Question: How is a sentinel node biopsy done?

Answer: To locate the sentinel nodes, a labeling substance, either a radioactive tracer, blue dye, or both, is injected into the area around the tumor before a mastectomy or lumpectomy is performed. The tracer travels the same path to the lymph nodes that the cancer cells would take, making it possible for the surgeon to determine the one or two nodes most likely to test positive for cancer by either visualizing the color or using a handheld Geiger counter.


Question: What can I do to curb changes in my breasts during my monthly cycle?

Answer: But it's common to have one or more of the following: Swelling Tenderness Aches Soreness Changes in texture There are a few steps you can take to curb changes in your breasts during your monthly cycle: Eat a diet lower in fat, avoiding high-fat foods. Skip caffeine, which means no coffee, tea, cola, and chocolate. Avoid salt 1 to 2 week before your period starts. Wear a bra that fits you properly and provides good breast support. Aim for a daily cardio workout.


Question: What are some common ways that periods affect a woman's breasts?

Answer: But it's common to have one or more of the following: Swelling Tenderness Aches Soreness Changes in texture There are a few steps you can take to curb changes in your breasts during your monthly cycle: Eat a diet lower in fat, avoiding high-fat foods.


Question: What should you know about the side effects of drugs?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } From the homely aspirin to the most sophisticated prescription medicine on the market, all drugs come with side effects. Many are minor, some are just an inconvenience, a few are serious, and some are just plain strange. Perhaps the most common set of side effects for drugs that work inside your body involves the gastrointestinal system. Nearly any drug can cause nausea or an upset stomach, though it may only happen to a handful of people. For drugs used on the outside, skin irritation is a common complaint.


Question: What is the FDA's role in side effects of drugs?

Answer: Before a drug can come on the market, the FDA must approve it. The New Drug Applications ( NDAs) submitted by pharmaceutical companies have, first and foremost, evidence that the drug has the effect it's supposed to have and is safe. This proof comes from testing the drug, first in animals and then in humans. Once the basic questions of safety and efficacy are settled, the FDA will approve the drug if it deems that its benefits outweigh its risks. Still, sometimes testing doesn't reveal everything about a drug's side effects, and they don't show up until after the medication enters the marketplace and more people start using it. That's where Med Watch comes in. The FDA's post-marketing surveillance program seeks voluntary input, mainly from health care professionals, on unwanted effects they see in ''the real world.'' Sometimes these reports are numerous or serious enough for the FDA to take regulatory action, such as adding warnings to a drug's label. This happened with the psoriasis drug Raptiva. The FDA required that the drug carry the agency's strongest warning, known as a black box warning, after it received reports of brain infections and meningitis in patients taking the drug. The drug was later taken off the market. The FDA also wants input from consumers when it comes to side effects. All prescription drugs, and many OTC products, must be labeled with a toll-free number the agency has for letting it know about side effects with drugs, called "adverse events." You can report possible new but severe side effects through Med Watch at 1-800- FDA-1088 or through the FDA website.


Question: What are surprising results regarding side effects of drugs?

Answer: Not every side effect is a bad one. Some are downright welcome. Take finasteride. Introduced in 1992 to treat noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, it was found to regrow hair. Today, as a lotion or foam, it's a popular OTC remedy for baldness.


Question: What are the side effects of drugs based on type?

Answer: To find more about a drug's side effects, look on the label of over-the-counter ( OTC) products or on package inserts or printed materials that you get with prescription drugs. Because the inserts often include a long list of possibilities, you may want to also talk to your pharmacist or doctor about what to expect and watch out for. That can range from itching and rash all the way to a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction. Some drugs can't help but trigger side effects because of their chemical structure. The common allergy drug diphenhydramine (also known by the brand name Benadryl) is one. Though it eases allergy symptoms, it also blocks the chemical acetylcholine, and that leads to drowsiness and a host of other side effects, including dry mouth. Some drugs have barely noticeable side effects at the right dose. Typically, warfarin ( Coumadin, Jantoven), used to prevent blood clots, usually works well and isn't bothersome, but serious internal bleeding can happen in the wrong situation. Side effects may show up only when a drug is mixed with certain other things. This might be called a drug interaction. For example, drinking alcohol while you're taking narcotic painkillers can cause an accidental overdose. Another example is grapefruit juice, which can affect the blood levels of several drugs, including some blood pressure and cholesterol medicines.


Question: How can you manage infections from chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: They can be life-threatening if you're on chemo. Take your temperature any time you feel too warm, too cold, or just not well. If your reading is 100.4 F or higher, call your doctor right away. Wash your hands often to get rid of harmful bacteria. Ask the people around you to do the same.


Question: What should I do if I feel nauseous or I throw up after chemotherapy treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: Feeling like you're going to throw up or actually doing it can be a problem on treatment days. Your doctor will give you medicine to keep these symptoms at bay.


Question: What should I do if I feel shortness of breath after lung cancer surgery?

Answer: You may feel this even though you're getting enough oxygen and you can breathe normally. It's how your brain processes chest pain. It should get better over the next few weeks as you heal. If your lungs are in good shape (other than the cancer) you can usually return to normal life after a while -- even if an entire lung was removed. If you also have a non-cancerous lung disease like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, you may always feel short of breath with some types of activity.


Question: What should I do if I have loss of appetite after chemotherapy treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: Instead of three large meals per day, have five or six small ones. Avoid greasy, salty, sweet, or spicy food that might make you feel queasy. If even the smell of food is a turnoff, eat cold meals instead.


Question: What should I do if I have an infection after chemotherapy treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: They can be life-threatening if you're on chemo. Take your temperature any time you feel too warm, too cold, or just not well. If your reading is 100.4 F or higher, call your doctor right away. Wash your hands often to get rid of harmful bacteria. Ask the people around you to do the same.


Question: How does chemotherapy work against lung cancer?

Answer: These drugs attack cells that divide quickly, which is why they work against cancer cells. But some healthy cells also do this, like those in your hair follicles, bone marrow, and the lining of your mouth and intestines. Chemo attacks them, too, and that leads to certain side effects. They depend on the type and dose of drugs you get and the length of time you take them.


Question: What should I do if I have constipation after chemotherapy treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: If you don't go often enough, or if it hurts, you can be more likely to get hemorrhoids or have other problems. Eat more high fiber foods like whole grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. If these lifestyle changes don't help, talk to your doctor.


Question: What should I do if I have skin problems after targeted therapy for lung cancer?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you notice any skin changes. If you don't treat them, they can get worse and lead to infections.


Question: What is external radiation therapy and how does it treat lung cancer?

Answer: It's a lot like getting an X-ray, but the dose is stronger. Before treatments start, the radiation team will take precise measurements to adjust the size and shape of the beam. That makes sure it hits the tumor. The beam destroys cancer cells on impact, but it can also damage healthy cells around them. The procedure itself is painless, but you could have side effects. Some are the same as those with chemo and surgery, and you can treat them the same way.


Question: What should I do if I have high blood pressure after targeted therapy for lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will watch your readings closely if you are getting a drug that can cause this reaction.


Question: What should I do if I experience skin changes after external radiation therapy for lung cancer?

Answer: These can range from mild redness to blistering and peeling. Clean it each day with warm water and a mild soap that your nurse says is safe to use. Don't use other products on the treatment area unless your doctor or nurse approves them.


Question: What should I do if I have heart damage after targeted therapy for lung cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will watch your readings closely if you are getting a drug that can cause this reaction.


Question: What are common side effects of external radiation therapy for lung cancer?

Answer: Shortness of breath Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Hair loss Loss of appetite Other side effects can include: Skin changes in the area being treated.


Question: What are side effects of immunotherapy when it is used to treat lung cancer?

Answer: The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, fatigue, rashes, fever, and drops in blood pressure. But immunotherapy is very new, so doctors still aren't sure which side effects will happen or how serious they may be.


Question: Are there side effects from lung cancer surgery?

Answer: The side effects will vary based on how much of your lung was removed and which type of procedure you had, but here's an idea of what to expect and how to deal with it.


Question: What should I do if I have diarrhea after chemotherapy treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: Frequent bowel movements that are loose or watery can get in the way of your daily life. They can also drain too much liquid from your body. Skip dairy and high-fiber, greasy, or spicy foods. Drink water or suck on ice chips, and call you doctor if your symptoms last more than a day.


Question: How can you manage diarrhea from chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Frequent bowel movements that are loose or watery can get in the way of your daily life. They can also drain too much liquid from your body. Skip dairy and high-fiber, greasy, or spicy foods. Drink water or suck on ice chips, and call you doctor if your symptoms last more than a day.


Question: What are the side effects of immunotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: The newest approach to lung cancer treatment uses drugs to help your immune system spot and destroy cancer cells better. It shows great promise when traditional treatments fail, especially for people whose cancer is in a later stage. The most common side effects are flu-like symptoms, fatigue, rashes, fever, and drops in blood pressure. But immunotherapy is very new, so doctors still aren't sure which side effects will happen or how serious they may be.


Question: How can you manage loss of appetite to manage non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Instead of three large meals per day, have five or six small ones. Avoid greasy, salty, sweet, or spicy food that might make you feel queasy. If even the smell of food is a turnoff, eat cold meals instead.


Question: What are other side effects of external radiation therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Shortness of breath Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Hair loss Loss of appetite Other side effects can include: Skin changes in the area being treated. These can range from mild redness to blistering and peeling. Clean it each day with warm water and a mild soap that your nurse says is safe to use. Don't use other products on the treatment area unless your doctor or nurse approves them. Sore throat. Your windpipe and esophagus, which are in the middle of your chest, may be exposed to radiation. That could cause a sore throat and trouble when you swallow. This can make it hard to eat anything other than soft foods or liquids for a while.


Question: What are the side effects of targeted therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Skin problems. You might have rashes. Tell your doctor if you notice any skin changes. If you don't treat them, they can get worse and lead to infections. High blood pressure. Your doctor will watch your readings closely if you are getting a drug that can cause this reaction. Heart damage. Your doctor will test your heart before treatment and watch your condition closely.


Question: How can you get shortness of breath from surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: You may feel this even though you're getting enough oxygen and you can breathe normally. It's how your brain processes chest pain. It should get better over the next few weeks as you heal. If your lungs are in good shape (other than the cancer) you can usually return to normal life after a while -- even if an entire lung was removed. If you also have a non-cancerous lung disease like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, you may always feel short of breath with some types of activity.


Question: How can you manage constipation from chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: If you don't go often enough, or if it hurts, you can be more likely to get hemorrhoids or have other problems. Eat more high fiber foods like whole grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables. If these lifestyle changes don't help, talk to your doctor.


Question: How can you manage bleeding or clotting problems for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: They plug damaged blood vessels and help your blood clot. If you don't have enough of them, you may bleed or bruise more easily than usual, even from a minor injury. Your doctor will check your platelet count often during your treatment. If it falls too low, you may need a transfusion.


Question: What should I do if I have hair loss after chemotherapy treatment for lung cancer?

Answer: But some healthy cells also do this, like those in your hair follicles, bone marrow, and the lining of your mouth and intestines. Chemo attacks them, too, and that leads to certain side effects. Follicles, the tiny structures that hair grows out of, contain some of the fastest-growing cells in your body. The good news is that it's almost always temporary. It can make you feel better to cut or shave before it starts to fall out. If you opt to go bald, use an electric shaver so you don't cut your scalp. If you get a wig, shop for it while you still have hair so you can match it to your current hair color.


Question: What is targeted therapy and how does it treat lung cancer?

Answer: These drugs attack cells that divide quickly, which is why they work against cancer cells. They can also drain too much liquid from your body.


Question: How should I prepare for the side effects of my lung cancer treatment?

Answer: Keep in mind that side effects vary even between two people on the same treatment. That's because every person -- and every cancer case -- is unique. The good news is most side effects are temporary and there are ways you can manage them. You'll start to feel better over time -- until the next treatment.


Question: What should I do if I feel pain and weakness after lung cancer surgery?

Answer: If this works for you, you'll have less pain and you'll get better faster. If it gets worse, work with your doctor to adjust medications and fine-tune the dosage. Your doctor will give you medicine to keep these symptoms at bay.


Question: How can you manage fatigue from chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer?

Answer: Pain and weakness. Feeling like you're going to throw up or actually doing it can be a problem on treatment days. You'll start to feel better over time -- until the next treatment. Take short naps during the day to revive yourself. Soak in the tub before bedtime to help you sleep better. Your friends and family may ask how they can help. Let them!


Question: How should you take long-term control asthma medications?

Answer: Some of these drugs should be taken daily to get your asthma under control and keep it that way. Others are taken on an as needed basis to reduce the severity of an asthma attack.


Question: What are quick-relief asthma medications?

Answer: These medications provide fast relief of asthma attack symptoms like cough, chest tightness, and wheezing. They include: Short-acting beta-agonists (bronchodilators) Anticholinergics. These are bronchodilators that can be paired with, or used instead of, short-acting beta-agonists. Systemic corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that get symptoms under control.


Question: Can allergy shots treat my asthma?

Answer: Children who get allergy shots are less likely to get asthma, recent studies show, but there are asthma shots specifically for adolescents and adults. Since allergies are an asthma trigger, it makes sense that if you control them, you'll have fewer asthma attacks.


Question: How often will you have to take asthma medications?

Answer: How often you need to take your medications depends on how severe your condition is and how frequently you have symptoms. For example, if you only have trouble when you exercise, you may only need to use an inhaler before a workout. But most people with asthma need daily treatment.


Question: Are there over-the-counter asthma medications?

Answer: You should talk to a doctor about your asthma symptoms and follow his treatment guidelines. OTC medications are not long-term treatments and shouldn't be relied upon daily to control your asthma. People with high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid disease, or heart disease should avoid them. Your medications are the foundation of good asthma control.


Question: How can cryosurgery help with treating early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment uses very cold gas to freeze and kill cancer cells. Side effects include blood in your urine, bladder and bowel problems, and trouble getting an erection.


Question: What is perineal prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: The surgeon removes the prostate through a cut between your anus and testicles. Doctors can also do prostatectomy through very small cuts in your pelvis using tiny tools. This technique is called laparoscopy, and the cuts are smaller than in the other operations. A surgeon can also use robotic arms to control the surgical tools and make more precise cuts, called robotic surgery.


Question: What are side-effects of surgery for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: Your surgeon will try not to damage nerves and other structures around your prostate during surgery, but sometimes, it's not possible. If your cancer has spread to those nerves, doctors will have to remove them. If that happens, you might have side effects afterward, including: A leaky bladder or trouble controlling your urine Trouble getting or keeping an erection or having orgasms Loss of your ability to get a woman pregnant Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells.


Question: What are side-effects of radiation for the treatment of early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will do everything possible to keep from harming the area around your prostate, but some men have side effects from radiation, such as: Diarrhea, blood in their stool, and other bowel problems Trouble controlling urination, or a leaky bladder Erection problems Feeling tired Radiation and surgery are the main treatments for early-stage prostate cancer.


Question: How is radiation therapy done for prostate cancer?

Answer: If that happens, you might have side effects afterward, including: A leaky bladder or trouble controlling your urine Trouble getting or keeping an erection or having orgasms Loss of your ability to get a woman pregnant Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. You can get it in one of two ways: External beam radiation therapy focuses X-rays on your prostate from a machine outside your body. Proton therapy better targets prostate tissue in hopes of causing less damage to other parts, but it's not available at many medical centers. Brachytherapy uses small pellets, about the size of rice grains, which slowly give off low levels of radiation inside your prostate for a few weeks or months. Doctors will give you medicine to put you to sleep or make your body numb, then put the pellets in through thin needles. You may have to stay away from pregnant women and children during this treatment. Doctors can also give the radiation through small tubes that they place in your prostate for a few minutes at a time.


Question: What is retropubic prostatectomy for early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: When you're diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early stage, usually stage I or II, it means the disease hasn't spread outside your prostate gland. Talk with your doctor about the benefits and side effects of each type. A surgeon removes the prostate through a cut on your lower belly.


Question: When is surgery needed to treat early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: When you're diagnosed with prostate cancer at an early stage, usually stage I or II, it means the disease hasn't spread outside your prostate gland. Because the cancer hasn't spread beyond your prostate in stage I or II, surgery to remove the gland can sometimes cure the disease. The main operation doctors do is called a radical prostatectomy. The surgeon will remove the whole organ, plus some of the tissue around it.


Question: What are the types of treatment for early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: Doctors usually recommend three main types of treatment for prostate cancer in its early stages: Watchful waiting or active surveillance Surgery Radiation therapy Prostate cancer often grows very slowly. Because the cancer hasn't spread beyond your prostate in stage I or II, surgery to remove the gland can sometimes cure the disease. You may have to stay away from pregnant women and children during this treatment.


Question: How is transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) used to treat bleeding varices?

Answer: A radiological procedure in which a stent (a tubular device) is placed in the middle of the liver. The stent connects the hepatic vein with the portal vein. This procedure is done by placing a catheter through a vein in the neck. It is done to relieve the high blood pressure that has built up in the portal vein and the liver.


Question: How do you treat severe cases of bleeding varices?

Answer: This increased pressure in the portal vein causes blood to be pushed away from the liver to smaller blood vessels, which are not able to handle the increased amount of blood.


Question: How serious is bleeding from varices?

Answer: Symptoms include: Vomiting of blood Black, tarry, or bloody stool Low blood pressure Rapid heart rate Lightheadedness Shock (in severe cases) Bleeding from varices is a medical emergency. If the bleeding is not controlled quickly, a person may go into shock or die. Even after the bleeding has been stopped, there can be serious complications, such as pneumonia, sepsis, liver failure, kidney failure, confusion, and coma.


Question: What are varices?

Answer: They cause no symptoms unless they rupture and bleed, which can be life-threatening. Someone with symptoms of bleeding varices should seek treatment immediately. Doctors can stop the bleeding and help prevent varices from coming back. Portal hypertension is an increase in the pressure within the portal vein (the vein that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver).


Question: What are the symptoms of peripheral vertigo caused by an inner ear infection?

Answer: There are some other conditions of the inner ear that also lead to peripheral vertigo, including: Labyrinthitis Perilymph fistula Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome ( SSCDS) Labyrinthitis may be caused by a viral infection of your inner ear.


Question: What are the symptoms of peripheral vertigo caused by labyrinthitis and Meniere's disease?

Answer: Meniere's disease is condition that combines symptoms of dizziness with occasional hearing loss.


Question: What is vertigo like?

Answer: If your doctor tells you that you have peripheral vertigo, you've got plenty of company.


Question: What conditions of the inner ear cause peripheral vertigo?

Answer: There are some other conditions of the inner ear that also lead to peripheral vertigo, including: Labyrinthitis Perilymph fistula Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome ( SSCDS) Labyrinthitis may be caused by a viral infection of your inner ear. Perilymph fistula may be due to a head injury or sudden pressure change, such as from scuba diving. SSCDS may be due to a breakdown of part of a bony part of a canal that carries fluids in your inner ear.


Question: When is surgery used to treat peripheral vertigo?

Answer: For some conditions, such as perilymph fistula or SSCDS, your doctor may recommend surgery to correct problems in your inner ear.


Question: How is central vertigo treated?

Answer: Finding out which one you've got -- and what's causing it -- can help you and your doctor decide how to manage it. For some ongoing conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and some tumors, treatment may consist of managing the symptoms. This may include medicines for nausea and drugs that help lessen the sensation of movement.


Question: How is peripheral vertigo caused by chronic conditions treated?

Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe medicines that help reduce balance problems. Finding out the root cause of the vertigo and treating it is the only way to manage central vertigo. For some ongoing conditions, such as multiple sclerosis and some tumors, treatment may consist of managing the symptoms. This may include medicines for nausea and drugs that help lessen the sensation of movement.


Question: What causes peripheral vertigo?

Answer: The most common causes of the inner ear trouble that leads to peripheral vertigo are: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo ( BPPV) Vestibular neuronitis Meniere's disease BPPV is a condition that causes small crystals to get loose and start to float in the fluid of your inner ear. If your peripheral vertigo is caused by an inner ear infection or a disease, you may have some pain or a feeling of fullness in your ear.


Question: What are other symptoms of peripheral vertigo?

Answer: This movement may go away when you try to focus your vision on a fixed point. It also tends to only happen during the first few days of vertigo symptoms and then disappears. Your doctor may also prescribe medicines that help reduce balance problems.


Question: When should I see a doctor if I've injured my finger?

Answer: When to See a Doctor Inability to move the finger Numbness Bone is exposed The wound is deep or long. Pain and swelling are severe or persistent. You can't clean the wound or the wound is very dirty. ( You may need antibiotics) The injury is a puncture or open wound and you haven't had a tetanus shot in the last 10 years. The injury is from a human or animal bite. If the wound doesn't heal or shows signs of infection: redness, swelling, pain, or pus.


Question: When should I do if I injure my finger and it's bleeding?

Answer: Blood is spurting from the wound Bleeding cannot be stopped after 5-10 minutes of firm and steady pressure 1. Stop Bleeding Apply firm pressure until bleeding stops. If finger or part of finger is severed, put the severed part in a clean plastic bag, pack the bag in ice, and take it with you to the doctor. Clean Wound Wash with fresh water. Apply a sterile bandage. Control Swelling Apply ice to a bruised or swollen finger.


Question: What causes Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: Tourette's has been linked to different parts of the brain, including an area called the basal ganglia, which helps control body movements. Differences there may affect nerve cells and the chemicals that carry messages between them. Researchers think the trouble in this brain network may play a role in Tourette's. Doctors don't know exactly what causes these problems in the brain, but genes probably play a role. It's likely that there is more than one cause. People who have family members with Tourette's are more likely to get it themselves.


Question: How is Tourette's syndrome treated?

Answer: Many times, tics are mild and don't need to be treated. If they become a problem, your doctor may prescribe medicine to help them. It can take a while to find the right dose that helps control tics but avoids side effects, so be patient as you and your doctor work through it. Medications can include: Haloperidol ( Haldol), fluphenazine ( Prolixin), and pimozide ( Orap), which work on a brain chemical called dopamine to control tics. Clonidine ( Catapres) and guanfacine ( Tenex, Intuniv)), high blood pressure drugs that can also treat tics. Fluoxetine ( Prozac), paroxetine ( Paxil), sertraline ( Zoloft), and other antidepressants, which can relieve anxiety, sadness, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.


Question: How can I take care of my child with Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: If your child has Tourette's, talk to his school about it. You can give staff the facts about the condition and see what kind of support they can give him, like extra tutoring or smaller classes. Fitting in socially also can be hard for a child with the disease. Help him practice ways to handle teasing or comments from other kids.


Question: How is Tourette's syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: Tourette's can also cause problems with: Anxiety Learning disabilities such as dyslexia Obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD) -- thoughts and behaviors you can't control, like washing your hands over and over again If you or your child has symptoms of Tourette's, your doctor may want you to see a neurologist, a specialist who treats diseases of the nervous system. There aren't any tests for the condition, but he'll ask you questions, like: What did you notice that brought you here today? Do you often move your body in a way you can't control? How long has that been happening? Do you ever say things or make sounds without meaning to? When did it start? Does anything make your symptoms better? What makes them worse? Do you feel anxious or have trouble focusing? Does anyone else in your family have these kinds of symptoms?


Question: Where can I get support with living with Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: People who have family members with Tourette's are more likely to get it themselves.


Question: What are problems associated with Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure why, but about half of people with Tourette's also have symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD). You may have trouble paying attention, sitting still, and finishing tasks. Tourette's can also cause problems with: Anxiety Learning disabilities such as dyslexia Obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD) -- thoughts and behaviors you can't control, like washing your hands over and over again If you or your child has symptoms of Tourette's, your doctor may want you to see a neurologist, a specialist who treats diseases of the nervous system.


Question: What are some questions I should ask my doctor about Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: For some people, they go away completely. How long has that been happening? Do I need any more tests? What kind of specialists do I need to see? Do I need any treatment? Do the treatments have any side effects? If I have children, what are the chances they will have Tourette's? If your child has Tourette's, you may also want to ask how long his tics might last or what you can do to help him deal with his symptoms at home and at school.


Question: How can phytonutrients help your body?

Answer: Other plant-based foods also contain phytonutrients, such as: Whole grains Nuts Beans Tea Phytonutrients aren't essential for keeping you alive, unlike the vitamins and minerals that plant foods contain. But when you eat or drink phytonutrients, they may help prevent disease and keep your body working properly.


Question: What are good sources of resveratrol?

Answer: Resveratrol is found in: Grapes Purple grape juice Red wine It acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.


Question: Which foods are good sources of the phytonutrients lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Good sources of these phytonutrients are greens such as: Spinach Kale Collards Ellagic acid is found in a number of berries and other plant foods, especially: Strawberries Raspberries Pomegranates Ellagic acid may help protect against cancer several different ways.


Question: What are good sources of lignans?

Answer: Two especially good sources of lignans are: Flaxseeds Sesame seeds However, research supporting a role for lignans in preventing endometrial cancer or osteoporosis is limited.


Question: Which berries and plant foods have ellagic acid?

Answer: Good sources of these phytonutrients are greens such as: Spinach Kale Collards Ellagic acid is found in a number of berries and other plant foods, especially: Strawberries Raspberries Pomegranates Ellagic acid may help protect against cancer several different ways.


Question: Which plant-based foods have phytonutrients?

Answer: Fruits and vegetables contain phytonutrients. Other plant-based foods also contain phytonutrients, such as: Whole grains Nuts Beans Tea Phytonutrients aren't essential for keeping you alive, unlike the vitamins and minerals that plant foods contain.


Question: How is peyronie's disease diagnosed?

Answer: Doctors typically diagnose Peyronie's disease by asking about symptoms and any injuries, and by examining the penis. Some doctors inject drugs into the penis to cause an erection so they can see the angle. If you bring in a photo of your erection, you can probably skip this. Your doctor may also order an ultrasound test of the area. There are ways to treat Peyronie's. If you see a family doctor or internist for the problem, he or she may refer you to a urologist for treatment.


Question: What are symptoms of Peyronie's disease?

Answer: That's where tissue in the hand becomes scarred and thickened. That can cause problems with erections, but no curving. In addition to a curve, other symptoms may include a lack of firmness, which may make it hard to keep an erection. Even before you notice a curve, you may have painful erections. The pain comes from inflammation caused by the injury and can lasts for many months. The pain usually eases once the injury heals and the scar tissue hardens.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: He might give you blood or urine tests, X-rays or use other instruments to look for stomach, intestine or kidney problems. You might be sent to a gastroenterologist, a doctor who treats problems with the digestive system.


Question: What are symptoms of cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: The main issue is intense nausea, which may come with strong stomach pains. It often sets in early in the morning and can last for several days. A typical bout may unfold like this: You might start to feel thirsty and sweaty and look pale.


Question: How common is cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: Doctors don't see it much. Cyclic vomiting syndrome happens more in children than adults. Only about 1.9% of children get it, one study found. The numbers for adults are less clear, though it may be more often than once thought. Even though it's rare, call your doctor if you are having symptoms.


Question: What causes cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: It's slightly more common in girls than boys, and is seen more in whites than in African- Americans or Latinos. Doctors don't see it much. Children who have the syndrome sometimes grow out of it, but many of them get migraines as adults.


Question: What are complications of cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: Dehydration is the biggest complication. If a bout is bad enough, you might have to go to a hospital to replace the fluids and electrolytes you lost through vomiting. Other complications might include: Esophagitis, which means the tube that goes from your throat to your stomach gets irritated by the acid you throw up. See a doctor right away if you see blood in your vomit or your stools when you go to the bathroom.


Question: What are treatments for cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: Your doctor might recommend medication you can take to keep it from getting worse. Anti-nausea drugs might keep you from vomiting. You may take antacids to cut the amount of acid in your stomach or take other medicines to stop a migraine or lower your anxiety. And you'll probably be told to stay in bed in a quiet, dark room. You might also need other drugs to ease your symptoms.


Question: What is a low-pressure headache?

Answer: Two types of headaches are caused by a change of pressure inside your skull: Low-pressure headaches (your doctor may call them spontaneous intracranial hypotension, or SIH) and high-pressure headaches (idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or IIH). A low-pressure headache often gets worse when you stand or sit. It can get better if you lie down. It can start at the back of the head, sometimes with neck pain, though it can be felt all over your head. It often gets worse with coughing, sneezing, and exertion. It can come with: Ringing in your ears Muffled hearing Dizziness Nausea You might feel a stabbing pain, throbbing, or just overall pressure in your head.


Question: What should you do if you get regular headaches?

Answer: For some, though, headaches are an inconvenient -- sometimes debilitating -- part of their lives. If you get regular headaches, it's important to work with your doctor to uncover the cause and find out how to treat it. That's not always easy because headaches can be caused by many things, from eating ice cream too quickly, to stroke, to many other serious conditions. Two types of headaches are caused by a change of pressure inside your skull: Low-pressure headaches (your doctor may call them spontaneous intracranial hypotension, or SIH) and high-pressure headaches (idiopathic intracranial hypertension, or IIH). A low-pressure headache often gets worse when you stand or sit.


Question: What are symptoms of high-pressure headaches?

Answer: The symptoms of a high-pressure headache often mimic those of a brain tumor, which is why IIH used to be called âpseudotumor cerebri,â or âfalse brain tumor.â Those symptoms include: Migraine-like or throbbing pain that's often worse in the morning Neck and shoulder pain Headaches that get worse with coughing, sneezing, or exertion Severe headaches that last for a long time Changes in vision or a ringing in the ears IIH is rare.


Question: How are low-pressure headaches treated?

Answer: Treatment: Your symptoms may go away by themselves. Sometimes, rest, drinking lots of water, and caffeine may help. A common treatment is something called an epidural blood patch, which tries to stop your CSF leak. Blood is taken from your arm and injected into an area of your spinal canal to âpatchâ the leak. This may not work the first time -- the actual spot where the CSF leaks is hard to find -- so you may have to go through the procedure several times. Your doctor may prescribe a medicine called theophylline.


Question: How are high-pressure headaches treated?

Answer: Treatment: The best way to ease the effects of IIH is to lose weight. That lowers the pressure on your brain and your optic nerve. You may need weight loss surgery if you're severely obese. In some cases, a medication called acetazolamide is used to cut back on your body's production of CSF. In severe cases, you may need surgery to ease the pressure on your brain. Eye surgery is another possibility.


Question: What does heat rash look like?

Answer: It looks like tiny bumps surrounded by red skin. It usually happens on clothed parts of the body, such as your back, abdomen, neck, upper chest, groin, or armpits. And it usually gets better once your skin cools off.


Question: What is heat rash?

Answer: Heat rash, also called prickly heat or miliaria, is a common condition in which areas of the skin feel prickly or sting due to overheating. It can itch a lot, but it's not dangerous.


Question: How does inotropic therapy help treat heart failure?

Answer: Inotropic therapy: This helps make an injured or weakened heart pump harder to send blood through the body. It helps strengthen the heart muscle's contractions. It also relaxes constricted blood vessels so blood can flow more smoothly. Inotropic therapy may also speed up your heart's rhythm. You may get this if you have end-stage heart failure to help relieve and control your symptoms. These medicines are used only when others have stopped working on symptoms.


Question: How do ARBs help treat heart failure?

Answer: Angiotensin II receptor blockers ( ARBs): These are used to lower blood pressure for people with heart failure. They help keep your blood vessels as wide as possible so blood can flow through your body more easily. They also lessen salt and fluid buildup in your body.


Question: How do diuretics help in treating high blood pressure and heart failure?

Answer: Diuretics: You may know these as water pills. They help your kidneys get rid of unneeded water and salt from your tissues and bloodstream. That makes it easier for your heart to pump. They treat high blood pressure and ease swelling and water buildup caused by some medical problems, including heart failure. They also help make breathing easier.


Question: What does digoxin do for your heart?

Answer: Digoxin: It helps an injured or weakened heart to send blood through the body and work more efficiently. It strengthens the force of the heart muscle's contractions. It may improve blood circulation. You may be prescribed this if you have an irregular heartbeat (your doctor may call this atrial fibrillation, or AFib). It may help slow down your heart rate.


Question: What do calcium channel blockers do?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers: These treat chest pain (your doctor may say âanginaâ) and high blood pressure. They relax blood vessels and increase blood and oxygen to your heart. That eases its workload. They treat heart failure caused by hypertension. But they're used only when other medicines to lower blood pressure don't work.


Question: What are PCSK9 inhibitors?

Answer: Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 ( PCSK9) inhibitors: You may get this new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs if diet and statin treatments aren't helping. They block a liver protein called PCSK9. That protein hinders your liver's ability to get rid of LDL (bad) cholesterol.


Question: How do aldosterone inhibitors help in treating heart failure?

Answer: They protect your heart by blocking a chemical in your body called aldosterone that causes salt and fluid buildup. This medicine is for folks with some types of severe heart failure.


Question: How does warfarin help prevent blood clots?

Answer: You'll get these if you can't take ACE inhibitors. This medicine won't dissolve a blood clot. Over time, the clot may dissolve on its own. Warfarin may also prevent others from forming.


Question: How can I make my teen or tween with ADHD self-reliant for getting things done on time?

Answer: Your child shouldn't just rely on you to keep him on schedule. Have him set an alarm clock to get himself up in the morning. To keep aware of time, you may want to get him a watch.


Question: How can time management skills help teens and tweens with ADHD?

Answer: And trying to enforce these tasks may often lead to arguments and frustration. By teaching time management, you can make these daily responsibilities more manageable and lessen the stress for everyone. These life skills will also allow your child to become more independent. He'll gain confidence in knowing he can take care of himself. Routines give the day structure, which is helpful for kids with ADHD. An unplanned day can seem overwhelming to a child with ADHD.


Question: Where should I keep the list of daily activities for my teen or tween with ADHD?

Answer: Put the list where you both can see it. Have your child cross off each item when finished. Kids get a sense of accomplishment from knowing they've completed tasks.


Question: How can I help my teen or tween handle big activities?

Answer: Sit down with your child and make a list of all of his daily responsibilities. Together, break down big activities into smaller steps, and decide how long he needs for each task. Don't make the schedule just about tasks. Schedule breaks and other activities your child wants to do.


Question: How will organization help my teen or tween with ADHD with time management skills?

Answer: Clear the clutter off your teen's workspace so there's room to organize homework and space to study. It's hard for kids to get anything done when their desk is covered in a messy pile of papers. Have organizers and storage bins handy to keep papers, pencils, and other desk accessories in their proper places. Once you show your child how to organize things, tell him you expect him to keep it organized. Schedule time to put things away.


Question: How long should it take to teach time management skills to a teen or tween with ADHD?

Answer: You will have good days and bad days. Your child's time management skills won't improve overnight.


Question: Why are routines important for teens and tweens with ADHD?

Answer: An unplanned day can seem overwhelming to a child with ADHD. There are ways to make things more manageable for you and your teen or tween. It's common for kids with ADHD to put off doing things.


Question: What problems could develop with a dental crown?

Answer: Your newly crowned tooth may be sensitive immediately after the procedure as the anesthesia begins to wear off. If the tooth that has been crowned still has a nerve in it, you may experience some heat and cold sensitivity. Your dentist may recommend that you brush teeth with toothpaste designed for sensitive teeth. Pain or sensitivity that occurs when you bite down usually means that the crown is too high on the tooth. If this is the case, call your dentist. He or she can easily fix the problem.


Question: What happens during the second visit for a dental crown?

Answer: Second visit: Receiving the permanent dental crown At the second visit, your dentist will remove the temporary crown and check the fit and color of the permanent crown. If everything is acceptable, a local anesthetic will be used to numb the tooth and the new crown is permanently cemented in place.


Question: Why is a dental crown needed?

Answer: A dental crown may be needed in the following situations: To protect a weak tooth (for instance, from decay) from breaking or to hold together parts of a cracked tooth To restore an already broken tooth or a tooth that has been severely worn down To cover and support a tooth with a large filling when there isn't a lot of tooth left To hold a dental bridge in place To cover misshapened or severely discolored teeth To cover a dental implant To make a cosmetic modification For children, a crown may be used on primary (baby) teeth in order to: Save a tooth that has been so damaged by decay that it can't support a filling.


Question: What metals are used for dental crowns?

Answer: Metals used in crowns include alloys that have a high content of gold or platinum, or base-metal alloys (for example, cobalt- chromium and nickel-chromium alloys). Metal crowns withstand biting and chewing forces well and probably last the longest in terms of wear down. Also, metal crowns rarely chip or break. The metallic color -- and the high price of gold -- is the main drawback. Metal crowns are a good choice for out-of-sight molars.


Question: What happens after reshaping a tooth for a dental crown?

Answer: After reshaping the tooth, your dentist typically will use a paste or putty to make an impression of the tooth to receive the crown. Sometimes, though, impressions are made with a digital scanner. Impressions of the teeth above and below the tooth to receive the dental crown will also be made to make sure that the crown will not affect your bite. The impressions or scans are sent to a dental lab where the crown will be manufactured. The crown is usually returned to your dentist's office in two to three weeks. If the crown is made of porcelain, your dentist will also select the shade that most closely matches the color of the neighboring teeth. During this first office visit your dentist will make a temporary crown to cover and protect the prepared tooth while the crown is being made. Temporary crowns usually are made of acrylic and are held in place using a temporary cement.


Question: How are stainless steel dental crowns used?

Answer: Stainless steel crowns are prefabricated crowns that are used on permanent teeth primarily as a temporary measure. The crown protects the tooth or filling while a permanent crown is made from another material. For children, a stainless steel crown is commonly used to fit over a primary tooth that's been prepared to fit it. The crown covers the entire tooth and protects it from further decay. When the primary tooth comes out to make room for the permanent tooth, the crown comes out naturally with it. In general, stainless steel crowns are used for children's teeth because they don't require multiple dental visits to put in place and so are more cost- effective than custom-made crowns and prophylactic dental care needed to protect a tooth without a crown.


Question: How can you get a loose dental crown?

Answer: Sometimes the cement washes out from under the crown. Not only does this allow the crown to become loose, it allows bacteria to leak in and cause decay to the tooth that remains. If a crown feels loose, contact your dentist's office.


Question: How are porcelain-fused-to-metal dental crowns used?

Answer: Porcelain-fused-to-metal dental crowns can be color matched to your adjacent teeth (unlike the metallic crowns). However, more wearing to the opposing teeth occurs with this crown type compared with metal or resin crowns. The crown's porcelain portion can also chip or break off. Next to all-ceramic crowns, porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns look most like normal teeth. However, sometimes the metal underlying the crown's porcelain can show through as a dark line, especially at the gum line and even more so if your gums recede. These crowns can be a good choice for front or back teeth as well as long bridges where the metal is needed for strength.


Question: How much do dental crowns cost?

Answer: Costs of crowns vary depending on what part of the country you live in and on the type of crown selected (porcelain versus gold, for example). Generally, crowns can range in cost from $800 to $1700 or more per crown. A portion of the cost of a crown is generally covered by insurance. To be certain, check with your dental insurance company.


Question: How should I care for my temporary dental crown?

Answer: Because temporary dental crowns are just that -- a temporary fix until a permanent crown is ready -- most dentists suggest that a few precautions. These include: Avoid sticky, chewy foods (for example, chewing gum, caramel), which have the potential of grabbing and pulling off the crown. Minimize use of the side of your mouth with the temporary crown. Shift the bulk of your chewing to the other side of the mouth. Avoid chewing hard foods (such as raw vegetables), which could dislodge or break the crown. Slide rather than lift out dental floss when cleaning between your teeth to avoid pulling off the temporary crown.


Question: What happens before making a dental crown?

Answer: Before the process of making a crown begins, your dentist will anesthetize (numb) the tooth and the gum tissue around the tooth. Next, the tooth receiving the crown is reshaped along the chewing surface and sides to make room for the crown. The amount removed depends on the type of crown used. If, on the other hand, a large area of the tooth is missing (due to decay or damage), your dentist will use filling material to "build up" the tooth to support the crown.


Question: What happens during the first visit for a dental crown?

Answer: First visit: Examining and preparing the tooth At the first visit in preparation for a crown, your dentist may take a few X-rays to check the roots of the tooth receiving the crown and surrounding bone. If the tooth has extensive decay or if there is a risk of infection or injury to the tooth's pulp, a root canal treatment may first be performed.


Question: How can you get an allergic reaction from a dental crown?

Answer: Because the metals used to make crowns are usually a mixture of metals, an allergic reaction to the metals or porcelain used in crowns can occur, but this is extremely rare.


Question: How does a dentist prepare a tooth for a dental crown?

Answer: Preparing a tooth for a crown usually requires two visits to the dentist -- the first step involves examining and preparing the tooth, the second visit involves placement of the permanent crown. First visit: Examining and preparing the tooth At the first visit in preparation for a crown, your dentist may take a few X-rays to check the roots of the tooth receiving the crown and surrounding bone.


Question: How are all-resin dental crowns used?

Answer: However, they wear down over time and are more prone to fractures than porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. All-ceramic or all-porcelain dental crowns provide better natural color match than any other crown type and may be more suitable for people with metal allergies.


Question: How can your dental crown fall off?

Answer: If the chip is small, a composite resin can be used to repair the chip with the crown remaining in your mouth. Sometimes crowns fall off. If your crown comes off, clean the crown and the front of the tooth. You can replace the crown temporarily using dental adhesive or temporary tooth cement that is sold in stores for this purpose. Contact your dentist's office immediately. He or she will give you specific instructions on how to care for the tooth and crown for the day or so until you can be seen for an evaluation. Your dentist may be able to re-cement the crown in place; if not, a new crown will need to be made.


Question: What are dental crowns?

Answer: A dental crown is a tooth-shaped "cap" that is placed over a tooth -- to cover the tooth to restore its shape and size, strength, and improve its appearance. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The crowns, when cemented into place, fully encase the entire visible portion of a tooth that lies at and above the gum line.


Question: Does a crowned tooth require special care?

Answer: Protect the teeth of a child at high risk for tooth decay, especially when a child has difficulty keeping up with daily oral hygiene. Not only does this allow the crown to become loose, it allows bacteria to leak in and cause decay to the tooth that remains.


Question: How much calcium should I get per day?

Answer: For calcium: Children ages 1-3 should get 700 milligrams of calcium a day. Children ages 4-8 should get 1,000 milligrams per day. Children over age 9 and teenagers should get 1,300 milligrams of calcium a day. Women over age 51 and men over age 71 should get 1,200 milligrams per day. All other adults should get 1,000 milligrams per day.


Question: What foods are a good source of calcium and vitamin D to prevent osteoporosis?

Answer: Milk, yogurt, cheese, and other dairy products have high levels of calcium, and also other key nutrients for bone health, such as phosphorus and protein. When you read food labels, look for foods and drinks that give you 10% or more of the Daily Value for calcium.


Question: How much vitamin D should I get per day?

Answer: For vitamin D: 600 international units ( IU) of vitamin D per day from age 1 through age 70 800 IU daily after age 70.


Question: Where can I get calcium and vitamin D to protect me from osteoporosis?

Answer: It's best to get these nutrients from food, rather than supplements. Milk, yogurt, cheese, and other dairy products have high levels of calcium, and also other key nutrients for bone health, such as phosphorus and protein. When you read food labels, look for foods and drinks that give you 10% or more of the Daily Value for calcium. If you can't get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet, talk to your doctor about whether you need supplements.


Question: What are most important nutrients for people with osteoporosis?

Answer: Vitamin D helps your body to absorb calcium. How much should you get? You should take calcium carbonate supplements with meals, to help your body absorb the most calcium.


Question: What calcium supplements may help prevent osteoporosis?

Answer: If you can't get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet, talk to your doctor about whether you need supplements. Calcium supplements come in several types, including: Calcium citrate Calcium carbonate As far as your bones are concerned, it doesn't matter which type you take. If you take calcium citrate instead, you don't need to take them when you eat.


Question: Does it help you sleep better as you get older if you keep a regular bedtime?

Answer: Stick to a regular bedtime. Go to sleep and get up at the same time each day, even on weekends. Your body will get used to the routine.


Question: How can relaxation help me sleep better as I get older?

Answer: Take time to calm down before you turn out the lights. Turn off your electronic devices and TV an hour before bed. You can read a book, listen to music -- whatever helps you unwind.


Question: How can I get better sleep in retirement?

Answer: You might have a lot more downtime and be less active during the day. That can throw off your sleep-wake schedule. So try to keep your body and mind moving: You could volunteer, hit the gym, learn a new skill, spend time with friends and family -- the point is, stay active.


Question: When should I get out of bed if I can't fall asleep?

Answer: Get back in bed only when you feel tired enough. Train yourself to think of the bed as a place for sleeping only. Avoid afternoon naps. If you sleep during the day, you're more likely to stay awake at night.


Question: How can drinking less fluids at night help me sleep better as I get older?

Answer: Drink less fluids at night.


Question: How can taking a warm bath help me sleep better as I get older?

Answer: When you get out of the tub, the drop in body temperature may help you feel tired. It can also help you relax and slow down, so you're more ready to go to bed.


Question: How can your doctor help you sleep better as I get older?

Answer: He can see if you might have a condition that's causing you to stay awake.


Question: Do afternoon naps help as you get older?

Answer: If you sleep during the day, you're more likely to stay awake at night.


Question: Does alcohol affect sleep?

Answer: Don't drink alcohol close to bedtime. Even small amounts can make it harder to stay asleep. It can make you wake up in the middle of the night when the effects of the booze have worn off.


Question: Do medications affect sleep as you get older?

Answer: If you sleep during the day, you're more likely to stay awake at night. Medications. Make sure your doctor knows about all the medications you take. She may suggest you adjust when to take it or how much you take. She may even be able to change your medication to something that won't affect your slumber.


Question: What should you do if you think you are infected by chlamydia?

Answer: If you think you are infected, avoid sexual contact and see a doctor. If you test positive, your partner should also get treatment. Get retested after three months, even if both you and your partner appear infection free. Most doctors recommend that all people who have more than one sexual partner, especially women, be tested for chlamydia regularly even in the absence of symptoms. It is also recommended that all sexually active women under age 25 be tested yearly as well.


Question: How can I prevent chlamydia?

Answer: To reduce the risk of getting infected with chlamydia, use a condom each time you have sex. Limit the number of sexual partners, or consider practicing abstinence.


Question: What is mastitis?

Answer: Mastitis is an infection of the tissue of the breast that occurs most frequently during the time of breastfeeding. It can occur when bacteria, often from the baby's mouth, enter a milk duct through a crack in the nipple. Breast infections most commonly occur one to three months after the delivery of a baby, but they can occur in women who have not recently delivered and in women after menopause. Other causes of infection include chronic mastitis and a rare form of cancer called inflammatory carcinoma.


Question: What are symptoms of a breast infection?

Answer: Breast infections may cause pain, redness, and warmth of the breast along with the following symptoms: Tenderness and swelling Body aches Fatigue Breast engorgement Fever and chills Abscess: A breast abscess can be a complication of mastitis. Noncancerous masses such as abscesses are more often tender and frequently feel mobile beneath the skin. The edge of the mass is usually regular and well defined. Indications that this more serious infection has occurred include the following: Tender lump in the breast that does not get smaller after breastfeeding a newborn ( If the abscess is deep in the breast, you may not be able to feel it.) Pus draining from the nipple Persistent fever and no improvement of symptoms within 48-72 hours of treatment Call your health care provider as soon as you feel any suspicious lump, whether you are breastfeeding or not.


Question: When should you go to the ER for a breast infection?

Answer: You may need to be evaluated in a hospital's emergency department if the breast pain is associated with other signs of an infection (such as a fever, swelling, or redness to the breast) and if your health care provider cannot see you promptly. The below symptoms require emergency treatment: A persistent high fever greater than 101.5 ° F Nausea or vomiting that is preventing you from taking the antibiotics as prescribed Pus draining from the breast Red streaks extending toward your arm or chest Dizziness, fainting, or confusion The diagnosis of mastitis and a breast abscess can usually be made based on a physical exam.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's communication habits?

Answer: One-month-old babies pretty much have one mode of communication -- crying. Your baby will cry for up to three hours a day (don't panic, the crying will decrease as time passes). Crying is baby's way of saying, '' I'm hungry - feed me!'' '' I have a wet diaper,'' or, '' I'm really tired.'' Eventually, you'll start to translate these cries, and discover the best ways to soothe him (for example by rocking or swaddling your baby). Some babies who cry too much may have colic or a medical problem, so call your doctor if you just can't console your newborn.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's motor skills development?

Answer: You'll notice that your baby was born with several innate reflexes, including sucking. Soon after birth, he will be able to (with a little help from you) latch on to a breast or nipple to feed. If you put your finger inside baby's palm, you'll notice that he'll close his fist around it (and many a proud father has bragged about the strength of his newborn's grip). Babies who are startled will quickly flare both arms and legs out and then pull them in. This is called the Moro reflex. Even at 1 month old, your baby has the instinct for walking. If you put a newborn's feet on a solid surface while supporting their body, they'll appear to take a few steps. Although 1-month-olds may be able to turn their head while lying on their stomach, they don't yet have the neck strength to support their head while upright. Make sure to put a hand under your baby's head whenever you lift him.


Question: What are some tips for your baby's first month?

Answer: Babies love to be touched. Give your 1-month-old lots of skin-to-skin contact, for example by holding and rocking, or giving him a gentle massage. It will make your newborn feel comforted and loved. Move baby's legs in a bicycling motion for a couple of minutes at a time. This easy exercise will help tone the muscles to prepare for crawling and walking -- which your baby will start doing before you know it!


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's sleeping habits?

Answer: In fact, newborns sleep 15 to 16 hours a day. Those hours may be erratic, because baby hasn't yet adjusted to the normal day and night cycle. You can help your baby adjust by limiting activities to daytime, and keeping things quiet, dark, and boring at night. Eventually he will get the hint that day is for play and night is for sleep. Also, your 1-month-old's sleep cycles are much different than yours. Unlike adults, newborn babies spend more time in REM sleep than in deeper non- REM sleep. That means they may wake up fairly easily during those first few weeks.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's development of the senses?

Answer: Newborns are very nearsighted. Your baby can see objects and people most clearly when they are just 8 to 12 inches away. That means he can see your face while he is nursing, and in fact, will prefer looking at you than at a stuffed animal, because infants are naturally drawn to human faces. They also prefer high-contrast objects because they're easier to see (although you needn't outfit your entire nursery in black-and-white; bright colors are good, too). You may notice that your 1-month-old's eyes cross when trying to focus. That is normal, because a newborn's eye control hasn't fully developed. However, if they remain crossed at three or four months, call your pediatrician, because it could be a sign of strabismus (crossed eyes). Although a newborn's hearing isn't yet fully developed, babies can recognize sounds -- especially their parents' voices, which they got used to hearing in the womb. They especially like high-pitched sounds; so don't get too annoyed when your mother-in-law uses that squeaky baby voice every time she talks to your newborn. If baby doesn't seem to be responding at all to sound, be sure to mention this to your pediatrician at your well visits. Many states screen all babies' hearing at birth, but be sure to mention hearing concerns to your pediatrician even if the birth test was OK. Like many older children (and adults), babies prefer sweet tastes. Their taste buds aren't yet mature enough to distinguish bitter and sour. They have a well-developed sense of smell, and can already pick out the scent of their mother's nipple, and breast milk, within the first few days of life.


Question: What should you expect in your 1-month-old's growth development?

Answer: Don't be alarmed if your baby loses some weight during the first few days of life. Babies are born with extra body fluid and typically lose up to 10% of their birth weight before they stabilize and start gaining. By their two-week birthday, babies should be back up to their birth weight, and during the first month they'll gain weight quickly -- putting on between a half-ounce and an ounce a day. Your doctor will check baby's weight gain against a growth chart during your well-baby visits, to make sure he is growing at the right rate.


Question: When should you call 911 about hives?

Answer: If you have hives along with fever, nausea, stomach cramps, shortness of breath, and a drop in blood pressure after a bee sting, insect bite, or drug injection, that can be a sign of a life-threatening allergy.


Question: How can you treat hives?

Answer: Your doctor may call them urticaria. They can last a few minutes or several days before they go away. If your doctor has prescribed an epinephrine auto-injector for you, make sure you have two with you at all times.


Question: What is the best way to prevent colds?

Answer: It's all due to the way colds spread.


Question: How are colds passed?

Answer: The main way colds get passed around is when someone who's sick coughs or sneezes. Little droplets with germs land on places like doorknobs, telephones, and computer keyboards. Or the sick person coughs or sneezes into their hands and then touches those objects. Then you come along, happy and healthy, and touch that spot. Next, without even realizing it, you might touch your nose and mouth. Voila! In an instant you're infected.


Question: How should I wash my hands for cold prevention?

Answer: Here's the drill: First, wet your hands with water. Then add soap. Rub them together vigorously for 20 seconds. Make sure to rub the wrists, between the fingers, and under the fingernails. When you have time, use a nailbrush, as germs often hide under nails. Rinse your hands thoroughly and dry with a clean paper towel or air dryer. If you are in a public restroom, shut the faucet off with a paper towel. Try to push the door open with your shoulder, or use another paper towel to turn the knob.


Question: Does hand sanitizer prevent colds?

Answer: It should be at least 60% alcohol. Rub the entire surface of your hands, fingers, and wrist with the sanitizer until dry. You can use this throughout the day if you're not near a bathroom. Follow up with a thorough hand scrub when you're near a sink to prevent buildup of the sanitizer.


Question: Why does hand washing prevent colds?

Answer: Some viruses -- tiny living things that cause colds -- can live on surfaces for hours. Regular hand washing is your best strategy to keep them from getting inside your body. And of course, if you're the one who's sick, washing up will keep you from spreading your germs. There's some evidence behind this. A program called Operation Stop Cough was started at a military recruit training command center in Illinois. As part of the program, recruits were told to wash their hands at least five times a day. After 2 years, the hand-washing team reported 45% fewer cases of respiratory illness, compared with sickness rates among recruits during the year before the program started.


Question: How much do I need to wash my hands to prevent colds?

Answer: For example, do it before and after you eat, after using the bathroom, after school, and after handling any raw meat, unwashed vegetables, or garbage. Also wash your hands after coughing, sneezing, blowing your nose, or touching your pet. If you're babysitting, wash before and after changing a baby's diapers and before and after feedings. You can use this throughout the day if you're not near a bathroom.


Question: What causes angina?

Answer: Angina is usually due to heart disease. A fatty substance called plaque builds up in your arteries, blocking blood flow to the heart muscle. This forces your heart to work with less oxygen. That causes pain.


Question: What is angioplasty and stenting for angina?

Answer: This could be: Angioplasty /stenting: The doctor threads a tiny tube, with a balloon inside, through a blood vessel and up to your heart. Then, he inflates the balloon inside the narrowed artery to widen it and restore blood flow. A small tube called a stent may be left inside the artery to help keep it open. The stent is usually permanent and made of metal. It can also be made of a material that the body absorbs over time. Some stents have medicine that helps keep the artery from getting blocked again. The procedure usually takes less than 2 hours. You'll probably stay overnight at the hospital.


Question: What do medicines for angina do?

Answer: Your doctor might prescribe medicines to: Widen blood vessels, letting more blood flow to the heart Slow the heart down so it doesn't have to work as hard Relax blood vessels to let more blood flow to the heart Prevent blood clots If meds aren't enough, you may need to have blocked arteries opened with a medical procedure or surgery.


Question: What is Prinzmetal's angina?

Answer: It usually lasts a few minutes, and it goes away when you rest. It might happen at night while you're sleeping or resting. The heart arteries suddenly tighten or narrow. It can cause a lot of pain, and you should get it treated.


Question: What is unstable angina?

Answer: You can have this while you're at rest or not very active. The pain can be strong and long-lasting, and come back again and again. It can be a signal that you're about to have a heart attack, so see a doctor right away. Unstable angina may not, and it could get worse.


Question: How can I learn to relax when I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A number of methods can calm things down. Exercises include breathing, muscle and mind relaxation, and relaxation to music. Whichever you try, first make sure you have a: Quiet location that's free of distractions Comfortable body position (sit or recline on a chair or sofa) Good state of mind (try to block out worries and distracting thoughts) Then try one of these techniques: Two-minute relaxation.


Question: What are some ways someone can reduce stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control. Also try to follow these tips: Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive. Learn relaxation techniques. Exercise regularly. Eat well-balanced meals. Get enough sleep and rest. Don't rely on alcohol or drugs to end stress.


Question: How does deep-breathing relaxation help manage stress?

Answer: Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breathe into that spot and fill your belly with air. Let the air fill you from the belly up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. With every long, slow breath out, you should feel more relaxed.


Question: How does mind relaxation help manage stress?

Answer: As you breathe out, silently say to yourself the word "one," a short word such as "peaceful," or a short phrase such as " I feel quiet." Continue for 10 minutes. If your mind wanders, gently remind yourself to think about your breathing and your chosen word or phrase. Let your breathing become slow and steady.


Question: What are the emotional signals of oncoming stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What are the physical warning signs of oncoming stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What can I do to reduce stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control. Also try to follow these tips: Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive. Learn relaxation techniques. Exercise regularly. Eat well-balanced meals. Get enough sleep and rest. Don't rely on alcohol or drugs to end stress.


Question: How is two minute relaxation used to manage stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Switch your thoughts to yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, then breathe out slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice areas that feel tense or cramped and then loosen them up.


Question: How can I manage my emotions if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There are many ways to keep those feelings under control, including relaxation methods and exercise. To help manage your emotions, it helps to learn the warning signs that you are under too much stress. Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: How can someone let go of as much tension as they can to help manage stress?

Answer: Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. ( Stop if you feel pain.) Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and then breathe out slowly.


Question: What can happen if someone has a long-term illness like multiple sclerosis?

Answer: There are many ways to keep those feelings under control, including relaxation methods and exercise. To help manage your emotions, it helps to learn the warning signs that you are under too much stress. Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: How can I let go of as much tension as possible from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Rotate your head in a smooth, circular motion once or twice. ( Stop if you feel pain.) Roll your shoulders forward and backward several times. Let all your muscles completely relax. Recall a pleasant thought for a few seconds. Take another deep breath and then breathe out slowly.


Question: How can someone learn to relax to help manage stress?

Answer: A number of methods can calm things down. Exercises include breathing, muscle and mind relaxation, and relaxation to music. Whichever you try, first make sure you have a: Quiet location that's free of distractions Comfortable body position (sit or recline on a chair or sofa) Good state of mind (try to block out worries and distracting thoughts) Then try one of these techniques: Two-minute relaxation.


Question: How can I use mind relaxation to help treat stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: As you breathe out, silently say to yourself the word "one," a short word such as "peaceful," or a short phrase such as " I feel quiet." Continue for 10 minutes. If your mind wanders, gently remind yourself to think about your breathing and your chosen word or phrase. Let your breathing become slow and steady.


Question: What are the behavioral warning signs of stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What are some emotional signs of stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What is two-minute relaxation for stress management?

Answer: Switch your thoughts to yourself and your breathing. Take a few deep breaths, then breathe out slowly. Mentally scan your body. Notice areas that feel tense or cramped and then loosen them up.


Question: How can I use deep breathing relaxation to help treat stress from multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Imagine a spot just below your navel. Breathe into that spot and fill your belly with air. Let the air fill you from the belly up, then let it out, like deflating a balloon. With every long, slow breath out, you should feel more relaxed.


Question: What are some behavioral warning signs of stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What are some physical warning signs of stress?

Answer: Your body sends out physical, emotional, and behavioral warning signs of stress: Some of the emotional signals you may notice are that you: Get angry Find it hard to concentrate Feel worried Become sad Have frequent mood swings Physical warning signs include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Fatigue Weight gain or loss You'll know you're starting to show behavioral warning signs when you: Overreact Act on impulse Use alcohol or drugs Withdraw from your relationships Part of your strategy to cut stress is to keep a positive attitude and accept that there are some events that you can't control.


Question: What are symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Answer: If symptoms are present, they may include one or more of the following: Bumps, sores, or warts near the mouth, anus, penis, or vagina Swelling or redness near the penis or vagina Skin rash Painful urination Weight loss, loose stools, or night sweats Aches, pains, fever, and chills Yellowing of the skin (jaundice) Discharge from the penis or vagina (vaginal discharge may have an odor.)


Question: How can your personal history affect your risk for colorectal cancer?

Answer: If you've already had colorectal cancer, you could get it again, especially if you had it for the first time before age 60. Also, people who have chronic inflammatory conditions of the colon, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, are more likely to develop colorectal cancer than other people.


Question: What should you do if you think you may be at risk for colorectal cancer?

Answer: If you have one or more of these risk factors, it doesn't mean that you will develop colorectal cancer. But you should talk about your risk factors with your doctor. She may be able to suggest ways to lower your chances and tell you when you need to get checked.


Question: Why do some people get colorectal cancer?

Answer: Personal history. Doctors don't know why that is.


Question: Is bee pollen safe for pregnant women?

Answer: A woman should also avoid using bee pollen if she is breastfeeding. Bee pollen may cause increased bleeding if taken with certain blood thinners like warfarin. Check with your doctor before taking bee pollen if you take any medications, over-the-counter medicines, or herbals.


Question: Can bee pollen trigger allergic reactions?

Answer: Bee pollen appears to be safe for most people, at least when taken for a short term. But if you have pollen allergies, you may get more than you bargained for. Bee pollen can cause a serious allergic reaction -- including shortness of breath, hives, swelling, and anaphylaxis.


Question: How common is ragweed allergy?

Answer: Everywhere in the U. S. has ragweed. It's most common in the East and Midwest, but it's in every state. Because it's so light, the wind carries ragweed pollen far. Researchers have found ragweed pollen 2 miles up in the atmosphere and 400 miles out at sea.


Question: What are over-the-counter medications can treat ragweed allergy?

Answer: You may get help from: Testing to make sure that you really have a ragweed allergy Over-the-counter or prescription medications For most people with frequent symptoms, nasal steroids are the best treatment. If your symptoms are more mild, an oral antihistamine may be enough. Both are available over-the-counter. Early treatment. If your doctor says it's OK, start taking medications 2 weeks before ragweed season starts. That way you can stop the allergic reaction before it starts. Allergy shots, which can -- over the course of months or years -- get your body to develop a tolerance to ragweed so it no longer triggers an allergic reaction. Oral tablets placed under the tongue contain the same type of extracts used in allergy shots.


Question: What foods can trigger ragweed allergy?

Answer: Eating foods that contain similar proteins to ragweed pollen proteins can worsen symptoms. Possible triggers are: Bananas Melons Honey Sunflower seeds Chamomile tea Don't dry laundry outside.


Question: How can you lower your risk for ragweed allergy?

Answer: Avoiding ragweed may be impossible. But there are ways to limit your exposure -- and lower your risk of symptoms. During ragweed season you should: Track pollen counts. Check them in the newspaper or on the web. Stay inside when they're high. Avoid peak ragweed hours. Limit your time outside between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. Counts are lower in the early morning and late afternoon. Keep windows closed. At home and in the car, don't open the windows. Using central air conditioning with a HEPA filter will keep you cool and help filter out pollen. Change your clothes and wash your hands after you've been outside. Ragweed can stick to skin or clothing.


Question: What are symptoms of ragweed allergy?

Answer: It's the most common trigger for hay fever. About 1 out of 5 people get a reaction to it. During ragweed season, one plant can release a billion grains of it into the air.


Question: How can you tell if you're allergic to ragweed?

Answer: About 1 out of 5 people get a reaction to it. Its season usually starts in early August and ends in mid- October. Some researchers think climate change may be extending that season. It's most common in the East and Midwest, but it's in every state. Counts are lower in the early morning and late afternoon.


Question: How does pioglitazone (Actos) work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug a âmeglitinide.â Side effects of meglitinides include: Low blood sugar Stomach upset Pioglitazone ( Actos) How it works: Helps insulin work better in muscle and fat. It lowers the amount of sugar the liver releases and makes fat cells more sensitive to insulin's effects. It may take a few weeks for these drugs to lower blood sugar. Your doctor should talk with you about heart risks with this type of drug, which he may call âthiazolidinediones.â Side effects from this type of drug are rare but may include: Higher than normal levels of liver enzymes Liver failure Respiratory infection Headache Fluid retention Repaglinide ( Prandin) How it works: Makes the pancreas release more insulin, but only if your blood sugar levels are too high.


Question: How does empagliflozin (Jardiance) work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug a â SGLT2 inhibitor.â Empagliflozin ( Jardiance) How it works: Boosts how much glucose leaves your body in urine, and blocks your kidney from reabsorbing glucose. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â SGLT2 inhibitor.â Glimepiride ( Amaryl) How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: How does canagliflozin (Invokana) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Canagliflozin ( Invokana) How it works: Boosts how much glucose leaves your body in urine, and blocks your kidney from reabsorbing glucose. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â SGLT2 inhibitor.â Side effects can include: Vaginal yeast infections Urinary tract infections Dizziness, fainting Ketoacidosis or ketosis Increased risk of bone fracture Decreased bone mineral density Chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: How does nateglinide (Starlix) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Nateglinide ( Starlix) How it works: Makes the pancreas release more insulin, but only if your blood sugar levels are too high. Your doctor may call this type of drug a âmeglitinide.â Side effects of meglitinides include: Low blood sugar Stomach upset Pioglitazone ( Actos) How it works: Helps insulin work better in muscle and fat.


Question: What are the side effects of glimepiride (Amaryl)?

Answer: Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: What are the side effects of canagliflozin (Inovkana)?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug a â SGLT2 inhibitor.â Side effects can include: Vaginal yeast infections Urinary tract infections Dizziness, fainting Ketoacidosis or ketosis Increased risk of bone fracture Decreased bone mineral density Chlorpropamide ( Diabinese) How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: How does tolazamide work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How do you take inhaled insulin (Afrezza) to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â Side effects of sulfonylureas include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Inhaled Insulin ( Afrezza) How you take it: You put a cartridge, which contains a dose of this powdered, rapid-acting insulin, into an inhaler, and you use it before meals or soon after you start to eat.


Question: How does chlorpropamide (Diabinese) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: Besides injections, how else can you take medicines for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: But there are others that you take as a pill or that you inhale. Your doctor will consider exactly what you need, which may include more than one type of diabetes medicine. The goal is to get your best blood sugar control, and the oral drugs do that in several ways.


Question: How does bromocriptine mesylate (Cycloset, Parlodel) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Bromocriptine mesylate ( Cycloset, Parlodel) How it works: This tablet raises the level of dopamine, a brain chemical. It's approved help improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes, along with diet and exercise. It's not used to treat type 1 diabetes.


Question: How does inhaled insulin (Afrezza) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: How it works: The insulin quickly moves from lung cells into the bloodstream. It doesn't replace long-acting insulin (which you can't inhale). You should not use it if you have a long-term lung disease, such as asthma or COPD, or if you smoke. It's not recommended for treating diabetic ketoacidosis.


Question: How does rosiglitazone (Avandia) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug a âmeglitinide.â Side effects of this type of drug include: Low blood sugar Stomach upset Rosiglitazone ( Avandia) How it works: Helps insulin work better in muscle and fat. It lowers the amount of sugar the liver releases and makes fat cells more sensitive to insulin's effects. It may take a few weeks for this kind of drug to lower blood sugar. Your doctor should talk with you about heart risks with this type of drug, which he may call âthiazolidinediones.â Side effects for thiazolidinediones are rare but may include: Higher than normal levels of liver enzymes Liver failure Respiratory infection Headache Fluid retention Saxagliptin ( Onglyza) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars.


Question: How does acarbose (Precose) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Acarbose ( Precose) How it works: Blocks enzymes that help digest starches, slowing the rise in blood sugar. It belongs to a group of drugs called âalpha-glucosidase inhibitors.â Side effects for these kinds of drugs include stomach upset (gas, diarrhea, nausea, cramps).


Question: How does glimepiride (Amaryl) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â Side effects of sulfonylureas include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Glyburide ( Dia Beta, Glynase Pres Tab) How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin.


Question: How does glimepiride (Amaryl) work?

Answer: Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does tolbutamide work?

Answer: Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas. Tolazamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Side effects of this kind of drug include: Low blood sugar Upset stomach Skin rash or itching Weight gain Tolbutamide How it works: Lowers blood sugar by prompting the pancreas to release more insulin. Your doctor may call this type of drug âsulfonylureas.â This drug is not used as often as newer sulfonylureas.


Question: How does repaglinide (Prandin) work to treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Nateglinide ( Starlix) How it works: Makes the pancreas release more insulin, but only if your blood sugar levels are too high. Your doctor may call this type of drug a âmeglitinide.â Side effects of this type of drug include: Low blood sugar Stomach upset Rosiglitazone ( Avandia) How it works: Helps insulin work better in muscle and fat.


Question: How does alogliptin (Nesina) work?

Answer: Alogliptin ( Nesina) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.


Question: How does linagliptin (Tradjenta) work?

Answer: Linagliptin ( Tradjenta) How it works: Boosts insulin levels when blood sugars are too high, and tells the liver to cut back on making sugars. Your doctor may call this type of drug a â DPP- IV inhibitor.â These drugs do not cause weight gain. You may take them alone or with another drug, like metformin.