Question: What are the symptoms of penile cancer?

Answer: Changes in the penis skin are the most common symptom of penile cancer. They can show up on the foreskin of uncircumcised men, or on the penis tip (the glans) or shaft. Warning signs of the disease can include: Changes in thickness or color of skin on the penis A lump on it A rash or small âcrustyâ bumps on it; it can look like an unhealed scab. Growths on the penis that look bluish-brown Smelly discharge underneath the foreskin A sore on the penis, which may be bleeding Swelling at the end of the penis Lumps under the skin in the groin area Most men with these symptoms don't have penile cancer. If your cancer is in the early stages, your treatment may include: A medicine that goes on your skin as a cream Cryotherapy, a procedure that uses an extremely cold liquid or a device to freeze and destroy tissue that contains cancer Mohs surgery, in which doctors remove affected skin, one layer at a time, until they reach normal, healthy tissue Lasers to cut and destroy areas that contain cancer Circumcision, which is surgery to remove the foreskin. If your cancer is advanced or has a high risk of spreading, treatment may involve any of the above, and/or: Surgery to remove some or all o your inguinal lymph nodes if your cancer has spread to them Radiation and/or chemotherapy to rid your body of cancer cells A penectomy, which is surgery to remove some or all of your penis Most treatments for early-stage penile cancer don't affect your ability to have sex, but chemotherapy and radiation may.


Question: Is penile cancer common?

Answer: But it can be treated, especially if it's found early on. In the U. S., doctors find it in about 2,100 men each year. If you or someone you love has it, you'll want to know what your options are. Growths on the penis that look bluish-brown Smelly discharge underneath the foreskin A sore on the penis, which may be bleeding Swelling at the end of the penis Lumps under the skin in the groin area Most men with these symptoms don't have penile cancer.


Question: How do I talk to my doctor about urinary incontinence?

Answer: One good opener might be something like this: " I have been having bladder troubles." That means being able to answer the questions your doctor is likely to ask, including: When did your urinary incontinence symptoms begin?


Question: Can a massage help relieve the symptoms of restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

Answer: Throwing off your sleep pattern can make your RLS symptoms worse. Try massage right before bed to see if it helps you get a more restful night's sleep.


Question: What should you know about an anti-inflammatory diet?

Answer: If you have, say, rheumatoid arthritis, changing what's on your plate won't be a magic cure -- but it might lessen the number of flare-ups that you have, or it may help take your pain down a few notches. An anti-inflammatory diet is widely regarded as healthy, so even if it doesn't help with your condition, it can help lower your chances of having other problems. Anti-inflammatory diet experts often say you should cut out all added sugars, including agave and honey.


Question: What are the side effects of calcium channel blockers?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers are prescription medications that relax blood vessels and increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart while also reducing the heart's workload. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Tenderness or bleeding of the gums Sexual dysfunction Let your doctor know if these side effects are severe or don't go away.


Question: How safe are calcium channel blockers for older adults?

Answer: Avoid alcohol because it can change how calcium channel blockers work and make the side effects worse. Doctors usually prescribe lower doses.


Question: How is Cefaly used to treat migraines?

Answer: You wear it like a headband across your forehead. You can use it every day, but not more than once a day: Apply the self-adhesive electrode to your forehead. It's the first TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) device approved for treating migraines before they start.


Question: How can Botox help treat migraines?

Answer: Ask your doctor. About every 12 weeks, you get 31 Botox shots around your head and neck. Each session takes 10-15 minutes. After your first session, it may take 10-14 days for your symptoms to improve. If you get migraines on fewer than 14 days a month or you get other types of headaches, Botox isn't your answer.


Question: How can Botox help in treating migraine?

Answer: Ask your doctor. About every 12 weeks, you get 31 Botox shots around your head and neck. Each session takes 10-15 minutes. After your first session, it may take 10-14 days for your symptoms to improve. If you get migraines on fewer than 14 days a month or you get other types of headaches, Botox isn't your answer.


Question: What is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for people with migraines?

Answer: If you still find it hard to stop or prevent your headaches, you'll want to know what else you can try. You may find that this helps you manage your migraine pain without being derailed by it.


Question: How can mindfulness-based therapy help in treating migraine?

Answer: If you still find it hard to stop or prevent your headaches, you'll want to know what else you can try. â Mindfulnessâ is a practice of being aware of your mind and body right now. Distracting thoughts come up, but you let them go. You may find that this helps you manage your migraine pain without being derailed by it. You might also feel less anxious or depressed about it. You simply notice your thoughts, emotions, and body sensations. Mindfulness is an additional practice you can do by yourself.


Question: Are products with stevia safe?

Answer: It's a sugar substitute called stevia. Products considered safe contain words in their ingredient list such as stevia extract or stevia rebaudiana. If you see whole stevia leaves or crude stevia extracts at your local natural foods store, don't buy them.


Question: How do I prevent runner's knee?

Answer: Keep your thigh muscles strong and limber with regular exercise. Use shoe inserts if you have problems that may lead to runner's knee. Make sure your shoes have enough support. Try not to run on hard surfaces, like concrete. Stay in shape and keep a healthy weight. Warm up before you work out. Don't make sudden workout changes like adding squats or lunges. Add intense moves slowly. Ask your doctor if you should see a physical therapist. If your doctor or physical therapist suggests it. Get a new pair of running shoes once yours lose their shape or the sole becomes worn or irregular.


Question: What are some home remedies for runner's knee.

Answer: Bending your knee again and again or doing a lot of high-stress exercises, like lunges and plyometrics (training that uses the way your muscles lengthen and shorten to boost their power), can irritate tissues in and around your kneecap. Take NSAIDs, if needed, like ibuprofen or naproxen. These drugs help with pain and swelling. Try arch supports or orthotics for your shoes. They may help with the position of your feet. You can buy them at the store or get them custom-made. If your doctor or physical therapist suggests it.


Question: Are there any home remedies for runner's knee?

Answer: As much as possible, try to avoid things that make it hurt worse, like running, squatting, lunging, or sitting and standing for long periods of time. Ice your knee to ease pain and swelling. Do it for 20-30 minutes every 3-4 hours for 2-3 days, or until the pain is gone. Wrap your knee. Use an elastic bandage, patellar straps, or sleeves to give it extra support. Elevate your leg on a pillow when you sit or lie down. Your recovery time depends on your body and your injury.


Question: What are my treatment options for upper limb spasticity?

Answer: Your doctor will recommend a treatment based on how healthy you are and the symptoms you have. There are several options that may work for you. Surgery to cut connections between nerves or tendons and muscles that spasm.


Question: What is upper limb spasticity?

Answer: Sometimes, your arms will twitch or move in a way you can't control, called a spasm. Spasticity happens after your body's nervous system has been damaged, usually by a stroke, disease, or injury. It's not life-threatening, but it can be painful and have a big effect on your daily life. Some tasks, like getting dressed or bathing, become hard. The goal of treatments for upper limb spasticity is to keep your muscles from becoming too stiff and give you more freedom to move your arms. Your doctor can give you a shot of it directly into your muscles.


Question: What should you expect if you have upper limb spasticity?

Answer: It's important to get therapy so you can keep moving your muscles and stop them from getting stiffer and more painful. But new treatments can give you better control of your arms and help you live an active life. Your physical therapist or occupational therapist can help you find ways to increase your flexibility or find new, easier ways to do tasks.


Question: What are some treatment options for upper limb spasticity?

Answer: There are many treatments that can make your muscles more flexible and give you better control of your arm movements. You'll want to find out as much as you can about your condition so you can learn how to control it and feel better. Your doctor will recommend a treatment based on how healthy you are and the symptoms you have. There are several options that may work for you. Braces or splints hold your muscles and joints in the right position and keep them from getting too tight. Onabotulinumtoxin A ( Botox) and abobotulinumtoxin A ( Dysport), used for the treatment of upper and lower limb spasticity, can relax muscles and ease spasms. Your doctor can give you a shot of it directly into your muscles. Botox and Dysport have some potentially serious side effects such as breathing and swallowing issues, so make sure to discuss them with your physician. Drugs like clonazepam ( Klonopin), diazepam ( Valium), and tizanidine ( Zanaflex) also make your muscles more relaxed. Baclofen is a drug that corrects the way your nerves send signals to your muscles. ITB delivers it through a pump to an area of the spinal cord, called the intrathecal space, to prevent spasms. Nerve block injections, shots of drugs that numb the nerves that cause muscles to twitch, may stop spasms when other medicines don't work. Surgery to cut connections between nerves or tendons and muscles that spasm. Your doctor may recommend this if other treatments don't work. Your physical therapist or occupational therapist can help you find ways to increase your flexibility or find new, easier ways to do tasks.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose upper limb spasticity?

Answer: She'll give you a physical exam and test your muscle movement to see how well you can control your arms, elbows, wrists, and hands. The electrodes have small needles that go into your muscles, and they're attached by wires to a machine that can measure the electricity in your muscles and nerves. Your doctor will ask you to slowly flex and relax your arms so the machine can record the activity. She may also inject a drug to briefly numb the area where you have spasms to see if they still happen when you can't move your muscles. The test can take 30 minutes to an hour.


Question: Can you get diarrhea or constipation from immunotherapy for lung cancer?

Answer: Drink plenty of fluids. Diarrhea or Constipation Bowel trouble is another common side effect of immunotherapy. Some people have diarrhea, while others get constipated. Avoid sugary drinks and fruit juices. They can make diarrhea worse. Suck on ice chips or ice pops to get more liquids into your system. Light exercise, even just some simple bed- or chair-based movements, can ease constipation. Do as much as you can, within any limits set by your doctor.


Question: What should I do if immunotherapy makes me nauseous and I lose my appetite?

Answer: Take small sips of cold water, ginger ale, apple juice, or other clear liquids all day long. Open a window or use a fan to get some fresh air into the room. Suck on ice chips, frozen fruit juice chips, or ice pops to boost your overall fluid intake. The cold sensation in your mouth may ease your tummy a bit.


Question: What drugs are approved to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Answer: ALS, also called Lou Gehrig's disease, is a disease that affects your motor neurons. Right now, there is no cure for ALS. Two drugs -- edaravone ( Radicava) and riluzole ( Rilutek) -- are FDA-approved to treat ALS. They are not a cure, but if you start taking either of them soon after you're diagnosed, they could help you live longer.


Question: How is a left ventricular assist device used to treat heart failure?

Answer: The doctor puts it into the abdomen or chest and attaches it to your heart to help it pump blood to the rest of your body. But it's up to you to take your medicine, change your diet, live a healthy lifestyle, keep your follow-up appointments, and be an active member of the team.


Question: How is heart valve surgery used to treat heart failure?

Answer: A surgeon can repair or replace the valves. The doctor puts it into the abdomen or chest and attaches it to your heart to help it pump blood to the rest of your body.


Question: What are surprising results regarding side effects of drugs?

Answer: Not every side effect is a bad one. Some are downright welcome. Take finasteride. Introduced in 1992 to treat noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, it was found to regrow hair. Today, as a lotion or foam, it's a popular OTC remedy for baldness.


Question: What are the side effects of drugs based on type?

Answer: To find more about a drug's side effects, look on the label of over-the-counter ( OTC) products or on package inserts or printed materials that you get with prescription drugs. Because the inserts often include a long list of possibilities, you may want to also talk to your pharmacist or doctor about what to expect and watch out for. That can range from itching and rash all the way to a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. Some drugs can't help but trigger side effects because of their chemical structure. The common allergy drug diphenhydramine (also known by the brand name Benadryl) is one. Though it eases allergy symptoms, it also blocks the chemical acetylcholine, and that leads to drowsiness and a host of other side effects, including dry mouth. Some drugs have barely noticeable side effects at the right dose. Typically, warfarin ( Coumadin, Jantoven), used to prevent blood clots, usually works well and isn't bothersome, but serious internal bleeding can happen in the wrong situation. Side effects may show up only when a drug is mixed with certain other things. This might be called a drug interaction. For example, drinking alcohol while you're taking narcotic painkillers can cause an accidental overdose. Another example is grapefruit juice, which can affect the blood levels of several drugs, including some blood pressure and cholesterol medicines.


Question: What should I do if I have hair loss after chemotherapy treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: But some healthy cells also do this, like those in your hair follicles, bone marrow, and the lining of your mouth and intestines. Chemo attacks them, too, and that leads to certain side effects. Follicles, the tiny structures that hair grows out of, contain some of the fastest-growing cells in your body. The good news is that it's almost always temporary. It can make you feel better to cut or shave before it starts to fall out. If you opt to go bald, use an electric shaver so you don't cut your scalp. If you get a wig, shop for it while you still have hair so you can match it to your current hair color.


Question: What is targeted therapy and how does it treat lung cancer?

Answer: These drugs attack cells that divide quickly, which is why they work against cancer cells. They can also drain too much liquid from your body.


Question: How should I prepare for the side effects of my lung cancer treatment?

Answer: Keep in mind that side effects vary even between two people on the same treatment. That's because every person -- and every cancer case -- is unique. The good news is most side effects are temporary and there are ways you can manage them. You'll start to feel better over time -- until the next treatment.


Question: What should I do if I feel pain and weakness after lung cancer surgery?

Answer: If this works for you, you'll have less pain and you'll get better faster. If it gets worse, work with your doctor to adjust medications and fine-tune the dosage. Your doctor will give you medicine to keep these symptoms at bay.


Question: How can you manage fatigue from chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Pain and weakness. Feeling like you're going to throw up or actually doing it can be a problem on treatment days. You'll start to feel better over time -- until the next treatment. Take short naps during the day to revive yourself. Soak in the tub before bedtime to help you sleep better. Your friends and family may ask how they can help. Let them!


Question: Are there over-the-counter asthma medications?

Answer: You should talk to a doctor about your asthma symptoms and follow his treatment guidelines. OTC medications are not long-term treatments and shouldn't be relied upon daily to control your asthma. People with high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, or heart disease should avoid them. Your medications are the foundation of good asthma control.


Question: How is radiation therapy done for prostate cancer?

Answer: If that happens, you might have side effects afterward, including: A leaky bladder or trouble controlling your urine Trouble getting or keeping an erection or having orgasms Loss of your ability to get a woman pregnant Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. You can get it in one of two ways: External beam radiation therapy focuses X-rays on your prostate from a machine outside your body. Proton therapy better targets prostate tissue in hopes of causing less damage to other parts, but it's not available at many medical centers. Brachytherapy uses small pellets, about the size of rice grains, which slowly give off low levels of radiation inside your prostate for a few weeks or months. Doctors will give you medicine to put you to sleep or make your body numb, then put the pellets in through thin needles. You may have to stay away from pregnant women and children during this treatment. Doctors can also give the radiation through small tubes that they place in your prostate for a few minutes at a time.


Question: What is retropubic prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: When you're diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early stage, usually stage I or II, it means the disease hasn't spread outside your prostate gland. Talk with your doctor about the benefits and side effects of each type. A surgeon removes the prostate through a cut on your lower belly.


Question: When is surgery needed to treat early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: When you're diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early stage, usually stage I or II, it means the disease hasn't spread outside your prostate gland. Because the cancer hasn't spread beyond your prostate in stage I or II, surgery to remove the gland can sometimes cure the disease. The main operation doctors do is called a radical prostatectomy. The surgeon will remove the whole organ, plus some of the tissue around it.


Question: What are the types of treatment for early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: Doctors usually recommend three main types of treatment for prostate cancer in its early stages: Watchful waiting or active surveillance Surgery Radiation therapy Prostate cancer often grows very slowly. Because the cancer hasn't spread beyond your prostate in stage I or II, surgery to remove the gland can sometimes cure the disease. You may have to stay away from pregnant women and children during this treatment.


Question: What are varices?

Answer: They cause no symptoms unless they rupture and bleed, which can be life-threatening. Someone with symptoms of bleeding varices should seek treatment immediately. Doctors can stop the bleeding and help prevent varices from coming back. Portal hypertension is an increase in the pressure within the portal vein (the vein that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver).


Question: How is central vertigo treated?

Answer: Finding out which one you've got -- and what's causing it -- can help you and your doctor decide how to manage it. For some ongoing conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and some tumors, treatment may consist of managing the symptoms. This may include medicines for nausea and drugs that help lessen the sensation of movement.


Question: How is peripheral vertigo caused by chronic conditions treated?

Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe medicines that help reduce balance problems. Finding out the root cause of the vertigo and treating it is the only way to manage central vertigo. For some ongoing conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and some tumors, treatment may consist of managing the symptoms. This may include medicines for nausea and drugs that help lessen the sensation of movement.


Question: What causes peripheral vertigo?

Answer: The most common causes of the inner ear trouble that leads to peripheral vertigo are: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV) Vestibular neuronitis Meniere's disease BPPV is a condition that causes small crystals to get loose and start to float in the fluid of your inner ear. If your peripheral vertigo is caused by an inner ear infection or a disease, you may have some pain or a feeling of fullness in your ear.


Question: What are other symptoms of peripheral vertigo?

Answer: This movement may go away when you try to focus your vision on a fixed point. It also tends to only happen during the first few days of vertigo symptoms and then disappears. Your doctor may also prescribe medicines that help reduce balance problems.


Question: When should I do if I injure my finger and it's bleeding?

Answer: Blood is spurting from the wound Bleeding cannot be stopped after 5-10 minutes of firm and steady pressure 1. Stop Bleeding Apply firm pressure until bleeding stops. If finger or part of finger is severed, put the severed part in a clean plastic bag, pack the bag in ice, and take it with you to the doctor. Clean Wound Wash with fresh water. Apply a sterile bandage. Control Swelling Apply ice to a bruised or swollen finger.


Question: What are some questions I should ask my doctor about Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: For some people, they go away completely. How long has that been happening? Do I need any more tests? What kind of specialists do I need to see? Do I need any treatment? Do the treatments have any side effects? If I have children, what are the chances they will have Tourette's? If your child has Tourette's, you may also want to ask how long his tics might last or what you can do to help him deal with his symptoms at home and at school.


Question: What are symptoms of Peyronie's disease?

Answer: That's where tissue in the hand becomes scarred and thickened. That can cause problems with erections, but no curving. In addition to a curve, other symptoms may include a lack of firmness, which may make it hard to keep an erection. Even before you notice a curve, you may have painful erections. The pain comes from inflammation caused by the injury and can lasts for many months. The pain usually eases once the injury heals and the scar tissue hardens.


Question: What causes cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: It's slightly more common in girls than boys, and is seen more in whites than in African- Americans or Latinos. Doctors don't see it much. Children who have the syndrome sometimes grow out of it, but many of them get migraines as adults.


Question: What are complications of cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: Dehydration is the biggest complication. If a bout is bad enough, you might have to go to a hospital to replace the fluids and electrolytes you lost through vomiting. Other complications might include: Esophagitis, which means the tube that goes from your throat to your stomach gets irritated by the acid you throw up. See a doctor right away if you see blood in your vomit or your stools when you go to the bathroom.


Question: What are treatments for cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: Your doctor might recommend medication you can take to keep it from getting worse. Anti-nausea drugs might keep you from vomiting. You may take antacids to cut the amount of acid in your stomach or take other medicines to stop a migraine or lower your anxiety. And you'll probably be told to stay in bed in a quiet, dark room. You might also need other drugs to ease your symptoms.


Question: How are high-pressure headaches treated?

Answer: Treatment: The best way to ease the effects of IIH is to lose weight. That lowers the pressure on your brain and your optic nerve. You may need weight loss surgery if you're severely obese. In some cases, a medication called acetazolamide is used to cut back on your body's production of CSF. In severe cases, you may need surgery to ease the pressure on your brain. Eye surgery is another possibility.


Question: How does warfarin help prevent blood clots?

Answer: You'll get these if you can't take ACE inhibitors. This medicine won't dissolve a blood clot. Over time, the clot may dissolve on its own. Warfarin may also prevent others from forming.


Question: Why are routines important for teens and tweens with ADHD?

Answer: An unplanned day can seem overwhelming to a child with ADHD. There are ways to make things more manageable for you and your teen or tween. It's common for kids with ADHD to put off doing things.


Question: How can your dental crown fall off?

Answer: If the chip is small, a composite resin can be used to repair the chip with the crown remaining in your mouth. Sometimes crowns fall off. If your crown comes off, clean the crown and the front of the tooth. You can replace the crown temporarily using dental adhesive or temporary tooth cement that is sold in stores for this purpose. Contact your dentist's office immediately. He or she will give you specific instructions on how to care for the tooth and crown for the day or so until you can be seen for an evaluation. Your dentist may be able to re-cement the crown in place; if not, a new crown will need to be made.


Question: What are dental crowns?

Answer: A dental crown is a tooth-shaped "cap" that is placed over a tooth -- to cover the tooth to restore its shape and size, strength, and improve its appearance. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The crowns, when cemented into place, fully encase the entire visible portion of a tooth that lies at and above the gum line.


Question: Does a crowned tooth require special care?

Answer: Protect the teeth of a child at high risk for tooth decay, especially when a child has difficulty keeping up with daily oral hygiene. Not only does this allow the crown to become loose, it allows bacteria to leak in and cause decay to the tooth that remains.


Question: Where can I get calcium and vitamin D to protect me from osteoporosis?

Answer: It's best to get these nutrients from food, rather than supplements. Milk, yogurt, cheese, and other dairy products have high levels of calcium, and also other key nutrients for bone health, such as phosphorus and protein. When you read food labels, look for foods and drinks that give you 10% or more of the Daily Value for calcium. If you can't get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet, talk to your doctor about whether you need supplements.


Question: What are most important nutrients for people with osteoporosis?

Answer: Vitamin D helps your body to absorb calcium. How much should you get? You should take calcium carbonate supplements with meals, to help your body absorb the most calcium.


Question: What calcium supplements may help prevent osteoporosis?

Answer: If you can't get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet, talk to your doctor about whether you need supplements. Calcium supplements come in several types, including: Calcium citrate Calcium carbonate As far as your bones are concerned, it doesn't matter which type you take. If you take calcium citrate instead, you don't need to take them when you eat.


Question: Do medications affect sleep as you get older?

Answer: If you sleep during the day, you're more likely to stay awake at night. Medications. Make sure your doctor knows about all the medications you take. She may suggest you adjust when to take it or how much you take. She may even be able to change your medication to something that won't affect your slumber.


Question: How can you treat hives?

Answer: Your doctor may call them urticaria. They can last a few minutes or several days before they go away. If your doctor has prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector for you, make sure you have two with you at all times.


Question: How much do I need to wash my hands to prevent colds?

Answer: For example, do it before and after you eat, after using the bathroom, after school, and after handling any raw meat, unwashed vegetables, or garbage. Also wash your hands after coughing, sneezing, blowing your nose, or touching your pet. If you're babysitting, wash before and after changing a baby's diapers and before and after feedings. You can use this throughout the day if you're not near a bathroom.


Question: What is Prinzmetal's angina?

Answer: It usually lasts a few minutes, and it goes away when you rest. It might happen at night while you're sleeping or resting. The heart arteries suddenly tighten or narrow. It can cause a lot of pain, and you should get it treated.


Question: What is unstable angina?

Answer: You can have this while you're at rest or not very active. The pain can be strong and long-lasting, and come back again and again. It can be a signal that you're about to have a heart attack, so see a doctor right away. Unstable angina may not, and it could get worse.


Question: Why do some people get colorectal cancer?

Answer: Personal history. Doctors don't know why that is.


Question: What are symptoms of ragweed allergy?

Answer: It's the most common trigger for hay fever. About 1 out of 5 people get a reaction to it. During ragweed season, one plant can release a billion grains of it into the air.


Question: How can you tell if you're allergic to ragweed?

Answer: About 1 out of 5 people get a reaction to it. Its season usually starts in early August and ends in mid- October. Some researchers think climate change may be extending that season. It's most common in the East and Midwest, but it's in every state. Counts are lower in the early morning and late afternoon.


Question: How does glimepiride (Amaryl) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â Side effects of sulfonylureas include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Glyburide ( Dia Beta, Glynase Pres Tab) How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: How does glimepiride (Amaryl) work?

Answer: Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does tolbutamide work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does repaglinide (Prandin) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Nateglinide ( Starlix) How it works: Makes the pancreas release more insulin, but only if your blood sugar levels are too high. Your doctor may call this type of drug a âmeglitinide.â Side effects of this type of drug include: Low blood sugar Stomach upset Rosiglitazone ( Avandia) How it works: Helps insulin work better in muscle and fat.


Question: How does alogliptin (Nesina) work?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does linagliptin (Tradjenta) work?

Answer: Linagliptin ( Tradjenta) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does saxagliptin (Onglyza) work?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does tolazamide work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does metformin (Fortamet, Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, Riomet) work?

Answer: Metformin ( Fortamet, Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, Riomet) How they work: Improve insulin's ability to move sugar into cells, especially muscle cells. They also prevent the liver from releasing stored sugar. You should not take them if you have kidney damage or heart failure. Your doctor may call this type of drug a âbiguanide.â Side effects for biguanides include: Upset stomach (nausea, diarrhea) Metallic taste in mouth Miglitol ( Glyset) How it works: Blocks enzymes that help digest starches, slowing the rise in blood sugar. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does canagliflozin (Inovkana) work?

Answer: Canagliflozin ( Invokana) How it works: Boosts how much glucose leaves your body in urine, and blocks your kidney from reabsorbing glucose. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â SGLT2 inhibitor.â Glimepiride ( Amaryl) How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: How does saxagliptin (Onglyza) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does linagliptin (Tradjenta) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Linagliptin ( Tradjenta) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does chlorpropamide (Diabinese) work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does alogliptin (Nesina) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: What is irregular ovulation and how is related to getting pregnant?

Answer: Although anovulation can usually be treated with fertility drugs, it is important to be evaluated for other conditions that could interfere with ovulation, such as thyroid conditions or abnormalities of the adrenal or pituitary glands. Symptoms include: No periods, irregular periods, or irregular bleeding No ovulation or irregular ovulation Obesity or weight gain (although thin women may have PCOS) Insulin resistance (an indicator of prediabetes) High blood pressure Abnormal cholesterol with high triglycerides Excess hair growth on the body and face (hirsutism) Acne or oily skin Thinning hair or male-pattern baldness If you have PCOS and you're overweight, losing weight is one way to improve your chances of pregnancy.


Question: How can fertility drugs affect the cervical mucus?

Answer: Unlike many infertility drugs, it also has the advantage of being taken orally instead of by injection. These fertility drugs sometimes make the cervical mucus "hostile" to sperm, keeping sperm from swimming into the uterus. This can be overcome by using artificial or intrauterine insemination( IUI) -- injecting specially prepared sperm directly into the uterus -- to fertilize the egg.


Question: Can polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) be cured?

Answer: It is used to induce ovulation and to correct irregular ovulation by increasing egg recruitment by the ovaries. Women with PCOS may be at higher risk for developing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and endometrial cancer, especially if PCOS is untreated.


Question: What will your doctor prescribe if you have irregular periods and want to get pregnant?

Answer: The drug contained in both Clomid and Serophene (clomiphene) is often a first choice because it's effective and has been prescribed to women for decades. Unlike many infertility drugs, it also has the advantage of being taken orally instead of by injection. It is used to induce ovulation and to correct irregular ovulation by increasing egg recruitment by the ovaries. Depending on your situation, your doctor may also suggest other fertility drugs such as Gonal- F or other injectable hormones that stimulate follicles and stimulate egg development in the ovaries.


Question: What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: In most cases, the ovaries become enlarged and appear covered with tiny, fluid-filled cysts. For couples struggling with infertility, it's a particularly cruel fact: Not only can infertility cause a lot of stress, but stress may affect fertility.


Question: What is the treatment for blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: Instead, treatment is aimed at the underlying cause if one can be found. In many cases, no treatment is necessary. Usually, no treatment is necessary unless a serious condition is causing the hematuria.


Question: What tests are used to assess blood in urine (hematuria)?

Answer: It also can come from other structures in the urinary tract, such as: Ureters (the tubes from the kidneys to the bladder) Bladder (where urine is stored) Urethra (the tube from the bladder to the outside of the body) If there is blood in urine, the symptom is obvious. These include: Bladder infections (acute cystitis). An ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the kidney's structure. Intravenous pyelogram ( IVP). This is an X-ray of the urinary tract that requires dye. Cystoscopy. This test involves the insertion of a small tube with a camera into the bladder through the urethra. Tissue samples (biopsy) may be obtained to check for the presence of abnormal or cancerous cells. Kidney (renal) biopsy. A small tissue sample is removed from the kidney and examined under a microscope for signs of kidney disease. If you still have blood in your urine, you may need additional tests, or you may be referred to a urologist.


Question: How common is high blood pressure in the United States?

Answer: More than 90% of adults who survive into their 80s will develop elevated blood pressure -- also called hypertension -- and about 50% of people will have it by age 60. For example, in middle-aged and older adults with high blood pressure, lowering systolic blood pressure (the top number) by 10 points leads to: 50% to 60% lower risk of dying from stroke 40% to 50% lower risk of death from a heart attack Exercise and a low-salt diet that is high in fruits and vegetables will reduce blood pressure by a moderate amount.


Question: How do you prevent a heat stroke?

Answer: When the heat index is high, it's best to stay in an air-conditioned environment. If you must go outdoors, you can prevent heat stroke by taking these steps: Wear lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothing, and a wide-brimmed hat. Use a sunscreen with a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 30 or more. Drink extra fluids. The general recommendation is to drink 24 ounces of fluid two hours before exercise, and consider adding another 8 ounces of water or sports drink right before exercise. During exercise, you should consume another 8 ounces of water every 20 minutes, even if you don't feel thirsty. Reschedule or cancel outdoor activity. If possible, shift your time outdoors to the coolest times of the day, either early morning or after sunset.


Question: What are the symptoms of keratosis pilaris?

Answer: Skin or epidermoid cysts usually are: Slow-growing Painless Smooth to the touch when they are rolled under the skin Cysts usually do not cause pain unless they rupture or become infected or inflamed. Keratosis pilaris (commonly called KP) appears as "chicken skin bumps" on the skin. Keratosis pilaris is usually worse during the winter months or other times of low humidity when skin becomes dry. It also may worsen during pregnancy or after childbirth.


Question: What are skin cysts?

Answer: Cysts are common on the skin and can appear anywhere. They feel like large peas under the surface of the skin. Cysts can develop as a result of infection, clogging of sebaceous glands (oil glands), or around foreign bodies, such as earrings. Epidermoid cysts, also called sebaceous cysts or skin cysts, are benign (non-cancerous) skin cysts formed by an outpouching from the hair follicle.


Question: What are risks of taking red raspberry?

Answer: The leaves of red raspberry also have been a folk treatment in Europe for hundreds of years. If you're pregnant, ask your doctor if it's safe. Red raspberry leaf might have estrogen-like effects. It may not be safe if you have conditions sensitive to estrogen.


Question: Does red raspberry leaf help during pregnancy?

Answer: Although many midwives suggest red raspberry leaf during the later stages of pregnancy, there isn't any good evidence that it helps. One study of red raspberry found that it didn't shorten labor or prevent labor pain. Scientists don't know if red raspberry helps in other ways during pregnancy -- like preventing morning sickness or regulating contractions. If you're pregnant, ask your doctor if it's safe.


Question: Why should you tell your doctor about supplements you're taking along with red raspberry?

Answer: That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications. If you're pregnant, ask your doctor if it's safe.


Question: How long will you need to take antiplatelet drugs?

Answer: These drugs may need to be taken for the rest of your life, depending on your condition. If you're expecting or trying, let your doctor know before you take an antiplatelet. You should discuss this with your doctor and your baby's doctor.


Question: What you should know about cold and flu medicines if you have diabetes?

Answer: Infections, dehydration, and sugar in some medicines can make it harder to manage your blood sugar. Also, ask your doctor if you need the pneumonia shot. Keep those product names handy for future reference. Don't give cold and flu medicines to a child younger than 2, whether they have diabetes or not, because of the risk of serious side effects.


Question: Are the signs of domestic abuse different for men and women?

Answer: The violence often ramps up once you've been cut off from other people. It may be emotional or verbal, like taking away keys, medicines, or other essentials. Or things like constantly putting you down in public or on social media. And, it can be physical. To make up for differences in strength, abusive partners may try to attack you in your sleep, by surprise, or with weapons and other objects. They may also abuse your children or pets.


Question: What are the signs of domestic abuse for the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community?

Answer: They're not always as obvious as you might think. Again, there's a lot in common, but the abuse may also target sexual orientation or gender identity. Your abuser may: Make excuses for abuse, like it's just how men are or that you wanted it to happen Tell you that police or others won't help because of your gender or orientation Tell you that you're not really how you identify Threaten to out you to family, friends, and others First, know that you deserve better and that this isn't your fault.


Question: What should you do if you think someone is being abused?

Answer: You may be scared to say what you think, to bring up certain topics, or to say no to sex. If you feel like you're being abused, there's a good chance you may be, and it's worth getting help. You might have a code word so your kids, family, friends, or co-workers know you're in danger. Someone's life could be in danger. When you talk to the person, you can: Ask if anything is wrong Talk specifically about what concerns you Listen carefully Let the person know you're always there to talk and that your conversations are always private Offer to help Support the person's choices


Question: What can I do to feel better from kidney infections?

Answer: Get extra rest. Sit on the toilet, don't squat over it, which can prevent your bladder from completely emptying Take a pain reliever with acetaminophen but avoid aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. Use a heating pad on your belly, back, or side You can't completely prevent all bladder infections. But you may be less likely to get one if you: Avoid deodorant sprays or douches on your genitals Don't use condoms or diaphragms with spermicide. Drink lots of water.


Question: How does plasmapheresis for multiple sclerosis (MS) work?

Answer: When you take out the plasma, you get rid of those proteins, and symptoms may get better. A nurse or a specialist will put a needle attached to a thin tube, called a catheter, into a vein in each arm. If your arm veins are too small, you may have to have a needle in your shoulder or groin instead. Your blood comes out through one of the tubes and goes into a machine that separates your plasma from your blood cells. Then your blood cells get mixed with fresh plasma, and the new blood mixture goes back into your body through the other tube. Most treatments last 2 to 4 hours, depending on how big your body is and how much plasma gets swapped out. You may need two or three treatments each week for 2 or more weeks. In rare cases, a blood clot could form in the machine.


Question: What is plasma exchange?

Answer: Then your blood cells get mixed with fresh plasma, and the new blood mixture goes back into your body through the other tube. During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual.


Question: What is plasmapheresis?

Answer: Then your blood cells get mixed with fresh plasma, and the new blood mixture goes back into your body through the other tube. During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual.


Question: What is one of the best ways to spot colon cancer?

Answer: Often that's because they're afraid of what they have to go through to get ready for it. Your doctor is your best source of information about how to get ready.


Question: What will help make the purging process more comfortable in preparation for a colonoscopy?

Answer: Here's how to make the process as smooth as possible. Once the laxative starts working, you'll have frequent, forceful diarrhea. Try these tips to make yourself as comfortable as possible: Stay in the bathroom -- bring something to entertain yourself, like a book, television, or laptop.


Question: What should be done the night before a colonoscopy?

Answer: To make that happen, you'll have to fast and use strong laxatives beforehand. Then you'll get up about 6 hours before your appointment to drink another half-gallon.


Question: What should you eat if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: But when you have type 1, you can eat the same healthy diet as everyone else. If a food is "sugar free," that doesn't mean it also has fewer carbs or calories.


Question: Do I have to cut out foods if I have diabetes?

Answer: It's important to eat a healthy diet when you have type 1 diabetes. That doesn't mean you can't enjoy tasty food, including some of your favorites. You can work with your doctor or a dietitian to figure out how many grams of carbs you should eat for each meal and snack.


Question: What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease?

Answer: But when you have sickle cell disease, the abnormal hemoglobin creates stiff, sickle-shaped red blood cells. Usually, they first appear when a child is about five to six months old. Early signs in babies are: Extreme fussiness Painful swelling of the hands and feet due to blockage of blood flow. Your doctor may call this "dactylitis." Yellow skin and whites of the eyes (also called jaundice or icterus) With sickle cell disease, you don't have enough healthy red blood cells. This is a condition called anemia. If they block the blood vessels in your eyes, you can develop vision problems.


Question: What causes pain from sickle cell disease?

Answer: These events trigger the symptoms of sickle cell disease. The deformed blood cells can get stuck in and block your blood vessels. When this happens, oxygen-rich blood cannot reach key organs and tissues. The result is a sudden pain attack, called a pain crisis. The pain may feel sharp, stabbing, intense, or throbbing. Some people with sickle cell disease say it's worse than childbirth or the pain after surgery.


Question: Do symptoms of sickle cell disease vary?

Answer: These events trigger the symptoms of sickle cell disease. This is a condition called anemia. Some people have them often. And your experience may change. You'll want to work with your (or your child's) doctor to best understand the disease, what to watch out for, and how best to take care of the condition.


Question: What happens when you have sickle cell disease?

Answer: For example: The cells build up and block blood flow to organs and tissues. The cells die sooner. Sickle cells live about 10 to 20 days. Healthy red blood cells live from 90 to 120 days. Red blood cells may burst open (hemolyze). Even though your body constantly makes new red blood cells to replace the old ones, sickle cell disease may prevent your body from keeping up with the demand. These events trigger the symptoms of sickle cell disease. If they block the blood vessels in your eyes, you can develop vision problems.


Question: How do steroids treat polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis?

Answer: The exact cause of these illnesses is unknown. Steroids also impair the immune system -- thus increasing the risk of infection.


Question: How is throat cancer treated?

Answer: Learn as much as you can so you'll know what to expect. Your treatment will depend on: The stage of your cancer Where it is Your general health Your preferences You may have one or more treatments: Radiation uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.


Question: What imaging tests are used to diagnose throat cancer?

Answer: It's also called the "pharynx." These include: MRI or CT scan PET scan X-rays If cancer of the oropharynx is found, the sample may be tested for HPV. Usually, someone's health outlook is better if their disease tests positive for this virus rather than being smoking-related cancer. Doctors may use tissue from another spot in your body to rebuild parts of your throat to help you swallow.


Question: Where do throat cancers grow?

Answer: In the U. This may affect your ability to swallow, breathe, or speak normally.


Question: What puts you at risk for throat cancer?

Answer: Using tobacco for a long time. Smoking it and chewing it are the biggest risk factors for all head and neck cancers, including throat cancer. Drinking heavily and regularly. That means more than two drinks of alcohol a day if you're a man or more than one a day if you're a woman. You drive up your risk even more if you drink and you smoke. Human papillomavirus is linked to cancers in the back of the throat, including tongue and tonsil cancers. In the U. They can also show how big it is and if it has spread.


Question: How is a throat cancer diagnosed?

Answer: He might use devices to get a closer look at your throat. If the doctor thinks you may have cancer, he'll order tests and procedures depending on what kind he suspects. Smoking and drinking can make treatments less effective, and they raise your risk of getting another cancer.


Question: How does throat cancer spread?

Answer: These diseases tend to grow quickly. That's why getting treated early on gives you the best chance to beat them and keep a good quality of life. Learn as much as you can so you'll know what to expect. In the U. It may also be less invasive -- going in through the mouth with a tube called an endoscope, or with lasers or robotic techniques. This may affect your ability to swallow, breathe, or speak normally.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat throat cancer?

Answer: But it can be used with chemotherapy or surgery to treat later-stage disease. Some chemo drugs can make radiation work better.


Question: How can I help my recovery from throat cancer?

Answer: Using tobacco for a long time. Specialists can: Show you how to care for your stoma Teach you to speak if you have no voice box Come up with ways to make swallowing or eating easier Take care of yourself. Your treatment might take a lot out of you. Smoking and drinking can make treatments less effective, and they raise your risk of getting another cancer. Your doctor will follow you closely for the first few years. He'll look for signs that the cancer has come back.


Question: What are benefits of exercise as an arthritis treatment?

Answer: Although arthritis treatment usually includes medication, a tailored arthritis exercise program can help relieve pain and fatigue and preserve joint structure and function. Exercise also may: Help maintain normal joint movement Increase muscle flexibility and strength Help maintain weight to reduce pressure on joints Help keep bone and cartilage tissue strong and healthy Improve endurance and cardiovascular fitness To help relieve pain, people with arthritis often keep their affected joints bent -- especially those in the knees, hands, and fingers -- because it's more comfortable in that position.


Question: What precautions should I take with food to avoid traveler's diarrhea?

Answer: Where water may be contaminated, you should not brush your teeth with tap water. Unpasteurized milk and dairy products Raw meat and shellfish Food that has been cooked and is still hot is usually safe. Some fish is not guaranteed to be safe, even when cooked, because of the presence of toxins in its flesh. Tropical reef fish, red snapper, amberjack, grouper, and sea bass can occasionally be toxic at unpredictable times if they are caught on tropical reefs rather than in the open ocean. The barracuda and puffer fish are often toxic and should generally not be eaten. Seafood from the islands of the West Indies and the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans should be avoided, as it is more likely to contain toxins.


Question: What can help migraines in the workplace?

Answer: A headache diary can help you look for patterns. Keep track of what was happening when your migraines started and what you think set them off. You can work with your boss or human resources department to come up with ways to make it easier to do your job.


Question: How is skin affected by inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: It should go away once you get your disease under control. You might hear your doctor call them erythema nodosum. They'll probably show up at the same time as your IBD flares. They, too, will go away -- without leaving scars -- when you get a handle on the disease. Less common but more serious are ulcers that can range from a small spot to the length of your leg. The more serious your IBD symptoms are, the more likely you are to get them. Doctors treat them with high-powered meds that target your immune system. If you have Crohn's disease, you might also get lesions inside your mouth. Antiseptic mouthwash and topical steroids can help.


Question: How is memory loss treated?

Answer: A severe hit to the head -- from a fall or automobile accident, for example -- can injure the brain and cause both short- and long-term memory loss. For example, memory loss from medications may resolve with a change in medication. Nutritional supplements can be useful against memory loss caused by a nutritional deficiency. And treating depression may be helpful for memory when depression is a factor. In some cases -- such as following a stroke -- therapy may help people remember how to do certain tasks such as walking or tying shoes. In others, memory may improve over time. Treatments may also be specific to conditions related to memory loss. For example, drugs are available to treat memory problems related to Alzheimer's disease, and drugs to help lower blood pressure can help reduce risk of more brain damage from dementia related to high blood pressure.


Question: How can alcohol, tobacco, or drug use lead to memory loss?

Answer: Alcohol, tobacco, or drug use. Studies have shown that people who smoke find it more difficult to put faces with names than do nonsmokers. Illicit drugs can change chemicals in the brain that can make it hard to recall memories. A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is stopped due to the blockage of a blood vessel to the brain or leakage of a vessel into the brain.


Question: How can nutritional deficiency lead to memory loss?

Answer: Both quantity and quality of sleep are important to memory. Deficiencies in vitamin B1 and B12 specifically can affect memory.


Question: How can strokes lead to memory loss?

Answer: Strokes often cause short-term memory loss. A person who has had a stroke may have vivid memories of childhood events but be unable to recall what he or she had for lunch. Although there are many causes of dementia -- including blood vessel disease, drug or alcohol abuse, or other causes of damage to the brain -- the most common and familiar is Alzheimer's disease.


Question: How can depression and stress lead to?

Answer: Illicit drugs can change chemicals in the brain that can make it hard to recall memories. Stress and anxiety can also get in the way of concentration. When you are tense and your mind is overstimulated or distracted, your ability to remember can suffer. Stress caused by an emotional trauma can also lead to memory loss.


Question: How should you take nitrates?

Answer: Some nitrates include: Dilatrate- SR, Iso- Bid, Isonate, Isorbid, Isordil, Isotrate, Sorbitrate (isosorbide dinitrate) Imdur (isosorbide mononitrate) Bi Dil (hydralazine with isosorbide dinitrate) Follow the label directions on when and how to take them. It's OK to take these drugs with or without meals. Talk to your doctor to make sure you understand how to take these medications during the day. The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and how long you need to take them depend on your condition.


Question: When can I go back to regular means after gastric sleeve weight loss surgery?

Answer: You won't be able to eat as much as you used to, which helps you lose weight. Your doctor will advise you on exactly what you need.


Question: What should you know about getting surgery for gallstones?

Answer: About 80% of people who have gallstones will need surgery. Doctors can remove your gallbladder in one of two ways: Open surgery: During this procedure, your surgeon will make a 5- to 7-inch incision (cut) on your belly to take out your gallbladder. And even if your gallstones do go away, there's a chance they'll return. It can happen if any gallstones are left in your bile ducts or bile happens to leak into your stomach. The length of time it takes you to heal depends on the type of surgery you have. Most people who have it are able to go home from the hospital the same day.


Question: When do you need surgery for gallstones?

Answer: You'll need open surgery if you have a bleeding disorder. You'll only need it if a stone goes into, or blocks, one of your bile ducts. This causes what doctors call a âgallbladder attack.â It's an intense, knife-like pain in your belly that can last several hours.


Question: How is laparoscopic cholecystectomy done for gallstones?

Answer: Doctors can remove your gallbladder in one of two ways: Open surgery: During this procedure, your surgeon will make a 5- to 7-inch incision (cut) on your belly to take out your gallbladder. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Doctors also call this âkeyhole surgery.â Your surgeon doesn't make a big opening in your belly. Instead, he makes four small cuts. Next, he'll insert special tools to remove the diseased organ.


Question: How should I clean up my cat’s urine sprays and stains?

Answer: Don't use any ammonia-based cleaning products. They smell like cat pee, which may entice kitty to re-mark the spot. Soak the area with carpet cleaner or a few drops of dish detergent mixed with water. Let it sit for 1 to 2 hours. Rinse with a wet sponge. The next day, spray the area with an enzymatic cleaner such as A. O. E. ( Animal Odor Eliminator), Elim- Odor Feline, or F. O. N. ( Feline Odor Neutralizer). Keep your cat away until the area dries. Blot the area with paper towels.


Question: Why would a cat not use the litter box and make a mess on the floor or carpet?

Answer: 1 -- Urine Sprays and Stains Cats don't always aim straight for the litter box. When your cat leaves a "present" on the carpet, he could be spraying to mark his territory or objecting to the litter box’s location or cleanliness. Whatever your cat's reason for peeing on the carpet, it's going to stink if you don't clean it up quickly. Cats can sniff out areas they've marked and target them again. If your cat soils your carpets and never did this before, or she constantly soils the carpets, call your vet. It could be a sign of a health problem that needs attention.


Question: What should you know about untreated depression?

Answer: Clinical depression affects the way you eat and sleep. It affects the way you feel about yourself and those around you. It even affects your thoughts. People who are depressed cannot simply âpull themselves togetherâ and be cured. Without proper treatment, including antidepressants and/or psychotherapy, untreated clinical depression can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression. There is mounting evidence that clinical depression takes a serious toll on physical health. Signs of drug and alcohol abuse include: Inability to maintain personal relationships Secretive alcohol use Self-pity Tremors Unexplained memory loss Unwillingness to talk about drugs or alcohol Those who suffer depression and abuse drugs or alcohol may need very specialized treatment. Left untreated, clinical depression is as costly as heart disease or AIDS to the U. S. economy. Untreated depression makes it difficult for employees to work well.


Question: Who can be treated successfully for clinical depression?

Answer: Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression. People with untreated depression can usually get to work.


Question: How do doctors treat primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD)?

Answer: If your child's PIDD is mild, he may need to take medicines to treat the infections he gets. The treatment takes several hours, and he'll need one every few weeks. Some severe forms of PIDD may need even more serious treatment: a bone marrow transplant, which has a long recovery time.


Question: How can a doctor diagnose a primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) in a child?

Answer: Does your child stay sick even after taking antibiotics? Do other people in your family tend to get sick a lot? Other tests will measure certain proteins that fight disease, called immunoglobulins. Many states now test newborns for the most severe kind of PIDD, called SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency). The antibodies only last so long, so your child may need a treatment every 3 or 4 weeks.


Question: How can I disinfect an area if people around are sick?

Answer: If you don't have one with you, don't cough into your hand. Still, if someone in your family is sick, use one to wipe down high-traffic spots: computers, phones, doorknobs, and TV remotes.


Question: How can I keep a cold or flu away from my friends?

Answer: Then it's time for action. Cover your nose and mouth . If you don't have one with you, don't cough into your hand. You'll just smear germs on the next thing you touch. Instead, cough into the crook of your elbow.


Question: How can I avoid getting sick if people around me are?

Answer: Wash your hands . It's the single best way to avoid a cold. Once germs are on your hands, it's easy for them to get into your body when you touch your eyes or mouth. Take care of yourself.


Question: How can I change my lifestyle to avoid getting sick?

Answer: Or are you worried you may give your cold to your family? So make sure you eat nutritious food, exercise regularly, and get enough sleep.


Question: Can an oral surgeon help correct overbites and underbites?

Answer: An oral surgeon can help you out of several situations. Overbite/underbite: If your jaw or teeth aren't aligned properly, your dentist may recommend orthognathic surgery. It's an option for people with excessive overbites or underbites, trouble chewing or swallowing, certain birth defects, or sleep apnea. Often, an orthodontist can correct your teeth if they don't line up. But if it's caused by your jaw, some time with an oral surgeon might be necessary.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a blood transfusion?

Answer: HIV isn't spread through saliva. But if you kiss someone who's infected and has bleeding gums or sores, you could get the virus if you also have cuts or sores around or in your mouth -- because of the blood-to-blood contact. Careful testing makes sure that blood bank supplies are HIV-free.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a hug?

Answer: In fact, it's a lot harder to give it to someone else. HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. Hugging and shaking hands are safe.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from someone's tears, sweat, vomit, or pee?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. Not like that. Sweat and tears don't carry HIV. And even though they might have a trace of blood, there have been no reported cases of HIV from vomit or pee.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) if someone with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) bites, scratches, or spits on you?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. HIV isn't spread through saliva. But if you kiss someone who's infected and has bleeding gums or sores, you could get the virus if you also have cuts or sores around or in your mouth -- because of the blood-to-blood contact. If you're trying to catch HIV, this is the way to have sex. But it's very rare. And if your skin doesn't break, there's no chance.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from anal sex?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. Yes, and either partner can get it! And while condoms work to protect you if they stay in place, they're more likely to break during this kind of sex. Again, effective antretroviral therapy in the HIV-infected partner will reduce the chances of passing HIV. However, condoms should be used to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from eating food made by a person with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. Remember, HIV isn't in saliva, and it dies quickly once it's outside the body. The virus can't survive the cooking process or your stomach acid. Passing HIV through eating has happened only in rare cases, when children ate food that was already chewed by someone with the virus.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from touching an open wound on someone who has human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: HIV isn't spread through saliva. Body fluids like blood can pass through broken skin, wounds, or mucous membranes. But it's very rare.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from mosquitoes or ticks?

Answer: You can only get it when certain fluids from someone who's infected get into your body. HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from someone's cough or sneeze?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. No, the virus doesn't travel through air.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from oral sex?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. You might, but it's not nearly as likely as when you have anal or vaginal sex. Still, it can happen. The person who ends up with semen or vaginal fluid in their mouth is at greater risk. Again, use a condom, latex barrier, or dental dam.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a tattoo or a body piercing?

Answer: HIV isn't spread through saliva. In theory, yes, if the needles were used on someone with HIV before you and then not sterilized. But the CDC says no cases have been reported of someone getting the virus this way.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from kissing?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. It's possible, but it hardly ever happens. HIV isn't spread through saliva. And it would still have to get through your skin or into you somehow.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from sharing needles?

Answer: You can only get it when certain fluids from someone who's infected get into your body. No, the virus doesn't travel through air. Any of the supplies for preparing drugs for injection -- syringes, bottle caps, spoons, or containers -- could have the virus if someone with HIV used it first.


Question: Can a pregnant woman infect her baby with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. A woman infected with HIV can pass the virus to her child during pregnancy or while she's giving birth, or though her breast milk. The chances are greatly reduced, however if the mother is taking effective HIV drugs (antiretroviral therapy) throughout her pregnancy, labor, and delivery.


Question: Can I get human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a toilet seat, water fountain, or drinking glasses?

Answer: You can only get it when certain fluids from someone who's infected get into your body. HIV is only spread through specific body fluids: blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), vaginal and rectal fluid, and breast milk. First, there's not likely to be the right kind of body fluid on public surfaces. And if there were, the virus would probably die before you got to it; it can't live long outside a body. And it would still have to get through your skin or into you somehow. Sharing dishes, glasses, and eating utensils is safe. Remember, HIV isn't in saliva, and it dies quickly once it's outside the body.


Question: How is herpes simplex treated?

Answer: Medication can decrease the pain related to an outbreak and can shorten healing time. They can also decrease the total number of outbreaks. Drugs including Famvir, Zovirax, and Valtrex are among the drugs used to treat the symptoms of herpes. Warm baths may relieve the pain associated with genital sores. There is no cure for herpes simplex.


Question: What causes herpes infections and outbreaks?

Answer: HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. Pregnant women with genital herpes should talk to their doctor, as genital herpes can be passed on to the baby during childbirth. For many people with the herpes virus, which can go through periods of being dormant, attacks (or outbreaks) can be brought on by the following conditions: General illness (from mild illnesses to serious conditions) Fatigue Physical or emotional stress Immunosuppression due to AIDS or such medications as chemotherapy or steroids Trauma to the affected area, including sexual activity Menstruation Symptoms of herpes simplex virus typically appear as a blister or as multiple blisters on or around affected areas -- usually the mouth, genitals, or rectum. Frequently, people infected with the virus don't even know they have it.


Question: What should I know about medications for elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: You can get rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) at any age, but it's most likely to show up between ages 30 and 50. When it starts between ages 60 and 65, it's called elderly-onset RA or late-onset RA. Your doctor will probably give you the same drugs used to treat early-onset RA. These include: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic drugs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Corticosteroids You might have more challenges with your medication, especially if you take drugs for other health conditions. This boosts your chances of a bad reaction to the medicine. You may also have a harder time with drug side effects. NSAIDs increase your chances of heart, brain, gut, and kidney problems. Corticosteroids up the odds of glaucoma, osteoporosis, and other health problems.


Question: What are good exercises to do if I have elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: You can get rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) at any age, but it's most likely to show up between ages 30 and 50. When it starts between ages 60 and 65, it's called elderly-onset RA or late-onset RA. Your doctor has to figure out if it's really late-onset or if you've had the disease for years.


Question: Can you have elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis?

Answer: You may also have a harder time with drug side effects. Even if you take RA drugs, they may not do enough to reduce your pain and keep your joints working.


Question: What conditions have similar symptoms as for elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: You can get rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) at any age, but it's most likely to show up between ages 30 and 50. When it starts between ages 60 and 65, it's called elderly-onset RA or late-onset RA. Look out for: Fever Muscle pain (myalgia) Weight loss Anemia Your tab tests may show: Elevated CRP ( C-reactive protein) Elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) It can be hard to spot this condition. Your doctor has to figure out if it's really late-onset or if you've had the disease for years. Elderly-onset RA also has symptoms that overlap with other diseases, like: Polymyalgia rheumatica ( PMR) Late-onset psoriatic arthritis Crystal arthritis Viral arthritis Osteoarthritis Rotator cuff tendinitis Hypothyroidism Parkinson's disease It may be hardest to tell elderly-onset RA from PMR, which has similar aches and test results (like elevated CRP and ESR levels).


Question: What should you know about rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the elderly?

Answer: You can get rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) at any age, but it's most likely to show up between ages 30 and 50. When it starts between ages 60 and 65, it's called elderly-onset RA or late-onset RA. You may hear this called acute onset. If you get RA when you're younger, symptoms tend to show up over time. Elderly-onset RA usually strikes large joints, like shoulders. With younger people, the disease mostly starts in small joints, like your fingers and toes. Rheumatoid factor ( RF) is less common in elderly-onset RA. Rheumatoid factor is a protein. If your blood tests show you have it, those proteins may attack healthy tissues. Around 80% of people with early-onset RA have RF. Overall, elderly-onset RA takes less of a toll. It tends to be less severe. The exception is if you have RF. Your RA will probably be more aggressive RA than someone who doesn't have RF. Your treatment goal is remission, the lowest possible level of disease activity.


Question: How is elderly-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated?

Answer: You can get rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) at any age, but it's most likely to show up between ages 30 and 50. When it starts between ages 60 and 65, it's called elderly-onset RA or late-onset RA. Your treatment goal is remission, the lowest possible level of disease activity. This can prevent joint damage and can keep your joints working like they should. Your doctor will probably give you the same drugs used to treat early-onset RA. These include: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic drugs Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Corticosteroids You might have more challenges with your medication, especially if you take drugs for other health conditions.


Question: What can help you remove germs in your refrigerator?

Answer: Wash the refrigerator door handle frequently with a bleach solution. It's not enough to just replace the trash bag. Wipe cabinet and refrigerator door handles at least once a week with the bleach solution to kill microorganisms. Get rid of mold in the refrigerator and dust on the countertops, for example.


Question: Are kidney stones painful?

Answer: Your treatment depends on where and how big your stone is and what symptoms you have. Your doctor may have to break it up or remove it. Ask your doctor: How long should I wait for my stone to pass on its own?


Question: How do antidepressants help ease dysthymia?

Answer: To treat dysthymia, doctors may use psychotherapy (talk therapy), medications such as antidepressants, or a combination of these therapies. Your doctor will assess your physical and mental health, including any other medical condition, and then find the antidepressant that is most effective with the least side effects. Antidepressants may take several weeks to work fully. They should be taken for at least six to nine months after an episode of chronic depression. In addition, it sometimes may take several weeks to safely discontinue an antidepressant, so let your doctor guide you if you choose to stop the drug. Sometimes antidepressants have uncomfortable side effects. That's why you have to work closely with your doctor to find the antidepressant that gives you the most benefit with the least side effects.


Question: What is dysthymia?

Answer: With dysthymia, the depression symptoms can linger for a long period of time, often two years or longer. Those who suffer from dysthymia can also experience periods of major depression--sometimes called "double depression." In modern diagnostic classification systems, dysthymia and chronic depression are now both referred to as âpersistent depressive disorders. In the case of dysthymia, these symptoms will have lasted for a longer period of time and be less severe than in patients with major depression.


Question: How long do bone marrow tests for polycythemia vera take?

Answer: There are two kinds of bone marrow tests: Aspiration uses a liquid bone marrow sample Biopsy uses a solid bone marrow sample Both tests show if your bone marrow is making too many blood cells. You may get both tests done at the same time. Your doctor first numbs an area around either your breastbone or your pelvic bone. You can get results in 3-4 days, but it may take longer.


Question: How are patients with advanced prostate cancer able to enroll in clinical trials?

Answer: Clinical trials test the safety and effectiveness of these new methods and treatments. There are risks and limitations in every clinical trial. The National Institutes of Health lists clinical trials at www.clinicaltrials.gov.


Question: How can an infection cause dizziness?

Answer: This is called vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and it's caused by an infection. Usually, a virus is to blame. But bacteria from a middle ear infection or meningitis can make their way into your inner ear as well. In this case, dizziness usually comes on suddenly. Your ears may ring, and it may be hard to hear. You also may be nauseated and have a fever and ear pain. Symptoms can last several weeks. If it's caused by a virus and can't be treated with antibiotics, medication can help make you feel better as the infection runs its course. That also can cause hunger, shakiness, sweating, and confusion.


Question: Why am I dizzy?

Answer: When a part of that system is off, you can feel dizzy. It can be a sign of something serious, and it can be dangerous if it makes you fall. Your doctor will look at all your symptoms and overall health to figure out what's going on and how to treat it. Inflammation of the nerves in your ears also can cause vertigo.


Question: How can Meniere's disease cause dizziness?

Answer: That's a classic sign of a particular type of dizziness called vertigo. You may feel fullness or pressure in one ear. Other symptoms include ringing in your ears, hearing loss, nausea, and anxiety. You may feel exhausted after the attack passes. People with Meniere's disease have too much fluid in their inner ear. Doctors don't know what causes it, and there's no cure for it. It's usually treated with diet changes (a low-salt diet) and medicine to control the dizziness.


Question: What is cholesterol?

Answer: Cholesterol performs important functions in your body. It aids in tissue and hormone formation. It protects your nerves. It helps with digestion. In fact, cholesterol helps form the structure of every cell in your body. This waxy, fat-like substance is produced naturally -- mainly in our liver. But it also comes from the food we eat -- like eggs, fatty meats, and cheese.


Question: When does schizoaffective disorder happen?

Answer: It's equally likely to affect men and women, but men usually get it at a younger age. It seems to happen slightly more often in women than in men.


Question: What do I need to know about multiple sclerosis (MS) research roundup?

Answer: New technologies and insights are speeding the pace of discovery. In fact, there are more MS treatments in development now than ever before. MS is a neurological disease that can cause extreme tiredness, vision changes, trouble moving, and other problems. Scientists are looking for ways to: Stop the disease from getting worse Restore lost function Prevent and cure MS Besides testing new treatments, scientists continue to explore the root causes of MS. Much of the research is still being done in animals, but recent findings and ongoing research include: Bone marrow stem cell transplants that would offer long-term benefits An epilepsy pill that slowed nerve damage A specific type of training that improved memory and brain activity (as seen on MRI scans). Nanomedicine research is still in the early stages.


Question: What causes Giardiasis?

Answer: It's a common cause of waterborne illness in the U. S. Usually from the stool of an infected person or animal. Drink bottled water when you travel to places with unsafe water.


Question: What can you expect during a sleep study?

Answer: If you have symptoms of sleep apnea, your doctor may ask you to have a sleep apnea test, called a polysomnogram. This may be done in a sleep disorder center or even at home. Near the bedroom will be a central monitoring area, where the technicians monitor sleeping patients. You will be hooked up to equipment that may look uncomfortable. However, most people fall asleep with little difficulty. Similar, more portable equipment is now available for home testing, especially for less complicated cases or situations.


Question: How long can hepatitis A survive outside of the body?

Answer: Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body. But you may be able to kill it by boiling or cooking foods or liquids for at least a minute.


Question: What are the three major types of hepatitis in the U.S.?

Answer: They're all contagious, but you can take steps to protect yourself. Hepatitis C. The early symptoms are the same as hepatitis A and B, and they usually happen 6 to 7 weeks after the virus gets in your body.


Question: What is tardive dyskinesia?

Answer: Antipsychotic meds treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other brain conditions. Antipsychotic medications that can cause tardive dyskinesia include older antipsychotics like: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Your chances of getting TD go up the longer you take an antipsychotic medicine.


Question: What should you do to prevent tardive dyskinesia?

Answer: The timing can make it hard to know whether the medicine caused your symptoms. Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ( AIMS): If you take medicine for mental health conditions, your doctor should check you at least once a year to make sure you don't have TD. You might need to switch to a newer antipsychotic drug that may be less likely to cause TD.


Question: What is the goal of treatment for tardive dyskinesia?

Answer: Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of antipsychotic medications. These drugs are used to treat schizophrenia and other mental health disorders. The benefits of the drug should outweigh the risks.


Question: How does weight training help your joints?

Answer: Losing weight reduces pressure on your knees, hips, and back and helps prevent joint injury. If you don't have enough muscle, your joints take a pounding, especially your spine, hips, and knees, which must support your entire body weight. Weight training exercises help build muscle and keep your muscles and surrounding ligaments strong. That way, your joints don't have to do all the work. A certified personal trainer can show you the best exercises for healthy joints and how to do them correctly. Eating a healthy diet is good for your joints, because it helps build strong bones and muscles.


Question: How does ice help my joints?

Answer: Modify exercises that cause joint pain. If you have a sore joint, apply ice wrapped in a towel or a cold pack to the painful area for no more than 20 minutes. Don't have ice or a cold pack? in a light towel. Never apply ice directly to the skin.


Question: What protective gear can I wear to care for my joints?

Answer: Being lopsided puts more stress on your joints. Even if you think you're a pro on a bicycle or on a pair of Rollerblades, you should never go without safety gear. Elbow and wrist braces, or guards, also help reduce stress on your joints during activities.


Question: What has been ruled out as the cause of toxic shock syndrome?

Answer: But it has also been linked to the use of menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps. How staph causes toxic shock syndrome is not understood.


Question: How can using tampons cause toxic shock syndrome?

Answer: But it has also been linked to the use of menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps. Polyester foam provides a better environment for the growth of bacteria than either cotton or rayon fibers. In cases from menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps, either the device had been in the vagina for a long time -- more than 30 hours -- or, in the case of the sponge, pieces of the sponge remained in the vagina.


Question: What can cause toxic shock syndrome from tampon use?

Answer: Then the poisons must get into the bloodstream. Sliding a tampon into place in the vagina may make microscopic tears in the walls of the vagina, rupturing tiny blood vessels. A super-absorbent tampon -- especially if it's left in place too long, or if it is used when the menstrual flow is light -- can dry out the vagina, making such tearing even more likely.


Question: Should I get some sunshine if my multiple sclerosis symptoms are worse because of the cold?

Answer: After the hot, humid days of summer, the colder temperatures in the fall and winter can come as a shock to our bodies. It'll help you burn energy and warm up. Get some sunshine. A little sunshine might help boost your mood.


Question: Should I get moving if my multiple sclerosis symptoms are worse because of the cold?

Answer: Try to get moving. If you have MS, you may also be at risk for Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition in which your fingers and toes lose heat. You'll warm up, and you'll help your body make some much-needed vitamin D. An added benefit?


Question: Do cold temperatures aggravate multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If you have a condition like multiple sclerosis ( MS), cold temps can make your symptoms worse and make you flat-out uncomfortable. You might find that it's harder to move your limbs, you get more muscle spasms than normal, or your muscles feel tighter. A few simple tips can help you stay comfortable and warm in the fall and winter.


Question: When should you see an allergist?

Answer: An allergist is an MD who specializes in treating allergic conditions. You may want to make an appointment if: You have symptoms such as a runny or stuffy nose, cough, or watery eyes that last for more than three months and make it hard for you to work or sleep. You've tried over-the-counter drugs and still need more relief. You get a lot of sinus infections, headaches, stuffy nose, or ear infections. You have other health problems such as heart disease, thyroid disease, diabetes, glaucoma, high blood pressure, enlarged prostate, liver disease, or kidney disease. If you do, it may not be safe to treat allergies on your own with over-the-counter drugs.


Question: What conditions can benefit from probiotics?

Answer: Researchers are studying when and how probiotics might best help. There's more research for some illnesses than others. They might help people with: Diarrhea , especially when it's linked to specific antibiotics. Inflammatory bowel diseases ( IBD) including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Irritable bowel syndrome .


Question: What are drugs to help control plaque and gingivitis in dentistry?

Answer: Chlorhexidine is an antibiotic drug used to control plaque and gingivitis in the mouth or in periodontal pockets (the space between your gum and tooth). The medication is available as a mouth rinse and as a gelatin-filled chip that is placed in the deep gum pockets next to your teeth after root planing. The drug in the gelatin-filled chip is released slowly over about seven days. Dental products containing this antibacterial are marketed under various prescription-only brand names, such as Peridex, Perio Chip, and Perio Gard, as well as other over-the-counter trade names. Note: Chlorhexidine may increase the staining of tartar and plaque on your teeth. It may also cause staining of the tooth, tooth filling, and dentures or other mouth appliances. Antiseptics Your dentist may recommend the use of an over-the-counter antiseptic mouth rinse product to reduce plaque and gingivitis and kill the germs that cause bad breath.


Question: Is my blurry vision caused by Parkinson's disease?

Answer: That causes a condition called optic neuritis, which can give you blurry sight, loss of color vision, and pain when you move your eyes. Blurry vision is not the first sign of this nerve disease. As your sight seems less sharp, you may strain your eyes because they have to work harder to focus.


Question: Is my blurry vision caused by a migraine?

Answer: There are a host of other symptoms that you might have with the pain, including blurry vision and sensitivity to light. You may feel these signs even before a migraine starts, and they may last until it's over. More dramatic changes to your eyesight during a migraine are called an aura. They can include: Loss of part or all of your vision for a little while Seeing flashes of light Seeing wavy lines or spots To solve these problems, you'll need to work with your doctor to treat your migraines and keep them from starting. Parkinson's disease affects much more than the eyes.


Question: What is lipodystrophy?

Answer: It often affects the fat that's just under your skin, so it can change the way you look. It also can cause other changes in your body. Some people with HIV get lipodystrophy ( LD- HIV). It may be related to the medicines they take or the disease itself. Other acquired lipodystrophies are: Acquired generalized lipodystrophy ( AGL), or Lawrence syndrome Acquired partial lipodystrophy ( APL), also called progressive lipodystrophy or Barraquer- Simons syndrome Localized lipodystrophy AGL often shows up in children, but adults can get it, too. That's a good reason to change your injection site often.


Question: What are the symptoms of acquired generalized lipodystrophy (AGL)?

Answer: The type your child has will affect: Where it happens How much fat is lost Other effects on her body AGL. She'll lose fat from under the skin all over her body, including her face, arms, legs, palms, and sometimes the soles of her feet. She could look very muscular, and you'll be able to see veins under her skin. Kids with AGL are very hungry all the time and grow fast. Adults may have large hands and feet and a strong, square jawbone if their hormone balance is off and they've kept growing. They could have larger than usual sex organs (clitoris and ovaries, penis and testicles). A woman might have irregular periods or none at all. She could have polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS). She'll probably have extra hair on her upper lip and chin. Some people with AGL have patches of dark, velvety skin in their underarms, on their neck, around their belly button or nipples, or on their hands and feet. Because of the fat loss, a person may have problems using sugar in her body or controlling her blood sugar and triglyceride levels. She could have a large liver or spleen. What type of lipodystrophy is this?


Question: How can you choose a doctor for psoriasis?

Answer: When you look for a dermatologist, start by asking your primary care doctor for a recommendation. You can also check with the American Academy of Dermatology, which has lists of specially trained doctors. A nearby medical school is another resource. Do you have a special area of interest in skin care?


Question: What is recovery for cardioversion for atrial fibrillation (AFib) like?

Answer: These will give you a mild electrical shock to get your heart's rhythm back to normal. You'll go back to your doctor in a few weeks for an electrocardiogram (you may hear it called an EKG) to make sure your beat is still regular. Keep up with your doctor visits and follow your treatment plan, which may also include antiarrhythmic drugs to help your heart maintain its normal rhythm. Let him know if you have any questions or notice any changes in your condition.


Question: How do defibrillation and electric cardioversion for atrial fibrillation (AFib) differ?

Answer: But sometimes, people can take it as a pill. These will give you a mild electrical shock to get your heart's rhythm back to normal. In defibrillation, doctors use high-voltage shocks to treat life-threatening arrhythmias or a heart that has stopped.


Question: How often should you exercise to help with adult ADHD?

Answer: That works out to about 30 minutes of fitness a day, five days a week. If you're doing more intense aerobic workouts -- such as running or taking indoor cycling classes -- you can get away with about 75 minutes of exercise a week. As long as you're sweating and your heart is pumping, you're likely to see real, positive effects from exercise on your ADHD symptoms.


Question: How are adults with ADHD treated?

Answer: Research is finding that getting regular fitness can improve thinking ability, and it may improve the symptoms of adult ADHD. Beyond helping with ADHD symptoms, exercise has several other benefits. Getting regular workouts can help you: Stay at a healthy weight.


Question: What are the side effects of at-home teeth whiteners?

Answer: Ask your dentist about which over-the-counter system to use and how much lightening you can expect. Don't leave the strips or gels on longer than advised -- you might wind up with sore gums and set yourself up for other problems. It's a good idea to stop using the product if you start having this problem.