Question: How can acupressure help with depression and anxiety?

Answer: More than one study suggests that fatigue and mood may improve from the use of acupressure. Better designed trials are needed to be sure.


Question: What can happen if athlete's foot is untreated?

Answer: If not treated properly and promptly, athlete's foot can be very stubborn. Even when treated with antifungal drugs, the infection may take several weeks to disappear and may come back after treatment. Most of the time it responds well to these over-the-counter interventions. However, more severe cases may need to be seen by a doctor.


Question: Is there medication I can take for my bone spur?

Answer: To relieve pain and bring down swelling, you can try one of these over-the-counter pain relievers: Acetaminophen ( Tylenol) Ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) Naproxen sodium ( Aleve) These can cause side effects, especially if you take them in large doses or for long periods of time. If you've taken them for more than a month, ask your doctor if you can try a different treatment. Other therapies for bone spurs include: Rest Steroid shots to bring down swelling and reduce pain in the joints Physical therapy to improve joint strength and increase movement If these treatments don't work or the bone spur affects your movement, you might need surgery to remove the extra bone.


Question: Can you wear your fitness tracker while you swim?

Answer: Some trackers are water-resistant, so you can shower with them on, but not swim. A few specialty devices, like swimming watches, are fully waterproof. These time your laps, count strokes, and calculate speed and distance. A few trackers combine swim tracking with bike tracking, too. They're ideal for triathletes.


Question: How do fitness trackers calculate the calories I burn in a day?

Answer: Using your weight and gender, fitness devices can calculate the calories you burn in a day. The harder you exercise and the more you move throughout the day, the more calories you burn. Be aware, some devices only record the calories you burn during exercise. Others record activity all day, like washing dishes, folding laundry, and sleeping. Be sure to look for devices that ask for your weight and gender to get the most accurate results.


Question: Why should I choose a fitness tracker with sync technology?

Answer: Sync technology. Want updates on the go? Look for devices that sync wirelessly. Other devices will require you to plug into the jack on your smartphone or to your computer.


Question: How much do fitness trackers usually cost?

Answer: Cost. Most devices range from $30 to over $200. Watch for hidden expenses. A few require a monthly subscription to the web site if you want to see your data.


Question: Can fitness trackers tell you if you have a sleep disorder?

Answer: While they're not accurate enough to diagnose sleep disorders, they do give you an indicator of how much sleep you get vs. how much you toss and turn. The built-in reporting can help you spot patterns.


Question: What should I do if my eye is bleeding?

Answer: Get an immediate appoingtment with an eye doctor (ophthamologist), call 911 or take the person to a hospital emergency room. Do not put rub the eye or put pressure on the eyeball. Avoid giving aspirin or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin). They can make bleeding worse. A medical eye doctor will examine the eye and prescribe treatment based on what's causing the bleeding and how severe it is. The person may need to use eye drops or wear a patch. Rarely, surgery is needed to relieve pressure in the eye.


Question: What happens during a trigger point injection (TPI)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } In the TPI procedure, a health care professional inserts a small needle into the patient's trigger point. The injection contains a local anesthetic or saline, and may include a corticosteroid. With the injection, the trigger point is made inactive and the pain is alleviated. Often, a brief course of treatment will result in sustained relief. Injections are given in a doctor's office and usually take just a few minutes.


Question: What is trigger point injection (TPI)?

Answer: TPI is a procedure used to treat painful areas of muscle that contain trigger points, or knots of muscle that form when muscles do not relax. Many times, such knots can be felt under the skin. Trigger points may irritate the nerves around them and cause referred pain, or pain that is felt in another part of the body.


Question: What does pain management involve for Peyronie's disease?

Answer: In most men who have penile pain due to Peyronie's disease, the discomfort usually will fade on its own as the penile inflammation subsides. This process may take as long as 6 to 18 months.


Question: What are other ways to treat Peyronie's disease?

Answer: But because radiation therapy can only relieve pain associated with Peyronie's disease and pain often stops without treatment, it's rarely done.


Question: How effective is surgery for Peyronie's disease?

Answer: But because of the possibility of complications that can't be corrected, most doctors prefer to operate only on the small number of men with curvature so severe that it prevents sex.


Question: How do doctors diagnose Peyronie's disease?

Answer: You'll get an exam in which your doctor will feel the hardened tissue caused by the disease during an exam. It's not always necessary, but if the penis has to be erect for the exam, the doctor would inject a medicine to make that happen. There's a chance you may need to get an X-ray or ultrasound of the penis. It's rare, but in some cases where the doctor's exam does not confirm Peyronie's disease, or if the condition develops rapidly, your doctor may do a biopsy. That involves removing a little bit of tissue from the affected area for lab tests.


Question: How is Peyronie's disease treated?

Answer: If you need treatment, your doctor will consider surgery or medicine. First, your doctor will probably prescribe a pill, such as pentoxifylline or potassium para-aminobenzoate ( Potaba). If those don't work, you may get a shot of verapamil or collagenase ( Xiaflex) into the scar tissue of the penis. If nothing else works, your doctor may consider surgery, but usually only for men who can't have sex because of their Peyronie's disease.


Question: How can I practice deep breathing to relieve diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Deep breathing: Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breathe into that spot, filling the abdomen with air. Let the air fill you from the abdomen up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon.


Question: How effective is acupuncture to relieve diabetes pain?

Answer: Many Western researchers say acupuncture may alter brain chemicals that affect the body and mind. Translated into the language of Western medicine, the healing power of acupuncture may come from its effect on the nervous system, on hormones, and on "feel good" brain chemicals called endorphins. One landmark study found that patients have reduced pain and improved movement with acupuncture. The National Institutes of Health and World Health Organization have both approved certain uses of acupuncture related to pain.


Question: What are some relaxation techniques to help with diabetes nerve pain?

Answer: Relaxation techniques to help with diabetes nerve pain include: Rhythmic breathing: Take long, slow breaths. Inhale slowly, and then exhale slowly. Count slowly to five as you inhale. Then count slowly to five as you exhale. Pay attention to how your body naturally relaxes. This will help you relax even more. Deep breathing: Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breathe into that spot, filling the abdomen with air. Let the air fill you from the abdomen up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. Visualized breathing: Find a comfortable place where you can close your eyes. Picture relaxation entering your body -- and tension leaving the body. Breathe deeply, but in a natural rhythm. Visualize the breath coming into your nostrils, going into your lungs. Picture it expanding your chest and abdomen. Then, visualize the breath going out the same way. Each time you exhale, imagine you are getting rid of a little more tension. Relax to music: Put on some music that lifts your mood and that you find soothing and calming. There are specially designed relaxation audio tapes or CDs that are perfect for this. Mental imagery relaxation: This is also called guided imagery. It is a form of "mental escape" in which you create calming, peaceful images in your mind. You also identify self-talk -- your thoughts about your illness -- and focus on positive thoughts and emotions instead.


Question: Is acupuncture for neuropathy pain safe?

Answer: Acupuncture also appears to be very safe. Relatively few complications from the use of acupuncture have been reported to the FDA even though millions of people are treated with acupuncture each year, according to the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Still, poorly sterilized needles or improper treatments have caused some complications. It's important to make sure you go to well-trained and experienced acupuncturist. Your doctor may be able to help you with a recommendation.


Question: How can I relieve diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Some people with diabetes and the nerve pain -- or peripheral neuropathy that comes with it -- find relief in surprisingly simple ways. Sometimes a nice, warm (but not hot) bath is enough to relieve stress and nerve pain. If you have neuropathy, by the way, you might want to have someone else test the water to make sure it's not too hot. A massage can also help. Other people turn to biofeedback, meditation, relaxation techniques, or hypnosis -- all of which have been proven to help. "


Question: How can I practice rhythmic breathing to relieve diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Relaxation techniques to help with diabetes nerve pain include: Rhythmic breathing: Take long, slow breaths. Inhale slowly, and then exhale slowly. Count slowly to five as you inhale. Then count slowly to five as you exhale. Pay attention to how your body naturally relaxes. This will help you relax even more.


Question: How can I practice visualized breathing to relieve diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Visualized breathing: Find a comfortable place where you can close your eyes. Picture relaxation entering your body -- and tension leaving the body. Breathe deeply, but in a natural rhythm. Visualize the breath coming into your nostrils, going into your lungs. Picture it expanding your chest and abdomen. Then, visualize the breath going out the same way. Each time you exhale, imagine you are getting rid of a little more tension.


Question: How can I practice mental imagery relaxation for diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: It is a form of "mental escape" in which you create calming, peaceful images in your mind. You also identify self-talk -- your thoughts about your illness -- and focus on positive thoughts and emotions instead.


Question: How can meditation relieve diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: Meditation is a therapy offered in many pain treatment centers for diabetes and other painful disorders. Research shows that meditation can lower blood pressure and improve heart rate, breathing, and brain waves. Tension and tightness seep from muscles as the body receives a quiet message to relax. The soothing power of repetition is at the heart of meditation. Focusing on the breath, ignoring thoughts, and repeating a word or phrase -- a mantra -- makes the body relax. People describe feeling warmth, calm, even a sense of heaviness while they meditate. While you can learn meditation on your own, it helps to take a class. A teacher can guide you -- and help you reach that deeper, more relaxed state.


Question: What is an Ewing's sarcoma soft tissue tumor?

Answer: Soft tissue (extra-osseous) tumor: This type of tumor affects the soft tissues around your bones, such as cartilage or muscle. It's rarely found in the soft tissue of the arms, legs, head, neck, chest, and abdomen.


Question: How is Ewing's sarcoma diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor has a number of tests to see whether you have Ewing's sarcoma. If you do, she will also try to find out whether the tumor has spread and to what extent. This is known as staging.


Question: What does positron emission tomography, or PET scan, for Ewing's sarcoma consist of?

Answer: Positron emission tomography scan ( PET scan): You lie inside the PET scanner while a technician injects a small amount of radioactive sugar into a vein. The cancer cells show up brighter in the scan because they use more sugar than healthy cells.


Question: How is a computed tomography scan (CAT/CT scan) used to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Computed tomography scan ( CAT/ CT scan): Like you would do for an MRI, you lie flat inside a CT scanner, which takes X-ray pictures while linked to a computer. The MRI is generally preferred over the CT scan.


Question: How is Ewing's sarcoma treated?

Answer: What kind of treatment you get will depend on several things. They include: The size of your tumor Where it has spread Your overall health Your preferences, which you should talk over with your doctor Treatment options include: Chemotherapy: This is usually the first step.


Question: How does a physical exam diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Physical exam: Your doctor will start out with this, especially checking around the painful areas for signs such as lumps, redness, and swelling.


Question: How is surgery used to treat Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Surgery: Your doctor will try to remove the tumor to stop its spread. In some cases, she may have to amputate an arm or leg if the tumor has spread a lot.


Question: How is a bone scan used to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Bone scan: This is used to find out whether cancer cells are in your bones. A small amount of radioactive dye is injected into one of your veins. The dye will collect in the bones that have tumors. When you lie beneath a bone scanner, the doctor will be able to detect where the radioactive dye has gathered.


Question: How is radiation used to treat Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Radiation: In this therapy, a technician will use X-rays and other types of radiation to kill the cancer cells. This can be done using machines outside the body to deliver the dose, or through needles and tubes sent right to the tumor.


Question: How is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: The dye will collect in the bones that have tumors. When you lie beneath a bone scanner, the doctor will be able to detect where the radioactive dye has gathered. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI): For this test, you lie flat and still on a surface that slides you inside the tube-shaped MRI machine. It uses magnetic field and radio waves to create a detailed, 3- D image inside your body.


Question: How is a positron emission tomography scan (PET scan) used to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Positron emission tomography scan ( PET scan): You lie inside the PET scanner while a technician injects a small amount of radioactive sugar into a vein. The cancer cells show up brighter in the scan because they use more sugar than healthy cells.


Question: Who is affected by Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Ewing's sarcoma affects about 200 children and young adults every year in the United States and shows up slightly more often in males. While adults can get Ewing's sarcoma, it is uncommon. It mostly affects white people and has rarely been found in African Americans or Asian Americans.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: They include: The size of your tumor Where it has spread Your overall health Your preferences, which you should talk over with your doctor Treatment options include: Chemotherapy: This is usually the first step. With this option, medicines are used to kill cancer cells and stop them from growing. They can be injected into your bloodstream. Your doctor may use more than one type of chemotherapy at a time or combine this with surgery and radiation.


Question: When should you call your doctor about Ewing's syndrome?

Answer: Other symptoms include: â A lump near skin that feels warm and soft to the touch â Constant low fever â Limping because your legs hurt â Bone pain that gets worse when you exercise or during the night â Broken bones without an obvious cause â Weight loss â Always being tired â Paralysis or loss of bladder control if the tumor is near your spine When you see symptoms, you should contact your doctor so she can do a diagnosis. As with many types of cancer, the earlier you have it detected and treated, the better.


Question: How is a blood test used to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Blood test: This cannot confirm Ewing's sarcoma. But a complete blood count, or CBC, checks how many red blood cells, white blood cells, and how much hemoglobin (a protein that carries oxygen) you have.


Question: How is a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy used to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: Your doctor numbs an area of your body, usually in the hips. She inserts a needle and takes a small piece of bone marrow and bone to exam under a microscope.


Question: What is it like to have Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: When you have Ewing's, you may feel pain, swelling, or stiffness in the area of the tumor (arms, legs, chest, back, or pelvis) for weeks or months. This could get mistaken for bumps and bruises. In children, you might mistake it for sports injuries.


Question: What are other symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Other symptoms include: â A lump near skin that feels warm and soft to the touch â Constant low fever â Limping because your legs hurt â Bone pain that gets worse when you exercise or during the night â Broken bones without an obvious cause â Weight loss â Always being tired â Paralysis or loss of bladder control if the tumor is near your spine When you see symptoms, you should contact your doctor so she can do a diagnosis.


Question: How long will I need to keep seeing my doctor for Ewing's sarcoma if the treatment works?

Answer: If the treatment works, you will still need to follow up with your doctor for many years. Ewing's sarcoma can return even a decade after the diagnosis.


Question: What is an Ewing's sarcoma bone tumor?

Answer: Some types are: Bone tumor: 87% of Ewing's sarcoma happens in the bone, often appearing in the thigh bones, pelvis, ribs, or shoulder blades. But the tumor can appear in any bone.


Question: How is a biopsy used to diagnose Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Biopsy: Your doctor removes a piece of your tissue with either a needle or during surgery. That sample is viewed under a microscope to see if it's cancerous. This can confirm whether you have Ewing's sarcoma.


Question: What do X-rays for Ewing's sarcoma consist of?

Answer: X-rays: These take an image of a certain area of your body where a tumor is suspected. If the X-rays show any problems, your doctor may order other imaging tests.


Question: What is an Ewing's sarcoma peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor or an askin tumor?

Answer: Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (p PNET): This type of tumor is found in the nerves and can be detected in many parts of the body. Askin tumor: This is a type of p PNET tumor that's found in the chest.


Question: What does magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, for Ewing's sarcoma consist of?

Answer: Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI): For this test, you lie flat and still on a surface that slides you inside the tube-shaped MRI machine. It uses magnetic field and radio waves to create a detailed, 3- D image inside your body.


Question: What does a computed tomography, or CT scan, for Ewing's sarcoma consist of?

Answer: Computed tomography scan ( CAT/ CT scan): Like you would do for an MRI, you lie flat inside a CT scanner, which takes X-ray pictures while linked to a computer. The MRI is generally preferred over the CT scan.


Question: What causes Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: It's unclear what causes Ewing's sarcoma, as it doesn't appear to run in families. So far, research suggests that it's not related to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or other outside things in the environment. It appears that the cell DNA changes after birth, leading to Ewing's sarcoma. Why that happens remains unknown. One possibility is that it could be a second cancer in people who've been treated with radiation for another type of cancer.


Question: What is surgery for Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: Surgery: Your doctor will try to remove the tumor to stop its spread. In some cases, she may have to amputate an arm or leg if the tumor has spread a lot.


Question: What does a blood test for Ewing's sarcoma indicate?

Answer: But a complete blood count, or CBC, checks how many red blood cells, white blood cells, and how much hemoglobin (a protein that carries oxygen) you have.


Question: What does a physical exam for Ewing's sarcoma consist of?

Answer: Physical exam: Your doctor will start out with this, especially checking around the painful areas for signs such as lumps, redness, and swelling.


Question: What is chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma?

Answer: They include: The size of your tumor Where it has spread Your overall health Your preferences, which you should talk over with your doctor Treatment options include: Chemotherapy: This is usually the first step. With this option, medicines are used to kill cancer cells and stop them from growing. They can be injected into your bloodstream. Your doctor may use more than one type of chemotherapy at a time or combine this with surgery and radiation.


Question: Who does Ewing's sarcoma most often affect?

Answer: Ewing's sarcoma affects about 200 children and young adults every year in the United States and shows up slightly more often in males. While adults can get Ewing's sarcoma, it is uncommon. It mostly affects white people and has rarely been found in African Americans or Asian Americans.


Question: Can I test my blood sugar from places other than my fingertip?

Answer: Meters That Test Other Sites: Newer meters let you test sites other than your fingertip, such as your upper arm, forearm, base of the thumb, and thigh. You may get different results than from your fingertip. Blood sugar levels in the fingertips show changes more quickly than those in other testing sites. This is especially true when your blood sugar is rapidly changing, like after a meal or after exercise. If you are checking your sugar when you have symptoms of hypoglycemia, you should use your fingertip if possible, because these readings will be more accurate.


Question: How do I check my blood sugar from my fingertip?

Answer: There are several ways to test your blood sugar: From Your Fingertip: You prick your finger with a small, sharp needle (called a lancet) and put a drop of blood on a test strip. Then you put the test strip into a meter that shows your blood sugar level. You get results in less than 15 seconds and can store this information for future use. Some meters can tell you your average blood sugar level over a period of time and show you charts and graphs of your past test results. You can get blood sugar meters and strips at your local pharmacy.


Question: How can you monitor your glycated homoglobin (HbA1c) level?

Answer: Time of Test Ideal for Adults With Diabetes Before meals 70-130 mg/d L After meals Less than 180 mg/d L Home Blood Glucose Monitoring and Hb A1c Monitoring your Hb A1c level is also important for diabetes control. Many home glucose monitors can display an average blood glucose reading, which correlates with the Hb A1c.


Question: How can you test your blood sugar from your fingertip if you have diabetes?

Answer: There are several ways to test your blood sugar: From Your Fingertip: You prick your finger with a small, sharp needle (called a lancet) and put a drop of blood on a test strip. Then you put the test strip into a meter that shows your blood sugar level. You get results in less than 15 seconds and can store this information for future use. Some meters can tell you your average blood sugar level over a period of time and show you charts and graphs of your past test results. You can get blood sugar meters and strips at your local pharmacy.


Question: How can you test your blood sugar with meters that test other sites if you have diabetes?

Answer: Meters That Test Other Sites: Newer meters let you test sites other than your fingertip, such as your upper arm, forearm, base of the thumb, and thigh. You may get different results than from your fingertip. Blood sugar levels in the fingertips show changes more quickly than those in other testing sites. This is especially true when your blood sugar is rapidly changing, like after a meal or after exercise. If you are checking your sugar when you have symptoms of hypoglycemia, you should use your fingertip if possible, because these readings will be more accurate.


Question: Why would I get unusual results on my blood sugar test?

Answer: If you have certain conditions, like anemia or gout, or if it's hot or humid or you're at a high altitude, that can affect your blood sugar levels. If you keep seeing unusual results, recalibrate your meter and check the test strips.


Question: When should you test your blood sugar if you have diabetes?

Answer: You may need to check your blood sugar several times a day, such as before meals or exercise, at bedtime, before driving, and when you think your blood sugar levels are low. Everyone is different, so ask your doctor when and how often you should check your blood sugar. If you're sick, you'll probably need to test your blood sugar more often.


Question: How do you record your blood sugar test results if you have diabetes?

Answer: Keep good records of any blood, urine, or ketone tests you do. Most glucose monitors also have a memory. Your records can alert you to any problems or trends. These test records help your doctor make any needed changes in your meal plan, medicine, or exercise program. Bring these records with you every time you see your doctor.


Question: When should clinical trials be considered for nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: If treatment does not work, consider joining a clinical trial. Researchers are always testing new ways to treat cancer, and they need your help. Ask your doctor or nurse if there are any clinical trials on nasopharyngeal cancer in your area.


Question: What tests may be done to confirm diagnosis of nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Imaging tests may include: Chest X-ray CT scan MRI Ultrasound of the neck The following tests may also be performed: Complete blood count ( CBC) and other blood tests EBV testing If you are diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer, other tests will be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread. This is called staging.


Question: What lifestyle habits increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: The risk for NPC goes up if you eat a diet rich in salt-cured fish and meat. Tobacco and alcohol may also increase the risk, although their link to NPC is not clear. Some scientists believe that chemicals in these things further damage the DNA in cells.


Question: Can chemotherapy treat nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. By itself, it is not usually helpful for treating nasopharyngeal cancer. But it may help you live longer when combined with radiotherapy or biological drugs.


Question: How can you lower the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Do not drink a lot of alcohol.


Question: Can surgery cure nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Surgery to remove the tumor is not often performed because of the tumor's location near nerves and blood vessels. It may cause permanent damage to the eye and other nearby structures. Not all people with nasopharyngeal cancer can have surgery. Your doctor will consider the location and stage of your tumor when discussing your treatment options.


Question: What causes nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: However, the cancer has been strongly linked to the Epstein- Barr virus ( EBV).


Question: What happens if I am diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: If you are diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer, you will need regular follow-ups with your medical team before, during, and after treatment. Your treatment will depend on many things, including: Location of the tumor Stage of the tumor Your overall health Treatment may include: Radiation Therapy .


Question: What populations are most affected by nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Fewer than one in every 100,000 people in the U. S. gets this type of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. The cancer is most common in southern China and southeast Asia. It is also much more common in: Other parts of Asia North Africa Inuit populations of Alaska and Canada Chinese and Hmong immigrant groups in the U. S. In the U. S., nasopharyngeal cancer has also been seen in African- Americans, Hispanics, and white people.


Question: Where is the nasopharynx?

Answer: The nasopharynx is precariously placed at the base of your skull, above the roof of your mouth. Your nostrils open into the nasopharynx. When you breathe, air flows through your nose into your throat and nasopharynx, and eventually into your lungs.


Question: What is another name for nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Nasopharyngeal cancer is also called nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC).


Question: What happens if my exam for nasopharyngeal cancer is abnormal?

Answer: If the exam is abnormal, your doctor may recommend a biopsy. A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. A biopsy may be taken during the nasopharyngoscopy. If there is a lump in your neck, the biopsy may be done by placing a very thin, hollow needle into the lump.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. By itself, it is not usually helpful for treating nasopharyngeal cancer. But it may help you live longer when combined with radiotherapy or biological drugs.


Question: How is radiation therapy used to treat nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Radiation therapy uses X-rays to kill cancer cells and stop them from growing. It is usually part of the standard treatment for early stage nasopharyngeal cancer. One type called IMRT delivers high-dose radiation directly to the tumor while minimizing damage to nearby healthy tissue. It may cause fewer side effects or complications than conventional radiation treatment to the nasopharynx, which can lead to: dry mouth inflammation of the lining of your mouth and throat blindness brain stem injury death of healthy tissue tooth decay Chemotherapy.


Question: How is nasopharyngeal cancer treated?

Answer: If you are diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer, you will need regular follow-ups with your medical team before, during, and after treatment. Your treatment will depend on many things, including: Location of the tumor Stage of the tumor Your overall health Treatment may include: Radiation Therapy .


Question: What tests are used to diagnose nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Imaging tests can help spot nasopharyngeal cancer or determine if it has spread. Imaging tests may include: Chest X-ray CT scan MRI Ultrasound of the neck The following tests may also be performed: Complete blood count ( CBC) and other blood tests EBV testing If you are diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer, other tests will be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread.


Question: How can clinical trials help with nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: If treatment does not work, consider joining a clinical trial. Researchers are always testing new ways to treat cancer, and they need your help. Ask your doctor or nurse if there are any clinical trials on nasopharyngeal cancer in your area.


Question: Who is more likely to get nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: You are more likely to get this type of cancer if you: Are male Eat a diet rich in salt-cured fish and meats Have a family history of nasopharyngeal cancer Have certain genes linked to cancer development Have come in contact with EBV Some, but not all, studies have found a higher risk of nasopharyngeal cancer in people who: Smoke Drink a lot of alcohol Work around wood dust or a chemical called formaldehyde Symptoms of nasopharyngeal cancer may include: Lump in neck (most common) Blurry or double vision Ear infections that recur Face pain or numbness Headache Hearing loss, ringing in the ears, or a feeling of fullness in the ear Difficulty opening mouth Nosebleeds Stuffy nose Sore throat Keep in mind, such symptoms are more likely to occur with many other diseases and health conditions that are far less serious than nasopharyngeal cancer.


Question: What increases the risk for nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: The risk for NPC goes up if you eat a diet rich in salt-cured fish and meat. Tobacco and alcohol may also increase the risk, although their link to NPC is not clear. Some scientists believe that chemicals in these things further damage the DNA in cells.


Question: Who gets nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Fewer than one in every 100,000 people in the U. S. gets this type of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. The cancer is most common in southern China and southeast Asia. It is also much more common in: Other parts of Asia North Africa Inuit populations of Alaska and Canada Chinese and Hmong immigrant groups in the U. S. In the U. S., nasopharyngeal cancer has also been seen in African- Americans, Hispanics, and white people.


Question: What happens if you are diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer?

Answer: Imaging tests may include: Chest X-ray CT scan MRI Ultrasound of the neck The following tests may also be performed: Complete blood count ( CBC) and other blood tests EBV testing If you are diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer, other tests will be done to determine if and where the cancer has spread. This is called staging.


Question: How is a varicocele diagnosed?

Answer: If yours does cause pain, it might: Switch from dull to sharp Get worse when you stand or exert yourself, especially for a long time Become more intense as the day goes on Go away when you lie on your back You and the doctor may be able to feel the mass easily. If not, the doctor might ask you to stand, take a deep breath, and hold it while you bear down. He'll call this the Valsalva maneuver. It helps him feel enlarged veins. If the exam isn't enough to be sure, he might take an ultrasound of your scrotum. This test uses sound waves to take pictures of the inside of your body.


Question: What should you know about your medications to help prevent another heart attack?

Answer: Be clear on how and when to take them. Ask your doctor about side effects. Learn what each medicine does and why you're taking it. Make a list of the things you take. Keep it with you in case of an emergency or if you need to talk with another doctor about them.


Question: How can my dietitian help me recover from a heart attack?

Answer: Ask your doctor if there are foods you shouldn't eat. Changing your diet is easier if you work with a dietitian. She can help you plan menus and find recipes. She'll also help you find resources that let you focus on eating healthy foods. If you aren't able to work with a dietitian as part of your rehab program, ask your doctor for a referral. You can also find recipes and nutritional aids on the web.


Question: How does treating high blood pressure and high cholesterol help in preventing a heart attack?

Answer: Treat high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Both of these damage your arteries. Over time, they increase your risk of heart attack and stroke. Exercise, a healthy diet, and lifestyle changes can help. But they may not be enough. You may be prescribed medicine to help.


Question: How long will I be in the hospital after a heart attack?

Answer: Typically, you'll be in the hospital for 2 days to a week after a heart attack. But if you have complications, or if you've had other procedures, like bypass surgery, you'll probably stay longer.


Question: What do you do in a cardiac rehab program?

Answer: Most cardiac rehab programs consist of three parts: Exercise led by a certified exercise specialist Classes on how to lower your risk of further problems Support for dealing with stress, anxiety, and depression You'll need to do some stuff to help lower your risk of heart attack and heart disease: Stop smoking.


Question: When should I call a doctor about hives?

Answer: If you often get hives, or if your outbreaks affect you a lot, your doctor will probably prescribe antihistamines.


Question: How soon does a mild case of hives end?

Answer: A mild case often disappears on its own after a few hours. If it lasts longer, you can try an over-the-counter antihistamine.


Question: When should you call your doctor about hives?

Answer: See a doctor if your outbreak doesn't disappear in a few days, though. And get medical help right away if you notice symptoms of angioedema (such as swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat) or a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).


Question: When would your doctor prescribe antihistamines for hives?

Answer: If you often get hives, or if your outbreaks affect you a lot, your doctor will probably prescribe antihistamines. Treatment with corticosteroids, which you take by mouth, will sometimes reduce swelling when antihistamines don't work. But doctors usually save them for more severe cases. Your doctor may also consider a biologic drug, omalizumab ( Xolair), for chronic hives in people age 12 and over.


Question: Do you need an epinephrine kit if you get hives?

Answer: If you're severely allergic to bee stings or other insect bites, certain foods, or medications, ask your doctor about prescribing an emergency kit with epinephrine shots. You would use these to treat anaphylaxis. Always carry two epinephrine kits with you.


Question: What parts of my reproductive system can pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) affect?

Answer: Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) is an infection of the female reproductive system. It's usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection. If you have it, most likely your doctor will give you antibiotics, but sometimes a hospital stay may be needed. PID can affect different parts of your reproductive system, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. If it's not treated properly, you can end up with repeated infections, or it may make it hard for you to have a baby.


Question: How can antibiotics help treat pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Answer: Several different types of antibiotics have been found to work against the illness, and you may be given several types to take together. You'll most likely be taking antibiotics for 2 weeks. You should always follow the directions and take all of them, even if you feel better. Your symptoms should improve within 3 days. If they don't, you should go back to your doctor, because you may need to try something else.


Question: Should I tell my sexual partner about your pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Answer: You should tell anyone you've had sex with in the past 60 days about your illness. If it's been longer than 60 days since you've had sex, tell your most recent partner, who should also get treated. You should not have sex while you're undergoing treatment for PID, and neither should your partner.


Question: Why is it important to discuss alternative treatments for acne with your doctor before you try any?

Answer: Alternative treatments, though, do not need to be tested and shown to be safe before they are sold online or placed on store shelves in the U. S. So, be sure to discuss the pros and cons of any alternative remedy with your doctor or dermatologist before starting treatment.


Question: How effective is tea tree oil as an alternative treatment for acne?

Answer: Topical treatment with tea tree oil is considered safe for most adults. It may, though, trigger an allergic skin reaction in some people. This is especially true if it has oxidized after exposure to air. Tea tree oil should never be taken orally. It can cause toxic reactions ranging from rash to coma.


Question: How effective is manuka honey as an alternative treatment for acne?

Answer: To date, however, there have been no definitive studies to prove or disprove the effectiveness of manuka honey.


Question: How effective are tannins as an alternative treatment for acne?

Answer: Some practitioners of alternative and complementary medicine recommend topical treatments containing tannins or fruit acids. Tannins have natural astringent properties. They can be gotten by boiling a mixture of 5 to 10 grams of extract of bark from such trees as witch hazel, white oak, or English walnut in one cup of water. Commercial preparations, though, are not recommended. The distillation process removes the tannins.


Question: Do you need to fast before you get anesthesia?

Answer: Your doctor will likely tell you not to eat or drink anything after midnight on the night before your operation. That's because anesthesia makes you sleepy and relaxed. The muscles of your stomach and throat also relax, which can cause food to back up and get into your lungs. An empty stomach helps prevent this.


Question: What type and how much anesthesia will I get?

Answer: It depends on the kind of surgery you have. Your doctor will also take into account things like your age, weight, gender, and overall health. A special doctor called an anesthesiologist will make sure you get just the right type and amount of medicine. Your medical team will also monitor you closely during the operation to make sure you don't have a bad reaction to the anesthesia.


Question: Do I need someone to take me home after I've had anesthesia?

Answer: It depends. If you have "local" anesthesia, which just numbs part of your body during surgery, you may be able to drive yourself home. But you won't be able to drive after "general" anesthesia, which puts you to sleep during the operation. The same is true if you get some kind of "sedation" medicine, which relaxes you. Arrange for a friend or family member to take you home. And have someone stay with you for the first day while you recover at home.


Question: What is anesthesia before surgery?

Answer: Before it gets underway, you'll get medicine called anesthesia to block pain, help you relax, and sometimes let you sleep through the operation.


Question: What should I tell my anesthesia doctor?

Answer: Let him know if you: Are allergic to latex, rubber, or medicines Have a health condition, including high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes, liver or kidney disease, sleep apnea, or thyroid disease Have asthma, COPD, bronchitis, or other breathing problems Smoke, drink alcohol, or take street drugs Take NSAIDs or steroid medicines Have numbness or weakness in your arms or legs Have bleeding problems Are pregnant Reacted to anesthesia in the past Ask your anesthesia doctor any questions you have about your surgery or the medicine you'll get.


Question: Why might I need to stop taking certain medicines before surgery?

Answer: Your doctor may tell you not to use some of your medications a few days or more before your surgery because they don't mix well with the drugs used for anesthesia. You may also need to stop certain meds because they can make you bleed more during the operation, like blood thinners such as clopidogrel ( Plavix) and warfarin ( Coumadin), and NSAIDs like aspirin and ibuprofen. Blood pressure drugs and reflux medicines should be OK to take, but ask your doctor to know for sure.


Question: What herbal supplements should you avoid before you get anesthesia?

Answer: Some of them can react with your anesthesia, increase bleeding, or affect your blood pressure during surgery. They include supplements like: Black cohosh Feverfew Garlic Ginger Ginkgo Ginseng Kava St. John's wort Valerian Tell your doctor about every supplement you take and get her opinion on whether you need to stop using it.


Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Your blood may show signs of possible cancer. For example, your doctor may check it to see if you have anemia from a bleeding tumor. Also, high levels of some enzymes or other things made by cancer cells might mean canceer is likely.


Question: How is adenocarcinoma diagnosed?

Answer: You could have symptoms like pain, diarrhea, bleeding, or fatigue, depending on your type of cancer. But early on, you may not feel that anything's wrong. Your doctor will give you a physical exam. He may feel your organs to see if there is any swelling or a growth. He may also notice something's not right when you have regular screening tests like a colonoscopy, when a doctor puts a tube into your colon to check for polyps.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the prostate?

Answer: This is a gland in men that's just below the bladder. It helps make some of the fluid that protects sperm cells. Adenocarcinoma starts in the cells that make this fluid. Most prostate cancers are this type.


Question: What can be affected by adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Adenocarcinoma can happen in many places, like your colon, breasts, esophagus, lungs, pancreas, or prostate.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the esophagus?

Answer: This is the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach. Adenocarcinoma usually starts in mucus glands that line the lower part of your esophagus.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the lungs?

Answer: Adenocarcinoma makes up about 40% of lung cancers. It's most often found in the outer part of the lungs and grows more slowly than other types of lung cancer. You usually get it if you're a smoker or used to be one.


Question: How are imaging tests used to diagnose adenocarcinoma?

Answer: They can help see if any of the tissues in your organs don't look normal. You may get a CT scan, which is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. Or you might need an MRI, which uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make pictures of organs and tissues. If you do have cancer and start treatment, imaging tests can also help your doctor learn how well your treatment is working.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the pancreas?

Answer: This is an organ in the back of your belly, behind your stomach. It makes hormones and enzymes that help digest food. About 85% of pancreatic cancers are caused by adenocarcinoma. These tumors start in the ducts of this organ.


Question: How does adenocarcinoma start in the colon and rectum?

Answer: It's a long tube that helps remove water and nutrients from the food you eat. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of colon cancer. It starts out as a small polyp, or growth, that's usually harmless at first but can turn into cancer. The disease can also start in your rectum, the part of your large intestine where the leftover waste from digested food, called stool, gets pushed out of your body.


Question: What are the side effects of adenocarcinoma treatment?

Answer: Your cancer treatment can have side effects. You might get very tired or feel like you need to throw up. Your doctor can suggest ways to manage these problems. He may prescribe drugs that fight nausea.


Question: How is a biopsy used to diagnose adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Your doctor takes a small sample of tissue from the organ where he thinks you may have cancer. For example, he may remove a polyp or growth from your colon, or use a small needle to remove tissue from your breast. A doctor called a pathologist will look at it under a microscope to see if there are cancer cells. A biopsy can also show if they are just in that one organ, have spread from another place in your body, or how much they've grown.


Question: How is surgery used to treat adenocarcinoma?

Answer: Your first treatment will probably be to remove the tumor and tissue around it. Your doctor can then look at the tissue to see if you're cured or if there still may be cancer cells in your body. You may need to combine other treatments with surgery to make sure your cancer is gone.


Question: What is the stomach flu?

Answer: These viruses target the digestive tract and cause inflammation of the stomach and intestines. The most awful symptoms -- diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps -- are actually your body's defense mechanisms. Your body is trying to drive the virus out. Stomach flu can develop at any time of the year, but it's most common in the fall and winter in the U. S. Although unpleasant, stomach flu is rarely serious. Symptoms usually last for 1 to 3 days and sometimes longer. The greatest risk -- especially in babies and older people -- comes from dehydration. Untreated, dehydration can be dangerous. Despite the name, stomach flu has nothing to do with the "true" flu, influenza. Influenza causes body ache and fever. It almost never causes diarrhea or vomiting in adults. Rarely, it can trigger vomiting in children. There is no cure for the stomach flu. Antibiotics don't help, because it's caused by viruses, not bacteria.


Question: How do you treat stomach flu?

Answer: There is no cure for the stomach flu. Antibiotics don't help, because it's caused by viruses, not bacteria. For the most part, you just have to wait it out. In the meantime, there are some things you can do to make yourself more comfortable and prevent complications. Drink more. It's important to increase fluid intake when you are vomiting or have diarrhea. Adults should aim to get one cup of fluid every hour. Children need 1 ounce of fluid every 30 to 60 minutes. Drink slowly, since too much at once could worsen vomiting. If your child tends to gulp, give her a frozen popsicle instead. Drink wisely. When you have diarrhea, drinking more water may not be enough. You're losing important minerals and electrolytes that water can't supply. Instead, ask your doctor about giving your sick child an oral rehydration solution such as Cera Lyte, Infalyte, Naturalyte, Pedialyte, and generic brands. ( If your baby is still nursing or using formula, keep feeding him as usual.) Adults can use oral rehydration solutions or diluted juices, diluted sports drinks, clear broth, or decaffeinated tea. Sugary, carbonated, caffeinated, or alcoholic drinks can make diarrhea worse, so be sure to dilute sugary beverages if you drink them. Don't eat only bland foods. The old advice was to stick with a liquid diet for a few days and then to add in bland foods, such as the BRAT diet of bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast. That's fine for the first day or so of stomach flu. However, doctors say that you should return to your normal diet as soon as you feel up to it. BRAT foods aren't bad. They just don't provide the fat and protein that you need. Sticking with them too long could actually slow your recovery. Get the right nutrients. Look for foods with potassium (such as potatoes, bananas, and fruit juices), salt (such as pretzels and soup), and yogurt with active bacterial cultures. Even a little fat could help, because it slows down digestion and may reduce diarrhea. If you feel up to it, add a pat of butter or some lean meat to your next meal. Use over-the-counter medications. They're not necessary, but some people find relief in medications for diarrhea and vomiting. Just use them with care, and read and follow the label instructions. Never give a medication for diarrhea or vomiting to a child unless a pediatrician says that you should. Rest. Give your body time to recover.


Question: What should I expect from a chigger bite?

Answer: Once chiggers latch on to your pants or shirt, they crawl around until they find a patch of skin. There, they use sharp, jaw-like claws to make tiny holes. Next, they inject saliva that turns some of your cells into mush.


Question: Why do chiggers bite?

Answer: To a chigger, those liquefied cells are food. When they get on you, they can stay attached to your skin for several days while they eat.


Question: Where can chigger bites happen on my body?

Answer: Chigger bites can happen anywhere on your body, but they often show up in clusters around the waist or lower legs. You may not notice anything wrong at first, but in a few hours you'll start to itch. The itching usually lasts for several days and can sometimes keep you awake at night. You may also notice that your skin turns red and has bumps, blisters, or a hive-like rash that may take a week or two to heal.


Question: Where do chiggers live?

Answer: $('.ua_type_mobile .article table').css('width','100%'); You can travel across the globe, but you can't escape these pests. Chiggers live in every country. Their favorite spots are moist, grassy areas like fields, forests, and even your lawn. You can also find them near lakes and streams.


Question: Do chigger bites get better on their own?

Answer: But if yours are still bothering you after a few days, see your doctor. In rare cases, you may need steroid shots to calm itching and swelling. Your doctor may also ask you to take antibiotics if your bites become infected.


Question: Can I get diseases from chigger bites?

Answer: Chiggers don't spread diseases but scratching could break the skin and lead to irritation or an infection.


Question: When are chigger bites most common?

Answer: In the U. S., chigger bites are most common in the late spring, summer, and early fall. The bugs are active when the ground temperature is between 77 and 86 degrees F, and they die when it gets colder than 42.


Question: What should I do if I get chigger bites?

Answer: If you think you've been around some chiggers, give yourself a full body check. You may be able to see tiny red dots, either moving very quickly or attached to your skin. Your first step: Take a bath or shower and scrub your skin with soap and water. This washes off any chiggers that are still on you. Using hot water, wash your clothes and any blankets or towels that touched the ground to kill any bugs that are still hanging on. Then treat your bites with an over-the-counter anti-itch cream or ointment, like menthol, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone. You can also get relief if you take antihistamine pills or use a cold compress.


Question: What is the life cycle of a chigger?

Answer: Adult chiggers don't bite. It's the babies, called larvae, that you have to watch out for. They're red, orange, yellow, or straw-colored, and no more than 0.3 millimeters long. After they hatch from eggs, the babies don't fly and don't travel very far on their own. They tend to stay clumped together in large groups on leaves and grass, usually less than a foot off the ground, and attach to animals or people as they pass by.


Question: What other magnesium tests are available?

Answer: There are other tests. Some of them: Test how much magnesium you get rid of in your pee. Test the level of magnesium in your red blood cells ( RBC). Test the magnesium in your cells, not in your blood. This test is known as an â EXA Test,â and is done through a sample of your mouth cells. It is not easy to get this test because it is not commonly known and it is very expensive. Add magnesium to your blood, then see how much goes into your urine.


Question: Who usually gets high levels of magnesium?

Answer: High levels of magnesium are much less common than low levels. This happens to people who have damaged kidneys, or take certain drugs. It is a serious problem that can cause your heart to stop.


Question: How can I tell if I have low magnesium levels?

Answer: Some people don't get enough magnesium. If you're basically healthy, you probably wouldn't have symptoms from low magnesium unless it went on for a long time. Your doctor may want to test your magnesium level. This is important because too much or too little can make both adults and children sick.


Question: What should my blood glucose levels be if I am diabetic and pregnant?

Answer: Keep blood glucose levels within the ideal range: 70 to 100 mg/d L before meals Less than 120 mg/d L 2 hours after eating 100-140 mg/d L before your bedtime snack Use your meals, exercise, and diabetes medications to keep a healthy balance.


Question: What are the risks of diabetes in pregnancy?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects. They also can increase the risks of miscarriage and diabetes-related complications. But many women don't know they're pregnant until the baby has been growing for 2 to 4 weeks. That's why you should have good control of your blood sugar before you start trying to conceive.


Question: What can I expect the effects of my diabetes to be on my baby when he or she is born?

Answer: If you regularly have high blood sugar levels while you're pregnant (and especially in the 24 hours before delivery), your baby may get dangerously low blood sugar right after they're born. Their insulin is based on your high sugar, and when it's suddenly taken away, their blood sugar level drops quickly and they'll need glucose to balance it out. Their calcium and magnesium levels may be off, too. Those can be fixed with medication. Some babies are too big to be delivered vaginally, and you'll need a cesarean delivery or c-section. Your doctor will keep an eye on your baby's size so you can plan for the safest way to give birth.


Question: Should I change my diet if I am pregnant and have diabetes?

Answer: Changing what and how you eat will help you avoid problems with your blood sugar levels. You'll also need to include more calories for your growing baby. Your doctor or diabetes educator can help you figure out how to do that safely.


Question: How can you prepare for diabetes and pregnancy?

Answer: A pre-conception counseling appointment will help you be physically and emotionally prepared for pregnancy. Meet with your doctor to find out if your diabetes is controlled well enough for you to stop your birth control method. A blood test called the glycosylated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c, or just A1c) can show how well it's been going over the past 8 to 12 weeks.


Question: What can high blood sugar levels early in pregnancy cause?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects. They also can increase the risks of miscarriage and diabetes-related complications. But many women don't know they're pregnant until the baby has been growing for 2 to 4 weeks. That's why you should have good control of your blood sugar before you start trying to conceive.


Question: What medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects.


Question: Can I keep using my diabetes medications if I am pregnant?

Answer: If you use insulin to control your diabetes, your doctor can tell you how to adjust your dose. Your body will probably need more while you're pregnant, especially during the last 3 months. If you take a pill, you may need to switch to insulin. It may not be safe to use some drugs, or you may get better sugar control.


Question: Do most women with mild diabetes carry their baby to full-term?

Answer: Women with well controlled diabetes often go full-term without any problems. However, many doctors prefer to plan for an early delivery, usually around weeks 38-39.


Question: What tests can help prevent diabetes-related pregnancy complications?

Answer: Other medical tests can help prevent complications during pregnancy: Urinalysis to check for kidney problems Cholesterol and triglyceride blood tests Eye exam to see if you have glaucoma, cataracts, or retinopathy Electrocardiogram Blood work to make sure your kidneys and liver are working Foot exam High blood sugar levels early in the pregnancy (before 13 weeks) can cause birth defects.


Question: Will you carry your baby to term if you have diabetes and are pregnant?

Answer: Women with well controlled diabetes often go full-term without any problems. However, many doctors prefer to plan for an early delivery, usually around weeks 38-39.


Question: How will your medications change during pregnancy?

Answer: If you use insulin to control your diabetes, your doctor can tell you how to adjust your dose. Your body will probably need more while you're pregnant, especially during the last 3 months. If you take a pill, you may need to switch to insulin. It may not be safe to use some drugs, or you may get better sugar control.


Question: What is microscopic colitis?

Answer: When you have this condition, your colon is inflamed. Your symptoms may include watery diarrhea and belly pain. The condition may go away without any treatment, but if it doesn't, your doctor may tell you to tweak your diet or take medication. In rare cases, when the symptoms are severe, you may need surgery.


Question: What are gallstones?

Answer: Your gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ in your belly. It holds a fluid called bile that helps digest your food. Sometimes, leftover bile hardens to form little stones. These may not give you any symptoms unless they cause a blockage. If you have a gallstone, you may get a sharp pain on the right side of your belly. You may not be able to sit comfortably. If you run a high fever with chills or notice that your skin or eyes start to yellow, call your doctor right away.


Question: What is diverticulitis?

Answer: Sometimes, weak parts of your colon start to sag. This causes tiny pouches to form, most often in the lower part of your colon. A tear in these "pockets" can lead to inflammation or infection, which is called diverticulitis. If you have a mild case, you can treat it by making lifestyle changes, like getting more rest and watching what you eat.


Question: Can a long-term sleep problem raise your chance of getting heart failure?

Answer: One study found that men ages 40 to 70 with sleep apnea, which is when your breathing repeatedly stops and starts while you're asleep, were 58% more likely to get heart failure.


Question: What is an angina or chest pain?

Answer: Angina -- or chest pain -- occurs because the heart is not receiving enough oxygen. The pain is usually in the chest and may also be felt in the shoulder, arm, or jaw. Not all chest pain is angina and it may be difficult to determine the cause of chest pain.


Question: What should I do if I feel chest pains at home?

Answer: Stop doing whatever it is that causes your symptoms, remain calm, and call 911. Immediate help and intervention is your best chance for survival if you are having a heart attack or other serious problem. Lie down in a comfortable position with your head up. If you have regular adult aspirin or its equivalent, chew one (as long as you are not allergic to aspirin). Chewing more than one will not do any good and may cause unwanted side effects.


Question: What specific questions about lung cancer should I ask my doctor?

Answer: What kind of lung cancer do I have? Where is the cancer and how far has it spread? What stage is my cancer? What treatment do you recommend? Why? What are the side effects? What would help make them less of a problem? Can you remove my lung cancer with surgery? Will I need chemotherapy or radiation? Would newer types of medicine, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy,also help me? Should I get a second opinion? Could I join a clinical trial? Will you help me find one? What other resources (like a support group or counselor) might be helpful? What lifestyle habits will help me as I go through treatment? Would integrative medicine help me feel better or ease side effects?


Question: What tests are used to diagnose bronchitis?

Answer: Here are some of the tests your doctor might order: Chest X-ray. If you have a fever or had one recently, this can help rule out or confirm pneumonia. Sputum culture. If your symptoms are severe, your doctor might get a sample of the mucus you cough up (sputum). A lab test can tell whether the mucus is caused by an allergy or whooping cough (pertussis), which is a very contagious bacterial infection. Serious symptoms may also mean another test. Spirometry. This is a test of your lung function. It measures how much air your lungs can hold and how quickly you can blow it all out. The test can help your doctor find out whether you have asthma or another breathing problem, along with your bronchitis.


Question: How can antibiotics help treat bronchitis?

Answer: But acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection. Antibiotics don't help with a virus. If your doctor thinks the cause is bacteria, you might get a prescription for antibiotics. If so, be sure to take the full prescription of antibiotics. Even if you feel better, the infection could still be in your system. You want to make sure you kill all the bacteria on the first try.


Question: How do I know whether I have acute or chronic bronchitis?

Answer: Learn more about how doctors diagnose and treat bronchitis: First, it's important to figure out a time line. If you have a cough and breathing problems that have lasted for months or years, it might be chronic bronchitis. This is a long-term health problem that needs ongoing treatment. Some people with very serious chronic bronchitis have it their entire lives. Others can successfully treat it. You're more likely to get it if you smoke.


Question: How is bronchitis treated?

Answer: A bout of acute bronchitis will often fade away on its own. Letting your body rest and drinking plenty of fluids may help it disappear more quickly. Other treatments may include: A cough suppressant (but only if you're not bringing up mucus anymore; if you are, it means you're still clearing your airways and your doctor likely won't advise you to take one) Pain reliever Sleeping near a humidifier or sitting in a steamy bathroom Bronchodilators (inhaled medicines that help open your airways) Antibiotics are powerful medicines that treat bacterial infections.


Question: What medical treatment can my doctor suggest if my heart races too often?

Answer: The normal heart averages between 60 and 100 beats per minute. When your heart beats faster than this, you have a condition called tachycardia. When your heart races, it's working too hard. It doesn't have enough time to fill with blood or pump it to the rest of your body.


Question: What is irregular heartbeat?

Answer: In fact, when your heart doesn't beat normally, its electrical system is likely out of step. When your heart beats too fast, too slow, or skips irregularly, it is called arrhythmia. Your heart can't pump blood through your body well, and that can cause damage to your lungs, brain, and other organs.


Question: What aromatherapy essential oils should be avoided while pregnant?

Answer: Avoid these aromatherapy essential oils: calamus, mugwort, pennyroyal, sage, wintergreen, basil, hyssop, myrrh, marjoram, and thyme.


Question: What are alternative therapies for nausea in early pregnancy?

Answer: Nausea in early pregnancy: acupuncture, acupressure, ginger root (250 milligram capsules 4 times a day), and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, 25 milligram two or three times a day) work well.


Question: What are alternative therapies for backache during pregnancy?

Answer: Backache: chiropractic manipulation and physical therapy should be considered.


Question: What supplements should be avoided while pregnant?

Answer: Avoid these oral supplements: Arbor vitae, Beth root, Black cohosh, Blue cohosh, Cascara, Chaste tree berry, Chinese angelica ( Dong Quai), Cinchona, Cotton root bark, Feverfew, Ginseng, Golden seal, Juniper, Kava kava, Licorice, Meadow saffron, Pennyroyal, Poke root, Rue, Sage, St. John's wort, Senna, Tansy, White peony, Wormwood, Yarrow, Yellow dock, vitamin A (large doses can cause birth defects).


Question: What are safe alternative therapies for turning a breech baby?

Answer: Turning a breech baby: exercise, hypnosis, and traditional Chinese treatment (burning incense-like substance on the fifth toe) have proven beneficial.


Question: Are natural products safe during pregnancy?

Answer: Many pregnant women believe "natural" products can be safely used to relieve nausea, backache, and other annoying symptoms of pregnancy, but many of these so-called natural products have not been tested for their safety and effectiveness in non-pregnant women, much less in pregnant women. Therefore, it is very important to check with your doctor before taking any alternative therapies. He or she will not recommend a product or therapy until it is shown to be safe and effective.


Question: How can relaxation techniques help with tension headaches?

Answer: They can ease stress and muscle tension. Try deep breathing, meditation, yoga, or hypnotherapy. Biofeedback uses electrodes to teach you how to recognize tension and relax your muscles before they tighten up. Guided imagery helps you focus on different body parts to relax and release tension. Acupuncture can also help. Do exercises every day to relax, stretch, and strengthen the muscles in your head, shoulders, and neck. A heating pad may also ease muscle tension. Any workout is also a good way to burn off stress.


Question: How can you work with your feelings to help with tension headaches?

Answer: When you feel stressed out, anxious, or angry, the way you handle those feelings may make a difference in whether you get a tension headache or not. Everyone has stress in their life. Try to cut back on how much you have. When you can't avoid it, look for different ways to handle those stressful situations. Try to pace yourself in your daily life. Take breaks. Carve out time to do things you enjoy. For some people, mindfulness -- staying in the here and now, instead of following thoughts of worry and fear -- can help. Build your support system. Spend time with people you love. You may also want to book some sessions with a therapist to find solutions and to manage any anxiety or depression you may have.


Question: When should you see your doctor about tension headaches?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest taking a daily medication that can prevent chronic tension headaches, like: Antidepressants, like amitriptyline ( Elavil) and venlafaxine ( Effexor) Seizure medication, like gabapentin ( Neurontin) and topiramate ( Topamax) See your doctor if you have frequent or severe headaches, or if they get in the way of your life. Call 911 for a headache that is sudden and severe or also makes your face droop, causes weakness or numbness, or makes it hard to talk, see, or think.


Question: How can medication lead to tension headaches?

Answer: If you take medicine for your headaches -- like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, aspirin, or pain relievers with caffeine -- you may get what's called rebound headaches when you stop taking it. To prevent them, limit how much you take. Use the smallest possible dose. Don't take pain relievers more than one or two times a week.


Question: Is it helpful to visualize my route before I drive with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It might help to visualize your route before you go. Think about the roads you'll take and the things you usually see like traffic lights, houses, bridges, or shopping centers. Think about where you'll have to turn and what the streets look like. That can help you avoid getting confused or lost along the way.


Question: Will I need special equipment to help me drive if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Though you may have a few challenges as a driver, that doesn't mean you won't be allowed to do it at all, so don't be afraid to get an evaluation. Many people just need special equipment for the car to help them drive better. It's also a good idea to get checked before you buy a new car so you know what kind of vehicle or gear you might need ahead of time. One of the most common car modifications is a way to control the gas and brake with your hands. But there are other options, such as: Knobs or handles to help you steer Wider or larger mirrors Special seats to help you get in and out Lifts for stowing your other gear Ramps or lifts to accommodate a wheelchair You'll need some training to learn how to use this equipment, and you'll have to take a road test after you learn. Whether or not you need special equipment to drive, knowing how MS affects you can help you plan out your trips.


Question: What are certain tips to help drive more safely with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A few other tips for safer driving include: Avoid driving if you're sick or run down. Other illnesses can make your MS symptoms worse. Cut down on distractions. Turn off your phone and radio, and tell others in the car to keep conversation light or just enjoy the ride. Try not to drive when you know there will be heavy traffic. Avoid driving in bad weather.


Question: How can I use a GPS when I drive with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some people with MS find it hard to program a GPS system or listen to one announce directions. So try the old-school method: Write directions down before you get in the car. It can help you remember them and make it easier for you to check them in case you get lost and have to pull over.


Question: What will the driver rehabilitation specialist examine to see if multiple sclerosis is affecting my driving?

Answer: The office test will review your health and driving history. The specialist will go over: Your medical history Your driving record How MS affects things you do every day, like getting dressed or bathing Your strength and coordination Your vision How fast your brain sorts information Your memory If things go well on the office test, then you'll have a road test.


Question: What will a road test examine to see if I can drive with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The specialist will go over: Your medical history Your driving record How MS affects things you do every day, like getting dressed or bathing Your strength and coordination Your vision How fast your brain sorts information Your memory If things go well on the office test, then you'll have a road test. This will see how well you: Get into and out of the car Store the gear you use to help you get around, like a cane or wheelchair Follow driving rules React to hazards on the road Move your foot between the gas pedal and brake Stay in your lane and change lanes safely Afterward, the specialist can tell you how MS might be affecting your driving and tell you what you can do to make it easier and safer.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis affect driving?

Answer: Multiple sclerosis ( MS) can make driving a challenge. It can affect the skills you need behind the wheel -- your vision, memory, reflexes, and how well you move your arms and legs. Your symptoms can come and go, sometimes in the same day. It might not be safe to drive during a flare-up, but it's usually OK to get back in the driver's seat after symptoms go away. For most people with the disease, though, some planning and the right tools can make driving easier and safer.


Question: Is it good to know if multiple sclerosis will affect my ability to drive?

Answer: Whether or not you need special equipment to drive, knowing how MS affects you can help you plan out your trips. For example, if you know you get tired easily, keep your time in the car short. If MS changes your vision, avoid driving at night.


Question: What are the symptoms of a testicular injury?

Answer: As many men and boys know all too well, a testicular injury typically causes substantial pain in the scrotum. There is sometimes pain in the abdomen, as well. Other symptoms can include: Nausea (especially common with testicular torsion) Bruising or discoloration of the scrotum Swelling of the scrotum Blood in the urine Difficulty urinating Fever It's important to see your doctor if you a testicle injury.


Question: What are treatments for testicular injuries?

Answer: Treatments for some types of testicular trauma include: Placing an ice pack against your scrotum Resting and avoiding strenuous activity Medication to treat pain and inflammation Antibiotics to prevent or treat infection Wearing a jockstrap to support your testicles In the case of torsion, treatment involves a doctor turning the testicle back to its proper place by rotating it while holding the scrotum.


Question: What happens at the doctor's office if I have a testicular injury?

Answer: The doctor will want to know about the accident, as well as other information. Be prepared to discuss: When the injury occurred How it happened How you felt after the injury How you feel now If you've ever had other problems with your penis, scrotum, or testicles Even if you're embarrassed about how the injury occurred, be sure to answer your doctor's questions honestly. The doctor will also check your scrotum for signs of injury.


Question: When should I see my doctor if I've had a testicular injury?

Answer: Other symptoms can include: Nausea (especially common with testicular torsion) Bruising or discoloration of the scrotum Swelling of the scrotum Blood in the urine Difficulty urinating Fever It's important to see your doctor if you a testicle injury. Some of these problems, like testicular torsion, are a medical emergency. Serious injuries can cause you to lose the testicle or cause the testicle to shrink. They may also threaten your future fertility (the ability to have children). Seeing your doctor promptly can lower your chances of these complications.


Question: What kinds of accidents can lead to testicular injuries?

Answer: Examples include: Getting kicked Getting hit by a baseball Motorcycle accident Bicycle accident Other mishaps can cut or pierce the scrotum and injure the testicles. These include animal bites, bullet wounds, and accidents with machinery. Testicular trauma can cause different problems.


Question: How can I protect myself from a testicular injury?

Answer: You can't always prevent a testicle injury, but these steps will help protect you: Wear a jockstrap when you're playing sports. If you're doing an activity that could lead to a hard strike -- such as baseball or martial arts -- also wear a protective cup. Be sure the cup fits well and is properly placed over your penis and testicles. Wear your seat belt while in a vehicle. Use caution when riding motorcycles and bicycles. Take care near machinery that could snag your clothing or skin. Avoid loose clothing and belts.


Question: How is constrictive pericarditis diagnosed?

Answer: The symptoms of constrictive pericarditis are the same as pericarditis, with the addition of: Shortness of breath Fatigue (feeling over-tired) Heart failure symptoms (swelling of legs and feet, unexplained weight gain) Atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat) The same tests used to diagnose pericarditis are used to diagnose constrictive pericarditis. Other diagnostic tests used for constrictive pericarditis include: Echocardiogram Cardiac catheterization MRI CT scan Treatment of constrictive pericarditis may include: Analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents to treat pain or inflammation Diuretics to treat heart failure symptoms Antiarrhythmics to treat any abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation Pericardiectomy (the surgical removal of the stiff pericardium from the heart)


Question: What is constrictive pericarditis?

Answer: Constrictive pericarditis occurs when the pericardium becomes thickened and scarred. This can make it difficult for the heart to expand with blood.


Question: How long does it take for most people to recover form pericarditis?

Answer: Treatment of pericarditis is based on the cause and may include: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents ( NSAIDs) to decrease the pain and inflammation Steroids, used occasionally for severe attacks Antibiotics, if the pericarditis is due to infection Colchicine, particularly if symptoms last for several weeks or occur on a repetitive basis Most patients recover from pericarditis in two to four weeks.


Question: What are the symptoms of constrictive pericarditis?

Answer: The symptoms of constrictive pericarditis are the same as pericarditis, with the addition of: Shortness of breath Fatigue (feeling over-tired) Heart failure symptoms (swelling of legs and feet, unexplained weight gain) Atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat) The same tests used to diagnose pericarditis are used to diagnose constrictive pericarditis.


Question: How is pericarditis diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor can diagnose pericarditis based on: Reported symptoms Electrocardiagram ( EKG or ECG) results Echocardiogram Cardiac MRI Physical exam Other tests may be performed to determine the cause of pericarditis.


Question: What can I do if I am the main caregiver for someone with diabetes and they aren't good at taking their medicine?

Answer: If your loved one takes pills, capsules, or tablets, use a pill calendar. This plastic container has days of the week listed and is divided into parts of the day. You can get one at most larger pharmacies. Fill the pill calendar once a week or once a month, as needed. Check it regularly to see if they missed any doses. It could be that your friend or relative doesn't see well, and can't read the prescription bottle. Make an appointment with an eye doctor (an ophthalmologist) for a vision checkup.


Question: What can I do if caregiving for someone with diabetes starts to become stressful?

Answer: If caregiving starts to become stressful, it helps to talk with someone you trust, whether it's a friend, relative, or counselor. You may also want to join a support group. To find one, ask your loved one's doctor, or check with a local hospital or the American Diabetes Association.


Question: Can I take biologics for my psoriasis while pregnant?

Answer: Some treatments may be OK to keep taking when you're pregnant, but check with your doctor first if you take: Cyclosporine Coal tar Strong doses of steroids that you put on your skin If you take biologic treatments such as adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo) or adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita) â both biosimilar to Humira, etanercept ( Enbrel), and infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) or infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), both biosimilar to Remicade, your doctor may want you to stop during pregnancy. But sometimes stopping a relatively safe treatment can make your symptoms severe enough that stopping them could cause more problems. Your doctor can help you decide whether you should continue your treatments or find other options.


Question: Can I use calcipotriene for psoriasis while pregnant?

Answer: Similar to PUVA, doctors don't have clear data on how this skin cream affects babies before birth. But they're concerned enough about the risks that they recommend avoiding it as a treatment during pregnancy.


Question: What treatments for psoriasis are typically safe if you are pregnant?

Answer: These treatments are usually considered safe to use during pregnancy: Moisturizers and skin products like petroleum jelly or mineral oil Mild steroids that you put on your skin (avoid the breast area if you breastfeed) Phototherapy with UVB light Anthralin ( Zithranol, Zithranol-rr) Unfortunately, there's no way to predict how your psoriasis will act while you're expecting.


Question: Can MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) help treat knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: However, there is evidence that MSM in combination with other supplements.may help a bit with the pain and swelling of knee osteoarthritis. Also, early animal research shows some promise for decreasing joint degeneration.


Question: What is MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } MSM is a chemical in animals, humans, and many plants. People use it most often to try to treat arthritis. MSM can be produced in a lab, where it is sometimes combined with other supplements such as glucosamine or chondroitin.


Question: Can you get MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) naturally from foods?

Answer: Very small amounts of MSM can be found in: Fruit Corn Tomatoes Tea and coffee Milk But the amounts in these foods are a small fraction of the amount in supplements.


Question: Could MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) interact with some drugs?

Answer: There doesn't appear to be an interaction between MSM and medications, herbs, supplements, or foods. The FDA does not regulate supplements. Be sure to tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural. That way, he or she can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications, foods, or other herbs and supplements. Your doctor can let you know if the supplement might raise your risks.


Question: How much MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) should I take?

Answer: People have tried taking from 500 milligrams of MSM three times daily to 3 grams twice daily for osteoarthritis. However, optimal doses of MSM have not been set for any condition. And quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely from maker to maker.


Question: What are some other reasons to use MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)?

Answer: They take MSM to try to relieve pain or swelling from: Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis Bursitis, tendinitis, or tenosynovitis People also apply MSM to the skin to try to treat problems such as: Scar tissue or stretch marks Wrinkles Wind or sun burn Wounds, cuts, or abrasions Rosacea Or they may take it to try to treat gastrointestinal problems such as: Chronic constipation Ulcers Diverticulosis (a bowel disease) Hemorrhoids There is a whole range of other reasons people take MSM. This includes obesity and liver problems, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, gum disease, snoring, infections, lung problems, Alzheimer's, HIV, and cancer. The evidence to support taking MSM for these is lacking.


Question: Why do people take MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)?

Answer: People take MSM by mouth or apply it to the skin, mostly using it to lessen inflammation. They take MSM to try to relieve pain or swelling from: Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis Bursitis, tendinitis, or tenosynovitis People also apply MSM to the skin to try to treat problems such as: Scar tissue or stretch marks Wrinkles Wind or sun burn Wounds, cuts, or abrasions Rosacea Or they may take it to try to treat gastrointestinal problems such as: Chronic constipation Ulcers Diverticulosis (a bowel disease) Hemorrhoids There is a whole range of other reasons people take MSM.


Question: What skin problems can MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) be used to treat?

Answer: They take MSM to try to relieve pain or swelling from: Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis Bursitis, tendinitis, or tenosynovitis People also apply MSM to the skin to try to treat problems such as: Scar tissue or stretch marks Wrinkles Wind or sun burn Wounds, cuts, or abrasions Rosacea Or they may take it to try to treat gastrointestinal problems such as: Chronic constipation Ulcers Diverticulosis (a bowel disease) Hemorrhoids There is a whole range of other reasons people take MSM.


Question: How effective is MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)?

Answer: MSM has shown some effectiveness for treating allergies, repetitive stress injuries, certain bladder disorders like interstitial cystitis, and wounds, but more research is needed before it can be recommended for any of these conditions.


Question: What gastrointestinal problems can MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) be used to treat?

Answer: They take MSM to try to relieve pain or swelling from: Osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis Bursitis, tendinitis, or tenosynovitis People also apply MSM to the skin to try to treat problems such as: Scar tissue or stretch marks Wrinkles Wind or sun burn Wounds, cuts, or abrasions Rosacea Or they may take it to try to treat gastrointestinal problems such as: Chronic constipation Ulcers Diverticulosis (a bowel disease) Hemorrhoids There is a whole range of other reasons people take MSM.


Question: What are the side effects of taking MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)?

Answer: Chances are it is safe if you take up to 6 grams of MSM by mouth for six months or fewer. Side effects.


Question: What can you do to manage a leaky heart valve?

Answer: Everyone with a leaky heart valve can benefit from daily exercise, like walking. Before engaging in competitive or contact sports, people with severe valve regurgitation should talk with their doctors. Not smoking and maintaining a healthy weight are just as important for people with leaky heart valves as for other people. Regular follow-up with a doctor, even when there are no symptoms, can ensure a leaky heart valve does not cause problems that could be avoided.


Question: What should I know about a leaky heart valve?

Answer: Or it could cause health problems that could be either minor or serious. How serious a leaky heart valve is depends on how much it interferes with normal blood flow through the heart. Treatments include medicines, surgical repair, or surgical replacement of the leaky valve. Observation over time for changes is the most common approach to a leaky heart valve.


Question: What are the symptoms of a leaky heart valve?

Answer: Frequently, a leaky heart valve causes no symptoms. Many healthy people have one or more valves that are slightly leaky. If the heart valve leak is severe, it may impair the forward flow of blood. This can cause symptoms of congestive heart failure, which include: Shortness of breath, especially with exertion or when lying flat Leg swelling or fluid retention elsewhere in the body Other symptoms of a leaky heart valve may include: Lightheadedness Rapid heartbeat Heart fluttering or palpitations Fatigue Even when there is significant valve regurgitation, there may be no symptoms.


Question: What is a leaky heart valve?

Answer: The heart has four valves. They include: tricuspid valve pulmonic valve mitral valve aortic valve The valves consist of flaps that open to let blood flow in one direction as it moves through the chambers of the heart. Then the valves close to keep blood from flowing backwards into the chamber it just left. Each valve typically has three flaps, except for the mitral valve, which has two. Any of the four valves can become leaky. This means that just after the heart squeezes and pumps blood forward, some blood will leak backward through the valve. Leaking through the valve is also called valve regurgitation.


Question: What causes a leaky aortic valve?

Answer: Causes of a leaky aortic valve include: A bicuspid aortic valve, which means the valve has two flaps instead of the normal three High blood pressure, or hypertension Infection of the heart valve, known as endocarditis Marfan syndrome Rheumatic heart disease Many people with aortic regurgitation only require observation over time.


Question: What are some other symptoms of a leaky heart valve?

Answer: This can cause symptoms of congestive heart failure, which include: Shortness of breath, especially with exertion or when lying flat Leg swelling or fluid retention elsewhere in the body Other symptoms of a leaky heart valve may include: Lightheadedness Rapid heartbeat Heart fluttering or palpitations Fatigue Even when there is significant valve regurgitation, there may be no symptoms.


Question: How is a leaky heart valve diagnosed?

Answer: A doctor usually diagnoses a leaky heart valve by: Listening to the heart with a stethoscope for abnormal sounds such as a heart murmur Looking at the results of a heart ultrasound, also called an echocardiogram A person's description of symptoms along with the physical exam and echocardiogram can determine how serious a leaky heart valve is.


Question: What is the treatment for pulmonary regurgitation?

Answer: These may be due to: Elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary artery (pulmonary hypertension) Previous surgery as a child to repair a severe heart defect Usually, no treatment is required for pulmonary regurgitation. Treating the underlying medical condition is the best approach.


Question: What causes a leaky mitral valve?

Answer: Causes of a leaky mitral valve include: Mitral valve prolapse (an improper closing of the valve) An enlarged heart, called cardiomyopathy, due to hypertension, coronary artery disease, or another cause Endocarditis Rheumatic heart disease Some people with a leaky mitral valve don't require treatment.


Question: What is the treatment for tricuspid regurgitation?

Answer: Medicines may not be effective in treating tricuspid regurgitation. Diuretics, or water pills, can help relieve body swelling, or edema, that's due to congestive heart failure. The swelling is not always present, however. The tricuspid valve may be repaired during surgery to correct other leaky heart valves. Surgical repair of the tricuspid valve generally works better than replacing it. Surgery to replace the tricuspid valve by itself (not along with the mitral or aortic valve) is only recommended in rare cases.


Question: How do Nucala. Xolair, and Cinqair work to improve asthma control?

Answer: Mepolizumab ( Nucala) is a biologic therapy that has been found to control the blood cells that often trigger asthma. Nucala targets Interluken-5 ( IL-5) which regulates the levels of blood eosinophils (the type of white blood cells that helps trigger asthma). Genetically engineered, Nucala keeps IL-5 from binding to eosinophils and, thereby, lowers the risk of a severe asthma attack. Nucala is administered by injection once every 4 weeks and is meant to be used in conjunction with other asthma treatments as a maintenance medication. By using Nucala, patients have been found to not only experience fewer asthma incidents, but they are able to reduce the amount of their other asthma medications. Side effects include headache and a hypersensitivity reaction that can cause swelling of the face and tongue, dizziness, hives, and breathing problems. Omalizumab( Xolair), an immunomodulator, works differently from other anti-inflammatory medications for asthma . Xolair blocks the activity of Ig E (a protein that is overproduced in people with allergies) before it can lead to asthma attacks. Immunomodulator treatment has been shown to help reduce the number of asthma attacks in people with moderate to severe allergic asthma whose symptoms are not controlled with inhaled steroids. Xolair, a prescription maintenance medication, is given by injection every 2 to 4 weeks. It's recommended for people with moderate to severe allergic asthma. Side effects may include redness, pain, swelling, bruising or itching at the injection site, joint pain, and tiredness. There is a slight increase in risk for problems with the heart and circulation to the brain in people using Xolair. It also carries a boxed warning about a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). Reslizumab ( Cinqair) is also maintenance medication. It is used along with regular asthma medicines when those medicines cannot fully control your asthma. This medicine is given every 4 weeks as an intravenous injection over a period of about an hour. This drug works by reducing the number of a specific type of white blood cells called eosinophils that play a role in causing asthma symptoms. It can reduce severe asthma attacks. Side effects include anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction), muscle pain, and cancer.


Question: How do the leukotriene modifiers improve asthma control?

Answer: Montelukast ( Singulair), zafirlukast ( Accolate), and zileuton ( Zyflo) are called leukotriene modifiers. Leukotrienes are inflammatory chemicals that occur naturally in our bodies and cause tightening of airway muscles and production of mucus. Leukotriene modifier drugs help control asthma by blocking the actions of leukotrienes in the body. Studies show that these medications are helpful in improving airflow and reducing asthma symptoms. The leukotriene modifiers are taken as pills and have been shown to decrease the need for other asthma medications. These medications have also been shown to be effective in people with allergic rhinitis (nasal allergies) and may be effective in people with both allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma.


Question: What forms do inhaled steroids for asthma come in?

Answer: Inhaled steroid medications for better asthma control include: Beclomethasone dipropionate( Qvar) Budesonide ( Pulmicort) Budesonide/ Formoterol ( Symbicort) - a combination drug that includes a steroid and a long-acting bronchodilator drug Fluticasone ( Flovent) Fluticasone inh powder ( Arnuity Ellipta) Fluticasone/ Salmeterol ( Advair) - a combination drug that includes a steroid and a long-actingbronchodilator drug Mometasone ( Asmanex) Mometasone/formoterol ( Dulera) - a combination drug that also includes a long-acting bronchodilator drug Inhaled steroids come in three forms: the hydrofluoroalkane inhaler or HFA (formerly called a metered dose inhaler or MDI), dry powder inhaler ( DPI), and nebulizer solutions.