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. Many black people may be HIV-positive and not know it, so they continue to spread the virus while also getting sicker. Some African- Americans still mistakenly believe that HIV is a white, gay disease. Stigma around homosexuality may also silence men who have sex with men. It may be harder to find support and services to help live with HIV or AIDS and related illnesses.


Question: How is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing used as therapy?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Although research continues, EMDR remains controversial among some health care professionals. At first glance, EMDR appears to approach psychological issues in an unusual way. It does not rely on talk therapy or medications. Instead, EMDR uses a patient's own rapid, rhythmic eye movements. These eye movements dampen the power of emotionally charged memories of past traumatic events.


Question: What do the guidelines for eye movement desensitization and reprocessing recommend?

Answer: Guidelines issued by more than one professional organization have recently boosted the credibility of EMDR. These guidelines define who may benefit from the treatment. For example: The American Psychiatric Association ( APA) has noted that EMDR is effective for treating symptoms of acute and chronic PTSD. According to the APA, EMDR may be particularly useful for people who have trouble talking about the traumatic events they've experienced. The APA guidelines note that other research is needed to tell whether improvements from EMDR can be sustained over time. The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense have jointly issued clinical practice guidelines. These guidelines "strongly recommended" EMDR for the treatment of PTSD in both military and non-military populations. They also note that this approach has been as effective as other psychological treatments in some studies, and less effective in others.


Question: What other psychological problems does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing target?

Answer: Although most research into EMDR has examined its use in people with PTSD, EMDR is sometimes used experimentally to treat many other psychological problems. They include: Panic attacks Eating disorders Addictions Anxiety, such as discomfort with public speaking or dental procedures More than 20,000 practitioners have been trained to use EMDR since psychologist Francine Shapiro developed the technique in 1989.


Question: How does eye movement desensitization and reprocessing work?

Answer: Even the most enthusiastic supporters of EMDR have not agreed on how the therapy works. At this point, only theories exist. By inducing the recall of distressing events and diverting attention from their emotional consequences, EMDR in some respects borrows basic principles used in prolonged exposure therapy, the gold standard behavioral psychotherapeutic treatment of PTSD. Some therapists believe that EMDR reduces anxiety. This allows patients to better take control of their upsetting thoughts. Others simply say that we don't yet understand how EMDR works. According to the APA guidelines, EMDR needs further study to more fully understand it.


Question: What is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

Answer: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing ( EMDR) is a fairly new, nontraditional type of psychotherapy. It's growing in popularity, particularly for treating post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD). PTSD often occurs after experiences such as military combat, physical assault, rape, or car accidents.


Question: What can you expect from eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

Answer: An EMDR treatment session can last up to 90 minutes. Your therapist will move his or her fingers back and forth in front of your face and ask you to follow these hand motions with your eyes. At the same time, the EMDR therapist will have you recall a disturbing event. This will include the emotions and body sensations that go along with it. Gradually, the therapist will guide you to shift your thoughts to more pleasant ones. Some therapists use alternatives to finger movements, such as hand or toe tapping or musical tones. People who use the technique argue that EMDR can weaken the effect of negative emotions. Before and after each EMDR treatment, your therapist will ask you to rate your level of distress. The hope is that your disturbing memories will become less disabling.


Question: How effective is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing?

Answer: They include: Panic attacks Eating disorders Addictions Anxiety, such as discomfort with public speaking or dental procedures More than 20,000 practitioners have been trained to use EMDR since psychologist Francine Shapiro developed the technique in 1989. While walking through the woods one day, Shapiro happened to notice that her own negative emotions lessened as her eyes darted from side to side. Other researchers, though, have shown the treatment's effectiveness in published reports that consolidated data from several studies.


Question: What are the symptoms of Bell's palsy?

Answer: You may go to bed one night feeling fine. But when you look in the mirror the next morning, you see that part of your face seems to be drooping. Some people feel pain behind their ear 1-2 days before they notice any weakness. Others say that sounds seem much louder than normal in the days before they see any other symptoms. You might also notice the following things before the onset of Bell's palsy (remember that these symptoms will probably only happen on one side of your face): You're unable to close your eyelid or blink Your eye waters more or less than usual Drooling Difficulty chewing Decreased sense of taste Your facial muscles twitch Pain or numbness behind your ear Facial weakness and drooping typically reach their peak within a day or two.


Question: What might you notice before the onset of Bell's palsy?

Answer: You might also notice the following things before the onset of Bell's palsy (remember that these symptoms will probably only happen on one side of your face): You're unable to close your eyelid or blink Your eye waters more or less than usual Drooling Difficulty chewing Decreased sense of taste Your facial muscles twitch Pain or numbness behind your ear Facial weakness and drooping typically reach their peak within a day or two.


Question: When do you start to feel better and recover from Bell's palsy symptoms?

Answer: The symptoms of Bell's palsy tend to come on all of a sudden. You might also notice the following things before the onset of Bell's palsy (remember that these symptoms will probably only happen on one side of your face): You're unable to close your eyelid or blink Your eye waters more or less than usual Drooling Difficulty chewing Decreased sense of taste Your facial muscles twitch Pain or numbness behind your ear Facial weakness and drooping typically reach their peak within a day or two. Most people start to feel better within a couple of weeks. Some people who develop Bell's palsy have a longer recovery period.


Question: How do you treat macular degeneration?

Answer: For macular degeneration, there is currently no cure for age-related macular degeneration ( AMD), but new treatments are sometimes able to prevent severe visual loss.


Question: How do you treat astigmatism?

Answer: To treat astigmatism, the accepted prescription is a lens that will correct or neutralize the effect of the uneven cornea. Again, you will typically have a choice between glasses and contact lenses. Surgery for astigmatism can include limbal relaxing incisions, LASIK, and toric intraocular lenses.


Question: How do you treat cataracts?

Answer: With cataracts, the eye's natural lens becomes cloudy, obscuring vision. Correcting the problem was once a complex procedure requiring general anesthesia and a week of hospitalization. Today, a process called "phacoemulsification" uses ultrasound to break up the cataract and remove the tiny lens fragments through an incision so small that it usually requires no stitches. Some people mistakenly call this laser cataract surgery. The surgeon then inserts an artificial lens implant. Local anesthesia is used and the patient goes home from an outpatient facility typically within an hour or two after surgery.


Question: How are dilating eye drops used in an eye exam?

Answer: Dilating eye drops may be given in order for the doctor to complete a full exam. The purpose of dilation is to open the pupil or âwindowâ to allow a much better view of the lens, retina, and optic nerve. Although this can cause some temporary blurriness, it is a very important evaluation. Typically, sunglasses are given at the end of an exam to help protect the eyes from sensitivity after the dilation until the effect wears off.


Question: What treatments are available for age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Treatment depends on the type of AMD, but may include: Injections of medication into the eye -- to prevent the formation of new, leaky blood vessels Laser therapy -- to destroy abnormal blood vessels Photodynamic therapy -- injection of medications that are activated by light exposure Submacular surgery (very rarely done) -- to remove blood under the retina, abnormal blood vessels or scar tissue Retinal translocation (very rarely done) -- surgical rotation of the damaged retinal tissue away from the macula Low-vision aids -- to help people with partial vision make the most of their remaining vision.


Question: How can you protect yourself from age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Other ways to protect your eyes from AMD include the following: Eating vegetables high in carotenoids, such as spinach and collard greens Wearing sunglasses with an ultraviolet filter when outdoors Not smoking Having regular visits to an eye care specialist to detect AMD and other eye diseases in the early stages For retinal detachment, some cases can be corrected with laser surgery, which has a high rate of success.


Question: Why should I consider surgery to treat glaucoma?

Answer: Some patients with thin corneas and extreme nearsightedness may be better served with a variant of LASIK called PRK or they may not be good laser candidates at all. One long-term study, however, indicates that treating people with laser surgery first works just as well, if not better, to keep glaucoma in check.


Question: What do the letters of bladder cancer stages mean?

Answer: It's based on the following three key pieces of information: T ( Tumor) -- This measures how far the main tumor has grown through the bladder and whether it has spread into nearby tissues. N ( Lymph Nodes) -- These are groups of cells that fight disease. â Nâ is used to describe whether cancer has spread into lymph nodes near the bladder. M ( Metastasized) -- Doctors use this to describe whether the disease has spread into organs or lymph nodes that aren't near the bladder. Your doctor will assign a number or letter after T, N, and M. The higher the number, the more the cancer has spread.


Question: What are the stages of bladder cancer?

Answer: The stages describe how far your cancer has spread. There are two types of stages for bladder cancer -- the clinical stage and the pathologic stage. The clinical stage is your doctor's informed opinion of how far your cancer has spread. Your doctor will use this information to plan your treatment. The pathologic stage is something your doctor determines after surgery to remove the cancer. Your doctor will assign a number or letter after T, N, and M. The higher the number, the more the cancer has spread. These range from 0 to the Roman numeral IV.


Question: What do the numbers of bladder cancer stages mean?

Answer: Here's what each stage means: Stage 0: The cancer has only grown into the center of your bladder. Stage I: The cancer has grown through the inner lining of your bladder, but not the muscle of your bladder wall. Stage II: The cancer has grown through the connective tissue in your bladder and into the muscle layer of the bladder. Stage III: Cancer is now in the layer of fatty tissue that surrounds your bladder. It may also be in your prostate, uterus, or vagina. But it hasn't spread to nearby lymph nodes or to distant organs. But it hasn't spread to lymph nodes or distant organs. Cancer is now in your lymph nodes or distant sites like your bones, liver, or lungs.


Question: What causes body odor?

Answer: Sweat by itself is basically odorless. But when the bacteria that live on your skin mix with sweat, they multiply quickly and raise quite a stink. Washing thoroughly, especially the areas where you tend to sweat, can help with body odor.


Question: Can using antibacterial soap help with body odor?

Answer: But when the bacteria that live on your skin mix with sweat, they multiply quickly and raise quite a stink. Washing thoroughly, especially the areas where you tend to sweat, can help with body odor. Washing thoroughly with an antibacterial soap bar will help get rid of some bacteria, which can help with the odor. Look for the word "antibacterial" on the soap's packaging.


Question: How do deodorants or antiperspirants help with body odor?

Answer: Shower at least once a day, and you'll wash away sweat and get rid of some of the bacteria on your skin. These have aluminum chloride, a chemical that helps keep sweat at bay, and they often also have a deodorant in them. Look for ones that say they're higher strength. If you think you need more help, ask your doctor about prescription antiperspirants.


Question: What are corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: Even in a small joint, osteoarthritis ( OA) can have a big impact on your life. For instance, OA in your fingers can keep you from holding a pen or opening a jar. A stiff or sore knee can make it hard to walk. Getting a shot of corticosteroids (sometimes called a steroid shot) directly into a sore joint can ease pain quickly. Corticosteroids help fight inflammation -- the heat, redness, pain, and swelling in an injured or inflamed part of the body. Corticosteroid shots ease pain faster than anti-inflammatory pills.


Question: What precautions should be taken with corticosteroid injections for  osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: Corticosteroids help fight inflammation -- the heat, redness, pain, and swelling in an injured or inflamed part of the body. They can't repair damaged cartilage or slow the progression of arthritis. Their relief is only temporary. Most experts say you should limit injections to no more than once every three or four months. Get no more than about four shots in any one joint. If you still have joint pain after corticosteroid injections, talk with your doctor about other treatments. Depending on the joints involved, other treatment options could include joint replacement.


Question: How are corticosteroid injections for osteoarthritis (OA) given?

Answer: Most corticosteroid injections into your knee or a smaller joint, like the base of your thumb, can be done in a doctor's office. If the joint is puffy and filled with fluid, the doctor may insert a needle into the joint to remove the excess fluid. This quickly relieves some of the pain, because it reduces pressure in the joint. Next, the doctor uses a different syringe to inject the corticosteroid into the joint. Relief is almost instant, because the corticosteroid is usually mixed with a painkiller. The corticosteroid begins to curb inflammation within a few hours. The relief usually lasts from several weeks to several months. Your doctor may use imaging technology to help guide the needle into place.


Question: What are the risks of injecting corticosteroid for osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: Corticosteroids help fight inflammation -- the heat, redness, pain, and swelling in an injured or inflamed part of the body. Some can be dangerous, such as a greater risk of infection, weight gain, ulcers in your digestive tract and bleeding, osteoporosis, increases in blood pressure and blood glucose levels, and eye problems such as cataracts and glaucoma. Injecting corticosteroids directly into a joint lessens or removes most of these side effects. They include: Injury to the joint tissues, mainly with repeated injections Thinning of cartilage, the smooth covering that protects the bones in the joint Weakening of the ligaments of the joint More inflammation in the joint caused by a corticosteroid that has crystallized Irritation of the nerves, by the needle or the medication itself Infecting the joint Whitening or thinning of skin at the injection site You should not have this type of treatment if you have an infection in or around a joint or you're allergic to any of the drugs used.


Question: Is SIDS more likely in boys or girls?

Answer: You can swaddle her for warmth, but only until she learns how to roll over.


Question: Is SIDS more common among babies of certain racial or ethnic groups?

Answer: It happens most often among African- Americans, Native Americans, and Alaska natives. Doctors aren't sure why.


Question: Is co-sleeping OK to help prevent SIDS?

Answer: Sharing a room with your baby can cut her chances in half. But sleeping in the same bed with her raises her odds. Try not to fall asleep while sitting up and holding your baby.


Question: How can sleeping in the same room with my baby help prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. Sharing a room with your baby can cut her chances in half. But sleeping in the same bed with her raises her odds. Try not to fall asleep while sitting up and holding your baby.


Question: How does the mother's health affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's more likely to happen to a baby whose mother: Is younger than 20 Doesn't get good prenatal care Smokes, uses drugs, or drinks alcohol while pregnant or during baby's first year Yes.


Question: What causes sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. Some babies have a gene or a change to their genes that causes certain health problems that can lead to SIDS. Other babies are born with problems in the part of their brain that controls breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and waking from sleep. But researchers found some things that, when put together, raise a little one's risk: A hidden health problem, like brain defects Being in the first 6 months of life Stress from something like a poor sleep position, secondhand smoke, or a respiratory infection Remember, none of these by itself is enough to cause SIDS. Doctors aren't sure why.


Question: What's the safest way to let my baby sleep to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. There are a few easy things you can do to prevent SIDS and keep your little one safe: Put your baby on her back to sleep. Once she can roll over on her own, it's safe for her to sleep on her tummy. Until then, remember this phrase: âback to sleep.â It'll help keep your baby's odds of having SIDS much lower. Choose a firm, flat surface for her bed. Use tight-fitting sheets. Keep pillows, blankets, and other objects out of her sleep area until she's at least 1. You can swaddle her for warmth, but only until she learns how to roll over.


Question: How does family history affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's more likely to happen to a baby whose mother: Is younger than 20 Doesn't get good prenatal care Smokes, uses drugs, or drinks alcohol while pregnant or during baby's first year Yes.


Question: How does birth weight affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's more likely in preemies, especially those born very small, than full-term babies.


Question: How does race affect the chances of getting sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It happens most often among African- Americans, Native Americans, and Alaska natives. Doctors aren't sure why.


Question: At what age is a baby most likely to die of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?

Answer: When this happens to an infant under the age of 1, doctors refer to it as sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS. Because it often happens when a baby is asleep, you might also hear it called crib death or cot death. It's most common for babies between 1 and 4 months. But it can happen at any time during the first year of life.


Question: How can hot and cold packs be used for pain relief and soreness?

Answer: Cold numbs sore areas. Cold may reduce inflammation by constricting blood flow to the injured area. You can also use items already in your home such as: Zippable plastic freezer or storage bags filled with ice and water A wash cloth or hand towel dipped into cold water and ice A bag of frozen vegetables, such as peas or corn Heat packs relax your muscles. Heat dilates blood vessels, sending more oxygen and blood to the area. Heat also decreases the sensation of pain.


Question: What are topical painkillers?

Answer: When your joints are painful or your muscles ache, topical pain killers -- those you apply to your skin -- may offer relief. Although are all designed to relieve pain, different products use different ingredients.


Question: What things do I need to keep at home after a brow lift?

Answer: Also make sure you have the following on hand: Plenty of ice Container to use for ice or cold water Plastic freezer bags to hold the ice, or bags of frozen corn or peas to use in place of ice Pillows (you'll have to keep your head elevated for a period of time) Ointment for the incision area (which your surgeon can recommend or prescribe, if necessary) You can have the brow lift done at your surgeon's office, in a hospital, or in an outpatient surgery facility.


Question: What complications should I call a doctor about after a brow lift?

Answer: You have: Fever that climbs over 100 degrees Fahrenheit Excessive swelling or bleeding.


Question: Where should I get a brow lift and how long it will take?

Answer: Also make sure you have the following on hand: Plenty of ice Container to use for ice or cold water Plastic freezer bags to hold the ice, or bags of frozen corn or peas to use in place of ice Pillows (you'll have to keep your head elevated for a period of time) Ointment for the incision area (which your surgeon can recommend or prescribe, if necessary) You can have the brow lift done at your surgeon's office, in a hospital, or in an outpatient surgery facility. The surgery should take less than two hours, and you will not normally need to stay overnight. You will, though, need to bring someone along who can drive you home and, if you live alone, stay with you the first night or two.


Question: What does a forehead lift do?

Answer: Some people get one at the same time they get a face lift or cosmetic surgery on their nose. Your surgeon will evaluate your entire forehead region, including your upper eyelids, paying attention to the muscles.


Question: How can multiple sclerosis flare-ups be treated?

Answer: Even so, let your doctor know what's going on. Treating symptoms can shorten your flare-ups and help you recover faster. The goal is to bring down the inflammation that caused your symptoms. Your doctor will likely prescribe a steroid drug. Steroids curb inflammation and can help you get over a relapse faster. If you had a lot of nerve damage, some symptoms might not fully go away.


Question: How does relaxing prevent multiple sclerosis flare-ups?

Answer: Chill out with meditation, yoga, or anything else that's good for you and helps you unwind. Some people can't take steroids.


Question: What is the Insanity workout program?

Answer: You exercise right at home, using your own body weight for resistance. The program is based on a fitness method called "max interval training." In traditional interval training, you exercise at a very intense pace for a short period of time, and then rest for longer periods in between. The idea is to increase your aerobic fitness level while burning fat. No.


Question: Are biologics usually combined with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may hear your doctor call them by their full name -- disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.


Question: Are biologics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If your disease is more severe, or if traditional DMARDs don't help, your doctor might have you try a type of DMARD called a biologic. These strong drugs target specific substances in your immune system that cause inflammation.


Question: How do disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs help slow down the course of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These drugs slow RA's course. You may hear your doctor call them by their full name -- disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. When you have rheumatoid arthritis, your immune system -- the body's defense against germs -- attacks healthy joints by mistake. DMARDs can help control this process. They won't give you immediate relief, but over time, they can ease your pain, swelling, stiffness, and fatigue.


Question: What disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs will my doctor prescribe to treat my rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Usually, the first DMARD your doctor will prescribe is methotrexate ( Otrexup, Rheumatrex, Trexall, Rasuvo, Xatmep). You can take it as a pill or give yourself a shot. It may ease pain and swelling in your joints and make complications less likely. You'll have to get regular blood tests to make sure the drug doesn't harm your liver or reduce blood counts. Other DMARDs that slow inflammation and RA's progression include: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil) Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine, Salazopyrin, Sulfazine) Doctors often prescribe these medications in combinations.


Question: Am I likely to get an infection from biologics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Because biologics affect your immune system, you may be more likely to get an infection and certain cancers. It's also important to watch for things like fever, cough, diarrhea, or nausea. You may also get a skin reaction on parts of your body where you give yourself shots.


Question: How do biologics help treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These drugs can slow RA's activity in your body so you feel better. They also help slow joint and organ damage.


Question: Is there a way to slow down rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: But if you want to slow the disease down, you'll need to turn elsewhere. Your doctor may suggest medicine that tries to get at the root of your trouble -- an immune system that's gone a little haywire.


Question: Who should get a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?

Answer: The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force says people who should get DXA scans for bone density include: Women ages 65 or older Women ages 60 or older who have a higher chance of getting a fracture Talk to your doctor about whether the test is a good idea for you.


Question: How does a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scanner work?

Answer: A DXA scanner is a machine that produces two X-ray beams. One is high energy and the other is low energy. The machine measures the amount of X-rays that pass through the bone from each beam. This will vary depending on how thick the bone is. Based on the difference between the two beams, your doctor can measure your bone density.


Question: What are the results of a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?

Answer: For the results of your scan, you'll get a T-score. It shows how much higher or lower your bone density is than that of a healthy 30-year-old, the age when bones are at their strongest. The lower your score, the weaker your bones are: T-score of -1.0 or above = normal bone density T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 = low bone density, or osteopenia T-score of -2.5 or lower = osteoporosis Sometimes doctors will give you another DXA scan result -- a Z score. It compares your bone density to a normal score for a person of your same age and body size.


Question: What is a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?

Answer: DXA scanning focuses on two main areas -- the hip and the spine. If you can't test those, you can get a DXA scan on your forearm. It shows how much higher or lower your bone density is than that of a healthy 30-year-old, the age when bones are at their strongest.


Question: What happens during a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) scan?

Answer: Unlike some other types of tests, like MRIs or CT scans, you won't have to lie inside a closed tunnel or ring. Instead, you'll lie on an open X-ray table and try to stay still as the scanner passes over your body. When the test is over, you'll be able to go home. The machine measures the amount of X-rays that pass through the bone from each beam.


Question: What causes episodic tension headaches?

Answer: Episodic tension headaches are usually triggered by an isolated stressful situation or a build-up of stress. Daily stress can lead to chronic tension headaches.


Question: Who gets tension headaches?

Answer: Tension headaches usually don't keep a person from performing daily tasks. About 30%-80% of the adult U. S. population suffers from occasional tension headaches; approximately 3% suffer from chronic daily tension headaches.


Question: Do tension headaches keep a person from performing daily tasks?

Answer: About 30%-80% of the adult U. S. population suffers from occasional tension headaches; approximately 3% suffer from chronic daily tension headaches.


Question: What increases the severity of a tension headache?

Answer: Chronic tension headaches come and go over a prolonged period of time. The pain is usually throbbing and affects the front, top, or sides of the head. Although the pain may vary in intensity throughout the day, the pain is almost always present. Chronic tension headaches do not affect vision, balance, or strength.


Question: How often do tension headaches appear?

Answer: A tension headache may appear periodically ("episodic," less than 15 days per month) or daily ("chronic," 15 days per month or more). An episodic tension headache may be described as a mild to moderate constant band-like pain, tightness, or pressure around the forehead or back of the head and neck.


Question: How are tension headaches treated?

Answer: Other features of tension headaches may include: Headache upon awakening General muscle aches Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise Occasional dizziness Treatment for this type of headache usually includes nonprescription pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Prescription medications (antidepressants, for example) may be needed in some cases. Therapies such as stress management or biofeedback may be used in an effort to reduce or prevent tension headaches.


Question: What are the symptoms of a tension headache?

Answer: An episodic tension headache may be described as a mild to moderate constant band-like pain, tightness, or pressure around the forehead or back of the head and neck. Other features of tension headaches may include: Headache upon awakening General muscle aches Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise Occasional dizziness Treatment for this type of headache usually includes nonprescription pain relievers such as aspirin or ibuprofen.


Question: How can arthrocentesis help treat osteoarthritis?

Answer: During arthrocentesis, a sterile needle is used to remove joint fluid for analysis. Joint fluid analysis is useful in excluding gout, infection, and other causes of inflammatory arthritis. Removal of joint fluid and injection of corticosteroids into the joints during arthrocentesis may help relieve pain, swelling, and inflammation.


Question: How are X-rays used to diagnose osteoarthritis?

Answer: The common X-ray findings of osteoarthritis include loss of joint cartilage, narrowing of the joint space between adjacent bones, and bone spur formation. Simple X-ray testing can be very helpful to exclude other causes of pain in a particular joint as well as assist the decision-making as to when surgical intervention should be considered.


Question: How can arthroscopy help treatosteoarthritis?

Answer: Arthroscopy is a surgical technique whereby a doctor inserts a viewing tube into the joint space. Abnormalities of and damage to the cartilage and ligaments can be detected and sometimes repaired through the arthroscope. If successful, patients can recover from the arthroscopic surgery much more quickly than from open joint surgery.


Question: What happens if I don't have my genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) treated?

Answer: Unfortunately, despite treatment, having high-risk HPV can increase your risk of cervical, rectal, and penile cancer. But not all forms of the virus are associated with these cancers. If you have genital warts, it is important to get annual check-ups to screen for cancer.


Question: How are genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV) treated?

Answer: Unfortunately, no treatment can kill the HPV virus that causes the genital warts. Your doctor can remove the warts with laser therapy or by freezing or applying chemicals. Some prescription treatments are available for at home-use. Surgery may be necessary for genital warts that are large or difficult to treat. Still, recurrence remains a problem. You may need to return to your doctor for more treatment.


Question: What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease ( STD) in North America. Certain forms of the virus can cause cervical, rectal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer. According to the CDC, at least 50% of sexually active men and women will get a genital HPV infection at some point in their lives. After a person has been infected by HPV, it may take one to three months (or longer in some cases) for warts to appear. Some people who have been infected never get warts.


Question: What do genital warts look like?

Answer: The warts may look similar to the small parts of a cauliflower or they may be very tiny and difficult to see. They often appear in clusters of three or four, and may grow and spread rapidly. They usually are not painful, although they may cause mild pain, bleeding, and itching.


Question: How soon do warts appear after being infected by human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: After a person has been infected by HPV, it may take one to three months (or longer in some cases) for warts to appear. Some people who have been infected never get warts.


Question: What are the symptoms of genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: But when symptoms do occur, warts may be seen around the genital area. In women, warts can develop on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the cervix (the opening to the uterus), or around the anus. In men, they may be seen on the tip of the penis, the shaft of the penis, on the scrotum, or around the anus. Genital warts also can develop in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person. Because there is no way to predict whether the warts will grow or disappear, people who have been infected should be examined and treated, if necessary. Your doctor may perform the following tests to check for genital warts and/or related STDs: An examination of visible growths to see if they look like genital warts Application of a mild acetic acid (vinegar) solution to highlight less visible growths A complete pelvic exam and Pap smear (for women) A specialized test for high-risk HPV (low risk should not be screened for), collected in a way similar to a Pap smear Biopsy of cervical tissue ( if abnormal pap smear or visible abnormality) to make sure there are no abnormal cells that could develop into HPV-related cervical cancer; a cervical biopsy involves taking a small sample of tissue from the cervix and examining it under a microscope.


Question: What vaccines target genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: Two of these strains, HPV-16 and HPV-18, account for about 70% of cervical cancers. The other two strains covered by the vaccine, HPV- 6 and HPV-11, account for about 90% of genital warts. The vaccine is approved for 9- to 26-year-old females and males. It also protects against five other strains of HPV virus (31, 33, 45, 52, and 58). Cervarix is given only to females and also protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18.


Question: Is Gardasil-9 more effective than Gardasil in preventing genital warts and human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: If you have genital warts: Keep the area as dry as possible. Gardasil protects against infection from four strains of the HPV virus and offers modest protection against genital warts. It is 90% effective in protecting against cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers in females, and anal cancer in females and males as well as protecting against genital warts.


Question: What causes genital warts?

Answer: Those that show up in the genital area are caused by the human papillomavirus, commonly called HPV, and are easily transmitted by sexual contact. In women, warts can develop on the outside and inside of the vagina, on the cervix (the opening to the uterus), or around the anus.


Question: Do vaginal estrogen creams help with menopause symptoms?

Answer: As an alternative treatment for menopause symptoms of the vagina, your doctor may prescribe a vaginal estrogen cream to help stop the thinning of vaginal tissues and improve lubrication.


Question: How safe is hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as treatment for menopause?

Answer: Recently, research on HRT through the Women's Health Initiative turned up some controversial findings: Heart attacks, strokes, blood clots, and breast cancer occurred more often in women taking combination HRT. Taking estrogen alone slightly increased the risk of stroke and blood clots and didn't appear to increase or decrease the risk of heart disease. No increased risk of breast cancer was found for those women on estrogen-only therapy. Combination and estrogen-only HRT are still effective therapies for relieving menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. While not appropriate for everyone, these treatments may still have their place for some women facing menopause or menopause-related issues.


Question: How common is lung disease?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Lung diseases are some of the most common medical conditions in the world. Tens of millions of people suffer from lung disease in the U. S. Smoking, infections, and genetics are responsible for most lung diseases.


Question: What is the structure of trachea (windpipe)?

Answer: The trachea (windpipe) branches into tubes called bronchi, which in turn branch to become progressively smaller tubes throughout the lungs.


Question: What  lung diseases affect the interstitium?

Answer: The interstitium is the microscopically thin, delicate lining between the lungs' air sacs (alveoli). Tiny blood vessels run through the interstitium and allow gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood. Various lung diseases affect the interstitium: Interstitial lung disease ( ILD): A broad collection of lung conditions affecting the interstitium. Sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune disease are among the many types of ILD. Pneumonias and pulmonary edemas can also affect the interstitium.


Question: What is the main function of the lungs and how do you get lung disease?

Answer: The lungs are part of a complex apparatus, expanding and relaxing thousands of times each day to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Lung disease can result from problems in any part of this system.


Question: What type of lung diseases can affect the airways?

Answer: Diseases that affect the airways include: Asthma: The airways are persistently inflamed, and may occasionally spasm, causing wheezing and shortness of breath. Allergies, infections, or pollution can trigger asthma's symptoms. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD): Lung conditions defined by an inability to exhale normally, which causes difficulty breathing. Chronic bronchitis: A form of COPD characterized by a chronic productive cough. Emphysema: Lung damage allows air to be trapped in the lungs in this form of COPD. Difficulty blowing air out is its hallmark. Acute bronchitis: A sudden infection of the airways, usually by a virus. Cystic fibrosis: A genetic condition causing poor clearance of mucus from the bronchi.


Question: What lung diseases that affect the alveoli?

Answer: The airways eventually branch into tiny tubes (bronchioles) that dead-end into clusters of air sacs called alveoli. These air sacs make up most of the lung tissue. Lung diseases affecting the alveoli include: Pneumonia: An infection of the alveoli, usually by bacteria. Acute respiratory distress syndrome ( ARDS): Severe, sudden injury to the lungs caused by a serious illness. Pneumoconiosis: A category of conditions caused by the inhalation of a substance that injures the lungs.


Question: How do lung diseases affect the blood vessels?

Answer: The right side of the heart receives low-oxygen blood from the veins. It pumps blood into the lungs through the pulmonary arteries. These blood vessels can suffer from disease, as well. This can cause shortness of breath and chest pain. When no cause is identified, the condition is called idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension.


Question: What are symptoms of Graves' disease?

Answer: The symptoms of Graves' disease include: Weight loss despite increased appetite Faster heart rate, higher blood pressure, and increased nervousness Excessive perspiration Increased sensitivity to heat More frequent bowel movements Muscle weakness, trembling hands Development of a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling at the base of the neck).


Question: When should I call my doctor about Graves' disease?

Answer: Bulging eyes Reddish, thickened, and lumpy skin in front of the shins In women, change in frequency or total cessation of menstrual periods You are feverish, agitated, or delirious, and have a rapid pulse. You could be having a thyrotoxic crisis, in which the effects of too much thyroid hormone suddenly become life-threatening.


Question: What are skin changes that come with age?

Answer: As we grow older, changes like these naturally occur: Skin becomes rougher. Skin develops lesions such as benign tumors. Skin becomes slack. The loss of the elastic tissue (elastin) in the skin with age causes the skin to hang loosely. Skin becomes more transparent. This is caused by thinning of the epidermis (surface layer of the skin). Skin becomes more fragile. This is caused by a flattening of the area where the epidermis and dermis (layer of skin under the epidermis) come together. Skin becomes more easily bruised. This is due to thinner blood vessel walls.


Question: How does sun affect your skin?

Answer: Over time, the sun's ultraviolet ( UV) light damages certain fibers in the skin called elastin. The breakdown of elastin fibers causes the skin to sag, stretch, and lose its ability to snap back after stretching. The skin also bruises and tears more easily and takes longer to heal. So while sun damage may not show when you're young, it will later in life.


Question: What symptoms might you have if mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) spreads throughout your body?

Answer: If MAC goes all over your body, you may have: High fever or chills Night sweats Belly pain Diarrhea Weight loss Fatigue Swollen glands Fewer red blood cells (anemia) You could also have more serious symptoms like: Blood infections Hepatitis Pneumonia Many other infections can cause the same symptoms as MAC.


Question: How is a lung injury treated?

Answer: If you have mild lung injuries, you may receive oxygen through a mask or through a tube called a nasal cannula. If your injuries are more serious, you'll need a breathing machine to force air into the lungs and push fluid out. You may receive medication for pain, infections, clots or gastric reflux.


Question: What are the treatments for peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: Effective prognosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy relies heavily on the cause of the nerve damage. For example, a peripheral neuropathy caused by a vitamin deficiency can be treated -- even reversed -- with vitamin therapy and an improved diet. Likewise, nerve damage brought on by alcohol abuse can often be stopped and improved by avoiding alcohol. Peripheral neuropathy caused by toxic substances or medications can often be corrected in much the same way. When neuropathy is related to diabetes, careful monitoring of blood sugar levels may slow its progression and curb symptoms.


Question: How can peripheral neuropathy be avoided?

Answer: Some forms of peripheral neuropathy can be averted by maintaining sound health habits. Eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, and abstaining from excessive alcohol consumption can all help prevent nerve damage. Avoiding injuries and toxic chemicals and carefully managing underlying disorders, such as diabetes, can also help prevent peripheral neuropathy.


Question: How important is early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: Early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy is important, because the peripheral nerves have a limited capacity to regenerate, and treatment may only stop the progression -- not reverse damage. If you have become severely impaired, you may need physical therapy to help retain strength and avoid muscle cramping and spasms.


Question: How can diet affect your risk for prostate cancer?

Answer: Research also suggests high dietary fat may be linked to prostate cancer. Men in countries with a high-fat diet tend to eat fewer fruits and vegetables.


Question: How can race affect your risk for prostate cancer?

Answer: Prostate cancer happens about 60% more often in African- American men than in white American men. And when it is diagnosed, the cancer is more likely to be advanced. But Japanese and African men living in their native countries have low rates of prostate cancer. Numbers for these groups rise sharply when the men immigrate to the U. S. African- Americans should begin prostate cancer tests at age 50.


Question: How can family history affect your risk for prostate cancer?

Answer: Men whose relatives have had prostate cancer are considered to be at higher risk. Having a father or brother with the disease more than doubles your odds of having prostate cancer. Having a brother with prostate cancer appears to make it more likely than having an affected father does. Your chances go even higher when multiple family members are affected. Men with prostate cancer in their family should start getting screened at 40. Studies have identified several inherited genes that appear to raise the risk of prostate cancer. Experts estimate that the hereditary form of prostate cancer accounts for just 5% to 10% of all cases.


Question: How can age affect your risk for prostate cancer?

Answer: All men are at risk of having prostate cancer. The thing that raises your odds of having prostate cancer the most is age. If you're white and have no family history, your odds go up sharply at 50. But the older you are, the less aggressive the disease is, especially after 70.


Question: When should you see a doctor about an ankle sprain?

Answer: Most fully heal between 2 and 12 weeks after you hurt it. But if your pain is bothersome, especially when you put weight on the injured ankle, it's a good idea to see your doctor. She will be able to diagnose whether you have sprain and rule out any more serious injuries with similar symptoms. You should also see your doctor if the sprain doesn't seem to be improving over time. Remember, swelling is a natural response to an injury as your body rushes blood to the affected area to help heal it. Since your ankle is so far away from your heart, it takes time to pump blood to and away from the injury. Because of this, you may see swelling long after the ankle has healed. Speak to your doctor if you have: Prolonged pain Bruising Weakness Sprains can range from minor to severe.


Question: What is an ankle sprain?

Answer: This injury happens when the ligaments in your ankle tear or get stretched too much. Ligaments are the strong, stretchy bands that help stabilize your ankle. They hold the bones of your ankle together, but they allow for some movement. When there is too much movement, you may get a sprain.


Question: Where do ankle sprains most happen?

Answer: This causes the ligament on the outside of your ankle to stretch more than it is able to. Most ankle sprains happen when you're playing sports.


Question: What are the causes of an ankle sprain?

Answer: Most ankle sprains happen when you're playing sports. This is especially true for games where there's a lot of jumping or a chance of stepping on someone's foot. Those include: Basketball Soccer Volleyball Yet it's also just as easy to sprain your ankle by stepping off a curb the wrong way or taking a walk on the beach. You may have a greater chance for an ankle sprain if you've had one before. It's also more likely if you have weak muscles along the outside of the ankles. Even genetics can play a role. It's easier to turn your ankle and put strain on the ligament if your heel naturally turns more inward. That's known as âhindfoot varus.â One very clear sign of an ankle sprain is it hurts.


Question: What are symptoms of an ankle sprain?

Answer: That's known as âhindfoot varus.â One very clear sign of an ankle sprain is it hurts. A lot. Other symptoms you might have when your ankle is sprained: Tenderness to the touch Swelling Bruising Itching Cold or numb feet Stiffness If you tear your ligaments severely, you feel a pop or even hear a noise when the injury happens.


Question: What are the three grades of an ankle sprain?

Answer: Speak to your doctor if you have: Prolonged pain Bruising Weakness Sprains can range from minor to severe. Your doctor likely will put your sprain at one of three "grades" based on the amount of damage: Grade 1: Your ankle will probably feel sore and may be slightly swollen. In this case, the ligament has been overstretched but not torn. Grade 2: You have a partial tear in the ligament. This causes prolonged pain and swelling. It might prevent you from putting your full weight on the ankle. You may also notice bruising. This is because the tear has caused bleeding under your skin. Grade 3: This is a full tear of the ankle ligament. You may have heard a popping sound when it happened. This level of sprain causes severe pain, swelling and bruising. Because the ligament is no longer able to do its job, your ankle will feel unstable and will be unable to support any of your weight.


Question: What relieves symptoms of essential tremor nerve disorder?

Answer: Tremors can be classified as those that occur when: A person is moving (action tremor) A person is not moving (rest tremor) A person attempts to maintain posture against gravity (postural tremor), as in holding arms out in front of his/her body Essential Tremor is a postural tremor, so symptoms are usually relieved with rest. But as the disorder advances, the tremors of ET may begin to occur when the muscles are relaxed.


Question: What symptoms suggest essential tremor nerve disorder?

Answer: Uncontrollable tremors that occur for brief periods of time A shaking voice Nodding head Tremors that worsen during periods of emotional stress Tremors that get worse with purposeful movement Tremor lessens with rest Tremors are the only symptom ( Although rare, a person with ET may suffer from balance problems.)


Question: How can cleaning your face gently help with treating eczema?

Answer: Clean gently. Soap can irritate your skin, but washing with water alone may not be enough, especially if your face is oily. Use a gentle non-soap cleanser instead.


Question: How do steroid creams help treat eczema?

Answer: These are a key part of eczema treatment. Over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream can help with red, itchy skin. Put it on once or twice a day for several weeks. If that doesn't work well enough, you may need a stronger prescription steroid. Use it only for a short time, though, because it can thin your skin.


Question: Do humidity and temperature affect eczema?

Answer: Use only cool -- not hot -- water on your face, and for as little time as possible. Stay away from places that are too hot or activities that make you sweat. They can make you itchy. Air that's either too dry or too humid also can irritate your eczema.


Question: Does phototherapy (ultraviolet light therapy) help treat eczema?

Answer: This may help if your eczema is moderate to severe and cream medications haven't worked. Keep in mind that using this type of treatment for a long time can raise your odds for skin cancer.


Question: Does the sun help with eczema?

Answer: Some people's eczema gets worse in sunlight, while it's the opposite for others.


Question: When might I need an anti-yeast medication for eczema treatment?

Answer: Check for fungus. Your doctor may prescribe anti-yeast ointments or creams if your eczema is caused by a fungal infection. High levels of one kind of yeast normally found on skin can show up on people with atopic eczema on their heads or necks.


Question: What kinds of moisturizers help if you have eczema on your face?

Answer: The best way to keep your skin from drying out is with thick creams ( Cetaphil, Eucerin) and ointments ( Aquaphor, Vaseline), not with thinner lotions. The best time to do this is right after you wash your face. If ointments are too greasy for your face, try using them only at night.


Question: How can calcineurin inhibitors help with treating eczema on the face?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe these instead of a steroid cream. These creams and ointments block chemicals that can make your eczema flare. They're used particularly to treat eczema on your face, including your eyelids, neck, and skin folds.


Question: How can I prevent trichomoniasis?

Answer: Here are ways to prevent trichomoniasis: Use a latex condom when having sex Have a monogamous partner who is not infected Abstain from sexual activity


Question: How do I know if I have trichomoniasis?

Answer: Your safest course is to get tested if you think you may have been exposed to the parasite. Nine out of 10 people with trichomoniasis are cured with a single course of antibiotics.


Question: How is trichomoniasis treated?

Answer: Trichomoniasis occasionally shows up on Pap tests in women with no symptoms. Partners should also avoid intercourse until one week after the last dose of antibiotic. Your partner should also be treated to reduce risk of reinfection.


Question: Can heart failure affect your emotions?

Answer: Living with this condition can stir up a whole range of feelings, from fear and sadness to anxiety, depression, and even anger.


Question: Can knowing what you are dealing with in terms of heart failure, help deal with your emotions?

Answer: Also try these tips to help you manage your emotions: Know what you're dealing with. When you understand heart failure it will seem less scary. Ask your doctor about the disease and its outlook. Find out what you can do to help yourself feel better.


Question: Can talking about my heart failute help me deal with my emotions?

Answer: One of the best ways to deal with emotions like depression, anxiety, or anger is to talk about them. Turn to friends, family, co-workers, and members of your religious group for a caring shoulder to lean on.


Question: Is it important to treat your emotions if you have heart disease?

Answer: When you're diagnosed with a long-term disease like heart failure, it's normal to feel a lot of different emotions, including: Fear about the future Worry you'll lose control over your health Anger that you have heart failure, or that it interferes with your life Stress over your ability to manage your condition Loneliness because you worry other people don't understand what you're going through If you have these feelings and let them build up, it could make matters worse. Stress and anger can raise your blood pressure and make your heart work even harder. Both can be as bad for your heart as high blood pressure and cholesterol. Depression â which includes feeling sad for at least 2 weeks -- affects up to 70% of people with heart failure. If you don't treat your depression, it might be harder for you to control your heart disease.


Question: Are women who are diagnosed with heart failure more likely to be stressed and depressed than men?

Answer: Women are more likely than men to say that they feel stressed and depressed. Men can feel that way, too, but they may be less likely to say so.


Question: How do I know if I am becoming depressed by my heart failure, and what can I do?

Answer: Focus on what you can do. Don't ignore it. Watch out for the signs so you can get treated. Along with sadness, you might have: Fatigue Lack of energy Appetite loss Feelings of emptiness Loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed Trouble sleeping, or sleeping too much If these symptoms last for more than two weeks, discuss them with your doctor, a psychologist, or a therapist. The doctor might recommend treatments such as counseling or talk therapy, an antidepressant, or both.


Question: Can exercise help you deal with your emotions?

Answer: When you're diagnosed with a long-term disease like heart failure, it's normal to feel a lot of different emotions, including: Fear about the future Worry you'll lose control over your health Anger that you have heart failure, or that it interferes with your life Stress over your ability to manage your condition Loneliness because you worry other people don't understand what you're going through If you have these feelings and let them build up, it could make matters worse. Exercise.


Question: Can keeping a positive outlook help with heart failure?

Answer: Research shows people with positive outlooks are more likely to take their medicine. They also stick to heart-healthy habits like eating nutritious food and exercise. Managing your emotions is one way to gain more control so you can start to feel better. Try to find the hope in your situation. Focus on what you can do. Set goals and work toward them to give yourself a sense of purpose.


Question: How can you calm down your baby with colic?

Answer: Your baby may calm down if you: Lay him on his back in a dark, quiet room. Swaddle him snugly in a blanket. Lay him across your lap and gently rub his back. Try infant massage. Put a warm water bottle on your baby's belly. Have him suck on a pacifier. Soak him in a warm bath.


Question: When should you call the doctor about your baby's colic?

Answer: Also call your doctor if your baby: Has diarrhea, especially if you notice blood in it Doesn't eat or gain weight Has a fever of 100.4 F or more Vomits Might be sick or injured Seems less alert or more sleepy than usual


Question: How can taking a break help with your baby's colic?

Answer: Colic isn't just hard on your baby. It can wear you out, too. When the pressure of trying to calm your crying baby gets to be too much, leave him with a sitter, family member, or trusted friend and get out of the house. Even if you just go for a walk or grab lunch, take a break to relieve some stress. When no one is around to help, it's OK to leave your baby in the crib or playpen and go into another room briefly until you regroup.


Question: How can you soothe your baby with colic?

Answer: The combined warmth and rhythm may lull her to sleep. Hold and rock him or put him in a swing or stroller. Use sound to calm your baby. Fan Vacuum White-noise machine You could also try classical music or a "heartbeat soundtrack" next to the crib. It's best not to use these. When no one is around to help, it's OK to leave your baby in the crib or playpen and go into another room briefly until you regroup.


Question: What are some feeding tips to help with colic?

Answer: Some parents worry that what they feed their baby or what they eat if they are breastfeeding can upset him. Generally it's not a cause of colic, but it can cause irritation. If you think it might be the cause of your baby's crying, talk to his pediatrician. Help him swallow less air. Try a special bottle designed to reduce gas or a nipple with a smaller hole. Sit him up while he eats so he swallows less air. Remember to burp him during and after feedings. It's a big choking hazard, and it is not proven to work.


Question: What are other colic remedies?

Answer: You may have heard that some home remedies can relieve colic. Most aren't proven and they could hurt your baby. Always talk with your child's pediatrician before trying something new. These are things you may have heard about. It's a big choking hazard, and it is not proven to work. Herbal remedies such as chamomile, or gripe water. It's best not to use these. The FDA doesn't regulate over-the-counter remedies. You can't be sure what they are made of, and ingredients aren't always labeled. Some can have things in them that are very bad for your baby, like alcohol or opiates. Babies can also have allergic reactions to them. They're also not proven to work. Simethicone gas drops. These can be OK to try. But will they work? They may or may not help. When no one is around to help, it's OK to leave your baby in the crib or playpen and go into another room briefly until you regroup.


Question: What does congenital heart failure in dogs mean?

Answer: Congenital means that the dog was born with a heart defect. But old age, injury, and infection can exacerbate it. Diet and exercise play roles too.


Question: Can dogs get congestive heart failure?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Your beloved pet can have heart problems just like you. Know the symptoms so you can get your companion the help she needs. Heart disease may lead to congestive heart failure. That's when your dog's heart has trouble pumping blood to the rest of its body. Heart disease can affect one side of the heart or sometimes both sides. It can progress slowly and may take years to spot.


Question: What are the early symptoms of heart failure in dogs?

Answer: That's when your dog's heart has trouble pumping blood to the rest of its body. It can progress slowly and may take years to spot. Take notice of these early symptoms of heart problems: Coughing more than usual (during or after exercise or a few hours before bedtime) Having a hard time breathing or exercising Tiring easily Pacing before bedtime and having a hard time settling down Increased respiratory rate -- how many breaths per minute More symptoms may develop, as the disease gets worse, including: A swollen belly from fluid buildup in (called ascites) Fainting because of blocked blood flow to the brain Change in tongue or gum color to bluish gray because of poor oxygen flow Weight loss as your dog loses her ability to store healthy fat Your vet will want to know any symptoms you've noticed.


Question: What treatments can help my dog with congestive heart failure?

Answer: That's when your dog's heart has trouble pumping blood to the rest of its body. Your dog's treatment depends on what specific heart problem she has and what may be causing it. Your vet may recommend one or more of the following: Medications to help the heart work and correct irregular heartbeats Medications to slow fluid build-up in the lungs Surgery to correct a torn valve or to insert a pacemaker to correct the heart beat A commercial or prescription low-salt diet to help decrease fluid build-up in your dog's body Limited activity or exercise to manage weight without putting too much strain on your dog's heart Your vet may also recommend supplements.


Question: How is congestive heart failure in dogs diagnosed?

Answer: That's when your dog's heart has trouble pumping blood to the rest of its body. He or she will want to know what she eats, what medications and supplements she may be taking, and if she is current on heartworm protection. The vet will listen to your dog's chest and may want to run some tests, including: A blood and urine test to check for any other problems that could be affecting your dog's heart. Ultrasound uses sound waves to look at the size, shape, and movement of the heart. This is taped to your dog’s chest and worn for 24-48 hours to capture heart rhythms and rate.


Question: How do supplements help in treating congestive heart failure in dogs?

Answer: That's when your dog's heart has trouble pumping blood to the rest of its body. Dogs with congestive heart failure may benefit from vitamin B supplements, taurine (an amino acid that supports brain development), or carnitine (an amino acid that helps turn fat into energy). Antioxidants like Coenzyme Q and vitamin E may also help. Make sure to bring your dog for regular visits with your vet and stick with your treatment plan.


Question: What are the symptoms that you may see as your dog's congestive heart failure gets worse?

Answer: That's when your dog's heart has trouble pumping blood to the rest of its body. It can progress slowly and may take years to spot. Take notice of these early symptoms of heart problems: Coughing more than usual (during or after exercise or a few hours before bedtime) Having a hard time breathing or exercising Tiring easily Pacing before bedtime and having a hard time settling down Increased respiratory rate -- how many breaths per minute More symptoms may develop, as the disease gets worse, including: A swollen belly from fluid buildup in (called ascites) Fainting because of blocked blood flow to the brain Change in tongue or gum color to bluish gray because of poor oxygen flow Weight loss as your dog loses her ability to store healthy fat Your vet will want to know any symptoms you've noticed.


Question: How can vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) help with treating depression?

Answer: Vagal Nerve Stimulation ( VNS) VNS is used to treat select cases of severe or recurrent, chronic depression that does not respond to at least two antidepressant trials. This surgical treatment involves the use of a pulse generator implanted under the collar bone that sends out pulses of electricity to stimulate the vagus nerve in an attempt to affect the brain's mood centers. It typically takes at least several months for VNS to begin to show a benefit for treating depression.


Question: What are tricyclic antidepressants?

Answer: The tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs), which have been used to treat depression since the 1950s, are another option, although they are apt to have more side effects than the SSRIs. Like all antidepressant drugs, you must take them for a while before they take effect.


Question: What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) to treat depression?

Answer: The third group of antidepressants, the monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs), like phenelzine ( Nardil), tranylcypromine ( Parnate) and the skin patch EMSAM, have also proved effective. MAOIs may sometimes work more quickly than the TCAs, but they require avoiding certain foods (such as aged meats and cheeses) and certain other medicines that can also affect serotonin or raise blood pressure. MAOIs are usually prescribed only if the SSRIs and the TCAs or other depression medicines that can be simpler to take fail to bring improvement.


Question: When should you get medical help for depression?

Answer: Although very common, depression is often ignored or misdiagnosed and left untreated. Such inattention can be life-threatening; major depression, in particular, has a high suicide rate. If you or a loved one have symptoms of depression, seek help from a qualified health care provider. But if your symptoms get significantly worse or do not improve within four to eight weeks of treatment, ask your health care provider for a referral to a psychiatrist for diagnosis and treatment. Clearly, for more severe symptoms -- and always if you have thoughts about death or hurting yourself or someone else -- you should see a psychiatrist as soon as possible. Psychotherapy is an important part of treatment for depression.


Question: Can St. John's Wort treat depression?

Answer: However, to date, studies have not found r TMS to be as effective as ECT. Several studies show that the herb St. John's Wort is as successful at improving symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression as prescription medications, often with fewer side effects. Although it is considered safe, St. John's Wort can be potentially dangerous if taken with other antidepressants (especially SSRIs), including certain medications used for treating HIV, cyclosporine, a drug used in organ transplant patients, or anticoagulant drugs.


Question: When should you seek medical care for macular degeneration?

Answer: Other symptoms include: Dark, blurry areas or whiteout that appears in the center of your vision In rare cases, you may have a change in your perception of color For age-related macular degeneration, you should see a doctor called an ophthalmologist. They specialize in eye care and surgery. In general, if you're older than 45 you should get a complete eye exam and then follow-up exams every 2 to 4 years. If you have age-related macular degeneration, check your vision every day and let your doctor know if you notice any changes. Keep in mind that vision problems could also be signs of another condition besides macular degeneration. Work with your doctor to get the right treatment for you.


Question: What are the symptoms of age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: This may gradually turn into a dramatic loss of your central vision. Other symptoms include: Dark, blurry areas or whiteout that appears in the center of your vision In rare cases, you may have a change in your perception of color For age-related macular degeneration, you should see a doctor called an ophthalmologist.


Question: When should I see a doctor about age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: In general, if you're older than 45 you should get a complete eye exam and then follow-up exams every 2 to 4 years. If you have age-related macular degeneration, check your vision every day and let your doctor know if you notice any changes. Keep in mind that vision problems could also be signs of another condition besides macular degeneration.


Question: How does a urea breath test check for H. pylori?

Answer: H. pylori produces an enzyme called urease, which breaks urea down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. During the test, a tablet containing urea is swallowed and the amount of exhaled carbon dioxide is measured. This indicates the presence of H. pylori in the stomach.


Question: What is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: Your lungs each contain about 300 million tiny air sacs that fill up with oxygen every time you breathe. In healthy lungs, the walls of these air sacs are very thin, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily pass through them. When you have IPF, scar tissue forms on the air sac walls and in the spaces around them, making them thick and hard. Doctors believe that the scarring is caused by something in the body that attacks the lungs over and over, but they don't know what or why.


Question: What does idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) feel like?

Answer: This scarring makes it harder for air to pass in and out of the sacs. That's why you feel out of breath. If you have IPF, you may have rapid, shallow breathing or a dry, hacking cough that doesn't go away. When a doctor listens to your breathing through a stethoscope, he may hear a crackling noise in your lungs. You may also get "clubbing" -- a widening and rounding of your fingertips and toes. You may feel unusually tired or achy, or gradually lose weight without trying.


Question: Who can get idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: Doctors use it when they can't pinpoint the cause of a condition. IPF can run in families. Some people with the disease have one or more relatives who have it. In these cases, it's known as familial IPF. Nowadays doctors are able to diagnose IPF more quickly than before.