Question: What are the kinds of water filters you might use at home?

Answer: Ion exchange units with activated alumina can remove minerals such as calcium and magnesium, which make water hard. This is often used in combination with another filtration method, such as carbon absorption or reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis units with carbon can remove nitrates and sodium as well as pesticides and petrochemicals.


Question: What is the best way to avoid consuming lead from tap water?

Answer: One argument advanced for the use of bottled water is its safety, yet there isn't the same guarantee of safety with bottled water as there is for the water in your tap.


Question: How much of my body is water?

Answer: Without water, you couldn't maintain a normal body temperature, lubricate your joints, or get rid of waste through urination, sweat, and bowel movements. Not getting enough water can lead to dehydration, which can cause muscle weakness and cramping, a lack of coordination, and an increased risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke. In fact, water is so important that a person couldn't last more than five days without it.


Question: How does the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate bottled water?

Answer: The FDA regulates bottled water as a food. That means it requires identification of the source (spring, mineral), regulates allowable levels of chemical, physical, microbial and radiological contaminants, requires Good Manufacturing Practice standards for boiling and bottling, and regulates labeling. However, the FDA doesn't have the ability to oversee a mandatory testing program like the EPA does with public water suppliers. So, although it can order a bottled water recall once a problem has been found, there is no guarantee that the bottle of water you bought is safe.


Question: When do I need to drink even more water than normal?

Answer: Enough to replace what you lose daily through urination, sweating, even exhaling. And your need for water increases: In warm or hot weather With vigorous physical activity, such as exercise or working in the yard During bouts of illness, especially if you have a fever, are vomiting, having diarrhea or coughing You often hear that you need to drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water each day.


Question: How is inhaled insulin used today?

Answer: In June 2014, the FDA approved Afrezza. It's an inhaler with pre-measured, rapid-acting insulin you use before meals. It's not for diabetes emergencies such as diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA). Common side effects of inhaled insulin are low blood sugar, a cough, and a scratchy or sore throat. If you have type 1 diabetes, you'll still need to take long-acting insulin, too, to help control your blood sugar. If you smoke or you have a lung disease, such as asthma or COPD, you shouldn't use inhaled insulin.


Question: What items are made with eggs?

Answer: Many other items may also, including: Breaded and batter-fried foods Caesar salad dressing Cream pies, fillings, and puffs Crepes and waffles Custards, puddings, and ice cream Eggnog Eggrolls Egg substitutes Coffee drinks like cappuccino (eggs are sometimes used to help create the foam) Fizzes Lollipops and other candies Marshmallows and marzipan Mayonnaise Meatloaf and meatballs Meringue and frostings Pastas Sauces, including Hollandaise and tartar sauce Simplesse (fat substitute) SoufflÃ©s Some soups and consommÃ©s Wine ( Egg whites may be used in the process of making wine.)


Question: What forms of eggs should you avoid if you have egg allergy?

Answer: Also avoid eggs in other forms, such as: Egg powder Dried eggs Egg solids You probably know that lots of baked goods have eggs in them.


Question: Why should you not take the yellow fever vaccine if you have egg allergy?

Answer: If you see these ingredients on food labels, it means the food may contain egg proteins: Albumin Globulin Lecithin Lysozyme Ovalbumin Ovovitellin If you have an allergy to eggs, talk to your doctor first before getting a vaccination. The yellow fever vaccine contains egg protein. The CDC and the World Health Organization say that you should not get this vaccine if you have a severe egg allergy.


Question: How will you know if a food has eggs?

Answer: If you still aren't sure, don't eat the food. Also check labels of cosmetics, shampoos, creams, and lotions. These can sometimes have eggs in them, too.


Question: What vaccines can you take if you have egg allergy?

Answer: The measles-mumps-rubella ( MMR) vaccine also may contain a trace amount of eggs. But several studies show that it's safe for people with egg allergies. Flu vaccines may also contain some egg protein. Experts have long advised people with allergies to eggs not to get the flu shot. A study published in Dec 2017 in Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology found the flu shot to be safe and recommended its use for people who are allergic to eggs. Someone who is allergic to eggs is not at an increased risk of experiencing an adverse reaction to the flu vaccine.


Question: What food ingredients are linked with eggs?

Answer: If you see these ingredients on food labels, it means the food may contain egg proteins: Albumin Globulin Lecithin Lysozyme Ovalbumin Ovovitellin If you have an allergy to eggs, talk to your doctor first before getting a vaccination.


Question: What are the different ways to cleanse your colon?

Answer: There are two main colon-cleansing methods. One involves buying products; the other involves seeing a practitioner to have a colon irrigation.


Question: What is the goal of natural colon cleansing?

Answer: The health claims made by producers of colon cleansing products and colon irrigation practitioners are broad and wide-reaching. Their main goal is to clear the colon of large quantities of stagnant, supposedly toxic waste encrusted on colon walls. Doing so, they claim, will enhance the vitality of the body. Other stated goals include: Improving mental outlook Improving the immune system Losing weight Reducing the risk of colon cancer Quality scientific research is lacking when it comes to determining whether or not a colon cleansing is helpful.


Question: How is colon cleansing with powdered or liquid supplements done?

Answer: Others you take through the rectum. Either way, the idea is to help the colon to expel its contents. You can find these products on the Internet or in health food stores, supermarkets, or pharmacies. They include: Enemas Laxatives-both stimulant and non stimulant types Herbal teas Enzymes Magnesium Colon cleansing with colon irrigation (high colonics).


Question: What are some potential side effects of colon cleansing?

Answer: There are some potential side effects, including: Vomiting, nausea, cramps Dizziness, a sign of dehydration Mineral imbalance Potential interference with medication absorption on day of procedure Bowel perforation Infection Depletion of helpful normal bowel flora unless replaced (i.e. probiotics) Kidney failure Be aware, if the therapist adds a substance to the water during colon irrigation, you run the risk of an allergic reaction.


Question: What else can you do to enhance colon health?

Answer: Risks of side effects increases, if you have: Diverticulitis Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Severe hemorrhoids Tumors in your rectum or colon Recent bowel surgery Heart disease or kidney disease What you eat -- not what you flush through your colon -- may have the greatest impact on colon health, lowering your risk of colon cancer and enhancing your overall health. Increasing both soluble and insoluble fiber can help with a wide range of gastrointestinal problems, including constipation, diverticular disease, and colorectal cancer. The typical American consumes about 15 grams a day, but you need closer to 25 grams to 30 grams. If there are no gluten issues, add sources of both insoluble fiber, such as cereal and whole grains, and soluble fiber, such as bran, some fruit, some vegetables, and oatmeal. Also, drink plenty of fluids, but drink alcohol in moderation. Avoid tobacco and limit red meat. And, of course, get screened for colon cancer beginning at age 50, or earlier if your doctor advises.


Question: How might the risk of side effects from colon cleansing increase?

Answer: Risks of side effects increases, if you have: Diverticulitis Ulcerative colitis Crohn's disease Severe hemorrhoids Tumors in your rectum or colon Recent bowel surgery Heart disease or kidney disease What you eat -- not what you flush through your colon -- may have the greatest impact on colon health, lowering your risk of colon cancer and enhancing your overall health.


Question: What can't you have on you when you get an MRI?

Answer: Personal items such as your watch, wallet, including any credit cards with magnetic strips (they will be erased by the magnet), and jewelry should be left at home if possible, or removed prior to the MRI scan. Secured lockers are usually available to store personal possessions.


Question: Is an MRI safe?

Answer: If this condition applies to you, you can receive sedation during the exam if prior arrangements have been made.


Question: What is gadolinium for an MRI?

Answer: Certain MRI exams require an injection of a contrast material called gadolinium. This helps identify certain structures on the scan images.


Question: What happens after a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exam for epilepsy?

Answer: The results of your MRI should be available to your doctor within 24 hours after your test, Monday through Friday. Your doctor will discuss the test results with you. Many facilities will give you a CD that contains the study that you can carry to your doctor.


Question: How is depression in men treated?

Answer: More than 80% of people with depression -- both men and women -- can be treated successfully with antidepressant medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both.


Question: Why is it harder for men to get help for depression?

Answer: For example, men tend to deny having problems because they are supposed to "be strong." And American culture suggests that expressing emotion is largely a feminine trait. As a result, men who are depressed are more likely to talk about the physical symptoms of their depression -- such as feeling tired --- rather than symptoms related to emotions.


Question: How can I get pelvic pain?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Although pelvic pain often refers to pain in the region of women's internal reproductive organs, pelvic pain can be present in men, too, and can stem from multiple causes. Pelvic pain may be a symptom of infection or may arise from pain in the pelvic bone or in non-reproductive internal organs, such as the bladder or colon. In women, however, pelvic pain can very well be an indication that there may be a problem with one of the reproductive organs in the pelvic area (uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, or vagina).


Question: How is pelvic pain treated?

Answer: Other tests that may be given include: Blood and urine tests Pregnancy tests in females of reproductive age Vaginal or penile cultures to check for sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and/or chlamydia Abdominal and pelvic X-rays Bone density screening (special type of X-ray to determine the strength of bone) Diagnostic laparoscopy (procedure allowing a direct look at the structures in the pelvis and abdomen) Hysteroscopy (procedure to examine the uterus) Stool test (checking a stool sample for microscopic blood) Lower endoscopy (insertion of a lighted tube to examine the inside of the rectum and part or all of the colon) Ultrasound (test that uses sound waves to provide images of internal organs) CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis (scan that uses X-rays and computers to produce an image of a cross-section of the body) The treatment of pelvic pain varies depending on the cause, how intense the pain is, and how often the pain occurs. Sometimes, pelvic pain is treated with medications, including antibiotics if necessary. If the pain results from a problem with one of the pelvic organs, the treatment may involve surgery or other procedures. A doctor can provide more information about various treatments for pelvic pain.


Question: How is the cause of pelvic pain determined?

Answer: Possible causes of pelvic pain in both men and women may include: Appendicitis Bladder disorders Sexually transmitted diseases Kidney infection or kidney stones Intestinal disorders Nerve conditions Hernia Pelvis disorder Broken pelvis Psychogenic pain Possible causes of pelvic pain in women only may include: Ectopic pregnancy Miscarriage Pelvic inflammatory disease Ovulation Menstrual cramps Ovarian cysts or other ovarian disorders Fibroids Endometriosis Uterine cancer Cervical cancer Worsening of menstrual cramps Menstrual pain Vaginal bleeding, spotting or discharge Painful or difficult urination Constipation or diarrhea Bloating or gas Blood seen with a bowel movement Pain during intercourse Fever or chills Pain in the hip area Pain in the groin area To determine what is causing pelvic pain, your doctor will first ask you several questions about your symptoms and past medical problems. He or she will also perform a physical exam and may offer you tests to determine what is causing your pain. Other tests that may be given include: Blood and urine tests Pregnancy tests in females of reproductive age Vaginal or penile cultures to check for sexually transmitted diseases such as gonorrhea and/or chlamydia Abdominal and pelvic X-rays Bone density screening (special type of X-ray to determine the strength of bone) Diagnostic laparoscopy (procedure allowing a direct look at the structures in the pelvis and abdomen) Hysteroscopy (procedure to examine the uterus) Stool test (checking a stool sample for microscopic blood) Lower endoscopy (insertion of a lighted tube to examine the inside of the rectum and part or all of the colon) Ultrasound (test that uses sound waves to provide images of internal organs) CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis (scan that uses X-rays and computers to produce an image of a cross-section of the body) The treatment of pelvic pain varies depending on the cause, how intense the pain is, and how often the pain occurs.


Question: What symptoms suggest problematic pelvic pain?

Answer: Possible causes of pelvic pain in both men and women may include: Appendicitis Bladder disorders Sexually transmitted diseases Kidney infection or kidney stones Intestinal disorders Nerve conditions Hernia Pelvis disorder Broken pelvis Psychogenic pain Possible causes of pelvic pain in women only may include: Ectopic pregnancy Miscarriage Pelvic inflammatory disease Ovulation Menstrual cramps Ovarian cysts or other ovarian disorders Fibroids Endometriosis Uterine cancer Cervical cancer Worsening of menstrual cramps Menstrual pain Vaginal bleeding, spotting or discharge Painful or difficult urination Constipation or diarrhea Bloating or gas Blood seen with a bowel movement Pain during intercourse Fever or chills Pain in the hip area Pain in the groin area To determine what is causing pelvic pain, your doctor will first ask you several questions about your symptoms and past medical problems.


Question: What should I do if I have narcolepsy?

Answer: Narcolepsy People with narcolepsy fall asleep when they don't want to. Taking scheduled naps can help such as taking a nap before important events. Your doctor may also prescribe a medication to help you stay awake and treat the sudden loss of muscle control when you wake up.


Question: What medicines can help with treating restless legs syndrome?

Answer: Prescription medicines that might help include: carbidopa-levodopa ( Sinemet) clonazepam ( Klonopin) gabapentin enacarbil ( Horizant) gabapentin ( Neurontin) pramipexole ( Mirapex) pregabalin ( Lyrica) rotigotine ( Neupro) ropinirole ( Requip) These may have side effects, so talk about the pros and cons with your doctor.


Question: Will exercise help me sleep better?

Answer: Maintaining good sleep hygiene is important Exercise helps you sleep better at any age. Elderly people who don't sleep well at night may find afternoon naps helpful. Don't nap too much, or it will make it harder to sleep at night. Get outside in the sunlight during the day, particularly in the morning, too.


Question: What should I do if my kid has nightmares and night terrors?

Answer: Nightmares and Night Terrors If your child has a nightmare or night terror, comfort them. If they have those dreams often or if they're severe, tell your child's doctor.


Question: What is CPAP?

Answer: With CPAP, you wear a mask while you sleep, and it raises the air pressure inside your throat. This keeps your airway more open, so you can sleep better. You'll need to go to a sleep lab to get a CPAP prescription and follow-up.


Question: What should I do to sleep better while pregnant?

Answer: It's normal to not sleep well during pregnancy. Take afternoon naps, drink warm milk, or relax in a warm (not hot) bath before bedtime. Exercise during the day should help, too. Check with your doctor before starting an exercise program.


Question: How long does a sleep lab test last?

Answer: If you've already tried things like allowing enough time for sleep and making your bedroom a good place for rest, your doctor may suggest you go to a sleep lab for more tests. This may take a night or two.


Question: What are normal levels in a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test?

Answer: For the LDH blood test, they include: Bleeding Bruising Infection Soreness at the site where blood was taken If you have a lumbar puncture, you might have some of these side effects: Headache Infection Bleeding Numbness Higher LDH levels in blood may be a sign of tissue damage or disease. Your blood LDH level can also let your doctor know if your disease is getting worse or whether your treatment is working. Normal levels of LDH in the blood can vary depending on the lab, but usually range between 140 units per liter ( U/ L) to 280 U/ L for adults and tend to be higher for children and teens.


Question: What are the risks or side effects of a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test?

Answer: For the LDH blood test, they include: Bleeding Bruising Infection Soreness at the site where blood was taken If you have a lumbar puncture, you might have some of these side effects: Headache Infection Bleeding Numbness Higher LDH levels in blood may be a sign of tissue damage or disease.


Question: How is milk thistle used?

Answer: Milk thistle is sometimes used as a natural treatment for liver problems. These liver problems include cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis, and gallbladder disorders. Some claim milk thistle may also: Provide heart benefits by lowering cholesterol levels Help diabetes in people who have type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis Silymarin is the main active ingredient in milk thistle.


Question: How does milk thistle (silymarin) affect the liver?

Answer: At this point, there is not enough scientific data to say whether or not milk thistle can help liver problems. Some early research suggests milk thistle may aid people with alcohol-related liver disease. Other studies show no improvement in liver function in this group of people. Some studies also show milk thistle may offer a possible benefit for people whose liver is damaged by industrial toxins, such as toluene and xylene. More information is needed before doctors can say milk thistle actually benefits the liver.


Question: Does milk thistle work?

Answer: It's unclear what benefits, if any, this may have in the body.


Question: What can milk thistle (silymarin) do?

Answer: Some claim milk thistle may also: Provide heart benefits by lowering cholesterol levels Help diabetes in people who have type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis Silymarin is the main active ingredient in milk thistle.


Question: Who should avoid using milk thistle (silymarin)?

Answer: If you have a ragweed allergy, you should also avoid milk thistle. Milk thistle may cause a rash or lead to severe allergic reaction. Since milk thistle may mimic the effects of estrogen, some women should avoid this herb. This includes women who have fibroid tumors or endometriosis. Additionally, women with breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers should not take milk thistle.


Question: Does milk thistle (silymarin) work?

Answer: Some claim milk thistle may also: Provide heart benefits by lowering cholesterol levels Help diabetes in people who have type 2 diabetes and cirrhosis Silymarin is the main active ingredient in milk thistle. Silymarin is both an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. It's unclear what benefits, if any, this may have in the body.


Question: Is milk thistle (silymarin) good for the heart?

Answer: By lowering LDL "bad" cholesterol levels, milk thistle may help decrease the chance of developing heart disease. However, studies on possible heart benefits only have been done in people with diabetes. People with diabetes often have high cholesterol. It's unclear if milk thistle may have the same effects in other people. Milk thistle can also be taken in conjunction with cholesterol lowering medications, like statins. It can help prevent elevation of liver enzymes, which can be a side effect of the medication.


Question: Can milk thistle help people with diabetes?

Answer: Medical research does suggest that milk thistle, combined with traditional treatment, can improve diabetes. Studies have shown a decrease in blood sugar levels and an improvement in cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes. Researchers also have found that milk thistle improved insulin resistance, a key characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is a serious condition. Talk to your doctor before taking any supplements, as they may interfere with your medication.


Question: What can help with symptoms of surfer's eye?

Answer: You make take steroid eyedrops for several weeks or months. They'll ease inflammation and make it less likely for a new lesion to form. It may seem icky to graft tissue into your eye, but it can lower the chances that a growth will return.


Question: When will my doctor suggest surgery if I have surfer's eye?

Answer: These include: Return of a more aggressive growth Scars Most of the time, doctors only suggest surgery if: Other treatments have failed Your eyesight is at risk The look of it bothers you One type of surgery uses your tissue from your conjunctiva or a placenta to fill the empty space after the lesion is gone.


Question: Who is likely to get surfer's eye?

Answer: The things that make you most likely to get it include: Lots of exposure to ultraviolet light (like from the sun) Dry eyes Irritants like dust and wind You're most likely to get it if you live near the equator and you're a man between 20 and 40. But it can affect anyone who lives in a sunny place. You get a pinguecula the same way -- lots of time in the sun without eye protection such as sunglasses (wraparound sunglasses are the best protection). Your eye's tears may not evenly cover a pinguecula which can cause your eyes to feel dry and gritty, so it might feel like you have something stuck in it. It may become red.


Question: How is surfer's eye treated?

Answer: If the condition causes temporary redness or irritation, your doctor will treat it with: Over-the-counter eye ointments or wetting drops Eyedrops that clear up redness and irritation Prescription steroid eyedrops to ease redness, itching, swelling, and pain If the growth causes discomfort, interferes with your vision, or is not cosmetically acceptable to you, your doctor can remove it during an outpatient procedure.


Question: When do you need surgery for surfer's eye?

Answer: If the condition causes temporary redness or irritation, your doctor will treat it with: Over-the-counter eye ointments or wetting drops Eyedrops that clear up redness and irritation Prescription steroid eyedrops to ease redness, itching, swelling, and pain If the growth causes discomfort, interferes with your vision, or is not cosmetically acceptable to you, your doctor can remove it during an outpatient procedure.


Question: When is surgery recommended for surfer's eye?

Answer: These include: Return of a more aggressive growth Scars Most of the time, doctors only suggest surgery if: Other treatments have failed Your eyesight is at risk The look of it bothers you One type of surgery uses your tissue from your conjunctiva or a placenta to fill the empty space after the lesion is gone.


Question: Who can get surfer's eye?

Answer: Though it's named for a certain type of athlete, this common complaint can affect anyone who spends a lot of time outdoors.


Question: How do you recover from surgery for surgery for surfer's eye?

Answer: If you do have the operation, pay careful attention to your eye for the next year. Most growths that come back will return within the first 12 months after surgery. After surgery it is prudent to always wear wraparound frame sunglasses outdoors.


Question: What is it like to have surfer's eye?

Answer: Though it isn't usually a serious condition, it can cause annoying symptoms. You might feel like you have something in your eye. Or it may get red and irritated and require medical or surgical treatment.


Question: How is surfer's eye diagnosed?

Answer: See an eye doctor if you have any symptoms. She can diagnose the condition by looking at the front part of your eye with a special microscope called a slit lamp.


Question: Can I prevent surfer's eye?

Answer: Wear sunglasses every day. That includes overcast days -- clouds don't stop ultraviolet ( UV) light. Choose shades that block 99%-100% of both ultraviolet A ( UVA) and ultraviolet B ( UVB) radiation. Wraparound styles provide the best shield against ultraviolet light, dust, and wind. Wear them when you're in the car, too. Unlike the windshield, your car's side windows don't protect you from UV rays. You can also apply a protective film to your side windows to help protect you when you're driving. Experts say to choose a hat with a brim to protect your eyes from UV light. And use artificial tears to keep your eyes moist in dry climates.


Question: What is the effectiveness of vitamin C for colds?

Answer: In 2010, researchers looked at all studies and found that taking vitamin C every day did not prevent the number of colds that a person got.


Question: Is it safe to take vitamin C?

Answer: In general, vitamin C won't harm you if you get it by eating food like fruits and veggies. For most people, it's also OK if you take supplements in the recommended amount. Higher doses of vitamin C (greater than 2,000 milligrams per day) may cause kidney stones, nausea, and diarrhea. Talk to your doctor if you're thinking of taking vitamin C pills and let him know about any other dietary supplements you use.


Question: How can Crohn's disease affect your mood?

Answer: Crohn's disease, like other chronic conditions, may affect your mood. You may feel more stressed or depressed at times. You may have pain, which also affects your emotions. If your condition starts to get to you, look into seeing a counselor and joining a support group.


Question: How does Crohn's disease affect your body?

Answer: Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. That means that your body's immune system attacks and damages your bowel or gastrointestinal system. It's a chronic, meaning long-term, condition that gets in the way of your body's ability to take in important nutrients. It can also affect the way you digest food and get rid of waste. Crohn's can involve any part of your gut. But the ileum, the last part of your small intestine, is most commonly affected.


Question: How can you be affected by Crohn's disease?

Answer: Each person is different. Your Crohn's disease might: Affect a large part of your gastrointestinal system or only a small part Be mild, moderate, or severe Go long periods without symptoms or flare-ups Be fairly easy to control, or it may be very difficult Go into remission Depending on the way Crohn's affects you and your ability to manage it, you may have some challenges.


Question: How can Crohn's disease affect you if you're female?

Answer: If you're female, Crohn's could affect your ability to get pregnant. If it isn't well-controlled, it may cause problems once you are pregnant. Your doctor may recommend a C-section if you have certain complications.


Question: How can Crohn's disease affect your daily activities?

Answer: You may want to plan your activities with your Crohn's in mind. For example, know where the closest bathroom is.


Question: What is intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer?

Answer: The IMRT technique is very precise. IMRT uses computer-generated images to plan and then deliver tightly focused radiation beams to prostate cancer tumors. With this capability, clinicians can vary the beam intensity to "paint" a precise radiation dose to the shape and depth of the tumor, while significantly reducing the harmful effects of doses on healthy tissue.


Question: How can you reduce skin reactions from radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Gently cleanse the treated area using lukewarm water and a mild soap such as Ivory, Dove, Neutrogena, Basis, Castile, or Aveeno Oatmeal Soap. Do not rub. Pat your skin dry with a soft towel or use a hair dryer on a cool setting. Try not to scratch or rub the treated area. Do not apply any ointment, cream, lotion, or powder to the treated area unless your radiation oncologist or nurse has prescribed it. Do not wear tight-fitting clothing or clothes made from harsh fabrics such as wool or corduroy. These fabrics can irritate the skin. Instead, choose clothes made from natural fibers such as cotton. Do not apply medical tape or bandages to the treated area. Do not expose the treated area to extreme heat or cold. Avoid using an electric heating pad, hot water bottle, or ice pack. Do not expose the treated area to direct sunlight, as sun exposure may intensify your skin reaction and lead to severe sunburn. Choose a sunscreen of SPF 30 or higher. Protect the treated area from direct sunlight even after your course of treatment is over.


Question: How can you minimize fatigue while you are receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: To minimize fatigue while you are receiving radiation treatment: Be sure to get enough rest. Eat well-balanced, nutritious meals. Pace your activities and plan frequent rest periods.


Question: What are the general guidelines of 3-D conformal radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: All patients have a CT scan specifically for radiation therapy treatment and planning. The CT data is electronically transferred to the 3-dimensional treatment planning computer. The doctor defines the area to be treated along with surrounding areas, such as the bladder, rectum, bowel, and bones. An optimal radiation beam and dose are analyzed using a 3-dimensional computer-generated model. When the exact dose of radiation to the prostate is determined, the patient returns for a treatment simulation. The simulation process transposes or maps the computer-generated plan to the patient. The doctor will review the treatment course and side effects with the patient.


Question: Who can you contact if you have personal concerns about radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Many hospitals and clinics have a staff social worker who can help you during your treatment. Check with your doctor to see if this is available to you. The social worker can discuss any emotional issues or other concerns about your treatment or your personal situation and provide information about resources. The social worker can also discuss housing or transportation needs if necessary. People dealing with certain medical issues find it helpful to share experiences with others in the same situation. Your doctor can provide a list of support groups if you are interested. Your social worker can provide additional information, and you can look online for support group resources.


Question: Will radiation therapy for prostate cancer make you tired?

Answer: Everyone has his or her own energy level, so radiation treatment will affect each person differently. Patients often feel fatigue after several weeks of treatment. For most patients, this fatigue is mild. However, a loss of energy may require some patients to change their daily routine. If your doctor thinks you should limit your activity, he or she will discuss it with you.


Question: What happens during radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: External radiation therapy requires regular sessions (generally five days per weeks) during a period of about five to eight weeks. For each treatment, the radiation therapist will help you onto the treatment table and into the correct position. Once the therapist is sure you are positioned well, he or she will leave the room and start the radiation treatment. You will be under constant observation during the treatment. Cameras and an intercom are in the treatment room, so the therapist can always see and hear you. Be sure to remain still and relaxed during treatment. Let the therapist know if you have any problems or discomfort. The therapist will be in and out of the room to reposition the machine and change your position. The treatment machine will not touch you, and you will feel nothing during the treatment. Once the treatment is complete, the therapist will help you off the treatment table. The radiation therapist will take a port film, also known as an X-ray, on the first day of treatment and about every week thereafter. Port films verify that you are being positioned accurately during your treatments. Port films do not provide diagnostic information, so radiation therapists cannot learn about your progress from these films. However, port films are important to help the therapists make sure the radiation is delivered to the precise area that needs treatment.


Question: What are marks on the skin used for in radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Small marks resembling freckles will be made on your skin along the treatment area by the radiation therapist. These marks provide targets for the treatment and are a semi-permanent outline of your treatment area. Do not try to wash these marks off or retouch them if they fade. The therapist will re-mark the treatment area when necessary.


Question: What is the follow-up care like for radiation therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: After your radiation therapy sessions are complete, you will visit your doctor for periodic follow-up exams and tests. Your doctor will tell you how often to schedule your follow-up appointments. You may be eligible to receive a Survivorship Care Plan outlining both what treatment you were given, what side effects may be expected in the short and long term, and who should be following you for what testing and care. Ask your doctor about it.


Question: What are symptoms of an anal fissure?

Answer: Symptoms include: A visible tear in your anus Pain during, and even after, bowel movements Small amounts of blood on the surface of stools and toilet paper Burning and itching around the anus Smelly discharge You can easily mistake these symptoms as signs of other conditions, such as hemorrhoids.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about anal fissures?

Answer: Once your doctor diagnoses an anal fissure, ask her these important questions: Can I expect this fissure to heal on its own? How can I treat an anal fissure at home? Do I need medication? Do I need to make changes to my diet? How long should it take for the fissure to heal? Am I likely to get more anal fissures? Will I need surgery? What are the risks of surgery?


Question: How do doctors diagnose anal fissures?

Answer: In most cases, discussing your symptoms can give your doctor enough information to diagnose an anal fissure. If you've had any of the symptoms, be sure to tell her: When you have pain, burning, or itching How bad your discomfort is How long the pain and discomfort usually lasts What type of bleeding you've seen What, if anything, improves your symptoms Your doctor may ask you about your diet, bowel habits, and if you have any other medical conditions or intestinal problems.


Question: What is vascular disease?

Answer: Vascular disease includes any condition that affects your circulatory system. This ranges from diseases of your arteries, veins, and lymph vessels to blood disorders that affect circulation. Vascular pain develops when the communication between blood vessels and nerves is interrupted or damaged due to vascular disease or injuries.


Question: What can cause renal artery disease?

Answer: Renal artery disease is most commonly caused by atherosclerosis of the renal arteries (see above). It occurs in people with generalized vascular disease. Less often, renal artery disease can be caused by a congenital (present at birth) abnormal development of the tissue that makes up the renal arteries. This type of renal artery disease occurs in younger age groups.


Question: How much does Medicare cover for therapeutic footwear for people with diabetes?

Answer: Medicare will pay for 80% of the Medicare-approved amount either directly to the patient or by reimbursement after the Part B deductible is met. The patient is responsible for a minimum of 20% of the total payment amount and possibly more if the dispenser does not accept Medicare assignment and if the dispenser's usual fee is higher than the payment amount.


Question: How can I meet Medicare requirements for therapeutic footwear for people with diabetes?

Answer: In order to receive payment for therapeutic shoes and inserts, Medicare also requires: A podiatrist or other qualified doctor to prescribe the shoes A doctor or other qualified professional, such as a pedorthist, orthotist, or prosthetist fits and provides the shoes Note that in most cases the certifying physician and the prescribing physician will be two different individuals.


Question: How is surgery used to treat stage IV colorectal cancer?

Answer: You may need an operation to remove the cancer, both in the colon and in other places where it has spread. Or you may need surgery to bypass the cancer and hook back up the healthy parts of the colon.


Question: How is stage 0 colorectal cancer treated?

Answer: Stage 0 colorectal cancer is found only in the innermost lining of the colon. Surgery should be able to take it out. Your procedure will depend on how big the cancer is. Your surgeon may be able to remove the tumor and a little tissue near it. He may call this procedure a polypectomy. If you have larger tumors, your surgeon may need to remove the diseased part of the colon and reattach the healthy tissue so that your bowels still work. Doctors call this procedure an anastomosis.


Question: What does stage IV colorectal cancer mean?

Answer: Treatment involves: Surgery to remove the tumor and all involved lymph nodes if possible Chemotherapy after surgery Radiation if the tumor is large and invading the tissue surrounding the colon Stage IV colorectal cancers have spread outside the colon to other parts of the body, such as the liver or the lungs. You may also hear the cancer called "metastatic,â which means that it has spread. The tumor can be any size and may or may not include affected lymph nodes.


Question: How is recurrent colorectal cancer treated?

Answer: Treatment may involve: Surgery to remove the recurrences If all the cancer can't be removed in an operation, chemotherapy is the main treatment.


Question: How is stage III colorectal cancer treated?

Answer: Treatment involves: Surgery to remove the tumor and all involved lymph nodes if possible Chemotherapy after surgery Radiation if the tumor is large and invading the tissue surrounding the colon Stage IV colorectal cancers have spread outside the colon to other parts of the body, such as the liver or the lungs.


Question: How are clinical trials used to treat stage IV colorectal cancer?

Answer: These are studies that test new drugs or treatments to see if they are safe and if they work. They often are a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for you.


Question: What does stage III colorectal cancer mean?

Answer: Here's what that means: Stage l Il A: Tumors are within the colon wall and also involve the lymph nodes. Stage l Il B: Tumors have grown through the colon wall and have spread to one to four lymph node. Stage l Il C: Tumors have spread to more than four lymph nodes.


Question: How can you tell if you have treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Has your treatment helped a bit, but you still don't feel like your old self? Have the side effects of your medication been hard to handle? If the answer is yes to any of these, you need to see your doctor. Whether or not you actually have treatment-resistant depression, you need expert help.


Question: Who should you see if you think you might have treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Although a primary care doctor can treat depression (research suggests that 60%-65% of antidepressants are prescribed by primary care physicians), it may be best to see a specialist, like a psychiatrist, if you think you may have treatment-resistant depression. It's a good idea to also work with a therapist, like a psychologist or social worker, because the best treatment is often a combination of medicine and therapy.


Question: What should you know about treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Does it help a bit, but you still don't feel as if the darkness has lifted? Perhaps you feel the treatment isn't working at all. If so, you could have treatment-resistant depression, also called refractory depression. Unfortunately, depression treatments don't always work. As many as two-thirds of people with depression aren't helped by the first antidepressant they try. Up to a third don't respond to several attempts at treatment. Treatment-resistant depression ( TRD) can leave you feeling hopeless and discouraged. Months or even years can go by without any relief. And after the effort it took to get help, it can be demoralizing when you're just not getting better. But if your depression treatment isn't working, don't give up. Many people can get their treatment-resistant depression under control. You and your doctor just need to find the right approach. This might include different drugs, therapy, and other treatments.


Question: What are considerations when getting help for treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: You may wonder why some people do so well with the first medication they try, while you continue to suffer. Experts don't know for sure, but we do know that not all depressions are the same across every sufferer. Evidence also suggests that people who have especially severe depression or long-term depression may be harder to treat.


Question: How do medications work to help with treatment-resistant depression?

Answer: Different antidepressants work in different ways to affect specific chemicals (neurotransmitters) that transmit information along brain circuits that regulate mood. If your current medicine isn't helping - or isn't helping enough - other drugs might. There are two basic approaches: Switching medicines.


Question: How should I clean my newborn's umbilical cord?

Answer: Now, they recommend leaving it alone until it falls off by itself. When your baby has a super-messy bowel movement, some stool may get on the cord. If that happens, clean it gently with soap and water. When you put diapers on your baby, fold them so that they rest below the cord.


Question: What growth problems can children with Williams syndrome have?

Answer: Babies born with Williams syndrome can be very small. They may have trouble eating, and might not gain weight or grow as quickly as other children. As adults, they are often shorter than most people.


Question: Which specialist can be involved in taking care of a child with Williams syndrome?

Answer: Many different caregivers can be involved in taking care of your child, including a: Cardiologist -- a doctor who treats heart problems Endocrinologist -- a doctor who treats hormone problems Gastroenterologist -- a doctor who treats gastrointestinal problems Ophthalmologist -- a doctor who treats eye problems Psychologist Speech and language therapist Occupational therapist Physical therapist Some of the treatments your child might need: A diet low in calcium and vitamin D to bring down high calcium levels in the blood Medicine to lower blood pressure Special education, including speech and language therapy Physical therapy Surgery to fix a blood vessel or heart problem Your child might need treatments for other symptoms, too.


Question: What facial features do children with Williams syndrome have?

Answer: Children with Williams syndrome have unique facial features that may include: Wide forehead Bridge of the nose is flattened Short nose with a large tip Wide mouth with full lips Small chin Small, widely spaced teeth Missing or crooked teeth Uneven eyes Folds over the corners of the eyes White starburst pattern around the iris, or colored part of the eye Long face and neck (in adulthood) Many with Williams syndrome have problems with their heart and blood vessels.


Question: What learning problems can children with Williams syndrome have?

Answer: Learning problems are common in children with Williams syndrome. They range from mild to severe. Children are slower to walk, talk, and gain new skills compared to other children their age. They may have a learning disorder such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD). On the other hand, lots of children with Williams syndrome have very good memories and learn new things quickly. They tend to speak and read well, and often have musical talent.


Question: Does ear candling really clear your mind?

Answer: Ear candlers believe that passages in your head are all connected. Clearing the ear canal, they say, will clean out the rest of the pathways and leave you with a clean head. It sounds like a peaceful way to get healthy, but the idea of a maze of connected pathways in your head is a myth. There are solid barriers there, like the eardrum, that stop this from happening.


Question: How is ear candling done?

Answer: Buy the candles, which are hollow fabric cones soaked in wax or paraffin. They're around 10 inches long and can cost a few dollars apiece. Cut a hole in a paper plate and stick the candle into it. This makes sure candle wax and ash don't fall on your face. Lie on your side. Place the candle in your ear canal. Get someone you trust to light the opposite end. Let it burn for about 15 minutes. Repeated with the other ear. Fans say that as the candle burns, it creates a low-level suction force that pulls wax and debris out of your ear. Others believe heat from the candle melts and softens the wax, which falls out over the next few days.


Question: Is ear candling safe?

Answer: At its best, ear candling is a lousy way to remove wax. At its worst, it can cause serious harm to your ear. It's also risky to hold a lit candle close to your face. The flame or the melted wax could burn you. Candle wax may even drip into your ear canal, clog the passage, and make you lose your hearing for a while. There are also reports of punctured eardrums after the candling process.


Question: Are there any adults who should not receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: Certain people should not get the HPV vaccine or should wait before getting it: Anyone who has had a life-threatening allergic reaction to a previous dose of the HPV vaccine Anyone who has had a previous life-threatening allergic reaction to an ingredient in the HPV vaccine Pregnant women Anyone with a moderate or severe illness; people who feel mildly ill may still receive the HPV vaccine. The HPV vaccine is not known to be harmful to pregnant women or their babies. However, until more information is known, pregnant women are advised not to receive the HPV vaccine. Women who are breastfeeding can safely receive the HPV vaccine.


Question: What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: The HPV vaccine effectively prevents infection with the HPV types responsible for most cervical cancers and can also prevent genital warts. HPV vaccination is most effective during childhood or adolescence, but adults can also benefit from the HPV vaccine. HPV infection is extremely common; most sexually active people will be infected with HPV at some point in life. HPV infection usually causes no symptoms, but can cause genital warts and anal cancer in both women and men.


Question: What are the severe side effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: Other mild-to-moderate side effects resulting from the HPV vaccine include: Nausea Fainting Headache Arm pain Severe side effects, or adverse events, are uncommonly reported and have included: Blood clots Seizures Guillain- Barre syndrome Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome) Death Government, academic, and other public health investigators could not identify the HPV vaccine as the cause of any severe adverse event. There were 117 deaths as of September 2015, none of which could be directly tied to the HPV vaccine. The conclusion of public health investigators was that the HPV vaccine was unlikely to be the cause of these events. Such events occur at a certain rate in any group of tens of millions of people. The vaccination before each adverse event seemed to be a simple coincidence.


Question: When should adults get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: It is an option for all men through age 21, but is recommended for men who have sex with men, transgendered people, or those who have a compromised immune system (including HIV) who are ages 26 and younger. CDC guidelines recommend the two doses of the HPV vaccine. Some adults may have received doses of the HPV vaccine in childhood or adolescence. Re-vaccination in adulthood is recommended if the vaccination schedule was not completed.


Question: What are the mild-to-moderate side effects of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: These symptoms go away quickly without treatment. Other mild-to-moderate side effects resulting from the HPV vaccine include: Nausea Fainting Headache Arm pain Severe side effects, or adverse events, are uncommonly reported and have included: Blood clots Seizures Guillain- Barre syndrome Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome) Death Government, academic, and other public health investigators could not identify the HPV vaccine as the cause of any severe adverse event.


Question: What are the side effects of taking the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine?

Answer: In clinical trials and in real-world use, the HPV vaccine appears to be very safe. More than 40 million doses of the vaccine -- mostly Gardasil, which was approved in 2006 -- have been given in the U. S. Gardasil 9 was approved in 2014 and is now the only HPV vaccine available in the U. S. From 2006 to 2014, there were about 25,000 reports to the government of HPV vaccine side effects. Over 90% of these were classified as nonserious. The most common side effects of the HPV vaccine are minor: About one in 10 people will have a mild fever after the injection. About one person in 30 will get itching at the injection site. About one in 60 people will experience a moderate fever.


Question: How common is human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Answer: HPV infection is extremely common; most sexually active people will be infected with HPV at some point in life. HPV infection usually causes no symptoms, but can cause genital warts and anal cancer in both women and men. HPV can also cause throat cancer. In women, HPV infection can cause cells in the cervix to grow abnormally. In a small fraction of women, these HPV-induced changes will develop into cervical cancer. About 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year and about 4,000 women die from the condition.


Question: How is sleep apnea treated?

Answer: There are several treatments for sleep problems in people with diabetes, depending on the condition: Sleep Apnea If you are diagnosed with sleep apnea, your doctor may suggest that you lose weight to help you breathe more easily. Another potential treatment is continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP). With CPAP, patients wear a mask over their nose and/or mouth. An air blower forces air through the nose and/or mouth. The air pressure is adjusted so that it is just enough to prevent the upper airway tissues from collapsing during sleep. The pressure is constant and continuous. CPAP prevents airway closure while in use, but apnea episodes return when CPAP is stopped or is used improperly.


Question: What is restless legs syndrome relative to type 2 diabetes and sleep?

Answer: Restless Legs Syndrome Restless legs syndrome is a specific sleep disorder that causes an intense, often irresistible urge to move your legs. This sleep disorder is often accompanied by other sensations in the legs such as tingling, pulling, or pain, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep.


Question: How can I manage hives?

Answer: While you're waiting for hives and swelling to disappear, here are some tips: Apply cool compresses or wet cloths to the affected areas. Try to work and sleep in a cool room. Wear loose-fitting lightweight clothes.


Question: What is dermatographism?

Answer: Dermatographism: This is a common form of physical urticaria where hives form after firmly stroking or scratching the skin. These hives can also occur along with other forms of urticaria.


Question: What is acute urticaria?

Answer: There are several different types of hives, including: Acute urticaria: Hives lasting less than six weeks. The most common causes are certain foods, medications, or infections. Insect bites and internal disease may also be responsible. The most common foods that cause hives are nuts, chocolate, fish, tomatoes, eggs, fresh berries, and milk. Fresh foods cause hives more often than cooked foods. Certain food additives and preservatives may also be to blame. Drugs that can cause hives and angioedema include aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen, high blood pressure drugs ( ACE inhibitors), or painkillers such as codeine.


Question: What are hives?

Answer: Urticaria, also known as hives, is an outbreak of swollen, pale red bumps or plaques (wheals) on the skin that appear suddenly -- either as a result of the body's reaction to certain allergens, or for unknown reasons. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Hives usually cause itching, but may also burn or sting. They can appear anywhere on the body, including the face, lips, tongue, throat, or ears. Hives vary in size (from a pencil eraser to a dinner plate), and may join together to form larger areas known as plaques. They can last for hours, or up to one day before fading.


Question: When should I call the doctor about hives?

Answer: If hives or angioedema occur with any of the following symptoms, contact your doctor right away: Dizziness Wheezing Difficulty breathing Tightness in the chest Swelling of the tongue, lips, or face


Question: How are hives and angioedema treated?

Answer: The best treatment for hives and angiodema is to identify and remove the trigger, but this is not an easy task. Antihistamines are usually prescribed by your doctor to provide relief from symptoms. Antihistamines work best if taken on a regular schedule to prevent hives from forming in the first place. Chronic hives may be treated with antihistamines or a combination of medications. When antihistamines don't provide relief, oral corticosteroids may be prescribed. A biologic drug, omalizumab ( Xolair), is also approved to treat chronic hives in those at least 12 years of age. For severe hive or angioedema outbreaks, an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) or a cortisone medication may be needed.


Question: What is chronic urticaria and angioedema?

Answer: Chronic urticaria and angioedema: Hives lasting more than six weeks. The cause of this type of hives is usually more difficult to identify than those causing acute urticaria. For most people with chronic urticaria, the cause is impossible to determine. In some cases, though, the cause may be thyroid disease, hepatitis, infection, or cancer. Chronic urticaria and angioedema can affect other internal organs such as the lungs, muscles, and gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include muscle soreness, shortness of breath, vomiting, and diarrhea.


Question: What is physical urticaria?

Answer: Physical urticaria: Hives caused by direct physical stimulation of the skin -- for example, cold, heat, sun exposure, vibration, pressure, sweating, and exercise. The hives usually occur right where the skin was stimulated and rarely appear elsewhere. Most of the hives appear within one hour after exposure.


Question: When should you call 911 about stress?

Answer: Some of the signs it's time to get help: Your work or school performance is suffering You're using alcohol, drugs, or tobacco to deal with your stress Your eating or sleeping habits change significantly You're behaving in ways that are dangerous to yourself, including self-mutilation You have irrational fears and anxiety You have trouble getting through your daily responsibilities You're withdrawing from friends and family You think about suicide or hurting other people If your stress has gotten to the point that you're thinking of hurting yourself or someone else, go to the nearest emergency room or call 911. You can also call one of the free suicide prevention helplines, including the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255. You don't need to give your name.


Question: Can digestive problems be a sign of stress?

Answer: These can include diarrhea and constipation, or nausea and vomiting. Stress can affect how quickly food moves through your system and the way your intestines absorb nutrients.


Question: What are psychological and emotional signs of stress?

Answer: Some of the psychological and emotional signs that you're stressed out include: Depression or anxiety Anger, irritability, or restlessness Feeling overwhelmed, unmotivated, or unfocused Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much Racing thoughts or constant worry Problems with your memory or concentration Making bad decisions If you're struggling with stress and don't know how to cope, you may want to seek help from a specialist.


Question: What are mental and emotional signs of stress?

Answer: Stress can also affect how you think and feel, making it tough to get through your normal responsibilities and make rational decisions. In some cases, this kind of stress can impact behavior in other ways, and some people turn to drugs, alcohol, tobacco, or other harmful substances to cope with their feelings. Excessive stress may also affect your appetite, causing you to eat more or less than usual, and it may affect or eliminate your motivation to exercise and stay fit. Additionally, the feelings you get when you're stressed may make you feel like withdrawing from friends and family and isolating yourself.


Question: Can pain be a sign of stress?

Answer: Some of the physical signs that your stress levels are too high include: Pain or tension in your head, chest, stomach, or muscles. Your muscles tend to tense up when you're stressed, and over time this can cause headaches, migraines, or musculoskeletal problems.


Question: What are signs it is time to get help with stress?

Answer: Some of the signs it's time to get help: Your work or school performance is suffering You're using alcohol, drugs, or tobacco to deal with your stress Your eating or sleeping habits change significantly You're behaving in ways that are dangerous to yourself, including self-mutilation You have irrational fears and anxiety You have trouble getting through your daily responsibilities You're withdrawing from friends and family You think about suicide or hurting other people If your stress has gotten to the point that you're thinking of hurting yourself or someone else, go to the nearest emergency room or call 911.


Question: What if I have an allergic reaction from sclerotherapy?

Answer: A minor allergic reaction will cause itching and swelling. To avoid any serious complications, your doctor will likely test the agents on a small area before applying the solutions to a larger area. If you have any concerns or questions following this procedure, you should contact your doctor.


Question: Does insurance cover sclerotherapy?

Answer: Insurance coverage for sclerotherapy varies. If your varicose veins are causing medical problems such as pain or chronic swelling, your insurance may offer reimbursement. If you are pursuing sclerotherapy for cosmetic purposes only, your insurance carrier most likely will not provide coverage. You should discuss your concerns with your doctor.


Question: Where is sclerotherapy performed?

Answer: Less than 10% of the people who have sclerotherapy do not respond to the injections at all.


Question: How long does it take for veins to go away after sclerotherapy?

Answer: In general, spider veins respond in three to six weeks, and larger veins respond in three to four months. If the veins respond to the treatment, they will not reappear. However, new veins may appear at the same rate as before. If needed, you may return for injections.


Question: How are corticosteroids used to treat hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)?

Answer: Your doctor injects this medicine into the bumps. It can ease inflammation, pain, and swelling. You usually get these shots once a month for up to 3 months. If your case is severe, your doctor may recommend you take steroids by mouth.


Question: How are antibiotics used to treat hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)?

Answer: These are meds that fight infections. You need a prescription to get them. You can take them as a pill, or you can use a cream that you spread on your skin. They can keep your symptoms from getting worse and help curb more outbreaks. There are a lot of different antibiotics that your doctor can recommend. At first, you may take clindamycin or . Most people take them for 2 to 3 months. If that doesn't help, your doctor may suggest a combination treatment of clindamycin and rifampin ( Rifadin, Rimactane).


Question: What is it like to have hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)?

Answer: Because this condition lasts a long time, it can be frustrating, and it can take an emotional toll on you. Make sure you get the support you need. Talk to your doctor about joining a support group, where you can meet with other people who are going through the same things. They can help you work through your feelings about the skin condition. Talk to your close family and friends about it, or consider talking with a professional counselor. They can help make sure you don't let your skin problems keep you from enjoying an active social life.


Question: What are the symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)?

Answer: The first warning sign of hidradenitis suppurativa is sometimes just a single, painful bump that gets inflamed. It can last for several days or months. There can be repeated outbreaks of a single bump in the same location or the same general area. The bumps can turn into pockets of pus under the skin that leak and have a bad smell. They can also be itchy. You can get them in one place or several areas at once. If the bumps are deep, they can turn into scars when they heal. Some people get tunnels under their skin, called sinus tracts, which connect different areas of HS outbreaks. The bumps and leaky pockets can go away and come back. In severe cases, they don't fully heal.


Question: How are NSAIDs used to treat hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)?

Answer: These over-the-counter medicines can ease your pain and help you manage swelling. Some common ones you can try with your doctor's OK are: Aspirin Ibuprofen Naproxen Antibiotics.


Question: How is topical resorcinol used to treat hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)?

Answer: This is a cream that your doctor prescribes. You put it on inflamed areas of your skin. It has chemicals that peel the skin.


Question: What are risks of taking citicoline?

Answer: That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications. Side effects. Citicoline is usually well-tolerated but may cause nausea and diarrhea. Risks. Children, and women who are pregnant or breast feeding, should avoid using citicoline. We do not know if citicoline is safe for these groups. Interactions. If you take any medicines regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using any supplements.


Question: Why do people take citicoline?

Answer: Some research backs up these uses. Studies have found that citicoline supplements may help improve memory in older people.


Question: What food is a good source of citicoline?

Answer: Foods are not a good source of citicoline.


Question: What is the best dosage for citicoline?

Answer: The best doses of citicoline have not been set for any condition. Quality and ingredients in supplements may vary widely. This makes it hard to set a standard dose. Some studies have used doses of 1000 mg to 2000 mg a day. Ask your health care provider for advice.


Question: What tools can help with meal prep if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: These tools can also help with meal prep: Utensils with easy-grip handles Grabbers to help you reach items on high shelves Electric can opener Rocker knives to help you cut food with less effort To make your lounging area comfy and safe, get raised chair or lift cushions.


Question: What changes should I make to my bathroom if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some other equipment to consider: A bed that raises and lowers by pushing a button Button and zipper hooks, a long-handle shoehorn, and sock aids to help you put on and fasten clothing A bedside commode so you don't have to walk to the bathroom in the middle of the night Some simple adjustments can make washing up easier and safer. Look for combs and toothbrushes with easy-grip handles. Also install equipment such as: Lever faucet handles that are simple to turn Tub bench or shower chair so you can sit while you wash Handheld shower head that reaches down to you Non-skid surfaces in the shower or tub to prevent falls Consider making these changes to your toilet: A raised or adjustable toilet seat A bidet toilet attachment to help you get clean after you use the toilet " Bottom Buddy" tool that holds the toilet paper while you wipe and releases it into the toilet after you finish


Question: What changes should I make to my hallways and stairs if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Find ways to save your energy when you move to another area of your home: Put handrails on both sides of the stairs. Get a stair lift if you can't get up and down stairs on your own. Install night lights with motion sensors along stairs, hallways, and throughout your home.


Question: How can you prevent diarrhea if you're lactose intolerant?

Answer: Lactose may be found in foods you don't expect, including: Calcium-fortified breads Cereals and baked goods Powdered meal replacements Instant potatoes, soups, and breakfast drinks Pancake, biscuit, and cookie mixes Margarine Salad dressings Products labeled ânon-dairy,â like whipped toppings and creamers, which may include milk-derived ingredients If you are lactose intolerant, the best way to avoid symptoms is to read food labels. Steer clear of products with: Whey Curds Milk by-products Nonfat dry milk powder Dry milk solids Lactose also is found in more than 20% of prescription drugs and in some over-the-counter medicines.


Question: If you're lactose intolerant, what non-dairy foods can help you get calcium?

Answer: They include: Dark, leafy greens and vegetables like broccoli, spinach, and kale Salmon and tuna Beans and legumes Calcium-fortified soy milk and cheeses Almond milk Oranges You may also be able to eat yogurt that has active cultures.


Question: How do low levels of lactase lead to symptoms of lactose intolerance?

Answer: Lactase, an enzyme in the small intestine, breaks down the sugar in dairy products. If your body doesn't make enough lactase, you may get diarrhea and an upset stomach when you eat or drink dairy products. You may have mild, moderate, or severe symptoms, depending on how much lactase your body makes.


Question: Which foods can lactose be found in besides dairy products?

Answer: Lactose may be found in foods you don't expect, including: Calcium-fortified breads Cereals and baked goods Powdered meal replacements Instant potatoes, soups, and breakfast drinks Pancake, biscuit, and cookie mixes Margarine Salad dressings Products labeled ânon-dairy,â like whipped toppings and creamers, which may include milk-derived ingredients If you are lactose intolerant, the best way to avoid symptoms is to read food labels.


Question: If you have lactose intolerance, what are the symptoms if you eat or drink dairy prodcuts?

Answer: Lactose intolerance symptoms include: Diarrhea Nausea Bloating Stomach cramps Gas But there are ways to manage lactose intolerance while still getting the nutrition of dairy foods.


Question: Do medications contain lactose?

Answer: Steer clear of products with: Whey Curds Milk by-products Nonfat dry milk powder Dry milk solids Lactose also is found in more than 20% of prescription drugs and in some over-the-counter medicines. Birth control pills may contain lactose. Even things lactose-intolerant people may take for relief, such as tablets to reduce stomach acid and gas, can contain lactose. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if a medicine has lactose before you take it.


Question: What are risks of theanine?

Answer: It's not clear if using theanine supplements in the long-term is safe. Risks. We don't know if theanine is safe for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: How does oral human papillomavirus (HPV) spread?

Answer: That's far fewer than the number who have the genital version, which is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the U. S. Scientists are still learning how oral HPV spreads. Only a few studies have looked into how people get infected. Many doctors suspect it's passed on through oral sex, but no one can say for sure. It's also uncertain if you can get the virus from deep " French" kissing. But it is clear that you can't get oral HPV from casual contact, like kissing on the cheek or sharing a drink with an infected person.


Question: What are danger signs of asthma in children?

Answer: Increasing shortness of breath with decreased wheezing is especially dangerous because it means less air is moving in and out of the lungs. If any of these are present go to the emergency department or call 911.


Question: How do I know if my child's asthma is well controlled?

Answer: You know your child's asthma is well controlled if, with medication, your child: Lives an active, normal life Has few troublesome symptoms Attends school every day Performs daily activities without difficulty Has few urgent visits to the doctor, emergency room, or hospital for asthma Has few asthma drug side effects By learning about asthma and how it can be controlled, you take an important step toward managing your child's disease.


Question: What should you do if your child is showing symptoms of an asthma attack?

Answer: If your child is showing symptoms of an asthma attack: Give your child his/her reliever (bronchodilator) medicine according to the asthma action plan. Wait five to fifteen minutes. If the symptoms disappear, your child should be able to resume whatever activity he/she was doing. If symptoms persist, follow your child's asthma action plan for further therapy. If your child fails to improve or you are not sure what action to take, call your child's doctor.


Question: How can itching be psychological?

Answer: If your doctor can't find a physical cause, it may be in your mind. Some mental conditions give people the urge to scratch or pick at themselves. They may feel like their skin is crawling with something. There is no rash, but there may be skin damage from scratching. Compulsive scratching can be a sign of: Depression Anxiety Obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychosis Trichotillomania Learn more about skin picking disorder.


Question: Can a rash cause my skin to be dry?

Answer: If you start scratching and find a rash, it's likely the problem is in your skin.


Question: Do certain psychological disorders cause itchiness?

Answer: If your doctor can't find a physical cause, it may be in your mind. Some mental conditions give people the urge to scratch or pick at themselves. They may feel like their skin is crawling with something. There is no rash, but there may be skin damage from scratching. Compulsive scratching can be a sign of: Depression Anxiety Obsessive-compulsive disorder Psychosis Trichotillomania Learn more about skin picking disorder.


Question: How can you tell if your skin is dry?

Answer: If your skin is dry, it will let you know with an itch. It can be especially bad in the winter and in places where the air is dry. As you get older, it becomes even more common.


Question: Does pregnancy cause itchiness?

Answer: Pregnancy: More than 1 in 10 pregnant women say itching is a problem. The reasons range from harmless rashes to more serious conditions.


Question: Does hives cause itchiness?

Answer: Hives: You get them from allergies. They look like raised welts that show up alone or in clusters, and they are usually itchy. Stress, heat, exercise, or exposure to the sun can also bring them out.


Question: Do fungal and bacterial infections cause a rash?

Answer: It can happen because of: Fungal and bacterial infections like impetigo and folliculitis.


Question: Does eczema cause a rash?

Answer: Eczema or atopic dermatitis: It shows up on your skin as dry, scaly patches or a bumpy rash. It isn't clear what causes it, but it's extremely itchy. Kids are more likely to get it if their family has a history of asthma and allergies. Certain food allergies can make it worse.


Question: What medications cause itchiness?

Answer: Medications: Some may make your skin itch, even with no signs of a rash or irritation. Check with your doctor if the itch becomes too uncomfortable. These drugs are known to make you start scratching.


Question: What can I do about dry skin?

Answer: If your skin is dry, it will let you know with an itch. It can be especially bad in the winter and in places where the air is dry. As you get older, it becomes even more common. To ease the itch of dry skin: Use moisturizer after you bathe while your skin is still damp. Drink lots of fluids to stay hydrated. Use a humidifier. Make your shower quick, and don't use very hot water. Use mild soaps.


Question: Does contact dermatitis cause a rash?

Answer: Contact dermatitis: This itchy rash is caused by a reaction to something touching your skin. You may have to do some detective work to figure out where it's coming from. It could be the metals in your jewelry or the chemicals in cosmetics, toiletries, and cleaning products. Poison ivy is also a form of contact dermatitis. Stop using or wearing whatever you think might be the cause and see if the itching gets better.


Question: What serious illnesses can itching be a symptom of?

Answer: Unlikely, but Possible Itchiness usually has a simple, common cause. But in some cases, if it doesn't go away, could be a sign of a serious illness, such as: Kidney disease Liver disease Thyroid problems Certain cancers, particularly Hodgkin's disease Diabetes Iron deficiency HIV You might also start itching after the treatments for some of these illnesses.


Question: Why do I feel so itchy?

Answer: But it can also be a symptom of something more serious, like a rash or an illness. Start with the simplest solutions. Try a different fabric, take care of your skin, and avoid anything that seems to trigger the itch. If that doesn't help, ask your doctor, who will check on the cause and the treatment you need.


Question: What are the unlikely causes of itchiness?

Answer: Unlikely, but Possible Itchiness usually has a simple, common cause. But in some cases, if it doesn't go away, could be a sign of a serious illness, such as: Kidney disease Liver disease Thyroid problems Certain cancers, particularly Hodgkin's disease Diabetes Iron deficiency HIV You might also start itching after the treatments for some of these illnesses. Kidney dialysis, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have it as a side effect.


Question: Does psoriasis cause itchiness?

Answer: Psoriasis: It makes your body overproduce skin cells, which pile up in itchy, inflamed patches on the skin's surface. This is a result of an overactive immune system.


Question: Do bugs cause a rash?

Answer: Bugs: When you get bitten by a mosquito or spider, you know it. Bites from bedbugs and mites can be harder to diagnose because they look like rashes. Lice can cause a crawling sensation in your scalp or pubic hair, along with an intense itch.


Question: How can taking care of your skin help your sex life when you have psoriasis?

Answer: After sex, gently clean your genitals and sweaty skin, then put on your psoriasis medicine and moisturizer. Moisture is key to keeping your skin healthy. Look for face and body creams without alcohol, fragrance, or dyes to avoid irritation. Some people swear by natural oils like coconut or avocado. Apply them after your bath or shower while your skin is still damp, and whenever your skin feels dry. Don't be afraid to speak up about psoriasis symptoms, especially in the groin area, since your doctor might not ask. Treatment can help clear your skin and make you feel better and more comfortable with your body.


Question: What are the signs of dehydration in my baby that will indicate diarrhea?

Answer: Call your baby's doctor if you notice these signs of dehydration in your infant: Peeing less often (fewer wet diapers) Acting fussy or irritable Dry mouth No tears when he cries Unusual drowsiness or sluggishness Sunken soft spot on the top of the baby's head Skin that isn't as elastic as usual (doesn't spring back when you gently pinch and release it) Also, call the doctor if your baby has diarrhea and is less than 6 months old or has these symptoms: Fever of 102 degrees or higher Belly pain Blood or pus in his poop, or poop that's black, white, or red Sluggishness Vomiting Doctors usually don't recommend over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medicines for children.


Question: What are my doctor's recommendations for treating my baby's diarrhea?

Answer: Call your baby's doctor if you notice these signs of dehydration in your infant: Peeing less often (fewer wet diapers) Acting fussy or irritable Dry mouth No tears when he cries Unusual drowsiness or sluggishness Sunken soft spot on the top of the baby's head Skin that isn't as elastic as usual (doesn't spring back when you gently pinch and release it) Also, call the doctor if your baby has diarrhea and is less than 6 months old or has these symptoms: Fever of 102 degrees or higher Belly pain Blood or pus in his poop, or poop that's black, white, or red Sluggishness Vomiting Doctors usually don't recommend over-the-counter anti-diarrheal medicines for children. But your doc might prescribe an antibiotic for a bacterial infection or an anti-parasitic drug for a parasite infection. Babies with severe diarrhea who get dehydrated will need to go to a hospital to get fluids through an IV in their veins. The doctor might recommend that you give your baby an oral rehydration solution. These products, which you can buy at the supermarket or drug store, have fluids and electrolytes and can prevent or treat dehydration. If your child eats solid foods, the doctor might recommend switching to bland, starchy foods like strained bananas, applesauce, and rice cereal until the diarrhea stops. Mothers who are breastfeeding might need to adjust their own diet to avoid any foods that could trigger diarrhea in their babies.


Question: How can I tell if my baby has diarrhea from its poop?

Answer: The poop is normally much softer than an adult's, and it's not uncommon for it to be even softer than usual sometimes. But if it suddenly gets much looser or more watery, and happens more often and in large amounts, it may be diarrhea.


Question: What are common causes of diarrhea in babies?

Answer: A lot of things can cause the problem, including: An infection with a virus, bacteria, or parasite. Babies can pick up these germs through contact with unclean food or water or when they touch germy surfaces and then put their hands into their mouths. A food allergy or sensitivity to medicines Drinking too much fruit juice Poisoning Diarrhea makes the body lose too much water and minerals called electrolytes.


Question: How do I prevent my baby's diarrhea from infecting anyone?

Answer: Babies with diarrhea should avoid eating anything that can make it worse, including: â¢ Greasy foods â¢ Foods that are high in fiber â¢ Dairy products such as milk and cheese â¢ Sweets such as cake, cookies, and soda Diarrhea that's caused by a viral or bacterial infection is very contagious. Wash your hands with warm water and soap every time you change your baby's diaper to prevent the infection from spreading. Keep the diaper-changing area clean and disinfected. Keep your child home from day care until he is completely recovered.


Question: What happens when a baby has diarrhea?

Answer: A food allergy or sensitivity to medicines Drinking too much fruit juice Poisoning Diarrhea makes the body lose too much water and minerals called electrolytes. That leads to dehydration. Babies can get dehydrated very quickly -- within a day or two after diarrhea starts -- and it can be very dangerous, especially in newborns.


Question: What foods should I avoid feeding to my baby who has diarrhea?

Answer: Babies with diarrhea should avoid eating anything that can make it worse, including: â¢ Greasy foods â¢ Foods that are high in fiber â¢ Dairy products such as milk and cheese â¢ Sweets such as cake, cookies, and soda Diarrhea that's caused by a viral or bacterial infection is very contagious.


Question: Can I give my children nose drops?

Answer: Nose drops such as Afrin are approved by the FDA for children ages 6 and older. Neo- Synephrine is FDA-approved for kids ages 12 and older.


Question: What should I give my child to drink if he/she has a cold?

Answer: When your child drinks extra fluids, it thins his mucus, which helps it to drain. Drinking can also ease his sore throat. Try a variety of fluids, such as warm water or tea with lemon and honey (for children over age 1), ice pops, or chicken soup.


Question: Is there anything I can do if my child has a cold?

Answer: There isn't a cure, but there's still a lot you can do to make your child feel better when he's in the grips of a sneezy, drippy, all-round miserable cold.


Question: What medicine should I give my child for fever and aches?

Answer: Painkillers like acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and naproxen can reduce a fever and relieve aches. Ask your doctor which type is right for your child. Make sure you don't give him aspirin, which can sometimes lead to a serious condition called Reye's syndrome.


Question: Can I give my child over-the-counter cold medicines?

Answer: Many over-the-counter ( OTC) cold medicines have more than one ingredient, including some that your child may not need. And some may include a pain reliever, too. If you don't read labels carefully, you may give your child too much medicine. Always ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions about cold medicine for your child. Read the packaging label carefully before giving your child OTC medicine, especially if your child already takes medications.


Question: How do I know the correct dose of cold medicine to give a child?

Answer: Follow dosing recommendations closely, especially with infants. Talk to your pediatrician before you give any over-the-counter medicine to a child under age 4.


Question: How can I help my child blow their nose?

Answer: There's no better way to get rid of mucus. Nasal aspirators can help if your younger child can't blow his nose. Ask your pharmacist where to find them in the store. Choose one with a plastic tip and rubber bulb. These tend to have better suction and are less irritating than the larger, all-rubber style. Use the aspirator to suction each nostril eight to 10 times in a row. The mucus may come out like a string. If your child is stuffy and nothing is coming out, try three to four drops or sprays of salt water in each nostril. Wait 2 minutes, and then suction again.


Question: Can I give my children decongestant medicine?

Answer: Decongestants that your child takes by mouth include drugs such as pseudoephedrine. He may have side effects such as being hyper or trouble falling asleep, so don't give them at bedtime. Unfortunately, these medications rarely work for more than an hour or two.


Question: Can I give my children salt-water nose drops and sprays?

Answer: Saltwater nose drops, gels, and sprays, which you can buy at a drugstore or supermarket, are just as effective as chemical decongestants. They can be used with a bulb suction in little ones to clear the nostrils, they don't have any side effects, and you can give them to young children. They can improve your child's stuffy nose. But don't use them for more than 2 to 3 days. If you do, it can make your child more congested.


Question: What are symptoms of migraine headaches?

Answer: You may also notice: Moderate to severe pain (often described as pounding, throbbing pain) that can affect the whole head, or can shift from one side of the head to the other Sensitivity to light, noise or odors Blurred vision Nausea or vomiting, stomach upset, abdominal pain Loss of appetite Sensations of being very warm or cold Paleness Fatigue Dizziness Fever (rare) Bright flashing dots or lights, blind spots, wavy or jagged lines (aura) If you feel a steady pain in the area behind your face that gets worse if you bend forward -- and if you also have nasal congestion -- you may have a sinus headache.


Question: What are the symptoms of chronic tension headaches?

Answer: Pain usually begins gradually, and often occurs in the middle of the day Pain may last from 30 minutes to several days Chronic Tension Headaches (occur more than 15 days per month) Pain may vary in intensity throughout the day, but the pain is almost always present Pain comes and goes over a prolonged period of time Associated Symptoms of Tension Headaches include: Headache upon awakening Difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep Chronic fatigue Irritability Disturbed concentration Mild sensitivity to light or noise General muscle aching With this type of headache, you'll probably notice: Intense pain on one side of your head.


Question: What are symptoms of sinus headaches?

Answer: This type can lead to: Deep and constant pain in the cheekbones, forehead or bridge of the nose Pain that gets worse with sudden head movement or straining Pain along with other sinus symptoms, like nasal discharge, a feeling of fullness in the ears, fever, and facial swelling.


Question: What are the symptoms of sinus headaches?

Answer: This type can lead to: Deep and constant pain in the cheekbones, forehead or bridge of the nose Pain that gets worse with sudden head movement or straining Pain along with other sinus symptoms, like nasal discharge, a feeling of fullness in the ears, fever, and facial swelling.


Question: How are cold sores diagnosed?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } To see if you have the herpes simplex virus ( HSV), which causes cold sores, your doctor may simply examine the cold sore or may take a culture from it. The doctor may also test blood for antibodies to the virus. A positive antibody test only proves that you have the virus; it does not indicate whether or not the virus is active or when you may have acquired it.


Question: What do breast cancer hormone receptor test results mean?

Answer: In the lab report, you may see one of these: A simple "positive" or "negative" description. If it says âpositive,â that means your cancer is sensitive to hormones. If it says ânegative,â it's not. The âpositiveâ and ânegativeâ don't mean better or worse -- it's just about the tumor. A percentage of cells out of 100 that have hormone receptors. A score of 0% means no cells have receptors. 100% means all cells have them. An " Allred score" between 0 and 8. This tells how many cells are HR-positive as well as their "intensity" (how well they show up in the lab tests). Labs use different cutoff points to tell if the cancer is HR-positive. Ask your doctor to explain what they mean for you.


Question: What is hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer?

Answer: Compared with other types of breast cancer, hormone-receptor-positive ones, also called HR-positive, tend to: Grow more slowly Respond better to hormone therapy Have a better outlook (prognosis) In advanced cancer, your doctor will take a small part of the cancer that has spread to your lymph nodes, liver, or other areas of your body.


Question: What tests are done for breast cancer hormone receptors?

Answer: Compared with other types of breast cancer, hormone-receptor-positive ones, also called HR-positive, tend to: Grow more slowly Respond better to hormone therapy Have a better outlook (prognosis) In advanced cancer, your doctor will take a small part of the cancer that has spread to your lymph nodes, liver, or other areas of your body. She may use a very fine needle or get the tissue during surgery. Lab tests will show if the disease has hormone receptors. If you're taking hormones, you may need to stop before getting the test.


Question: How does sarcoidosis usually progress?

Answer: Usually, patients who experience more generalized symptoms, such as weight loss and fatigue, develop a mild form of the disease. Patients suffering from shortness of breath and skin rashes may develop more chronic, severe sarcoidosis. Race also seems to play a role; Caucasians are more likely to develop a mild form of the disease, while African- Americans tend to develop the more chronic, severe form.


Question: When should I call my doctor about sarcoidosis?

Answer: You have a cough that won't go away You develop a sudden, unexplained skin rash You experience sudden, unexplained weight loss You experience chronic fatigue or don't feel well


Question: When should someone call their doctor after laser eye surgery?

Answer: If you have any questions, or if there's pain, a sudden decrease in vision, redness, or discharge from your eye, contact your doctor right away.


Question: How is my privacy protected regarding genetic testing for breast cancer?

Answer: This act also prevents insurance companies from using genetic information to determine that a health condition existed before application was made for insurance. In addition, many states have passed laws, or have legislation pending, addressing insurance concerns.


Question: What happens during genetic testing for breast cancer?

Answer: A family pedigree is a chart that shows the genetic makeup of a person's ancestors, and is used to analyze inherited characteristics or diseases within a family. After outlining the family pedigree, a blood test will be performed to determine if you have a breast cancer gene. Keep in mind that the vast majority of breast cancer cases are not associated with a breast cancer gene. In addition, scientists do not know all of the genes that can cause breast cancer, so doctors can only test you for the known genes. When someone with a cancer diagnosis and a family history of the disease has been tested and found to have an altered BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, the family is said to have a "known mutation." If an association between the development of breast cancer and a breast cancer gene is made, then all family members willing to participate in genetic testing are asked to give a sample of blood. For many people, knowing their test results is important because this information may help to guide future health care decisions for themselves and their families.


Question: What are my options if I have a "cancer gene"?

Answer: Women in high-risk categories (first-degree relative with breast cancer, prior abnormal breast biopsy results with atypical ductal hyperplasia or lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ) and carriers of the genes associated with breast cancer should consider starting regular breast cancer screening at age 25 or 10 years earlier than the age of the youngest person with breast cancer at the time of their diagnosis. Some women choose preventive (prophylactic) mastectomy to decrease the chances of developing breast cancer, although this doesn't offer complete protection. Another approach includes using the anti-estrogen drugs: Tamoxifen, useful in premenopausal and post-menopausal women Raloxifene ( Evista), used to treat osteoporosis; useful only in post-menopausal women Exemestane ( Aromasin), an aromatase inhibitor; useful only in post-menopausal women Genetic testing is not 100% accurate.


Question: What are some questions to consider about breast cancer and genetic testing?

Answer: Here are some questions to consider when thinking about genetic testing: Am I prepared to cope with the result? Are my family members also prepared, including my children and my spouse? What are my goals for testing? How would I use my test results? What will I do differently if the results are positive, or if they are negative? Whom will I share my results with? Would a positive test result change relationships with my family?


Question: What are the benefits of genetic testing for breast cancer?

Answer: For some women, the benefits of genetic testing include the ability to make informed medical and lifestyle decisions while reducing the anxiety of not knowing their genetic background. Another benefit is the ability to make a proactive decision regarding prevention with both medications and prophylactic surgery. In addition, many women are able to participate in medical research that may in the long run decrease their risk of death from breast cancer.


Question: Should I be tested for genetic mutations of breast cancer?

Answer: You may want to discuss genetic testing with your doctor if any of the following scenarios apply to you: You have two or more blood relatives -- mother, sister, aunt, cousin, or daughter -- with premenopausal breast cancer or ovarian cancer diagnosed at any age. You have been diagnosed with breast cancer, especially if it was diagnosed before you reached menopause, and also have a blood relative with breast or ovarian cancer, or if you have cancer in both breasts. You have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer and you have blood relatives who have had ovarian or breast cancer. You are related to someone (male or female) who has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. You are of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and you have blood relatives who have had breast or ovarian cancer, or you have had breast or ovarian cancer.


Question: What nonprescription meds help with back pain?

Answer: Ibuprofen ( Advil, Nuprin, Motrin) or naproxen ( Aleve) are excellent medications for the short-term treatment of low back pain. Because of the risk of ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding, talk with your doctor before using these medications, especially if you have any medical problems or take any other medicines. Acetaminophen can also be effective in relieving pain. Topical agents such as âdeep heating rubsâ may provide relief for some people. Some people seem to benefit from the use of ice or heat.


Question: What are some basic tips for taking care of back pain at home?

Answer: General recommendations are to gradually increase your activity to tolerance as soon as possible. Bed rest is usually not advised for more than a day or two. Stretching or activities that place additional strain on the back are also discouraged.


Question: Is bed rest good for caring for back pain?

Answer: Most experts agree that prolonged bed rest is associated with a longer recovery period. Further, people on bed rest are more likely to develop depression, blood clots in the legs, and decreased muscle tone. Very few experts recommend more than a 48-hour period of decreased activity or bed rest. In other words, get up and get moving to the extent you can.


Question: What tests might your doctor want to use when checking for bladder issues?

Answer: Your bladder is filled with water, then you're asked to stand up and cough, or to walk to see if any urine leaks.


Question: What are the most common bladder issues women face during and after menopause?

Answer: The most common ones women face during and after menopause are: Stress incontinence. You might lose a few drops of urine when you're coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Or you might notice leaking when you're lifting something heavy or doing something that puts pressure on your bladder. Urge incontinence. The need to pee comes on fast and unexpectedly. You might not make it to a bathroom in time. This is sometimes called an âirritableâ or âoveractiveâ bladder. Nocturia. Some women wake up several times in the middle of the night with an urge to pee. Painful urination. After menopause, women are more likely to have urinary tract infections ( UTIs). They can give you a burning sensation while peeing.


Question: Should I listen to music to relieve stress if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Slip on a pair of headphones for a few minutes. Play a song that gives you happy, soothing thoughts. Or listen to relaxing natural sounds, like ocean waves or a waterfall.