Question: What is ear barotrauma?

Answer: It's the biggest health problem for people who fly. And it can be especially painful for babies and young kids because their ears aren't fully developed. Ear barotrauma also can happen when you ride in an elevator or drive in the mountains. And it can happen in the water, too. Your ears are especially sensitive to changes in air and water pressure. You can prevent ear barotrauma by keeping your Eustachian tubes open.


Question: What are the symptoms of Churg-Strauss syndrome?

Answer: The symptoms of Churg- Strauss depend on the stage of your disease. Eosinophilic: Your body makes this type of white blood cell in response to an allergy. In this phase, you have too many. Symptoms include: Weight loss No appetite Fever Night sweats Joint pain Asthma Fatigue Cough Belly pain Vasculitic: Inflammation narrows your blood vessels.


Question: How do doctors diagnose Churg-Strauss syndrome?

Answer: Your doctor will look at your medical history and give you a physical exam. They'll ask you about your symptoms, especially asthma. You may also get: Blood tests: The doctor will look for proteins in your blood that show inflammation. There's no cure for Churg- Strauss syndrome.


Question: Are chemotherapy medications used to treat Churg-Strauss syndrome?

Answer: Once the disease is under control, your doctor will slowly lower the dose. Immune system drugs: If steroids aren't enough, your doctor may also prescribe azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran), cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxan), or methotrexate. The doctor will do blood tests often to check for side effects. Continue Reading Below You may be able to ease off this medication after your condition is under control. This could take 6 months or several years. If the disease has moved to your organs and systems, you'll have a tougher time than someone with a milder form.


Question: What conditions are diabetics at risk for?

Answer: Type 2 diabetes is a common and serious disease in the United States and worldwide. Individuals with diabetes also have a greater likelihood of abnormal cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity.


Question: Can opioids be used for low back pain?

Answer: In some cases, your doctor might prescribe these for your low back pain. But recent research shows that they usually only provide short-term relief. And they carry a lot of risks, like hormonal changes and dependency. For this reason, doctors don't usually prescribe them for chronic, or long-term, pain. If yours does, he'll also likely recommend other therapies, like exercise or lifestyle changes.


Question: What is laser hair removal?

Answer: This is one of the longest-lasting methods, but it generally requires four or more treatments 4-6 weeks apart. It can only be effective on dark hair. The laser beam or a light pulse works to destroy the hair bulb. The treatment can be expensive and sometimes painful, but it can be used on many parts of the body where unwanted hair appears. Be sure you select a doctor or technician who is highly trained and knowledgeable. This cream slows growth, but it will not remove the hair.


Question: Ho do depilatory creams work for hair removal?

Answer: They're not all the same, so be sure to read the label. Using a cream improperly -- for instance, leaving it on too long -- can burn your skin. If you have a history of allergic reactions, you should first test a little bit of the cream on a small area on your arm to make sure you don't have a bad reaction to it. Be sure to follow the directions on the cream. Many women use this hair removal method in the bikini area and to remove hair on the upper lip.


Question: What is spironolactone?

Answer: Plucking or tweezing can be painful, but it may be a good option if you only have a few hairs you want to remove. Spironolactone is a pill that may slow or reduce hair growth in areas that you don't want hair. It will not get rid of the hair on your scalp and may actually stimulate growth there.


Question: What causes pernicious anemia (PA)?

Answer: Your body needs plenty of healthy red blood cells. Because of this, your body will make less of them. And the cells that are made will die off sooner than they should. The reason this happens is often due to the lack of a stomach protein called âintrinsic factorâ ( IF). Your body can't absorb vitamin B-12 without it. This is often given in a shot.


Question: How is a sphygmomanometer used to measure blood pressure?

Answer: This instrument consists of a gauge and a rubber cuff that's placed around your arm or leg and inflated. The person taking your blood pressure wraps the cuff around your upper arm. That's how the systolic and diastolic blood pressures are determined. A high blood pressure reading would be 130/80 or higher.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose primary biliary cholangitis?

Answer: Your doctor may call these âantimitochondrial antibodies.â You could also need imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, MRI, or X-ray of your bile ducts. Your doctor may also want to do a liver biopsy, where she takes a small sample of tissue to test in a lab. You have primary biliary cholangitis if you have at least two of the following: High levels of alkaline phosphatase Antimitochondrial antibodies Signs of the disease on a liver biopsy The main treatment for PBC is a drug called ursodiol. Talk to your doctor about what tests you should get.


Question: How can primary biliary cholangitis cause vitamin and metabolic deficiencies?

Answer: Other complications can start as the liver stops working the way it should and the bile ducts become blocked. This changes the way the body breaks down fats and vitamins A, D, E, and K. As a result, your body can't use or nutrients the way it once did. Osteoporosis can happen when your body has problems using vitamin D and calcium.


Question: What can you do for multiple chemical sensitivity?

Answer: There are no reliable tests to diagnose multiple chemical sensitivity, and there are no effective or proven treatments. Other people find that medicines for anxiety and sleep help. People often find solutions on their own. But you want to make sure there's evidence that shows a medical benefit. Avoid tests or treatments that are expensive, unproven, or could cause harm. Both of you should be cautious but keep an open mind about all the possible causes of your symptoms and the many treatment options.


Question: What are complications that may result from gastric bypass surgery?

Answer: About 10% of people have complications, which are usually minor and include: Wound infections Digestive problems Ulcers Bleeding Nearly 1% to 5% of people have serious or life-threatening complications, such as: Blood clot (pulmonary embolism) Heart attack Leak in the surgical connections with the intestines Serious infection or bleeding The risk of complications is lower at centers that do more than 100 weight loss surgeries per year. This surgery is difficult to do and often leads to nutritional problems.


Question: What is laparoscopic gastric banding for weight-loss surgery?

Answer: Others include: Adjustable gastric banding(also called laparascopic gastric banding, or lap band surgery) is the least invasive and second most common weight loss surgery. In gastric banding, a surgeon places a silicone ring around the upper stomach. The surgeon can adjust the ring's tightness by injecting saline through the skin to fill up the band or extracting saline to loosen it. This fine-tunes the exact size of the stomach. For example, if a too-tight stomach is causing side effects, the bands can be loosened. Gastric banding is also less likely to cause nutritional problems.


Question: What happens during gastric bypass surgery?

Answer: The procedure has two parts: The surgeon divides the stomach into a large portion and a much smaller one. Then, in a process sometimes called "stomach stapling,â the small part of the stomach is sewn or stapled together to make a pouch, which can hold only a cup or so of food. The surgeon disconnects the new, small stomach pouch from the majority of the stomach and first part of the small intestine (the duodenum), and then connects it to a part of the small intestine slightly farther down (the jejunum). This surgical technique is called a " Roux-en- Y."


Question: How can I help keep my child with cystic fibrosis (CF) from getting sick?

Answer: Kids with CF have a higher risk of getting sick than other kids. Here are some important tips for fighting germs: Wash your hands properly Keep your mouth covered when you cough Clean and disinfect medical equipment She can eat the types of foods that other kids can eat, though there are a few things she'll need to add to her diet.


Question: What should you ask your doctor if you continue to have seizures while taking medication?

Answer: You should discuss these with your doctor: Your age, gender, and other health issues How the drugs work and possible side effects Other drugs you are taking What kind of side effects you can live with What you hope that the medication will do for you; for example, you might want a medication that makes you more alert and better able to concentrate at work. There are also specific questions that women with epilepsy should ask. Do I have the kind of epilepsy that might be treated by surgery? Would my seizures respond to VNS therapy?


Question: What can I do to prevent lung cancer?

Answer: If you smoke, make it your top priority to quit. It's hard to do. You can talk to your doctor about the most effective ways to quit. Studies show that it can make lung cancer more likely in people who smoke. Check your home for radon. Most hardware stores carry an inexpensive and easy-to-use kit that accurately measures radon levels. Exercise and eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables . These healthy habits will lower your risk of several forms of cancer, as well as heart disease and diabetes.


Question: Should I build a professional health care team if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You can build a great team of professional health care providers who will help you. There are several key players you should turn to. Your Occupational Therapist If rheumatoid arthritis starts to slow you down, or if daily tasks become hard, a visit with an occupational therapist will probably help. Don't hesitate to see a professional if it starts to get to you.


Question: What are some tips to work with my team to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Bring your medical record with you to your appointment. Communicate. Make sure each team member knows about important changes, like recent surgeries, hospitalizations, or changes in what medications you take. Keep your appointments. Ask questions. You should be able to ask any of the people on your team about anything that's on your mind.


Question: How can a psychologist, psychiatrist, or social worker help treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Living with rheumatoid arthritis can be a challenge. Luckily, you don't have to do it alone. You can build a great team of professional health care providers who will help you. Psychiatrists can also prescribe medication, such as antidepressants, if needed.


Question: What activities should you avoid after total knee replacement?

Answer: But PT after knee surgery will make you stronger. It'll last longer if you avoid putting stress on it with activities like: Running Skiing Tennis Sports that involve jumping The good news is that it's easy to stay fit with your artificial knee.


Question: What is recovery after total knee replacement like?

Answer: You continue with as much PT as you can handle. But most people need 4-6 weeks before they can bend their knee to get in and out of the car. In 3-6 weeks, you could shop for groceries, get up from a chair, and do other things that were difficult before the surgery. Just remember that you might not be 100% pain-free. Let you doctor know about any pain that bothers you.


Question: What are risks associated with phototherapy for eczema?

Answer: Signs and symptoms of atopic eczema include: Itchiness Skin redness Dry, scaly, or crusted skin that might become thick and leathery from long-term scratching Formation of small, fluid-filled blisters that might ooze when scratched Infection of the areas where the skin has been broken Atopic eczema usually is diagnosed with an analysis of a person's history of symptoms and with an exam of the skin. Your health care professionals will work with you to minimize any risks.


Question: What causes lichen planus?

Answer: Lichen planus is believed to be an autoimmune process where the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. When lichen planus is thought to be caused by a triggering agent such as hepatitis B or C, it is known as a lichenoid reaction. Medications to treat high blood pressure, heart disease, and arthritis can cause lichen planus-type rashes that are allergic reactions to those drugs. Lichen planus is not contagious. The cause of pityriasis rosea is not known.


Question: What is a skin rash and what causes it?

Answer: There are many types of rashes, including eczema, granuloma annulare, lichen planus, and pityriasis rosea. A doctor might test an area of scaly or crusted skin to rule out other skin diseases or infections. The cause of granuloma annulare is unknown.


Question: What are the symptoms of pityriasis rosea?

Answer: The patch usually is followed by additional pink patches of skin. There is itching and redness or inflammation of the skin. Pityriasis rosea affects the back, neck, chest, abdomen, upper arms, and legs, but the rash may differ from person to person.


Question: What causes pityriasis rosea?

Answer: In most cases, the cause of lichen planus is not known. However, there is evidence that suggests pityriasis rosea may be caused by a virus because the rash resembles certain viral illnesses. The rash does not seem to spread from person to person.


Question: How can I get a handicap parking permit?

Answer: Check on your state's specific process. Common conditions include: Lung disease Heart disease Substantially impaired mobility, for example, use of a wheelchair, brace, or cane A disease that significantly limits your ability walk or to use your legs Documented vision problems, including low-vision or partial sightedness Loss of one or both legs or loss of both hands, or limited use of these parts Be aware that other conditions also may apply, so ask your doctor about your eligibility.


Question: How does asking for help improve eczema?

Answer: If eczema is keeping you up at night, talk with your doctor about how to get a better handle on your symptoms. She can talk to you about other treatments or support resources that can help.


Question: How does stress affect eczema?

Answer: If you already have it because of eczema, that boost will make your symptoms worse. The key is to try to manage your stress. It might be one of the best ways to help keep your disease in check. Your skin condition can add to your daily stress.


Question: What should I expect during immunotherapy treatment?

Answer: So to get these medications, you have to take part in a clinical trial. What happens if the clinical trial is stopped, or if you need to stop treatment early The cost of treatment, including whether your health insurance will cover it Immunotherapy is a lot like other forms of cancer treatment. You'll go a doctor's office or hospital. Depending on your medication, it may be: Intravenous ( IV): It will be put into a vein through an IV. Oral: It comes in a pill or capsule you swallow. Topical: It's a cream you rub onto your skin. Intravesical: It goes directly into your bladder. This gives your body a break as you get ready for the next cycle.


Question: What do you need to know about the smallpox vaccine?

Answer: The smallpox vaccine prevents smallpox. The disease was declared to be eradicated worldwide in the late 1970s. However, the smallpox virus can be used as a bio-weapon, and there is a vaccine available for people who may encounter the agent. These reactions to the smallpox vaccine usually go away without treatment: The arm may be sore and red where the vaccine was given. The glands in the armpits may become large and sore. The vaccinated person may run a low fever.


Question: What are some serious reactions to the smallpox vaccine?

Answer: The smallpox vaccine prevents smallpox. The disease was declared to be eradicated worldwide in the late 1970s. However, the smallpox virus can be used as a bio-weapon, and there is a vaccine available for people who may encounter the agent. These reactions may require medical attention: A vaccinia rash or outbreak of sores limited to one area. This is an accidental spreading of the vaccinia virus caused by touching the vaccination site and then touching another part of the body or another person. A toxic or allergic rash in response to the vaccine that can take various forms (erythema multiforme). These reactions require immediate medical attention: Eczema vaccinatum. Serious skin rashes caused by widespread infection of the skin in people with skin conditions such as eczema or atopic dermatitis. Progressive vaccinia (or vaccinia necrosum). Ongoing infection of skin with tissue destruction frequently leading to death. Postvaccinal encephalitis. Inflammation of the brain.


Question: Is it important to eliminate your triggers in order to manage stress?

Answer: It may also help control your moods. So listen closely to what you're thinking or saying when you're stressed out. If you can't identify the main causes of your stress, try keeping a stress journal. Make note of when you become most anxious and see if you can determine a pattern, then find ways to remove or lessen those triggers.


Question: How much should you exercise every week to manage stress?

Answer: Work up to 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderately intense exercise like brisk walks or 75 minutes of a more vigorous exercise like swimming laps, jogging or other sports. Do this for 5 to 10 minutes at a time.


Question: Is relaxing your muscles important for managing stress?

Answer: You can help loosen them up on your own and refresh your body by: Stretching Enjoying a massage Taking a hot bath or shower Getting a good night's sleep Stopping and taking a few deep breaths can take the pressure off you right away. So listen closely to what you're thinking or saying when you're stressed out.


Question: Is taking a break important for managing stress?

Answer: But you need to set time aside to unwind or your mental and physical health can suffer. Do this for 5 to 10 minutes at a time. But stick with it and you'll look forward to these moments. Restful things you can do include: Meditation Yoga Tai chi Prayer Listening to your favorite music Spending time in nature You need to set aside time for things you enjoy.


Question: What causes sundowning?

Answer: Doctors call it sundowning, or sundown syndrome. Some scientists think that changes in the brain of someone with dementia might affect their inner âbody clock.â The area of the brain that signals when you're awake or asleep breaks down in people with Alzheimer's. That could cause sundowning. It may be more likely if your loved one is: Too tired Hungry or thirsty Depressed In pain Bored Having sleep problems What happens around someone can also set off sundowning symptoms.


Question: How does exercise affect cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Signs may include whole-body tiredness unrelieved by sleep, decreased energy or a lack of energy, mental and emotional exhaustion, inability to concentrate, weakness, or malaise. Even during cancer therapy, it is often possible to continue exercising. In fact, research has shown that cancer patients who perform a moderate exercise routine have a better quality of life and may have better outcomes. Keep a regular exercise schedule.


Question: How does reaching over your head cause cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Radiation can cause fatigue that increases over time. Prioritize activities and delegate tasks when needed. Carry several small loads instead of one large one, or use a cart.


Question: How do pain and drugs cause cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Decreased nutrition from the side effects of treatments (such as nausea, vomiting, mouth sores, taste changes, heartburn, or diarrhea) can cause fatigue. Research shows that pain also plays a role in fatigue.


Question: How does organizing your work combat cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Here are some suggestions: Plan ahead and organize your work Change storage of items to reduce trips and make them easier to reach. Prioritize activities and delegate tasks when needed. Combine activities and simplify details. Finally, there may be suggestions that are more specific to your situation that would help in combating your fatigue.


Question: How does adjusting expectations combat cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Research shows that pain also plays a role in fatigue. Adjust your expectations. For example, if you have a list of 10 things you want to accomplish today, pare it down to two and leave the rest for other days. A sense of accomplishment goes a long way to reducing stress.


Question: How does stress cause cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Stress can result from dealing with the disease and the "unknowns," as well as from worrying about daily accomplishments or trying to meet the expectations of others. One way to sort this out is to try to understand your depressed feelings and how they affect your life. Regular, moderate exercise can decrease these feelings, help you stay active and increase your energy. Managing stress can play an important role in combating cancer-related fatigue.


Question: How can friends and family help combat cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: A physical therapist can be helpful in planning a program for you. Cancer groups can be a source of support, as well. Other people with cancer understand what you are going through.


Question: How do hobbies and activities combat cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Biologics can also cause fatigue. For example, activities such as knitting, reading, or listening to music require little physical energy but require attention. If your stress seems out of control, talk to a health care professional.


Question: What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Answer: Children with DMD have a hard time standing up, walking, and climbing stairs. Many eventually need wheelchairs to get around. They can also have heart and lung problems. Although there isn't a cure, the outlook for people with DMD is better than it has ever been. Years ago, children with the disease usually didn't live beyond their teens. There are therapies that can ease symptoms, and researchers are looking for new ones, as well. DMD is caused by a problem in one of your genes. A few other gene therapies may soon be ready for sale in the U. S. To learn more about Duchenne muscular dystrophy or find a support group in your area, visit: Cure Duchenne, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, or the Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy.


Question: What causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

Answer: DMD is caused by a problem in one of your genes. Genes contain the information your body needs to make proteins, which carry out many different body functions. If you have DMD, the gene that makes a protein called dystrophin is broken. This protein normally keeps muscles strong and protects them from injury. It's rare, but sometimes people who don't have a family history of DMD get the disease when their genes get defects on their own.


Question: What is cordocentesis as a diagnostic test for Down syndrome in a pregnancy?

Answer: Then, during weeks 15-22, you get another blood test called the âquad screen.â It looks for four different markers that could be signs of Down syndrome. Your doctor uses a needle to take blood from the umbilical cord. This procedure has about a 1.4% to 1.9% chance of miscarriage , more than the other tests, so it's only done if the others don't give clear results.


Question: What types of tests check your baby for Down syndrome during pregnancy?

Answer: There are two types of tests you can get: Screening tests tell you how likely it is that your baby has Down syndrome. Diagnostic tests tell if your baby actually has it -- it's a clear yes or no. Typically, you might start with a screening test. Then, if it looks like Down syndrome is a possibility, you might get a diagnostic test. Diagnostic tests have some risk of causing a miscarriage.


Question: What is an amniocentesis test during pregnancy?

Answer: Ultrasound looks at the fluid in an area of the baby's neck called the ânuchal fold.â If the fluid level is higher than normal, it could be a sign of Down syndrome. These types of tests look at the baby's chromosomes to check for Down syndrome. Amniocentesis (âamnioâ) tests a sample of amniotic fluid, which surrounds your baby in the womb. There is a slight risk of miscarriage -- about 0.6% -- with a second-trimester amnio, while research shows the risk being higher before 15 weeks of pregnancy.


Question: Why is it important to reduce unhealthy fats if you have diabetes?

Answer: Instead, you can bake, broil, grill, roast, or boil. Healthy fats, such as polyunsaturated and mono fats, may help protect your heart from disease. For example, choose almonds, pecans and cashews and peanut butter, cold-water fish that are high in omega-3 fatty acids such as mackerel, salmon and tuna, and olive, safflower and canola oils.


Question: How can sunscreen help with sun-damaged skin?

Answer: Choose an SPF 30 sunscreen labeled âbroad-spectrumâ -- meaning it guards against the rays that cause wrinkles and brown spots -- and use it every day. They defend against the sun's damage to collagen and elastin, the proteins that keep skin firm and supple, and improve existing signs of aging. Sure, alcohol has antioxidants that help protect skin from damage.


Question: How can exercise help sun-damaged skin?

Answer: When you boost your heart rate and blood flow, you help your body undo skin aging by delivering more nutrients to cells that repair damage. A sweat session also makes your skin more taut and toned. As a bonus, exercise also helps you keep a healthy weight, which is key since extra pounds weaken your skin's support structure and lead to sagging.


Question: Can people recover from brain hemorrhages, and are there possible complications?

Answer: Treatment for bleeding in the brain depends on the location, cause, and extent of the hemorrhage. Possible complications include stroke, loss of brain function, or side effects from medications or treatments. Death is possible, and may quickly occur despite prompt medical treatment.


Question: Why would you get a blood test for allergies?

Answer: Allergy blood testing can help reveal what triggers your allergy symptoms and help your doctor choose the best treatment for you. Allergy blood tests usually screen for at least 10 of the most common allergy triggers, including dust, pet dander, trees, grasses, weeds, and molds related to where you live. They are also particularly helpful in diagnosing food allergies.


Question: How can a heart transplant affect your diet?

Answer: Diet. Your doctor will discuss your specific dietary needs, and a registered dietitian can help you understand specific dietary guidelines.


Question: How long can a person live after a heart transplant?

Answer: Can you adhere to the lifestyle changes, including complex drug treatments and frequent exams, required after a transplant? Recent figures show that 75% of heart transplant patients live at least five years after surgery. Nearly 85% return to work or other activities they previously enjoyed. Many patients enjoy swimming, cycling, running, or other sports.


Question: How long can you live after a heart transplant?

Answer: Can you adhere to the lifestyle changes, including complex drug treatments and frequent exams, required after a transplant? Recent figures show that 75% of heart transplant patients live at least five years after surgery. Nearly 85% return to work or other activities they previously enjoyed. Many patients enjoy swimming, cycling, running, or other sports.


Question: What can you do to prevent and avoid organ rejection in a heart transplant?

Answer: Donors generally give their permission for organ donation before their death. If left alone, the immune system would damage the cells of a new heart and eventually destroy it. As mentioned, after a heart transplant, patients must take several drugs.


Question: Can ginkgo biloba help with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: But there are no vitamins or supplements proven to prevent, stop, or slow down Alzheimer's. You may have heard of ginkgo biloba as a memory aid -- and maybe something that sounds like it could help you with Alzheimer's. But so far, they haven't found any proof that it improves memory at all, even in people who don't have Alzheimer's. Ginkgo has been shown to cause other side effects, including bleeding, lowering blood sugar, and altering blood pressure. So it may be best to avoid completely.


Question: How can resveratrol help with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: But there are no vitamins or supplements proven to prevent, stop, or slow down Alzheimer's. The foods you eat do matter for your brain health, and they're the best way to get nutrients. Some researchers think is has anti-aging properties, and can lower your risk of certain diseases. Scientists have thought for a while that resveratrol might be able to protect your brain from the effects of Alzheimer's. A recent study showed that daily doses of resveratrol did slow down the progress of the disease.


Question: How can vitamin D help with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: But there are no vitamins or supplements proven to prevent, stop, or slow down Alzheimer's. The foods you eat do matter for your brain health, and they're the best way to get nutrients. One of vitamin D's jobs is to help the brain. Most of us get our vitamin D from the sun and from foods like fatty fish, cheese, and egg yolks. But it's also available over the counter as a supplement. There's a link between vitamin D and Alzheimer's. A number of studies have shown that people with Alzheimer's have low vitamin D levels. One study found people with very low vitamin D were twice as likely to have Alzheimer's. A lot more research has to be done before doctors will start prescribing vitamin D for Alzheimer's.


Question: What are less common causes of glaucoma?

Answer: It's rare, but sometimes eye surgery to correct another condition can bring it on. It usually affects both eyes, but it may be worse in one than the other. Occasionally, pressure inside the eye can rise to severe levels.


Question: What can lead to permanent vision loss in glaucoma?

Answer: If the damage continues, glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss. Without treatment, glaucoma can cause total permanent blindness within a few years. It's the result of an intrinsic deterioration of the optic nerve, which leads to high fluid pressure on the front part of the eye.


Question: What are the types of glaucoma?

Answer: There are two main kinds: Open-angle glaucoma. It's the most common type. Your doctor may also call it wide-angle glaucoma. The drain structure in your eye -- it's called the trabecular meshwork -- looks normal, but fluid doesn't flow out like it should. Angle-closure glaucoma. Your eye doesn't drain right because the drain space between your iris and cornea becomes too narrow. This can cause a sudden buildup of pressure in your eye. It's also linked to farsightedness and cataracts, a clouding of the lens inside your eye.


Question: What is prostate cancer stage II?

Answer: The tumor can touch more than half of one lobe of the prostate, but doesn't involve both lobes. Stage IIB The cancer is growing in your prostate but hasn't spread beyond it. The tumor can be in one or both lobes of the prostate.


Question: What is prostate cancer stage IV?

Answer: Stage IIB The cancer is growing in your prostate but hasn't spread beyond it. Stage IIIB The cancer has spread outside the prostate but hasn't made it to the lymph nodes or distant sites in the body. The cancer has spread to distant sites in the body such as lymph nodes, bones, or other organs. It's important to get the stage right because it plays a huge role in choosing the best treatment for you, as well as your outlook. For this reason, it's worth going through extensive testing to get the correct prostate cancer stage.


Question: What is prostate cancer stage III?

Answer: Stage IIIB The cancer has spread outside the prostate but hasn't made it to the lymph nodes or distant sites in the body. Stage IVA The cancer may or may not have spread to tissues near the prostate. The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant sites in the body.


Question: Should you get checked for infertility if you are a man and your partner isn't getting pregnant?

Answer: There are lots of tests you can take to find out if you're infertile -- and learn what kind of treatment you can get. It can identify specific obstacles to fertility and problems with your sperm.


Question: When are asthma symptoms at their worst?

Answer: Nocturnal wheezing, cough, and trouble breathing are common yet potentially dangerous. Many doctors often underestimate nocturnal asthma or nighttime asthma. Studies show that most deaths related to asthma symptoms such as wheezing happen at night. According to your type of asthma and asthma severity (mild, moderate, or severe), your doctor can prescribe treatment to help you resolve your nighttime asthma symptoms so you can sleep like a baby.


Question: How does acid reflux affect night-time asthma?

Answer: Nocturnal asthma, with symptoms like chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing at night, can make sleep impossible and leave you feeling tired and irritable during the day. GERD If you are frequently bothered with heartburn, the reflux of stomach acid up through the esophagus to the larynx may stimulate a bronchial spasm. It's worse when lying down or if you take medications for asthma that relax the valve between the stomach and esophagus. Sometimes, acid from the stomach will irritate the lower esophagus and lead to constriction of your airways. If stomach acid backs up to your throat, it may drip down to the trachea, airways and lungs, leading to a severe reaction. Taking care of GERD and asthma with appropriate medications can often stop nighttime asthma.


Question: Why is asthma worse during sleep?

Answer: Many doctors often underestimate nocturnal asthma or nighttime asthma. Studies show that most deaths related to asthma symptoms such as wheezing happen at night. The exact reason that asthma is worse during sleep are not known, but there are explanations that include increased exposure to allergens; cooling of the airways; being in a reclining position; and hormone secretions that follow a circadian pattern. Sleep itself may even cause changes in bronchial function. According to your type of asthma and asthma severity (mild, moderate, or severe), your doctor can prescribe treatment to help you resolve your nighttime asthma symptoms so you can sleep like a baby.


Question: What role does epinephrine play in asthma?

Answer: Epinephrine is one such hormone, which exerts important influences on the bronchial tubes. This hormone helps keep the muscle in the walls of bronchi relaxed so the airway remains wide. Epinephrine also suppresses the release of other substances, such as histamines, which cause mucus secretion and bronchospasm. Your epinephrine levels and peak expiratory flow rates are lowest at about 4:00 a.m., while histamine levels tend to peak at this same time. Since nocturnal asthma or nighttime asthma may occur anytime during the sleep period, asthma treatment must be sufficient to cover these hours.


Question: What are side effects of taking cranberry?

Answer: Pregnant women might suffer these side effects at lower doses. While cranberry juice is generally safe, children or women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take cranberry for medical purposes unless a doctor recommends it.


Question: Can cranberry help with a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Answer: Studies have not shown that cranberries are effective treatments for UTIs once you have an infection. There's no good evidence that it will help. Instead, see a doctor. If you have health conditions like aspirin allergy or kidney stones, check with a doctor before using cranberry for a health condition. Sweetened cranberry drinks can be high in calories and high-fructose corn syrup, and thus may be inadvisable for people with diabetes or weight problems.


Question: What are cranberries?

Answer: Traditionally, cranberries have been used for urinary conditions and other ailments. Cranberries, cranberry juice, and cranberry extracts are safe.


Question: How is lichen planus on the scalp treated?

Answer: To kill the fungus, you must treat ringworm on the scalp with medications taken by mouth. Retinoid medications used for acne may also help. Antihistamines (such as Benadryl), cold compresses, and soothing baths can help the itching. Sometimes doctors use a type of ultraviolet light therapy called PUVA (psoralen plus UVA radiation), narrow band UVB phototherapy, or antibiotics.


Question: Does hair make my scalp itch?

Answer: There's no cure, but it's fairly easy to control by washing your hair more often with a medicated shampoo. And they usually itch.


Question: What is a vacuum constriction device?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The VCD consists of an acrylic cylinder with a pump that may be attached directly to the end of the penis. A constriction ring or band is placed on the cylinder at the other end, which is applied to the body. The cylinder and pump are used to create a vacuum to help the penis become erect; the band or constriction ring is used to help maintain the erection. An erection obtained by the vacuum constriction device is not the same as an erection achieved naturally.


Question: How much does a vacuum constriction device cost?

Answer: Vacuum constriction devices may be difficult to use in obese men because of fatty tissue in the lower abdomen. The battery-powered versions tend to be more expensive, but also tend to work a little more quickly. Battery-powered devices are especially helpful for men who do not have good hand strength or coordination or who have arthritis. There are several devices currently on the market that work effectively. Some of these devices can be obtained without a prescription.


Question: What should I avoid doing if I have chapped lips?

Answer: So if you don't take care of them, you'll pay the price. Don't peel or bite flaky skin. The skin on your lips is thin and delicate. Picking at it can cause it to bleed and hurt, slow the healing process, and cause more irritation. Don't exfoliate. It can cause further damage to chapped lips. Instead, apply plenty of balm or ointment and turn on the humidifier. Listen to your lips.


Question: How do vasodilators treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

Answer: You can take them as pills, medicines that you breathe in, or drugs you get through an IV. These include: Ambrisentan ( Letairis) Bosentan ( Tracleer) Macitentan ( Opsumit) Sildenafil ( Revatio, Viagra) Tadalafil ( Adcirca, Cialis) Drugs called vasodilators open up blood vessels, but some have an effect on the body for only a few minutes. To take the most common one, epoprostenol ( Flolan, Veletri), you need a small battery-powered pump so you can get a steady dose. They go straight to your lungs and can quickly relieve shortness of breath.


Question: How is ptosis treated?

Answer: You may have to tip your head back and lift your chin to see better. Surgery -- like LASIK or cataract surgery -- can stretch your eyelid. If it doesn't affect your vision, your doctor may decide not to treat it. Often, doctors won't treat children with ptosis. Your child's doctor will check his eyes regularly. For adults, treatment usually does mean surgery. Your doctor may remove extra skin and tuck the muscle that lifts the lid.


Question: How are imaging tests used to diagnose kidney stones?

Answer: There are several ways your doctor can test for kidney stones. They include: Imaging tests: Doctors have various ways of taking a peek inside your body to see what's going on. They might try: X-rays. They can find some stones, but little ones might not show up. CT scans. A more in-depth type of scan is called computed tomography, or CT scan. A CT scan is a special kind of X-ray. The equipment takes pictures from several angles. A computer then puts all the X-rays, called âslices,â together into more detailed images than standard X-rays can give you. A CT scan is often used in emergencies, because it gives such clear and quick images to help doctors make a fast diagnosis. Ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of your insides. A medication called tamsulosin ( Flomax) relaxes the ureter to help pass the stone. You might need sound wave therapy or surgery for stones too large to pass or those causing damage.


Question: What are the signs of sun damage?

Answer: Spots, blotches, and wrinkles that show up over time are really signs of the sun's damage to your skin. So is a suntan. The sun's beams bring out a chemical in your body associated with melanin, which darkens your skin, part of an effort to protect it. Here are some of the most common signs of sun damage: Sunburns may last only a few days, but they add up to skin problems later in life. Keep an eye on these spots, and tell your doctor if you notice changes in texture, a raised surface, more than one color within the spot, sudden darkening, or an oddly shaped border.


Question: How can my health care team help me avoid complications of diabetes?

Answer: You'll see your condition get better if you: Change your diet Lose extra weight Get more active Blood sugar. Talk to your doctor whenever you have concerns. You may need something as simple as a lifestyle change or a tweak in your meds. Your diabetes health care team is there to help. Their goal is the same as yours: let you keep doing the things you love with the people you care about.


Question: How can I maintain my quality of life after being diagnosed with diabetes?

Answer: You'll see your condition get better if you: Change your diet Lose extra weight Get more active Blood sugar. Their goal is the same as yours: let you keep doing the things you love with the people you care about.


Question: Does having diabetes increase my risk of heart disease and stroke?

Answer: Diabetes can also raise your chances of having high cholesterol, which makes heart disease and strokes more likely. The risks go even higher if you: Smoke Are overweight Have high blood pressure Have heart disease in your family Talk to your doctor about your chances of having these conditions and what you can do to lower them.


Question: How can a wireless scale help with diabetes?

Answer: It helps lower your blood sugar, helps your body use insulin better, and makes you less likely to have other health complications. A wireless scale. Wireless scales can automatically upload your weight to a secure website. If you're really into sharing, you can tweet your weigh-ins or post them on social media. This kind of support helps some people stay motivated.


Question: What tracking devices can be helpful for people with diabetes?

Answer: A huge part of managing your diabetes is to keep your blood sugar under control, exercise, and eat right. Wireless scales can automatically upload your weight to a secure website.


Question: How can tracking help with diabetes?

Answer: Food. The high-tech revolution makes it easier to share info with your doctor. Now you can show her not only your glucose readings, but also your diet, exercise, and sleep. Once you track for a while, you'll start to see some connections. How much is that snack from the vending machine really affecting you? How does exercising a few weeks affect your blood pressure? When your tracker shows you slept restlessly for a week, does it affect your blood sugar readings? Also congratulate yourself for what you're doing right. When you self-track, you see the rewards of your healthy habits. That can give you very real reasons to stick with them.


Question: What can I learn from tracking devices for people with diabetes?

Answer: Food. Once you track for a while, you'll start to see some connections. How much is that snack from the vending machine really affecting you? How does exercising a few weeks affect your blood pressure? When your tracker shows you slept restlessly for a week, does it affect your blood sugar readings? Is there something you need to improve? Also congratulate yourself for what you're doing right. When you self-track, you see the rewards of your healthy habits. That can give you very real reasons to stick with them.


Question: Does tracking really help with diabetes?

Answer: It's the same with tracking when you have diabetes. Studies have found that people with diabetes who used apps -- to record food, exercise, and other behavior -- had better long-term blood sugar control. Another found that people who wore pedometers naturally increased their activity by 27%.


Question: How can scales help with my diabetes?

Answer: It helps lower your blood sugar, helps your body use insulin better, and makes you less likely to have other health complications. A wireless scale. Wireless scales can automatically upload your weight to a secure website. If you're really into sharing, you can tweet your weigh-ins or post them on social media. This kind of support helps some people stay motivated.


Question: How can I track my exercise if I have diabetes?

Answer: By tracking steps and the calories you burn, fitness trackers can help anyone get fitter. That means you use less space on your phone or tablet.


Question: Why does tracking help with diabetes?

Answer: Data = power. Not sleeping enough can push your blood sugar out of whack.


Question: How can I keep track of my glucose levels if I have diabetes?

Answer: A huge part of managing your diabetes is to keep your blood sugar under control, exercise, and eat right. Some gadgets can store your glucose monitor's readings in the cloud. That means you use less space on your phone or tablet. Browse the app store for your phone or tablet's operating system to find hundreds of diabetes apps -- to record carbs, set alarms for medication, and plan healthy meals. Look for ones with the highest ratings and try them.


Question: How can I keep track of my high blood pressure and diabetes?

Answer: Like scales, a wireless blood pressure monitor may automatically upload readings to a website so you can track them easily. Check products from the same manufacturer -- like a fitness tracker, wireless scale, and glucose monitor -- to see if they sync so you get a more complete picture of your health.


Question: Why should I get tested for hepatitis C?

Answer: In fact, hepatitis C is the top reason for liver transplants in the U. S. If you think you've been exposed, here are five reasons to get tested right away: A simple blood test can tell if you've ever had the virus. You can pass the hepatitis C virus to others through your blood, even if you don't have any symptoms.


Question: What should you avoid doing if you have broken toenails?

Answer: You can care for a ripped toenail at home if: The tear isn't too far down toward your foot, and the nail is still attached to the nail bed. You see blood pooling under 1/4 or more of the remaining nail. Don't wrap the exposed nail bed with plain gauze or a regular adhesive bandage. These will stick, and later it will be both difficult and painful to change the dressing. Try not to fuss at it. Don't pick at the old (or replacement) nail as the new one appears, if one does. It may take a year or more for a new nail to fully grow back, and it may be deformed.


Question: What would your doctor do to treat broken toenails?

Answer: Any bleeding stops quickly. If it's painful, soak your toe in cold water for 20 minutes. The base or sides of the nail are pulling away or already detached from the nail bed or nail folds. You see blood pooling under 1/4 or more of the remaining nail. To help avoid infection, they may give you antibiotics and possibly a tetanus booster shot. You might need an X-ray. If you've broken a bone in the toe, they may tape it to the next toe for support while it heals.


Question: When should you get medical help for broken toenails?

Answer: Go to an urgent care center or emergency room when: The tear is too far down for you to trim. The base or sides of the nail are pulling away or already detached from the nail bed or nail folds. The toenail has ripped off. ( The nail bed may look pearly, as though the nail is still there, even though it's completely off.) You have a deep cut that might need stitches. You have a lot of pain or swelling. Your toe might throb or feel tight. The toe is crooked or mangled. You see blood pooling under 1/4 or more of the remaining nail. Your nail, or an artificial one, will protect the nail bed, and it's more comfortable than a bandage.


Question: What things are important to do so that I can get a good night of sleep if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Follow these tips, too: Try not to sleep during the day. If you nap, don't snooze for too long or near bedtime. Avoid caffeine and alcohol within 4-6 hours of bedtime. Don't smoke before you go to sleep or during the night. If running to the bathroom is keeping you awake, try to drink less in the evenings. Get your recommended amount of fluids during the day instead. Exercise regularly, preferably during the day. Avoid vigorous exercise 3 hours before bedtime. Set your alarm to wake you up at the same time every day, even on days when you're off work and on the weekends.


Question: Do people with multiple sclerosis often have trouble sleeping?

Answer: In some cases, MS lesions at certain spots within the brain may also keep someone from sleeping normally. Try to not rehash the day's problems or worry about tomorrow's schedule.


Question: What is soft tissue sarcoma?

Answer: Soft tissue sarcomas are rare. They account for less than 1% of all cases of cancer. But there are dozens of different types, and they can happen in children and adults. Radiation , including during treatment for other kinds of cancer. About 1 in 5 soft tissue sarcomas happen in the belly.


Question: What are symptoms of soft tissue sarcoma?

Answer: The most common sign of a soft tissue sarcoma is a painless lump or growth. But some may not be noticeable until they're big enough to press on nearby muscles or nerves. A doctor might find a sarcoma in your lungs or chest only after you have chest pain or trouble breathing.


Question: What is popcorn lung?

Answer: It's sometimes caused by breathing in a chemical used to flavor microwave popcorn. But other chemicals or lung illnesses can also cause popcorn lung. The chemical that gave this condition its nickname is diacetyl. The main symptoms of popcorn lung are a dry cough and shortness of breath.


Question: Are menstrual cups new to the feminine care aisle?

Answer: Menstrual cups have actually been around since the 1930s, but America was slow to catch on. The first menstrual cup for U. S. use was manufactured in 1987. Since then, there have been several others produced, manufactured from different substances ranging from rubber to silicone. Your partner can't feel them, and there's no blood to worry about.


Question: What are the disadvantages of using a menstrual cup?

Answer: Some types are disposable, but most are reusable. It holds more. It can be tough to find the right fit. Cups come in different sizes depending on your age, flow, and whether you've had a child. Still, finding the perfect fit can be a challenge, more so if you have a tilted uterus or low cervix. It can take some trial and error, and you could have leaks in the meantime. Removal can get messy -- or embarrassing. Even if you find it easy to insert the cup, removing it can be tricky. In a sit or squat, you need to use your pelvic floor muscles to push the cup down, then reach up and grab the stem. Pinch the base to break the seal and angle the cup slightly back to keep it from spilling. And if you're in public, keep in mind you'll need to wash out the cup in the restroom sink. ( As an alternative, one manufacturer suggests bringing a bottle of water with you into the stall and rinsing it out, then wiping clean with toilet paper.) It could interfere with an IUD. Some manufacturers don't recommend using a menstrual cup if you have an intrauterine device ( IUD) inserted, as there's a chance the cup could pull on the string or dislodge it. But a 2012 study found no evidence of this. Still, it's a good idea to talk to your doctor before combining the two.


Question: What can you expect if your pneumonia becomes severe?

Answer: How your pneumonia is treated depends on what caused it and how bad your symptoms are. If your pneumonia was caused by a virus, time and rest are key to your recovery. But your doctor may recommend treatment that includes: Drinking lots of fluids to loosen the gunk in your lungs Lots of rest Medicines to control your fever (ibuprofen or acetaminophen) If it becomes severe, you may have to stay in the hospital for treatment. While you're there, your doctor will probably give you fluids or antibiotics through an IV tube. You may even need oxygen therapy or breathing treatments.


Question: What is a shy bladder?

Answer: That's because being near other people causes your sphincter muscles to lock up. Those muscles control the flow of urine from your bladder. Once they freeze up, you simply can't pee. It can happen in a public restroom, a bathroom in someone else's home, and even in your own place if other folks are nearby. Your doctor may call it by its official name, paruresis. Talk to your doctor before you try any type of treatment just to be sure nothing's wrong with your urinary system.


Question: How common are allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: Many of these individuals are at risk for life-threatening allergic reactions. Approximately 50 deaths each year in the U. S. are attributed to allergic reactions to insect stings. They tend to attract insects.


Question: What should I consider when treating allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: Take an over-the-counter oral antihistamine to reduce itching, swelling, and hives. Also, carefully read the warning label on any medicines before taking it. Parents of children and people with medical conditions should consult a pharmacist if they have questions about a drug's use.


Question: If I have multiple sclerosis, can I have trouble swallowing?

Answer: It can also lead to speech problems. It happens when the disease damages the nerves in the brain and spinal cord that make these tasks happen. For some people, these problems are mild. Others have a harder time dealing with severe symptoms. But treatments and techniques can help you improve your speech and make swallowing easier. Concentrate on swallowing often.


Question: What is a modified barium swallow and how is it used to treat swallowing problems caused by multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Trouble changing tone of voice Nasal-sounding speech Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and do a physical exam, paying attention to how well your tongue and other muscles in your mouth and throat work. The fluid makes your insides stand out on the image. The test helps your doctor pinpoint where and why you're having trouble swallowing.


Question: What is involved in the diagnosis of swallowing problems in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Trouble changing tone of voice Nasal-sounding speech Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and do a physical exam, paying attention to how well your tongue and other muscles in your mouth and throat work. The fluid makes your insides stand out on the image. The test helps your doctor pinpoint where and why you're having trouble swallowing.


Question: What are my treatment options for speech problems in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Someone with the disease might have mild trouble with words or severe problems that make it hard for them to speak and be understood. Your doctor might suggest that you see a speech therapist or a speech-language pathologist. You might focus on using shorter words and phrases or ways to simplify words, sentences, or sounds. Practice controlling your breath. It can help you speak longer sentences in one breath or accent specific words.


Question: What are my treatment options for swallowing problems in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It can also lead to speech problems. She might suggest changes in diet, positioning of your head, or exercises that can help. In very severe cases, feeding tubes can deliver nutrients and fluids directly into the stomach.


Question: What is diarrhea?

Answer: When you have diarrhea, your bowel movements (or stools) are loose and watery. It's common and usually not serious. It normally lasts 2 to 3 days. Some people get it more often.


Question: How do you know if you have diarrhea?

Answer: It's common and usually not serious. You may have: Bloating in your belly Cramps Thin or loose stools Watery stools An urgent feeling that you need to have a bowel movement Nausea and throwing up More serious symptoms include: Blood or mucus in your stool Weight loss Fever If you have watery stools more than three times a day and you're not drinking enough fluids, you could become dehydrated.


Question: How is mild diarrhea treated if it is mild?

Answer: Stool tests to look for bacteria or parasites If your case is mild, you may not need to take anything. Adults can take an over-the-counter medicine such as bismuth subsalicylate or loperamide, which you can get as liquids or tablets. You may also try using a hemorrhoid cream or petroleum jelly on the affected area.


Question: How can I avoid back pain?

Answer: Get more exercise. Extra pounds, especially in your midsection, can make back pain worse by shifting your center of gravity and putting strain on your lower back. Staying within 10 pounds of your ideal weight may help control back pain. If you smoke, stop. Smoking restricts the flow of nutrient-containing blood to spinal discs, so smokers are especially vulnerable to back pain. Sleeping position. If you're prone to back pain, talk with your doctor about the best sleeping position. Don't bend over from the waist to lift heavy objects. If you can, push rather than pull heavy objects. Clothing so tight that it interferes with bending, sitting, or walking can aggravate back pain. Lighten your wallet. Sitting on an overstuffed wallet may cause discomfort and back pain. Pick the right handbag or briefcase. Buy a bag or briefcase with a wide, adjustable strap that's long enough to reach over your head. A messenger bag (like the ones bike messengers wear) is made to wear this way. They can be helpful after certain kinds of surgery, but there is not much evidence that they help treat chronic back pain.


Question: How can brain exercises help delay memory loss or dementia?

Answer: So games, puzzles, and other types of brain training may help slow memory loss and other mental problems. People who regularly challenge their minds may spend a shorter part of their lives in a state of decline, even if they do get Alzheimer's.


Question: What can cause you to drool if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: That'll help you swallow more often. If it's happening to you, talk with your doctor. She can suggest therapies or medicines that can help make things better.


Question: How are Parkinson's disease and swallowing related?

Answer: As a result, chewing and managing solid foods can be difficult. If you have Parkinson's disease and have trouble swallowing, talk with your doctor.


Question: Is grieving normal if you find out your unborn baby has a life-threatening illness?

Answer: It's usually helpful to grieve and talk about your grief with the other parent. Couples need to understand that each individual grieves differently. Some couples report that their marriages were saved after they understood that their spouses were grieving just as intensely as they were, even though they showed less outward emotion. There may be no greater loss than the loss of a child.


Question: What is somatic symptom disorder?

Answer: Some people have excessive and unrealistic worries about their health. They are very worried about getting a disease or are certain they have a disease, even after medical tests show they do not. And these people often misinterpret minor health problems or normal body functions as symptoms of a serious disease. An example is a person who is sure that her headaches are caused by a brain tumor. The symptoms associated with somatic symptom disorder are not under the person's voluntary control, and they can cause great distress and can interfere with a person's life. Somatic symptom disorder can happen at any time of life, but most often begins in early adulthood. It affects men and women equally.


Question: What complications are associated with somatic symptom disorder?

Answer: The exact cause of somatic symptom disorder is not known. He or she also might suffer from reactions or health problems related to multiple tests, procedures, and treatments. In addition to the pain and frustration this disorder often causes to the person and his or her family, repeated episodes also can lead to unnecessary and risky procedures, as well as high medical bills and trouble functioning in daily life. Further, genuine medical problems can be missed in a person with a long history of having tests with negative results, because doctors may assume the person's complaint is caused by a psychiatric problem, rather than a real physical illness.


Question: What are the signs of somatic symptom disorder?

Answer: The symptoms they describe can range from general complaints, such as pain or tiredness to concerns about normal body functions, such as breathing or stomach noises. People with somatic symptom disorder are not faking or lying about their symptoms; they truly believe they are sick. Or, if they do have an actual physical illness, their level of worry and distress is out of proportion to the condition. Factors that might be involved in the development of the disorder include: A history of physical or sexual abuse A history of having a serious illness as a child A poor ability to express emotions A parent or close relative with the disorder; children might learn this behavior if a parent is overly concerned about disease and/or overreacts to even minor illnesses An inherited susceptibility for the disorder Diagnosing somatic symptom disorder can be very difficult, because people with the disorder are convinced their symptoms and feelings of distress are explainable by a medical illness."


Question: How can a doctor detect keratoconus?

Answer: Keratoconus is caused by a decrease in protective antioxidants in the cornea. It usually develops in one eye first and then later in the other eye.


Question: What happens to the cornea during keratoconus?

Answer: The changes can result in blurred vision, glare and halos at night, and the streaking of lights. The changes can stop at any time, or they can continue for decades. There is no way to predict how it will progress. In most people who have keratoconus, both eyes are eventually affected, although not always to the same extent. It usually develops in one eye first and then later in the other eye. Keratoconus changes vision in two ways: As the cornea changes from a ball shape to a cone shape, the smooth surface becomes distorted.


Question: Should you keep track of bed-wetting incidences?

Answer: So, one bed-wetting solution many experts recommend is to avoid caffeine in the late afternoon and evening. The reason your child wets the bed is not just because there is too much liquid in the bladder.


Question: Does drinking liquids before bed cause bed-wetting?

Answer: Nonetheless, limiting the amount of liquid your child drinks before going to sleep makes common sense because it will delay the filling of the bladder and give your child some extra time before bed-wetting occurs. This added time could give your child more of a chance to wake up before wetting the bed. Because everyone is different, you and your child might want to determine if you can figure out any food triggers that seem to affect whether your child wets the bed.


Question: Does caffeine cause bed-wetting?

Answer: So, one bed-wetting solution many experts recommend is to avoid caffeine in the late afternoon and evening. Just because your child doesn't drink coffee doesn't mean he isn't ingesting caffeine. Teas, colas, and energy drinks often contain caffeine. And one food that many children love, chocolate, also contains a chemical closely related to caffeine. So you might want to be cautious about hot chocolate and desserts such as brownies or chocolate ice cream. If they do identify a food they think prevents or causes bed-wetting, having or avoiding that food may actually help, even if it is only due to the placebo effect.


Question: Does diet affect bedwetting probability?

Answer: Limit liquids after 6 p.m. Avoid orange juice. Steer clear of spicy food. In an effort to put an end to your child's bed-wetting problem, you might be tempted to try them all. But before you do, keep in mind that making unnecessary dietary changes that don't work in an attempt to stop bed-wetting could make you and your child even more unhappy and upset. Think of it this way -- even if you drank a gallon of water before bed, you'd wake up to empty your bladder rather than wetting the bed.


Question: What is diabetic peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: It leads to numbness, loss of sensation, and sometimes pain in your feet, legs, or hands. It is the most common complication of diabetes. About 60% to 70% of all people with diabetes will eventually develop peripheral neuropathy, although not all suffer pain. Studies have shown that people with diabetes can reduce their risk of developing nerve damage by keeping their blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible. Chronically high blood sugar levels damage nerves not only in your extremities but also in other parts of your body.


Question: Is there a cure for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer: He may need to try different combinations of drugs and treatments until he finds one that works best for you. You'll need to manage your condition throughout your life.


Question: What should you expect after being diagnosed with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer: After your transplant, you'll need to take drugs that prevent your body from rejecting the new liver. While your doctor is trying to find the treatment that works best, you'll probably need to make regular visits to get blood tests to check your cholesterol levels. It's important to be patient and take the time to get the right treatment plan for you. Sometimes your doctor might need to try several different things before your high cholesterol gets under control.


Question: What is homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia makes it harder for your body to remove LDL "bad" cholesterol from your blood. The disease raises your chances of a heart attack at an early age, but drugs and other treatments can lower your risk. Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a disease you're born with.


Question: How do you get homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer: It's a serious condition. Without treatment, men with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia can get heart disease in their 40s, and women can get it in their 50s. Since homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia raises your cholesterol to extremely high levels, your doctor may start you on high doses of statin drugs. Two other drugs have been approved for people with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: lomitapide ( Juxtapid) and mipomersen ( Kynamro).


Question: What should you expect for managing homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer: There's no cure, so you'll need to take drugs and follow a heart-healthy diet throughout your life. Also, keep the fat in your diet to 30% or less of your daily calories. Sometimes treatments don't work and your heart disease risk remains high. Ask your doctor about joining a clinical trial. These trials test new drugs to see if they're safe and if they work. They often are a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone.


Question: What tests might your doctor do to help diagnose homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer: You may have a blood test to look for the abnormal gene that causes this condition. Your doctor might also want to test some of your close relatives to see if they have the disease. While your doctor is trying to find the treatment that works best, you'll probably need to make regular visits to get blood tests to check your cholesterol levels.


Question: What are the types of ejaculation disorders in men?

Answer: Inhibited or retarded ejaculation -- This is when ejaculation is slow to occur. Retrograde ejaculation -- This occurs when, at orgasm, the ejaculate is forced back into the bladder rather than through the urethra and out the end of the penis. In other men, retrograde ejaculation occurs after operations on the bladder neck or prostate, or after certain abdominal operations.


Question: How can a dietitian help in treating ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Before you take any dietary supplements, talk to your doctor or dietitian. If you can, keep milk and dairy products in your diet.


Question: Does diet cause ulcerative colitis?

Answer: If you lose weight because of your ulcerative colitis, try to eat five or six small meals and snacks during the day instead of two or three large meals. Probiotics are "good" bacteria that live in your intestines.


Question: Do you need to avoid lactose if you have ulcerative colitis?

Answer: The best time to think about nutrition is when you're not having a flare. But UC doesn't make you more likely to have lactose intolerance. Your doctor can do a simple test to find out.


Question: What is the best diet for ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Still, it can be tricky to eat a well-balanced diet. This should include a variety of foods: Lean meat, fish, and poultry Low-fat dairy products Bread, cereal, and whole grains Fruits and vegetables Healthy fats such as vegetable oils Keep a food diary to help you figure out which foods cause problems for you and whether or not you're getting enough nutrients.


Question: Why is it hard to eat a well-balanced diet if you have ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: If you lose weight because of your ulcerative colitis, try to eat five or six small meals and snacks during the day instead of two or three large meals. You can also find them in foods like yogurt and in supplements. If you just can't stomach dairy products, your doctor may want you to take calcium and vitamin D supplements.


Question: Do probiotics help if you have ulcerative colitis?

Answer: What you eat doesn't cause or cure ulcerative colitis. Researchers think adding more probiotics to your digestive tract might help treat the disease. In European studies, the probiotic E. coli Nissle helped prevent UC flares, but it isn't available in the U. S. Other studies are testing different probiotics to help control UC. If you and your doctor decide to try probiotics, you'll need to keep taking enough of the right kind for it to work.


Question: What is bromelain (bromelin)?

Answer: As a supplement, it's often used to ease pain and swelling. There is no standard dose for bromelain.


Question: How much bromelain should you take?

Answer: For swelling, some experts have recommended a range of 80 milligrams to 300 milligrams of extract taken two to three times daily. One or two 200-milligram bromelain tablets are used for knee pain. Ask your health care provider for advice. Bromelain might work best when taken without food. Given the lack of evidence about its safety, bromelain is not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: What are interactions of bromelain (bromelin)?

Answer: Check with a doctor before using bromelain if you have any health conditions, such as a bleeding disorder, asthma, heart problems, liver or kidney disease, or stomach ulcers. It could interact with certain antibiotics, blood thinners, aspirin and NSAID painkillers, and cancer drugs. Eating potatoes or soybeans when you take bromelain could make it less effective.


Question: If I have metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer, what are some ways to feel better in body and mind?

Answer: These mean the same thing from the standpoint of where the cancer is, and we mean that it has left the breast and the lymph nodes in the underarm and found its way to another part of the body. The treatment options that are available that are the most effective depend on the type of the breast cancer. If the time comes when there aren't other options or the side effects are too much, let your doctor know how you feel and that you want your treatment to focus on comfort. See how many of these are helpful to you now: Eat well and stay active. This may help you handle treatment better. Exercise relaxes muscles and keeps you strong. Easy stretches and yoga can make you feel less tired and stressed and help you sleep better. Lean on loved ones. Your friends and family can support you when you need it the most. Share a meal or watch a movie together to help remind you that life is more than just about cancer. Get emotional support. Consider joining a support group for people with metastatic breast cancer. Talking to others who are in the same situation, whether it's online or in person, can help you feel more connected. A religious leader you know and trust, a spiritual counselor, or your small group can help you process what's happening and stay connected with your community and core beliefs. Be present. Mindfulness meditation uses deep breathing and relaxation to lessen stress. You can learn it in a class or simply take a few minutes each day to quietly focus on something, such as your breath or a calming word or phrase, letting other thoughts and feelings come and go. It may help you stay in the moment. Paint a picture. Dance to your favorite tunes. Drink in that beautiful sunrise. If it puts a smile on your face, it's worth doing.


Question: Do I have a choice in the treatment option for my metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer?

Answer: Doctors will offer choices tailored for your condition. Learn as much as you can about your options, and find out about possible side effects before you decide. Talk to your doctor about it if an important occasion is coming up, like a wedding or a milestone birthday.


Question: What will happen if my treatment no longer works for my metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer?

Answer: With stage IV breast cancer, the goal of treatment is to slow the disease's growth for as long as possible, with the least amount of side effects or pain. Learn as much as you can about your options, and find out about possible side effects before you decide. They work differently from chemotherapy in that they only attack the cancer and have different side effects. Sometimes cancer can no longer be seen on scans. When it doesn't, you'll move on to another one. Lean on loved ones.


Question: What is vaginal estrogen?

Answer: Topical Estrogen â Creams, gels and sprays offer other ways of getting estrogen into your system. Vaginal estrogen â Vaginal estrogen comes in a cream, vaginal ring, or vaginal estrogen tablets. In general, these treatments are for women who are troubled specifically by vaginal dryness, itchiness, and burning or pain during intercourse.


Question: When should you get a mammogram for breast cancer?

Answer: A mammogram can show breast lumps up to 2 years before they can be felt. Different tests help determine if a lump may be cancer. Ones that aren't cancerous tend to have different physical features than ones that are. Imaging tests such as mammograms and ultrasounds can often see the difference. When and if you need these imaging tests is a personal decision between you and your doctor. Most women don't start having mammograms until they're at least 40. If you're at higher risk for breast cancer, your doctor may want you to start at a younger age. For women at average risk, the American Cancer Society recommends that women ages: 45 to 54: Get yearly mammograms. The U. S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening mammograms every other year for women ages 50-74. The decision to get a mammogram every other year from age 40 to 49 is up to you and your doctor.


Question: Can you do self-exams for breast cancer?

Answer: That's why it's important to get mammograms as recommended, to be familiar with how your breasts usually look, and to report any changes to your doctor ASAP. This depends on: The quality of the test Getting screened as often as you need to Doing what your doctor says afterward It's a good idea to know how your breasts normally look and feel so you can notice any changes. Medical organizations have different recommendations for breast self-exams, though. The American Cancer Society, for example, states that research has not shown a clear benefit of performing regular breast self-exams. Talk with your doctor to get a better sense of what's right for you.


Question: What do you need to do if you're diagnosed with breast cancer?

Answer: It's more often used after you're diagnosed to see how far cancer has spread, but your doctor might combine it with a mammogram as a screening test if: You're at a high risk for breast cancer. Your doctor can help you understand all of these tests, and together you'll decide on the best treatment plan for you.


Question: How can you do self-exams for breast cancer?

Answer: That's why it's important to get mammograms as recommended, to be familiar with how your breasts usually look, and to report any changes to your doctor ASAP. Breast cancer risk is on the rise: The lifetime risk of a woman getting breast cancer in the U. S. was around 5%, or 1 in 20, in 1940. This depends on: The quality of the test Getting screened as often as you need to Doing what your doctor says afterward It's a good idea to know how your breasts normally look and feel so you can notice any changes. Your doctor is most likely to use this if you have dense breasts. It's also an option if you're at high risk for breast cancer and you can't have an MRI or if you're pregnant so you aren't exposed to X-rays from a mammogram. The decision to get a mammogram every other year from age 40 to 49 is up to you and your doctor. The only way to confirm cancer is for a doctor to do a needle aspiration or surgical breast biopsy to collect and test tissue for cancer cells. If you're diagnosed with breast cancer, you and your doctor will need to know what type it is and how advanced it is.


Question: How do I prevent getting infected with tapeworms?

Answer: But they won't kill the eggs, which can still cause infections. Here are some other ways to prevent them: Keep your fingernails clipped short. To help prevent tapeworms, try these things: Don't eat raw or undercooked beef, pork, or fish. If you have a dog with tapeworm, treat it right away.


Question: What is dissociative amnesia?

Answer: Dissociative amnesia is one of a group of conditions called dissociative disorders. There also might be a genetic link to the development of dissociative disorders, including dissociative amnesia, because people with these disorders sometimes have close relatives who have had similar conditions. If no physical illness is found, the person might be referred to a psychiatrist or psychologist, health care professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Treatment then aims to help the person safely express and process painful memories, develop new coping and life skills, restore functioning, and improve relationships.


Question: What causes dissociative amnesia?

Answer: Dissociative amnesia is not the same as simple amnesia, which involves a loss of information from memory, usually as the result of disease or injury to the brain. There also might be a genetic link to the development of dissociative disorders, including dissociative amnesia, because people with these disorders sometimes have close relatives who have had similar conditions.


Question: Who's most likely to get dissociative amnesia?

Answer: When one or more of these functions is disrupted, symptoms can result. Dissociative amnesia has been linked to overwhelming stress, which might be the result of traumatic events -- such as war, abuse, accidents, or disasters -- that the person has experienced or witnessed.


Question: What's the goal of treatment for dissociative amnesia?

Answer: These symptoms can interfere with a person's general functioning, including social and work activities, and relationships. The best treatment approach depends on the individual and the severity of his or her symptoms. The outlook for people with dissociative amnesia depends on several factors, including the person's life situation, the availability of support systems, and the individual's response to treatment.


Question: What is the outlook for people with dissociative amnesia?

Answer: With dissociative amnesia, the memories still exist but are deeply buried within the person's mind and cannot be recalled. The outlook for people with dissociative amnesia depends on several factors, including the person's life situation, the availability of support systems, and the individual's response to treatment. For most people with dissociative amnesia, memory returns with time, making the overall outlook very good.


Question: How well does quitting smoking cold turkey work?

Answer: Only about 5% to 7% are able to quit on their own. Have a quit-smoking support group available.


Question: What is the definition of magnetic resonance imaging?

Answer: This test is used to help your doctor find out the cause of your rhythm disturbance and the best treatment for you. MRI uses large magnets and radio-frequency waves to produce pictures of the body's internal structures.


Question: What is the definition of antioxidant?

Answer: Antioxidant: Vitamins ( A, C, and E) that may help to limit the cellular damage caused by free radicals (which are released when tissue is being injured, such as during the progression of heart disease.) It is an inherited disease of the heart that causes thickening of the heart muscle and other changes to the heart that significantly impair its function.


Question: How did the Healthcare Reform Act work to make biologics more affordable?

Answer: They reduce some of the signs and symptoms of RA, like the number of tender or swollen joints, pain, and disability. Trials must show that a biosimilar drug is as safe and effective as the original biologic. The FDA is still refining the requirements a drug will have to meet to be called "biosimilar."


Question: Why are biologic treatments for rheumatoid arthritis so expensive?

Answer: Biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis are effective. The materials needed to create them cost more, and the manufacturing process, which uses live organisms, is more complex. The cost of research and development is higher, too. Biologics use technology called genetic modification. Simply put, biologics target specific parts of RA's inflammatory process while sparing others. Drugmakers say the cost of researching and developing these drugs makes them much more expensive than chemical drugs. There isn't as much brand competition. Because many biologics work in different ways to ease inflammation, there aren't as many similar drugs. As a result, pharmacy benefit managers can't negotiate prices for them. The way they are given. You'll get some biologics by IV in a rheumatologist's office or infusion center. You take DMARDs by mouth at home. The fact that some biologics are taken by IV also affects the way Medicare will reimburse you for them. If you can't afford that, there are still ways to get the medications your doctor recommends: Patient assistance plans: Most, if not all, companies that make biologics offer plans to help people who can't afford them. To find out if the drug company that makes your biologic offers assistance, talk with your doctor or check the company's website.


Question: What is the most common treatment for hypothyroidism?

Answer: It's not a cure, but it can keep your condition under control for the rest of your life. The most common treatment is levothyroxine ( Levoxyl, Synthroid, Tirosint, Unithroid, Unithroid Direct), a man-made version of the thyroid hormone thyroxine ( T4). It acts just like the hormone your thyroid gland normally makes. The right dose can make you feel a lot better. You'll need to keep taking thyroid medicine throughout your life to control your hormone levels.


Question: What can I expect from my hypothyroid treatment?

Answer: About 6 weeks after you start taking the medicine, you'll go back to your doctor for a blood test to check your thyroid hormone levels. But it may take a few months for your thyroid hormone levels to get back to normal. If your levels get better, but you still have symptoms like fatigue and weight gain, your doctor may need to change your treatment.


Question: Who gets Peyronie's disease?

Answer: In some men, injury and genes could both be involved. It becomes more common as a man gets older.


Question: What causes Peyronie's disease?

Answer: Many researchers believe the fibrous plaque can start after trauma (hitting or bending) that causes bleeding inside the penis. You might not notice the injury or trauma. Other cases, which develop over time, may be linked to genes. In some men, injury and genes could both be involved. Some medications list Peyronie's disease as a possible side effect. Also, the pain that comes from Peyronie's disease happens only with an erection and is usually mild.


Question: What is the outlook for people with reactive arthritis?

Answer: Reactive arthritis, formerly referred to as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of arthritis that affects the joints, eyes, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), and skin. Most people recover in three to four months, but about half have recurrences for several years. Some people develop complications that may include inflammation of the heart muscle, inflammation with stiffening of the spine, glaucoma, progressive blindness, feet abnormalities, or accumulation of fluid in the lungs.


Question: What is reactive arthritis?

Answer: Reactive arthritis, formerly referred to as Reiter's syndrome, is a form of arthritis that affects the joints, eyes, urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body), and skin. It may come on quickly and severely or more slowly, with sudden remissions or recurrences. The first symptoms of reactive arthritis are painful urination and a discharge from the penis if there is inflammation of the urethra.


Question: How can I prevent anemia?

Answer: You can help prevent iron-deficiency anemia by eating a well-balanced diet that includes good sources of iron, vitamin B12, and folate. Steps to take include the following: If you are a vegetarian or vegan, talk to your doctor or a nutritionist about your diet and any possible need for supplements. Decrease your consumption of caffeinated products and tea. Select iron-fortified cereals and breads. Carefully follow safety guidelines if your occupation involves work with lead-containing materials such as batteries, petroleum, and paint.


Question: How is Crohnâs disease diagnosed?

Answer: Contrast X-rays, for which you'll swallow a thick, chalky, barium liquid so doctors can see how it moves through your system. CT scans and MRIs to rule out other conditions that might cause symptoms similar to an inflammatory bowel disease. Endoscopy, in which a doctor uses a tiny camera on a thin tube to see inside your digestive system. This is often called pill, or capsule, endoscopy. You and your doctor might talk about an operation if you have severe symptoms that aren't helped by medications, if you get a blockage in your digestive tract, or if you get a tear or hole in the side of the intestine.


Question: How can treatments help with Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: The symptoms of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis ( UC) can be similar. Those include diet tweaks, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and avoiding pain meds called â NSAIDsâ (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as ibuprofen. Stress management is also key. Stress doesn't cause IBD, but it can lead to flare-ups. So try to cut down on the things that make you tense, and find ways to relax. Exercise is a great way to do that. So are other healthy things you might enjoy and find meaningful, such as hobbies, meditation, prayer, volunteering, and positive relationships.


Question: What are the symptoms of Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: They include: Belly cramps and pain Diarrhea Constipation An urgent need to have a bowel movement Feeling like your bowel movement wasn't complete Rectal bleeding Fever Smaller appetite Weight loss Fatigue Night sweats Problems with your period. You might skip them, or their timing might be harder to predict. You might not have all of those symptoms all the time. Both conditions can come and go, switching between flares (when symptoms are worse) and remission (when symptoms ease up or stop). Because of the similarities between the conditions, many treatments of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease overlap.


Question: How does the location of Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) differ?

Answer: You might not have all of those symptoms all the time. Ulcerative colitis affects only the large intestine. But in Crohn's disease, inflammation can appear anywhere in the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus.


Question: Where can you get support if you're HIV-positive?

Answer: A wide range of people can help provide you with the emotional and physical support you may need to cope with your diagnosis of HIV. Discuss with your doctor the information you get from these sources. Some are accurate; some are not. A person at the hotline can provide you with practical advice or emotional support over the phone. They can also refer you to local HIV/ AIDS self-help organizations.


Question: What can I do at home if I am sick and have HIV/AIDS?

Answer: Make sure you drink plenty of fluids, especially if you have fever. Smaller meals may help until you get hungry again. Also, rest as much as you can and get plenty of sleep so your body has a chance to recover.


Question: What is the natural growth process for my child's teeth?

Answer: The complete set of primary teeth is in the mouth from the age of 2 ½ to 3 years of age to 6 to 7 years of age. This is a perfectly natural growth process that provides the necessary space for the larger permanent teeth to emerge. Between the ages of 6 and 12, a mixture of both primary teeth and permanent teeth reside in the mouth.


Question: What is symmetric psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) is a form of inflammatory arthritis that can affect some of the millions of people who have psoriasis. It only affects people with Ps A, and not other types of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Unlike other types of arthritis, Ps A can affect different toes and fingers on different sides of the body.


Question: What is ablation for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: With AFib, your heart quivers, beats too quickly, or skips beats. Your doctor puts a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel in your leg or neck. They're stitched together to form the scar tissue that stops abnormal signals. She'll send radiofrequency energy through the catheter to destroy the AV node. Your doctor also might recommend you take some simple steps to help keep your heart healthy: Change your diet -- eat heart-healthy, low-salt food.


Question: What is left atrial appendage occlusion for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: These can prevent clots and strokes, slow your heart rate, and control your heart rhythm. Your doctor puts a thin, flexible tube into a blood vessel in your leg or neck. The surgeon makes small cuts in the upper part of your heart.


Question: What are some of the nutrients that babies need to grow and stay healthy in their first 6 months?

Answer: In their first year, babies triple their birth weight. Some of the nutrients babies need to grow and stay healthy include: Calcium . Helps build strong bones and teeth. Folate. Helps cells divide. Iron. Builds blood cells, and helps the brain develop. Breast-fed babies should receive iron supplements. Protein and carbohydrates. They provide energy and fuel growth. Zinc. Helps the cells grow and repair themselves Your baby also needs vitamins such as: Vitamin A. Keeps skin, hair, vision, and the immune system healthy.


Question: How can I prevent spreading pinkeye?

Answer: Wash your hands often with soap and warm water, especially before eating. Afterward, discard the cotton ball or paper towel and wash your hands with soap and warm water. When you do the laundry, clean your bed linens, pillowcases, and towels in hot water and detergent. Don 't touch or rub your infected eye with your fingers. Don 't wear, and never share, eye makeup, eyedrops, or contact lenses. Wear glasses. And throw away disposable lenses, or be sure to clean extended-wear lenses and all eyewear cases. If your child has bacterial or viral pinkeye, keep them home from school or day care until they are no longer contagious. It's usually safe to return to school when symptoms are gone.


Question: What can I do to relieve symptoms of pinkeye?

Answer: Don 't wear, and never share, eye makeup, eyedrops, or contact lenses. Protect your eyes from dirt and other things that irritate them. Nonprescription "artificial tears," a type of eyedrops, may help ease itching and burning from the irritating things that cause your pinkeye. But you shouldn't use other types of eyedrops because they may irritate the eyes, including those promoted to treat eye redness. Don't use the same bottle of drops in an uninfected eye.


Question: How can I avoid getting pinkeye?

Answer: Viral pinkeye: Red, irritated eyes. You can treat it with antibotics. ( But remember that if you have dry eyes, taking antihistamines by mouth can make your eyes even drier.) Wash your hands often with soap and warm water, especially before eating. Keep your own towels, washcloths, and pillows separate from others, or use paper towels. Don 't wear, and never share, eye makeup, eyedrops, or contact lenses. It also helps to learn how to use eyedrops the right way.


Question: How is pinkeye from viruses treated?

Answer: Viruses. This type of pinkeye often results from the viruses that cause a common cold. Just as a cold must run its course, the same is true for this form of pinkeye, which usually lasts from 4 to 7 days. Remember, it can be very contagious, so do everything you can to prevent its spread. See your doctor if you think your pinkeye is due to an allergy. Wear glasses. For instance, if you share a computer or other gear with others, make sure you wash your hands before you touch your face, especially during cold and flu season.


Question: What are some urine tests that doctors do to help diagnose bladder cancer?

Answer: Urine culture. Your doctor will send your urine to a lab. Urine tumor marker tests. These look for substances that are released by bladder cancer cells. Your doctor may use one or more of these along with a urine cytology to see if you have the disease. If cancer in your bladder spread to your lungs, this test will allow your doctor to see it.


Question: How can you deal with anger about having herpes?

Answer: When you find out you have genital herpes, it can be a shock. As you adjust, keep in mind that it's a common condition. Because herpes may not flare up for a long time, it might also be hard to figure out exactly when you got it. And while there's a lot you can do to have safer sex, you might not completely avoid STD risks every time. Don't be too hard on yourself, or anyone else, about it.


Question: What if I feel self-conscious about having genital herpes?

Answer: When you find out you have genital herpes, it can be a shock. Joining a support group is also an option.


Question: How can someone prevent schizophreniform disorder?

Answer: Like schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder is a type of "psychosis" in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. But early diagnosis and treatment are very important, because they can help to limit damage to the person's life, family, and other relationships.


Question: What is schizophreniform disorder?

Answer: Like schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder is a type of "psychosis" in which a person cannot tell what is real from what is imagined. It also affects how people think, act, express emotions, and relate to others. If symptoms last longer than 6 months, doctors consider the person to have schizophrenia rather than schizophreniform disorder. For a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder, the symptoms can only have lasted for less than 6 months.


Question: What is the difference between a gastrologist and a gastroenterologist?

Answer: It's easy to see why many people call it gastrologyby mistake. Gastrology does have a medical definition: It's the study of the stomach and stomach diseases. But it's not a medical specialty in the United States today. The type of doctor you'd see for stomach problems is a gastroenterologist, not a gastrologist. That could mean caring for the stomach with medicine.


Question: What are guidelines to make sure you get enough iron while pregnant?

Answer: The following guidelines will help ensure that you are consuming enough calcium throughout your pregnancy: The U. S. Recommended Daily Allowance ( USRDA) for calcium is 1,000 mg per day for pregnant and breastfeeding women over age 18. Eating at least three servings of iron-rich foods a day will help ensure that you are getting 27 mg of iron in your daily diet. One of the best ways to get iron from your diet is to consume a highly fortified breakfast cereal. Note that iron intake is not equal to iron absorption. Absorption of iron into the body is greatest with meat sources of iron such as liver. The best sources of iron include enriched grain products, lean meat, poultry, fish, and leafy green vegetables.