Question: Can antipsychotic drugs cause weight gain and increase cholesterol levels?

Answer: Antipsychotics used to treat bipolar disorder include: aripiprazole ( Abilify) asenapine ( Saphris) cariprazine ( Vraylar) clozapine ( Clozaril) lurasidone ( Latuda) olanzapine ( Zyprexa) quetiapine ( Seroquel) risperidone ( Risperdal) ziprasidone ( Geodon) Certain antipsychotic drugs cause significant weight gain and high cholesterol levels, and they may increase the risk of diabetes. People considering an antipsychotic for bipolar disorder should be screened for their risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, according to a study published in Diabetes Care.


Question: Can antipsychotic drugs stabilize moods on their own?

Answer: As a result, they may be used alone as long-term treatment for people who don't tolerate or respond to lithium and anticonvulsants.


Question: What are common side effects of antipsychotic medications?

Answer: Common side effects of antipsychotic medications include: Blurred vision Dry mouth Drowsiness Muscle spasms or tremors Weight gain Note: Clozaril is not used often, despite its effectiveness for bipolar disorder.


Question: What are the types of antipsychotics that treat bipolar disorder?

Answer: Antipsychotics used to treat bipolar disorder include: aripiprazole ( Abilify) asenapine ( Saphris) cariprazine ( Vraylar) clozapine ( Clozaril) lurasidone ( Latuda) olanzapine ( Zyprexa) quetiapine ( Seroquel) risperidone ( Risperdal) ziprasidone ( Geodon) Certain antipsychotic drugs cause significant weight gain and high cholesterol levels, and they may increase the risk of diabetes.


Question: For people with bipolar disorder, what are antipsychotics used for?

Answer: In people with bipolar disorder, antipsychotics are also used "off label" as sedatives, for insomnia, for anxiety, and/or for agitation. Often, they are taken with a mood-stabilizing drug and can decrease symptoms of mania until mood stabilizers take full effect.


Question: Why are older antipsychotic drugs not used as much?

Answer: Antipsychotic medications are used as a short-term treatment for bipolar disorder to control psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, or mania symptoms. However, they may be helpful if a person has troublesome side effects or doesn't respond to the newer drugs. Older antipsychotics include chlorpromazine ( Thorazine), haloperidol ( Haldol), and perphenazine ( Trilafon). These drugs may cause a serious long-term side effect called tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movement like lip smacking, protruding the tongue, or grimacing. Newer atypical antipsychotics also have the potential to cause this side effect, but are thought to have a relatively lower risk than the older conventional antipsychotics.


Question: What are antipsychotic medications used to treat?

Answer: These symptoms may occur during acute mania or severe depression. Some also treat bipolar depression, and several have demonstrated long-term value in preventing future episodes of mania or depression. Older antipsychotic drugs are also generally not used as a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder, and they are less established for treating depressive symptoms or preventing episodes during long-term use.


Question: How do antipsychotic drugs work?

Answer: Often, they are taken with a mood-stabilizing drug and can decrease symptoms of mania until mood stabilizers take full effect. It is not clear exactly how these drugs work, but they usually improve manic episodes quickly.


Question: How quickly do antipsychotic drugs start working?

Answer: More normal thinking often is restored within a few weeks. Newer atypical antipsychotics also have the potential to cause this side effect, but are thought to have a relatively lower risk than the older conventional antipsychotics.


Question: When should you call your doctor about a hemorrhoidectomy?

Answer: Call your doctor right away if you: Are bleeding a lot Can't pee or poop Have a fever


Question: What is a hemorrhoidectomy?

Answer: Surgery to remove hemorrhoids is called hemorrhoidectomy. The doctor makes small cuts around the anus to slice them away. You may get local anesthesia (the area being operated on is numb, and you're awake though relaxed) or general anesthesia (you're put to sleep). Hemorrhoidectomy is often an outpatient procedure, and you can usually go home the same day.


Question: What are the risks of a hemorrhoidectomy?

Answer: Hemorrhoid surgery is safe and effective most of the time. However, any surgery has some risks including: Bleeding Infection Reaction to anesthesia You might have some trouble peeing afterward because of swelling or muscle spasms. If your anal sphincter gets damaged during surgery, you could have accidental bowel or gas leaks, a condition called fecal incontinence.


Question: Is hemorrhoid surgery safe?

Answer: But you'll still need to eat a high-fiber diet, avoid constipation, and take care of your bottom to help prevent new hemorrhoid flare-ups. Talk to your doctor to figure out what's right for you. The procedure is effective and virtually painless.


Question: What is a procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH)?

Answer: Surgery to remove hemorrhoids is called hemorrhoidectomy. The doctor will use a stapler-like device to reposition the hemorrhoids and cut off their blood supply. Without blood, they'll eventually shrivel and die. It can treat hemorrhoids that have and have not prolapsed, or slipped down out of the anus.


Question: Do androgens affect dry eye?

Answer: Dry eye may also be made better or worse by androgens, "male" hormones like testosterone, which both men and women make. For instance, women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) often have dry eye. The disorder causes cysts and problems with ovulation because of too much androgens. Whether you're a man or woman, lower androgen levels may affect how well certain glands make tears or the oily film that keeps the surface of your eye moist.


Question: How do sex hormones make dry eye more likely in women?

Answer: If you're a woman, you're more likely to get dry eye, especially as you get older. That's because your levels of estrogen and other sex hormones change so much over your lifetime. For instance, you have a greater chance of getting dry eye when you go through menopause.


Question: How can the thyroid hormone cause dry eyes?

Answer: These chemical messengers travel all over the body, so it's no surprise they can also affect your eyes. Changes in your levels of thyroid hormone, which is made by the thyroid gland in your neck, can also cause dry eye. The changes can be due to a thyroid-related autoimmune disease. If you have one, the immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- mistakenly thinks your thyroid gland is an enemy and attacks it. For instance, Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that's linked in its early stages with high thyroid levels, but over time or after treatment may have low thyroid levels. People who have it may have trouble closing their eyelids, don't blink often enough, and also can't keep their tear levels up. The eyes may actually bulge forward. All of these problems can lead to dry eye. Hashimoto's disease is another autoimmune disorder that causes low thyroid levels and dry eye.


Question: How does testosterone cause dry eyes?

Answer: These chemical messengers travel all over the body, so it's no surprise they can also affect your eyes. Dry eye may also be made better or worse by androgens, "male" hormones like testosterone, which both men and women make. For instance, women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) often have dry eye. The disorder causes cysts and problems with ovulation because of too much androgens. Whether you're a man or woman, lower androgen levels may affect how well certain glands make tears or the oily film that keeps the surface of your eye moist.


Question: How does insulin cause dry eyes?

Answer: These chemical messengers travel all over the body, so it's no surprise they can also affect your eyes. If you have diabetes, either type 1 or type 2, there's a good chance you'll also get dry eye. The reason may have to do with the amount of insulin you have. Low insulin levels make it harder for your lacrimal gland to make tears. Taking insulin may reverse some of these problems.


Question: How do hormones cause dry eyes?

Answer: These chemical messengers travel all over the body, so it's no surprise they can also affect your eyes. It does seem that women who take only estrogen are more likely to get dry eye, while those who take a combo of estrogen and progesterone (another female sex hormone) are less likely to get it. The changes can be due to a thyroid-related autoimmune disease.


Question: How do female sex hormones cause dry eyes?

Answer: That's because your levels of estrogen and other sex hormones change so much over your lifetime. If you're pregnant, you're also more likely to get dry eye because of hormone changes. Experts aren't sure exactly how changing hormones affect dry eye.


Question: How is a colonoscopy performed?

Answer: You'll get sedatives through an IV in your arm, and you'll go to sleep. During the procedure, the doctor puts a tube-like instrument called a colonoscope into your rectum. It's long but only about a half-inch across. It has a light and video camera on the tip so the doctor can see the lining of your colon and tell if there is any problem. The colonoscope also includes a tube that lets your doctor pump in air and inflate your colon. This will give him a better view of your colon and its lining. During the exam, your doctor can use a small snare in the colonoscope to take tiny samples of your colon for testing, which is called a biopsy. He can also use it to take out abnormal growths called polyps.


Question: Why do I need a heart biopsy?

Answer: Your doctor uses a heart biopsy to: Evaluate or confirm the presence of rejection after a heart transplant. Diagnose myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) or certain other cardiac disorders such as cardiomyopathy or cardiac amyloidosis if common diagnostic tools like echocardiogram, EKG, or chest X-rays are not as helpful, or if a patient's heart condition is dramatically worsening without apparent cause.


Question: What are the risks of a heart biopsy?

Answer: The bioptome is used to obtain samples of the heart muscle.


Question: What is a heart biopsy?

Answer: A heart biopsy, also called myocardial biopsy or cardiac biopsy, is an invasive procedure to detect heart disease.


Question: What can I expect after a heart biopsy?

Answer: Before you go home, a health care provider will tell you how to care for the wound site and when you can return to your regular activities. When the results of the heart biopsy are available, your doctor will discuss them with you. If the results are negative, it means the heart tissue that was analyzed looked normal. A positive biopsy result could mean a cause of heart failure was found, such as inflammation due to an infection. If the biopsy followed a heart transplant, it may indicate the presence of rejection cells.


Question: What can I expect during a heart biopsy?

Answer: Ask your doctor what medications should be taken on the day of your heart biopsy. A mild sedative medication will be given before the procedure to help you relax, but you will be awake during the procedure. The doctor will use a local anesthetic to numb the area of your neck. A plastic introducer sheath (a short, hollow tube through which the catheter is placed) is inserted through a small incision and into a blood vessel in the neck. A bioptome is inserted through the sheath and threaded to the right ventricle. X-rays, called fluoroscopy, are used to position the bioptome properly. The bioptome is used to obtain samples of the heart muscle. When the samples have been collected, the catheter and sheath will be removed and firm pressure will be held over the area to stop bleeding.


Question: How should I prepare for a heart biopsy?

Answer: Your doctor or nurse will give you specific instructions about what you can and cannot eat or drink before the procedure. Please bring a list of all of your medications and the current dosages with you. If you have diabetes, ask your doctor how to adjust your medications the day of your test. Tell your doctor and/or nurses if you are allergic to anything. Arrange for someone to drive you home after the test, as you may be groggy from the sedative given to numb the site where the catheter is inserted.


Question: How can staying active help you if you have psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: It's good for your mood as well as your joints. If simple activities like walking are hard, get in the pool. The water supports your weight, so you can move more easily and without impact on your joints. Consider yoga, tai chi, or qi gong, too. These gentle, meditative practices help you find a sense of centered calm and keep you flexible.


Question: What is Felbamate (Felbatol)?

Answer: Felbamate ( Felbatol) Treats partial seizures alone and some partial and generalized seizures in Lennox- Gastaut Syndrome; is used rarely and only when no other medications have been effective. Side effects include decreased appetite, weight loss, inability to sleep, headache, and depression. Although rare, the drug may cause bone marrow or liver failure. Therefore, the use of the drug is limited and patients taking it must have blood cell counts and liver tests regularly during therapy. Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy.


Question: What is Carbamazepine (Carbatrol or Tegretol)?

Answer: Carbamazepine ( Carbatrol or Tegretol) First choice for partial, generalized tonic-clonic and mixed seizures Common adverse effects include fatigue, vision changes, nausea, dizziness, rash. Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Side effects include dizziness, headache, and nausea.


Question: What is Pregabalin (Lyrica)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Pregabalin ( Lyrica) Used with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial seizures, but is used more often to treat neuropathic pain. Side effects include dizziness, sleepiness (somnolence), dry mouth, peripheral edema, blurred vision, weight gain, and difficulty with concentration/attention.


Question: What is Valproate, valproic acid (Depakene, Depakote)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Topiramate ( Topamax) Used with other drugs to treat partial or generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Valproate, valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote) Used to treat partial, absence, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures Common side effects include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tremor, hair loss, weight gain, depression in adults, irritability in children, reduced attention, a decrease in thinking speed. Over the long term, the drug can cause bone thinning, swelling of the ankles, irregular menstrual periods. More rare and dangerous effects include hearing loss, liver damage, decreased platelets (clotting cells), and pancreas problems.


Question: What are epilepsy drug guidelines?

Answer: Felbamate ( Felbatol) Treats partial seizures alone and some partial and generalized seizures in Lennox- Gastaut Syndrome; is used rarely and only when no other medications have been effective. It may take several months before the best drug and dosage are determined for you. It is very important to keep your follow-up appointments with your doctor and the lab to minimize your risk for serious side effects and prevent complications. When seizures continue despite treatment for epilepsy, it may be because the episodes thought to be seizures are non-epileptic. In such cases, you should get a second opinion from a specialist and have EEG-video monitoring so the diagnosis can be re-evaluated.


Question: What is Brivaracetam (Briviact)?

Answer: Brivaracetam ( Briviact) Approved for use as an add-on treatment to other medications in treating partial onset seizures in patients age 16 years and older. Possible side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy.


Question: What is Tiagabine (Gabitril)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Tiagabine ( Gabitril) Used with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial seizures with or without generalized seizures Common side effects include dizziness, fatigue, weakness, irritability, anxiety, and confusion.


Question: What is Levetiracetam (Keppra)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Levetiracetam ( Keppra) It is combined with other epilepsy drugs to treat partial seizures, primary generalized seizures and myoclonic (shock-like jerks of muscle) seizures. Side effects include tiredness, weakness, and behavioral changes.


Question: What is Oxcarbazepine (Oxtellar XR, Trileptal )?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Oxcarbazepine ( Oxtellar XR, Trileptal ) Used to treat partial seizures, it is a once-daily medicine used alone or with other medications to control seizures. Common side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, headache, vomiting, double vision , and balance problems.


Question: What is Phenobarbital?

Answer: Phenobarbitol Oldest epilepsy medicine still in use. It is used to treat most forms of seizures and is known for its effectiveness and low cost. Side effects can be sleepiness or changes in behavior. It is also used with absence seizures.


Question: What is Lacosamide (VIMPAT)?

Answer: Possible side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. VIMPAT can be used alone or with other drugs.


Question: What is Lamotrigine (Lamictal)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Lamotrigine ( Lamictal) Treats partial, some generalized seizures and mixed seizures. Has few side effects, but rarely people report dizziness, insomnia, or rash.


Question: Are there drugs for epilepsy that treat seizures?

Answer: For 70% of patients with epilepsy, drugs can control seizures. The type of medication prescribed will also depend on several factors specific to each patient, such as which side effects can be tolerated, other illnesses he or she may have, and which delivery method is acceptable.


Question: What is Zonisamide (Zonegran)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Zonisamide ( Zonegran ) Used with other drugs to treat partial, generalized and myoclonic seizures Adverse effects include drowsiness, dizziness, unsteady gait, kidney stones, abdominal discomfort, headache, and rash.


Question: What is Phenytoin (Dilantin)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Phenytoin ( Dilantin) Controls partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures; also can be given by vein (intravenously) in the hospital to rapidly control active seizures, although if the drug is being delivered by IV, fosphenytoin ( Cerebyx) is usually used. Side effects include dizziness, fatigue, slurred speech, acne, rash, gum thickening, and increased hair (hirsutism). Over the long term, the drug can cause bone thinning.


Question: What is Perampanel (Fycompa)?

Answer: Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy. Perampanel ( Fycompa) The drug is approved to treat partial onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in those age 12 and older. The label carries a warning of potential serious events including irritability, aggression, anger, anxiety, paranoia, euphoric mood, agitation, and changes in mental status.


Question: What is Eslicarbazepine (Aptiom)?

Answer: Eslicarbazepine ( Aptiom) This drug is a once-a-day medication used alone or in combination with other anti-seizure drugs to treat partial-onset seizures. The most common side effects include dizziness, nausea, headache, vomiting, fatigue, vertigo, ataxia, blurred vision, and tremor. Lacosamide ( VIMPAT) This drug is approved to treat partial-onset seizures in adults with epilepsy.


Question: How can your doctor help you with fibromyalgia?

Answer: If you have fibromyalgia, your doctor may give you pain relievers, antidepressants, muscle relaxers, or drugs that help you sleep, depending on your symptoms.


Question: How can pregabalin (Lyrica) help with treating fibromyalgia?

Answer: The FDA has approved three prescription medications to help treat fibromyalgia pain: Pregabalin ( Lyrica) was first used to treat seizures and nerve pain linked to diabetes. It affects nerve cells that help send pain signals. But it can cause side effects like sleepiness, dizziness, blurred vision, and trouble concentrating. It also may lead to weight gain, swelling in your hands and feet, and dry mouth. A small number of people have an allergic reaction to it.


Question: How is fibromyalgia different from arthritis?

Answer: Fibromyalgia causes pain, soreness, and fatigue, often in the joints and muscles. It affects nerve cells that help send pain signals.


Question: How can milnacipran (Savella) help with treating fibromyalgia?

Answer: It affects nerve cells that help send pain signals. But it can cause side effects like sleepiness, dizziness, blurred vision, and trouble concentrating. Massage therapy may relax your muscles, lower your heart rate, and ease stress.


Question: What are tips to make living with fibromyalgia easier?

Answer: It also may raise your heart rate or blood pressure. Some other drugs used to treat depression or other conditions may also help with fibromyalgia symptoms. Ask your doctor if any of those might work for you. Try to get 7 to 8 hours each night, and take time to relax every day. Massage therapy may relax your muscles, lower your heart rate, and ease stress.


Question: What happens to your leg if DVT is formed?

Answer: Your leg could: Swell Hurt or feel tender, maybe like a cramp Feel warm Look red or discolored Have veins that stick out If a clot moves to your lungs, you may: Cough up blood Have pain in your chest Feel your heart beat fast Have trouble breathing Hurt when you breathe Call your doctor if you notice anything unusual or worrisome after a leg injury.


Question: What will happen if blood clot moves to your lungs?

Answer: Your leg could: Swell Hurt or feel tender, maybe like a cramp Feel warm Look red or discolored Have veins that stick out If a clot moves to your lungs, you may: Cough up blood Have pain in your chest Feel your heart beat fast Have trouble breathing Hurt when you breathe Call your doctor if you notice anything unusual or worrisome after a leg injury.


Question: How quickly will I see benefits from quitting smoking?

Answer: After 20 minutes of not smoking: Your blood pressure and pulse rate begin to decrease. Circulation and the temperature of your hands and feet begin to increase. After 12 hours of not smoking: The carbon monoxide level in your blood returns to normal. After 2 weeks to 3 months of not smoking: Your body circulates blood better Your lungs function better After one to nine months of not smoking: Coughing and shortness of breath lessen After one year of not smoking: Your risk of heart disease decreases to half that of a smoker's risk. After five years of not smoking: Your risk of getting mouth, throat, or esophaguscancer drops to half that of a smoker.


Question: How can I quit smoking if I have asthma?

Answer: Before you quit all at once ("cold turkey"), setting a plan will help: Pick a date to stop smoking, and then prepare for it. You will come to know what triggers you to smoke. Record what you do when you smoke. List your reasons for quitting. Ask your doctor about using nicotine replacement products such as gum, lozenges patches, inhalers or nasal sprays. Nicotine-free prescription medications , like Chantix and Zyban, can also help you quit smoking. Change activities that were connected to smoking. Seek support for quitting.


Question: How can I keep from smoking when I'm trying to quit?

Answer: Find activities to replace smoking. Then follow these helpful tips: Don't focus on what you are missing. Tell yourself you are a great person for quitting. When you get the urge to smoke, take a deep breath. Keep your hands busy. Don't carry a lighter, matches, or cigarettes. Go to places that don't allow smoking, such as museums and libraries. Avoid alcoholic drinks. Exercise. Hang out with non-smokers. Seek support for quitting. After 15 years of not smoking: Your risk of heart disease decreases to that of a nonsmoker.


Question: How do you take proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

Answer: You need to take PPIs once a day on an empty stomach so they'll work best. Usually you'll take the medicine every morning, about 30 to 60 minutes before you eat breakfast, to control stomach acid. Talk to your doctor before taking the PPI called omeprazole ( Prilosec OTC) if you take clopidogrel ( Plavix) - a drug used to prevent heart attacks and strokes. Taking the two drugs may make clopidogrel less effective.


Question: What is heartburn?

Answer: Heartburn, sometimes called acid indigestion, is a painful, burning feeling in the middle of your chest or the upper part of your stomach. The pain, which can also spread to your neck, jaw, or arms, can last just a few minutes or stick with you for hours.


Question: What over the counter medications treat hemorrhoids?

Answer: Medications include creams, suppositories, pads, and ointments. Most products contain witch hazel or hydrocortisone, which can help stop the itching and swelling and may ease pain. Most over-the-counter medications should not be used for more than a week. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which is the best option for you.


Question: What causes bloating?

Answer: When gas builds up in your stomach and intestines, you may have bloating -- swelling in your belly and a feeling of fullness. It may happen to you more often if you have: A stomach infection Irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS). This digestive condition causes stomach pain, cramping, and diarrhea or constipation. Celiac disease ( When people with this condition eat gluten, their bodies produce antibodies that attack the intestinal lining.) Hormonal changes that happen around women's periods Constipation While bloating is usually just uncomfortable, it can sometimes cause pain in your belly or sides.


Question: Which foods cause gas?

Answer: You've probably noticed you feel gassy after eating certain foods. Cut back on the common culprits: Apples Asparagus Beans Broccoli Brussels sprouts Cabbage Cauliflower Milk and dairy products Mushrooms Onions Peaches Pears Prunes Wheat What causes bloating?


Question: What are the complications of frequent heartburn and GERD?

Answer: Over time, heartburn that isn't treated or controlled well by lifestyle changes or medicine may cause serious problems, including: Breathing problems like asthma, nighttime choking, and repeated pneumonia Changes in the cells that line the esophagus, called Barrett's esophagus. This can possibly lead to cancer of the esophagus. Painful inflammation of the esophagus called esophagitis Narrowing of the esophagus, called an esophageal stricture. This can cause problems swallowing.


Question: What is gas?

Answer: Gas is a normal part of healthy digestion. Air that is in your digestive tract is either released through your mouth as a burp or through your anus as gas. You typically pass gas 13 to 21 times a day.


Question: What are proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs)?

Answer: PPIs are used to prevent frequent heartburn that happens more than twice a week. They work by lowering the amount of acid your stomach makes. Often, they work better than H2 blockers. You also can take these drugs for a longer period of time than H2 blockers. PPIs are available over the counter and by prescription.


Question: What are the side effects of H2 blockers?

Answer: The most common side effects are mild and include: Constipation Diarrhea Headache Nausea or vomiting Proton- Pump Inhibitors ( PPIs) What are PPIs?


Question: What is insoluble fiber?

Answer: Sources include: Apples Citrus fruits Lentils Nuts Oatmeal Psyllium Insoluble fiber doesn't dissolve in water. Think of it as a broom: It helps keep food and waste moving through your body. Because insoluble fiber attracts water in your gut, it makes stools softer and easier to pass. Eating a diet rich in insoluble fiber can help with constipation. Sources include: Carrots Cauliflower Legumes Potatoes Whole grains Women should get about 25 grams of fiber per day. Men should get 38 grams. If you have trouble getting enough fiber from foods, your doctor may suggest you take fiber supplements.


Question: Should I take a probiotic supplement?

Answer: People with certain conditions shouldn't take them, and some probiotics may affect how well your other medications work. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about whether probiotic supplements are right for you.


Question: When should I call my doctor about constipation?

Answer: If you are constipated for more than 2 weeks, are losing weight, have blood in your stool, or you are having severe pain, see your doctor. These may be signs of a serious problem.


Question: Can exercise cause heartburn?

Answer: But some types of exercise can trigger the burning sensation. You'll be less likely to reach for your heartburn medicine if you avoid crunches and inverted poses in yoga. You may need to find alternatives to high-impact workouts. For example, bicycle or swim instead of going for a run.


Question: What is gastroesophageal reflux disease, (GERD)?

Answer: But when you have it frequently (at least twice a week for a few weeks), or when it begins to interfere with your daily life or damage your esophagus, your doctor may tell you that you have a long-term condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. It's also known as acid reflux disease. Heartburn is the most common symptom of GERD.


Question: How can I prevent and treat constipation  without medication?

Answer: Drink plenty of water (60-80 ounces per day). An extra 2 to 4 glasses a day may help. Eat prunes or bran cereal. 20-35 grams of fiber per day Eat more vegetables and fruit. Drink warm water or herbal tea in the morning. Exercise often.


Question: What are prokinetics?

Answer: Prokinetics help your stomach empty faster, so you have less acid left behind. Usually you take this medicine before meals and at bedtime. Prokinetics are sold only by prescription.


Question: How can I treat hemorrhoids without medication?

Answer: This will make it easier to have bowel movements and reduce the pressure on hemorrhoids. Try a stool softener. Exercise to help relieve constipation. Don't strain during bowel movements. Soak in a plain, warm bath or sitz bath (a few inches of water that covers your private parts and bottom) to help relieve the pain. Keep the area clean and dry. Use moist wipes instead of dry toilet paper so you don't irritate the area any further. Apply an ice pack or cold compress to help with swelling. Avoid spicy foods to prevent itching.


Question: How can I reduce gas and bloating?

Answer: Diet and lifestyle changes can make a big difference: Cut back on fatty foods. Avoid fizzy drinks. Eat and drink slowly. Quit smoking. Don't chew gum. Exercise more. Avoid foods that cause gas. Avoid sweeteners that cause gas such as fructose and sorbitol. They are often found in candies, chewing gum, energy bars, and low-carb foods.


Question: What type of antacids should I choose to treat heartburn?

Answer: Soothe occasional, mild heartburn with an antacid that contains calcium carbonate or magnesium. They help neutralize stomach acid. Some prevent acid reflux. Those that contain magnesium may also help heal stomach ulcers. They come in liquids and pills and are fast-acting.


Question: What do H2 blockers do?

Answer: H2 blockers help relieve and prevent occasional heartburn by lowering the amount of acid your stomach makes. Though they don't work as fast as antacids, their effects last longer. Your doctor may tell you to take an antacid and an H2 blocker together. H2 blockers are for short-term use -- less than 2 weeks. So if one doesn't help with your heartburn, switching to a different one isn't likely to help. Switching to a higher-dose prescription version of the drug might help, though. Talk to your doctor if over-the-counter H2 blockers aren't working for you. Some H2 blockers can interfere with other drugs, including: Anti-seizure medicines Blood thinners Medicines for heart rhythm problems Talk to your doctor if you take any of these medicines and you need to take an H2 blocker. Often, they work better than H2 blockers.


Question: What over-the-counter medicines treat excess gas?

Answer: Lactase supplements. Alpha-galactosidase. This digestive aid comes as liquid or tablets. Simethicone ( Mylicon). PPIs are available over the counter and by prescription. Talk to your pharmacist or doctor about which medicine is right for you.


Question: How should I change my diet to avoid heartburn?

Answer: Gas is created when you swallow air, such as when you eat and drink. Here are a few that can trigger heartburn: Alcohol Chocolate Coffee Fatty or fried foods Greasy foods Onions Oranges, lemons, and other citrus fruits and juices Vinegar, hot sauces, salad dressings Peppermint Sodas and other bubbly drinks Spicy foods Tomatoes and tomato sauce Big meals can also set off heartburn. Instead of eating three big meals a day, try to eat several small meals throughout the day.


Question: What are the symptoms of hemorrhoids?

Answer: You might also notice blood on the toilet paper after you wipe. Itching around the anus Swelling or pain around the anus Painful or sensitive lumps around the anus If you think you have hemorrhoids, see your doctor. Bleeding can also be a symptom of something more serious. Don't strain during bowel movements.


Question: What causes gas?

Answer: But it's also a by-product of the breakdown of food. Some foods cause more gas than others. You may also be more sensitive to particular foods and may have more gas when you eat them. Taking some medications can also cause gas. It can be helpful to keep a journal to note what you eat and drink and when you have heartburn.


Question: What is soluble fiber?

Answer: Among them is weight loss, which can help you avoid getting heartburn in the first place if you are overweight. Soluble fiber dissolves in water, turning into a gel. Soluble fiber can help with diarrhea, which happens when there is too much water in your colon. Sources include: Apples Citrus fruits Lentils Nuts Oatmeal Psyllium Insoluble fiber doesn't dissolve in water. Think of it as a broom: It helps keep food and waste moving through your body.


Question: When is heartburn an emergency?

Answer: Everyone has heartburn from time to time. But if you also have other symptoms, it could be a sign that something more serious is wrong. Call your doctor or go to the emergency room if: It hurts to swallow. You feel like you're choking. You have black, tarry-looking bowel movements. Your mouth or throat hurt when you eat. You have difficulty swallowing foods Your voice is hoarse. Your vomit contains blood or what looks like coffee grounds. You have trouble breathing.


Question: What causes stuttering?

Answer: Experts point to four factors that contribute to stuttering: A family history of stuttering. There is disagreement as to whether stuttering is genetic, because specific genes have not been identified. But close to 60% of all stutterers have someone in the family who also stutters or stuttered. Child development. Children who have other language and speech problems are more likely to stutter than children who don't. Neurophysiology. In some children who stutter, language is processed in different parts of the brain than it is for children who don't stutter. This may also interfere with the interaction between the brain and the muscles that control speech. Family dynamics. Some children's stuttering has been attributed to high family expectations and a fast-paced lifestyle.


Question: What is stuttering?

Answer: Stuttering, sometimes called stammering or dysfluency, is a disruption in the normal patterns of speech. It can take many forms. For example, someone who stutters might repeat a sound or a syllable, especially at the beginning of the word, such as "li- li- like." It can also manifest as a prolongation of a sound such as "ssssssee." Sometimes stuttering involves the complete stoppage of speech or the omission of a sound. Or it can be the repeated interruption of speech with sounds such as "uh" or "um."


Question: When should I seek professional help for my child's stuttering?

Answer: For children who have a severe problem with stuttering, early evaluation and intervention is very helpful. Signs to look for that suggest you should have your child evaluated include: Stuttering that becomes more frequent and gets worse with time Stuttering that is accompanied by body or facial movements Speech that is especially difficult or strained Avoiding situations that require talking Vocal tension that results in rising pitch while talking Stuttering that continues after a child has turned 5 years old There are a lot of things you and other family members can do to help a child who stutters get beyond his or her problems with speaking: Create opportunities for talking that are relaxed, fun, and enjoyable.


Question: How is stuttering treated?

Answer: Talk with your doctor if you are concerned about your child's development, including stuttering. Your doctor may refer you to a specialist known as a speech-language pathologist ( SLP) who can evaluate your child and determine whether or not there is a risk of a long-term problem. In most cases involving children, treatment primarily focuses on training and working with the parents to develop techniques to help the child cope with and get beyond his or her stuttering. There is no "cure" for stuttering, and no drug has been approved to treat stuttering. Sometimes the SLP will work directly with the child to develop individual behavioral techniques that can help the child learn not to stutter. The actual therapy may vary from child to child depending on the child's particular circumstances.


Question: Is there a difference between normal stuttering and stuttering that is a problem?

Answer: It isn't always possible to tell when a child's stuttering will develop into a more serious problem that continues into the school years. But there are signs to look for that indicate stuttering may be a problem: You may notice tension and a struggle with facial muscles. You may also notice the voice rising in pitch with repetitions. In more severe cases of stuttering, a child may demonstrate considerable effort and tension in trying to speak. More severe cases are often marked by attempts to avoid stuttering by changing words or using extra sounds to start talking. Sometimes, a child will try to avoid situations where he or she needs to talk.


Question: Are there things I can do at home to help my child who stutters?

Answer: Signs to look for that suggest you should have your child evaluated include: Stuttering that becomes more frequent and gets worse with time Stuttering that is accompanied by body or facial movements Speech that is especially difficult or strained Avoiding situations that require talking Vocal tension that results in rising pitch while talking Stuttering that continues after a child has turned 5 years old There are a lot of things you and other family members can do to help a child who stutters get beyond his or her problems with speaking: Create opportunities for talking that are relaxed, fun, and enjoyable. Find times to engage your child in conversations without distractions of TV or other interruptions. Don't be critical of your child's speech or insist on precise or correct speech. Don't put pressure on your child to entertain or interact verbally with other people when stuttering becomes a problem. Avoid reacting negatively when your child stutters, correcting his speech, or completing his sentences. Although phrases such as " Stop and take a deep breath" or " Slow down" may be meant to help your child, they can actually make him more self-conscious and should not be used. Model a slow, relaxed way of speaking to help your child slow down his own speech. Don't be afraid to talk with your child about stuttering. If he asks questions or expresses concern, listen and answer in ways that will help him understand that disruptions in speech are normal and that everyone experiences them to some degree.


Question: What should you know about stuttering in children?

Answer: For many children, it's simply part of learning to use language and putting words together to form sentences. It may come and go, and it may last for a few weeks or for a couple of years. Most children outgrow stuttering on their own without professional intervention. But for some, stuttering can become a life-long condition that causes problems in school and in functioning as an adult. Normal language dysfluency often starts between the ages of 18 and 24 months and tends to come and go up to the age of 5.


Question: What happens after the GI tests?

Answer: You should be able to go back to your usual activities and normal diet immediately after your GI tests. Unless your doctor tells you to restrict fluids for another medical condition, drink plenty of water or juice -- eight to 10 glasses each day for 3 days -- to get the barium out of your colon. It's normal to have a white or light stool for up to 3 days after the test The barium enema you get during a lower GI test could leave you feeling weak or dizzy.


Question: How do you prepare for upper and lower GI tests?

Answer: Preparation for upper GI or lower GI tests usually includes following a low-fiber diet for 2 to 3 days before the test, not smoking for 12 to 24 hours before the test, not taking certain medications for up to 24 hours before the test, and not eating anything for 12 hours before the test.


Question: What are the risks for GI tests for the digestive tract?

Answer: There's almost no risk with the upper and lower GI tests, unless you have to repeat them several times within a few months. Although radiation exposure from these tests is minimal, it's still more than for standard still X-rays. But the technologists will take steps to minimize your exposure. Other risks include: Infection (very low risk with both the upper and lower GI tests) Tearing the intestinal wall during a lower GI test. This is rare, but if it happens, you may need surgery.


Question: What happens during the GI tests for the digestive tract?

Answer: The technologist will help you get into position on an exam table. Although the barium solution doesn't taste good, there's no pain and little discomfort during the procedure. If you're on an adjustable table, it usually starts in a vertical position, with you standing. You'll move from side to side to help the liquid coat your intestine or the technologist will tilt the table at various angles. During the test, the radiologist may put pressure on your abdomen to get a clearer image. The test may cause some discomfort, including cramps and a strong urge to have a bowel movement. After the first set of X-rays, someone will help you to the bathroom (or give you a bedpan) so you can move your bowels to get rid of as much of the barium as possible. Then you'll go back to the exam room for more X-rays of the barium solution that remains on your intestinal wall. The technologist may inject more air into your colon for more contrast on the images.


Question: What X-ray tests can be used to examine the digestive tract?

Answer: They use a process called fluoroscopy. The X-ray is beamed to a special machine that converts it to a video and sends it to a TV-like monitor. Additional preparation for the lower GI test usually includes taking oral laxatives and an enema the night before the test. Other risks include: Infection (very low risk with both the upper and lower GI tests) Tearing the intestinal wall during a lower GI test. Talk to your doctor about other tests that can be more safely performed to diagnose your problem during pregnancy.


Question: What is fluoroscopy and how does it test the digestive tract?

Answer: It helps her see parts of your digestive tract that other tests can't show. The X-ray is beamed to a special machine that converts it to a video and sends it to a TV-like monitor.


Question: Where are fluoroscopic examinations of the digestive tract performed?

Answer: Other risks include: Infection (very low risk with both the upper and lower GI tests) Tearing the intestinal wall during a lower GI test. Talk to your doctor about other tests that can be more safely performed to diagnose your problem during pregnancy.


Question: How common is acne?

Answer: A generation or so ago, it was thought that eating too many sweet or greasy foods caused acne; now doctors know much more about why breakouts happen and how to treat them. Generally, no. The primary trigger of most cases of acne is the fluctuation of hormones.


Question: Why do some adults have acne?

Answer: Although the hormonal fluctuations that cause acne are most common during the teen years, they can also affect adults. Women may experience hormonal swings during their menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause that result in acne breakouts. Acne can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as anticonvulsants and steroid drugs. Some people may also have a genetic predisposition to acne. One study found that 50% of adults with acne had a parent, sibling, or child with acne.


Question: Should I stop wearing makeup if I have acne?

Answer: Look for cosmetics and toiletries with the label ânoncomedogenic,â meaning that they don't clog pores.


Question: What acne treatments are best for severe acne?

Answer: The primary trigger of most cases of acne is the fluctuation of hormones. That depends on many factors: your age, whether you're male or female, how severe your acne is, and how long you've had it, among others. There are several options available.


Question: When should I see a dermatologist for acne treatment?

Answer: If you're noticing breakouts along the sides of your temples, hair creams or gels might be exacerbating your acne, says Alexiades- Armenakas. If over-the-counter treatments, like a topical retinoid or products containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid, along with gentle cleansing, don't work for you (give them a chance -- it can take 4-12 weeks to improve acne), a dermatologist may be able to help. Severe acne requires aggressive treatment to prevent scarring.


Question: Can what I eat cause acne breakouts?

Answer: Bacteria can then grow within the pores, causing them to become inflamed and break out. That happens at times of major hormonal change, such as during the menstrual cycle, and during the teen years, no matter what you eat. So despite what your grandmother told you, eating too many potato chips won't make you break out in pimples. The primary trigger for acne is fluctuating hormones -- specifically, the male hormone testosterone.


Question: Will my acne ever go away?

Answer: The primary trigger of most cases of acne is the fluctuation of hormones. Severe cases of acne may be treated with the drug isotretinoin, which is very effective. It's a matter of finding the right treatment for you.


Question: Why does acne appear most often in teenagers?

Answer: The primary trigger of most cases of acne is the fluctuation of hormones. When teenagers hit puberty, their hormones start surging -- and often, so does acne. Some people may also have a genetic predisposition to acne.


Question: Does acne mean I'm not keeping my face clean enough?

Answer: However, subsequent studies have not supported the theory. In fact, scrubbing too hard at your face can aggravate your acne, and using alcohol-based astringents can dry out the skin. Acne is triggered by hormones, and while gentle, regular cleansing with soap and warm water can sometimes help with mild breakouts, more significant acne requires more than just good hygiene.


Question: What acne treatments are best for mild to moderate acne?

Answer: But there is some evidence that certain diets may have an effect on acne, says Macrene Alexiades- Armenakas, MD, Ph D, an assistant clinical professor of dermatology at Yale School of Medicine. For more significant cases of acne, women may be placed on birth control pills or on the drug spironolactone, a water pill which also blocks male hormones. If over-the-counter treatments, like a topical retinoid or products containing benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid, along with gentle cleansing, don't work for you (give them a chance -- it can take 4-12 weeks to improve acne), a dermatologist may be able to help.


Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose atrial fibrillation?

Answer: These can point your doctor to what might be causing your AFib. Blood tests may check for infection, thyroid and kidney problems, signs of a heart attack, and more.


Question: What happens during an exam for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: But your doctor may also refer you to a: Cardiologist, a doctor who specializes in heart diseases and conditions Electrophysiologist, a doctor who specializes in arrhythmias First, the doctor will ask detailed questions about your: Symptoms Health habits Health problems Family medical history During the physical exam, he's likely to: Listen to your heartbeat's rate and rhythm Take your pulse and blood pressure Listen to your lungs Check for signs of heart muscle or valve problems Yes.


Question: How is a chest X-ray used to diagnose atrial fibrillation?

Answer: It can't show AFib, but it can show complications, including fluid buildup and an enlarged heart.


Question: How is an echocardiogram used to diagnose atrial fibrillation?

Answer: This test uses sound waves and a computer to create a moving picture of your heart. An echo gives your doctor information about: The size and shape of your heart How well the heart chambers and valves are working Where the heart muscle isn't contracting the right way Areas of poor blood flow Previous injuries that poor blood flow has caused Transthoracic echocardiogram ( TTE). Your doctor can see the size of your heart, how well it's working, if your heart valves are working, and if you have any blood clots. Transesophageal echocardiogram ( TEE). It has electrodes on back that take your pulse at your chest or your wrist.


Question: What are the warning signs for a stroke?

Answer: Sometimes a stroke happens gradually, but you're likely to have one or more sudden symptoms like these: Numbness or weakness in your face, arm, or leg, especially on one side Confusion or trouble understanding other people Difficulty speaking Trouble seeing with one or both eyes Problems walking or staying balanced or coordinated Dizziness Severe headache that comes on for no reason If you have these symptoms, call 911 even if you're not sure you're having a stroke.


Question: What is the treatment for a stroke?

Answer: Depending on the type of stroke, doctors may give you aspirin or powerful clot-busting drugs. The treatment works best when you get this medication within 3 hours of when your symptoms started. If your stroke was caused by a burst blood vessel, doctors will try to stop the bleeding as soon as possible.


Question: What should I know about a stroke?

Answer: You need treatment right away to lower your chances of brain damage, disability, or even death. The treatment works best when you get this medication within 3 hours of when your symptoms started.


Question: How can I prepare for a stroke?

Answer: Minutes matter in treating stroke. Planning for an emergency can make a big difference. Learn the warning signs of a stroke and let your family and friends know, too. If you have any medical conditions, wear a medical bracelet or other identification that lists them, your allergies, and any medication you take. Teach your children the FAST test, plus how to call 911, give your address, and describe what's happening.


Question: How can I check for symptoms of stroke?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Use the FAST test to check for the most common symptoms of a stroke in yourself or someone else. Face: Smile and see if one side of the face droops. Arms: Raise both arms. Does one arm drop down? Speech: Say a short phrase and check for slurred or strange speech. Time: If the answer to any of these is yes, call 911 right away and write down the time when symptoms started. Calling a doctor or driving to the hospital yourself wastes time. Ambulance workers can judge your situation sooner, and that boosts your chance of getting the treatment you need as soon as possible. Each year, some 800,000 people in the U. S. have a stroke.


Question: When should you call a doctor about vomiting during pregnancy?

Answer: When to Call a Doctor Seek medical help if vomiting is so severe or constant that the person can't keep down fluids or food.


Question: What do the results mean in a ferritin blood test?

Answer: If your results are lower than normal, you have iron deficiency and possibly anemia. Your doctor may prescribe iron supplements or order more blood tests to figure out the cause. Higher than normal results mean your body is storing too much iron. Your doctor may adjust your diet or supplements. Since high iron is a symptom of other medical issues, you may have more tests to pinpoint the cause.


Question: What is paresthesia?

Answer: Chances are, you've had a "pins and needles" feeling in your limbs, fingers, or feet. That prickling, burning, tingling, numb, itching, or "skin crawling" feeling is called paresthesia. While it may seem weird, it's usually painless and harmless.


Question: How can paresthesia be treated?

Answer: But in some cases, it doesn't go away. But if any area of your body regularly goes numb or gets that "pins and needles" feeling, talk to your doctor. Treating the cause of your paresthesia will usually help with your pins and needles.


Question: Can a CT scan or MRI help diagnose endocarditis?

Answer: These tests use pictures to show your doctor if the infection has spread to another area of your body like your brain or chest.


Question: What is the treatment for endocarditis?

Answer: In most cases, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Usually, you will stay in the hospital for about a week to receive them through an IV. You may need IV antibiotics for between 2 and 6 weeks, but some of that might be from home. Your team at the hospital will help you make arrangements to finish the medication and receive follow-up care. In some cases, endocarditis requires surgery to completely clear it, or to replace a damaged heart valve.


Question: Can endocarditis cause blood to show up in your urine?

Answer: See blood in your urine. You might be able to see it on your own, or your doctor might see it under a microscope.


Question: Who is most at risk for endocarditis?

Answer: If you have a healthy heart, it's unlikely that you'll develop endocarditis. You're more likely to get it if you have heart problems or artificial heart valves, since this is where infection-causing germs can attach and multiply. Your odds are higher of getting endocarditis if you have damaged or artificial heart valves, or if you were born with a heart defect. You're also at greater odds if you've used intravenous drugs or had endocarditis in the past.


Question: Can endocarditis give you digestive trouble?

Answer: You could lose interest in food, feel sick to your stomach, or vomit.


Question: Can endocarditis cause swelling?

Answer: Your abdomen, legs, or feet could all have swelling.


Question: Can endocarditis cause a heart murmur?

Answer: Endocarditis can cause a new or additional heart murmur, or unusual sound in your heartbeat, or changes to an existing one.


Question: Can endocarditis make you feel like you have the flu?

Answer: The symptoms can also vary from person to person, but you may: Feel like you have the flu. You may develop a fever, chills, and night sweats. You might also feel achiness in your muscles and joints.


Question: Can an X-ray help diagnose endocarditis?

Answer: This will show if endocarditis has affected your heart or lungs.


Question: How can I choose the correct holistic care for cancer?

Answer: If you're considering a diet, treatment, or supplement that isn't mainstream, tell your doctor. He knows your condition and what medicines you take. This is the best way to make sure you stay safe. Just because something is labeled natural doesn't mean it's good for you. Keep these questions in mind as you research options: Does the treatment claim to cure cancer? ( Steer clear of any that do.) Do doctors or cancer care experts recommend the treatment? Has it been proven in human studies? Is the method widely used? ( If it works and it's safe, it should be.) What are the potential side effects and drug interactions?


Question: What are the benefits of a holistic care approach to cancer?

Answer: Medical treatments like chemo and radiation are proven to fight the disease, but their side effects can be hard to live with. A holistic treatment may help ease some of these problems and improve your well-being, too. However, holistic care has its limits.


Question: How can exercise help cancer?

Answer: Exercise: Gentle movement can help relieve extreme tiredness and stress, and help you sleep better. Studies suggest a regular exercise program may even help people with cancer live longer.


Question: How can mind-body techniques help cancer?

Answer: Mind-body techniques: Research shows your mental state can affect your health. Techniques like meditation, hypnosis, and guided imagery can help you relax and focus on something besides your pain. They may also ease medication side effects.


Question: What are the problems with holistic care for cancer?

Answer: There are other problems with holistic care: Some methods are simply bad for you, despite impressive health claims. Diets that claim to cure cancer are unproven, expensive, and potentially harmful. Certain supplements, like antioxidants and St. John's wort, can stop your cancer treatment from working like it should.


Question: Can holistic care replace standard treatments for cancer?

Answer: Skipping standard treatments is risky. While they can cause unpleasant and even serious side effects, these are proven ways to treat cancer. When you avoid, delay, or interrupt mainstream medical treatments, you give the disease more time to grow. Your cancer might reach a stage where it can no longer be cured. There are other problems with holistic care: Some methods are simply bad for you, despite impressive health claims. This is the best way to make sure you stay safe.


Question: Why should I treat my childâs hearing loss early?

Answer: Early treatment is key for children. If children can't hear well, it will affect their ability to talk, communicate, make friends, and develop normally. Babies should be tested in the hospital when they are born, or at least by the time they're a month old. If there is a problem, they need professional help as early as possible, before they are 6 months old. Keep an eye out if your toddler has lots of ear infections. Although hearing loss caused by ear infections is usually temporary, it can cause lasting problems if children struggle while they're learning critical skills.


Question: Why is it important to get help for hearing problems as soon as possible?

Answer: Sometimes damage can be permanent. There are tiny hairs inside your ears that send sound waves to your brain. Sometimes even everyday drugs like aspirin or antibiotics can cause trouble. If you take care of hearing problems early, the cure may be simpler and easier. For example, one of the most common problems is nerve damage. If you go to the doctor right away, you might get better just by taking pills instead of having to face surgery or hearing aids.


Question: I donât like hearing aids. How can one help me?

Answer: The devices have come a long way in recent years. Even people with mild hearing problems can benefit from wearing them. In fact, the worse a person's hearing gets, the more likely they are to develop dementia, studies show. Hearing aids that fit completely inside the ear canal now work for most people.


Question: How does cardiac rehab help you recover from a heart attack?

Answer: The program helps you recover from your heart attack and resume your usual activities. It builds up your strength and endurance, raises your confidence, and helps let you down gently from what may have been an emotional roller coaster ride. Your rehab may get underway even before you leave the hospital.


Question: Where do you go for outpatient programs to help you recover from a heart attack?

Answer: These happen in a clinic or in a building on your hospital campus. You'll live at home and go to sessions several times a week.


Question: How can you get started with rehab after a heart attack?

Answer: You might sit up in bed, walk, and climb stairs a little. You also get used to doing some self-care again, like brushing your teeth or shaving. This early phase helps give you the tools and confidence you need to start on the road to recovery. These happen in a clinic or in a building on your hospital campus. You'll take steps to get ready for going back to your job as well as the fun activities you used to do.


Question: What are non-melanomas?

Answer: The most common skin cancers, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, are nonmelanomas and rarely life threatening. They grow slowly, seldom spread beyond the skin, are easily found, and usually are cured. Basal cell carcinoma, which accounts for nearly 3 out of 4 skin cancers, is the slowest growing. Squamous cell carcinoma is somewhat more aggressive and more inclined to spread. A rare nonmelanoma is Kaposi's sarcoma, notable for its purple growths. It's related to a weak immune system and can be more serious. People with AIDS and the elderly tend to get it. Some noncancerous skin growths could become cancerous. The most common are actinic keratoses -- crusty, reddish patches on sun-exposed skin that may scratch off but grow back.


Question: Who gets skin cancer?

Answer: Regularly working around certain chemicals and other things known to cause cancer may raise the odds of getting a nonmelanoma skin cancer, including: Coal tar Radium Insecticides with inorganic arsenic compounds Skin cancer tends to affect people of light skin color because they're born with the least amount of protective melanin in their skin. The odds are highest if you're: Redheaded A blue-eyed blonde Someone with a pigment disorder, such as albinism People with many freckles or moles, particularly odd-looking ones, may be vulnerable to melanoma.


Question: What are the different types of skin cancer?

Answer: Skin cancers fall into two major categories: melanoma and nonmelanoma.


Question: Who is more likely to get skin cancer?

Answer: The odds are highest if you're: Redheaded A blue-eyed blonde Someone with a pigment disorder, such as albinism People with many freckles or moles, particularly odd-looking ones, may be vulnerable to melanoma. It's possible for dark-skinned people to get skin cancer, but it's rare and usually on lighter areas of their body, such as the soles of the feet or under fingernails or toenails. Where you live also plays a role. Places with intense sunshine, such as Arizona and Hawaii, have a larger share of people with skin cancer. It's more common in places where fair-skinned people moved from less sunny areas, like Australia, which was settled largely by fair-skinned people of Irish and English descent. About 3 times more men than women get skin cancer. It's more likely when you're older. Most people diagnosed are between ages 45 and 54, although more younger people are now being affected. If you or any close relatives have had skin cancer, your chances go up.


Question: What are melanomas?

Answer: The other type of skin cancer, melanoma, is a potentially aggressive, life-threatening cancer. It can start in dark skin tissue, such as a mole or birthmark, as well as in normally pigmented skin. For men, it generally shows up first on your head, neck, or between your shoulders and hips. Women tend to get it on their arms and legs. You may also find it on the palm of your hand, on the sole of your foot, under a fingernail or toenail, in mucus linings (in your mouth, vagina, or anus, for example), and even in your eye. Melanoma is not that hard to find and usually curable if treated early. But it grows faster than other types of skin cancer, and it can spread beyond your skin to other parts of the body, including your bones and brain. Then it's very hard to treat and can't be cured.


Question: What is skin cancer?

Answer: It can usually be cured, but the disease is a major health concern because it affects so many people. About half of fair-skinned people who live to age 65 will have at least one skin cancer. Most can be prevented by protecting your skin from the sun and ultraviolet rays. Every malignant skin tumor will, over time, show up on the skin's surface. That makes this the only type of cancer that is almost always found in its early, curable stages. Spending too much time in the sun is the main cause of skin cancer.


Question: How long will the effect of Concerta last?

Answer: Concerta is the brand name for methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets. The medicine gets into your system slowly, and the effects can last up to 12 hours. One pill in the morning is meant to help manage your ADHD symptoms through the whole school or work day.


Question: How much do Concerta and Adderall cost?

Answer: This is because they work on your brain in slightly different ways and can have different benefits and side effects. In general, the longer-acting forms are more expensive than the shorter-acting forms. And the generic versions can cost much less than brand names.


Question: What should you know about bed-wetting in adults?

Answer: A lot of folks think bed-wetting is something that only happens to kids, but it's a problem that can hit grown-ups, too. You may feel embarrassed to wake up to wet sheets, but it's not your fault. It could be due to a medical condition, medicine, or a problem with your bladder. You've got lots of ways to fix it.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose bed-wetting in adults?

Answer: Write down things like: How often and what time your bed-wetting happens How much urine comes out (a lot or a little) What and how much you drank before bed Any other symptoms you've had Your doctor will do tests to diagnose the problem, such as: Urinalysis. It checks a sample of your urine to look for an infection or other conditions of the urinary tract -- the collection of organs that are involved with urine like the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Urine culture. Your doctor sends a small sample of your urine to a lab, where technicians put it in a special dish with nutrients. This test looks for bacteria or yeast in your urine. It can diagnose a urinary tract infection. Uroflowmetry. You pee into a special funnel to measure how much urine you make and how quickly it flows out. Post-void residual urine measurement. This test measures how much urine is left in your bladder after you pee.


Question: How can the bladder cause bed-wetting in adults?

Answer: When there isn't enough room in your bladder, pee can leak.


Question: What are the symptoms of herpes simplex keratitis?

Answer: Symptoms of herpes zoster ophthalmicus include: Severe pain on one side of the face, in your scalp, or around your eyes Redness, rash, or sores on your eyelids and around the eyes, especially on the forehead A rash on the tip of your nose Eye redness A swollen or cloudy cornea If symptoms involve only your eye, it's probably herpes simplex keratitis. You might notice: Pain in and around one eye Eye redness A feeling of dirt or grit in your eye Overflowing tears Pain when you look at bright light Cloudy or swollen cornea Your doctor may check your eye pressure and use special dye to study the surface of your cornea.


Question: How long does a herpes infection last in your eye?

Answer: It might start to look better after a few days, but still hurt. That doesn't mean that treatment isn't working. The medications will do their job, and the pain will go away. It's rare, but if you have the kind of virus that causes shingles, your eye could hurt for weeks or months. If that happens, your doctor might try other options, like sending you to a chronic pain specialist.


Question: What will your doctor prescribe to treat herpes in your eye?

Answer: Your doctor will prescribe antiviral eye drops, pills, or both. Take what he gives you for as long as he says to take it. Your eye might start to look or feel better soon, but the infection could come back if you stop treatment too soon. He might also give you steroid eye drops. They can control the disease if you get them at the right time, but they can also raise eye pressure. You'll need regular office visits during treatment so the doctor can keep track of it. You could also get an eye drop that keeps your pupil dilated (open). It will prevent spasms in your eye muscles and ease your pain. It's rare, but if you have the kind of virus that causes shingles, your eye could hurt for weeks or months. If that happens, your doctor might try other options, like sending you to a chronic pain specialist.


Question: How are guanylate cyclase-C agonist laxatives used to treat constipation?

Answer: Guanylate cyckase- C agonist laxatives change stool consistency by increasing the amount of water into the GI lumen and increasing gastrointestinal movement. Plecanatide ( Trulance) is a prescription tablet for those suffering from chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. It's not recommended for patients younger than six. While effective in promoting regular bowel function, it carries the risk of diarrhea and pediatric patients could develop severe dehydration.


Question: How does fiber treat constipation?

Answer: Fiber works by increasing the water content and bulk of the stool, which helps to move it quickly through the colon. When taking fiber supplements, it's essential to drink enough water to minimize the possibility of flatulence and a possible obstruction.


Question: How are lubricant laxatives used to treat constipation?

Answer: As the name implies, lubricant laxatives make stools slippery. The mineral oil within these products adds a slick layer to the intestine's walls and stops the stool from drying out. Though highly effective, lubricant laxatives are best used as a short-term cure for constipation. Over a longer period, mineral oil can absorb fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine, and decrease certain prescription drugs from being fully absorbed into the body. Do not take mineral oil at the same time as other medications or supplements.


Question: What do laxatives for constipation contain?

Answer: Millions of Americans suffer with symptoms of constipation: Straining while having a bowel movement Hard stools A feeling of obstruction or incomplete evacuation Fewer than three bowel movements per week Laxatives contain chemicals that help increase stool motility, bulk, and frequency -- thus relieving temporary constipation. But when misused or overused, they can cause problems, including chronic constipation. A healthy diet filled with fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain products; regular exercise; and drinking at least eight cups of water daily can help prevent constipation in most people. Still, 85% of doctor visits for constipation result in a prescription for a laxative. So it's important to understand how laxatives work and how to use them safely.


Question: What are side effects of using fiber for constipation?

Answer: Abdominal cramping, bloating, or gas can occur when abruptly increasing or changing your dietary fiber intake. Gradually increase fiber intake. Also, fiber can reduce your body's absorption of some drugs, so always take your medications at least one hour before -- or two hours after -- consuming fiber.


Question: How does deep brain stimulation treat essential tremor nerve disorder?

Answer: Deep Brain Stimulation Also called "thalamic stimulation," deep brain stimulation is a way to inactivate the thalamus without destroying a part of the brain. The risks are, therefore, much less than with thalamotomy. Rather than destroying brain tissue, deep brain stimulation achieves the same effects using small electrical shocks.


Question: What are the disadvantages of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor nerve disorder?

Answer: Disadvantages of deep brain stimulation include: The presence of a foreign object in the body, increasing the risk of infection.


Question: Are there risks associated with deep brain stimulation for essential tremor?

Answer: Advantages of this procedure are: no anesthesia no incisions no bur holes into the brain reduced risk of infection or damage to uneffected area Conversely, the disdvantages are: it produces s a nonreversible brain lesion is not effective in every case improvement can decline over time As with any surgery, there are potential risks associated with these forms of treatment for essential tremor. Talk with your doctor about these risks and any other potential complications.


Question: What are the advantages of deep brain stimulation for essential tremor nerve disorder?

Answer: Advantages of deep brain stimulation include: It doesn't destroy brain tissue and won't limit future treatment. The device can be removed at any time. It is adjustable. It may be more effective in controlling tremors than thalamotomy.


Question: What are side effects of thalamotomy?

Answer: Common, but temporary, side effects of thalamotomy include: Confusion Weakness Disturbed speech Balance problems The major disadvantage of thalamotomy is the permanent destruction of this area of the brain, which may limit future treatment options, and thalamotomy should only be performed under rare circumstances.


Question: What is thalamotomy?

Answer: Thalamotomy Thalamotomy is a surgery for Essential Tremor that destroys a small part of a structure in the brain called the thalamus. Surgeons typically perform this procedure on only one side of the brain because surgery on both sides of the brain increases the risk for potential complications. The procedure provides relief to the opposite side of the body. So, if the right side of the brain is operated on, the person will experience tremor relief on the left side of his body.


Question: How does deep brain stimulation work?

Answer: Deep Brain Stimulation Also called "thalamic stimulation," deep brain stimulation is a way to inactivate the thalamus without destroying a part of the brain. The pacemaker-like device generates the tiny electrical impulses that aren't painful to the patient. These shocks alter electrical "messages" going through the thalamus. Deep brain stimulation provides moderate relief for approximately 90% of patients.


Question: What is the disadvantage of thalamotomy when compared to deep brain stimulation?

Answer: Thalamotomy Thalamotomy is a surgery for Essential Tremor that destroys a small part of a structure in the brain called the thalamus. Common, but temporary, side effects of thalamotomy include: Confusion Weakness Disturbed speech Balance problems The major disadvantage of thalamotomy is the permanent destruction of this area of the brain, which may limit future treatment options, and thalamotomy should only be performed under rare circumstances. Deep brain stimulation, described below, is safer and more effective.


Question: What can you do to avoid triggers that cause migraines?

Answer: When you're away from home -- traveling, at a big event, or even at work -- it can be easy to miss meals. Your sleep pattern may change. You may just not get enough rest. Stress and spreading yourself too thin can bring on attacks in many people. Make an extra effort to eat well, sleep well, and manage stress wherever you are. It can help to know some ways to relax, like deep breathing or relaxing your muscles. Be sure to drink plenty of water, too. Sometimes, if you're at the gym, on vacation, or running errands, it can be easy to forget to drink up. But dehydration can start a migraine.


Question: What are unavoidable triggers of migraines?

Answer: There are other things you can't avoid, like: Weather changes Bright lights Strong smells Motion sickness Still, if you know your triggers, you can be prepared for them.


Question: How can knowing your triggers help with migraines?

Answer: Migraines can be tough wherever they happen. Triggers are different for everyone. When you know which things can start your migraines, you can try to avoid them. If you can't stay away from them, at least you'll know to be prepared for when they happen.


Question: How can acetaminophen (Tylenol) help with treating cervical disc disease?

Answer: Neck pain is one of the main symptoms of cervical disc disease, in which discs between vertebrae become herniated or deteriorate, sometimes pinching nerves. Several different drugs, from pain relievers to anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids, can help ease your neck pain while you heal. Research shows that regular acetaminophen use can damage the liver, even in people who take the drug at the recommended dose. To make sure you're using acetaminophen as safely as possible, follow the directions carefully and don't take any more than the label suggests and your doctor recommends. Avoid using alcohol while taking acetaminophen to minimize the risks to your liver.


Question: How can muscle relaxants help with treating cervical disc disease?

Answer: Neck pain is one of the main symptoms of cervical disc disease, in which discs between vertebrae become herniated or deteriorate, sometimes pinching nerves. Several different drugs, from pain relievers to anti-inflammatory drugs such as steroids, can help ease your neck pain while you heal. Baclofen and other muscle relaxants calm muscle tightness, and some research suggests they can relieve neck pain within the first few days of an acute injury. When using these drugs, watch out for side effects such as drowsiness, dependence, and urinary retention. These drugs are best used short term under a doctor's guidance.


Question: Which medical problems could be affecting your weight?

Answer: Medical conditions make it tougher to slim down. Some things that could be causing your weight problems are: Eating disorders like bulimia Heart disease Hormonal disorders Sleep disorders like sleep apnea Some medicines can also deal a blow to your efforts to drop some pounds. For instance, you might have trouble losing weight if you take drugs for: Allergies Birth control Depression Diabetes Epilepsy High blood pressure Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia If you have one of these conditions and weight is a problem for you, talk to your doctor. He may be able to change your medications.


Question: Can your gender affect how you lose weight?

Answer: It could make a difference in how you lose weight. A recent study suggests it's easier for men to drop pounds quickly. But women tend to have more success with long-term efforts. Where you lose weight can also differ. Guys lose belly fat first, but that area can be tougher for the ladies.


Question: Could your genes play a role in how you lose weight?

Answer: Some bodies are simply better at burning fat than others. It's something you inherit from your parents or grandparents. You don't have any control over the genes that were passed to you, so you may need to work a little harder to burn calories and lose weight.


Question: How can your thyroid affect how you lose weight?

Answer: If it's underactive, you may have a condition called hypothyroidism. It can lead to weight gain from a buildup of salt and water in your body. An overactive thyroid is called hyperthyroidism. Many people with it lose weight, but others pick up extra pounds because it can make you feel hungrier. How your thyroid affects your metabolism, energy, and weight is complicated. Other hormones, proteins, and chemicals may also play a role. Check with your doctor if you think it's a problem.


Question: Does the rate of burning calories affect how you lose weight?

Answer: Try cottage cheese with fruit, eggs with whole-wheat toast, or Greek yogurt with a banana. Other things that can affect how you burn calories: Getting older. Your metabolism slows down about 2%-8% every decade. That may be from decreased muscle mass. Eating too little. It sounds strange, but the truth is, if you skip meals or follow a very low-calorie diet, it can backfire by making you burn calories more slowly. Lift weights to boost your lean muscle mass. Your metabolism may slow and you won't burn calories as fast as you'd like. How your thyroid affects your metabolism, energy, and weight is complicated.


Question: Does eating too close to bedtime affect how you lose weight?

Answer: Try to eat dinner at least 3 hours before you go to sleep. Be careful about snacking after supper. You take in more calories than you realize when you nibble while you watch TV or use the computer. You may also be tempted to eat unhealthy foods like ice cream or potato chips. That makes it harder to exercise. For instance, you might have trouble losing weight if you take drugs for: Allergies Birth control Depression Diabetes Epilepsy High blood pressure Bipolar disorder Schizophrenia If you have one of these conditions and weight is a problem for you, talk to your doctor.


Question: How does sleep affect how you lose weight?

Answer: It could make a difference in how you lose weight. Your metabolism may slow and you won't burn calories as fast as you'd like. You may also have less energy when you don't get enough sleep. That makes it harder to exercise. When you're tired, you're more likely to make poor diet choices, like choosing sweets over fruit. In a recent study, people who didn't get enough sleep ate about 300 more calories per day than those who got more rest.


Question: Does being stressed out affect how you lose weight?

Answer: It could be. It can make you reach for high-calorie, high-fat foods. Your body also tends to store more fat when you're stressed out. To reduce stress, try exercise or meditation.


Question: What are pigmented birthmarks?

Answer: It's important to remember that although most birthmarks are noncancerous, a doctor should examine your child if he or she is born with abnormally colored skin or develops birthmarks shortly after birth. Certain birthmarks described below can pose health risks. Most pigmented birthmarks will be flat and smooth and may range in color from white to tan to blue. There are several types of pigmented birthmarks, including Mongolian spots -- bruised or bluish in color, typically appearing on the buttocks or lower back; cafe-au-lait spots -- light brown; and typical moles that appear at birth, which are also called congenital nevi. Moles should be monitored for color, shape, or size changes, and/or itching or bleeding.


Question: What cosmetic procedures are used to treat port-wine stains?

Answer: Port-wine stains are caused by abnormal development of blood vessels (capillaries) and last a lifetime. Doctors have tried many ways to treat port-wine stains, including radiation, tattooing, freezing, dermabrasion, or sclerotherapy. Laser treatment is the preferred treatment because it is the only method that destroys capillaries in the skin without causing damage to the rest of the skin.


Question: What are the types of counseling that can help with Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Parkinson's disease, as with many chronic illnesses, will affect you both physically and mentally. Who will be included in your treatment (you alone, family members, others with similar problems). The following list briefly describes common types of counseling. Crisis intervention counseling. This is where you meet one-on-one with a counselor. If you are experiencing depression, anxiety, or grief in dealing with your Parkinson's this type of counseling may be appropriate. Family therapy. Group therapy. In group therapy, you join a group to discuss problems together. Residential treatment. These groups usually meet regularly without a therapist or counselor.


Question: How serious is fluoride toxicity?

Answer: If a child ingests a large amount of fluoride in a short period of time, it may cause symptoms such as: Nausea Diarrhea Vomiting Abdominal pain Although fluoride toxicity usually doesn't have serious consequences, it sends several hundred children to emergency rooms each year. It's also important to monitor your child's use of fluoridated toothpaste. Only place a pea-sized amount of toothpaste on your child's toothbrush. That is sufficient for fluoride protection. Also teach your child to spit out the toothpaste after brushing instead of swallowing it. To encourage spitting, avoid toothpastes containing flavors that children may be likely to swallow.


Question: What is fluorosis?

Answer: It's caused by overexposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life. This is the time when most permanent teeth are being formed. After the teeth come in, the teeth of those affected by fluorosis may appear mildly discolored. For instance, there may be lacy white markings that only dentists can detect. In more severe cases, however, the teeth may have: Stains ranging from yellow to dark brown Surface irregularities Pits that are highly noticeable Fluorosis first attracted attention in the early 20th Century.


Question: What are the symptoms of fluorosis?

Answer: Symptoms of fluorosis range from tiny white specks or streaks that may be unnoticeable to dark brown stains and rough, pitted enamel that is difficult to clean. Teeth that are unaffected by fluorosis are smooth and glossy. They should also be a pale creamy white. Contact your dentist if you notice that your child's teeth have white streaks or spots or if you observe one or more discolored teeth.


Question: What techniques are used to treat fluorosis?

Answer: Such techniques may include: Tooth whitening and other procedures to remove surface stains; note that bleaching teeth may temporarily worsen the appearance of fluorosis. Bonding, which coats the tooth with a hard resin that bonds to the enamel Crowns Veneers, which are custom-made shells that cover the front of the teeth to improve their appearance; these are used in cases of severe fluorosis. MI Paste, a calcium phosphate product that is sometimes combined with methods like microabrasion to minimize tooth discoloration Parental vigilance is the key to preventing fluorosis.


Question: What is key in preventing fluorosis?

Answer: MI Paste, a calcium phosphate product that is sometimes combined with methods like microabrasion to minimize tooth discoloration Parental vigilance is the key to preventing fluorosis. If your water comes from a public system, your doctor or dentist -- as well as your local water authority or public health department -- can tell you how much fluoride is in it. If you rely on well water or bottled water, your public health department or a local laboratory can analyze its fluoride content. Once you know how much fluoride your child is getting from drinking water and other sources such as fruit juices and soft drinks, you can work with your dentist to decide whether or not your child should have a fluoride supplement.


Question: What causes fluorosis?

Answer: A major cause of fluorosis is the inappropriate use of fluoride-containing dental products such as toothpaste and mouth rinses. Sometimes, children enjoy the taste of fluoridated toothpaste so much that they swallow it instead of spitting it out. But there are other causes of fluorosis. For example, taking a higher-than-prescribed amount of a fluoride supplement during early childhood can cause it. So can taking a fluoride supplement when fluoridated drinking water or fluoride-fortified fruit juices and soft drinks already provide the right amount.


Question: What are the fluoride levels in drinking water?

Answer: This was fluoride that occurred naturally in the ground water. Natural fluoride levels above the currently recommended range for drinking water may increase the risk for severe fluorosis. In communities where natural levels exceed 2 parts per million, the CDC recommends that parents give children water from other sources. Prompted by concerns that children may be getting too much fluoride, the Health and Human Services Department in January 2011 lowered its recommended level of fluoride in drinking water. And the Environmental Protection Agency is reviewing its rules on the upper limit of fluoride levels in drinking water.


Question: How can you tell if your child got a lot of fluoride in a short period of time?

Answer: A major cause of fluorosis is the inappropriate use of fluoride-containing dental products such as toothpaste and mouth rinses. If a child ingests a large amount of fluoride in a short period of time, it may cause symptoms such as: Nausea Diarrhea Vomiting Abdominal pain Although fluoride toxicity usually doesn't have serious consequences, it sends several hundred children to emergency rooms each year.


Question: How common is fluorosis?

Answer: In more severe cases, however, the teeth may have: Stains ranging from yellow to dark brown Surface irregularities Pits that are highly noticeable Fluorosis first attracted attention in the early 20th Century. Researchers were surprised by the high prevalence of what was called â Colorado Brown Stainâ on the teeth of native-born residents of Colorado Springs. The stains were caused by high levels of fluoride in the local water supply. This was fluoride that occurred naturally in the ground water. People with these stains also had an unusually high resistance to dental cavities. This sparked a movement to introduce fluoride into public water supplies at a level that could prevent cavities but without causing fluorosis. Fluorosis affects nearly one in every four Americans ages 6 to 49. It's most prevalent in those ages 12 to 15. The vast majority of cases are mild, and only about 2% are considered âmoderate.â Less than 1% are âsevere.â But researchers have also observed that since the mid-1980s, the prevalence of fluorosis in children ages 12 to 15 has increased. Although fluorosis is not a disease, its effects can be psychologically distressing and difficult to treat. Parental vigilance can play an important role in preventing fluorosis. Severe.


Question: What is PSA velocity?

Answer: Several studies indicate that when PSA levels increase sharply in the months before surgery, the cancer is likely to be aggressive.


Question: What is localized prostate cancer?

Answer: At this stage, the tumor is confined to the prostate.


Question: What is the future for predicting prostate cancer?

Answer: Researchers are seeking more accurate ways of diagnosing, monitoring, and treating prostate cancer. Many of the studies focus on genes and genetic abnormalities of a cancer. Scientists have found that the product of a certain gene appears more often in advanced prostate cancers than in early stage prostate cancers. Now the goal is to determine if the presence of this gene product means that a cancer is more aggressive. Knowing this information can help doctors decide which patients may benefit from immediate treatment, and of what type. This and other genetic research will pave the way for earlier, more accurate predictors of cancer growth.


Question: How do doctors assess advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: If you are diagnosed with prostate cancer, your doctor will probably evaluate several factors to determine how aggressive it is. These "markers" identify whether the cancer is low risk, intermediate risk, or high risk. Low-risk prostate cancer is slow growing and not likely to spread quickly. High-risk prostate cancer is aggressive, meaning it is likely to spread quickly outside the prostate. Understanding the risk level of your cancer will help your doctor decide on the treatment that's right for you. Your doctor will look at key "markers" for aggressive cancer, as well as the "stage" of your specific cancer.


Question: What are prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels for prostate cancer?

Answer: PSA is a substance produced by the prostate gland. It is normal to secrete small amounts of PSA into the bloodstream. Larger amounts of PSA in the bloodstream usually signal that the prostate gland is enlarged, infected, or malignant. PSA levels are determined by a simple blood test. The higher the number, the more likely the patient is to have prostate cancer.


Question: How do computerized tomography (CT) scans predict prostate cancer?

Answer: CT scans make computerized X-ray images that produce cross-sectional images of the body. These detailed images can reveal disease or abnormalities in tissue and bone.


Question: How do bone scans predict prostate cancer?

Answer: Imaging techniques currently used include: Bone scans create images of bones on a computer screen or film. The patient is injected with a small amount of radioactive material that travels through the bloodstream. The computer screen detects radioactive material that has collected in abnormal areas of the bone.


Question: What is metastatic prostate cancer?

Answer: The tumor has spread to the distant lymph nodes or more distant parts of the body.


Question: What is regional prostate cancer?

Answer: The tumor has grown through the prostate capsule, either into the seminal vesicles (a pair of glands next to the prostate) or into nearby muscles and organs.


Question: How do doctors monitor prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels for prostate cancer?

Answer: If you are diagnosed with prostate cancer, your doctor will probably evaluate several factors to determine how aggressive it is. PSA continues to be the primary marker of how the disease is progressing or responding to treatment. Several recent studies indicate that PSA doubling time -- the time it takes for a patient's PSA level to double -- predicts how aggressive the cancer is. The faster the PSA level doubles, the more aggressive the cancer.


Question: Should my insulin intake change throughout the day?

Answer: Your body can also be more sensitive to insulin changes throughout the day. Stress or how much you exercise also has an impact. It's important to work out a plan with your doctor for how to change your treatment if you need to.


Question: How can I use nutrition levels to control my carb intake if I have diabetes?

Answer: Look at labels. They make counting carbs easy. Find the " Total Carbohydrate" number listed on a package's " Nutrition Facts" panel. Then, check the serving size and confirm the amount you can eat. Repeat this step with other foods you plan to eat. When you add all the grams of carbs, the total should stay within your meal budget.


Question: Are there different kinds of carbs?

Answer: It's a lot more than just pasta and bread. All starchy foods, sugars, fruit, milk, and yogurt are rich in carbs, too. Make sure you count them all, not just the obvious ones. You'll need to know your "insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio," or the number of carbs one unit of insulin will cover.


Question: Should I pay attention to my carb intake if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you have diabetes, keep track of how many you eat with a few simple tricks. Your doses may change, depending on the amount of carbs you ate at a meal and the difference between your target blood sugar level and your actual reading.


Question: If I carb count, can I eat whatever I want if I have diabetes?

Answer: All starchy foods, sugars, fruit, milk, and yogurt are rich in carbs, too. Make sure you count them all, not just the obvious ones. Measuring cups and a food scale when you eat at home will help you be accurate. Make healthy choices.


Question: How can I maintain the correct amount of carb intake per meal if I have diabetes?

Answer: Most adults with diabetes aim for 45-60 grams of carbs per meal and 15-20 grams per snack. That number may go up or down, depending on how active you are and the medicines you take, so check with your doctor or a registered dietitian. Your doses may change, depending on the amount of carbs you ate at a meal and the difference between your target blood sugar level and your actual reading.


Question: What other blood tests are used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Electrolytes (sodium, potassium), protein, and markers of inflammation, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR) and C-reactive protein ( CRP), may be drawn to look at disease severity. Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p ANCA) levels may be up in ulcerative colitis. In addition, specific tests for sexually transmitted diseases may be done.


Question: What causes inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: IBD is a disease with an unknown cause. Some agent or a combination of agents -- bacteria, viruses, antigens -- triggers the body's immune system to produce an inflammatory reaction in the intestinal tract. Recent studies show some combination of hereditary, genetic, and/or environmental factors may cause the development of IBD. It could also be that the body's own tissue causes an autoimmune response. Whatever causes it, the reaction continues without control and damages the intestinal wall, leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain.


Question: How is an upper endoscopy used to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: If you have upper GI symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, a doctor will use an endoscope, a narrow, flexible tube with a camera and light, that will be inserted through the mouth -- to examine your esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, which is the first part of your small intestine. Ulceration occurs in the stomach and duodenum in up to one out of every 10 people with Crohn's disease.