Question: When should I seek medical care for a facial fracture?

Answer: If you have a facial injury, see your doctor as soon as possible. Some facial fractures can be life-threatening. Others can cause problems with your respiratory system, airway passages, central nervous system, or vision that can't be reversed.


Question: What are some signs of a forehead fracture (frontal bone)?

Answer: Here's what you can expect to experience with the main types of facial fractures: Broken nose (nasal fracture) Pain Swelling Nosebleeds Bruising around the nose Difficulty breathing Forehead fracture (frontal bone) The forehead may appear inverted (pushed inward) Pain around the sinuses Injuries to the eyes Broken cheekbone/upper jaw (zygomatic maxillary fracture) Flatness of the cheek Altered sensation underneath the eye on the affected side Problems with eyesight Pain with jaw movement Eye socket (orbital) fracture This involves the bones of the eye socket.


Question: What are the signs of midface (maxillary) fracture?

Answer: A black eye Redness or bleeding in the white of the eye Blurry or decreased vision Numbness in the forehead, eyelids, cheek, or upper lip/teeth Swelling of the cheek or forehead Broken jaw Pain Bruising, swelling, or tenderness along the jaw or below the ear Inability to bring the teeth together properly (malocclusion) Bruising under the tongue (almost always indicates a jaw fracture) Missing or loose teeth Numbness in the lower lip or chin Midface (maxillary) fracture: The main symptom is swelling or deformity on the face.


Question: How do you treat insect stings if you aren't allergic?

Answer: Don't give this medication to children under 2 years old or to pregnant women unless your doctor says it's OK. ( If you're pregnant, it's best to talk to your doctor before you take any medicine.)


Question: What are the symptoms of a mild allergic reaction to an insect sting?

Answer: A mild allergic reaction may cause one or more of these symptoms at the site of the sting: Pain Redness Pimple-like spots Mild to moderate swelling Warmth Itching Severe allergic reactions (also called an anaphylactic reaction) are not that common.


Question: What re the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction to an insect sting?

Answer: A mild allergic reaction may cause one or more of these symptoms at the site of the sting: Pain Redness Pimple-like spots Mild to moderate swelling Warmth Itching Severe allergic reactions (also called an anaphylactic reaction) are not that common. But when they happen, they're emergencies. Symptoms can include: Trouble breathing Hives that appear as a red, itchy rash and spread to areas beyond the sting Swelling of the face, throat, or any part of the mouth or tongue Wheezing or trouble swallowing Restlessness and anxiety Rapid pulse Dizziness or a sharp drop in blood pressure Get emergency treatment as soon as possible.


Question: Can allergy shots prevent allergic reactions to insect stings?

Answer: They're about 97% effective. Over a series of doctor visits, you'll get gradually increasing doses of venom to train your immune system to resist to a future allergic reaction.


Question: What are the symptoms of a hernia?

Answer: For inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and incisional hernias, symptoms may include: An obvious swelling beneath the skin of the abdomen or the groin; it may disappear when you lie down and may be tender. A heavy feeling in the abdomen that is sometimes accompanied by constipation or blood in the stool. Discomfort in the abdomen or groin when lifting or bending over.


Question: What causes heartburn in children and infants?

Answer: Heartburn in infants and young children is usually a sign of gastroesophageal reflux (also called GER or acid reflux). That's a condition that occurs when stomach acid backs up into the esophagus -- the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. There is a muscle at the bottom of the esophagus called the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES) that normally keeps acids in the stomach. But if the LES relaxes too much, the harsh stomach acids can rise up and irritate the delicate lining of the esophagus. That leads to heartburn and other symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of heartburn in children?

Answer: Heartburn feels like a burning sensation in the chest, neck, and throat. If the cause of heartburn is GERD, the infant or child may also experience other symptoms, such as: Arching of the back during feedings Chest pain Coughing Fussiness Hoarse voice Painful swallowing Poor eating Sore throat Vomiting Wheezing Keep in mind that these symptoms are seen in other conditions, so may not necessarily be a sign of GER or GERD.


Question: How do I know if my child is having heartburn?

Answer: It's often hard to clearly diagnose heartburn in young children. That's because they have more difficulty articulating their symptoms than adults. Instead of feeling a burning in their chest, they may experience heartburn as a stomachache higher in their belly. If your child is displaying any symptoms of heartburn or GERD, start with a visit to the pediatrician. You may get a referral to a specialist called a gastroenterologist.


Question: How can diabetes cause major foot problems?

Answer: Many people with diabetes have two other conditions that raise their chances of foot amputation: diabetic neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease ( PAD). Neuropathy is nerve damage. It can mean you're less able to feel heat, cold, and even sharp objects. If you have neuropathy in your feet, you could walk around all day with a rock in your shoe and not know it. That means you could get a bad cut and not notice until it gets infected. With PAD, fatty deposits build up in your arteries, causing poor blood flow to your legs and feet. When you don't have good circulation, it's hard for your body to fight infections. So, a cut you get from a rock in your shoe could get infected and not heal. It's one reason a doctor may recommend amputation. Poor blood flow also can cause gangrene, a medical term for dead tissue and a common reason for amputation. Gangrene can happen because of PAD or when high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels over time.


Question: What are some alternatives to foot amputation?

Answer: Besides neuropathy and PAD, other things can raise your odds of a foot amputation: A family history of diabetes-related foot amputations Other family members with diabetes Foot ulcers Foot fractures Slow-healing wounds Toenail fungus or other toenail infections Bunions Corns Thick calluses Even with a bad infection or a wound that won't heal, your doctor may not suggest foot amputation -- at least not right away. Depending on your condition, she might instead recommend: Surgery to clean the wound and remove dead tissue Antibiotics, which you'll get at the hospital through a tube (an IV) into your vein Amputation of one or more toes Surgery that brings new blood flow to your foot, called revascularization You're much more likely to avoid a foot amputation if you make your health and your feet a priority.


Question: What can make amputation more likely if you have diabetes?

Answer: Besides neuropathy and PAD, other things can raise your odds of a foot amputation: A family history of diabetes-related foot amputations Other family members with diabetes Foot ulcers Foot fractures Slow-healing wounds Toenail fungus or other toenail infections Bunions Corns Thick calluses Even with a bad infection or a wound that won't heal, your doctor may not suggest foot amputation -- at least not right away.


Question: What helps painful intercourse after a hysterectomy?

Answer: It helps to try different positions and lubricants and moisturizers (like K- Y oils or Replens). A low-dose vaginal estrogen cream, suppository or ring can also help relieve vaginal dryness.


Question: When should you call your doctor after a hysterectomy?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have any of these symptoms with any type of hysterectomy: Fever or chills Heavy bleeding or unusual vaginal discharge Severe pain Redness or discharge from incisions Problems urinating or having a bowel movement Shortness of breath or chest pain For most women, life without a uterus means relief from the symptoms that caused them to have a hysterectomy -- bleeding, pelvic pain, and abdominal bloating.


Question: How do I know if I have a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

Answer: Talk to your doctor. He or she can examine you and perform tests to determine if you have an STD.


Question: How can you make deep belly breathing an abs exercise after you have a baby?

Answer: It helps relax muscles, and it starts the process of strengthening and toning your abs and belly. How It's Done: Sit upright and breathe deeply, drawing air from the diaphragm upward. Contract and hold your abs tight while inhaling and relax while exhaling. Gradually increase the amount of time you can contract and hold your abs.


Question: is walking good exercise for new moms?

Answer: Why It's Good For You: It may not sound like much of a workout, but walking is one of the simplest ways to ease into a fitness routine after giving birth. How It's Done: Start with an easy stroll. Eventually you'll work your way up to a pumped-up power walk. But a gentle walk can still do wonders for you and your body, especially in the beginning. Bringing baby along in a front pack will add extra weight that can increase the benefits.


Question: When can I join hospice care?

Answer: You may enter a program if your doctor states that you have a terminal illness and that death can be expected in 6 months or less. You can stay in hospice beyond that time if your doctor and the team decide you still have only a short time to live. Hospice isn't always a permanent choice. For example, if your kidneys are failing, you might choose the hospice program rather than continuing with dialysis. But you can still change your mind, stop hospice care, and start back on treatments. Other people may get better unexpectedly and quit the service with the option of returning later.


Question: What do I need to know about hospice care?

Answer: Some people might think using hospice means they're giving up. Others may worry that they won't get the medical care they need. But the service simply focuses on the quality of your life instead of trying to cure a disease. Your team may include a doctor, nurse, social worker, counselor, chaplain (if you're religious), home health aide, and trained volunteers. They work together to meet your physical, emotional, and spiritual needs. Hospice is for family members, too. It offers counseling and help with practical things such as cleaning house and shopping.


Question: How do I find a program for hospice care?

Answer: Other services that are available include: Chaplain and spiritual services for you and your loved ones Social work and counseling Medicine to ease pain Medical equipment and supplies Advice on eating Physical and speech therapy Counseling for your loved ones Start by asking doctors, nurses, social workers, and friends for ideas. On the Internet, you can go to the website of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization. You can call the NHPCO at 800-658-8898. For languages other than English, call 877-658-8896. You'll want to ask the hospice what's the role of your own doctor once care begins and whether the same nurse will visit during the week.


Question: What levels of care does hospice offer?

Answer: The four levels are: Routine Home Care. The most common level of hospice care, this includes nursing and home health aide services. Continuous Home Care. This is when a patient needs continuous nursing care during a time of crisis. General Inpatient Care. Short-term care during times when pain and symptoms can't be managed without a hospital setting. Respite Care. Short-term care in a facility during times when the patient's caregiver needs a break in caregiving. You might decide you or your loved one wishes to stay where friends and family can visit freely. In fact, most people choose this option. A relative or friend usually serves as the primary caregiver.


Question: Who's more likely to have HPV?

Answer: In women, an increased risk of a persistent HPV infection is associated with: Early initiation of sexual activity Having multiple sex partners Having a partner who has had multiple sex partners Having sex with an uncircumcised man Because a pelvic exam is usually normal in women with cervical dysplasia, a Pap test is necessary to diagnose the condition.


Question: With cervical dysplasia, how are abnormal cells removed?

Answer: During LEEP, the doctor cuts out abnormal tissue with a thin, low-voltage electrified wire loop.


Question: What are the treatments for cervical dysplasia?

Answer: Mild cervical dysplasia sometimes resolves without treatment, and may only require careful observation with Pap tests every three or six months. But moderate-to-severe cervical dysplasia -- and mild cervical dysplasia that persists for two years -- usually requires treatment to remove the abnormal cells and reduce the risk of cervical cancer.


Question: How is smoking linked to cervical dysplasia?

Answer: Among women with a chronic HPV infection, smokers are twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop severe cervical dysplasia, because smoking suppresses the immune system.


Question: What vaccines can help prevent cervical dysplasia?

Answer: Three vaccines -- Gardasil, Gardasil-9, and Cervarix -- have been approved by the FDA to help prevent infection with some types of HPV, including the types that cause most cases of cervical cancer. According to guidelines endorsed by the CDC and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, boys and girls both should be vaccinated between ages 11 and 12 before they become sexually active; those between ages 13 and 26 who have not yet received the vaccine should also be vaccinated.


Question: How can women lower the risk of getting cervical dysplasia?

Answer: Women can lower their risk of cervical dysplasia by avoiding the high-risk sexual behaviors associated with HPV infection, such as early sexual initiation and having multiple sexual partners. Sexually active women whose male partners correctly use condoms during every sexual encounter may have up to a 70% reduced risk of HPV infection.


Question: How can exercise benefit the brains of kids with ADHD?

Answer: Exercise isn't just good for toning muscles. It can help keep the brain in shape, too. When kids exercise, the amount and mix of chemicals called neurotransmitters their brain releases change. Neurotransmitters include dopamine, which is involved with attention. The stimulant medicines used to treat ADHD work by increasing the amount of this same chemical in the brain. So it makes sense that a workout can have many of the same effects on children with ADHD as stimulant drugs. In studies published in the Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, kids with ADHD who exercised performed better on tests of attention, and had less impulsivity, even if they weren't taking stimulant medicines.


Question: How does exercise work on children's brains with ADHD?

Answer: Exercise increases blood flow to the brain. Kids with ADHD may have less blood flow to the parts of their brain responsible for: thinking planning emotions behavior Blood vessels. Exercise improves blood vessels and brain structure. This helps with thinking ability. Brain activity. Exercise increases activity in parts of the brain related to behavior and attention.


Question: How can exercise help kids with ADHD?

Answer: Research is finding that staying active not only lets kids with ADHD burn off steam, but it also can help with issues such as: lack of focus impulsivity poor social skills When used along with traditional ADHD treatments such as stimulant medicines and counseling, regular fitness can have a positive impact on a child's ADHD symptoms. Health experts recommend that kids get at least 60 minutes of moderate to intense exercise every day. How they get that exercise -- bike riding, swimming, playing soccer, dancing -- doesn't really matter. But there is evidence that getting outside and spending time in nature can calm some kids with ADHD. In one study, just a 20-minute walk in the park helped kids with ADHD concentrate better.


Question: What are more reasons to exercise to help with ADHD symptoms?

Answer: Beyond helping ADHD symptoms, there are many other reasons to get kids to exercise. Engaging in regular fitness activities can help kids: Stay at a healthy weight Keep blood pressure and cholesterol levels in a normal range Reduce risk of diabetes Improve self-confidence and self-esteem Exercise should be one part of a well-rounded ADHD treatment plan, which may also include medicine and therapy. See a pediatrician, psychologist, or psychiatrist to come up with the best ADHD treatment plan for your child.


Question: How does exercise help thinking and behavior in kids with ADHD?

Answer: That's the set of problem-solving skills we use to plan and organize. A lack of these skills makes it hard for your ADHD child to remember to finish his homework or to take his lunch with him when he leaves for school. Exercise may improve executive function in kids with ADHD. Many kids with ADHD also struggle socially and with their behavior. Playing a sport can have the added benefits of improving both of these areas. In studies, kids who exercised got in trouble less often for disruptive behaviors such as talking out of turn, name calling, hitting, moving inappropriately, and refusing to participate in activities. Because of all these benefits, exercise can boost the effectiveness of ADHD medicine when they are used together. It also can help kids who haven't responded to stimulant drugs or other ADHD medications.


Question: What are the physical symptoms of stress?

Answer: Emotional symptoms of stress include: Becoming easily agitated, frustrated, and moody Feeling overwhelmed, like you are losing control or need to take control Having difficulty relaxing and quieting your mind Feeling bad about yourself (low self-esteem), lonely, worthless, and depressed Avoiding others Physical symptoms of stress include: Low energy Headaches Upset stomach, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea Aches, pains, and tense muscles Chest pain and rapid heartbeat Insomnia Frequent colds and infections Loss of sexual desire and/or ability Nervousness and shaking, ringing in the ear, cold or sweaty hands and feet Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing Clenched jaw and grinding teeth Cognitive symptoms of stress include: Constant worrying Racing thoughts Forgetfulness and disorganization Inability to focus Poor judgment Being pessimistic or seeing only the negative side Behavioral symptoms of stress include: Changes in appetite -- either not eating or eating too much Procrastinating and avoiding responsibilities Increased use of alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes Exhibiting more nervous behaviors, such as nail biting, fidgeting, and pacing A little stress every now and then is not something to be concerned about.


Question: What are the emotional symptoms of stress?

Answer: Emotional symptoms of stress include: Becoming easily agitated, frustrated, and moody Feeling overwhelmed, like you are losing control or need to take control Having difficulty relaxing and quieting your mind Feeling bad about yourself (low self-esteem), lonely, worthless, and depressed Avoiding others Physical symptoms of stress include: Low energy Headaches Upset stomach, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea Aches, pains, and tense muscles Chest pain and rapid heartbeat Insomnia Frequent colds and infections Loss of sexual desire and/or ability Nervousness and shaking, ringing in the ear, cold or sweaty hands and feet Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing Clenched jaw and grinding teeth Cognitive symptoms of stress include: Constant worrying Racing thoughts Forgetfulness and disorganization Inability to focus Poor judgment Being pessimistic or seeing only the negative side Behavioral symptoms of stress include: Changes in appetite -- either not eating or eating too much Procrastinating and avoiding responsibilities Increased use of alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes Exhibiting more nervous behaviors, such as nail biting, fidgeting, and pacing A little stress every now and then is not something to be concerned about.


Question: What are the consequences of long-term stress?

Answer: Emotional symptoms of stress include: Becoming easily agitated, frustrated, and moody Feeling overwhelmed, like you are losing control or need to take control Having difficulty relaxing and quieting your mind Feeling bad about yourself (low self-esteem), lonely, worthless, and depressed Avoiding others Physical symptoms of stress include: Low energy Headaches Upset stomach, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea Aches, pains, and tense muscles Chest pain and rapid heartbeat Insomnia Frequent colds and infections Loss of sexual desire and/or ability Nervousness and shaking, ringing in the ear, cold or sweaty hands and feet Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing Clenched jaw and grinding teeth Cognitive symptoms of stress include: Constant worrying Racing thoughts Forgetfulness and disorganization Inability to focus Poor judgment Being pessimistic or seeing only the negative side Behavioral symptoms of stress include: Changes in appetite -- either not eating or eating too much Procrastinating and avoiding responsibilities Increased use of alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes Exhibiting more nervous behaviors, such as nail biting, fidgeting, and pacing A little stress every now and then is not something to be concerned about. Ongoing, chronic stress, however, can cause or exacerbate many serious health problems, including: Mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, and personality disorders Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease, high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, heart attacks, and stroke Obesity and other eating disorders Menstrual problems Sexual dysfunction, such as impotence and premature ejaculation in men and loss of sexual desire in both men and women Skin and hair problems, such as acne, psoriasis, and eczema, and permanent hair loss Gastrointestinal problems, such as GERD, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, and irritable colon Stress is a part of life.


Question: What are the behavioral symptoms of stress?

Answer: Emotional symptoms of stress include: Becoming easily agitated, frustrated, and moody Feeling overwhelmed, like you are losing control or need to take control Having difficulty relaxing and quieting your mind Feeling bad about yourself (low self-esteem), lonely, worthless, and depressed Avoiding others Physical symptoms of stress include: Low energy Headaches Upset stomach, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea Aches, pains, and tense muscles Chest pain and rapid heartbeat Insomnia Frequent colds and infections Loss of sexual desire and/or ability Nervousness and shaking, ringing in the ear, cold or sweaty hands and feet Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing Clenched jaw and grinding teeth Cognitive symptoms of stress include: Constant worrying Racing thoughts Forgetfulness and disorganization Inability to focus Poor judgment Being pessimistic or seeing only the negative side Behavioral symptoms of stress include: Changes in appetite -- either not eating or eating too much Procrastinating and avoiding responsibilities Increased use of alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes Exhibiting more nervous behaviors, such as nail biting, fidgeting, and pacing A little stress every now and then is not something to be concerned about.


Question: What are the cognitive symptoms of stress?

Answer: Emotional symptoms of stress include: Becoming easily agitated, frustrated, and moody Feeling overwhelmed, like you are losing control or need to take control Having difficulty relaxing and quieting your mind Feeling bad about yourself (low self-esteem), lonely, worthless, and depressed Avoiding others Physical symptoms of stress include: Low energy Headaches Upset stomach, including diarrhea, constipation, and nausea Aches, pains, and tense muscles Chest pain and rapid heartbeat Insomnia Frequent colds and infections Loss of sexual desire and/or ability Nervousness and shaking, ringing in the ear, cold or sweaty hands and feet Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing Clenched jaw and grinding teeth Cognitive symptoms of stress include: Constant worrying Racing thoughts Forgetfulness and disorganization Inability to focus Poor judgment Being pessimistic or seeing only the negative side Behavioral symptoms of stress include: Changes in appetite -- either not eating or eating too much Procrastinating and avoiding responsibilities Increased use of alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes Exhibiting more nervous behaviors, such as nail biting, fidgeting, and pacing A little stress every now and then is not something to be concerned about.


Question: Which drinks help keep your mouth healthy?

Answer: The best food choices for the health of your mouth include cheeses, chicken or other meats, nuts, and milk.


Question: Which foods are bad for your mouth?

Answer: Poor food choices include candy -- such as lollipops, hard candies, and mints -- cookies, cakes, pies, breads, muffins, potato chips, pretzels, french fries, bananas, raisins, and other dried fruits. These foods contain large amounts of sugar and/or can stick to teeth, providing a fuel source for bacteria.


Question: What are some basic tips for teeth and gum care?

Answer: Use a fluoride-containing toothpaste. Floss at least once a day. Use a mouth rinse daily. Visit your dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings -- typically twice a year. Eat a variety of foods to maintain overall health. Eat fewer foods containing sugars and starches between meals.


Question: Which foods help keep your mouth healthy?

Answer: The best food choices for the health of your mouth include cheeses, chicken or other meats, nuts, and milk. These foods are thought to protect tooth enamel by providing the calcium and phosphorus needed to remineralize teeth (a natural process by which minerals are redeposited in tooth enamel after being removed by acids). For those people that are lactose intolerant and cannot ingest milk products, green vegetables such as broccoli and spinach are high in calcium. Other food choices include firm/crunchy fruits (for example, apples and pears) and vegetables.


Question: What happens during a meditation session?

Answer: During a meditation session, intruding worries or thoughts should be ignored or dismissed to the best of your ability by focusing on the sound, word or phrase. It's OK to open your eyes to look at a clock while you are practicing, but do not set an alarm. When you have finished, remain seated, first with your eyes closed and then with your eyes open, and gradually allow your thoughts to return to everyday reality.


Question: What is the history of meditation?

Answer: In his book The Relaxation Response (published in 1975 and reissued in 2000), Benson recommends practicing the technique once or twice a day.


Question: How does relaxation response of meditation work?

Answer: This should be done in a quiet place free of distractions. Sitting is preferred to lying down in order to avoid falling asleep. Relax your muscles starting with the feet and progressing up to your face. Breathe though your nose in a free and natural way. During a meditation session, intruding worries or thoughts should be ignored or dismissed to the best of your ability by focusing on the sound, word or phrase.


Question: What is meditation?

Answer: Meditation is a simple technique that, if practiced for as few as 10 minutes each day, can help you control stress, decrease anxiety, improve cardiovascular health, and achieve a greater capacity for relaxation.


Question: What are the symptoms of reactive arthritis?

Answer: The first symptoms of reactive arthritis are painful urination and a discharge from the penis if there is inflammation of the urethra. Diarrhea may occur if the intestines are affected. This is then followed by arthritis four to 28 days later that usually affects the fingers, toes, ankles, hips, and knee joints. Typically, only one or a few of these joints may be affected at one time. Other symptoms include: Mouth ulcers Inflammation of the eye Keratoderma blennorrhagica (patches of scaly skin on the palms, soles, trunk, or scalp) Back pain from sacroiliac ( SI) joint involvement Pain from inflammation of the ligaments and tendons at the sites of their insertion into the bone (enthesitis) Diagnosis of reactive arthritis can be complicated by the fact that symptoms often occur several weeks apart.


Question: When should I see a doctor about a sprain or strain?

Answer: All but the most minor strains and sprains should be evaluated by a doctor. Consult a doctor as soon as possible if there are symptoms of a possible broken bone: There is a "popping" sound with the injury. The person can't move the injured joint or limb or bear weight on it. The limb buckles when the injured joint is used. There is numbness. There is significant swelling, pain, fever, or open cuts.


Question: What are the symptoms of desmoid tumors?

Answer: The tumor also may be called one of the following: Aggressive fibromatosis Deep fibromatosis Desmoid fibromatosis Familial infiltrative fibromatosis Hereditary desmoid disease Musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis Signs of a desmoid tumor depend on where it is. If it's close to the surface of your skin, you may have a painless or slightly painful lump. If it's in your abdomen, it may be more aggressive. It can press against blood vessels and nerves and cause pain, a limp, or problems using your legs, feet, arms, or hands. It also can block your colon or grow into nearby tissues. When this happens, you may have severe pain, bleeding from your rectum, and other health problems.


Question: Can glucosamine sulfate help fight HIV?

Answer: Studies done in a laboratory dish hint that glucosamine sulfate may help fight HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Much more comprehensive research is needed before scientists can say whether or not this supplement could be helpful for those with the virus.


Question: What should you talk to your doctor about before taking glucosamine sulfate?

Answer: Talk to your doctor before taking this supplement if you have diabetes or insulin resistance.


Question: What medications could glucosamine sulfate interfere with?

Answer: There are reports that glucosamine may also reduce the effectiveness of certain drugs. So use caution when taking glucosamine if you take: acetaminophen ( Tylenol) Certain chemotherapy drugs, including doxorubicin ( Adriamycin, Rubex), etoposide ( Etopiside), and teniposide ( Vumon) Diabetes drugs, including glimepiride ( Amaryl), glyburide ( Dia Beta), insulin ( Novo Log), pioglitazone ( Actos), and rosiglitazone ( Avandia) Talk to your doctor before using this supplement if you are allergic to shellfish.


Question: Why are steroids injected?

Answer: Injecting steroids into one or two local areas of inflammation allows doctors to deliver a high dose of medication directly to the problem area. When doctors give steroids by mouth or intravenously, they cannot be sure an adequate amount of the steroid will eventually reach the problem area.


Question: What negative effects can happen from steroid injections?

Answer: In rare instances, the following side effects might occur: Infection Allergic reactions Local bleeding Rupture of a tendon Skin discoloration Excessively frequent, repeated injections into the same area can cause the bone, ligaments, and tendons to weaken. Not everyone will develop side effects. How often any side effect occurs varies from patient to patient. If steroid injections are infrequent (less than every three to four months), it is possible that none of the listed side effects will occur.


Question: How do steroids work?

Answer: When doctors give steroids by mouth or intravenously, they cannot be sure an adequate amount of the steroid will eventually reach the problem area. Steroids are often injected directly into joints to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or other inflammatory diseases.


Question: How does my age affect my diabetes?

Answer: Aging can affect how well you manage your diabetes. Some hurdles you may face include: Lower mental energy and memory loss, which can make it harder to plan meals and remember to take medication Changes in your body that keep medicine from working as well as it once did Eyesight problems, which can cause you to make mistakes reading your blood sugar levels or taking the right dose of insulin Medications you take for other problems interacting with your diabetes meds and affecting how well they work By making a plan with your health care team and listening closely to your changing body, you can continue to live a healthy life.


Question: What is diabetes like in older adults?

Answer: Aging can affect how well you manage your diabetes. Some hurdles you may face include: Lower mental energy and memory loss, which can make it harder to plan meals and remember to take medication Changes in your body that keep medicine from working as well as it once did Eyesight problems, which can cause you to make mistakes reading your blood sugar levels or taking the right dose of insulin Medications you take for other problems interacting with your diabetes meds and affecting how well they work By making a plan with your health care team and listening closely to your changing body, you can continue to live a healthy life.


Question: How can you tell if something is wrong with your body if you have diabetes?

Answer: When you have type 2 diabetes, even small signs can be a clue that something bigger is brewing: Leg pain, numbness, or sores that take a long time to heal might mean your arteries are becoming diseased. Feeling shaky, sweaty, irritable, or confused can be a sign of low blood sugar. Falling and breaking bones often could mean your bones aren't getting enough calcium, possibly because of osteoporosis. The good news is that staying on top of your diabetes will help you avoid -- and in some cases, reverse -- serious complications. Stay in tune with how you feel, and report any changes to your doctor.


Question: What can I do to manage my diabetes medications?

Answer: To stay on top of your day-to-day needs: Make a list of everything you're taking and what it's for. Stick to one pharmacy when you fill your prescriptions, so your records are all together. Store meds in a pill organizer to help you remember whether you've taken your daily dose or not. Use your phone's alarm, a timer, or other device to remind you when it's time to take your dose. Make taking your meds part of your daily routine so it becomes a habit.


Question: How can I make sure I have a balanced diet if I have diabetes?

Answer: Use this as a guide for the rest: Fill half of your plate with non-starchy vegetables like broccoli, greens, or carrots. Fill one-fourth of your plate with whole grains or starchy vegetables like whole wheat noodles, brown rice, or sweet potatoes. Fill one-fourth of your plate with proteins like meat, eggs, or fish.


Question: Who can help me live well with diabetes?

Answer: Aging can affect how well you manage your diabetes. Some hurdles you may face include: Lower mental energy and memory loss, which can make it harder to plan meals and remember to take medication Changes in your body that keep medicine from working as well as it once did Eyesight problems, which can cause you to make mistakes reading your blood sugar levels or taking the right dose of insulin Medications you take for other problems interacting with your diabetes meds and affecting how well they work By making a plan with your health care team and listening closely to your changing body, you can continue to live a healthy life. There are many medical professionals who can help you live well with diabetes, including: Endocrinologists Nurses Registered dietitians Pharmacists Diabetes educators Foot doctors Eye doctors Dentists Your risk of depression goes up with both diabetes and age.


Question: What happens when I often have low blood sugar levels due to diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes puts you at higher risk of heart attack and stroke, so other numbers to keep tabs on are your: Blood pressure Cholesterol levels It's just as important to prevent low blood sugar as it is to keep it from going too high. Bouts of low blood sugar can double your risk of getting Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia. When your thinking is off, you won't be able to handle your diabetes well.


Question: How can you manage your medications for diabetes?

Answer: It can be hard to keep up with your medications while also keeping track of meal planning and other diabetes-related tasks. To stay on top of your day-to-day needs: Make a list of everything you're taking and what it's for. Stick to one pharmacy when you fill your prescriptions, so your records are all together. Store meds in a pill organizer to help you remember whether you've taken your daily dose or not. Use your phone's alarm, a timer, or other device to remind you when it's time to take your dose. Make taking your meds part of your daily routine so it becomes a habit.


Question: How often should I exercise if I have diabetes?

Answer: Make it a goal to do some sort of exercise for 30 minutes a day, 5 or more days a week. Walking is a great way to raise your heart rate and stay healthy. You can also get exercise by: Doing yoga or tai chi Digging and planting in a garden Using resistance bands or light weights Dancing Swimming or doing water aerobics It has ways to tell you something's off.


Question: How is a modified radical mastectomy done for breast cancer?

Answer: The surgeon removes all of your breast tissue, including your nipple and lymph nodes in the armpit. He leaves the chest muscles intact. This may be a good option if you have invasive breast cancer.


Question: When should you get a simple or total mastectomy for breast cancer?

Answer: You're most likely to have this procedure when the cancer isn't in your lymph nodes, or if you're having a mastectomy to lower your risk of getting breast cancer.


Question: Which genes cause myelofibrosis and are they inherited?

Answer: About 90% of people who get this kind of cancer have a change in one of three genes: JAK2, CALR, or MPL. These genes change during your lifetime, but we don't know why. Maybe you were exposed to toxic chemicals or radiation. In most cases, you don't inherit these gene problems from your parents, and you don't pass them on to your children.


Question: How does myelofibrosis (MF) affect your organs?

Answer: Organs: Because your marrow has problems making blood cells, organs like your spleen, liver, or lungs may start the process instead. You could also make blood cells in your spinal cord or lymph nodes -- small glands in your groin, neck, and armpits. All that extra blood can cause organs to get too large, especially your spleen. You might feel pain or fullness in your belly if that happens. This can be serious, so you need to get it looked at right away.


Question: What do different blood cells do and how does myelofibrosis affect them?

Answer: Red blood cells bring oxygen to your organs and tissues like muscles. If you have too few (your doctor will call this anemia), you might feel weak, short of breath, lightheaded, or really tired. You might have bone pain. White blood cells help you fight off infections. If you have too many, your body can't defend you from illness like it's supposed to. Platelets make your blood clot when you get a cut so you can form a scab and heal. Without enough working platelets, it may be hard for you to stop bleeding.


Question: What causes myelofibrosis?

Answer: A problem with one of your genes causes you to make stem cells that don't work the way they should. These are the cells that make blood in your bone marrow.


Question: How does myelofibrosis spread in the body and can it be prevented?

Answer: These faulty genes make copies of themselves. The bad versions spread through your marrow and try to stop your body from making normal blood cells. We don't know how to prevent MF.


Question: What ages and gender are most likely to get myelofibrosis?

Answer: Most people are diagnosed around age 60. Both men and women can get it. About 18,000 people in the U. S. are living with MF. Young adults or small children can get myelofibrosis, but it's rare. Girls are affected twice as often as boys when it happens in childhood.


Question: What can increase your risk of myelofibrosis?

Answer: You may get MF by itself. Or it could happen if you have another type of cancer that spreads to your marrow. Blood cancers like leukemia or myeloma could also bring it on. Long-term exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals like benzene could make you more likely to get MF. But that doesn't happen often.


Question: How do antiplatelets work for reducing the risk of blood clots?

Answer: Antiplatelets are blood thinners. They make blood less likely to clot, which can help prevent heart attacks and strokes. However, antiplatelets don't slow down or reverse atherosclerosis.


Question: How do plant sterols work for atherosclerosis?

Answer: Getting plant sterols every day can reduce cholesterol modestly by about 10%.


Question: What are fibrates and how are they used to reduce triglycerides?

Answer: Statins include: Atorvastatin ( Lipitor) Fluvastatin ( Lescol), Lovastatin ( Altoprev, Mevacor), Pitavastatin ( Livalo) Pravastatin ( Pravachol) Rosuvastatin calcium ( Crestor) Simvastatin ( Zocor) Fibrates are drugs that reduce triglyceride levels. Triglycerides are not cholesterol, but they are fats that contribute to atherosclerosis. There are two fibrates used in the U. S.: Gemfibrozil ( Lopid) Fenofibrate ( Antara, Fenoglide, Lipofen, Lofibra, Tricor, Triglide, Trilipix) Fibrates also slightly increase "good" cholesterol also called HDL.


Question: How does clopidogrel reduce the risk of blood clots?

Answer: Clopidogrel ( Plavix): Clopidogrel acts similar to aspirin. This drug is useful in preventing clots from forming inside stents placed in the heart's arteries.


Question: Can you completely reverse atherosclerosis with statins?

Answer: Completely reversing it isn't possible yet. But taking a statin can reduce the risk of complications from atherosclerosis. It decreases inflammation, which stabilizes the plaque. For this reason, statins are often key to treating atherosclerosis.


Question: How does alirocumab and evolocumab work for atherosclerosis?

Answer: Alirocumab ( Praluent) and evolocumab ( Repatha) are included in a new class of drugs called proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 ( PCSK9) inhibitors. They are for use by patients who cannot control their cholesterol through diet and statin treatments. For those with established cardiovascular disease, evolocumab has also proven to be effective in significantly reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.


Question: What are the benefits of blood thinners for atherosclerosis?

Answer: The benefits of blood thinners come at the price of an increased risk of bleeding. For most people at risk from atherosclerosis, though, the benefits of antiplatelets outweigh the risks. Speak with your doctor before starting an aspirin regimen or any other heart medication. There are no proven cures for atherosclerosis. But medication can and lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of complications.


Question: Can statins help atherosclerosis?

Answer: Taking a statin for a year or longer can even slightly shrink plaques that cause atherosclerosis. This reversal of atherosclerosis surprised many experts who believed it couldn't be done.


Question: How does ticagrelor reduce the risk of blood clots?

Answer: Ticagrelor ( Brilinta): Ticagrelor is similar to clopidogrel. This drug is less effective if patients take more than 100 milligrams a day of aspirin. A "baby aspirin" contains 81 milligrams of aspirin. An FDA "black box" warning tells doctors about the risk of using higher doses of aspirin along with ticagrelor.


Question: How do bile acid sequestrants work for atherosclerosis?

Answer: This leads to a lower bile acid level. You need bile, so when that happens, cholesterol must be used to make more. This lowers blood cholesterol levels.


Question: How does aspirin reduce the risk of blood clots?

Answer: Aspirin: Plain old aspirin is actually a powerful blood thinner. A baby aspirin a day can reduce the risk of first heart attacks and strokes by about 25%.


Question: How does warfarin reduce the risk of blood clots?

Answer: Warfarin ( Coumadin): This powerful blood thinner is an anticoagulant. It is not generally used to treat atherosclerosis. Warfarin is used for other medical conditions that involve blood clots, for example, atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis. It has not been shown to be better than aspirin in preventing heart attacks.


Question: How do Epanova, Lovaza, Omtryg, and Vascepa work for atherosclerosis?

Answer: Epanova, Lovaza, Omtryg, and Vascepa --all containing omega-3s -- are prescription drugs that can be used with diet to lower high levels of triglycerides.


Question: How long do you need to take tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: You may have to take these medications for a long time. If you go off them because you feel better, your inflammation can come back. Some people can cut down their dose instead of stopping the drugs altogether. Always take your medication as your doctor prescribes.


Question: Do some people have allergic reactions to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction. If your lips swell, you have trouble breathing, or you feel dizzy, it could be an allergic reaction. Seek emergency care right away.


Question: How can inflammation damage the body?

Answer: Inflammation that's out of control can damage your body. You might have pain or swelling or feel ill. These drugs block the action of TNF.


Question: Are tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors made in the lab?

Answer: Your doctor wil help find one that is available and that's best for you: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-adaz ( Hyrimoz), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Etanercept-szzs ( Ereizi), a biosimilar to Enbrel Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade TNF inhibitors are antibodies made in a lab from human or animal tissue. ( Your body makes antibodies to fight off infections.) Once they're put into your blood, they cause a reaction in your immune system that blocks inflammation.


Question: What are the side effects of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: Like any drug, TNF inhibitors may have side effects. You may have redness, burning, or itching where the needle goes into your skin. This usually goes away in a few days. Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction. If your lips swell, you have trouble breathing, or you feel dizzy, it could be an allergic reaction. Seek emergency care right away.


Question: Am I at a higher risk of getting cancer if I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It's rare, but you also could be at higher risk of getting cancer if you take TNF inhibitors, including lymphoma or skin cancer. Some people may get serious brain reactions. Those with heart failure or multiple sclerosis shouldn't take these drugs.


Question: Should I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors during pregnancy?

Answer: You probably shouldn't take your TNF drug while pregnant because doctors don't yet know how they might affect your unborn baby. You may be able to take other treatments for your inflammation while you are pregnant.


Question: How do you take tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: Some TNF inhibitors, including Cimzia, Humira, Enbrel, Erelzi, and Simponi, are given as shots under the skin. You'll get your first one or two at your doctor's office; then your doctor or a nurse will show you how to give them to yourself. Once you get comfortable with that, pre-filled shots can be shipped to your home. Every 1 to 4 weeks, you'll inject your TNF inhibitor under the skin of your thigh or abdomen. You can use a different spot each time. Remicade, Inflectra, and Simponi Aria, a version of Simponi, are given as infusions at a clinic or your doctor's office. While you lie still, it's slowly dripped into your vein through a tube. For Remicade, each session can take around 2 hours, and you'll need treatment every 4 to 8 weeks. With Simponi Aria, the sessions last 30 minutes. After two starter doses one month apart, they're given once every 8 weeks.


Question: What should you do before taking tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: You should make sure you're up to date on all vaccines before taking TNF medications because after you start taking them, your immune system could be diminished. And you shouldn't get live viruses while taking these drugs because of possible adverse reactions and they can interfere with how well the vaccines work.


Question: How long will I need to take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may have to take these medications for a long time. If you go off them because you feel better, your inflammation can come back. Some people can cut down their dose instead of stopping the drugs altogether. Always take your medication as your doctor prescribes.


Question: When should you avoid taking tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: You probably shouldn't take your TNF drug while pregnant because doctors don't yet know how they might affect your unborn baby. You may be able to take other treatments for your inflammation while you are pregnant.


Question: What should you do if one tumor necrosis factor inhibitor doesn't work well for you?

Answer: If one TNF inhibitor doesn't work well for you, your doctor may switch you to another to see if it works better.


Question: What tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are available for use?

Answer: Your doctor wil help find one that is available and that's best for you: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-adaz ( Hyrimoz), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Etanercept-szzs ( Ereizi), a biosimilar to Enbrel Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade TNF inhibitors are antibodies made in a lab from human or animal tissue.


Question: What is a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor?

Answer: TNF inhibitors are drugs that help stop inflammation. They're used to treat diseases like rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), juvenile arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, plaque psoriasis, ankylosing spondylitis, ulcerative colitis ( UC), and Crohn's disease. They're also called TNF blockers, biologic therapies, or anti- TNF drugs.


Question: What infections can be worsened by tumor necrosis factor inhibitors?

Answer: Your doctor probably will test you for TB and hepatitis B before you start taking a TNF inhibitor to make sure you don't have either of those without knowing it. The drugs can make the effects of those infections worse. If you need antibiotics for an infection, you may have to stop taking your TNF inhibitor until the infection is cleared up. It's rare, but you also could be at higher risk of getting cancer if you take TNF inhibitors, including lymphoma or skin cancer. Some people may get serious brain reactions. Those with heart failure or multiple sclerosis shouldn't take these drugs.


Question: What are the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors available for prescription usage?

Answer: Your doctor wil help find one that is available and that's best for you: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-adaz ( Hyrimoz), a biosimilar to Humira Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Etanercept-szzs ( Ereizi), a biosimilar to Enbrel Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade TNF inhibitors are antibodies made in a lab from human or animal tissue.


Question: Can I switch tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors that I use to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you need antibiotics for an infection, you may have to stop taking your TNF inhibitor until the infection is cleared up.


Question: Will I get tested for tuberculosis and hepatitis B before I start taking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor probably will test you for TB and hepatitis B before you start taking a TNF inhibitor to make sure you don't have either of those without knowing it. The drugs can make the effects of those infections worse.


Question: Should I be up to date on all vaccines if I'm going to take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You should make sure you're up to date on all vaccines before taking TNF medications because after you start taking them, your immune system could be diminished. And you shouldn't get live viruses while taking these drugs because of possible adverse reactions and they can interfere with how well the vaccines work.


Question: Can I take tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors if I'm also taking antibiotics for an infection?

Answer: If you need antibiotics for an infection, you may have to stop taking your TNF inhibitor until the infection is cleared up.


Question: What are the side effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Like any drug, TNF inhibitors may have side effects. You may have redness, burning, or itching where the needle goes into your skin. This usually goes away in a few days. Other possible side effects include: Coughing Headaches Heartburn Nausea or vomiting Stomach pain Weakness A few people have a serious allergic reaction.


Question: How are hot spots in dogs treated?

Answer: Read more about hot spots in dogs.


Question: What causes vomiting in dogs?

Answer: Vomiting is a common dog health problem, with dozens of possible causes, from infection or intestinal parasites to pancreatitis, kidney failure, heatstroke, an obstructuion in the stomach or intestine, or poisoning.


Question: What are hot spots in dogs?

Answer: They’re commonly known as hot spots, but the medical term for those bare, inflamed, red areas you often see on dogs is acute moist dermatitis -- a bacterial skin infection. Anything that irritates your dog's skin enough to make him scratch or chew can lead to the pain and itch of hot spots, which, if left untreated, can quickly grow larger. A hot spot's location can help your vet diagnose its cause. Fleas, for example, may be the source of a hip hot spot, while a hot spot at the ear might point to ear problems.


Question: What is the best way to diagnose a worm problem in dogs?

Answer: Signs your dog may have worms include: Diarrhea (may be bloody) Weight loss A change in appetite A rough, dry coat Scooting on his bottom Vomiting (with roundworms in particular) An overall poor appearance The best way to diagnose a worm problem is with a visit to the vet. Treatment depends on which type of worm your dog has, but generally includes an oral medication and may require follow-up. Don't try treating worms yourself: A medication that kills roundworms, for example, doesn't kill tapeworms.


Question: What treatments are needed for anal fissures?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The goal of treatment is to relieve pain and discomfort, and heal the torn lining. Acute anal fissures -- the ones that don't last longer than 6 weeks -- are common and usually heal on their own with self-care. Chronic anal fissures -- those that last longer than 6 weeks -- may need medicine or surgery to help them heal.


Question: What are the risks of Bisphenol A (BPA)?

Answer: The FDA maintains that studies using standardized toxicity tests have shown BPA to be safe at the current low levels of human exposure. But based on other evidence -- largely from animal studies -- the FDA expressed "some concern" about the potential effects of BPA on the brain, behavior, and prostate glands in fetuses, infants, and young children.


Question: What is Bisphenol A (BPA)?

Answer: BPA is a chemical that has been used to harden plastics for more than 40 years. It's everywhere. It's in medical devices, compact discs, dental sealants, water bottles, the lining of canned foods and drinks, and many other products. More than 90% of us have BPA in our bodies right now. We get most of it by eating foods that have been in containers made with BPA. It's also possible to pick up BPA through air, dust, and water.


Question: What is the standard diagnostic guideline for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Along with abdominal cramping and discomfort, IBS symptoms may include: Bloating Gas Constipation -- the stool comes out either lumpy or hard Diarrhea -- the stool comes out loose or watery Alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea Bowel movements that feel uncontrollably urgent, difficult to pass, or incomplete Clear or white mucus with the stool To determine whether your digestive problems are truly IBS, doctors need to see two out of the following three features: A bowel movement relieves the ache and suffering There's a change in how often the stool comes out The stool looks different The standard diagnostic guideline for IBS, called the Rome IV criteria, requires that you have these symptoms for at least 1 day a week in the last 3 months and that symptoms started at least six months prior. But most doctors don't follow that requirement closely, says Philip Schoenfeld, MD, MSEd, MSc.


Question: What are the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Along with abdominal cramping and discomfort, IBS symptoms may include: Bloating Gas Constipation -- the stool comes out either lumpy or hard Diarrhea -- the stool comes out loose or watery Alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea Bowel movements that feel uncontrollably urgent, difficult to pass, or incomplete Clear or white mucus with the stool To determine whether your digestive problems are truly IBS, doctors need to see two out of the following three features: A bowel movement relieves the ache and suffering There's a change in how often the stool comes out The stool looks different The standard diagnostic guideline for IBS, called the Rome IV criteria, requires that you have these symptoms for at least 1 day a week in the last 3 months and that symptoms started at least six months prior.


Question: What are the defining features of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Along with abdominal cramping and discomfort, IBS symptoms may include: Bloating Gas Constipation -- the stool comes out either lumpy or hard Diarrhea -- the stool comes out loose or watery Alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea Bowel movements that feel uncontrollably urgent, difficult to pass, or incomplete Clear or white mucus with the stool To determine whether your digestive problems are truly IBS, doctors need to see two out of the following three features: A bowel movement relieves the ache and suffering There's a change in how often the stool comes out The stool looks different The standard diagnostic guideline for IBS, called the Rome IV criteria, requires that you have these symptoms for at least 1 day a week in the last 3 months and that symptoms started at least six months prior.


Question: How can irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) be misdiagnosed?

Answer: Doctors can determine whether your symptoms are IBS or signs of another problem. IBS is often confused with other illnesses, so doctors will need to ask questions and perform tests to confirm a diagnosis. Blood in the stool, fever, weight loss, and continuing pain are NOT symptoms of IBS. If you have these symptoms, see a doctor right away.


Question: How do I know if my loved one with Alzheimer's disease needs assisted living?

Answer: As you think about her day-to-day needs, consider these questions: Do you worry about her health or safety when she's alone at home? Are you physically able to handle her care? Does the help she needs keep you from your work, family, or personal life? Are you feeling more stressed, irritable, or burned out? Would the structure and social life in a care facility be good for her?


Question: What lifestyle changes can reduce the risk of atherosclerosis?

Answer: Reducing the risk factors that lead to atherosclerosis will slow or stop the process. Ways to reduce the amount of cholesterol in your body involves taking cholesterol and blood pressure medication, eating a healthy diet, getting frequent exercise, and not smoking. These treatments won't unclog arteries. They do, though, lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes.


Question: How do cholesterol plaques cause peripheral arterial disease?

Answer: Peripheral arterial disease -- Blocked arteries in the legs can cause pain on walking and poor wound healing due to poor circulation. Severe disease may lead to amputations.


Question: How do cholesterol plaques cause cerebrovascular disease?

Answer: Cerebrovascular disease -- Cholesterol plaque can rupture in one of the brain's arteries. This causes a stroke, leading to permanent brain damage. Blockages can also cause transient ischemic attacks, or TIAs. A TIA has symptoms like those of stroke. But they are temporary and there is no permanent brain damage. However, patients who experience a TIA are at a much higher risk of a subsequent stroke, so medical attention and care is essential.


Question: How do cholesterol plaques behave?

Answer: Once established, cholesterol plaques can behave in different ways. They can stay within the artery wall. The cholesterol plaque may stop growing, or may grow into the wall, out of the path of blood. Plaques can grow in a slow, controlled way into the path of blood flow. Slow-growing cholesterol plaques may or may not ever cause any symptoms -- even with severely blocked arteries. Cholesterol plaques can suddenly rupture -- the worst case scenario. This will allow blood to clot inside an artery. In the heart, this causes a heart attack. In the brain, it causes a stroke.


Question: How do cholesterol plaques cause coronary artery disease?

Answer: Cholesterol plaques from atherosclerosis cause the three main kinds of cardiovascular disease: Coronary artery disease -- Stable cholesterol plaques in the heart's arteries can cause no symptoms or can cause chest pain called angina. Sudden cholesterol plaque rupture and clotting causes blocked arteries. When that happens, heart muscle dies. This is a heart attack, also called myocardial infarction.


Question: What is bypass surgery and how can it unclog arteries?

Answer: Bypass surgery: Surgeons harvest a healthy blood vessel from the leg or chest. They use the healthy vessel to bypass blocked arteries.


Question: How do I know if I am eligible to be covered for refractive or laser eye surgery?

Answer: Eye surgery when a patient is not only unable to wear glasses due to physical limitation (such as an allergy or deformity), but cannot wear contacts due to physical limitation (lens intolerance) Check with your insurance company to determine if you are enrolled in a plan that provides benefits. You may have to cover the costs as an out-of-pocket expense or with your flexible spending account or health savings account.


Question: How can I prevent diarrhea?

Answer: The most important way to avoid diarrhea is to avoid coming into contact with infectious agents that can cause it. This means that good hand washing and hygiene are very important. Also, if you travel to developing countries, you should take the following precautions: Drink only bottled water, even for tooth brushing. Avoid eating food from street vendors. Avoid ice made with tap water. Eat only those fruits or vegetables that are cooked or can be peeled. Be sure that all foods you eat are thoroughly cooked and served steaming hot.


Question: What does a sore throat mean?

Answer: The raw, scratchy, burning feeling at the back of your throat is often the first warning sign that you have a cold, or that the flu is on the way. But it can also be the first symptom of more serious conditions, so you should watch how it develops. Call your doctor if your sore throat feels worse or lasts longer than the run-of-the-mill type.


Question: What causes xanthelasma?

Answer: About half the people with xanthelasma have high cholesterol. You're more likely to get these growths if you have: High LDL ("bad") cholesterol or low HDL ("good") cholesterol Inherited high cholesterol (your doctor might call this familial hypercholesterolemia) Liver disease called primary biliary cirrhosis, which can raise cholesterol levels It's most common among people whose families are from Asia or the Mediterranean.


Question: What other heart diseases are linked to xanthelasma?

Answer: The growths may also be linked to other heart disease risks, like: Diabetes High blood pressure Obesity Smoking If you notice growths on your eyelids and want them removed, see a dermatologist or an aculoplastics surgeon.


Question: What are the side effects of treatment for xanthelasma?

Answer: Your doctor can do that with one of these methods: Dissolve the growth with medicine Freeze it off with intense cold (he'll call this cryosurgery) Remove it with a laser Take it off with surgery Treat it with an electric needle (you might hear this called electrodesiccation) These treatments work well, but there can be side effects like: Scars Changes in skin color Turned-out eyelid The growths may come back, especially if you have inherited high cholesterol.


Question: What is iron poisoning?

Answer: iron poisoning, poisoning, vitamin poisoning, iron-containing pills, vitamins with iron, poison proofing


Question: What is the outlook for children who had experienced iron poisoning?

Answer: Full recovery is likely for children (or adults) who show no symptoms for at least 6 hours after swallowing pills. Those with symptoms may be ill and require more aggressive treatment. Iron poisoning can progress through several stages. A late, or hepatic stage, develops 2-5 days after ingestion. The person may have elevated liver enzymes, possibly resulting in liver failure. Another late stage involves gastrointestinal scarring. Some 4-6 weeks after ingestion, the final stage manifests with early satiety (fullness after eating) or nausea from GI scarring and obstruction.


Question: How is depression with erectile dysfunction treated?

Answer: Antidepressants: Many different drugs, including Prozac, Zoloft, Elavil, and Wellbutrin, are used to treat depression. Some antidepressants can cause or worsen ED, so be honest with your doctor about your condition so that he or she can prescribe an appropriate treatment. Talk therapy: During therapy, a licensed and trained mental health care professional helps you identify and work through issues related to ED and depression. Types of talk therapy include couples therapy, individual therapy, and group therapy.


Question: How is depression with erectile dysfunction diagnosed?

Answer: Tell your doctor how you are feeling so that you can start feeling like yourself again. There is no single test that can diagnose depression; however, there are certain patterns that doctors look for in order to make the diagnosis. As a result, your doctor will ask you several questions. Be honest with your answers so that you can receive the care you need.


Question: How can I know if I have depression that's linked to erectile dysfunction?

Answer: The most common symptoms of depression include: Low self-esteem Loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities Fatigue Changes in appetite Sleep disturbances Apathy Depression affects the way one feels about oneself and the way one thinks about life.


Question: How do I treat early-onset Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: An important part of managing your condition is to stay as positive as you can. Keep up with the activities you still enjoy. Try different ways to relax, like yoga or deep-breathing. Keep your body in good shape, too. Make sure you eat healthy food and get regular exercise.


Question: How should I get ready for the future in regards to early-onset Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: There are plans you can start making now that will be a big help later. For example, meet with a lawyer to learn about the arrangements you'll need. Giving someone "power of attorney," lets the people you love make health and money decisions for you when you can no longer do that on your own. It's also a good idea to think about how you'll pay for some of your future health costs. Some things to consider are safety equipment you'll need at home or getting help from a professional caregiver. Get your family together to talk about your finances, and how much money you're likely to need to get proper care. Now is also the time to start building your team. Lots of different people will be on it. Your relatives, friends, neighbors, and health professionals all have a role. Your family and your doctor can help you put a group together. The important thing is to figure out what you want, make a specific, realistic plan, and to let people around you know.


Question: What happens when you stop taking Adderall?

Answer: When you quit taking the drug, your dopamine levels drop and your body and brain have to adjust to the change. Most people who take it as instructed don't have any issues if they take a break from it. But if you use it too often or take too much, you might notice some effects when you stop.


Question: How can you prevent Adderall withdrawal symptoms?

Answer: Adderall should only be used under a doctor's care and typically for only a short time. There's no way to guarantee that you won't have withdrawal symptoms, but you may be less likely to if you: Take the medicine only as instructed. Get regular checkups while you're taking it. Talk to your doctor about lowering your dose before stopping.


Question: How can end-stage heart failure cause anxiety?

Answer: This disease can make you worry about your health. You may even have physical symptoms like sweating, shortness of breath, or fatigue. Depression or anxiety may be even more likely with advanced heart failure. Talk to your doctor about ways to get help.


Question: What are the symptoms of end-stage heart failure?

Answer: Some are easy to confuse with normal aging or other diseases. The more advanced your heart failure, the more likely you are to have many symptoms, or the changes that you've noticed in yourself will worsen.


Question: How can end-stage heart failure cause you to eat less?

Answer: Advanced heart failure can make this more pronounced. You may not lose weight, either.


Question: How can end-stage heart failure cause shortness of breath?

Answer: Heart failure can make it hard to breathe when you walk up a flight of stairs. With advanced heart failure, you may get winded in a shorter period of time, or you may have trouble even when you're sitting still.


Question: What are food allergy symptoms to watch for in your baby?

Answer: Food allergy symptoms usually appear very soon after the food is eaten -- within a few minutes to a couple of hours. If you're introducing a new food to your baby, keep an eye out for these symptoms: Hives or welts Flushed skin or rash Face, tongue, or lip swelling Vomiting and/or diarrhea Coughing or wheezing Difficulty breathing Loss of consciousness Severe allergic reactions can be fatal very quickly.


Question: What is the family food-allergy connection in babies?

Answer: If there is a family food allergies, your baby has an increased risk of also developing allergies, although it is not a certainty. If you have the allergies, the odds are 50-50 for her to have them as well. It's best to introduce the 8 allergens gradually, at one-to-two week intervals over time so that you can recognize if an allergy develops.


Question: How can you manage mild food allergies in your baby?

Answer: If you see mild symptoms, such as hives or a rash, contact your pediatrician for further evaluation. The doctor might refer you to an allergist (allergy specialist doctor), who will ask more questions and do a physical exam. The allergies may order diagnostic tests such as: A skin test. This test involves placing liquid extracts of food allergens on your child's forearm or back, pricking the skin, and waiting to see if reddish raised spots form within 15 minutes. A positive test to a food only shows that your child might be sensitive to that food. Blood tests to check the blood for Ig E antibodies to specific foods Remember, just because a baby's initial allergic reaction to a new food may be mild, it may get worse upon following exposures. Talk to your pediatrician about any food allergy symptoms in your baby. Some allergies go away with time. Egg and milk allergies often go away as children get older, but peanut, tree nut, and shellfish allergies tend to persist.


Question: How can you avoid food allergies when feeding a baby?

Answer: It's most important to introduce a baby to new foods gradually, one at a time, in case of food allergies. If not, a parent may have trouble tying an allergy to a specific new food. For example, if you give your baby three new foods over the course of a day and she develops an allergic reaction, you won't know which of the foods provoked it. The type of food or the order in which food is introduced is not much of a concern, as long as the foods you are offering are healthy and well-balanced for the baby. Each time you offer a new food, you should wait three to five days before adding another new item to the menu. Don't eliminate the other foods your baby is eating during that time; you already know these are safe because the child has not had any food reactions up until now. Just don't add anything else new.


Question: How can you protect your baby from food allergies?

Answer: In a reversal of earlier policy, the American Academy of Pediatrics is now recommending that potential allergens be introduced to your infant earlier rather than later. In doing so, the move may actually help prevent her from developing allergies to those foods. Breastfeeding you baby for 4-6 months is the best way to prevent a milk allergy. Remember that breast milk or formula is higher in nutrition. When you begin to introducing whole milk, you should do so under a doctor's supervision. Yogurt and soft cheeses are fine, because the proteins in these dairy products are broken down and less likely to cause tummy trouble. The AAP now advises that, in the case of infants who are at high risk of allergies, peanuts should be introduced between 4-6 months. Infants at highest risk of developing peanut allergies are those with eczema or egg allergies or both. It was originally believed that introducing your baby to the foods when she is older might make any reactions more manageable. Other potential allergens such as tree nuts and fish should be introduced over a period of time as you introduce your baby to solid foods, between 6 and 9 months You should wait until at least age 1 (some experts say age 2) to introduce honey, which can cause a potentially serious disease called infant botulism. Ask your pediatrician for guidance.


Question: What is nummular dermatitis?

Answer: Nummular dermatitis consists of distinctive coin-shaped red plaques that are most commonly seen on the legs, hands, arms, and torso. It is more common in men than in women, and the peak age of onset is between 55 and 65. Living in a dry environment or taking frequent very hot showers can cause this condition.


Question: What is atopic dermatitis?

Answer: Atopic dermatitis , or eczema, causes the skin to itch, scale, swell, and sometimes blister. This type of eczema usually runs in families and is often associated with allergies, asthma, and stress. Defects in the skin barrier, allowing moisture out and germs in, may also come into play.


Question: What is dermatitis?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Dermatitis simply means skin inflammation, but it embraces a range of ailments. In most people, the early stages of dermatitis are characterized by red, dry, and itchy skin. More serious dermatitis may result in crusty scales, painful cracks, or blisters that ooze fluid. Since many things can irritate the skin, a doctor will try to narrow the diagnosis to a specific category of dermatitis, even though treatment is similar for most types of skin irritation and inflammation.


Question: Should I get comfortable if I have psoriasis?

Answer: As you get ready to do your hair and makeup, think about how you're feeling. For example, if your hips or knees hurt, try sitting down in front of a mirror rather than standing in front of a sink vanity.


Question: Should I give myself time to get ready for the day if I have psoriasis?

Answer: If you're rushing, you're more likely to move in ways that cause more pain. Build in extra time in the morning so you can move at a speed that feels good.


Question: Should I take a warm shower if I have psoriasis?

Answer: Heat boosts blood flow. That can help ease stiff, painful joints. You may feel less sore and more flexible if you shower before starting your day. If you have psoriasis plaques on your skin, don't take a super long or hot shower. That can make skin flare-ups worse.


Question: What kinds of grooming prodcuts should I choose if I have psoriasis?

Answer: If you have trouble applying liquid foundation, think about a switch to powder. You can put it on with a wide-handled makeup brush. Get extra-wide lip-gloss tubes and makeup pencils. Hairbrushes with longer handles can make it easier to reach the back of your head.


Question: What do the results mean in a ferritin blood test?

Answer: If your results are lower than normal, you have iron deficiency and possibly anemia. Your doctor may prescribe iron supplements or order more blood tests to figure out the cause. Higher than normal results mean your body is storing too much iron. Your doctor may adjust your diet or supplements. Since high iron is a symptom of other medical issues, you may have more tests to pinpoint the cause.


Question: What are the symptoms of canker sores?

Answer: You may have a canker sore if you have: A painful sore or sores inside your mouth -- on the tongue, on the soft palate (the back portion of the roof of your mouth), or inside your cheeks A tingling or burning sensation before the sores appear Sores in your mouth that are round, white or gray, with a red edge or border In severe canker sore attacks, you may also experience: Fever Physical sluggishness Swollen lymph nodes Pain from a canker sore generally lessens in a few days, and the sores usually heal without treatment in about a week or two.


Question: Can canker sores be prevented?

Answer: Although there is no cure for canker sores, and they often recur, you may be able to reduce their frequency by: Avoiding foods that irritate your mouth, including citrus fruits, acidic vegetables, and spicy foods Avoiding irritation from gum chewing Brushing with a soft-bristled brush after meals and flossing daily, which will keep your mouth free of foods that might trigger a sore You should call your dentist about canker sores if you have: Unusually large sores Sores that are spreading Sores that last 3 weeks or longer Intolerable pain despite avoiding trigger foods and taking over-the-counter pain medication Difficulty drinking enough fluids A high fever with the appearance of the canker sores


Question: How are canker sores treated?

Answer: You may have a canker sore if you have: A painful sore or sores inside your mouth -- on the tongue, on the soft palate (the back portion of the roof of your mouth), or inside your cheeks A tingling or burning sensation before the sores appear Sores in your mouth that are round, white or gray, with a red edge or border In severe canker sore attacks, you may also experience: Fever Physical sluggishness Swollen lymph nodes Pain from a canker sore generally lessens in a few days, and the sores usually heal without treatment in about a week or two. Cankers sores treated with dental lasers exhibit almost complete relief of the symptoms immediately. Talk to your dentist about the procedure.


Question: How can difficulty swallowing indicate tonsil stones (tonsilloliths)?

Answer: Depending on the location or size of the tonsil stone, it may be difficult or painful to swallow foods or liquids.


Question: How is bad breath an indicator of tonsil stones (tonsilloliths)?

Answer: One study of patients with a form of chronic tonsillitis used a special test to see if volatile sulfur compounds were contained in the subjects' breath. The presence of these foul-smelling compounds provides evidence of bad breath. The researchers found that 75% of the people who had abnormally high concentrations of these compounds also had tonsil stones. Other researchers have suggested that tonsil stones be considered in situations when the cause of bad breath is in question.


Question: Can tonsil stones (tonsilloliths) be prevented?

Answer: Since tonsil stones are more common in people who have chronic tonsillitis, the only surefire way to prevent them is with surgical removal of the tonsils. This procedure, known as a tonsillectomy, removes the tissues of the tonsils entirely, thereby eliminating the possibility of tonsillolith formation.


Question: How soon after an ankle sprain can you do range-of-motion exercises?

Answer: You should be able to start work on your range of motion 2 or 3 days after your injury. For these exercises, support your leg but let your foot and ankle hang freely. You can sit in a chair, then use another chair to support your leg, with your foot and ankle hanging over the side.


Question: What are towel curl exercises for after an ankle sprain?

Answer: Sit in a chair, with your injured foot flat on a towel on the floor. Curl your toes to grab the towel and pull it toward you. Keep going until you reach the end of the towel. Now, curl your toes and push the towel back in the other direction until you reach the end of the towel. Do this 3 to 5 times a day.


Question: What is a seated calf stretch for after an ankle sprain?

Answer: Sit on your bed or the floor with both legs stretched out in front of you. Wrap a towel around the ball of your injured foot and pull it gently toward you so you feel a stretch in your calf. Hold for 15 to 30 seconds. Repeat 10 times. Do this 3 to 5 times a day.


Question: How long will it take for botox to work?

Answer: You should also stop taking aspirin and anti-inflammatory medications two weeks before treatment to reduce bruising.


Question: How long does botox work on wrinkles?

Answer: The effects from Botox will last three to six months. As muscle action gradually returns, the lines and wrinkles begin to reappear and need to be treated again. The lines and wrinkles often appear less severe with time because the muscles are shrinking.


Question: What are side effects of botox?

Answer: Temporary bruising is the most common side effect of Botox. Headaches, which end in 24 to 48 hours, can happen, but this is rare. A small percentage of patients may develop eyelid drooping. This usually ends within three weeks. Drooping usually happens when the Botox moves around, so don't rub the treated area for 12 hours after injection or lie down for three to four hours.


Question: How do I get botox?

Answer: Botox is injected with a fine needle into specific muscles with only minor discomfort.


Question: How does botox get rid of wrinkles?

Answer: Botox blocks signals from the nerves to the muscles. The injected muscle can't contract. That makes the wrinkles relax and soften. Botox is most often used on forehead lines, crow's feet (lines around the eye), and frown lines. Wrinkles caused by sun damage and gravity will not respond to Botox.


Question: What is a stress fracture?

Answer: This is a small crack in a bone that causes pain and discomfort. It typically affects runners in the shin and feet. It's often due to working too hard before your body gets used to a new activity. Pain gets worse with activity and improves with rest. Rest is important, as continued stress on the bone can lead to more serious injury.


Question: What is Achilles tendinopathy?

Answer: That's the large tendon that attaches the calf to the back of the heel. Achilles tendinitis causes pain and stiffness in the area of the tendon, especially in the morning and with activity. It is usually caused by repetitive stress to the tendon. Adding too much distance to your running routine can cause it. Tight calf muscles can also contribute.


Question: What might you see if the fracture of a broken finger is severe?

Answer: If the fracture is severe, you may see bruising. And if the swelling gets too massive, the finger may become numb as nerves in the fingers are compressed.


Question: What are the most common places for a fracture when you have osteoporosis?

Answer: The spine, hips, and wrist are the most common places for a fracture when you have osteoporosis.


Question: What are good sources of protein to eat if you're on an insulin-resistance diet?

Answer: Lean protein. You want to make sure to get enough protein, but not when it's loaded with fat. Limit beef, lamb, and pork, and stick with: Chicken or turkey without the skin Fish, such as albacore tuna, sardines, and salmon Low-fat cheese and egg whites Proteins from plants, like beans, lentils, and nut butters Healthy fats.


Question: Can low-fat dairy be part of an insulin-resistance diet?

Answer: With low-fat milk and plain, nonfat yogurt, you get calcium, protein, and fewer calories. Plus, several studies show that low-fat dairy lowers insulin resistance. If you're used to full-fat, you can dial it down slowly. So maybe try 1% or 2% milk for a while before switching to skim.


Question: What kinds of fruit should you eat if you're on an insulin-resistance diet?

Answer: Packed with vitamins, minerals, and fiber, they're another great choice. Swap a fruit for sweets to tame your cravings. Add berries to plain, non-fat yogurt to make it into a dessert. Again, fresh is best. Make sure to avoid canned fruits with syrup added. And remember that fruits count as carbs.


Question: Which health care professionals can best perform physical evaluations and prescribe medications for ADHD?

Answer: While all of the professionals listed above can treat ADHD, only certain ones can prescribe medication and do thorough physical evaluations to rule out other possible causes of symptoms. These professionals are doctors (either a medical doctor or doctor of osteopathy), nurse practitioners, and physician assistants supervised by a doctor. Because medication is a key part of ADHD treatment, it is important that all members of your treatment team communicate with each other on a regular basis.


Question: What are signs of pneumonia?

Answer: Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs, caused by bacteria or viruses. It irritates the air sacs in your lungs, and they fill up with fluid. Signs that you may have it include breathing trouble, fever, chills, and a cough with mucus. Pneumonia can make you feel very tired, and it can take quite a while to feel better.


Question: How does asthma affect your breathing?

Answer: That makes it hard for air to leave the lungs. And when too much air stays in the lungs, you may feel short of breath.


Question: What are signs of pulmonary embolism?

Answer: Pulmonary embolism means that something, usually a blood clot, has blocked an artery in one of your lungs. It's a serious problem that needs medical help right away. Signs of pulmonary embolism are fast breathing, a fast heart rate, and possibly a sharp pain in your chest when you breathe in. Other signs are fever, dizziness, and leg pain or swelling.


Question: Is it normal for newborn babies to have breast lumps?

Answer: It's normal for newborn babies (boys and girls) to have mild or even swollen, enlarged breasts and/or lumps under the nipple. They are almost always benign and due to exposure to maternal hormones in the womb. The same hormones that cause the mother's breasts to swell and milk glands to be stimulated can do the same to the baby's breasts.


Question: What are tips for concerned parents of a newborn baby with breast lumps?

Answer: Sometimes, overly worried parents touch and pinch the breasts so much that the area gets irritated. Leave them alone and let nature take its course in shrinking them.


Question: What health conditions are linked to panic attacks?

Answer: This is where you have a hard time controlling your worry, and you struggle to keep your anxiety in check. But one of the challenges with panic attacks, long or short, is that the same symptoms happen with a wide range of other health conditions, including allergic reactions and heart and lung diseases. And if you have a tendency to panic, some health problems -- like low blood sugar, asthma, or an overactive thyroid -- can trigger a full-blown panic attack.


Question: How can you ease the pain from hemorrhoids?

Answer: Don't use one with hydrocortisone for more than a week unless your doctor says it's OK. Ice it. Put a small cold pack on the trouble spot several times a day. It can dull pain and bring down the swelling for a little while. Consider painkillers. An over-the-counter medicine, like acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen, could help with soreness.


Question: How can you avoid making your hemorrhoids worse?

Answer: Bump up the fiber. It softens your stools and makes them move through your body more easily. You'll find it in beans, whole-grain breads and cereals, and fresh fruits and veggies. You may also want to try a supplement if you can't get enough from foods. Add fiber slowly to help avoid gas and bloating. Drink lots of fluids. Stay well hydrated to keep stools soft so they're easier to pass. Water is the best choice. Drink plenty throughout the day. Prune juice is a natural laxative and can help you go. Exercise regularly. Even brisk walking 20-30 minutes every day can help keep you from getting stopped up. Breathe! Keep the air moving in and out when you're working hard. It's common to hold your breath as you're pushing, pulling, or making an effort (you probably don't realize you're doing it) -- and that can lead to hemorrhoid pain and bleeding. Use a pillow. Sit on a cushion instead of a hard surface. It will ease swelling for any hemorrhoids you have. It may also help prevent new ones from forming. Take breaks. If you must sit for a long time, get up every hour and move around for at least 5 minutes.


Question: What should you wear to help with hemorrhoids?

Answer: Wear loose, soft underwear. It keeps the area aired out and stops moisture from building up, which can bother your hemorrhoids.


Question: How can electroconvulsive therapy help with treating neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?

Answer: Medicines used to treat NMS include: Drugs that relax tight muscles, such as dantrolene ( Dantrium) Parkinson's disease drugs that make your body produce more dopamine, such as amantadine ( Symmetrel) or bromocriptine ( Parlodel) If these medicines don't help, your doctor might try electroconvulsive therapy. During this treatment, you're asleep and pain-free. A small electric current travels through your brain to trigger a seizure. This won't hurt you, and it should help your symptoms. NMS usually gets better in 1 to 2 weeks. After recovery, most people can start taking antipsychotic medicine again. Your doctor might switch you to a different drug. NMS can come back after you're treated. Your doctor will closely check for any signs of it.


Question: What are symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?

Answer: They may include: High fever (102 to 104 F) Muscle stiffness Sweating a lot Anxiety or other changes in mental state Fast or abnormal heartbeat Quick breathing More saliva than usual NMS can damage muscles and cause very high or low blood pressure.


Question: What newer antipsychotic drugs can cause neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?

Answer: The older antipsychotic drugs include: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Loxapine ( Loxitane) Perphenazine ( Etrafon) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Doctors call the newer antipsychotic drugs "atypical antipsychotics." They include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Asenapine ( Saphris) Brexpiprazole ( Rexulti) Cariprazine ( Vraylar) Clozapine ( Clozaril) Iloperidone ( Fanapt) Olanzapine ( Zyprexa) Paliperidone ( Invega) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) These drugs block a brain chemical called dopamine. That can make your muscles stiff and can cause rigid movements in people with Parkinson's disease.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)?

Answer: If you're not treated, you can get serious problems, like: Kidney failure Heart and lung failure Lack of oxygen in the body Infection in the lungs caused by breathing in fluid (aspiration pneumonia) More acid in the body Your doctor will look for the two main symptoms of NMS: a high temperature and stiff muscles. To be diagnosed with it, you also need to have a few other warning signs, like a fast heartbeat, low or high blood pressure, and sweating. Some other disorders have symptoms that are similar to NMS. To figure out if you have it, your doctor will do one or more of these tests: Blood and urine tests Brain imaging scans Test of spinal fluid EEG to find electrical problems in the brain Your doctor will first take you off the drug that caused this syndrome.


Question: Can you easily feel an irregular heartbeat caused by atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: Fact: Some people with AFib -- a quivering or uneven heartbeat -- have no symptoms or they're not very noticeable. You may feel your heart race or flutter, or you might feel dizzy or lightheaded. Some people also feel short of breath, anxious, or more tired than usual. A heart test called an electrocardiogram ( EKG) can help your doctor know if you have it.


Question: Can I have caffeine if I have Afib?

Answer: Fact: One to three cups of coffee or tea a day should be fine. Don't load your coffee with sugar or creamy toppings, though. Those make it harder to control your weight, and obesity can make AFib worse.


Question: How are denture adhesives applied?

Answer: Apply less than you think you need, and then gradually increase the amount until you feel comfortable. Distribute the adhesive evenly on the tissue bearing surface of the denture. Apply or reapply when necessary to provide the desired effect. Always apply the adhesive to a thoroughly clean denture. Remember adhesives work best with a well-fitting denture.


Question: Will dentures change how I speak?

Answer: After getting dentures, you may have difficulty pronouncing certain words. If so, practice by saying the difficult words out loud. With practice and with time you will become accustomed to speaking properly with dentures. If dentures "click" while you're talking, contact your dentist. Dentures may occasionally slip when you laugh, cough, or smile. Reposition the dentures by gently biting down and swallowing. If any speaking problem persists, consult your dentist or prosthodontist.


Question: Are there alternatives to dentures?

Answer: Yes, dental implants can be used to support cemented bridges, eliminating the need for a denture. The cost is usually greater, but the implants and bridges more closely resemble the feel of real teeth.


Question: Will eating with new dentures be difficult?

Answer: Eating with new dentures will take a little practice and may be uncomfortable for some wearers for a few weeks. To get used to the new denture, start with soft foods cut into small pieces. Chew slowly using both sides of your mouth. As you get used to new dentures, add other foods until you return to a normal diet. Be cautious with hot or hard foods and sharp-edged bones or shells. And, avoid foods that are extremely sticky or hard.


Question: Are denture adhesives safe?

Answer: Dental adhesives are safe as long as they are used as directed. If the denture is well-fitting and the adhesive is only used to give added stability, there should be no ill effects. If adhesives are used excessively to fill voids for an ill-fitting denture, they can be harmful to the underlying soft and hard tissues. Occasionally, in these cases, inflammation of the soft tissues can result. In addition, because of its movement on the soft tissue and underlying bone, an ill-fitting denture can cause bone loss.


Question: What conditions can be treated with L-tryptophan supplements?

Answer: Early research in people hints that L-tryptophan supplements may be helpful for: Obstructive sleep apnea Seasonal affective disorder ( SAD) L-tryptophan is found in meats such as turkey and chicken.


Question: Can premenstrual syndrome be treated by L-tryptophan?

Answer: Some women take L-tryptophan supplements to try to ease mood swings due to premenstrual syndrome ( PMS), also called premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD). The theory is that these conditions may be linked to a problem with serotonin processing in the body, and that L-tryptophan could help that. However, there is little evidence to show this really works.


Question: What are the side effects of taking L-tryptophan?

Answer: Side effects of L-tryptophan may include: Blurred vision Dizziness Drowsiness and fatigue Head twitching Hives Nausea Loss of muscle coordination and muscle stiffness Strong, pounding heart beat (palpitations) Sweating Tremor L-tryptophan can interfere with many different medicines.