Question: What will the physical exam of an ankle injury be like?

Answer: The doctor will perform a physical exam, looking at or for the following: Evidence of bruising, abrasions, or cuts Swelling, bleeding, and tissue damage Pain, deformities, and the grinding or movement of broken bones of the knee, shin, ankle, and foot Pain, excess looseness of a joint, or complete tear in ligaments Fluid in the joint and joint stability Pulse and evidence of injured blood vessels Sensation and movement in both your ankle and foot If the doctor suspects a broken bone, he or she will ask for ankle X-rays.


Question: When should you see your doctor about an ankle injury?

Answer: Home care fails to reduce your pain. If you are unable to see your doctor and have any of the signs or symptoms of an ankle fracture, you should go to an emergency department as soon as possible. The following signs and symptoms call for immediate care at an emergency department: Gross deformity of the ankle bones Bones visible outside your skin Intolerable pain despite over-the-counter pain medications Inability to move your toes Inability to move your ankle at all Ankle numbness or partial numbness Cold or blue foot When a doctor evaluates your ankle, the main task is to determine if you have fractured a bone or if the joint has been damaged sufficiently to have become unstable.


Question: What are ways you can fracture your ankle?

Answer: You can do this in several ways: Rolling the ankle in or out Twisting the ankle side to side Flexing or extending the joint Applying severe force to the joint by coming straight down on it as in jumping from a high level Signs and symptoms of ankle injuries and fractures tend to be obvious. Preventing ankle fractures can be difficult.


Question: What 3 bones is the ankle joint made up of?

Answer: The ankle joint is made up of 3 bones coming together. The tibia, which is the main bone of the lower leg, makes up the medial, or inside, of the ankle joint. The fibula is a smaller bone that parallels the tibia in the lower leg and makes up the lateral, or outside, of the ankle joint. Together they form an arch that sits on top of the talus, one of the bones in the foot. These 3 bones (tibia, fibula, and talus) make up the bony elements of the ankle joint.


Question: What over-the-counter medication is ideal for an ankle injury?

Answer: Do you have any new numbness or tingling in your leg, ankle, or foot? Keep the ankle elevated to help decrease swelling and pain.


Question: How common are ankle injuries?

Answer: For the most part, your concern is the same as the doctor's: Is there a broken bone? Pain is the most common complaint.


Question: What is the follow-up care like for an ankle fracture?

Answer: Depending on the type of fracture, you may be placed in a walking cast, which can bear some weight, or you may still need a non-weight-bearing cast that will require the use of crutches to help you walk. You may need emergency surgery, next-day follow-up, or follow-up in 1-2 weeks with an orthopedic doctor. You may require only follow-up with your family doctor. You can expect most ankle fractures depending on how severe they are, to take 4-8 weeks for the bones to heal completely and up to several months to regain full use and range of motion of the joint.


Question: When should I call my doctor if my child has the flu?

Answer: Call the doctor if your child: Is under 3 months old with a fever of 100.4 degrees F or higher Is between 3 months and 36 months old with a fever of 102.2 degrees or higher Has a fever higher than 104 degrees Is very ill, drowsy, or fussy, not acting normally, has a fever that lasts more than 24 hours (in a child under age 2) or 3 days (in an older child), or has a fever that keeps getting higher Has other medical conditions, other symptoms, or has a seizure Vomiting or belly pain Earache or other symptoms not typical of the flu For body aches, doctors suggest you give your child over-the-counter ( OTC) acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen sodium.


Question: Does elderberry help with the flu?

Answer: Some research shows elderberry extract might help if you take it within the first 24 to 48 hours after you start to feel flu symptoms. There aren't any known side effects if you use it for 5 days or less. Don't eat the plant -- it can make you sick to your stomach.


Question: Why is it important to read the labels on flu medicine?

Answer: Some products may have side effects you don't want. Some antihistamines can make you drowsy. That's why they're usually only in nighttime cold medicines. Decongestants can boost your blood pressure, so skip them if you have heart disease or high blood pressure. They might make you jittery or nervous, or keep you awake at night.


Question: Are there prescription medications for the flu?

Answer: Your doctor can give you drugs that help fight the flu and ease your symptoms. But you should take them within the first 48 after you start to feel sick. Baloxavir marboxil ( Xofluza) and oseltamivir ( Tamiflu) are medications you take by mouth, zanamivir ( Relenza) is inhaled, and peramivir ( Rapivab) is given into a vein.


Question: Can vitamin and mineral supplements help the flu?

Answer: Your doctor can give you drugs that help fight the flu and ease your symptoms.


Question: Can I give my child over-the-counter cough medicine?

Answer: Don't give OTC cough medicines to kids under 4. They don't work. Homemade cough remedies with honey do help. After your child is 1 year old, you can use ½ to 1 teaspoon of honey as needed. It can help thin the mucus and ease the cough. Never give honey to children under 1 year old -- it can be toxic to them.


Question: Should you take multi-symptom relievers for the flu?

Answer: But if you have only one or two complaints, pick a medicine that only treats what's bothering you.


Question: Does oscillococcinum help with the flu?

Answer: Your doctor may be more likely to prescribe one if your illness is severe or to people who are: Children under 5 Adults age 65 or older People with asthma, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions Pregnant women or those who delivered within 2 weeks Nursing home residents American Indians/ Alaska Natives People who are extremely obese People with weakened immune systems Oscillococcinum is popular in Europe and has gained fans in the U. S. Studies have shown it may shorten your case of the flu and ease your symptoms, but there's no proof that it prevents the flu.


Question: How do licorice and elm lozenges and ginger tea help the flu?

Answer: Other herbal remedies that may help when you have flu include: Lozenges with slippery elm: They may help sore throats and coughs from all that gunk running down the back of your throat. ( Doctors call this postnasal drip.) Ginger tea: It may help with nausea. One word of warning: There's no hard proof that these herbal treatments really work against the flu.


Question: Do over-the-counter medicines work for the flu?

Answer: Get up when you feel you can.


Question: Who is most likely to receive prescription medication for the flu?

Answer: Your doctor may be more likely to prescribe one if your illness is severe or to people who are: Children under 5 Adults age 65 or older People with asthma, diabetes, or other chronic medical conditions Pregnant women or those who delivered within 2 weeks Nursing home residents American Indians/ Alaska Natives People who are extremely obese People with weakened immune systems Oscillococcinum is popular in Europe and has gained fans in the U. S. Studies have shown it may shorten your case of the flu and ease your symptoms, but there's no proof that it prevents the flu.


Question: What should I do if I think I am getting the flu?

Answer: The first step in treating this illness is to take good care of yourself. If you have symptoms -- fever, chills, aches, and feeling bad all over -- doctors say you should rest, eat healthy food, and drink more fluids than you usually do. A fever can dry out your system, so you need to replace what you're losing. Water and broth are fine, especially if you don't really want to eat. It's best to give your body a rest. So if you don't feel much like moving around, it's fine to stay in bed. Get up when you feel you can. Don't exercise if you have chest congestion, a hacking cough, body aches, or fever.


Question: What should I give my child for body aches due to the flu?

Answer: Call the doctor if your child: Is under 3 months old with a fever of 100.4 degrees F or higher Is between 3 months and 36 months old with a fever of 102.2 degrees or higher Has a fever higher than 104 degrees Is very ill, drowsy, or fussy, not acting normally, has a fever that lasts more than 24 hours (in a child under age 2) or 3 days (in an older child), or has a fever that keeps getting higher Has other medical conditions, other symptoms, or has a seizure Vomiting or belly pain Earache or other symptoms not typical of the flu For body aches, doctors suggest you give your child over-the-counter ( OTC) acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen sodium. Don't give aspirin to anyone under 19 years old. It's linked with Reye's syndrome, a sometimes fatal illness that affects children and teens. To avoid stomach upset, take ibuprofen with food.


Question: Should you take fever reducers if you have the flu?

Answer: Some antihistamines can make you drowsy. But if you feel lousy you may want to take one anyway. Fever makes your heart and lungs work harder, so these meds may be a good idea for older people and those with heart or lung disease. If your fever is high or doesn't get better after 2 or 3 days, call your doctor to see if you need an office visit. Call the doctor if your child: Is under 3 months old with a fever of 100.4 degrees F or higher Is between 3 months and 36 months old with a fever of 102.2 degrees or higher Has a fever higher than 104 degrees Is very ill, drowsy, or fussy, not acting normally, has a fever that lasts more than 24 hours (in a child under age 2) or 3 days (in an older child), or has a fever that keeps getting higher Has other medical conditions, other symptoms, or has a seizure Vomiting or belly pain Earache or other symptoms not typical of the flu For body aches, doctors suggest you give your child over-the-counter ( OTC) acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen sodium. Your doctor can give you drugs that help fight the flu and ease your symptoms.


Question: Does echinacea help with the flu?

Answer: One sticking point: No one is sure which is the best echinacea species, plant part, active ingredient, or how much you should take. Don't take it if you're allergic to ragweed. There are lots of studies that suggest vitamin C and zinc can ease cold symptoms and maybe shorten the illness -- but there isn't a lot to show that they help treat the flu.


Question: What are normal flu symptoms?

Answer: Normal flu symptoms include: High fever Headache Tiredness (can be extreme) Cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose Body aches Although flu vaccines can prevent certain strains, there's not much you can do after you get sick.


Question: How long does the flu typically last?

Answer: People typically recover after about a week or two without any lasting problems. But sometimes this illness can lead to serious complications that require emergency care.


Question: What do you do if the flu is causing symptoms of an emergency?

Answer: If you or a family member has any signs or symptoms of a flu emergency, call 911 right away or go to the emergency room.


Question: What is the best way to get rid of the flu?

Answer: Normal flu symptoms include: High fever Headache Tiredness (can be extreme) Cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose Body aches Although flu vaccines can prevent certain strains, there's not much you can do after you get sick. If you take them within 48 hours after symptoms start, drugs like oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), and zanamivir ( Relenza) may ease some symptoms. You can also: Take over-the-counter painkillers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen, to relieve body aches, headache, and fever. Take over-the-counter antihistamines and decongestants to help with congestion. Drink lots of fluids. Get plenty of rest.


Question: Is the flu more like a cold or a stomach bug?

Answer: The flu can be hard to tell from a cold. But it usually comes on faster and is more severe. The so-called "stomach flu" isn't the same as influenza. The flu very rarely causes tummy trouble in adults.


Question: What is Reye's syndrome?

Answer: Coughing up blood Croup, which causes a loud barking cough Wheezing Trouble breathing, shortness of breath, or rapid breathing Pain or pressure in the chest Confusion Bluish-colored lips or nails High fever Convulsions from fever (this usually affects children) Fever or cough that becomes severe or won't go away This serious illness occurs most often in children. It may follow infection with the flu or other viral diseases like chickenpox. It often happens after the child takes aspirin. Reye's syndrome affects the liver and brain. It's rare, but it can be life threatening.


Question: How many people are hospitalized or die from the flu?

Answer: Tens of thousands die. Infants, the elderly, and people with certain diseases or weakened immune systems are the most at risk. But a flu emergency can happen to anyone. So it's important to know the signs of trouble. The flu very rarely causes tummy trouble in adults.


Question: How do you get the flu?

Answer: The so-called "stomach flu" isn't the same as influenza. You might need antibiotics if you get a secondary infection in your ear, sinuses, or lungs (like pneumonia or bronchitis). Usually, you don't need to see the doctor if you get the flu.


Question: Can I get antibiotics for the flu?

Answer: They only work against bacteria, and the flu is caused by a virus. You might need antibiotics if you get a secondary infection in your ear, sinuses, or lungs (like pneumonia or bronchitis). Don't wait.


Question: What are some serious complications of the flu?

Answer: But sometimes this illness can lead to serious complications that require emergency care. If untreated, it can be life-threatening. Muscle inflammation (myositis) Central nervous system diseases Heart problems like heart attacks, inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis), and inflammation of the sac around the heart (pericarditis) Worsening of chronic medical conditions like congestive heart failure, asthma, or diabetes If you or your child get any of the following symptoms, get medical care at once.


Question: How is Lichen planus linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: This disease appears as purplish bumps that usually start on the wrist but can pop up anywhere. It can cause lacy-looking patches or sores inside your mouth, too. It's not clear what causes it, but many people with lichen planus also have hepatitis C. Treatment includes: Steroids to ease swelling and redness Antihistamines if it itches Light therapy ( PUVA) to help clear the skin Retinoic acid ointment or pills Some creams and ointments that treat eczema If you have it in your mouth, avoid things that can make it worse, including tobacco, citrus fruits, and tomatoes.


Question: What should you know about hepatitis C and your skin?

Answer: Bumps, rashes, and itchy spots may be the first signs you notice of this infection. Most people who've been infected with the hepatitis C virus go for a long time before they know they have it. That's because there usually aren't any symptoms for years. By the time you notice changes on your skin, that's a sign the virus has already damaged your liver. If you notice any of these skin problems, see your doctor. Taking medicine to treat the virus may clear your skin and prevent other health problems, too.


Question: How is purpura (blood spots) linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: Medicine to flush porphyrins out of your liver and into your pee Protecting your skin from the sun with sunscreen and staying out of the sun as much as possible These red or purple blotches can be as small as a pinhead or as big as half an inch. They can hurt or itch. For people with hepatitis C, the rash is usually a symptom of cryoglobulinemia. It's a blood vessel problem that happens when proteins in your blood stick together in cold weather. The clumps build up in small and medium vessels, which block blood flow. Medication that targets the hep C virus can take care of the problem. If you have lots of purpura or other issues from cryoglobulinemia, your doctor may give you steroid medicine, too.


Question: How is jaundice linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: If you have it, you may notice that your skin and the whites of your eyes look yellowish. This happens when your liver doesn't work well enough to break down a chemical called bilirubin. If too much of it builds up in your blood, your skin can turn yellow. Jaundice can show up soon after you're infected with hepatitis C. It can also appear after years of the infection and cirrhosis. See your doctor if you think you have it. To treat the condition, you'll need to treat the hep C infection and liver damage that's causing it.


Question: How is necrolytic acral erythema linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: This rare skin condition may be an early sign of a hepatitis C infection. It causes skin patches on the feet or hands that look like psoriasis. The cause isn't clear, but zinc supplements seem to clear it up quickly.


Question: How is itching linked to hepatitis C?

Answer: Talk to your doctor if the problem is very bad. Some prescription medicines can help. Oatmeal baths, moisturizers, antihistamines, and cortisone creams can bring relief, too. And if you smoke, quitting can ease some of your itching. The clumps build up in small and medium vessels, which block blood flow. Like all medications, some hepatitis C treatments can cause side effects. A dry, itchy rash on your hands and feet.


Question: How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Answer: People with type 1 diabetes produce no insulin and must use insulin injections to control their blood sugar.


Question: What are symptoms of gestational diabetes?

Answer: Most often, there are no symptoms or a very gradual development of the above symptoms. Other symptoms may include: Slow-healing sores or cuts Itching of the skin (usually in the vaginal or groin area) Yeast infections Recent weight gain Numbness or tingling of the hands and feet Impotence or erectile dysfunction With gestational diabetes, there are often no symptoms. If you do have symptoms, they might include: Increased thirst Increased urination Increased hunger Blurred vision Pregnancy causes most women to have to urinate more often and to feel hungrier, so having these symptoms does not always mean that you have gestational diabetes. But it is important to get tested, because high blood sugar can cause problems for both you and your baby.


Question: Who is at risk for gestational diabetes?

Answer: However, women who have had gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.


Question: How common is type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Approximately 30.3 million people in the U. S. have diabetes, and the great majority of them have type 2 diabetes. While most of these cases can be prevented, it remains for adults the leading cause of diabetes-related complications such as blindness, non-traumatic amputations, and chronic kidney failure. Type 2 diabetes usually occurs in people over age 40 who are overweight, but it can occur in people who are not overweight. In the past, it was referred to as "adult-onset diabetes," but now it has started to appear more often in children because of the rise in obesity in young people.


Question: How common is prediabetes?

Answer: In the U. S., 84.1 million adults have blood sugar levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. This is known as prediabetes, or impaired glucose tolerance. While people with prediabetes usually have no symptoms, it's almost always present before a person develops type 2 diabetes. However, complications normally associated with diabetes, such as heart disease, can begin to develop even when a person has only pre-diabetes.


Question: What are symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Answer: They include: Increased thirst Increased hunger (especially after eating) Dry mouth Frequent urination Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating and feel hungry) Fatigue (weak, tired feeling) Blurred vision The symptoms of type 2 diabetes may be the same as those listed above. Diabetes can't be cured, but it can be treated and controlled.


Question: How is diabetes treated?

Answer: Maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as near their normal ranges as possible by following a healthy eating plan low in processed foods, added sugars, and saturated fat. Work with your doctor to build a diabetes treatment plan that will guide you in: Planning what you eat and following a balanced meal plan Exercising regularly Taking medicine, if prescribed, and closely following the guidelines on how and when to take it Monitoring your blood glucose and blood pressure levels at home Keeping your appointments with your health care providers Getting lab tests when needed Remember: What you do at home every day affects your blood sugar more than what your doctor can do every few months during your checkups.


Question: What are symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

Answer: The symptoms of type 1 diabetes often occur suddenly and can be severe. Other symptoms may include: Slow-healing sores or cuts Itching of the skin (usually in the vaginal or groin area) Yeast infections Recent weight gain Numbness or tingling of the hands and feet Impotence or erectile dysfunction With gestational diabetes, there are often no symptoms.


Question: When is gestational diabetes diagnosed and does it go away after birth?

Answer: Usually, blood sugar levels return to normal within six weeks of childbirth. However, women who have had gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. But it is important to get tested, because high blood sugar can cause problems for both you and your baby.


Question: Can I prevent acute bronchitis?

Answer: Here are some ways to lower your chances of getting bronchitis: Avoid cigarette smoke. Get the flu vaccine, since you might get bronchitis from the flu virus. Make sure your pertussis vaccine is up to date. Wash your hands often. Wear a mask when you're around things that bother your lungs, such as paint fumes.


Question: What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?

Answer: You'll definitely have a cough, and you may have various problems with breathing, such as: Chest congestion, where your chest feels full or clogged A cough that may bring up a lot of mucus that's clear, white, yellow, or green Shortness of breath A wheezing or a whistling sound when you breathe You may also: Have body aches and chills Feel âwiped outâ Run a low fever Have a runny, stuffy nose Have a sore throat Even after the other symptoms are gone, the cough can last for a few weeks while your bronchial tubes heal and the swelling goes down. If it goes on much longer than that, the problem might be something else. Call your doctor if your cough: Brings up blood or mucus that thickens or darkens Keeps you awake at night Lasts more than 3 weeks Causes chest pain Has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak Comes along with unexplained weight loss You'll also want to call your doctor if you have a cough and you have: A foul-tasting fluid in your mouth (could be reflux) Fever over 100.4 F Wheezing or shortness of breath If you are 75 or older and you have an ongoing cough, you should call your doctor to figure out whether a visit is needed.


Question: When should I call my doctor about acute bronchitis?

Answer: Call your doctor if your cough: Brings up blood or mucus that thickens or darkens Keeps you awake at night Lasts more than 3 weeks Causes chest pain Has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak Comes along with unexplained weight loss You'll also want to call your doctor if you have a cough and you have: A foul-tasting fluid in your mouth (could be reflux) Fever over 100.4 F Wheezing or shortness of breath If you are 75 or older and you have an ongoing cough, you should call your doctor to figure out whether a visit is needed. Bronchitis can lead to pneumonia, though this is rare. Usually, it doesn't cause any other problems.


Question: What causes acute bronchitis?

Answer: Most often, the same viruses that give you a cold or the flu also cause bronchitis. Sometimes, though, bacteria are to blame. In both cases, as your body fights off the germs, your bronchial tubes swell and make more mucus. That means you have smaller openings for air to flow, which can make it harder to breathe.


Question: What should my breast cancer surgeon provide before surgery?

Answer: Before surgery, your surgeon should provide: Specific instructions to follow in the days before surgery An overview of the surgical procedures Information about recovery and follow-up care After surgery, watch for complications such as infection or lymphedema, swelling in your arm or hand.


Question: What questions should I ask to my breast cancer surgeon?

Answer: What are the risks? How do they compare with the benefits? How do I prepare for surgery? What type of anesthesia will I have? What happens during and right after surgery? Who do I talk to about breast reconstruction? How long will I be in the hospital? Are there any complications? When can I go back to work and resume normal activities? What are the risks of lymphedema?


Question: What is compartment syndrome?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Compartment syndrome occurs when excessive pressure builds up inside an enclosed muscle space in the body. Compartment syndrome usually results from bleeding or swelling after an injury. The dangerously high pressure in compartment syndrome impedes the flow of blood to and from the affected tissues. It can be an emergency, requiring surgery to prevent permanent injury.


Question: What happens in compartment syndrome?

Answer: Groups of organs or muscles are organized into areas called compartments. Strong webs of connective tissue called fascia form the walls of these compartments. After an injury, blood or edema (fluid resulting from inflammation or injury) may accumulate in the compartment. The tough walls of fascia cannot easily expand, and compartment pressure rises, preventing adequate blood flow to tissues inside the compartment. Severe tissue damage can result, with loss of body function or even death. The legs, arms, and abdomen are most prone to developing compartment syndrome.


Question: How is compartment syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: Doctors or family may notice the abdominal compartment syndrome symptoms and signs: A tense, distended abdomen Wincing when the abdomen is pressed Urine output that slows down or stops Low blood pressure A doctor may suspect compartment syndrome based on the type of injury, a person's description of symptoms, and a physical exam. A plastic catheter can also be inserted to monitor the compartment pressure continuously. In suspected abdominal compartment syndrome, a pressure monitor can be inserted into the bladder through a urinary catheter. Laboratory and imaging tests can support the diagnosis of compartment syndrome. But no single test other than a direct pressure measurement can make the abdominal compartment syndrome diagnosis.


Question: How can chewing give you headaches?

Answer: Chewing gum can hurt not just your jaw, but your head as well. The same is true for chewing your fingernails, lips, the inside or your cheeks, or handy objects like pens. Avoid crunchy and sticky foods, and make sure you take small bites. If you grind your teeth at night, ask your dentist about a mouth guard. This may curb your early-morning headaches.


Question: Do you need to see a doctor about your headache?

Answer: Headaches happen. The good news is there are several simple things you can do to ease the pain without a trip to the doctor or drugstore. Try these tips and get to feeling better fast.


Question: Can chewing gum cause a headache?

Answer: Chewing gum can hurt not just your jaw, but your head as well. The same is true for chewing your fingernails, lips, the inside or your cheeks, or handy objects like pens. Avoid crunchy and sticky foods, and make sure you take small bites. If you grind your teeth at night, ask your dentist about a mouth guard. This may curb your early-morning headaches.


Question: Can a cold pack treat a migraine?

Answer: If you have a migraine, place a cold pack on your forehead. Ice cubes wrapped in a towel, a bag of frozen peas, or even a cold shower may lessen the pain. Keep the compress on your head for 15 minutes, then take a break for 15 minutes.


Question: Can reducing light in my environment help my headache?

Answer: If you're prone to them, cover your windows with blackout curtains during the day. Wear sunglasses outdoors. You might also add anti-glare screens to your computer and use daylight-spectrum fluorescent bulbs in your light fixtures.


Question: How can you treat a migraine at home?

Answer: If you have a migraine, place a cold pack on your forehead. Ice cubes wrapped in a towel, a bag of frozen peas, or even a cold shower may lessen the pain. Keep the compress on your head for 15 minutes, then take a break for 15 minutes.


Question: What medications should you take to get rid of a headache?

Answer: If your ponytail is too tight, it could cause a headache. They may work, but to get the most benefit with the least risk, follow the directions on the label and these guidelines: Choose liquid over pills. Your body absorbs it faster. Take painkillers as soon as you feel pain. You'll likely beat it with a smaller dose. Ask your doctor what to take to avoid a rebound headache -- pain that sets in after a few days of taking pain relievers.


Question: Can letting down my hair help my headache?

Answer: These "external compression headaches" can also be brought on by wearing a hat, headband, or even swimming goggles that are too tight. In one study, women who loosened their hair saw their headache disappear. If you get it early enough, it could ease your headache pain.


Question: Can a heating pad treat a tension headache?

Answer: If you have a migraine, place a cold pack on your forehead. If you have a sinus headache, hold a warm cloth to the area that hurts. A warm shower might also do the trick.


Question: What guidelines should I follow when I take medications for my headache?

Answer: If your ponytail is too tight, it could cause a headache. They may work, but to get the most benefit with the least risk, follow the directions on the label and these guidelines: Choose liquid over pills. Your body absorbs it faster. Take painkillers as soon as you feel pain. You'll likely beat it with a smaller dose. Ask your doctor what to take to avoid a rebound headache -- pain that sets in after a few days of taking pain relievers.


Question: How can you treat a tension headache at home?

Answer: If you have a migraine, place a cold pack on your forehead. If you have a sinus headache, hold a warm cloth to the area that hurts. A warm shower might also do the trick.


Question: Is there medication I can take for my bone spur?

Answer: To relieve pain and bring down swelling, you can try one of these over-the-counter pain relievers: Acetaminophen ( Tylenol) Ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) Naproxen sodium ( Aleve) These can cause side effects, especially if you take them in large doses or for long periods of time. If you've taken them for more than a month, ask your doctor if you can try a different treatment. Other therapies for bone spurs include: Rest Steroid shots to bring down swelling and reduce pain in the joints Physical therapy to improve joint strength and increase movement If these treatments don't work or the bone spur affects your movement, you might need surgery to remove the extra bone.


Question: How are bone spurs diagnosed?

Answer: Often, bone spurs are first evaluated by your regular doctor who will likely refer you to a specialist. He may also order an X-ray to help him to see the bone spur better. Other tests your doctor can use to diagnose bone spurs include: CT scan. It's a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. MRI . This uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and structures inside your body. Electroconductive tests. These tests measure how fast your nerves send electrical signals. They can show the damage bone spurs have caused to nerves in your spinal canal.


Question: What causes bone spurs?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and gout can also damage your joints. Bone spurs also often form after an injury to a joint or tendon. When your body thinks your bone is damaged, it tries to fix it by adding bone to the injured area. Other causes of bone spurs include: Injuries Overuse â for example, if you run or dance a lot over a long period of time Genes Diet Obesity Bone problems that you were born with Narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) You might not realize you have a bone spur until you get an X-ray to look for another condition. If you catch and treat arthritis early, you may be able to prevent the damage that leads to bone spurs.


Question: How can a yeast infection cause a rash on your penis?

Answer: A painful rash and redness on the underside of your penis or the head of your penis can signal a yeast infection. Yeast is a common fungus, but when it grows too much, it can cause problems. A number of things can cause it to multiply, like humid conditions or if you have a weak immune system. Certain antibiotics can kill the bacteria that normally keep yeast growth in check, leading to a yeast infection.


Question: How can sexually transmitted diseases cause a rash on your penis?

Answer: If you have sex with someone who has an infection or disease on their genitals, you can get it, too. Common STDs that might cause you to develop a rash on your penis include: Scabies . These tiny mites burrow under your skin and lay eggs, causing an acne-like rash and fierce itching. You get scabies by having skin-on-skin contact for an extended period of time with someone who has it. That's why a common way to get it is through sex. The itching can get worse at night. Scratching the area can lead to sores, which can become infected. Syphilis . Condyloma lata rash is linked to the secondary stage of this STD. It causes large, raised gray or white lesions on the genitals. You can get it if your penis has direct contact with a syphilis sore (called a chancre) during sex. Chancres don't itch, so you might not know you have one. Still, syphilis can lead to serious health problems. Genital herpes may cause ithcing, pain and sores in your genital area. If you have this diease, you may have no obvious signs or symptoms. You can be contagious even if you have no visible sores. There is no cure for genital herpes. But medications can help reduce the symptoms and the risk of spreading the infection to others.


Question: How can a drug rash appear on your penis?

Answer: Certain medications can trigger a rash. You might be allergic, or it could be a side effect of the medication. Anti-inflammatory medications, antibiotics, and pain relievers like Tylenol can cause what doctors call âfixed drug eruptions.â These affect the genitals and can cause swollen, red plaques with a gray center. They can also cause blisters and dark areas that appear once the inflammation goes away. The type of reaction you have, how soon it shows up, and how severe it is depend on the medication.


Question: What should you know about a rash on your penis?

Answer: It can happen, and many things can cause it. A rash can show up as red, itchy patches on the tip of your penis or on the shaft. It might appear as smooth, pink splotches, tiny bumps, or puffy welts. Rashes may be harmless or serious. They can come and go quickly, or linger.


Question: How can balanitis cause a rash on your penis?

Answer: Bacteria, sweat, and dead skin cells can build up and make the skin covering the head of the penis swell. This can lead to itching, rash, redness, and discharge under the foreskin. It can also hurt. You have a higher chance of getting it if you have diabetes. That's because the sugar in your urine collects under your foreskin, where bacteria begin to breed. You can get it whether your penis has been circumcised or not. That's why a common way to get it is through sex. A painful rash and redness on the underside of your penis or the head of your penis can signal a yeast infection.


Question: How can contact dermatitis cause a rash on your penis?

Answer: But on your penis? A rash can show up as red, itchy patches on the tip of your penis or on the shaft. If you develop a rash, think of any new products you might have used recently. Stop using them to see if your symptoms improve.


Question: When should you call your doctor about a rash on your penis?

Answer: But on your penis? See your doctor right away if you have the following symptoms: The rash is painful It's on other parts of your body too, appears suddenly, or is spreading quickly (these are signs of an allergic reaction) The rash looks like blisters, or is turning into sores Your penis feels warm or swollen, or the rash crusts over The rash leaks green or yellow fluid A red streak appears on your penis Go to the emergency room if you have a rash on your penis and a fever. This could signal an allergic reaction or severe infection.


Question: How is cardiac rehabilitation used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Some common types are: ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) Aldosterone antagonists ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) ARNIs (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors) Beta-blockers Blood vessel dilators Digoxin Calcium channel blockers Diuretics Heart pump medications Potassium or magnesium Selective sinus node inhibitors It's a program to help you exercise safely and keep up a heart-healthy lifestyle. It usually includes workouts that are designed just for you, education, and tips to lower your chance of heart trouble, like quitting smoking or changing your diet. Cardiac rehab also offers emotional support. You can meet others like you who can help you stay on track.


Question: When should you get emergency care for heart failure?

Answer: Call him right away if you have: Unexplained weight gain -- 2 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week Swelling in your ankles, feet, legs, or belly that gets worse Shortness of breath that gets worse or happens more often, especially if you wake up feeling that way Bloating with a loss of appetite or nausea Extreme fatigue or more trouble finishing your daily activities A lung infection or a cough that gets worse Fast heart rate (above 100 beats per minute, or a rate noted by your doctor) New irregular heartbeat Chest pain or discomfort during activity that gets better if you rest Trouble breathing during regular activities or at rest Changes in how you sleep,like having a hard time sleeping or feeling the need to sleep a lot more than usual Less of a need to pee Restlessness, confusion Constant dizziness or light-headedness Nausea or poor appetite Go to your local emergency room or call 911 if you have: New, unexplained, and severe chest pain that comes with shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, or weakness Fast heart rate (more than 120-150 beats per minute, or a rate noted by your doctor) -- especially if you are short of breath Shortness of breath that doesn't get better if you rest Sudden weakness, or you can't move your arms or legs Sudden, severe headache Fainting spells


Question: When should I get emergency care for heart failure?

Answer: Call him right away if you have: Unexplained weight gain -- 2 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week Swelling in your ankles, feet, legs, or belly that gets worse Shortness of breath that gets worse or happens more often, especially if you wake up feeling that way Bloating with a loss of appetite or nausea Extreme fatigue or more trouble finishing your daily activities A lung infection or a cough that gets worse Fast heart rate (above 100 beats per minute, or a rate noted by your doctor) New irregular heartbeat Chest pain or discomfort during activity that gets better if you rest Trouble breathing during regular activities or at rest Changes in how you sleep,like having a hard time sleeping or feeling the need to sleep a lot more than usual Less of a need to pee Restlessness, confusion Constant dizziness or light-headedness Nausea or poor appetite Go to your local emergency room or call 911 if you have: New, unexplained, and severe chest pain that comes with shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, or weakness Fast heart rate (more than 120-150 beats per minute, or a rate noted by your doctor) -- especially if you are short of breath Shortness of breath that doesn't get better if you rest Sudden weakness, or you can't move your arms or legs Sudden, severe headache Fainting spells


Question: How much salt can you have if you have heart failure?

Answer: If you have heart failure, you should have no more than 1,500 milligrams of salt every day.


Question: What medicines are used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Some common types are: ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) Aldosterone antagonists ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) ARNIs (angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors) Beta-blockers Blood vessel dilators Digoxin Calcium channel blockers Diuretics Heart pump medications Potassium or magnesium Selective sinus node inhibitors It's a program to help you exercise safely and keep up a heart-healthy lifestyle.


Question: When should you call your doctor about heart failure?

Answer: If you have anything unusual, don't wait until your next appointment to discuss it with your doctor. Call him right away if you have: Unexplained weight gain -- 2 pounds in a day or 5 pounds in a week Swelling in your ankles, feet, legs, or belly that gets worse Shortness of breath that gets worse or happens more often, especially if you wake up feeling that way Bloating with a loss of appetite or nausea Extreme fatigue or more trouble finishing your daily activities A lung infection or a cough that gets worse Fast heart rate (above 100 beats per minute, or a rate noted by your doctor) New irregular heartbeat Chest pain or discomfort during activity that gets better if you rest Trouble breathing during regular activities or at rest Changes in how you sleep,like having a hard time sleeping or feeling the need to sleep a lot more than usual Less of a need to pee Restlessness, confusion Constant dizziness or light-headedness Nausea or poor appetite Go to your local emergency room or call 911 if you have: New, unexplained, and severe chest pain that comes with shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, or weakness Fast heart rate (more than 120-150 beats per minute, or a rate noted by your doctor) -- especially if you are short of breath Shortness of breath that doesn't get better if you rest Sudden weakness, or you can't move your arms or legs Sudden, severe headache Fainting spells


Question: What are the symptoms of vulvodynia?

Answer: These are the most common symptoms of vulvodynia: Burning, stinging, or rawness Aching, soreness, or throbbing Itching You may feel symptoms of vulvodynia: All the time or just once in a while During activities such as exercise, intercourse, or walking -- or even while at rest While bicycling, inserting tampons, or even sitting In one specific area or throughout your entire vulva A burning pain is the single most common symptom of vulvodynia.


Question: What are home remedies for vulvodynia pain?

Answer: These steps may help relieve vulvar pain: Soak in lukewarm or cool sitz baths. After intercourse, apply ice or a frozen gel pack wrapped inside a hand towel. Alternatively, topical heat applied with a heating pad can reduce pain in some women with vulvodynia. Try relaxation techniques.


Question: Can surgery help vulvodynia?

Answer: Physical therapy, which involves exercise to strengthen pelvic muscles and lessen muscle spasms Biofeedback, which helps you learn to relax vaginal muscles to lessen pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, a newer treatment for vulvodynia, has been used to improve pain in other chronic pain conditions If you have a type of localized vulvodynia called provoked vestibulodynia, your doctor may suggest surgery to remove painful tissue, especially if other options have not brought relief. If your doctor does not have experience with surgery for provoked vestibulodynia, consider seeing a gynecologist with a special interest in this condition. Ask your doctor for a referral.


Question: What medications treat vulvodynia?

Answer: Medications may be administered orally, topically or by injection and can include: Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine Topical estrogen creams Tricyclic antidepressants Anticonvulsants Nerve blocks Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Neurostimulation and spinal infusion pump Medications with anti-inflammatory effects such as steroids or mast cell inhibitors Botox In addition, the doctor may recommend complementary or alternative medicine.


Question: How can you help ease pressure of vulvodynia?

Answer: Certain activities put pressure on the vulva. To ease the pressure: Use a water-soluble lubricant during sex. Avoid activities that put direct pressure on the vulva. This includes bicycling and horseback riding. Sit on a foam rubber doughnut.


Question: What is vulvodynia?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Women with vulvodynia have chronic vulvar pain with no known cause. There are two main subtypes of vulvodynia: Generalized vulvodynia is pain in different areas of the vulva at different times. Vulvar pain may be constant or occur every once in a while. Touch or pressure may or may not prompt it. But this may make the pain worse. Localized vulvodynia is pain in one area of the vulva. Often a burning sensation, this type of vulvar pain is usually provoked by touch or pressure, such as intercourse or prolonged sitting.


Question: What causes vulvodynia?

Answer: Doctors don't know the cause of most forms of vulvodynia. And there is no evidence that infections, such as sexually transmitted diseases, cause vulvodynia. They may include: Nerve injury or irritation Abnormal response in vulvar cells to an infection or trauma Genetic factors that make the vulva respond poorly to chronic inflammation Hypersensitivity to yeast infections Muscle spasms Allergies or irritation to chemicals or other substances Hormonal changes History of sexual abuse Frequent antibiotic use A woman of any age, beginning in her teen years, may have vulvodynia. It's always a good idea to know what to ask beforehand and to take notes when with the doctor. Are there any activities I should avoid?


Question: What are potential irritants to avoid if you have vulvodynia?

Answer: Here are a few tips: Use dermatologically approved detergent and don't use fabric softener on panties. Use unscented toilet paper that's soft and white. Wear 100% white cotton underwear, menstrual pads, and tampons. Avoid getting shampoo on the vulvar area. Avoid perfumed creams or soaps, pads or tampons, and contraceptive creams or spermicides. Avoid hot tubs or pools with lots of chlorine. Rinse the vulva with cool water after urination and intercourse. Avoid foods that make urine more irritating. Keep the vulva clean and dry. Avoid prolonged sitting in a wet swim suit or damp gym clothes. After bathing, gently pat dry and apply a vegetable or plant-based oil or preservative-free emollient to keep the vulva protected.


Question: What kind of food should I feed my 11-month-old baby as they start to learn eating skills?

Answer: Your baby should be feeding himself by now with fingers and starting to explore use of a spoon. Fill your 11-month-old's diet with a variety of whole grains, fruit, vegetables, dairy products -- cheese and yogurt -- and protein -- beef, chicken, fish, tofu. Offer a snack in the morning and afternoon to give your baby enough energy to make it through the day. Crackers, fruit, and dry cereal are all good snack options. You will still give 16-20 ounces of milk per day, increasing the use of the sippy cup during the day.


Question: What do I need to do if my baby's sense of taste is expanding?

Answer: Your baby's sense of taste is developing, so keep adding different flavors to the mealtime repertoire. If you have a particularly picky eater who constantly pushes away the spoon, don't give up. Keep trying new foods. Sometimes, babies have to be exposed to a food eight to 12 times before they'll eat it. At the same time, never force your baby to eat. It's better to let young children decide for themselves when they are full. Research has shown that kids who are made to clean their plates often turn into overeaters later in life.


Question: What should I expect in my 11 month old in term of sense of self?

Answer: Eleven-month-olds realize that they're unique people. They have a strong sense of their likes and dislikes, and they've learned to use their emotions to get what they want -- like throwing a temper tantrum when you try to take away a favorite toy. Your baby may already have discovered the word âno.â If so, you'll probably be hearing it a lot.


Question: What should I expect in the development of my 11-month-old?

Answer: At 11 months, your baby should be cruising around while holding onto the furniture or your hands. He might even let go of your hands to try out a few tentative steps alone or he might even be walking independently. Some babies at this age experiment by standing on their toes or on one leg. They'll scale counters, get over their crib railing, and put themselves into some pretty precarious situations. If you have one of these little climbers, don't provide an easy access route. Your baby will also love opening drawers and cabinets, so be sure to lock up any chemicals, cleaning products, or cosmetics that are within his reach.


Question: Are there drugs available to treat migraines?

Answer: Some medications can ease the pain and symptoms of a migraine headache. Other medications can help prevent the headaches. Talk to your doctor about which ones are right for you.


Question: What drugs stop migraines?

Answer: You take these drugs at the first sign of a migraine attack to stop them. They are called "abortive" drugs. They prevent common symptoms like pain, nausea, and sound and light sensitivity. Some of these should not be used during a migraine with aura, so follow your doctor's instructions.


Question: What drugs causes serotonin syndrome?

Answer: Headache Neck pain Warning: You should not take triptans together with SSRI or SNRI antidepressants. You may get a life-threatening condition called serotonin syndrome. Check all your medications with your doctor.


Question: What should you do when taking drugs for migraine prevention?

Answer: While you're taking these drugs, write down how often you have headaches and how bad they are to help your doctor judge how well they are working. Most need days or weeks to take full effect.


Question: When do you stop taking drugs for migraine prevention?

Answer: Once your headaches are under control for 6 months or a year, it may be possible to taper off or stop these drugs. You may need to take the drugs for a longer time, though. Your doctor will advise you.


Question: How are migraine headaches treated?

Answer: Some medications can ease the pain and symptoms of a migraine headache. Other medications can help prevent the headaches. Talk to your doctor about which ones are right for you.


Question: When do you take drugs for migraine prevention?

Answer: Other medications can help prevent the headaches. You take these drugs at the first sign of a migraine attack to stop them. They lessen the number and severity of your headaches.


Question: What does late stage Huntington's disease look like?

Answer: In this stage, people with Huntington's must depend on others for their care. Walking and speaking are not possible, Most likely you will still be aware of loved ones around you. Fidgety movements may become severe, or may subside. In children or teens, Huntington's may progress more quickly and cause symptoms like: Stiff or awkward walking Increased clumsiness Changes in speech Trouble learning new information, or loss of previously learned skills For now, treating Huntington's involves managing symptoms: Medications can help control fidgety movements.


Question: What is Huntington's disease?

Answer: You can't "catch" it from another person. Abnormal movements may be the first thing you notice. Weight loss can be a concern at all stages. With knowledge about the HD gene, scientists have been able to learn a great deal about how the disease affects the brain.


Question: What does middle stage Huntington's disease look like?

Answer: Staying organized may be difficult. And emotional changes may put pressure on relationships. Your doctor can work closely with you to manage any side effects and to change medications, if needed. Speech or language therapy may be helpful for any problems with speech or swallowing. If you or members of your family plan to be tested for Huntington's, it's a good idea to get professional genetic counseling first.


Question: What are the symptoms of early0stage Huntington's disease?

Answer: Early stage. Some common early symptoms: Slight changes in coordination, affecting balance or making you more clumsy Fidgety movements that you can't control Slowing or stiffness Trouble thinking through problems Depression or irritability Middle stage. Occupational or physicaltherapy may help you learn how to better control movements.


Question: How is Huntington's disease treated?

Answer: Speech or language therapy may be helpful for any problems with speech or swallowing. And assistive devices such as handrails can help you manage your changing physical abilities. Exercise may be very helpful. And basic strategies like breaking tasks into simpler steps may go a long way toward making these changes a bit easier for you and your family.


Question: Should you check with your health care provider about your cholesterol home test kit results?

Answer: In addition, even if you consistently get normal results from your cholesterol home kit test strips, it's very important to consult with your health care provider. To determine your risk of heart disease, your health care provider will evaluate your cholesterol level along with other factors such as your weight, physical exam results, medical history, and family history. Your health care provider may conduct other tests aside from the cholesterol screening.


Question: How do newer cholesterol home test kits work?

Answer: Some new cholesterol home test kits have an electronic meter. This meter functions in a similar way as a diabetes blood glucose meter. The test strips are inserted into the electronic device and a small computer measures the amount of cholesterol automatically. The electronically metered cholesterol home test kit costs more than the paper test strip method. The electronic meter kit, however, is helpful if you want to check your cholesterol level more frequently.


Question: How is a cholesterol home test kit used?

Answer: Do you know that you can check your cholesterol level at home? They are usually priced under $20. The standard cholesterol home test kit contains a lancet for drawing blood and test strips. To use a cholesterol home test kit, you first prick your finger with the lancet. Next, you place the blood droplet on the test strip. The cholesterol home test strip has special chemicals that change colors after a few minutes. You then match the final color against a color guide that's included with the kit. This color will tell you how much cholesterol is in your droplet of blood.


Question: What is a cholesterol home test kit?

Answer: And, rather than waiting days or weeks for cholesterol test results, the cholesterol test kit can give you results in a matter of minutes. Once you know your risk, you and your doctor can work to lower your likelihood of a heart attack or stroke. The cholesterol kit test results are only an estimate of your cholesterol level.


Question: How often should I have my weight checked if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every time you see your doctor If you're overweight, your doctor may talk to you about your diet and exercise plan. Those extra pounds can make it harder to manage your blood sugar. Losing weight can help lower your blood pressure and your risk of heart disease. It doesn't have to be a drastic change; your health can improve if you lose even 10 or 15 pounds.


Question: How often should I have a foot exam if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every time you see your doctor Foot problems are common with diabetes, so you and your doctor need to stay on top of your foot health. You should carefully wash, dry, and inspect your feet at home every day. Nerve damage in your feet and legs can keep you from noticing when you hurt yourself. Your doctor will want to check them at each office visit. People with diabetes also may have blood flow problems, which makes it harder for foot wounds to heal. A tiny cut, sore, or blister could grow into a foot ulcer that's tricky to treat. If it gets severely infected, your foot or leg may need to be removed.


Question: How often should I have a cholesterol test if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every year High cholesterol levels can lead to heart disease. Your doctor will check them at least yearly to make sure they're in a healthy range. He can prescribe medicine to lower your cholesterol if you need it.


Question: How often should I have a dental check up if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every time you see your doctor Don't neglect your mouth. When you have diabetes, you're at greater risk of gum disease. It's more likely when your blood sugar is out of whack. Even if you have it under control through brushing, flossing and rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash, you should still see your dentist for checkups to make sure your mouth is healthy.


Question: How often should I have an eye exam if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every year People with diabetes are at greater risk of vision problems. You're more likely to have trouble with your eyes if your blood sugar or blood pressure levels are too high. To keep tabs on your vision and eye health, see an eye doctor at least yearly for a thorough exam. He'll dilate your pupils to see whether you have any problems.


Question: Why is iron important when you have UC?

Answer: Iron. When you have UC, you might lose iron through bleeding from the sores in your colon. If you don't have enough iron, you can get a condition called anemia, which can make you tired, dizzy, have a fast or irregular heartbeat, and have problems thinking. Your doctor can tell if you don't have enough iron with a blood test. If that's the case, he'll probably recommend you take an iron supplement.


Question: How can my UC medicine affect my nutrition?

Answer: Finally, some medicines you take to treat ulcerative colitis interfere with your body's ability to absorb and maintain the vitamins and minerals it needs. For instance, corticosteroids such as prednisone can get rid of your body's calcium supply. Drugs like sulfasalazine lower your level of folate, an important B vitamin.


Question: How can vitamin D help ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Even with a well-designed meal plan, you may still need some of these supplements: Vitamin D. You need it to keep your bones strong. It also plays a role in how your immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- works. If you have ulcerative colitis, especially if you need steroids, you may be at risk for having low levels of vitamin D. A good source of vitamin D is dairy foods, but a lot of people with UC cut back on dairy to help them curb symptoms of diarrhea. Experts have different views on vitamin D supplements, so ask your doctor if it it's a good idea for you to take them.


Question: Why is malnutrition possible when you have ulcerative colitis?

Answer: When you get flares, you can get cramping pain and severe diarrhea, which can sometimes alternate with hard bowel movements and constipation. Certain foods may make your symptoms worse. So on top of a lack of appetite that goes along with flare-ups, you may be tempted to cut back on how much you eat in hopes of easing your symptoms. There's a risk you could get dehydrated if the fluid isn't replaced.


Question: Why are folate and folic acid important when you have UC?

Answer: That's in addition to eating a healthy, well-balanced diet. It also plays a role in how your immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- works. If you have ulcerative colitis, especially if you need steroids, you may be at risk for having low levels of vitamin D. A good source of vitamin D is dairy foods, but a lot of people with UC cut back on dairy to help them curb symptoms of diarrhea. Those levels can go even lower if you need certain medications. Ask your doctor if you should be taking a folic acid supplement.


Question: How are tooth infections treated?

Answer: These are some things you can do to ease your symptoms: Take over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen for the discomfort Try to chew on the side of your mouth away from the tooth When you brush your teeth, use a toothbrush with soft bristles If you have an abscessed tooth, your dentist may recommend one of the following treatments, depending on how serious the abscess is: If you have a simple abscess, your dentist, or a specialist called an endodontist, can do a root canal to get rid of the infection and hopefully save the tooth. If the abscess is large, it may need to be drained first before a root canal is done. Your dentist or endodontist will make a small cut in the gum to let the pus out and then rinse the area with saline (salt water). After the tooth is sealed back up, your dentist can then put on a cap or crown as a top layer to protect the tooth and make sure you don't get another abscess. If your tooth can't be saved, your dentist might need to pull it, then drain the abscess to get rid of the infection. Your dentist also might give you antibiotics to make sure the infection doesn't spread to other teeth or other parts of your body.


Question: What should you know about tooth infections?

Answer: These infections don't go away on their own, so it's important to see your dentist if you think you have one. If it's not treated, it can spread to your jaw or other areas of your head or neck. These are some things you can do to ease your symptoms: Take over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen for the discomfort Try to chew on the side of your mouth away from the tooth When you brush your teeth, use a toothbrush with soft bristles If you have an abscessed tooth, your dentist may recommend one of the following treatments, depending on how serious the abscess is: If you have a simple abscess, your dentist, or a specialist called an endodontist, can do a root canal to get rid of the infection and hopefully save the tooth.


Question: How can you prevent tooth infections?

Answer: Good dental habits can help keep your teeth and gums healthy: Brush with fluoride toothpaste twice a day for at least 2 minutes each time. Don't rinse your mouth with mouthwash or water immediately after brushing -- that can take the protective toothpaste off your teeth. Floss at least once a day to clean between your teeth and under your gums. Cut down on sugary and starchy drinks and foods, especially between meals and right before bed. See your dentist for regular checkups.


Question: What is tartar?

Answer: Even if you take great care of your teeth at home, you still have bacteria in your mouth. They mix with proteins and food byproducts to form a sticky film called dental plaque. This gunk coats your teeth, gets under your gum line, and sticks to fillings or other dental work. Bigger problems arise, however, if plaque stays on your teeth and hardens into tartar. Tartar, also called calculus, forms below and above the gum line. It is rough and porous and can lead to receding gums and gum disease. It must be removed with special tools in the dentist's office.


Question: How do you prevent tartar buildup?

Answer: Tartar can make it harder to brush and floss like you should. Here's how: Brush regularly, twice a day for 2 minutes a time. Studies have found that electronic, or powered, toothbrushes may get rid of plaque better than manual models. Choose tartar-control toothpaste with fluoride. No matter how good you are with a toothbrush, dental floss is the only way to remove plaque between your teeth and keep tartar out of these hard-to-reach areas. Use an antiseptic mouthwash daily to help kill bacteria that cause plaque. Watch your diet. You don't have to give up sweets or between-meals munches. Just be mindful about how often you indulge. Don't smoke.


Question: What problems can tartar cause?

Answer: You know it's important to brush, floss, and rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash to prevent tartar buildup. This can lead to cavities and tooth decay. Any tartar that forms above your gum line could be bad for you. Over time, this might lead to progressive gum disease. The mildest form of gum disease is called gingivitis. The resulting stew can damage the bones and tissues that hold your teeth in place. Also, some studies link the bacteria in gum disease to heart disease and other health problems.


Question: How is targeted drug therapy used to treat throat cancer?

Answer: For some throat cancers, doctors can use newer drugs that starve the tumor of what it needs to grow.


Question: What causes throat cancer?

Answer: Types of pharyngeal cancer include: Nasopharyngeal cancer : upper part of your throat behind the nose Oropharyngeal cancer: middle of your throat, behind the mouth, including the base of the tongue, the tonsils, and the soft area behind the roof of your mouth Hypopharyngeal cancer: bottom part of your throat, behind the voice box Types of laryngeal cancer include: Glottic cancer: middle part of your voice box, contains the vocal cords Subglottic cancer: lower part of your voice box Supraglottic cancer: upper part of your voice box (including cancer of the epiglottis, which is like a flexible lid to your windpipe) You get throat cancer when some cells in your throat get a change in their genes. Doctors aren't sure what causes this change, but these things can make it more likely: Drinking too much over many years Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), a chronic problem where stomach acid flows up into your esophagus Gender (men are more likely to get it) Human papillomavirus ( HPV), a type of virus that most often spreads through oral sex Not eating enough fruits and vegetables Race ( African- Americans affected more often than other races) Smoking, chewing tobacco You might have: Changes to your voice (hoarse or hard to speak clearly) Cough, which may produce blood Hard time swallowing, feeling like something's caught in your throat Lump or sore that doesn't go away Pain in your ears or neck Problems breathing Sore throat Weight loss for no reason Call your doctor if you have these symptoms and they don't get better.


Question: What are the different types of pharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Types of pharyngeal cancer include: Nasopharyngeal cancer : upper part of your throat behind the nose Oropharyngeal cancer: middle of your throat, behind the mouth, including the base of the tongue, the tonsils, and the soft area behind the roof of your mouth Hypopharyngeal cancer: bottom part of your throat, behind the voice box Types of laryngeal cancer include: Glottic cancer: middle part of your voice box, contains the vocal cords Subglottic cancer: lower part of your voice box Supraglottic cancer: upper part of your voice box (including cancer of the epiglottis, which is like a flexible lid to your windpipe) You get throat cancer when some cells in your throat get a change in their genes.


Question: What are the different types of throat cancer?

Answer: Your throat (pharynx) is a tube that runs from your nose to your esophagus. Your esophagus carries food from the bottom of your throat to your stomach. Your voice box (larynx) sits at the bottom of your throat and contains your vocal cords. Types of pharyngeal cancer include: Nasopharyngeal cancer : upper part of your throat behind the nose Oropharyngeal cancer: middle of your throat, behind the mouth, including the base of the tongue, the tonsils, and the soft area behind the roof of your mouth Hypopharyngeal cancer: bottom part of your throat, behind the voice box Types of laryngeal cancer include: Glottic cancer: middle part of your voice box, contains the vocal cords Subglottic cancer: lower part of your voice box Supraglottic cancer: upper part of your voice box (including cancer of the epiglottis, which is like a flexible lid to your windpipe) You get throat cancer when some cells in your throat get a change in their genes.


Question: What does the treatment for throat cancer depend on?

Answer: Types of pharyngeal cancer include: Nasopharyngeal cancer : upper part of your throat behind the nose Oropharyngeal cancer: middle of your throat, behind the mouth, including the base of the tongue, the tonsils, and the soft area behind the roof of your mouth Hypopharyngeal cancer: bottom part of your throat, behind the voice box Types of laryngeal cancer include: Glottic cancer: middle part of your voice box, contains the vocal cords Subglottic cancer: lower part of your voice box Supraglottic cancer: upper part of your voice box (including cancer of the epiglottis, which is like a flexible lid to your windpipe) You get throat cancer when some cells in your throat get a change in their genes. For later stage cancer, you may need radiation along with another treatment.


Question: How will your doctor test for throat cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will first ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam, feeling for lumps in your throat. You may then get any of these tests: Endoscopy. Your doctor may use surgery, an endoscope, or a needle to take a tissue sample from your throat and have it tested for cancer. Imaging.


Question: What conditions can cause sinus blockage?

Answer: Conditions that can cause sinus blockage include: The common cold Allergic rhinitis, which is swelling of the lining of the nose Small growths in the lining of the nose called nasal polyps A deviated septum, which is a shift in the nasal cavity You may hear your doctor use these terms: Acute sinusitis usually starts with coldlike symptoms such as a runny, stuffy nose and facial pain.


Question: What can cause sinusitis in children?

Answer: It's more likely if you have: Swelling inside the nose like from a common cold Blocked drainage ducts Structural differences that narrow those ducts Nasal polyps Immune system deficiencies or medications that suppress the immune system For children, things that can cause sinusitis include: Allergies Illnesses from other kids at day care or school Pacifiers Bottle drinking while lying on the back Smoke in the environment The main things that make sinusitis more likely for adults are infections and smoking.


Question: Can I prevent sinusitis?

Answer: There is no sure-fire way to prevent sinusitis. But there are some things that might help. Don't smoke, and avoid other people's smoke. Wash your hands often, especially during cold and flu season, and try not to touch your face. Stay away from things you know you're allergic to.


Question: What other things can you do to help with chronic sinusitis?

Answer: There are some other things you can do yourself to help with chronic sinusitis: Warm compresses can ease pain in the nose and sinuses. Saline nose drops are safe to use at home. Over-the-counter decongestant drops or sprays can help. Don't take them longer than recommended. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe steroids along with antibiotics.


Question: What are the main signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis?

Answer: The main signs include: Facial pain or pressure " Stuffed-up" nose Runny nose Loss of smell Cough or congestion You may also have: Fever Bad breath Fatigue Dental pain It may be acute sinusitis if you have two or more symptoms, or thick, green, or yellow nasal discharge. You may have these symptoms for 12 weeks or more: A feeling of congestion or fullness in your face A nasal obstruction or nasal blockage Pus in the nasal cavity Fever Runny nose or discolored postnasal drainage You may also have headaches, bad breath, and tooth pain.


Question: What are the main signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis?

Answer: You may have these symptoms for 12 weeks or more: A feeling of congestion or fullness in your face A nasal obstruction or nasal blockage Pus in the nasal cavity Fever Runny nose or discolored postnasal drainage You may also have headaches, bad breath, and tooth pain. You may feel tired a lot. Lots of things can cause symptoms like these. You'll need to see your doctor to find out if you have sinusitis.


Question: What happens if sinusitis remains untreated?

Answer: You'll have pain and discomfort until it starts to clear up. In rare cases, untreated sinusitis can lead to meningitis, a brain abscess, or an infection of the bone. Talk to your doctor about your concerns.


Question: What is sinusitis?

Answer: But when they become blocked and filled with fluid, germs can grow and cause an infection. Conditions that can cause sinus blockage include: The common cold Allergic rhinitis, which is swelling of the lining of the nose Small growths in the lining of the nose called nasal polyps A deviated septum, which is a shift in the nasal cavity You may hear your doctor use these terms: Acute sinusitis usually starts with coldlike symptoms such as a runny, stuffy nose and facial pain. There are some other things you can do yourself to help with chronic sinusitis: Warm compresses can ease pain in the nose and sinuses.


Question: How do you take monthly combination pills for birth control?

Answer: Monthly: Pills come in 21- or 28-day packs. With 21-day pills, you take one every day for 3 weeks straight. During week 4 you take no pills and have your period. The 28-day packs include pills with hormones and some inactive pills with none. With most brands, you take 21 active pills, and seven inactive ones to keep you in the habit of taking it every day. You'll have your period during the days you take the inactive pills. Other brands include 24 active pills and four that aren't. You may have shorter periods with this type.


Question: How do you take extended-cycle combination pills for birth control?

Answer: Extended-cycle: You take pills with hormones for 12 weeks straight and inactive ones for a week. You only have three or four periods a year.


Question: What type of birth control pill are combination pills?

Answer: Most women in the U. S. who are on the pill take what's called the combination pill. It uses man-made versions of the hormones estrogen and progesterone to keep you from getting pregnant. These hormones stop your ovaries from releasing eggs, and they also make changes in your cervix and uterus that lower your chance of a pregnancy.


Question: What type of birth control pill is a mini-pill?

Answer: It uses only man-made progesterone. It works mostly by causing changes that keep sperm from reaching eggs.


Question: What are more serious but rarer side effects of combination pills for birth control?

Answer: You might have: Changes in your period Headache and nausea Tender breasts Breakthrough bleeding (bleeding between periods, also known as spotting) More-serious but rarer side effects include: High blood pressure Heart attack or stroke Blood clots (the risk is highest for very overweight women) You shouldn't take a combination pill if you already have high blood pressure or have had a heart attack, stroke, or blood clots.


Question: What are the side effects of combination pills for birth control?

Answer: You might have: Changes in your period Headache and nausea Tender breasts Breakthrough bleeding (bleeding between periods, also known as spotting) More-serious but rarer side effects include: High blood pressure Heart attack or stroke Blood clots (the risk is highest for very overweight women) You shouldn't take a combination pill if you already have high blood pressure or have had a heart attack, stroke, or blood clots.


Question: What should you know about the mini-pill for birth control?

Answer: If you had estrogen-linked side effects, like tender breasts or nausea, even after switching to a low-dose pill, you may want to try the mini-pill. It's a safe choice if you have high blood pressure or other conditions that can be aggravated by estrogen. It's also an option if you just gave birth or are breastfeeding. It won't affect your milk supply or hurt your baby.


Question: What are the risks of taking combination pills for birth control?

Answer: You might have: Changes in your period Headache and nausea Tender breasts Breakthrough bleeding (bleeding between periods, also known as spotting) More-serious but rarer side effects include: High blood pressure Heart attack or stroke Blood clots (the risk is highest for very overweight women) You shouldn't take a combination pill if you already have high blood pressure or have had a heart attack, stroke, or blood clots. Some pills ( Beyaz, Gianvi, Yasmin, Yaz, and others) use a man-made progesterone called drospirenone. These are linked to a higher risk of blood clots than brands that use other kinds of synthetic progesterone. These types of pills also aren't right for you if you have migraine headaches that affect vision, or if you gave birth less than 3 weeks ago. You're at greater risk of serious side effects if you smoke, especially if you're over 35.


Question: How do you know if birth control pills are the right option for you?

Answer: So talk to your doctor before you choose your contraception method. Make sure she knows your health history and any other medications you take. Some meds make the pill less effective. This includes herbal remedies like St. John's wort. You shouldn't take any type of birth control pill if you've had breast cancer. Also, the pill doesn't protect you from STDs.


Question: What are the types of combination pills for birth control?

Answer: For many women, birth control pills are a good choice to prevent a pregnancy. Combination pills are either monophasic (one phase) or multiphasic (multi-phase). Monophasic pills deliver an even level of hormones throughout the month. Multiphasic ones have slightly different levels of hormones in active pills. They mimic normal hormonal changes that happen during your menstrual cycle.


Question: How does the mini pill for birth control work?

Answer: Some pills have as little as 10 micrograms of estrogen. But it's trickier to take. You must swallow it at the same time each day. If you're late by more than 3 hours, it becomes less effective. If this happens, you need to use backup birth control (such as condoms) for the next 2 days. All 28 mini-pills are active.


Question: How effective are birth control pills?

Answer: That means taking your pill every day. Their effects are easy to reverse, too. When it's baby-making time, just stop taking them. It's possible to get pregnant right away. Usually, if you miss two of these pills in a row, you'll need to use backup birth control for a week. These types of pills also aren't right for you if you have migraine headaches that affect vision, or if you gave birth less than 3 weeks ago.


Question: How should I talk to people at my child's school about asthma?

Answer: It's important that your child's teachers, coaches, and school nurses know about his or her asthma. Talk to your doctor about the best way to handle these discussions. Make sure that your child has an âasthma action planâ and the proper medication at school with detailed instructions that include the location of the medicine or permission for your child to carry it. Ask your child's doctor to help you personalize this plan based on your child's asthma and treatment.


Question: What should I know about asthma in children?

Answer: When your child is diagnosed with asthma, don't make assumptions. Whatever you know about asthma may not apply to your child. Many experts say that asthma is a spectrum, not a single disease, and asthma in children is often quite different from asthma in adults. So don't settle for a general diagnosis. Get the specifics about your child's condition.


Question: Should you call your doctor about vaginal itching, burning, and irritation?

Answer: But when it occurs in an area as sensitive as the vagina and vulva (the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening), it can be especially uncomfortable. Most genital itching and irritation isn't a major concern.


Question: How can lichen sclerosis cause vaginal itching, burning, and irritation?

Answer: This is a rare condition that causes thin white patches to form on the skin, especially around the vulva. The patches can permanently scar the vaginal area. Postmenopausal women are most likely to develop this condition.


Question: How can your doctor help treat vaginal itching, burning, and irritation?

Answer: However, if the irritation continues, is severe, or comes back after treatment, call for an appointment with your doctor. The doctor can do a pelvic exam. The doctor will probably also take a sample of the discharge to find the source of the problem.


Question: How can chemical irritants cause vaginal itching, burning, and irritation?

Answer: Here are a few tips for preventing and treating vaginal irritation at home: Avoid scented pads or toilet paper, creams, bubble bath, feminine sprays, and douches.


Question: How are vaginal itching, burning, and irritation treated?

Answer: How vaginal discomfort is treated depends on what condition is causing the problem: Vaginosis and STDs are treated with antibiotics/antiparasitics. Yeast infections are treated with antifungal medications. They are inserted into the vagina in the form of creams, ointments, or suppositories, or they are taken orally. You can buy these medications over the counter in different doses -- one-day, three-day, seven-day. However, if you've never been diagnosed with a yeast infection, see your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medication. Menopause-related itching may be treated with estrogen cream, tablets, or a vaginal ring insert. Other types of itching and irritation respond to steroid creams or lotions, which reduce inflammation. A prescription-strength steroid cream can relieve the irritation of lichen sclerosis. In young girls, it's important to report any itching, burning, or irritation to a health care provider, because these symptoms can be signs of sexual abuse.


Question: How can menopause cause vaginal itching, burning, and irritation?

Answer: But the wrong bacteria growing there can lead to an infection. Thinning of the vaginal walls is also a problem in some women who breastfeed. The doctor will probably also take a sample of the discharge to find the source of the problem.


Question: Are there home remedies for vaginal itching, burning, and irritation?

Answer: Here are a few tips for preventing and treating vaginal irritation at home: Avoid scented pads or toilet paper, creams, bubble bath, feminine sprays, and douches. Use water and a plain, unscented soap to regularly clean your external genital area. Always wipe from front to back after having a bowel movement. Wear cotton panties (no synthetic fabrics), and change your underwear every day. Do not douche. Change the diapers of infant girls regularly. Use condoms during sexual intercourse to help prevent sexually transmitted diseases. If you are experiencing vaginal dryness, use a vaginal moisturizer. Apply a water-based lubricant ( K- Y, Astroglide) before having sex. Avoid sexual intercourse until your symptoms improve. Don't scratch -- you can further irritate the area.


Question: Can a yeast infection cause vaginal itching, burning, and irritation?

Answer: Yeast infections occur when the yeast, candida, grow excessively in the vagina and vulva. Pregnancy, intercourse, antibiotics, and a weakened immune system can all make women more likely to get a yeast infection. In addition to itching and irritation, a yeast infection will produce a thick, white, cheesy discharge. Thinning of the vaginal walls is also a problem in some women who breastfeed.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: Sometimes, it's linked to: Heavy alcohol, caffeine, or drug use Infections Genetics When your heart is in AFib, you might feel: Like your heart is racing or fluttering in your chest (palpitations) Fatigued or weak Dizzy or lightheaded Chest pain or pressure Short of breath If you have these symptoms, call your doctor and make an appointment as soon as possible. If they last more than 24 hours, go to the hospital. Sometimes it doesn't cause any symptoms. If you're at risk, talk to your doctor about your chances for having AFib, and get regular checkups.


Question: What is atrial fibrillation (AFib) linked to?

Answer: Other heart problems can make it more likely: Heart disease due to high blood pressure Heart valve disease Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) Heart defect from birth (congenital heart defect) Heart failure Past heart surgery People with certain medical conditions have a greater chance, too: Long-term lung disease (such as COPD) Overactive thyroid gland Sleep apnea Medicines (including adenosine, digitalis, and theophylline) can raise the chance of having AFib. Sometimes, it's linked to: Heavy alcohol, caffeine, or drug use Infections Genetics When your heart is in AFib, you might feel: Like your heart is racing or fluttering in your chest (palpitations) Fatigued or weak Dizzy or lightheaded Chest pain or pressure Short of breath If you have these symptoms, call your doctor and make an appointment as soon as possible.


Question: What are the symptoms of atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: Sometimes, it's linked to: Heavy alcohol, caffeine, or drug use Infections Genetics When your heart is in AFib, you might feel: Like your heart is racing or fluttering in your chest (palpitations) Fatigued or weak Dizzy or lightheaded Chest pain or pressure Short of breath If you have these symptoms, call your doctor and make an appointment as soon as possible.


Question: Who can get atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: It's more common in people 60 and older. Other heart problems can make it more likely: Heart disease due to high blood pressure Heart valve disease Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) Heart defect from birth (congenital heart defect) Heart failure Past heart surgery People with certain medical conditions have a greater chance, too: Long-term lung disease (such as COPD) Overactive thyroid gland Sleep apnea Medicines (including adenosine, digitalis, and theophylline) can raise the chance of having AFib.


Question: How serious is atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: Because your blood isn't moving well, you're more likely to have heart failure. That's when your heart can't keep up with your body's needs. Blood can also pool inside your heart and form clots. If one gets stuck in your brain, you can have a stroke. More than 2 million Americans have AFib.


Question: How is atrial fibrillation (AFib) treated when medications don't work?

Answer: Medication: Continue Reading Below Your doctor can give you drugs that will: Slow your heart rate and ease the strength of contractions (beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers) Bring your heart's rhythm back to normal (sodium and potassium channel blockers) Prevent blood clots ("blood thinners," or anticoagulants and antiplatelets) Medical procedures: If medications don't work, your doctor will probably try one of these to reset your heart's rhythm. Electrical cardioversion: She'll stick special pads to your chest to send an electric shock to your heart. You won't feel it because you'll be asleep under general anesthesia. Then she'll use a laser, radio waves, or extreme cold to burn off the tissue on the surface of your heart that's causing the problem. Maze procedure: If you're having open heart surgery for another reason, your doctor might do this. It's similar to ablation. Pacemaker : Will help keep your heart rate steady. If you take medicine to lower your heart rate, you may need one as a backup. You'll have minor surgery to put the small device under your skin. It runs on batteries and sends little electrical bursts to your heart when it beats too slowly.


Question: What is the risk of hypnotherapy?

Answer: Hypnotherapy is not a dangerous procedure. It is not mind control or brainwashing. A therapist cannot make a person do something embarrassing or that the person doesn't want to do. The greatest risk, as discussed above, is that false memories can be created.


Question: How does hypnotherapy work?

Answer: Hypnotherapy is usually considered an aid to psychotherapy (counseling), rather than a treatment in itself. It helps with psychotherapy because the hypnotic state allows people to enter a deep state of relaxation that can better allow them to explore painful thoughts, feelings, and memories they might have hidden from their conscious minds. In addition, hypnosis enables people to perceive some things differently, such as blocking an awareness of pain.


Question: What is hypnotherapy?

Answer: The person's attention is so focused while in this state that anything going on around the person is temporarily blocked out or ignored. In this naturally occurring state, a person may focus his or her attention -- with the help of a trained hypnotherapist -- on specific thoughts or tasks.


Question: Who shouldn't try hypnotherapy?

Answer: It also might be helpful for people whose symptoms are severe or who need crisis management. It should be used for pain control only after a doctor has evaluated the person for any physical disorder that might require medical or surgical treatment. Some therapists use hypnotherapy to recover repressed memories they believe are linked to the person's mental disorder.


Question: What is insomnia and how is it related to depression?

Answer: When you add depression to the mix, the problems with sleep are compounded. Normal sleep is a restorative state. Insomnia is often a characteristic of depression and other mental health disorders. With insomnia, you may sleep too little, have difficulty falling asleep, awaken frequently throughout the night, or be unable to get back to sleep. With untreated depression, you may have overwhelming feelings of sadness, hopelessness, worthlessness, or guilt. These feelings can interrupt sleep. Or your mind may be in overdrive, ruminating about situations over which you have no control. With that rumination come high levels of anxiety, fears about poor sleep, low daytime activity levels, and a tendency to misperceive sleep.


Question: How is a lack of sleep linked to depression?

Answer: There is a definite link between lack of sleep and depression. In fact, one of the common signs of depression is insomnia or an inability to fall and stay asleep. With insomnia, you may sleep too little, have difficulty falling asleep, awaken frequently throughout the night, or be unable to get back to sleep.


Question: What is the link between sleep disorders and depression?

Answer: That's not to say insomnia or other sleep problems are caused only by depression. Another sign of clinical depression is sleeping too much or oversleeping.


Question: What is clinical depression?

Answer: It causes you to feel sad, hopeless, worthless, and helpless. Sure, we all feel sad or blue from time to time. But when you feel sad for long periods and the feelings become intense, the depressed mood and its associated physical symptoms can keep you from living a normal life. The treatment for clinical depression depends on how serious the mood disorder is.


Question: What infections can be identified on a throat culture?

Answer: Some of the infections that can be identified on a throat culture are: Strep throat Scarlet and rheumatic fever Gonorrhea (gonococcal pharyngitis) Thrush Diphtheria Pertussis You'll be asked to tilt your head back slightly, open your mouth, and say â Ahhhh.â Your doctor will quickly and gently move a cotton swab around the tonsil area in the back of your mouth.


Question: How soon will you get results from a throat culture?

Answer: Results take about 2 to 5 days, because it takes a while for germs to grow in a lab. But if your doctor thinks you might have strep, he'll do a quick strep test during your visit. It will show results right away. If it shows you have strep, he'll give you an antibiotic that fights a wide range of germs. If the strep test is negative but your throat culture comes back positive for strep or another infection, your doctor's office will contact you and change your medication if they need to.


Question: How is a throat culture done?

Answer: Some of the infections that can be identified on a throat culture are: Strep throat Scarlet and rheumatic fever Gonorrhea (gonococcal pharyngitis) Thrush Diphtheria Pertussis You'll be asked to tilt your head back slightly, open your mouth, and say â Ahhhh.â Your doctor will quickly and gently move a cotton swab around the tonsil area in the back of your mouth. He'll place it in a germ-free container and send it to a lab for testing. There, doctors place the sample in a special container with other chemicals to make bacteria and fungi grow. The type of germs that grow, if any, shows your doctor what kind of infection you have. Then he'll decide what medicine will work best for you.


Question: How does a throat culture feel?

Answer: The test can be a little uncomfortable but only lasts a few seconds. You might feel like you have to gag when the doctor swabs your throat -- that's normal. But you'll have to stay still and keep your mouth open so he can get a good sample. If not, he might miss some germs, and you might not get the right medicine.


Question: Why is a throat culture done?

Answer: Your doctor will probably order this test if you or your child complain of a sore throat and he thinks something other than a virus is to blame.


Question: What can you do to prevent tapeworms in humans?

Answer: You can further reduce your risk of tapeworms by washing your hands before and after using the toilet and by following these food safety tips. Avoid raw fish and meat. Thoroughly cook meat to temperatures of at least 145 degrees Fahrenheit for whole cuts of meat and to at least 160 degrees F for ground meat and poultry. Then, allow the meat to rest for three minutes before carving or consuming; the heat continues killing pathogens during that time. Freezing meat to -4 degrees F for at least 24 hours also kills tapeworm eggs. When traveling in undeveloped countries, cook fruits and vegetables with boiled or chemically-treated water before eating. Wash hands with soap and hot water before preparing or eating foods.


Question: What medications are used to treat tapeworms?

Answer: Tapeworms are usually treated with a medicine taken by mouth.


Question: How are tapeworms treated?

Answer: These medications paralyze the tapeworms, which let go of the intestine, dissolve, and pass from your body with bowel movements. If worms are large, you may have cramping when they pass. Your doctor will recheck stool samples at one and three months after you finish treatment. When tapeworms are confined to the intestines, appropriate treatment gets rid of them in more than 95% of people. More serious complications of tapeworm infection are also treated with medications.


Question: How common are tapeworms?

Answer: Tapeworms are uncommon in the U. S. today because of laws on feeding practices and inspection of the animals we use for food.


Question: What are the symptoms of tapeworms?

Answer: Sometimes tapeworms cause symptoms such as: Nausea Weakness Diarrhea Abdominal pain Hunger or loss of appetite Fatigue Weight loss Vitamin and mineral deficiencies However, often tapeworms don't cause symptoms. The only sign of tapeworm infection may be segments of the worms, possibly moving, in a bowel movement. In rare cases, tapeworms can lead to serious complications, including blocking the intestine, or smaller ducts in the intestine (like the bile duct or pancreatic duct). If pork tapeworm larvae move out of the intestine, they can migrate to other parts of the body and cause damage to the liver, eyes, heart, and brain. These infections can be life-threatening.


Question: How can I treat a bedbug infestation?

Answer: This should include the following: Clean bedding, linens, curtains, and clothing in hot water and dry them on the highest dryer setting. Place stuffed animals, shoes, and other items that can't be washed in the dryer and run on high for 30 minutes. Use a stiff brush to scrub mattress seams to remove bedbugs and their eggs before vacuuming. Vacuum your bed and surrounding area frequently. After vacuuming, immediately place the vacuum cleaner bag in a plastic bag and place in garbage can outdoors. Encase mattress and box springs with a tightly woven, zippered cover to keep bedbugs from entering or escaping. Bedbugs may live up to a year without feeding, so keep the cover on your mattress for at least a year to make sure all bugs in the mattress are dead. Repair cracks in plaster and glue down peeling wallpaper to get rid of places bedbugs can hide. Get rid of clutter around the bed. If your mattress is infested, you may want to get rid of it and get a new one, but take care to rid the rest of your home of bedbugs or they will infest your new mattress. While cleaning up infested areas will be helpful in controlling bedbugs, getting rid of them usually requires chemical treatments.