Question: How do you get swollen joints from rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: RA is an inflammatory arthritis that can happen at any age -- even in young children. RA causes painful, stiff, and swollen joints. Usually, RA affects hands, feet, and knees, but it can also affect most joints and other parts of the body. RA symptoms can interfere with daily activities.


Question: How are swollen joints (joint effusion) caused by acute gout treated?

Answer: Acute gout can be treated with a medicine called colchicine. This prescription drug eases swollen joints, pain, and inflammation caused by the crystal deposits in the joint. NSAIDs may also help decrease pain and swelling. Sometimes, stronger painkillers are needed.


Question: How do you get swollen joints from osteoarthritis (OA)?

Answer: OA is the "wear-and-tear" arthritis that usually happens with aging or after injury. With OA, there's a wearing down of the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones. OA may cause joint swelling in those joints that bear weight over a lifetime, such as knees, hips, feet, and spine. Except for the pain in the affected swollen joint, you usually do not feel sick or tired.


Question: What medications are used to treat swollen joints?

Answer: Symptoms of swollen joints include: Deep, aching pain May feel warm to touch Stiffness Inability to move them normally Not all swollen joints are treated the same way. Treatment for swollen joints depends on the problem or diagnosis. For instance, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) are used in treating swollen joints with OA. NSAIDs may also be used to treat swollen joints from an injury. Along with NSAIDs, applications of moist heat or ice can help ease swollen joints and pain. Steroid medications taken orally for a short period of time may be effective in reducing painful, swollen joints. Steroids block the production of inflammatory chemicals in the body.


Question: How do you get swollen joints from joint injuries?

Answer: Joint injuries can result in painful, swollen joints, and stiffness. Sometimes, joint pain can be caused by injured or torn muscles, tendons, and ligaments surrounding the joint, bursitis, tendonitis, dislocations, strains, sprains, and fractures.


Question: What are symptoms of cystitis?

Answer: Here are some things you might notice: It burns, stings, or hurts when you pee. The urge to pee is constant. You feel sick (achy and tired, with a low fever). You need to pee often, but only small amounts come out. There's pain or pressure in your lower belly. Your pee is dark, cloudy, or has a strong smell. In young children, wetting themselves during the day -- if they normally don't -- can also be a sign. Bed-wetting at night isn't usually related to cystitis.


Question: How is cystitis diagnosed?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have: Blood in your urine Signs and symptoms that last more than several hours Symptoms that come back after your finish taking antibiotics Get help right away if you have these signs of a kidney infection: High fever Pain in your side or back Shaking and chills Throwing up Upset stomach Your doctor will do a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. You may then get: Urine analysis to check for bacteria, blood, or pus in your pee Urine culture to find out which type bacteria you have Often, the cause is a bladder infection and that's all the testing you need.


Question: How can you prevent cystitis?

Answer: There's no sure way to prevent cystitis, but some doctors suggest that you: Avoid bubble bath, soaps, and powders that have perfumes in them. And don't use deodorants or sprays on your vagina. Don't hold it in. Pee when you feel the urge. Drink plenty of liquids. Pee after having sex. Wipe your bottom front to back after you go to the bathroom.


Question: How is cystitis caused by bacteria treated?

Answer: Your doctor will likely give you antibiotics. You usually start to feel better in a day or so, but be sure take all the medicine as directed. How long you need to take them depends on your overall health, how often you get infections, and the type of bacteria. If you're a women past menopause, your doctor may also suggest a vaginal cream that has estrogen in it.


Question: Who is more likely to get more advanced tests to find the cause of cystitis?

Answer: You may then get: Urine analysis to check for bacteria, blood, or pus in your pee Urine culture to find out which type bacteria you have Often, the cause is a bladder infection and that's all the testing you need. But if you belong to one of these groups, you may get more advanced tests to find the cause of cystitis: Children Men ( Since they tend not to get cystitis, it could be a sign of something else.) People who have kidney damage Women who get three or more bladder infections in a year Your doctor may use: Cystoscopy .


Question: How can you find out what you're allergic to?

Answer: Your doctor can check to see what you're reacting to, but finding the exact cause may be hard. Skin tests can only show what you're sensitive to. They can't tell what touched your skin in a specific spot on a specific day. Doctors often use the TRUE test. It's a pre-packaged set of three panels that your doctor will stick to your back. Each is smaller than a dollar bill and has 12 patches with samples of possible allergens. You wear them for 2 days. Then the doctor takes them off to see if you've had any reactions. You might need to come back a few more times, since some reactions could show up as many as 10 days later. You might be allergic to something that isn't in the standard TRUE test. To figure that out, your doctor may do more patch testing. He'll choose substances you might contact in your work, home, or hobbies. If you have a mild reaction in any patch test, you might need to follow up with a ROAT test. It works a lot like the TRUE test, but you do it yourself. Put the suspected allergen, say, sunscreen, on your skin during the day in the same spot over several days. This can help confirm or rule out your sensitivity. The dimethylglyoxime test looks for metal objects that have enough nickel to cause a reaction. Your doctor can test things in the office, or you can buy a kit to test jewelry and other items yourself.


Question: What causes skin allergies?

Answer: The most common causes of skin allergies include: Nickel, a metal used in jewelry and snaps on jeans, makeup, lotions, soaps, and shampoos Sunscreens and bug sprays Medications you put on your skin, like antibiotics or anti-itch creams Fragrances Cleaning products Plants, including poison ivy Latex, which is used in stretchy things like plastic gloves, elastic in clothing, condoms, and balloons Chemicals You're more likely to have certain skin allergies if you a have skin condition like eczema (your doctor may call it atopic dermatitis), inflammation in your lower legs because of poor circulation, itching in your private parts, or you often get swimmer's ear.


Question: How is contact dermatitis treated?

Answer: The best method is prevention. Find out what causes your rash and avoid it. You may need to wear gloves to protect your skin. When you do have a reaction, try to ease the symptoms and prevent an infection. Don't scratch, even though that's a hard urge to resist. Over-the-counter products and home remedies can help relieve the itching and stop the swelling. Try these: Hydrocortisone cream Ointments like calamine lotion Antihistamines Cold compresses Oatmeal baths Talk to your doctor about what's best for your specific rash. For example, corticosteroids are good for poison ivy, oak, and sumac. He can prescribe stronger medicines if needed, too.


Question: What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Answer: In this inherited liver disease an important liver protein known as alpha-1 antitrypsin is either lacking or exists in lower than normal levels in the blood. People with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are able to produce this protein; however, the disease prevents it from entering the bloodstream and it instead accumulates in the liver.


Question: When should I get medical for a neck strain?

Answer: See a doctor or go to a hospital emergency room if: An accident caused neck strain. Neck pain radiates down arms and/or legs. Headaches, numbness, tingling, or weakness occur with the pain.


Question: What are treatments for priapism?

Answer: You may also need to see a urologist for more screening tests, including: Blood tests An imaging test called a color Doppler ultrasound, which shows how blood is flowing in your penis An X-ray called an arteriogram that detects a dye your doctor injects into an artery The goal of any treatment for the condition is to make the erection go away and prevent ED. Options include: Ice packs: They may bring down swelling for high-flow priapism. Removing the blood: After your doctor numbs your penis, he’ll use a needle to drain blood from the area to ease pressure and swelling. Medicines: For low-flow priapism, your doctor can inject drugs called alpha-agonists into your penis. They make the blood vessels narrow, bringing less blood the area and easing swelling. You might be able to take pills instead of getting an injection. Blocking the artery: A doctor will block the blood vesselthat’s causing the problem, a procedure called an arterial embolization. Doctors sometimes use it for high-flow priapism. Tying off the artery: When a ruptured artery causes priapism, a doctor will do an operation to tie it off, called surgical ligation. This is also for high-flow priapism. Surgical shunt: It’s passageway that a surgeon creates in the penis to allow the blood to drain.


Question: What causes priapism?

Answer: The pills or shots that treat ED may also cause priapism. Other causes include: An injury to the spinal cord or genital area Black widow spider bites and scorpion stings Carbon monoxide poisoning Using street drugs like marijuana and cocaine It’s rare, but priapism can happen because of cancers that affect the penis and prevent blood from flowing out of the area.


Question: How do you diagnose priapism?

Answer: If you think you might have priapism, you need to get medical care right away. Tell your doctor: How long you’ve had the erection How long your erections usually last Any drugs, legal or illegal, that you’ve used If the problem happened after an injury Your doctor will review your medical history and do a thorough physical exam to figure out what’s causing your problem. He’ll check your rectum and belly for any signs of cancer. You may also need to see a urologist for more screening tests, including: Blood tests An imaging test called a color Doppler ultrasound, which shows how blood is flowing in your penis An X-ray called an arteriogram that detects a dye your doctor injects into an artery The goal of any treatment for the condition is to make the erection go away and prevent ED.


Question: What causes ocular migraines?

Answer: It tends to: Affect one side of your head Feel moderately or very painful Throb or pulsate Feel worse when you move around Other symptoms include: Nausea Vomiting Being sensitive to light or sound Experts aren't sure what causes ocular migraine. Some feel that the problem is linked to: Spasms in blood vessels in the retina, the lining in the back of the eye Changes that spread across the nerve cells in the retina It's rare, but people who have these types of migraine may have a higher risk of permanent vision loss in one eye.


Question: How do you know if your headache is a sign of an ocular migraine?

Answer: A headache that lasts from 4 to 72 hours. It tends to: Affect one side of your head Feel moderately or very painful Throb or pulsate Feel worse when you move around Other symptoms include: Nausea Vomiting Being sensitive to light or sound Experts aren't sure what causes ocular migraine.


Question: What medications can you use to treat ocular migraines?

Answer: There's been little research on the best way to treat or prevent ocular migraine. Your doctor may recommend one or more drugs: Drugs that treat epilepsy, such as sodium ( Depakote, Depakene) or ( Topamax) Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline ( Elavil) or nortriptyline ( Pamelor) Blood pressure medicines called beta-blockers


Question: What can happen if you have ocular migraines?

Answer: Some feel that the problem is linked to: Spasms in blood vessels in the retina, the lining in the back of the eye Changes that spread across the nerve cells in the retina It's rare, but people who have these types of migraine may have a higher risk of permanent vision loss in one eye. Experts don't know if medications that prevent migraines -- such as tricyclic antidepressants or anti-seizure medications -- can help prevent that vision loss. But if you have ocular migraine, even if they go away on their own, it's a good idea to talk to your doctor about your symptoms.


Question: What extended headache symptoms are warning signs of an ocular migraine?

Answer: It tends to: Affect one side of your head Feel moderately or very painful Throb or pulsate Feel worse when you move around Other symptoms include: Nausea Vomiting Being sensitive to light or sound Experts aren't sure what causes ocular migraine.


Question: What is the treatment for ocular migraines?

Answer: Other blood vessel problems related to autoimmune diseases Drug abuse Conditions that keep your blood from clotting normally, like sickle cell disease and polycythemia Ocular migraine symptoms usually go away on their own within 30 minutes, so most people don't need treatment for them. It's best to stop what you're doing and rest your eyes until your vision goes back to normal. If you have a headache, take a pain reliever that your doctor recommends.


Question: What medications treat ocular migraines?

Answer: There's been little research on the best way to treat or prevent ocular migraine. Your doctor may recommend one or more drugs: Drugs that treat epilepsy, such as sodium ( Depakote, Depakene) or ( Topamax) Tricyclic antidepressants, such as amitriptyline ( Elavil) or nortriptyline ( Pamelor) Blood pressure medicines called beta-blockers


Question: How do you know if you have ocular migraines?

Answer: See your doctor to find out if you have ocular migraine. He can rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms. Be ready to describe what you went through as completely as you can to help him figure out what's really going on.


Question: Are there warning signs of an ocular migraine?

Answer: Warning signs that it's coming on are: Vision problems that affect just one eye.


Question: Can you get ADHD as an adult?

Answer: Many people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) don't know they have it until they're adults. It was there all along, but they never got tested for it. Others have known they had it since childhood. But the symptoms -- and the stress it adds to life -- can change with age. For example, you might be less hyperactive as an adult. But there's a good chance you still have symptoms that affect your quality of life. Adults can have problems with paying attention, controlling impulses, and staying organized. And that can affect your work, relationships, and self-esteem.


Question: Who shouldn't take stimulants to treat ADHD?

Answer: Common side effects include: Anorexia or loss of appetite Anxiety or panic Dry mouth Headache Jitteriness Moodiness Slight increase in blood pressure and pulse Trouble sleeping Stimulants are effective, but they're not for everyone. For some, the side effects can be too much. And you want to avoid stimulants if you have certain conditions, such as: Bipolar disorder Anxiety Heartbeat that's faster than normal or whose rhythm is off High blood pressure Psychosis Severe anorexia Substance abuse problems Tourette's syndrome Non-stimulants.


Question: Does talk therapy help treat adult ADHD?

Answer: The right medicine, along with a good therapist, is a powerful combo. Talk therapy can help you and your family members learn more about how ADHD works and how to better deal with the problems it can create.


Question: How can an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) coach help treat adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Answer: You can learn practical skills, including how to make plans, set goals, manage time, and stay organized. A coach can share suggestions and tips and keep you focused and motivated to make the changes you want. Studies show that coaching can help you reach goals, manage stress, and achieve more in your life.


Question: Can I use adult allergy medicine for a child?

Answer: Can I use adult allergy medicine for my child? No. Only give medication to your child that is clearly labeled for his or her age group. There are a few over-the-counter and prescription medications that are OK for children as young as 6 months old. You'll need to know the child's age and weight to calculate the correct dose to give. Your pediatrician or pharmacist can help you figure out which medications and how much, if any, are best for your child.


Question: What should I know about allergy shots?

Answer: Allergy Shots This is also called allergy immunotherapy and is only available from your doctor. The shots can help your body get used to your allergens. It can't cure your allergies, but your symptoms can get better for a long time, and you may have fewer allergic reactions. Allergy shots have to be taken every few days to weeks for several months. They are a good option for people with hay fever or pet allergies when other medications haven't worked. Side effects include redness, swelling, or irritation around the site of the injection.


Question: Whoâs most likely to have allergies?

Answer: Allergies affect men and women of all ages, and you can develop an allergy at any time. You may even find yourself suddenly allergic to something that never bothered you before. Experts aren't sure why some people have allergies and others don't, but there seems to be a family connection. People with a family history of allergies are more likely to develop them. So if you have allergies, your children will most likely have them, too.


Question: What causes food allergies, and what are reactions like?

Answer: Food allergies. Eight foods cause 90% of food allergies: Milk, soy, eggs, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. Reactions tend to happen more in young children than adults. Fortunately, some children will outgrow them. Symptoms usually appear within a few minutes to 2 hours of eating the food and can be mild, like a rash, itching, or swelling, or life-threatening, like trouble breathing and swelling of the throat or tongue. Life-threatening reactions should be treated immediately with an epinephrine auto-injector. Then call 911.


Question: How is dengue fever transmitted?

Answer: In 2014, an outbreak of dengue fever was identified in Hawaii with other outbreaks in 2013 in Brownsville, Texas and Key West, Fla. Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of an Aedes mosquito infected with a dengue virus. The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a person with dengue virus in their blood. It can't be spread directly from one person to another person.


Question: What serious problems can develop from dengue fever?

Answer: These include dengue hemorrhagic fever, a rare complication characterized by high fever, damage to lymph and blood vessels, bleeding from the nose and gums, enlargement of the liver, and failure of the circulatory system. The symptoms may progress to massive bleeding, shock, and death. This is called dengue shock syndrome ( DSS).


Question: How common is dengue fever?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } An estimated 400 million dengue infections occur worldwide each year, with about 96 million resulting in illness. Most cases occur in tropical areas of the world, with the greatest risk occurring in: The Indian subcontinent Southeast Asia Southern China Taiwan The Pacific Islands The Caribbean (except Cuba and the Cayman Islands) Mexico Africa Central and South America (except Chile, Paraguay, and Argentina) Most cases in the United States occur in people who contracted the infection while traveling abroad.


Question: What are the symptoms of dengue fever?

Answer: Symptoms, which usually begin four to six days after infection and last for up to 10 days, may include Sudden, high fever Severe headaches Pain behind the eyes Severe joint and muscle pain Fatigue Nausea Vomiting Skin rash, which appears two to five days after the onset of fever Mild bleeding (such a nose bleed, bleeding gums, or easy bruising) Sometimes, symptoms are mild and can be mistaken for those of the flu or another viral infection.


Question: How can you reduce the mosquito population to prevent dengue fever?

Answer: To reduce the mosquito population, get rid of places where mosquitoes can breed. These include old tires, cans, or flower pots that collect rain. Regularly change the water in outdoor bird baths and pets' water dishes.


Question: What can you do to protect yourself from someone with dengue fever?

Answer: If someone in your home gets dengue fever, be especially vigilant about efforts to protect yourself and other family members from mosquitoes. Mosquitoes that bite the infected family member could spread the infection to others in your home.


Question: What is dengue fever?

Answer: These viruses are related to the viruses that cause West Nile infection and yellow fever.


Question: What is the treatment for dengue fever?

Answer: There is no specific medicine to treat dengue infection. If you think you may have dengue fever, you should use pain relievers with acetaminophen and avoid medicines with aspirin, which could worsen bleeding. You should also rest, drink plenty of fluids, and see your doctor. If you start to feel worse in the first 24 hours after your fever goes down, you should get to a hospital immediately to be checked for complications.


Question: What can you do to protect yourself from dengue fever?

Answer: When indoors, use air conditioning if available. Make sure window and door screens are secure and free of holes. If sleeping areas are not screened or air conditioned, use mosquito nets. If you have symptoms of dengue, speak to your doctor.


Question: Who is at greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever?

Answer: People with weakened immune systems as well as those with a second or subsequent dengue infection are believed to be at greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever.


Question: Is there a vaccine to prevent dengue fever?

Answer: The best way to prevent the disease is to prevent bites by infected mosquitoes, particularly if you are living in or traveling to a tropical area. This involves protecting yourself and making efforts to keep the mosquito population down. In 2019, the FDA approved a vaccine called Dengvaxia to help prevent the disease from occurring in adolescents aged 9 to 16 who have already been infected by dengue. But, there currently is no vaccine to prevent the general population from contracting it.


Question: What are some personality traits that someone with narcissistic personality disorder has?

Answer: Someone with narcissistic personality disorder might also: Think about himself most of the time and talk about himself a lot Crave attention and admiration Exaggerate his talents and achievements Believe he's special Set unrealistic goals Have wide, fast mood swings Have a hard time taking others' feelings seriously Strive to win, whatever it takes Fantasize about unlimited success, money, and power Someone like this may appear to have high self-esteem, but the opposite is probably true. There's a deep sense of insecurity underneath that grand exterior. He wants others to be envious, but often he's the jealous one. He's competitive and threatened by others' achievements. His relationships are often stormy and short-lived. He leaves a trail of hurt feelings in his wake. He's easily hurt, but either chooses to not show it or overreacts in rage. He can't stand criticism. He makes excuses and refuses to take responsibility for his flaws and failures. He sees himself as a natural leader who can easily sway others. He doesn't listen and often interrupts. It's a one-way street -- all take, no give.


Question: What are treatments for narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer: There is no cure, but therapy can help. The goal is to build up the person's poor self-esteem and have more realistic expectations of others. There aren't drugs to treat this mental disorder, but depression and anxiety sometimes go hand in hand with narcissism, and there are helpful drugs for those conditions. If the narcissist abuses alcohol or drugs, which is common, it's important to get treatment for the addictions, too. With children, experts suggest that parents who give too much praise cut back, while those who don't pay enough attention step up. Narcissists can learn how to relate to others in more positive ways, but it depends on how open they are to critical feedback and how willing they are to change.


Question: What might you see in someone with narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer: The word comes from a Greek myth in which a handsome young man named Narcissus sees his own reflection in a pool of water and falls in love with it. Sound like someone you know? Are people often upset with him? Is it hard for him to keep relationships? Does he tend put himself first and think he knows the only ârightâ way? Someone with narcissistic personality disorder might also: Think about himself most of the time and talk about himself a lot Crave attention and admiration Exaggerate his talents and achievements Believe he's special Set unrealistic goals Have wide, fast mood swings Have a hard time taking others' feelings seriously Strive to win, whatever it takes Fantasize about unlimited success, money, and power Someone like this may appear to have high self-esteem, but the opposite is probably true.


Question: What are the causes of narcissistic personality disorder?

Answer: The exact cause is not known, but there are several theories. Many think it's a mix of things, from how the person handles stress to how he was raised. Parents who put their children on a pedestal and shower them with endless praise can plant a seed of narcissism, a recent study found. There's a line between being nurturing and supportive and inflating an ego. Then again, the opposite is true, too. Children who are ignored or abused tend to be self-centered almost as a survival instinct. They feel they need to look out for themselves because no one else will.


Question: What is the concrete operational stage in Piaget's stages of development?

Answer: At this time, elementary-age and preadolescent children -- ages 7 to 11 -- demonstrate logical, concrete reasoning. Children's thinking becomes less egocentric and they are increasingly aware of external events. They begin to realize that one's own thoughts and feelings are unique and may not be shared by others or may not even be part of reality. During this stage, however, most children still can't think abstractly or hypothetically.


Question: What is the formal operational stage in Piaget's stages of development?

Answer: Adolescents who reach this fourth stage of intellectual development -- usually at age 11-plus -- are able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. They can think about multiple variables in systematic ways, formulate hypotheses, and consider possibilities. They also can ponder abstract relationships and concepts such as justice. Although Piaget believed in lifelong intellectual development, he insisted that the formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development, and that continued intellectual development in adults depends on the accumulation of knowledge.


Question: What is the preoperational stage in Piaget's stages of development?

Answer: During this stage (toddler through age 7), young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes more mature. They also develop memory and imagination, which allows them to understand the difference between past and future, and engage in make-believe. But their thinking is based on intuition and still not completely logical. They cannot yet grasp more complex concepts such as cause and effect, time, and comparison.


Question: What are some symptoms of brief psychotic disorder?

Answer: The most obvious ones include: Hallucinations: Someone might hear voices, see things that aren't there, or feel sensations on their skin even though nothing is touching their body. Delusions: These are false beliefs that someone refuses to give up, even in the face of facts. Other symptoms are: Disorganized thinking Speech or language that doesn't make sense Unusual behavior and dress Problems with memory Disorientation or confusion Changes in eating or sleeping habits, energy level, or weight Not being able to make decisions Experts don't know what causes brief psychotic disorder.


Question: What are the causes of brief psychotic disorder?

Answer: Other symptoms are: Disorganized thinking Speech or language that doesn't make sense Unusual behavior and dress Problems with memory Disorientation or confusion Changes in eating or sleeping habits, energy level, or weight Not being able to make decisions Experts don't know what causes brief psychotic disorder. It is possible there is a genetic link since the condition is more common in people who have a family history of psychotic or mood disorders, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Another theory suggests that poor coping skills could trigger the disorder as a defense against or escape from a very frightening or stressful situation. In most cases, the disorder is triggered by a major stress or traumatic event. For some women, childbirth can be a trigger.


Question: What can help get someone's life back on track who has brief psychotic order?

Answer: No, but early diagnosis and treatment can help get the person's life, family, and other relationships back on track as quickly as possible.


Question: What are the three basic forms of brief psychotic disorder?

Answer: This is what doctors call psychotic symptoms that come on suddenly but last only for a short time -- less than 1 month. After that, people usually recover completely. There are three basic forms of brief psychotic disorders: Brief psychotic disorder with obvious stressor (also called brief reactive psychosis): This type happens shortly after a trauma or major stress, such as the death of a loved one, an accident, assault, or a natural disaster. It's usually a reaction to a very disturbing event. Brief psychotic disorder without obvious stressor: With this type, there is no apparent trauma or stress that triggers it. Brief psychotic disorder with postpartum onset: This type only happens in women, usually within 4 weeks of having a baby.


Question: What are some newer medications that can help treat brief psychotic disorder?

Answer: These include: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Loxapine ( Loxitane) Perphenazine ( Trilafon) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Thiothixene ( Navane) Newer medications, which doctors call âatypical antipsychoticâ drugs, include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) lozapine ( Clozaril) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Olanzapine ( Zyprexa) Paliperidone ( Invega) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Ziprasidone ( Geodon) If someone with this condition is very anxious or has problems with sleep, their doctor may prescribe tranquilizers such as diazepam ( Valium) and lorazepam ( Ativan).


Question: How do doctors diagnose brief psychotic disorder?

Answer: Someone with brief psychotic disorder will probably get medication to treat psychotic symptoms and possibly also psychotherapy (a type of counseling). They may need to be hospitalized for a time if their symptoms are severe or if they might harm themselves or someone else.


Question: Which drugs are used to treat nausea from migraine headaches?

Answer: Almotriptan ( Axert) Eletriptan ( Relpax) Frovatriptan ( Frova) Naratriptan ( Amerge) Rizatriptan ( Maxalt) Sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Onzetra, Sumavel, Zembrace) Zolmitriptan ( Zomig) The following drugs are also used for treatment: Acetaminophen -isometheptene-dichloralphenazone ( Midrin) Dihydroergotamine ( D. H. E. 45 Injection, Migranal Nasal Spray) Ergotamine tartrate ( Cafergot) Over- the-counter medications such as Advil Migraine (containing ibuprofen), Excedrin Migraine (containing aspirin, acetaminophen,caffeine), and Motrin Migraine Pain (containing ibuprofen) The following drugs are sometimes used for nausea related to migraine headaches, in addition to migraine treatment: Chlorpromazine Droperidol Metoclopramide ( Reglan) Prochlorperazine ( Compro,) Some drugs are used for headache pain, but are not specific for migraines.


Question: How can drugs help with treating migraine headache?

Answer: The goal is to lessen the frequency and severity of the migraine attacks.


Question: How can Spring TMS help prevent migraine headaches?

Answer: Spring TM may be another option. You hold it at the back of your head at the first sign of a headache, and it gives off a magnetic pulse that stimulates part of the brain.


Question: Which medications can prevent migraine headaches?

Answer: Preventive treatment medications include the following: Medications used to treat high blood pressure: beta-blockers (propranolol, timolol, metoprolol)calcium channel blockers (verapamil) Antidepressants: amitriptyline, nortriptyline ( Aventyl, Pamelor) Antiseizure medications: gabapentin ( Neurontin), topiramate ( Topamax), valproic acid ( Depakote) CGRP inhibitors used to block the calcitonin gene-related peptide: Erenumab ( Aimovi), fremanezumab ( Ajovy) Botox Some nontraditional supplement treatments for migraine prevention includecertified PA-free butterbur, coenzyme Q10, and feverfew.


Question: Where can I get folic acid to keep my hair healthy?

Answer: You can get folic acid with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits and tomatoes. Whole-grain and fortified-grain products, beans, and lentils also have it.


Question: Does your diet affect your hair?

Answer: If you're not getting certain nutrients from food, you might see the effects in your hair.


Question: Which foods has vitamin B6 that can help keep my hair healthy?

Answer: Foods with B6 include bananas, potatoes (both white and sweet), and spinach.


Question: How can foods that are rich in omega-3 keep my hair healthy?

Answer: You should eat some of these foods, which are rich in omega-3, every day: Salmon, tuna, mackerel, and other fatty fish Flaxseed oil Walnuts and almonds Vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid are also important to your hair.


Question: How can I protect someone while they're having a seizure?

Answer: Loosen clothing around the person's neck. Roll the person on his or her side to keep the airway open. Don't put anything into the person's mouth. Move sharp objects, such as glassware or furniture, away from the person. Ask bystanders to give the person room. Do not restrain or hold down the person.


Question: How can you help prevent someone from choking during a seizure?

Answer: Loosen clothing around the person's neck. Roll the person on his or her side to keep the airway open. Don't put anything into the person's mouth.


Question: When should I flush out my eye?

Answer: Try it if: A speck in your eye won't come out There's more than one speck in your eye Chemicals get into your eye (in this case, use water only, and keep flushing for 15 to 20 minutes) Fill a container or eye cup (you can get eye cups at the drugstore).


Question: If I have an object stuck in my eye, how should I prepare the solution to flush out my eye?

Answer: Try it if: A speck in your eye won't come out There's more than one speck in your eye Chemicals get into your eye (in this case, use water only, and keep flushing for 15 to 20 minutes) Fill a container or eye cup (you can get eye cups at the drugstore). Dunk your eye in it, then open and close your eye a few times.


Question: When should I flush out an object from my eye?

Answer: Sometimes, you'll need the help of clean water or saline. Try it if: A speck in your eye won't come out There's more than one speck in your eye Chemicals get into your eye (in this case, use water only, and keep flushing for 15 to 20 minutes) Fill a container or eye cup (you can get eye cups at the drugstore).


Question: What shouldn't I do if there's something in my eye?

Answer: Before you get started, there are a few things to keep in mind: Don't rub your eye. It can cause a scratch on the surface of your eye called a corneal abrasion. Don't use cotton swabs or sharp things like tweezers to touch your eyeball. Always wash your hands before you try to get something out of your eye. If you wear contact lenses, take them out to make sure they won't get scratched or torn.


Question: Will the doctor put anything in my eye?

Answer: He may put different kinds of drops in your eyes, like: Medication to make your eye numb Dye so he can see any scratches on your eyeball Meds to widen your pupils Your doctor might try to get the object out of your eye by flushing it out, or he may use needles or other instruments. If the object has pierced your eyeball and is stuck inside your eye, you might have a special X-ray or ultrasound taken to see exactly where it is. Your doctor might give you antibiotic ointment to put in your eye to prevent infection.


Question: What should I do if something is stuck in my upper eyelid?

Answer: If the thing in your eye is a small speck like dirt, sand, a bit of makeup, or a fiber, there are a few things you can do to try and get it out: If the speck is stuck in your upper eyelid, pull your upper eyelid down over your lower eyelid and let go. When your upper eyelid slides back, the speck might come out.


Question: What is pericarditis?

Answer: This condition is rare and means the lining surrounding your heart is inflamed. An infection often causes this.


Question: What is congenital heart disease?

Answer: This is a problem in one or more parts of the heart or blood vessels. It happens before birth. About 8 out of every 1,000 children get it. They may have symptoms at birth, but some people with it don't have symptoms until childhood or even adulthood. In most cases, we don't know why it happens. Genes may play a role, or it can happen if a baby is exposed to viral infections, alcohol, or drugs before it's born.


Question: What are abnormal heart rhythms?

Answer: It beats in a steady, even rhythm, about 60 to 100 times each minute. That's about 100,000 times each day. Sometimes your heart gets out of rhythm. Your doctor calls an irregular or abnormal heartbeat an arrhythmia. An arrhythmia (also called a dysrhythmia) can bring on an uneven heartbeat or a heartbeat that is either too slow or too fast.


Question: What is coronary artery disease?

Answer: You may hear this called CAD. It's when plaque builds up and hardens that give your heart vital oxygen and nutrients. That hardening is also called atherosclerosis.


Question: What are cardiovascular diseases?

Answer: Cardiovascular diseases are conditions that affect the structures or function of your heart, such as: Abnormal heart rhythms, or arrhythmias Aorta disease and Marfan syndrome Congenital heart disease Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the arteries) Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism Heart attack Heart failure Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) Heart valve disease Pericardial disease Peripheral vascular disease Rheumatic heart disease Stroke Vascular disease (blood vessel disease) Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U. S. It's important to learn about your heart to help prevent it. If you have it, you can live a healthier, more active life by learning about your disease and taking care of yourself.


Question: How can magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help in the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis?

Answer: MRI: Using magnetic fields and radio waves, this shows detailed images of your bile ducts.


Question: How can a CT scan help in the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis?

Answer: CT scan: This special type of X-ray can also check for problems in and around your liver.


Question: How can ultrasound help in the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?

Answer: The tests may include: Ultrasound: This test uses high-frequency sound waves to check your liver and bile ducts for damage.


Question: How common is asthma?

Answer: Asthma is a serious -- even dangerous -- disease that affects about 25 million Americans and causes nearly 2 million emergency room visits every year. With proper treatment, you can live well.


Question: Are asthma attack symptoms the same for everyone?

Answer: Common symptoms include: Coughing, especially at night Wheezing Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Chest tightness, pain, or pressure Not every person with asthma has the same symptoms of an asthma attack. You may not have all of them, or you may have different ones at different times. They may be subtle, like having less energy. They may also vary from mild to severe between one asthma attack and the next.


Question: What is status asthmaticus or severe asthma attacks?

Answer: These prolonged asthma attacks don't respond to treatment with bronchodilators and are a medical emergency. They need immediate treatment.


Question: What are common triggers for asthma?

Answer: Common asthma triggers include: Infections like sinusitis, colds, and flu Allergens such as pollens, mold, pet dander, and dust mites Irritants like strong odors from perfumes or cleaning solutions Air pollution Tobacco smoke Exercise Cold air or changes to the weather, such as changes in temperature or humidity Strong emotions such as anxiety, laughter, crying, or stress Medications such as aspirin An asthma attack is a sudden worsening of symptoms.


Question: How can I adjust my to-do list to make time for a healthy habit?

Answer: When you create your to-do list, pretend you have only about 80% of the time you think you do to get it all done. That can keep you from overloading yourself. Set clear priorities at the start of each day, so you know what you need to finish by the end of it. Write down everything that âshouldâ get done. Then edit it down to only the top few, and make sure they include your health goals.


Question: What is the best nutrition for your kittens and puppies?

Answer: Kittens and puppies typically drink their mother’s milk until they are 7 to 8 weeks old. You can introduce small amounts of kitten or puppy food around 3 or 4 weeks. Be sure to give your young pets specially formulated food, because as they grow, cats and dogs need extra nutrients and calories. When they are 1 year old, you can begin to give your cat or dog adult food. Really big dogs, like Great Danes and mastiffs, may continue to grow until they’re 18 months old, so they should eat puppy food for longer.


Question: What is the best nutrition for your senior pets?

Answer: Your cat or dog may have different nutritional needs as they get older. In general, pets can be considered “senior” when they are around 7 years old. Large dogs age more quickly and may enter their senior years when they are 6 years old. You’ll want to take your senior pet to the vet for a thorough checkup more often. While you’re there, ask for advice about food. Your cat or dog might be among the many pets in the U. S. that need to lose weight. However, in older animals, weight loss can also be a problem. Food for senior pets can be easier to digest, have different ingredients and nutrients, and help with weight control.


Question: What is the best nutrition for your adult cats and dogs?

Answer: Cats are meat eaters and need diets that are high in animal protein. Your cat should not become a vegetarian, because she needs amino acids like taurine, arginine, methionine, and tyrosine that come from an animal source. The food you choose for your cat should also have fat, which provides energy and vitamins A, D, and E. Your dog must have water, protein, fat, carbs, and some vitamins and minerals to be healthy. The amount of food he needs will depend on his size and how active he is. Ask your vet to help you figure out how much to give and what kind of food would be best. Animals that are pregnant or have recently given birth will need a high-calorie food. Cats often lose weight as they nurse their kittens, so they need to gain as much as 50% of their pre-pregnancy weight before they give birth.


Question: What are symptoms of brittle bone disease?

Answer: They break very easily. Your child may have a bone break during a diaper change, or even when being burped. Someone with the condition may have only a few broken bones in a lifetime, or may have hundreds of them. Sometimes, babies are born with fractures or get them while growing in their mother's womb. Other times, symptoms don't appear until the teen years or later.


Question: What are treatments for brittle bone disease?

Answer: That treatment may include: Splints and casts for broken bones Braces for weak legs, ankles, knees, and wrists Physical therapy to strengthen the body and improve movement Medicine to make the bones stronger Surgery to implant rods in the arms or legs Special dental work, such as crowns, for brittle teeth Other things that could be helpful: Try to maintain a healthy weight.


Question: What can help relieve symptoms of brittle bone disease?

Answer: Too much weight adds stress to the bones. Talk to the doctor or physical therapist about a safe exercise routine. Eat a diet rich in vitamin D and calcium. But high doses of these supplements are not recommended. Avoid alcohol, or drink it only occasionally. Cut back on caffeine. Discuss the use of any steroid medications with your doctor. These drugs reduce bone density. Do not smoke.


Question: What are symptoms of mild brittle bone disease?

Answer: They include: Broken bones (fractures) Bleeding and easy bruising (frequent nosebleeds or heavy bleeding after an injury) Blue color in the white part of the eyes Bowing of the legs Breathing problems Brittle, discolored teeth Curved spine, called scoliosis Feeling very tired Skin that is easily hurt Hearing loss that starts in early adulthood Can't stand warm temperatures Loose joints Short height Weak muscles and tissues Doctors group brittle bone disease into types, based on symptoms and number of fractures. The most common types of brittle bone disease are: Mild Few signs of the condition Little to no bone deformity Number of broken bones from a few to many Height not usually affected May have premature hearing loss Broken bones decrease after puberty Average life expectancy Moderate to severe Increased number and frequency of broken bones Babies can be born with many broken bones, an unstable neck, or soft skull Problems with long bones slowly get worse Short height Abnormally shaped spine and rib cage May have a dozen to several hundred broken bones in a lifetime May not be able to move and may need a motorized wheelchair Severe breathing problems can lead to early death Lethal Babies usually die in the womb or soon after birth Severe fractures and breathing problems cause death soon after birth If your baby is born with broken bones, the doctor can diagnose the condition with a physical exam.


Question: How is brittle bone disease diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will examine your child and ask questions about your family and medical history. Blood and urine tests will rule out other health conditions that can cause weak bones, such as rickets. Genetic testing can confirm brittle bone disease. Genetic tests can also tell if you or your family members carry the gene.


Question: Can brittle bone disease be cured?

Answer: There is no cure for brittle bone disease, but treatment can relieve symptoms, prevent breakage of bones, and maximize movement. Severe forms of the disease can affect the shape of the rib cage and spine, which can lead to life-threatening breathing problems. Some people may need to be on oxygen. But in many other cases, people with this condition live a healthy, productive life with monitoring on a regular basis and the right treatment.


Question: Which foods can cause food allergies in children?

Answer: There are eight foods that cause over 90% of food allergies in children -- cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, wheat, soy, fish, shellfish, and tree nuts (such as walnuts, pecans, and almonds). In adults, 90% of food allergies are caused by peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish.


Question: How can a food allergy be treated?

Answer: The best way to cope with a food allergy is to strictly avoid the foods that cause a reaction. Mild reactions often will subside without treatment. For rashes, antihistamines may help reduce itching and may also relieve congestion and other symptoms. For more serious reactions, corticosteroids, such as prednisone, will help to reduce swelling. In life-threatening situations, an epinephrine injection can immediately begin to reverse symptoms and is the only effective treatment option.


Question: Are there any specific tips that can help adapt my lifestyle for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Other Tips Always keep emergency numbers where you can get to them easily. Pre-set them on your phone. Use telephones with oversized buttons. Remove throw rugs to avoid slipping or tripping. Make your home as comfortable and cozy as possible. Use soothing colors to decorate, and buy scented candles or potpourri in fragrances that relax you. Keep photos and music around that lift your spirits. Make sure the temperature is right for you.


Question: What can I do to clean in a way that is better adapted for treating multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Cleaning Use long handles on sponge mops, cleaning brushes, dustpans, brooms, or window washers. Sit to fold laundry, wash dishes, iron clothes, use the vacuum, mop the floor, or plug in appliances at low outlets. Adapt counters so that you can reach them from a wheelchair or from a sitting position.


Question: Are there small tweaks I can make to my home to help treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some examples include: Built-up utensils Grab bars Reacher devices Electric beds or mattresses Sliding boards Wheelchairs There are many small tweaks you can make in your usual routine, including dressing, using the bathroom, cleaning, and working in the kitchen. Not all of these recommendations for habits and gear may be right for you.


Question: How can I change my shopping habits to better adapt to multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Ask to reserve a wheelchair or tri-wheel cart if you aren't planning to bring your own. Call a taxi, or ask a friend or family member to drive you.


Question: What is included in the diverticulitis diet?

Answer: If you're experiencing severe symptoms from diverticulitis, your doctor may recommend a liquid diverticulitis diet as part of your treatment, which can include: Water Fruit juices Broth Ice pops Gradually you can ease back into a regular diet. Your doctor may advise you to start with low-fiber foods (white bread, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products) before introducing high-fiber foods.


Question: Where can you get fiber to help with diverticulitis?

Answer: Here are a few fiber-rich foods to include in meals: Whole-grain breads, pastas, and cereals Beans (kidney beans and black beans, for example) Fresh fruits (apples, pears, prunes) Vegetables (squash, potatoes, peas, spinach) If you're having difficulty structuring a diet on your own, consult your doctor or a dietitian.


Question: How is diverticulitis treated?

Answer: This may be why people in Asia and Africa, where the diet tends to be higher in fiber, have a very low incidence of the condition.


Question: How do people develop diverticulitis?

Answer: When the pouches become inflamed or infected, it leads to a sometimes very painful condition called diverticulitis. In addition to having abdominal pain, people with diverticulitis may experience nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever, constipation, or diarrhea.


Question: What should you do if you're having trouble structuring a diet for diverticulitis?

Answer: Here are a few fiber-rich foods to include in meals: Whole-grain breads, pastas, and cereals Beans (kidney beans and black beans, for example) Fresh fruits (apples, pears, prunes) Vegetables (squash, potatoes, peas, spinach) If you're having difficulty structuring a diet on your own, consult your doctor or a dietitian. They can set up a meal plan that works for you. Your doctor may also recommend a fiber supplement, such as psyllium ( Metamucil) or methylcellulose ( Citrucel) one to three times a day. Drinking enough water and other fluids throughout the day will also help prevent constipation.


Question: How does fiber help with diverticulitis?

Answer: Many studies show that eating fiber-rich foods can help control diverticular symptoms. Women younger than 51 should aim for 25 grams of fiber daily. Men younger than 51 should aim for 38 grams of fiber daily. Women 51 and older should get 21 grams daily. Men 51 and older should get 30 grams daily.


Question: What does diverticulosis cause?

Answer: Diverticulosis usually causes no or few symptoms; leaving many people unaware that they even have diverticula present.


Question: What are medical treatments for chemical burns?

Answer: IV fluids may be needed to normalize blood pressure and heart rate. The IV access may also be used for any medications needed to treat pain or protect against infection. Decontamination will begin (likely water irrigation). You will be given any antidote to counteract the chemical, if appropriate. Antibiotics often are not needed for minor chemical burns. Wounds will be cleaned and bandaged with medicated creams and sterile wraps as needed. Consultation with other medical specialists may be done. Pain from a burn can often be severe. Adequate pain control will be addressed by your doctor. If there is any indication of breathing problems, a breathing tube may be placed in your airway to help. If needed, a tetanus booster will be given.


Question: Where do most chemical burns occur?

Answer: Most chemical burns occur on the face, eyes, arms, and legs. Usually a chemical burn will be relatively small and will require only outpatient treatment. Chemical burns can be deceiving, however. Some agents can cause deep tissue damage not readily apparent when you first look at it.


Question: What is the first aid treatment for chemical burns?

Answer: First Aid: Remove yourself or the victim from the accident area. Remove any contaminated clothing. Wash the injured area to dilute or remove the substance, using large volumes of water. Wash for at least 20 minutes, taking care not to allow runoff to contact unaffected parts of your body. Gently brush away any solid materials, again avoiding unaffected body surfaces. Especially wash away any chemical in your or the victim's eye. Sometimes the best way to get large amounts of water to your eye is to step into the shower.


Question: When should you seek medical care for chemical burns?

Answer: Any chemical burn can be a legitimate reason to summon emergency medical help. Always err on the side of safety and call 911 if you don't know how severe the injury is or whether or not the person is medically stable. Also call 911 if you have any concerns about a chemical injury. Emergency personnel are trained to assess the extent of a chemical burn, begin treatment, and transport victims to the most appropriate hospital.


Question: What are the signs of chemical burns?

Answer: Tissue damage from chemical burns depends on several factors, including: The strength or concentration of the agent The site of contact (eye, skin, mucous membrane) Whether it's swallowed or inhaled Whether or not skin is intact How much of the agent you came into contact with Duration of exposure How the chemical works Signs and symptoms of chemical burns include the following: Redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact Pain or numbness at the site of contact Formation of blisters or black dead skin at the contact site Vision changes if the chemical gets into your eyes Cough or shortness of breath In severe cases, you may develop any of the following: Low blood pressure Faintness, weakness, dizziness Shortness of breath Severe cough Headache Muscle twitching or seizures Irregular heartbeat Cardiac arrest Chemical burns can be very unpredictable.


Question: How do chest scans help diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: An X-ray lets your doctor see the structures inside your body. It may show shadows on your lungs that suggest scar tissue. You may also need an HRCT scan (high-resolution computed tomography). It's a sharper and more detailed type of X-ray that can spot signs of IPF at an earlier stage.


Question: How does pulse oximetry help diagonse idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: Your doctor clips a small sensor to the tip of your finger or ear. It sends a painless beam of light through your skin to check the oxygen level in your arteries.


Question: How do blood tests help diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: It's used to check your oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. Your doctor takes blood from an artery on the inside of your wrist, arm, or groin. It may be slightly more painful than a regular blood test, which takes a sample from your veins. You may feel some discomfort. You'll need to sit calmly and keep pressure on the spot for a few minutes afterward to keep it from bleeding.


Question: How is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) diagnosed?

Answer: If you or your doctor think you may have the disease, make an appointment as soon as possible with a pulmonologist, a specialist in lung health. He'll ask you about your family history and past medical issues. He'll want to know about things like: Whether you've ever smoked or used drugs What kind of work you do (to see if something you breathe in at your job could irritate your lungs) Other medical problems you have Whether anyone else in your family has lung disease How long you've had symptoms, such as shortness of breath or coughing He'll also give you a physical exam, which will include listening to your breathing through a stethoscope.


Question: How do skin tests help diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: Tuberculosis causes symptoms that are like IPF, so you may need a test to rule out this disease. Your doctor uses a tiny needle to inject a substance under the top layer of skin on your arm. This will form a small bubble, like a blister. You'll need to see your doctor or lab technician 48 to 72 hours later to see if there's a reaction, which will look like a red, swollen bump.


Question: How can Kegel exercises help in dealing with urge incontinence?

Answer: Kegel exercises: Kegel exercises, also called pelvic floor exercises, help strengthen the muscles that support the bladder, uterus, and bowels. By strengthening these muscles, you can reduce or prevent problems such as leaking urine.


Question: What is sacral nerve stimulation for urge incontinence?

Answer: Electrical stimulation: Sacral nerve stimulation: An electronic device is implanted in the back through a minimally invasive procedure. The device delivers an electric signal to the sacral nerve. This signal helps to control the bladder muscles and decrease the number of abnormal contractions.


Question: What is hormone therapy for urge incontinence treatment?

Answer: Another drug treatment that may be helpful for some women is hormone therapy, which uses estrogen alone or in combination with progesterone. However, evidence of benefit for urge incontinence has been mixed. In addition, because of the possible risks of hormone therapy -- including a potential increased risk of blood clots and breast cancer -- you should discuss this therapy with your doctor.


Question: What is biofeedback for urge incontinence?

Answer: Here are some techniques that may be helpful: Biofeedback: Biofeedback is a practice that helps you learn how your body normally behaves. When you do, you will know when it is not functioning properly. In the case of urge incontinence, biofeedback can help you recognize when your bladder is overactive.


Question: How do you do Kegels?

Answer: To do Kegel exercises, pretend you are trying to stop the flow of urine (although not when you are urinating, as this may hurt the bladder muscle) or trying not to pass gas. When you do this, you are contracting the muscles of the pelvic floor. While doing these exercises, try not to move your leg, buttock, or abdominal muscles. In fact, no one should be able to tell that you are doing Kegel exercises. Kegel exercises should be done every day, five sets a day. Each time you contract the muscles of the pelvic floor, hold for a slow count of five and then relax. Repeat this 10 times for one set of Kegels.


Question: Why might your bladder have abnormal contractions if you have urge incontinence?

Answer: The bladder may experience abnormal contractions for the following reasons: The bladder may not be functioning properly because its nerves are damaged by various diseases -- for example, diabetes,stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease. The spinal cord may be damaged. The bladder maybe irritated. In many cases, the cause of urge incontinence cannot be identified.


Question: What medications can help control bladder spasms to treat urge incontinence?

Answer: Your health care provider may also recommend other medications that may help control bladder spasms. They include hyoscyamine ( Anaspaz, Cystospaz, Hyosol, Hyospaz, Levbid, Levsin) or dicyclomine ( Antispas, Bentyl, Byclomine, Di- Spaz, Dibent, Or- Tyl, Spasmoject).


Question: Who are at risk for urge incontinence?

Answer: People at greater risk for urge incontinence include: Older adults Women who have had a C-section or other pelvic surgery People who are obese Men who have had prostate surgery or prostate conditions, such as enlarged prostate or prostatitis People who have nerve damage from conditions such as diabetes, stroke, or injury People with certain cancers, including the bladder and prostate People who are suffering from urinary tract infections Being constipated may also put you at risk for urge incontinence.


Question: What are weighted cones for urge incontinence?

Answer: Weighted cones: Another technique that can strengthen the pelvis and bladder muscles is the use of weighted cones. You insert the tampon-shaped cone into the vagina and hold it there by contracting your pelvic muscles. As you do this exercise and these muscles strengthen, the weight of the cone is gradually increased. This will improve your ability to hold urine until you get to a bathroom.


Question: What is the main symptom of urge incontinence?

Answer: The main symptom of urge incontinence is thesudden urge to urinate and the involuntary loss of urine at inappropriate times. For instance, you may leak urine in public or while you are sleeping.


Question: What causes urge incontinence?

Answer: Urge incontinence is caused by abnormal bladder contractions. Normally, strong muscles called sphincters control the flow of urine from the bladder. With urge incontinence, the muscles of an "overactive" bladder contract with enough force to override the sphincter muscles of the urethra, which is the tube that takes urine out of the body.


Question: What is percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for treating urge incontinence?

Answer: Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation: An electric current is applied to the tibial nerve in the region of the patient's ankle. This nerve is thought to affect bladder contraction.


Question: What is bladder training?

Answer: With bladder training, you "stretch out" the intervals at which you go to the bathroom. You do this by waiting a little longer before you go. For instance, to start, you can plan to go to the bathroom once an hour. You follow this pattern for a period of time, and then you change the schedule so that you are going to the bathroom every 90 minutes. Then eventually, you lengthen the interval to every two hours, and so on, until you are up to three or four hours between bathroom visits.


Question: What viruses have been linked to lupus?

Answer: Viruses that have been linked to lupus include: Cytomegalovirus Epstein- Barr virus, which causes mononucleosis Herpes zoster virus, which causes shingles Medications.


Question: What drugs can cause lupus?

Answer: The drugs most likely to cause lupus are: Hydralazine ( Apresoline) for high blood pressure Isoniazid, minocycline for infections Procainamide ( Pronestyl) for heart rhythm problems Quinidine ( Quinaglute) for heart rhythm problems and malaria Toxins.


Question: How can medications trigger lupus?

Answer: Certain drugs can make your immune system overreact and cause what's called drug-induced lupus. It usually doesn't last long. Nearly 50 different drugs have been linked to lupus, including medicines to treat heart disease, thyroid disease, infections, and high blood pressure.


Question: What are environmental triggers of lupus?

Answer: Most researchers believe that just having genes that make you more likely to get lupus isn't enough. You also have to come in contact with something in the environment, such as a virus, to get the disease. These triggers may include: Sunlight.


Question: How can toxins trigger lupus?

Answer: Research shows that being around certain chemicals -- including cigarette smoke, mercury, and silica -- could be linked to lupus. But nobody has been able to prove a direct connection. If you work in an industry where you're exposed to mercury and silica, talk to your doctor. And it's always a good idea to quit smoking.


Question: What are your chances of getting lupus if it runs in your family?

Answer: Lupus also often runs in families. So if your parent, brother, or sister has lupus, you're a bit more likely (just between 5% and 13%) to get it than someone who doesn't have it in their family.


Question: What role do genetics play in the development of lupus?

Answer: Your genes are the sets of instructions that tell your body how to work. Changes to your genes can sometimes lead to disease. Scientists haven't found any single gene that causes lupus. Yet people with lupus are more likely to have changes to the genes that help their immune system recognize and respond to viruses and other germs.


Question: What home tests can screen for the human immunodeficiency virus?

Answer: If you buy one online, choose one of these FDA-approved tests: Home Access HIV-1 Test System: You prick your finger to get a blood sample and send it to a lab. If the result is positive, a follow-up test is done on the sample right away. You can call in to find out your results -- including the follow-up test -- as soon as the next business day. Ora Quick In- Home HIV Test: This is a "rapid result" test. It comes with a test stick and a test tube that has fluid in it. You swab your gums with the stick, then put it in the test tube. You get results in 20 minutes. If you test positive, you'll need follow-up testing at a clinic or doctor's office.


Question: What can you do if you test negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: If you test negative: You can protect yourself. A negative result can remind you how important it is for you or your partner to wear a condom -- especially when you consider that 1 in 8 people with the virus don't know they have HIV. If you're HIV-negative but are afraid you were just exposed to HIV, ask a doctor about post-exposure prophylaxis, or PEP. You can take HIV medicines that can help prevent infection if you start them within 72 hours.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of aerophagia?

Answer: The most common symptoms of aerophagia are: Frequent belching, sometimes several times a minute Bloated or swollen belly Belly pain These problems can last 2 years or more in some people. The symptoms are similar to other stomach illnesses, such as acid reflux, an irritation of the stomach lining, or irritable bowel syndrome.


Question: How is aerophagia treated?

Answer: If your aerophagia is due to depression or anxiety, you may need medicine or psychotherapy. If acid reflux or heartburn makes you swallow more frequently, antacids may help. Are you a smoker? Aerophagia is another reason to quit, since smoking can lead you to swallow air. Also, loose dentures can cause you to swallow more air, so if you wear them, make sure they fit well. If you use a CPAP device, check with your doctor. It may need adjustments that control its airflow or how it fits on your face.


Question: How can I get dry mouth?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } We all need saliva to moisten and cleanse our mouths and digest food. Saliva also prevents infection by controlling bacteria and fungi in the mouth. When you don't make enough saliva, your mouth gets dry and uncomfortable. Fortunately, many treatments can help against dry mouth, also called xerostomia.


Question: How can certain medications lead to dry mouth?

Answer: Dry mouth can also be a side effect of muscle relaxants and sedatives. Side effect of certain diseases and infections.


Question: How can nerve damage lead to dry mouth?

Answer: Nerve damage .


Question: What are some other causes of dry mouth?

Answer: Surgical removal of the salivary glands. Lifestyle. Smoking or chewing tobacco can affect how much saliva you make and aggravate dry mouth. Breathing with your mouth open a lot can also contribute to the problem.


Question: How is dry mouth treated?

Answer: If you think your dry mouth is caused by certain medication you're taking, talk to your doctor. The doctor may adjust the dose you're taking or switch you to a different drug that doesn't cause dry mouth. The doctor may also prescribe an oral rinse to restore mouth moisture. If that doesn't help, he or she may prescribe a medication that boosts saliva production called Salagen.


Question: How can dehydration lead to dry mouth?

Answer: Dehydration .


Question: How can certain medical treatments lead to dry mouth?

Answer: Damage to the salivary glands, the glands that make saliva, can reduce the amount of saliva produced. For example, the damage could stem from radiation to the head and neck, and chemotherapy treatments, for cancer.


Question: How can certain diseases lead to dry mouth?

Answer: Dry mouth can be a side effect of medical conditions, including SjÃ¶gren's syndrome, HIV/ AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, anemia, cystic fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and mumps.


Question: Should you ask for a blood test in order to reduce the risk of bleeding after surgery?

Answer: If you have any concerns that you may have a tendency to bleed easily or that your blood count is low, ask to have it tested before undergoing surgery, Griffin tells Web MD.


Question: Should you show your doctor ALL the medicines you take to reduce the risk of bleeding after surgery?

Answer: When you're in the doctor's office, it's easy to forget the names of your medications. So here's a simple solution: Bring every drug and supplement you use -- prescriptions, over-the-counters, vitamins, teas, homeopathic medications -- to the doctor's office or the hospital. That way, your doctor can see exactly what you're taking and at what dose.


Question: If you're getting an operation, should you tell your doctor if you've had uncontrolled bleeding after any previous surgeries?

Answer: The biggest predictor for bleeding after surgery is having bled after surgery -- even minor surgery -- in the past. So make sure your doctor knows if you've had this problem. If you have, he or she may recommend that you bank some blood before surgery as a precaution.


Question: What type of breathing problem is kussmaul breathing?

Answer: This pattern of fast, deep breaths sometimes happens in people who have a problem related to diabetes known as diabetic ketoacidosis. When you have diabetes, your body doesn't use sugar for energy the way it should. Instead, it burns stored fat for energy. That raises the level of acid in your blood. Your body tries to get things back into balance by getting rid of more carbon dioxide, so you breathe in faster and breathe out more deeply. Because it changes your body's chemistry, Kussmaul breathing can lead to fruity-smelling breath.


Question: Can I wear a mouth guard when playing sports?

Answer: Because accidents can happen during any physical activity, the advantage of using a mouth guard during sports is that it can help limit the risk of mouth-related injuries to your lips, tongue, and soft tissues of your mouth. Mouth guards also help you avoid chipped or broken teeth, nerve damage to a tooth, or even tooth loss.


Question: What should I expect before semen analysis?

Answer: Your doctor may ask you not to have sex or masturbate for 2 to 5 days before your test to make sure your sperm count will be as high as possible. However, don't avoid ejaculation for more than 2 weeks before your test. That can result in a sample with sperm that are less active. It's best not to drink alcohol before your semen analysis. You should also tell your doctor about any medications or herbal supplements you're taking. And don't use lubricants when you collect your sample because they can affect how easily your sperm can move around.


Question: What are symptoms of Graves' disease?

Answer: The symptoms of Graves' disease include: Weight loss despite increased appetite Faster heart rate, higher blood pressure, and increased nervousness Excessive perspiration Increased sensitivity to heat More frequent bowel movements Muscle weakness, trembling hands Development of a goiter (enlargement of the thyroid gland, causing a swelling at the base of the neck).


Question: When should I call my doctor about Graves' disease?

Answer: Bulging eyes Reddish, thickened, and lumpy skin in front of the shins In women, change in frequency or total cessation of menstrual periods You are feverish, agitated, or delirious, and have a rapid pulse. You could be having a thyrotoxic crisis, in which the effects of too much thyroid hormone suddenly become life-threatening.


Question: What are tips for feeding children with spinal muscular atrophy?

Answer: When muscles in the mouth and throat are weak, babies and children with SMA can have a hard time sucking and swallowing. In that situation, your child may not get good nutrition and may have trouble growing. Your doctor may suggest working with a nutritionist. Some babies may need a feeding tube.


Question: What questions will your doctor ask about spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) before a diagnosis?

Answer: SMA can sometimes be hard to diagnose because the symptoms may be similar to other conditions. To help figure out what's going on, your doctor may ask you: Has your baby missed any developmental milestones, such as holding his head up or rolling over? Does your child have trouble sitting or standing on his own? Have you seen your child have trouble breathing? When did you first notice the symptoms? Has anyone in your family had similar symptoms?


Question: What can help breathing problems in children with spinal muscular atrophy?

Answer: With SMA, especially types 1 and 2, weak muscles keep air from moving easily in and out of the lungs. If this happens to your child, he may need a special mask or mouthpiece. For severe problems, your child may use a machine that helps him breathe.


Question: What are symptoms of type 2 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)?

Answer: This affects children 6-18 months old. The symptoms range from moderate to severe and usually involve the legs more than the arms. Your child may be able to sit and walk or stand with help. Type 2 is also called chronic infantile SMA.


Question: How can I ease back issues of a child with spinal muscular atrophy?

Answer: When SMA starts in childhood, children can get a curve in their spine. A doctor may suggest that your child wear a back brace while his spine is still growing. When he's stopped growing, he may have surgery to fix the problem.


Question: What are examples of questions your doctor might ask you when screening for depression?

Answer: When you take this test, you will be asked to answer two questions: During the past month, have you been bothered by feeling down, depressed, or hopeless? During the past month, have you been bothered by little interest or pleasure in doing things?


Question: What central nervous system illnesses can lead to depression?

Answer: Many central nervous system illnesses and injuries can also lead to depression. For example, depression might be associated with any of the following conditions: Central nervous system tumors Head trauma Multiple sclerosis Stroke Syphilis Various cancers (pancreas, prostate, breast) Corticosteroid medications such as prednisone, which people take for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or asthma, are also associated with depression.


Question: How can diabetes cause secondary bedwetting?

Answer: Diabetes: People with diabetes have a high level of sugar in their blood. The body increases urine output to try to get rid of the sugar. Having to urinate frequently is a common symptom of diabetes.


Question: What role does genetics play in bedwetting?

Answer: Bedwetting does tend to run in families. Many children who wet the bed have a parent who did too. Most of these children stop bedwetting on their own at about the same age their parent did.


Question: Why does my child wet the bed?

Answer: While bedwetting can be a symptom of an underlying disease, a large majority of children who wet the bed have no underlying disease that explains their bedwetting. In fact, an underlying condition is identified in only about 1% of children who routinely wet the bed. That does not mean that the child who wets the bed can control it or is doing it on purpose. Children who wet are not lazy, willful, or disobedient. Bedwetting is most often a developmental issue.


Question: How can a urinary tract infection cause secondary bedwetting?

Answer: Common causes of secondary bedwetting include the following: Urinary tract infection: The resulting bladder irritation can cause pain or irritation with urination, a stronger urge to urinate (urgency), and frequent urination (frequency). Urinary tract infections in children may indicate another problem, such as an anatomical abnormality.


Question: How can structural or anatomical abnormalities cause secondary bedwetting?

Answer: Structural or anatomical abnormality: An abnormality in the organs, muscles, or nerves involved in urination can cause incontinence or other urinary problems that could show up as bedwetting.


Question: What are the symptoms of fainting?

Answer: Depending on the cause of your fainting spell, you may have some or all of these symptoms before or during the episode: Dizziness Weakness Sweating Blurred vision, seeing spots Headache Sensation that the room is moving Ringing in the ears (see tinnitus) Nausea, vomiting Paleness Tingling or numbness of fingertips and around lips Bluish cast to the skin Shortness of breath Incontinence (involuntary urination or defecation) You have an unexplained fainting episode.


Question: How can you ease geographic tongue symptoms?

Answer: These are examples of what your doctor or dentist may prescribe: Over-the-counter pain relievers Anti-inflammatories Mouth rinses with anesthetic Corticosteroids applied directly on the tongue Zinc supplements If you're wondering about steps you can take to hasten the relief of symptoms, try limiting these substances or avoid them altogether: Tobacco Hot, spicy, or acidic foods or dried, salty nuts Toothpaste with additives, whitening agents, or heavy flavoring (toothpaste for sensitive teeth is a better choice)


Question: What is shiatsu massage?

Answer: For shiatsu massage, the therapist uses varied, rhythmic pressure on certain precise points of the body. These points are called acupressure points, and they are believed to be important for the flow of the body's vital energy, called chi. Proponents say shiatsu massage can help relieve blockages at these acupressure points.


Question: What is reflexology massage?

Answer: These areas are believed to correspond to different parts of the body. The massage, then, is expected to promote health and well-being.


Question: What is sports massage?

Answer: Developed to help with muscle systems used for a particular sport, sports massage uses a variety of approaches to help athletes in training -- before, during, or after sports events. You might use it to promote flexibility and help prevent injuries. Or, it may help muscle strains, aiding healing after a sports injury.


Question: What is Thai massage?

Answer: During a Thai massage, the therapist uses his or her body to move the client into a variety of positions. This type of massage includes compression of muscles, mobilization of joints, and acupressure.


Question: What is deep tissue massage?

Answer: Four common strokes of Swedish massage are: Effleurage: a smooth, gliding stroke used to relax soft tissue Petrissage: the squeezing, rolling, or kneading that follows effleurage Friction: deep, circular movements that cause layers of tissue to rub against each other, helping to increase blood flow and break down scar tissue Tapotement: a short, alternating tap done with cupped hands, fingers, or the edge of the hand Deep tissue massage is best for giving attention to certain painful, stiff "trouble spots" in your body. The massage therapist uses slow, deliberate strokes that focus pressure on layers of muscles, tendons, or other tissues deep under your skin. Though less rhythmic than other types of massage, deep tissue massage may be therapeutic -- relieving chronic patterns of tension and helping with muscle injuries, such as back sprain.


Question: What are the strokes of Swedish massage?

Answer: Four common strokes of Swedish massage are: Effleurage: a smooth, gliding stroke used to relax soft tissue Petrissage: the squeezing, rolling, or kneading that follows effleurage Friction: deep, circular movements that cause layers of tissue to rub against each other, helping to increase blood flow and break down scar tissue Tapotement: a short, alternating tap done with cupped hands, fingers, or the edge of the hand Deep tissue massage is best for giving attention to certain painful, stiff "trouble spots" in your body.


Question: What is pregnancy massage?

Answer: Pregnancy massage can help with these changes by reducing stress, decreasing arm and leg swelling, and relieving muscle and joint pain. Massage may be particularly helpful during a time when medication and other medical options may be more limited. Using specially designed massage pillows, the massage therapist will help get you into a comfortable position for this type of massage.


Question: What health problems can massage therapy help?

Answer: Ask your doctor before using massage for any health condition, though. Back pain .


Question: What is Swedish massage?

Answer: The most common type of massage is Swedish massage therapy. It involves soft, long, kneading strokes, as well as light, rhythmic, tapping strokes, on topmost layers of muscles. This is also combined with movement of the joints. By relieving muscle tension, Swedish therapy can be both relaxing and energizing. And it may even help after an injury.


Question: What is chair massage?

Answer: Onsite, chair massages are done while you're seated fully clothed in a portable, specially designed chair. They usually involve a massage of your neck, shoulders, back, arms, and hands.


Question: What is hot stone massage?

Answer: For this kind of massage, the therapist places warmed stones on certain areas of the body, such as acupressure points. The stones may be used as massage tools or be temporarily left in place. Used along with other massage techniques, hot stones can be quite soothing and relaxing as they transmit heat deep into the body.


Question: Which oils are best to soften and remove dead skin caused by psoriasis?

Answer: Thick scales on your forehead, hairline, behind your ears, or on the back of your neck can be softened with coconut, olive, or peanut oil. Massage a small amount into your scalp, then put on a shower cap overnight, and shampoo in the morning. Repeat for two or three nights. The dead skin should soften and wash away. You can use a comb to lift off the softened scale. Hold it almost flat, and gently move it in a circular motion. Don't scrape your scalp.


Question: What is the best way to lock in moisture to remove dead skin produced by psoriasis?

Answer: When you pick off dry scales, it can result in dots of blood. This is called pinpoint bleeding. To prevent it, you should first soften the dead skin with moisture before you pick it. Apply a heavy ointment or oil, such as vitamin E. Then cover the area with plastic wrap for a few hours or overnight. Once the skin is loose, use a clean fingernail or tweezers to gently push away the scale. It should slide off easily. Don't force it. Too much pressure can cause pain and bleeding.


Question: How effective is coal tar in removing dead skin produced by psoriasis?

Answer: This smelly, sticky substance has been used to treat psoriasis for more than 100 years. Like exfoliating acids, it also causes you to shed the outer layer of dead skin. It can also reduce the inflammation and itching of psoriasis. It comes in variety of forms, such as soaps, creams, and lotions. Coal tar can stain your clothing. It also makes your skin more sensitive to sunlight. Studies show it works best in people who are also taking steroids for their skin.


Question: Can you get HIV by being around people who are HIV-positive?

Answer: HIV isn't spread through touch, tears, sweat, saliva, or pee. You can't catch it by: Breathing the same air Touching a toilet seat or door knob or handle Drinking from a water fountain Hugging, kissing, or shaking hands Sharing eating utensils Using exercise equipment at a gym You can get it from infected blood, semen, vaginal fluid, or breast milk.


Question: Is it true that you don't need to worry about getting HIV because drugs can keep you well?

Answer: Antiretroviral drugs, also called ART, do improve the lives of many people who are HIV-positive and help them live longer. But many of these drugs are expensive and have serious side effects. Nothing yet cures HIV. And drug-resistant strains of HIV can make treatment harder. Prevention is cheaper and easier than managing a life-long condition and the problems it brings.


Question: Do mosquitoes spread HIV?

Answer: Because the virus is passed through blood, people have worried that they could get it from biting or bloodsucking insects. Several studies show that doesn't happen -- even in areas with lots of mosquitoes and cases of HIV. When bugs bite, they don't inject the blood of the person or animal they bit before you. Also, HIV lives for only a short time inside them.


Question: If I'm straight and don't use IV drugs, can I still get HIV?

Answer: Most men become HIV-positive through sexual contact with other men. But you can get the virus from heterosexual contact, too: About 1 in 6 men and 3 in 4 women do.


Question: My partner and I are both HIV-positive. Do we still need to practice safe sex?

Answer: And drug-resistant strains of HIV can make treatment harder.


Question: If I'm getting treated for HIV, can I still spread the virus?

Answer: When HIV treatments work well, they can lower the amount of virus in your blood to a level that doesn't show up in blood tests. This is called an undetectable viral load. However, this doesn't mean zero viral load, and there can be intermittent increases in the virus level. So while you are less contagious with an undetectable viral load, the risk of spreading HIV is not zero. You should practice safe sex so you won't make someone else HIV-positive.


Question: What does thrombophlebitis mean?

Answer: Thrombo" means clot, and "phlebitisâ means inflammation in a vein. That's the swelling and irritation that result after an injury.


Question: What is thrombophlebitis?

Answer: Thrombophlebitis is a problem with your circulation -- how fast blood moves through your veins. It happens when a blood clot slows circulation -- most commonly in your legs, but also in your arms, in some cases. Thrombophlebitis can happen right under the skin or deeper in the leg. "


Question: Can thrombophlebitis cause an infection?

Answer: But on rare occasions, these blocked veins can lead to infection. They can even lead to tissue damage from the loss of healthy circulation.


Question: Does thrombophlebitis go away on its own?

Answer: Most cases of thrombophlebitis that happen in the shallow leg veins begin to go away by themselves in a week or two.


Question: How much insulin would I get from an insulin pump?

Answer: The insulin pump is designed to deliver a continuous amount of insulin, 24 hours a day according to a programmed plan unique to each pump wearer. The user can change the amount of insulin delivered.


Question: How do I know how much insulin to get from an insulin pump for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: When using an insulin pump, you must monitor your blood glucose level at least four times a day. You set the doses of your insulin and make adjustments to the dose depending on your food intake and exercise program.


Question: How is molecular breast imaging (MBI) being researched for breast cancer?

Answer: Molecular breast imaging ( MBI) -- Doctors inject a drug that's slightly radioactive into a vein. Called a tracer, this drug attaches itself to any breast cancer cells. A special camera then sees the tracer and any cells. This test is being studied to be used with mammograms for women with dense breasts or as a way to look at breast problems like lumps.


Question: How can I try new treatments for breast cancer?

Answer: New drugs and therapies are being tested all the time. The goal is to offer more effective, less-toxic treatment with fewer side effects. Taking part in one of these trials may allow you to try a treatment years before it reaches the market. Ask your doctor if a trial might be right for you.


Question: How is positron emission mammography (PEM) being researched for breast cancer?

Answer: Positron emission mammography ( PEM) -- With the PEM scan, sugar is attached to a radioactive particle to look for cancer cells. The test may help find small groups of them.


Question: How is electrical impedance imaging (EIT) being researched for breast cancer?

Answer: Electrical impedance imaging ( EIT) -- Breast cancer cells conduct electricity differently than normal cells. This test looks for that difference.


Question: What Is nanotechnology and how is it being researched for breast cancer?

Answer: This is the science of using very tiny objects. There's a lot of research in this field in cancer detection and treatment. Using nanoparticles, chemotherapy can target the cancer cells directly, without hurting the tissue around them. That would make the drugs more effective and cause fewer harmful side effects. There are several drugs approved for use. Others are being tested. Devices that use nanotechnology can also help find cancer.


Question: How can medications cause cirrhosis?

Answer: You get damage to your liver over a long period of time.


Question: How can bile duct disease or damage cause cirrhosis?

Answer: The most common things that raise your odds for cirrhosis are: Heavy drinking due to alcohol addiction Obesity, which raises your chances of conditions that lead to cirrhosis A long-term hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection Conditions that can lead to cirrhosis include: Cystic fibrosis Diseases that make it hard for your body to process sugars Too much iron buildup in your body Wilson's disease, where too much copper is stored in the liver Autoimmune diseases that cause your body to attack liver cells Blockage of the bile duct, which carries digestive enzymes from your liver into the intestines Certain genetic digestive disorders Some infections, including syphilis and brucellosis Bad reactions to certain medications Since you might not feel symptoms right away, you may not find out that you have cirrhosis until you get a routine checkup.


Question: What corticosteroids can relieve a status migrainosus?

Answer: The corticosteroids dexamethasone ( Dexamethasone Intensol, Dexpak) and prednisolone can also relieve status migrainosus.


Question: How can a typical migraine turn into a status migrainosus?

Answer: A typical migraine can sometimes turn into status migrainosus if: You don't get treatment early enough after the attack starts.


Question: What drugs can stop vomiting from a status migrainosus?

Answer: Drugs that stop vomiting include: chlorpromazine metoclopramide ( Metozolv, Reglan) prochlorperazine ( Compro, Procomp) A common medicine for halting status migrainosus is dihydroergotamine ( DHE-45, Migranal).


Question: What is dihydroergotamine?

Answer: Drugs that stop vomiting include: chlorpromazine metoclopramide ( Metozolv, Reglan) prochlorperazine ( Compro, Procomp) A common medicine for halting status migrainosus is dihydroergotamine ( DHE-45, Migranal). You can take it as a nasal spray or through a shot. Another drug, sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Onzetra, Sumavel Dose Pro, Zecuity), comes as a shot, nasal spray, pill, or skin patch.


Question: What medications prevent status migrainosuses?

Answer: You take these regularly to reduce the severity or frequency of the headaches. These include seizure medicines, blood pressure medicines (like beta blockers and calcium channel blockers), and some antidepressants. CGRP inhibitors are a new class of preventive medicine that your doctor may recommend if other medicines don't help. Botox, though better known as a treatment for wrinkles, has also been approved by the FDA to prevent recurring migraines. Natural options such as magnesium may work but we need more research to know which of these treatments are effective. There are a couple of devices designed to interrupt abnormal electrical activity in the brain associated with migraine. A device called Spring TMS or e Neura s TMS uses a technique called a transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS). Place it on the back of your head for about a minute for release of a pulse of magnetic energy. Similarly, Cefaly uses transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation and is worn as a headband on the forehead and turned on daily for 20 minutes to prevent migraine from developing. There is also a noninvasive vagus nerve stimulator called gamma Core. When placed over the vagus nerve in the neck, it releases a mild electrical stimulation to the nerve's fibers to relieve pain.


Question: What are the symptoms of a status migrainosus?

Answer: Along with pain in your head, you might also feel: Sensation of sparkling lights or other vision changes (aura) Nausea and vomiting Trouble thinking clearly Because the condition lasts for at least 3 days, you're also at risk for dehydration and sleep loss because of prolonged vomiting and pain. If you have to go to an emergency room or stay in the hospital because of status migrainosus, doctors may need to treat other problems the migraine causes as well as the migraine itself.


Question: What are some drugs for status migrainosus that stop vomiting?

Answer: Drugs that stop vomiting include: chlorpromazine metoclopramide ( Metozolv, Reglan) prochlorperazine ( Compro, Procomp) A common medicine for halting status migrainosus is dihydroergotamine ( DHE-45, Migranal).


Question: What is the treatment for a status migrainosus?

Answer: If you have to go to an emergency room or stay in the hospital because of status migrainosus, doctors may need to treat other problems the migraine causes as well as the migraine itself. In the hospital, doctors may give you drugs through an IV to control pain. They'll treat dehydration by giving you fluids through an IV.


Question: What are some drugs that treat status migrainosus?

Answer: Drugs that stop vomiting include: chlorpromazine metoclopramide ( Metozolv, Reglan) prochlorperazine ( Compro, Procomp) A common medicine for halting status migrainosus is dihydroergotamine ( DHE-45, Migranal). You can take it as a nasal spray or through a shot. Another drug, sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Onzetra, Sumavel Dose Pro, Zecuity), comes as a shot, nasal spray, pill, or skin patch. Valproate, given by vein, can also be used. People with certain medical problems should avoid these medicines though. The corticosteroids dexamethasone ( Dexamethasone Intensol, Dexpak) and prednisolone can also relieve status migrainosus.


Question: What are the risks of high blood sugar during pregnancy?

Answer: High blood sugar during pregnancy can cause your baby to grow very large. That can lead to complications during delivery. The baby could be born with low blood sugar, yellowish skin and eyes (jaundice), breathing trouble, and other problems. If you are diagnosed with gestational diabetes, though, your doctor will work with you to keep your blood sugar under control throughout your pregnancy.


Question: How do doctors test for gestational diabetes?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you're at risk, he'll give you a "glucose challenge" test. You'll drink a really sweet beverage. One hour later, you'll get a blood sugar reading. If the results come out higher than 130 to 140 mg/d L, you'll go back to the doctor's office on another day for a more involved process. This is called the 3-hour glucose tolerance test. You might have to follow some diet instructions, like fasting for 8 to 12 hours before you take the test.


Question: What happens during the 3-hour glucose tolerance test?

Answer: The doctor will check your fasting blood sugar level when you get to his office. Then he'll give you a drink that's even sweeter than the one in the first test. You'll get blood sugar readings 1, 2, and 3 hours later. If two or more of the results are higher than the normal values, you'll be diagnosed with gestational diabetes.â Values are: fasting: Higher than 94 mg/d L, 1 hr - higher than179 mg/d L, 2 hr higher than 154mg/d L, 3 hr higher than 139 mg/d L. If you have the condition, your doctor will tell you about healthy lifestyle changes you'll need to make -- these involve your diet and physical activity.