Question: What is secondary hypertension?

Answer: Secondary Hypertension When a direct cause for high blood pressure can be identified, the condition is described as secondary hypertension. Among the known causes of secondary hypertension, kidney disease ranks highest. Hypertension can also be triggered by tumors or other abnormalities that cause the adrenal glands (small glands that sit atop the kidneys) to secrete excess amounts of the hormones that elevate blood pressure. Birth control pills -- specifically those containing estrogen -- and pregnancy can boost blood pressure, as can medications that constrict blood vessels.


Question: What is blood pressure?

Answer: The heart pumps blood into blood vessels, which carry the blood throughout the body. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is dangerous because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood out to the body and contributes to hardening of the arteries, or atherosclerosis, to stroke, kidney disease, and to heart failure.


Question: What conditions can contribute to memory loss?

Answer: In most cases, there's no great cause for worry. Just because you lose your keys or forget someone's name doesn't mean you have Alzheimer's. You could have memory loss due to the normal aging process. Conditions that contribute to memory loss include: Depression Medication side effects Alcohol abuse Not enough vitamin B12 or a low thyroid level Stress and worry of any kind, such as from the death of a spouse or loved one, or from retirement Illness One symptom of more serious memory loss is that you're not aware there's a problem.


Question: What is one symptom of more serious memory loss?

Answer: Conditions that contribute to memory loss include: Depression Medication side effects Alcohol abuse Not enough vitamin B12 or a low thyroid level Stress and worry of any kind, such as from the death of a spouse or loved one, or from retirement Illness One symptom of more serious memory loss is that you're not aware there's a problem. Family members might seem more worried than you are. If loved ones are talking to you about your memory, take their concerns to heart and see a doctor.


Question: What are the different types of thyroid cancer?

Answer: There are four main types of thyroid cancer: Papillary (the most common type) Follicular Medullary Anaplastic If your doctor finds cancer, he'll begin the process of staging.


Question: What are the stages of medullary thyroid cancer?

Answer: The following things apply to everyone who has this type of cancer, no matter their age. Stage I -- The tumor is 2 centimeters or smaller. It's only in your thyroid. Stage II -- It's larger than 2 centimeters and found only in your thyroid. Or, it's any size but has spread to tissues beyond your thyroid. It hasn't spread to your lymph nodes. Stage III -- It may be smaller or larger than 2 centimeters and may also be in the tissues beyond your thyroid. The cancer is now in the lymph nodes near your voice box and windpipe. Stage IV -- As with follicular and papillary thyroid cancer, stage IV means that the cancer has spread to distant sites in your body, and the letters â A,â â B,â and â Câ indicate where it has gone.


Question: What are the stages of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, stage IV?

Answer: If you are at stage IV, it means the cancer has spread. Your doctor assigns the letters â A,â â Bâ and â Câ to show how far. Stage IVA -- The cancer has spread beyond your thyroid. It now is under your skin, or it affects your larynx, esophagus or trachea. A smaller tumor in more distant lymph nodes is also considered stage IVA. Stage IVB -- The tumor has grown toward your spine or into nearby large blood vessels, like the carotid arteries. These carry blood to your brain, face, and neck. It might have also spread to your lymph nodes. Stage IVC -- The cancer has spread beyond the thyroid, and to distant sites of the body. It may be in your lungs, bones, and lymph nodes.


Question: What is the TNM staging system for thyroid cancer?

Answer: The American Joint Committee on Cancer created the system that's most often used to describe the stages of thyroid cancer. It's called the â TNMâ system, and it focuses on these three things: T -- How big is the main tumor, and has it spread to other areas of the body? N -- Has the cancer spread to nearby lymph nodes? ( These are bean-shaped cells that help your body fight infection). M -- Has the cancer spread, or metastasized, to other areas of the body or organs, namely the lungs, liver, and bones?


Question: What are the main types of thyroid cancer?

Answer: The thyroid is a gland at the base of your throat. It makes hormones that help your body work properly. There are four main types of thyroid cancer: Papillary (the most common type) Follicular Medullary Anaplastic If your doctor finds cancer, he'll begin the process of staging. He'll run tests to see if it has spread to other parts of your body.


Question: What are the stages of papillary or follicular thyroid cancer in patients under age 45?

Answer: Here's what each stage of thyroid cancer means, grouped by types: Stage I -- The tumor can be any size. It may have spread nearby tissues or nearby lymph nodes. But it hasn't spread to other parts of the body. Stage II -- The tumor is any size. Cancer may have spread to your lymph nodes. It also has spread to other parts of your body, like your lungs or bones.


Question: How does the body clear clots?

Answer: When your body senses that you've healed, it calls on a protein called plasmin. Here's the clever part: Plasmin is actually built into the clot itself. It's there the whole time, but it's turned off. It just hangs out and waits. To turn it on, your body releases a substance known as an activator. It wakes up plasmin and tells it to get to work tearing things down. That mainly means breaking up the mesh-like structure that helps the clot work so well.


Question: What happens if your tests show that you have invasive ductal carcinoma?

Answer: To diagnose cancer, you'll get a biopsy to collect cells for analysis. The doctor will remove a bit of tissue to look at under a microscope. They can make a diagnosis from the biopsy results.


Question: What do results of tests for invasive ductal carcinoma mean?

Answer: Knowing the stage will help guide your treatment.


Question: What is ductal carcinoma?

Answer: Ductal carcinoma is a common type of breast cancer that starts in cells that line the milk ducts, which carry breast milk to the nipple. There are two types: Invasive ductal carcinoma ( IDC) Ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), also called intraductal carcinoma The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments for each are different.


Question: What can ductal carcinoma in situ lead do?

Answer: Even though it's noninvasive, it can lead to invasive cancer. It's important that women with the disease get treatment. Research shows that the risk of getting invasive cancer is low if you've been treated for DCIS. If it isn't treated, 30% to 50% if women with DCIS will get invasive cancer. The invasive cancer usually develops in the same breast and in the same area as where the DCIS happened.


Question: Can testosterone leves go down in women during menopause?

Answer: At menopause, women experience a decline in testosterone. That decline may be correlated to a reduced libido.


Question: What happens when testosterone levels rise in women?

Answer: If your body produces too much testosterone, you may have irregular or absent menstrual periods. You may also have more body hair than the average woman. Some women with high testosterone levels develop frontal balding. Other possible effects include acne, an enlarged clitoris, increased muscle mass, and deepening of voice. High levels of testosterone can also lead to infertility and are commonly seen in polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS).


Question: Why might estrogen levels fall?

Answer: There are many reasons why estrogen levels fall, including: Hypogonadism Hypopituitarism Pregnancy failure (estriol) Perimenopause and menopause (estradiol) Polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS) Anorexia nervosa (eating disorder) Extreme exercise or training Drugs that block estrogen include clomiphene, which tricks the body into thinking it has decreased levels of estrogen.


Question: What are the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: They include: Obesity An apple-shaped body Excessive or thinning hair Acne Menstrual irregularity PCOS is associated with: Higher levels of circulating male hormones Insulin resistance Carbohydrate intolerance -- conditions that make you prone to gaining weight Low levels of HDL -- ''good'' -- cholesterol Elevated triglycerides High LDL -- ''bad'' -- cholesterol Obesity High blood pressure As women with PCOS age, the presence of these risk factors increases their risk for heart disease.


Question: How can women know if their hormone levels are too high or too low?

Answer: Your doctor can do a physical examination and assess your health situation and symptoms to determine if further laboratory tests are needed to check hormone levels. Those tests may be important if you have a health condition such as PCOS or have stopped menstruating because of excessive athletic training or anorexia nervosa. If the tests show abnormal levels of hormones, your doctor can prescribe effective treatment.


Question: Can medications cause estrogen levels to rise in women?

Answer: This can be a problem for women such as athletes, models, and gymnasts.


Question: What symptoms can a drop in estrogen at menopause cause?

Answer: The drop of estrogen levels at menopause can cause uncomfortable symptoms, including: Hot flashes Night sweats Vaginal dryness or itching Loss of libido or sex drive Some women experience moodiness.


Question: Do women have testosterone?

Answer: Testosterone belongs to a class of male hormones called androgens. But women also have testosterone. The ovaries produce both testosterone and estrogen. Relatively small quantities of testosterone are released into your bloodstream by the ovaries and adrenal glands.


Question: How does weight play a role in the TLC program?

Answer: The third part of the TLC Program is about shedding unwanted pounds. Besides the cholesterol, extra fat can increase your chances for high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, and other issues.


Question: What are good choices of carbohydrates?

Answer: Some great choices: Beans Fruit Lentils Quinoa Vegetables Whole grains and whole wheat sources That's a whole lot of information about food to take in, but there are two more pillars to the program.


Question: Can you stop cholesterol medication while on the TLC Program?

Answer: You will need medication, too. But with lifestyle changes such as the TLC Program, you may be able to take lower doses.


Question: Is exercise important for the TLC program?

Answer: Physical activity is also part of the plan. You should try to get at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most, if not all, days of the week. Brisk walking is a great place for many people to start. Some other suggestions: Bicycling Bowling Dancing Gardening Of course, you should talk with your doctor before you start a new exercise plan.


Question: What are the symptoms of a black eye?

Answer: Any of the symptoms below may indicate damage to the eyeball, which should be evaluated and treated by an eye care specialist: Your eyeball hurts.


Question: When should you see a doctor for a black eye?

Answer: There was loss of consciousness as a result of the injury. Black eyes appear affecting one or both eyes after a head injury; you should be examined by a doctor for possible skull fracture. You have blurry or double vision. You can't move your eyeball in all directions.


Question: How should you treat and prevent symptoms of a rash on a child?

Answer: Trim your child's fingernails to help prevent scratching. Put soft gloves on your child at night to avoid scratching.


Question: When should you call a doctor about a rash on a child?

Answer: Your child: Is younger than 6 months Has a fever along with a rash Has a rash that oozes or appears red, swollen, or wet, which could be an infection Has a rash that goes past the diaper area Has a rash that is more serious in skin creases Has a rash that doesn't get better after 2 days Has a rash that peels, especially one on the palms or soles Has flat, small red spots on the skin that don't fade if you press them Looks unwell or is not feeding well Has hives Has bruises not due to an injury Try to figure out whether the rash is due to coming into contact with a common irritant such as poison ivy, chemicals, soaps, nickel jewelry, or a pet.


Question: How should you clean the skin around a child's rash?

Answer: Wash the rash with mild soap but don't scrub. Rinse with warm water. Pat the skin dry, rather than rubbing it. Don't cover the rash.


Question: How much protein do I need to stay healthy after childbirth?

Answer: You also need to get enough: Protein: Foods like beans, seafood, lean meats, eggs, and soy products are rich in protein, which help your body recover from childbirth. Aim for five servings each day, or seven if you're breastfeeding.


Question: How can iron help me after childbirth?

Answer: Iron: This nutrient helps your body make new blood cells, which is especially important if you lost a lot of blood during your delivery. Red meat and poultry are high in iron. So are tofu and beans. Whether you eat meat or go vegetarian, the daily requirement for lactating women is 9 mg daily for women ages 19 and older, and 10 mg daily for adolescents. If you had twins, have a health condition, or are vegan, check with your doctor. You may need a supplement to get the right nutrition.


Question: How much calcium do I need after childbirth?

Answer: Calcium: You'll need 1,000 milligrams -- about 3 servings of low-fat dairy -- each day.


Question: Why is good nutrition important after childbirth?

Answer: It helps your body recover and gives you the energy you need to care for your little one.


Question: Which foods should I avoid after childbirth?

Answer: Talk to your doctor about what's right for you. Caffeine: Drink more than 3 cups (24 ounces) of coffee or soda a day, and you can upset your baby's sleep. Some fish: Swordfish, shark, king mackerel, and tilefish are high in mercury, a toxin that is harmful to your baby, so avoid them. Tuna can have some mercury, too. Make sure to only eat the âlightâ kind and no more than 6 ounces each week.


Question: How much should I eat after childbirth?

Answer: In the months after childbirth, most new moms need between 1,800 and 2,200 calories each day. Nursing? You'll need up to 500 more. If you're underweight, you work out more than 45 minutes each day, or you're breastfeeding more than one infant, that number could be higher. Talk to your doctor to figure out the right amount for you and to determine continuation of vitamin supplementation.


Question: What is the best mattress for lower back pain?

Answer: The latest thinking is that there isn't one type of mattress that's best for everyone, including people with chronic back pain. Let personal preference guide you, and choose what feels most comfortable.


Question: How can you tell which mattress is best for your back pain?

Answer: Or choose a mattress that comes with a money-back guarantee: A growing number of companies will let you buy a mattress and use it for anywhere from 30 to 100 days and send it back for a refund if you're not happy with it.


Question: What should you consider when taking antihistamines?

Answer: Some of the main side effects of antihistamines include: Dry mouth Drowsiness Dizziness Nausea and vomiting Restlessness or moodiness (in some children) Trouble peeing or not being able to pee Blurred vision Confusion If you take an antihistamine that causes drowsiness, do so before bedtime. Don't take it during the day before you drive or use machinery. Read the label before you take an allergy drug. Antihistamines may interact with other medications you are taking. Talk to your doctor first if you have an enlarged prostate, heart disease, high blood pressure, thyroid problems, kidney or liver disease, a bladder obstruction, or glaucoma. Also check with your doctor if you are pregnant or nursing.


Question: How do I get infected with E. coli?

Answer: You can become infected when you swallow even a small amount of E. coli bacteria. Among the ways this can happen: Ground meat: You eat ground meat that carries E. coli, and the meat wasn't cooked enough to kill the bacteria. When meat is processed, sometimes bacteria from the animals' intestines make their way into the meat. This happens more with ground meat because it comes from more than one animal. Untreated milk: You drink unpasteurized milk, which hasn't been heated to kill bacteria. E. coli can get into the milk from the cow's udder or from milking equipment. Vegetables and fruit: You might eat fresh vegetables or fruit that's been tainted by water that has the bacteria. This happens most often when manure from nearby animals mixes with the water supply. Other foods and beverages: You might also get E. coli from unpasteurized fruit juices and yogurt and cheese made from raw milk. Water: You swallow water that contains E. coli, perhaps while swimming in a pool, lake, or pond. Other people: You might get E. coli from another person who has it, such as a child. The bacteria can be passed to you if you clean up after an infected person and then don't wash your hands really well before you touch your mouth. Animals: It can be found at petting zoos or animal exhibits at fairs.


Question: How can I prevent E. coli infection?

Answer: After you've used the bathroom or changed a diaper After you've had contact with animals, even your own pets After handling raw meat You can also prevent E. coli infections by being careful about the foods that carry the greatest chance of contamination: Cook hamburgers until they're 160 F inside. Drink only pasteurized milk, juice, and cider. Wash all of your produce before you eat it. Be especially careful to get dirt off leafy greens such as lettuce and spinach. In your kitchen, a couple of simple rules will help keep you safe: Wash: Clean knives, counters, and cutting boards with hot, soapy water after raw meat has touched them. Keep raw and cooked separate: Use different cutting boards for food that you eat raw, such as vegetables and fruit. Don't put cooked meat back on the same plate you used for raw meat without washing the plate first. When you're swimming, try not to swallow the water, whether it's a pool, a lake, or the ocean. It may be tainted.


Question: How can E. coli make me sick?

Answer: While many of us associate E. coli with food poisoning, you can also get pneumonia and urinary tract infections from different types of the bacteria. In fact, 75% to 95% of urinary tract infections are caused by E. coli. Some versions of E. coli make you sick by making a toxin called Shiga. This toxin damages the lining of your intestine. The strains of E. coli that make the toxin are sometimes called STEC, which is short for â Shiga toxin-producing E. coli.â One especially bad strain, O157: H7, can make you very sick. It causes abdominal cramps, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. It is the leading cause of acute kidney failure in children. It can also cause life-threatening symptoms such as: Adult kidney failure Fever Bleeding Confusion Seizures You should get emergency help if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: When should I wash my hands to prevent E. coli infection?

Answer: After you've used the bathroom or changed a diaper After you've had contact with animals, even your own pets After handling raw meat You can also prevent E. coli infections by being careful about the foods that carry the greatest chance of contamination: Cook hamburgers until they're 160 F inside. Drink only pasteurized milk, juice, and cider. Wash all of your produce before you eat it.


Question: How is E. coli infection treated?

Answer: The only way your doctor can know for sure if you have an E. coli infection is to send a sample of your stool to a lab to be analyzed. Fortunately, the infection usually goes away on its own. For some types of E.coli associated with diarrhea, such as the watery travelers' diarrhea, antibiotics can shorten the length of time you have symptoms and might be used in moderately severe cases. But if you have fever or bloody diarrhea or if your doctor suspects Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, antibiotics should not be taken. They can actually increase the production of Shiga toxin and worsen your symptoms. It's important to rest and get plenty of fluids to replace what your body is losing through vomiting or diarrhea. Don't take over-the-counter medications that fight diarrhea. You don't want to slow down your digestive system, because that will delay your body's shedding of the infection.


Question: What food should I eat after E. coli infection?

Answer: When you start to feel better, stick to low-fiber foods at first such as: Crackers Toast Eggs Rice Dairy products and foods that are high in fat or fiber can make your symptoms worse.


Question: What is the link between menopause and osteoporosis?

Answer: Although the drop in estrogen levels during menopause can result in dramatically thinning of bone and increases your risk of osteoporosis, it isn't the sole cause of the disease. Many other factors -- like your genes, some diseases and treatments, eating disorders, excessive exercising and weight loss , smoking, excess alcohol, and deficiencies of calcium and vitamin D -- can play an important role. Remember that men can get osteoporosis too, even though they don't go through menopause.


Question: How does vitamin D help prevent osteoporosis?

Answer: The Institute of Medicine recommends: 600 IU (international units) a day for adults through age 70 800 IU a day for adults ages 70 and older Vitamin D plays a vital role in getting calcium into the bloodstream from the intestines and the kidneys. Without enough vitamin D, a lot of the calcium you take in from food or supplements could pass out of the body as waste.


Question: How much calcium do I need to prevent osteoporosis?

Answer: The amount of calcium you need depends on your age. The Institute of Medicine recommends the following: Adolescents should get 1,300 milligrams of calcium a day. Adults from 19 to 50 years of age should get 1,000 milligrams of calcium a day. Adult women over the age of 50 should get 1,200 milligrams of calcium a day. Adult men should receive 1,000 milligrams up to age 70 and 1,200 milligrams after age 70.


Question: What are some good first solid foods to feed your baby?

Answer: Single-grain cereals, such as rice, are common first foods, but you don't have to start with these. You can try purees of any healthy food, including meats, vegetables or fruits. Should you start out with vegetables so your baby learns to like them? There's no evidence to support this. Babies have a natural preference for sweets and the order you introduce foods doesn't change that.


Question: Can I add solid foods to my baby's bottle?

Answer: It's an important part of your baby's development to learn how to eat from a spoon and to join in family meal time. If your baby has been diagnosed with reflux, your pediatrician may have you add cereal to the bottle.


Question: How can I prepare my baby to try his first solid food?

Answer: To prepare: Pick a time when your baby is happy and not too hungry, overtired or cranky. Make sure you're not rushed, so that you can enjoy the experience. Choose one food to introduce first. Feed that to her for a few days before introducing the next new food, to check for possible allergic reactions. If you note diarrhea, rashes, or vomiting after introducing a new food, stop offering it and consult your pediatrician. If you offer cereal, make sure it's one made specifically for babies; they're fortified with specific nutrients babies need at this age.


Question: When can my baby start eating solid foods?

Answer: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding exclusively for about six months, and notes that most babies are ready to start solid foods between four and six months. Here are some signs that your baby is ready: She loses the tongue-thrust reflex that pushes the spoon back out of her mouth. Sheï¿½ï¿½s interested in what you're eating -- making âoohâ sounds as she watches you eat, or trying to grab your fork or slice of bread. She can sit up with good head control in the high chair, although she still needs the support of her body. She can draw in her lower lip to take food from a spoon.


Question: What is a tubular adenoma?

Answer: The most common types of colon polyps doctors remove are a type called tubular adenoma. It can become cancerous, and that danger goes up the bigger the polyps get.


Question: Do colon polyps raise your risk of colon cancer?

Answer: If you have a history of polyps in your colon, you're more likely to get colon cancer. Screening is your best way to prevent that. Doctors generally recommend getting your first colonoscopy at age 50. You may need to start at age 40 or earlier if someone in your family has had serious polyps or colon cancer.


Question: What are symptoms of tubular adenomas?

Answer: You're more likely to get tubular adenomas if you are: 50 or older Obese Male From a family with history of colon polyps A couch potato You may not know you have tubular adenomas until your doctor finds them during a colonoscopy. But you may notice: Bleeding in your bottom Mucus in your poop Frequent diarrhea or constipation Belly cramps Anemia, from losing blood in your poop During a colonoscopy, your doctor inserts a long, flexible tube with a lens into your rectum and slowly threads it into your colon.


Question: How can working around harmful chemicals cause bladder cancer?

Answer: People who work in certain industries (painters, machinists, printers, hairdressers, and truck drivers, among others) may be exposed to harmful chemicals for long periods of time. This can increase their risk of disease.


Question: What is the outlook for people with bladder cancer?

Answer: The 5-year survival rate for bladder cancer is about 77%. That means that about 7 out of 10 people who are diagnosed with the disease will still be alive 5 years later. But that's just an estimate. Your outcome is based on your unique situation. That includes things like your age, overall health, how early the cancer was found, and how well it responds to treatment.


Question: How can chronic bladder inflammation cause bladder cancer?

Answer: If you have bladder infections that keep coming back or another condition that causes your bladder to be irritated for long periods of time, you stand a better chance of getting bladder cancer.


Question: What causes bladder cancer?

Answer: It accounts for just 5% of all new cancers in the U. S. Doctors aren't sure. But they do know that several things increase your risk for the disease. They include: Genetic makeup, race, and family history.


Question: How can genes cause bladder cancer?

Answer: Bladder cancer is most common in white men over age 55. If you or someone in your immediate family (parents or siblings) has had cancer of the bladder or the urinary tract before, you're more likely to get it.


Question: How can smoking cause bladder cancer?

Answer: Research shows that smoking is the cause of about 50% of all bladder cancers. Working around harmful chemicals.


Question: Who is at the greatest risk for complications of the flu?

Answer: While anyone can get flu, infants, the elderly, pregnant women, and people with chronic ailments such as diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, and HIV are at highest risk for flu complications. Despite advances in flu prevention and treatment, the CDC estimates that deaths related to influenza range from 3,000 to 49,000 deaths in the United States each year.


Question: Which flu strains are linked to Reye's syndrome?

Answer: Widespread outbreaks of Reye's syndrome have occurred with influenza type B and also with chickenpox, but other viruses have been implicated. The risk of Reye's syndrome is increased when taking aspirin, so anyone under age 18 should not take aspirin if they have any viral symptoms or are recovering from the flu or any other virus.


Question: What is avian or bird flu?

Answer: Bird flu, or avian influenza, is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. Bird flu epidemics have occurred worldwide. Bird flu is a leading contender to be the next pandemic flu bug because it has caused an unprecedented epidemic in poultry and wild birds across Asia and Eastern Europe. Still, no one knows for sure whether this will cause the next human flu pandemic.


Question: How many different types of colds and flus are there and how are they treated?

Answer: More than 100 types of cold viruses are known, and new strains of flu evolve every few years. Since both diseases are viral, antibiotics cannot conquer cold or flu. Remember: Antibiotics only treat bacterial infections.


Question: How is the flu prevented?

Answer: Specific strains of flu can be prevented by a flu vaccine, either a flu shot or nasal spray flu vaccine. In addition, antiviral medications are available to prevent flu. These drugs may help reduce the severity and the duration of flu and are best used within the first 48 hours of the appearance of flu symptoms.


Question: Where do influenza viruses originate and how do they mutate?

Answer: Most influenza viruses that infect humans seem to originate in parts of Asia, where close contact between livestock and people creates a hospitable environment for mutation and transmission of viruses. Swine, or pigs, can catch both avian (meaning from birds, such as poultry) and human forms of a virus and act as hosts for these different viral strains to meet and mutate into new forms. The swine then transmit the new form of the virus to people in the same way in which people infect each other -- by transmitting viruses through droplets in the air that people breathe in.


Question: How does CPAP help treat central sleep apnea?

Answer: With CPAP, patients wear a mask over their nose and/or mouth. An air blower forces air through the nose and/or mouth. The air pressure is adjusted so that it is just enough to prevent the upper airway tissues from collapsing during sleep. The pressure is constant and continuous. CPAP prevents airway closure while it is being used, but apnea episodes return when CPAP is stopped or is used improperly.


Question: How is central sleep apnea treated?

Answer: Some of these conservative treatments include: Losing weight if necessary, and then maintaining a healthy weight Avoiding the use of alcohol and sleeping pills, as these items make the airway more likely to collapse during sleep Sleeping on your side if you have apneic events when sleeping on your back, possibly using pillows or other devices to keep you in place Using nasal sprays or breathing strips to keep air flowing if you have sinus problems or nasal congestion Avoiding sleep deprivation Another treatment is continuous positive airway pressure ( CPAP), which is the preferred initial treatment for most people with obstructive sleep apnea.


Question: What are the symptoms of central sleep apnea?

Answer: Conditions that may be associated with central sleep apnea include the following: Congestive heart failure Hypothyroid Disease Kidney failure Neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) Damage to the brainstem caused by encephalitis, stroke, injury, or other factors The main symptom of CSA is temporary stoppages of breathing while asleep. Although snoring is a very strong symptom of obstructive sleep apnea, snoring is usually not found with central sleep apnea. Symptoms may also include: Being very tired during the day Waking up often during the night Having headaches in the early morning Poor memory and difficulty concentrating Mood problems If you have any of these symptoms of central sleep apnea, or if a family member or bed partner notices that you stop breathing while sleeping, you should talk to your doctor or health care provider.


Question: What is central sleep apnea?

Answer: In CSA, breathing is disrupted regularly during sleep because of the way the brain functions. It is not that you cannot breathe (which is true in obstructive sleep apnea); rather, you do not try to breathe at all. The brain does not tell your muscles to breathe. This type of sleep apnea is usually associated with serious illness, especially an illness in which the lower brainstem -- which controls breathing -- is affected. In infants, central sleep apnea produces pauses in breathing that can last 20 seconds.


Question: What conditions are associated with central sleep apnea?

Answer: Conditions that may be associated with central sleep apnea include the following: Congestive heart failure Hypothyroid Disease Kidney failure Neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease) Damage to the brainstem caused by encephalitis, stroke, injury, or other factors The main symptom of CSA is temporary stoppages of breathing while asleep.


Question: How is central sleep apnea diagnosed?

Answer: If your doctor suspects you have central sleep apnea, he is likely to perform a physical exam, take a medical history, and recommend a sleep history. The next step will likely be an overnight sleep study called a polysomnogram. This test is performed in a sleep lab under the direct supervision of a trained technologist. During the test, the following body functions may be monitored: Electrical activity of the brain Eye movements Muscle activity Heart rate Breathing patterns Air flow Blood oxygen levels After the study is completed, the technologist will tally the number of times that breathing is impaired during sleep and then grade the severity of sleep apnea.


Question: What are the effects of sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep apnea can cause serious health problems. It can increase the risk for stroke, obesity, diabetes, heart attack, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, and high blood pressure. It may also increase the risk for accidents while working or driving, as some people with sleep apnea may fall asleep during those activities.


Question: Is it too late for me to get better if I have diabetes?

Answer: Maybe you've tried to get there before and got disappointed. Rethink it: Bring your thoughts back to the here and now. Mental health experts say most anxiety comes from worrying about the future. The more you focus on what you can do today, the better.


Question: How can I stop thinking so negatively about my diabetes?

Answer: It takes practice to turn your inner voice into your friend instead of your critic. Make it a habit with these tips: Keep a journal. Write down your thoughts. After about a week, read your journal to look for patterns.


Question: How can I tackle diabetes if I keep messing up and binging on food?

Answer: Little steps, over time, will move your health in a positive direction. Ask your doctor to help you set small goals along the way to your ultimate goal. You want reachable milestones you can build on. For instance, if you lose a little bit of weight at a time, it can lower your blood sugar levels and blood pressure sooner than you may think.


Question: How can I tackle diabetes if I keep feeling like I have no time to exercise?

Answer: Rethink it: Take it 10 minutes at a time. Tell yourself, â I don't have to do it all at once.â Exercise doesn't have to take a lot of time. Even a little will give you a burst of optimism and energy while it improves your metabolism. Try 10-minute spurts of activity. You won't need to change your clothes. For example, instead of playing solitaire on your phone when you're in a waiting room, ask the attendant if you have time to take a 10-minute walk around the parking lot before your appointment.


Question: What should I do if I can't follow my meal plan for my diabetes?

Answer: Rethink it: Give yourself credit for your good food choices. It could be that you used to overeat all the time, and now you've had balanced meals most days this week.


Question: As a diabetic, should I get a personal trainer to exercise?

Answer: The more you focus on what you can do today, the better.


Question: How can I improve my health if I have diabetes?

Answer: Little steps, over time, will move your health in a positive direction. Ask your doctor to help you set small goals along the way to your ultimate goal. You want reachable milestones you can build on. For instance, if you lose a little bit of weight at a time, it can lower your blood sugar levels and blood pressure sooner than you may think. Start slowly. First, learn to eat more fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein.


Question: What are symptoms of peripheral artery disease?

Answer: It can affect different muscle groups, including: Buttock and hip Calf (most common) Foot (less common) Thigh Some people have a sense of burning or numbness. If you have an advanced form of peripheral artery disease, your toes or feet might hurt even while you're resting. Other signs and symptoms of peripheral artery disease include: Changes in the color of your legs Erectile dysfunction Leg weakness Legs that are cooler than your arms Loss of hair on your legs Fainter pulse in your feet Shiny skin on your legs Slow toenail growth Wounds or sores on your toes or feet that don't heal well You can also have severe blockages with no pain at all. This usually is because your body grows blood vessels around the blockages.


Question: Can I prevent peripheral artery disease?

Answer: You might get other tests, including: Angiogram, in which your doctor uses a needle to put dye into your bloodstream before taking an X-ray to find blocked arteries Ankle-brachial index, which compares blood pressure in your lower leg and your upper arm Blood tests to check for risk factors like diabetes or high cholesterol Ultrasound to check blood flow and find blocked arteries Some simple things you can do to manage your symptoms and keep peripheral artery disease from getting worse include: Control your cholesterol and blood pressure Eat a healthy diet Exercise Don't smoke You also might need medical treatments including: Angioplasty.


Question: What is immunotherapy?

Answer: Immunotherapy is a treatment option for many people living with advanced lung cancer. It helps your body's immune system better find and destroy cancer cells, even when they try to hide. The breakthrough therapy is helping some people with hard-to-treat cancer feel better and live longer.


Question: How will your doctor determine if your immunotherapy is working to treat cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will review your scans and discuss your symptoms. She'll decide if your treatment is really working and your cancer is stable.


Question: What are other cancer treatments besides immunotherapy?

Answer: Other Treatment Options If immunotherapy doesn't work, you and your doctor will discuss other ways to treat your cancer. These include: Chemotherapy Targeted drug treatments Radiation If these options also fail, your doctor may suggest you to take part in a clinical trial.


Question: Can your cancer look worse on a CT scan when it is really getting better from immunotherapy?

Answer: When the Cancer Looks Worse but Isn't Your doctor will order CT scans of your tumor to keep track of it and make sure your treatment is working. Your cancer might look worse on the first CT scan after your start immunotherapy. But it may really be getting better. Doctors call this âpseudoprogression."


Question: What kinds of immunotherapy side effects should you tell your doctor about?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you have: Cough Pain Trouble breathing Any other symptoms that concern you They may be a sign that your cancer is getting worse, or they may be side effects of treatment.


Question: What is the main way newborns communicate?

Answer: Crying is the main way babies communicate, especially in their early days. The cries can be hard to decode, but you can think about her schedule or surroundings to figure out what's wrong. If it's been 2 hours since she last ate, there's a good chance she's hungry. If she's been up for an hour and a half, she's probably due for a nap. Babies can also get bored or overstimulated.


Question: How often will most newborns want to eat?

Answer: Most newborns will want to eat every 1 1/2 to 3 1/2 hours. Their feeding schedule usually depends on if you're breastfeeding or giving your baby formula. Breastfed babies generally eat more often than those on formula, because their tummies digest breast milk faster.


Question: What are the signs that your newborn is sleepy?

Answer: If she stops eating and falls asleep, or turns her head away from the bottle, those are good signs she's had enough.


Question: How often will your newborn sleep?

Answer: New babies often get tired after being awake just an hour or two. The first few weeks, your baby will snooze about 16 hours a day, usually in 2- to 4-hour stretches, any time of day or night. Many will fall asleep while they're eating or sucking, and that's just fine.


Question: How can you tell if your newborn is hungry?

Answer: There are many ways babies can tell you they're hungry. They may make sucking motions, put their hands or fingers in their mouths, or you may notice that your baby turns her head toward you and opens her mouth if you gently stroke her cheek. Babies do cry when they want to eat, but it's usually a late sign of hunger. Try to get your baby to burp during and after her feeding. If she stops eating and falls asleep, or turns her head away from the bottle, those are good signs she's had enough. If she cries toward the end, that may mean she's hungry for more.


Question: What is the right position for newborns to sleep in?

Answer: Always put your child on her back to sleep, on a firm sleep surface, with nothing else in the crib or bassinet -- just a mattress with a tightly fitted sheet. By the end of the first month, newborns start to fit their sleep into longer periods. But it will be a few more months before your baby gets into a predictable pattern of a morning, early afternoon, and late afternoon nap, and a longer stretch of sleep at night.


Question: How can infection cause breathlessness?

Answer: If germs come into your body through your nose and mouth, they can travel to your lungs and cause an infection. This is called pneumonia. Anyone can get it, but you're at higher risk if your immune system is weak, you have a lung disease like asthma, or you smoke. Warning signs: Chest pain, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chest pain. You may also bring up thick mucus when you cough.


Question: How can anxiety cause breathlessness?

Answer: When you're stressed or worried, the muscles that help you breathe tighten. This makes you breathe faster than normal. You may feel like you're not getting enough air, which can make you panic and make your breathing even shallower. Warning signs: Sweating, chest pain, feeling faint.


Question: How can cancer can cause breathlessness?

Answer: Some types of cancer cause fluid to build up in the space between your lungs and chest wall. This can make it painful to take a deep breath. Warning signs: Feeling like there's a weight on your chest, coughing, fever. You may also feel rundown and tired. What helps: Your doctor could prescribe a drug that eases swelling or helps your body get rid of extra fluid. In some cases, he'll need to remove the fluid and treat the area so it doesn't fill again.


Question: How can allergies cause breathlessness?

Answer: Pollen, mold, and other allergens do more than cause itchy eyes and a runny nose. They can also irritate the airways in your lungs. This can trigger an asthma attack and make it hard for you to take normal breaths. Warning signs: Coughing, wheezing, chest tightness. Symptoms may last a few minutes or several days.


Question: What do your alkaline phosphatase test results mean?

Answer: Higher-than-normal ALP levels for your age and sex may not necessarily mean you have a problem. ( Children and teens naturally have higher levels than adults because their bones are still developing). If your ALP level is high, your doctor may have you take another test, called an ALP isoenzyme test, to determine whether the alkaline phosphatase in your blood is coming from your liver or your bones.


Question: How is an alkaline phosphatase test done?

Answer: Other conditions that can cause problems with your liver include: Liver cancer Cirrhosis Hepatitis Blockage in the bile ducts The test can also spot problems with your bones, including: Cancers that have spread to your bones Paget's disease, which affects how bones grow Issues caused by vitamin D deficiency The lab will need a small amount of blood to perform the test. The person in charge of taking your blood will start by placing a tight elastic band, called a tourniquet, around your upper arm. This makes your veins swell with blood. The lab tech will clean an area of your skin with a germ-killing solution. ( It might be a spot inside your elbow or the back of your hand). You'll feel a small stick when the needle goes into your vein. The blood flows into a small vial attached to the needle. When the test is done, the lab tech will take the tourniquet off, and you'll get a bandage on the spot where the needle went in. It takes only a few minutes.


Question: Do prescription dugs help treat IBS?

Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe drugs to help with diarrhea or constipation if you need more relief. Other things that can help include stress management, acupuncture, hypnotherapy, and relaxation training.


Question: How is irritable bowel disease (IBD) treated?

Answer: IBD, on the other hand, is more often treated with drugs that target the inflammation that causes symptoms. These powerful meds generally don't work as a treatment for IBS, which is one reason why it's so important to know which condition you have. And while some people with IBD need surgery to repair the physical damage to their digestive tract, surgery isn't needed for IBS.


Question: Is IBS or IBD related to colorectal cancer?

Answer: Lastly, an inflammatory bowel disease makes you more likely to get colorectal cancer. Irritable bowel syndrome doesn't do that, but you should still keep up with your regularly scheduled screening tests.


Question: Do IBD and IBS share symptoms?

Answer: Since IBD and IBS are both chronic conditions that affect the gut, they have some overlapping warning signs: belly pain and diarrhea. Plus, they both tend to be diagnosed in young people.


Question: Is counseling helpful in treating IBS?

Answer: Counseling is also helpful, especially if the stress of having the condition starts to get to you, or if you notice you're limiting your social life because you worry about when your symptoms will affect you. A support group is another great resource, because the people there will understand, from personal experience, what it's like to have IBS.


Question: What are symptoms of IBS?

Answer: IBS can also cause constipation, extra gas, nausea, or make you feel like you urgently need to have a bowel movement.


Question: What is another natural alternative for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Counseling is also helpful, especially if the stress of having the condition starts to get to you, or if you notice you're limiting your social life because you worry about when your symptoms will affect you. A support group is another great resource, because the people there will understand, from personal experience, what it's like to have IBS.


Question: Is irritable bowel disease (IBD) a structural or functional disease?

Answer: IBD is a structural disease. That means there is underlying physical damage that causes your symptoms. Doctors can see chronic inflammation or ulcers when they examine the gut with an X-ray, endoscopy, surgery, or biopsy. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are inflammatory bowel diseases.


Question: What else can help with diarrhea or constipation besides drugs?

Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe drugs to help with diarrhea or constipation if you need more relief. Other things that can help include stress management, acupuncture, hypnotherapy, and relaxation training. Researchers are also studying whether probiotics help tame IBS.


Question: What symptoms do irritable bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) share?

Answer: Both can cause stomach pain, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. But that's where the similarities end. IBS and IBD have different causes and treatments. You can't tell which it is by how you feel, and you need to know the difference so you can get the right type of help.


Question: What are some overlapping warning signs of irritable bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Since IBD and IBS are both chronic conditions that affect the gut, they have some overlapping warning signs: belly pain and diarrhea. Plus, they both tend to be diagnosed in young people. IBS can also cause constipation, extra gas, nausea, or make you feel like you urgently need to have a bowel movement.


Question: How is IBD diagnosed?

Answer: Since it's a structural disease, a doctor needs to find physical damage in your gut to make the diagnosis. To look for inflammation, ulcers, and bleeding, you may get: Tests of your blood and stools A colonoscopy or other imaging tests to look inside your gut, with a biopsy CT scans If you have inflammation and ulcers, your doctor can use these tests to narrow down what form of IBD you have. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two main types.


Question: What are some harmful consequences of having an inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: Lastly, an inflammatory bowel disease makes you more likely to get colorectal cancer. Irritable bowel syndrome doesn't do that, but you should still keep up with your regularly scheduled screening tests.


Question: What are some conditions that can lead to erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Other options your doctor can help you explore include: Injections Suppositories Surgical penile implants Special devices, like vacuum pumps, which boost blood flow to the penis It can be linked to more serious health conditions like: High blood pressure Hardening of the arteries Diabetes It can also be linked to other medical treatments, such as: Prostate surgery Radiation therapy If your doctor can find the cause, treating that may also help you in the bedroom.


Question: If I see a urologist for erectile dysfunction, what will they ask?

Answer: The urologist will ask what happens when you have sex. This will help him know where to start. He'll use your answers to track your progress. He'll ask more questions about your health and give you a physical exam. You may have to have more blood work or an ultrasound.


Question: What if I'm concerned about talking to my doctor about my erectile dysfunction?

Answer: The best approach is just to say, " I think I may have ED." It's unlikely your doctor will feel uncomfortable. If he has trouble talking about sexual issues with you, ask him to refer you to a urologist. The doctor will start by asking about your medical history. He'll do this to learn more about your symptoms, conditions, and what medicines you're taking. The questions may seem personal. But it's important to answer them fully and honestly. The doctor needs this information to know how to treat you.


Question: What questions might my doctor ask about my erectile dysfunction?

Answer: The questions may include: Do you ever get an erection? If you do, is it firm enough to have sex? If you do start to have sex, do you then lose the erection? Does it ever come back? Can you get an erection by masturbation? Do you ever wake up with an erection? The doctor will ask if you smoke, how much alcohol you drink, and whether or not you use recreational drugs.


Question: What is the link between prostate cancer and erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: However, treatments for the disease can cause it. The current methods of treating prostate cancer, including surgery with radical prostatectomy (removal of the entire prostate gland), radiation therapy -- whether by external beam or brachytherapy (seed implant) -- and hormone therapy, can all cause ED.


Question: How can radical prostatectomy cause erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: Erectile dysfunction can begin immediately following the removal of the entire prostate and surrounding tissues, whether the nerve-sparing or non-nerve-sparing technique is used. If the nerve-sparing technique is used, recovery from ED may occur within the first year following the procedure. Recovery of erectile function after a non-nerve-sparing technique is unlikely but possible.


Question: How is erectile dysfunction (ED) treated following prostate cancer treatment?

Answer: The current treatment options for erectile dysfunction for people who have received treatment for prostate cancer include: Pills, including Cialis, Levitra, Stendra, Staxyn, and Viagra Intracavernous injection therapy Vacuum constriction device Intraurethral therapy Penile prosthesis


Question: What are the side effects of aloe vera?

Answer: Topical aloe vera might cause skin irritation. Oral aloe, which has a laxative effect, can cause cramping and diarrhea. This may cause electrolyte imbalances in the blood of people who ingest aloe for more than a few days. It can also stain the colon, thus making it difficult to visualize the colon during a colonoscopy. So avoid it for a month before having a colonoscopy. Aloe gel, for topical or oral use, should be free of aloin, which can be irritating to the gastrointestinal tract.


Question: What are the risks of using aloe vera?

Answer: Researchers warn against the chronic use of aloe vera; however, if the aloe product is free of aloin -- an extract of the plant that has been found to cause colorectal cancer in rats -- it may be OK as a topical remedy for sunburn. Aloin is found between the outer leaf of the aloe plant and the gooey stuff inside.


Question: How much aloe vera should you use?

Answer: Some creams for minor burns have just 0.5% aloe vera. Others used for psoriasis may contain as much as 70% aloe vera. As an oral supplement, aloe has no set dose. For constipation, some use 100-200 milligrams of aloe juice -- or 50 milligrams of aloe extract -- daily as needed. For diabetes, 1 tablespoon of the gel has been used daily. High oral doses of aloe or aloe latex are dangerous. Ask your doctor for advice on how to use aloe.


Question: Do any foods contain aloe vera?

Answer: There are no foods that contain aloe vera, so it must be taken in supplement or gel form. Some forms of aloe vera are safer to take than others, and chronic use is discouraged.


Question: How can you prevent someone with Alzheimer's disease from falling?

Answer: Other things that also help include: Regular exercise Spending more time around other people Staying busy with hobbies and activities he enjoys The disease causes coordination problems that make people more likely to lose their balance and fall. To help prevent that: Encourage regular exercise, especially early in the disease, to help your loved one keep up their balance and strength. Remove objects that are easy to trip on, such as loose rugs or extension cords. Make sure stairways have at least one handrail. Place non-skid strips in the bathtub and on smooth floors. Install night-lights. Place easy-to-see stickers on large windows and sliding-glass doors to make it obvious that something solid is there.


Question: How can you prevent someone with Alzheimer's disease from wandering?

Answer: In the later stages of the disease, memory problems and confusion may give your loved one sudden urges to wander away from home. If he leaves home alone, he could be in danger. To prevent wandering: Make doors hard to open. You may need to place locks higher on doors. Put alarms on doors so they sound an alert when they're opened. Keep car keys hidden. Have him wear an ID bracelet, just in case he does wander and needs help finding his way home.


Question: What is one serving of alcohol?

Answer: Remember, one serving is: Five ounces of wine, or 12 ounces of beer, or 1.5 ounces of hard liquor TRUE A high-fiber diet (more than 50 grams/day) can lower blood sugar levels.


Question: Can I have alcohol if I have diabetes?

Answer: TRUE Within limits, alcohol is OK. But there are exceptions. You shouldn't drink if your blood sugar levels aren't under control or if you have nerve damage from diabetes. If you do drink, keep portions modest: up to one drink a day for women, or up to two drinks a day for men.


Question: What can happen if I come off sugar and sweeteners if I have diabetes?

Answer: But once you come off sugar and sweeteners for a few weeks, your body and taste buds will adapt, and you won't need or crave as much sweetness. Fruits and other natural foods will taste sweeter and more satisfying.


Question: How much protein is too much if you have diabetes?

Answer: TRUE A high-protein diet can be a problem if you have kidney problems. How much protein is too much? If you have kidney problems, the American Diabetes Association suggests you get just 15% to 20% of your calories from protein. And do your heart a favor: Choose protein such as beans, fish, or chicken more often than fatty cuts of meat.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: He might give you blood or urine tests, X-rays or use other instruments to look for stomach, intestine or kidney problems. You might be sent to a gastroenterologist, a doctor who treats problems with the digestive system.


Question: What are symptoms of cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: The main issue is intense nausea, which may come with strong stomach pains. It often sets in early in the morning and can last for several days. A typical bout may unfold like this: You might start to feel thirsty and sweaty and look pale.


Question: How common is cyclic vomiting syndrome?

Answer: Doctors don't see it much. Cyclic vomiting syndrome happens more in children than adults. Only about 1.9% of children get it, one study found. The numbers for adults are less clear, though it may be more often than once thought. Even though it's rare, call your doctor if you are having symptoms.


Question: What makes up the spine, or backbone?

Answer: The spine, or backbone, is made up of a column of 33 bones and tissue extending from the skull to the pelvis. These bones, or vertebrae, enclose and protect a cylinder of nerve tissues known as the spinal cord. Between each one of the vertebra is an intervertebral disk, or band of cartilage serving as a shock absorber between the vertebrae.


Question: What causes back pain?

Answer: Some causes of back pain include accidents, muscle strains, and sports injuries.


Question: What are the types of vertebrae in the backbone?

Answer: The types of vertebrae are: Cervical vertebrae: the seven vertebrae forming the upper part of the spine Thoracic vertebrae: the 12 bones between the neck and the lower back Lumbar vertebrae: the five largest and strongest vertebrae located in the lower back between the chest and hips The sacrum and coccyx are the bones at the base of the spine. The sacrum is made up of five vertebrae fused together, while the coccyx (tailbone) is formed from four fused vertebrae.


Question: How is back pain diagnosed?

Answer: In addition to performing a complete history and physical exam for your back pain, your doctor may suggest one of the following diagnostic studies: X-rays, which can be used to provide detail of the bone structures in the spine and to check for instability (such as spondylolisthesis, see below), tumors, and fractures CT scans, which can identify specific conditions, such as a herniated disc or spinal stenosis MRI scans, which can provide details about the backs' discs and nerve roots. MRI scans are most commonly used for pre-surgical planning A number of other imaging and electrical studies may also be used to identify back problems, and some injections are used for diagnostic purposes as well as for pain relief.


Question: What are the symptoms of spondylolisthesis?

Answer: Symptoms of spondylolithesis may include: Lower back pain Muscle tightness and stiffness Pain in the buttocks Pain radiating down the legs (due to pressure on nerve roots) Muscle weakness Spondylolisthesis is treated with the strengthening of supportive abdominal and back muscles through physical therapy.


Question: What are the causes of cervical radiculopathy?

Answer: In cervical radiculopathy, damage can occur as a result of pressure from material from a ruptured disc, degenerative changes in bones, arthritis, or other injuries that put pressure on the nerve roots. In older people, normal degenerative changes in the discs can cause pressure on nerve roots. In younger people, cervical radiculopathy tends to be the result of a ruptured disc. This disc material then compresses the nerve root, causing pain.


Question: What are the treatments for cervical radiculopathy?

Answer: Cervical radiculopathy may be treated with a combination of pain medications such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol), or nonsteroidal pain medication such as ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin), ketoprofen ( Frotek), naproxen ( Aleve, Naprosyn), and physical therapy. Steroids may be prescribed either orally or injected epidurally (into the epidural space that surrounds the spinal cord). Physical therapy might include gentle cervical traction and mobilization, exercises, and other modalities to reduce pain. If significant compression on the nerve exists to the extent that motor weakness results, surgery may be necessary to relieve the pressure.


Question: What are seasonal allergies like?

Answer: Common triggers include: Pollen Grass Weeds Dust Pet dander If you have seasonal allergies, you generally have symptoms for a short time. You may be bothered in the spring by tree pollen, in the summer by grass pollen, or in the fall by weed pollen. The symptoms tend to clear up during other times of the year, especially in the winter.


Question: How can I treat the symptoms of my eye allergies at home?

Answer: If that's the case for you, these at-home treatments may give you some relief: Apply cool compresses to your eyes to ease the allergic reaction. Use artificial tears or lubricating eye drops. Use over-the-counter medications , like allergy eye drops and oral antihistamines for mild allergies. Try not to rub your eyes, since that can make your symptoms worse.


Question: Are there over-the-counter treatments for eye allergies?

Answer: Lots of over-the-counter meds, like allergy or antihistamine eye drops as well as antihistamines you take by mouth, can help against mild allergies. Follow the directions on the packages exactly.


Question: How often should I see my doctor for my eye allergies?

Answer: Some common corticosteroids used for eye allergies are: Fluorometholone ( FML, FML Forte, FML Liquifilm) Loteprednol 0.02% ( Alrex) Loteprednol 0.05% ( Lotemax) Medrysone ( HMS) Prednisolone ( AK- Pred) Rimexolone ( Vexol) For mild cases of seasonal or perennial allergies, annual follow-up visits with your eye doctor are a good idea. You may need to go more often for a severe case.


Question: Iâm looking for an oral surgeon. How can I be sure my doctor fits my needs?

Answer: Find a specialist who has experience in the surgery you need. Dental implant surgery is different than jaw alignment, also called orthognathic surgery. Many websites can help you get specific. If the doctor's specialties aren't listed -- many will simply say âoral surgeryâ or something generic like that -- do another search. Look for the doctor specifically. See if you can track down a site for the hospital where the doctor works or the doctor's office. These places may list specialties and have a short biography on the doctor.


Question: I need oral surgery. What are things to consider about insurance?

Answer: You can find doctors that are in your insurer's network by calling them or visiting their web site. Most companies will list doctors by specialty and show you where their offices are. Make a list, cross-check it with any recommendations you get, and go from there. You can choose out-of-network doctors, too. But that usually costs more.


Question: What should I know about where my oral surgery will happen?

Answer: It's important to look into where your surgery will take place. Make sure the hospital, clinic, or doctor's office is accredited, highly rated, and has experience dealing with surgeries of your type. If you can't find the information online, ask the office for it. Make sure you look for information about the staff and how it cares for patients.


Question: How can chemotherapy affect your weight?

Answer: Some types of chemo can make you put on extra pounds. You may find that the weight stays on even when your treatment ends. For instance, some drugs that treat breast cancer can cause you to lose muscle and gain fat, which makes it much more difficult to get the weight off. Work with a dietitian or nutritionist and add strength training exercises to your workout routine to help you shed some pounds.


Question: How can chemotherapy affect your fertility?

Answer: For guys, the reason has to do with the way chemo drugs target fast-growing cancer cells. Since healthy sperm cells divide quickly, chemo can also damage them. If chemo kills the immature stem cells in your testicles that become new sperm, you may become infertile, which means you can't have children. If you're a woman, chemotherapy can damage your eggs and harm your ovaries. You may stop having regular menstrual cycles after treatment. Many women who have chemo go through menopause at an earlier age than usual. For both men and women, chemotherapy's effect on fertility depends on a number of things, including the type of drugs you used and the dose. The higher the dose of chemo, the more likely it is to have an impact. If you're having long-term effects from chemo, talk to your doctor to get tips on how to manage them. And reach out to your friends and family to get the support you need.


Question: How can chemotherapy affect your heart?

Answer: Certain chemo drugs can damage cells in your heart. Chemotherapy may also increase your odds of having heart problems, such as: Weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) Problems with your heart rhythm (arrhythmia) Heart attack If your doctor plans to give you a medication that could affect your heart, he may ask you to get tests that monitor how well your ticker works.


Question: How can chemotherapy affect your weight after treatment?

Answer: Some types of chemo can make you put on extra pounds. You may find that the weight stays on even when your treatment ends. For instance, some drugs that treat breast cancer can cause you to lose muscle and gain fat, which makes it much more difficult to get the weight off. Work with a dietitian or nutritionist and add strength training exercises to your workout routine to help you shed some pounds.


Question: How can chemotherapy affect your heart after treatment?

Answer: Certain chemo drugs can damage cells in your heart. Chemotherapy may also increase your odds of having heart problems, such as: Weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) Problems with your heart rhythm (arrhythmia) Heart attack If your doctor plans to give you a medication that could affect your heart, he may ask you to get tests that monitor how well your ticker works.


Question: How can chemotherapy affect your brain after treatment?

Answer: If you feel a little foggy when your treatment is done, you might have a touch of chemo brain. You may notice that you find it hard time to concentrate or remember names and dates. You may also forget things easily or have trouble doing more than one thing at a time. Doctors aren't sure of the exact cause of chemo brain. It seems more likely to happen if you had higher doses of chemotherapy.


Question: What medications can cause too much saliva?

Answer: Diseases and health conditions that can cause too much saliva include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS), also called Lou Gehrig's disease Bell's palsy Cerebral palsy Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Enlarged tongue (macroglossia) Intellectual disability Parkinson's disease Poisoning Pregnancy (usually seen in those with extreme nausea and vomiting) Rabies Stroke Medications that can cause too much saliva include: Some seizure medicines such as Klonopin (clonazepam) Schizophrenia medicine called clozapine ( Clozaril, Fazaclo ODT) Salagen (pilocarpine), used to treat dry mouth in people who have radiation therapy There are many medical names for excess saliva.


Question: What causes too little saliva and dry mouth?

Answer: Too little saliva and dry mouth can be caused by: Certain diseases such as HIV/ AIDS, Sjogren's syndrome, diabetes, and Parkinson's Blockage in one or more tubes that drain saliva (salivary duct obstruction) Chemotherapy and radiation therapy Dehydration " Fight or flight" stress response Structural problem with a salivary duct Smoking cigarettes Hundreds of commonly used medicines are known to affect saliva flow and cause dry mouth, such as: Antihistamines Anxiety medicines Appetite suppressants Certain types of blood pressure drugs Diuretics (water pills) Most antidepressants Certain pain medicines (analgesics) Always ask your health-care provider about side effects you might have when taking a medication.


Question: What can I do if I have too little saliva?

Answer: Try these tips to help keep your salivary glands healthy and your mouth moist and comfortable: Drink plenty of water Chew sugar-free gum Suck on sugar-free candy If dry mouth persists, your doctor or dentist may recommend rinsing your mouth with artificial saliva. Artificial saliva is a liquid or spray sold without a prescription. It can be used as often as needed. Artificial saliva helps keep your mouth moist and comfortable.


Question: How is saliva produced?

Answer: The harder you chew, the more saliva you make. Sucking on a hard candy or cough drop helps you make saliva, too. The glands that make saliva are called salivary glands. The salivary glands sit inside each cheek, at the bottom of your mouth, and near your front teeth by the jaw bone. There are six major salivary glands and hundreds of minor ones. Saliva moves through tubes called salivary ducts. Normally, the body makes up to 2 to 4 pints of saliva a day. Usually, the body makes the most saliva in the late afternoon. It makes the least amount at night. But everyone is different. What doctors consider to be a normal amount of saliva varies quite a bit. That makes diagnosing saliva problems a bit of a challenge.


Question: When should you see a doctor about too much saliva?

Answer: If you have a lot of saliva all the time, tell your health-care provider. It could be the side effect of a medication or the result of a medical condition or disease.


Question: Is too much saliva normal?

Answer: Too much saliva is usually not something to worry about unless it persists. It's normal to make more or less saliva depending on what you eat or drink. Your body usually takes care of excess saliva by swallowing more.


Question: What diseases and health conditions can cause too much saliva?

Answer: Diseases and health conditions that can cause too much saliva include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS), also called Lou Gehrig's disease Bell's palsy Cerebral palsy Gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD) Enlarged tongue (macroglossia) Intellectual disability Parkinson's disease Poisoning Pregnancy (usually seen in those with extreme nausea and vomiting) Rabies Stroke Medications that can cause too much saliva include: Some seizure medicines such as Klonopin (clonazepam) Schizophrenia medicine called clozapine ( Clozaril, Fazaclo ODT) Salagen (pilocarpine), used to treat dry mouth in people who have radiation therapy There are many medical names for excess saliva.


Question: How can you manage blood sugar level in children?

Answer: No one expects that they'll be perfect all the time. Your goal is simple: Get it into the target range when it isn't, because your child's body can't. Test his blood sugar several times a day so you'll know what you need to do to adjust it.


Question: What causes young children's blood sugar levels to change?

Answer: Food Exercise Growth Illness Stress and other emotions Medication Remember, the numbers on the meter aren't "good" or "bad" -- they're just numbers.


Question: How can I best avoid too high or low blood sugar levels in young children?

Answer: Testing is the best way to avoid dangerously high and low levels. You might not notice symptoms, and your child may not be able to explain what's happening. If he can't talk yet, he certainly can't tell you he feels funny. As your child gets older, his targets will change. Your doctor will help you figure out what levels are right for your child.


Question: What causes your child's blood sugar levels to go up and down if they have diabetes?

Answer: Food Exercise Growth Illness Stress and other emotions Medication Remember, the numbers on the meter aren't "good" or "bad" -- they're just numbers.


Question: How can children's blood sugar levels change?

Answer: No one expects that they'll be perfect all the time. Your goal is simple: Get it into the target range when it isn't, because your child's body can't. Test his blood sugar several times a day so you'll know what you need to do to adjust it.


Question: How is serum iron used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

Answer: This test shows how much iron is in your blood.


Question: When might you need a transfusion of red blood cells?

Answer: You can also get more iron in your diet by eating more of these foods: Beef, pork, liver, chicken, turkey, duck, and shellfish Leafy greens such as broccoli, kale, turnip greens, and collard greens Peas, lima beans, black-eyed peas, and pinto beans Iron-enriched cereals and other grains Dried fruits, such as prunes and raisins If supplements don't help with your symptoms or your anemia is severe, you might need a transfusion of red blood cells.


Question: How is hematocrit used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

Answer: This test shows how much of your blood is made up of red cells.


Question: How can iron supplements help with iron deficiency?

Answer: You can treat iron deficiency anemia by taking iron supplements. Most people take 150 to 200 milligrams (mg) each day, but your doctor will recommend a dose based on your iron levels. Take vitamin C, too. It helps your body absorb the iron. You might need to take iron supplements for a few months or more to get your levels back up to normal. If your intestines don't absorb iron well, you can take iron straight into your bloodstream through an intravenous tube ( IV).


Question: How is transferrin and total iron-binding capacity used to diagnose iron deficiency anemia?

Answer: These tests show how much of a protein called transferrin is free to carry iron through your body.


Question: What are side effects of iron supplements?

Answer: But be warned: Iron supplements can cause constipation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, and dark poop.


Question: How can you get more iron in your diet?

Answer: You can also get more iron in your diet by eating more of these foods: Beef, pork, liver, chicken, turkey, duck, and shellfish Leafy greens such as broccoli, kale, turnip greens, and collard greens Peas, lima beans, black-eyed peas, and pinto beans Iron-enriched cereals and other grains Dried fruits, such as prunes and raisins If supplements don't help with your symptoms or your anemia is severe, you might need a transfusion of red blood cells.


Question: What are side effects of Ritalin and Adderall?

Answer: The two drugs can cause some of the same side effects, like: Fast heartbeat Headaches Irritability Anxiety Loss of appetite Raised blood pressure Stomach upset Skin rash Trouble sleeping Weight loss Restlessness Tremors Tics Diarrhea Constipation Mood swings Hives Insomnia Nervousness Dizziness Belly pain or nausea They also come with warnings about the chance of heart problems, mental health problems, seizures, blurred vision, and circulation problems in your fingers and toes.


Question: How much do Ritalin and Adderall cost?

Answer: In general, the longer-acting forms of both Ritalin and Adderall are more expensive than the shorter-acting forms. And the generic versions can cost much less than brand names.


Question: What happens if upper limb spasticity goes untreated?

Answer: Rotated shoulders Bent elbows or wrists Hands clenched into fists Difficulty or pain when you move or straighten your arm, elbows, wrists, or fingers Without treatment, your muscles can seem frozen in these positions. Spasms and stiffness can make it very hard to do normal tasks like dressing yourself. If you notice muscle tightness, spasms, or stiff limbs at any time after you've had a stroke or brain injury, you should tell your doctor right away.


Question: What causes upper limb spasticity?

Answer: There are several things that can damage your brain or nervous system and lead to upper limb spasticity.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about upper limb spasticity?

Answer: You'll want to find out as much as you can about your condition so you can learn how to control it and feel better. You might want to ask: What caused my spasticity? What kinds of treatments are there? Which ones would be best for me? How will the medicines make me feel? Do I need physical therapy? How long will I need treatment? What can I do to make my arms less stiff?


Question: What are the symptoms of upper limb spasticity?

Answer: Diseases like multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy, which destroy the nervous system Injuries You may not have any symptoms of upper limb spasticity until weeks, months, or even years after you have a stroke or brain injury. The condition can cause: Stiff arm muscles Twitches or movements that you can't control Trouble using or moving your arms Tightness in the muscles in your elbows, wrists, or fingers Arms that get stuck in uncomfortable positions, such as pressed against your side. Rotated shoulders Bent elbows or wrists Hands clenched into fists Difficulty or pain when you move or straighten your arm, elbows, wrists, or fingers Without treatment, your muscles can seem frozen in these positions. Spasms and stiffness can make it very hard to do normal tasks like dressing yourself. If you notice muscle tightness, spasms, or stiff limbs at any time after you've had a stroke or brain injury, you should tell your doctor right away.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for upper limb spasticity?

Answer: The goal of treatments for upper limb spasticity is to keep your muscles from becoming too stiff and give you more freedom to move your arms. It's important to get therapy so you can keep moving your muscles and stop them from getting stiffer and more painful.


Question: Where can you get support for upper limb spasticity?

Answer: Find helpful information and support from organizations like the American Stroke Association ( ASA). You can find stroke support groups in your area or to join a group online. Call the ASA at 888-478-7653 to be connected to a trained volunteer who can provide support or offer advice.


Question: How long will it take for my child to be able to feed himself?

Answer: Most babies do not become really skilled at it until they are well past their first birthday. Encourage your child to practice safely, and again, be prepared for a little mess.


Question: Do I have to use the buckle on my baby's high chair?

Answer: That's a serious milestone, but you'll need to follow these safety rules: Always buckle a baby into his chair for safety, even if he is unable to get out with the tray in place. As he gets older and becomes more active, he may be able to squirm out. It is a good habit to buckle a child as soon as you place him in his chair -- even if you think there's no chance he could fall out or climb out. You may get distracted for a moment, which happens really easily when we are trying to do a million things at once!


Question: Does my baby need to drink water?

Answer: Babies don't need water during their first 6 months of life. They get all the water they need from breast milk or baby formula. Babies under age 6 months should not be given any water at all, because it's easy to fill up their tiny stomachs -- and they should be filling up on the nutrients they receive from the milk to grow. Once they start eating mostly solid foods, around age 9 months, they can start water with meals using a sippy cup.


Question: Does pregnancy affect irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: Hormone levels rise when you're expecting, so your IBS symptoms may improve. Some research shows that you're able to handle more pain during pregnancy. This could mean you have fewer cramps and less discomfort. But moms-to-be also tend get constipated more often.


Question: How do sex hormones affect irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: Estrogen and progesterone affect IBS symptoms in a few ways, from how your intestines work to how much pain you feel. Cells in your gut have things called receptors that let these hormones latch on to them. This suggests that your digestive system is designed to sense and react to them. Here are the main ways they affect IBS: Digestion: They control the smooth muscle in your intestines, which dictates how quickly food travels through your system. In one study, animals took longer to empty their intestines when they received a low dose of the hormones than when they got a higher one. This may explain why low levels of sex hormones can lead to constipation. Pain level: These hormones affect how much your cramps bother you. A dip lowers your pain threshold, in part because estrogen boosts the production of serotonin, a feel-good chemical in your brain. A jump in estrogen can reduce some of the ouch factor, so your bellyaches or cramps don't hurt as much. Inflammation: Sex hormones can raise levels of inflammation throughout your body. That makes your IBS symptoms worse. Most research has linked estrogen and progesterone with IBS. But scientists have also found that male sex hormones, like testosterone, may protect against the condition. This may be partly why men are less likely to get the disorder.


Question: What are symptoms of diastolic heart failure?

Answer: Common signs of heart failure can include: Shortness of breath Tiredness, weakness Swelling in your feet, ankles, legs, or abdomen Lasting cough or wheezing Fast or irregular heartbeat Dizziness, confusion Having to pee more often at night Nausea, lack of appetite To figure out if you have heart failure, your doctor will examine you, ask about your medical history, and run some tests.


Question: How can you treat diastolic heart failure with medication?

Answer: Your plan can include: Lifestyle changes: Your doctor will probably suggest: A heart-healthy diet Regular exercise Work to get to a healthy weight You quit smoking Medication: You may need to take one or more drugs as part of your treatment. Common heart failure medications for diastolic heart failure include: Diuretics, which help ease swelling Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, a type of diuretic to get rid of extra salt and fluid but help the body keep potassium High blood pressure medication


Question: How do you diagnose diastolic heart failure?

Answer: Common signs of heart failure can include: Shortness of breath Tiredness, weakness Swelling in your feet, ankles, legs, or abdomen Lasting cough or wheezing Fast or irregular heartbeat Dizziness, confusion Having to pee more often at night Nausea, lack of appetite To figure out if you have heart failure, your doctor will examine you, ask about your medical history, and run some tests. Those tests might include: An echocardiogram to check for diastolic dysfunction Blood tests Electrocardiogram ( EKG) Chest X-ray Exercise test (stress test) Heart catheterization Although diastolic heart failure can't be cured, treatment can help ease symptoms and improve the way your heart pumps.


Question: What is the final word on the Glycemic Index Diet?

Answer: The Final Word The glycemic index diet was developed to help people with diabetes manage their blood sugar, and that's what it's best for. For those with diabetes or prediabetes, this diet is an important piece in the big picture of taking charge of the food you eat and staying healthy and active.


Question: How does the Glycemic Index Diet work?

Answer: Sticking to a low glycemic index diet may help prevent conditions like diabetes and heart disease. But it's not certain that this diet can help you lose weight any better or faster than a low-fat, low-carb, generally healthy diet. One study showed that people on a low-glycemic diet lost more fat than those on a high-glycemic diet with the same calories. Overall, the scientific evidence is mixed and unable to show consistent findings.


Question: What happens when a person is quarantined?

Answer: During quarantine people are able to do most things they can do indoors within the constraints of the location they are at. For example, if people are asked to stay at home then they would usually be asked to take their own temperature and report daily to health authorities on how they are feeling. They are given instructions on what they can do and not do around family members and are informed of other disease precautions.


Question: What are some relaxation techniques to help with nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy?

Answer: Use your imagination to picture yourself in a calming scene -- like a tranquil village by a lake. Imagine your stress drifting away from you like a boat sailing off on the current. Distraction. Listen to music, read a book, or watch a funny movie to take your mind off the treatment ahead. Progressive muscle relaxation. Start at your feet. Tense and then relax each muscle group in your body. By the time you reach your head, you should feel much calmer.


Question: Are drugs the only option for treating nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy?

Answer: A few other types of drugs can also help: Anti-anxiety drugs: alprazolam ( Niravam, Xanax), diazepam ( Valium), and lorazepam ( Ativan) Cannabinoids: abilone ( Cesamet)dronabinol ( Marinol, Syndros) Corticosteroids: dexamethasone ( Decadron, Hexadrol)methylprednisolone ( Medrol) Dopamine antagonists: metoclopramide ( Reglan)prochlorperazine Motion sickness medicines: scopolamine patch ( Transderm Scop) Drugs aren't the only option. You might try a complementary therapy -- a type of treatment that's outside traditional medicine but can be used along with it to ease your symptoms.


Question: Can nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy be prevented?

Answer: In the past, people who got chemo had to live with the intense nausea and vomiting. That's no longer true. Today, doctors have many drugs to stop -- and even prevent -- them.


Question: Why does chemotherapy make you sick?

Answer: Your body sees the medicine as foreign. It sets off warning signals in your brain and digestive system. This flips the on switch in a part of your brain called the vomiting center. It puts out chemicals that make you queasy. Chemo can harm your digestive tract, too, which could also lead to nausea.


Question: What medications are used to treat nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy?

Answer: You're also more likely to have these problems if you: Get several chemotherapy treatments close together Take a high dose Get the drug through a vein instead of by mouth Are female Are younger than 50 Tend to get motion sickness Your doctor can give you medicine before your treatment to prevent sickness. You might take one of these medicines to block signals to the part of your brain that makes you ill: Aprepitant ( Cinvanti, Emend) Dolasetron ( Anzemet) Fosnetupitant/palonosetron ( Akynzeo) Granisetron ( Kytril, Sustol, Sancuso) Ondansetron ( Zofran, Zuplenz) Palonosetron ( Aloxi) Rolapitant ( Varubi) You get these medicines through a vein ( IV) or by mouth. Akynzeo and Aloxi keep working for a few days, so they can prevent delayed nausea and vomiting. A few other types of drugs can also help: Anti-anxiety drugs: alprazolam ( Niravam, Xanax), diazepam ( Valium), and lorazepam ( Ativan) Cannabinoids: abilone ( Cesamet)dronabinol ( Marinol, Syndros) Corticosteroids: dexamethasone ( Decadron, Hexadrol)methylprednisolone ( Medrol) Dopamine antagonists: metoclopramide ( Reglan)prochlorperazine Motion sickness medicines: scopolamine patch ( Transderm Scop) Drugs aren't the only option.


Question: When are you more likely to get sick from chemotherapy?

Answer: You're also more likely to have these problems if you: Get several chemotherapy treatments close together Take a high dose Get the drug through a vein instead of by mouth Are female Are younger than 50 Tend to get motion sickness Your doctor can give you medicine before your treatment to prevent sickness.


Question: When should you make an appointment about the symptoms of bladder cancer?

Answer: Make an appointment if you have any of these other symptoms: You have to pee more often than usual. Your urine changes color. It hurts or burns when you pee. You feel like you have to pee -- even if your bladder's not full. You can't pee, or you pee very little. If you notice any of these things, call your doctor, but don't panic. Having these symptoms doesn't mean you have cancer. You could have a urinary tract infection, bladder infection, or some other less serious condition.


Question: What can happen once bladder cancer starts to spread?

Answer: Once bladder cancer starts to spread, you may notice that: You can't pee, even when you feel like you have to. Your lower back hurts. You're losing weight without trying. You're not as hungry as usual. You have swollen feet. Your bones hurt. You often feel extremely tired or weak. Again, see your doctor if any of these things happen to you. They more likely signal that you have something other than bladder cancer.


Question: What are the symptoms of bladder cancer?

Answer: It may be just a little, or it can be enough to change the color of your pee. It may turn orange, pink, or darker red. You may see blood one day, but not the next. If you have bladder cancer, the blood eventually comes back. In some cases, you can't see blood in your urine. Your doctor or lab tech will only detect it with a urine test.


Question: What are some non-food ways to reward yourself for losing weight?

Answer: Rewards may include treating yourself to a movie or massage, taking an afternoon off from work, or giving an hour of time to yourself. Keep in mind that many small rewards, given for meeting small goals, can work better than bigger rewards for long, difficult goals.


Question: How does setting the right goals help with long-term weight loss?

Answer: Most people trying to lose weight only focus on their ultimate goal: dropping pounds. But it's important not to lose sight of the diet and exercise changes that will get you there. Choose two or three diet and exercise goals at a time that you are willing to take on. And make sure they are specific and realistic.


Question: What are examples of good goals for long-term weight loss?

Answer: For example, "exercise more" is a wonderful goal, but it's not specific. " Walk 5 miles every day" is specific and measurable. But is it realistic if you're just starting out? " Walk 30 minutes every day" is better, but what happens if work or weather interferes? " Walk 30 minutes for 5 days each week" is specific and realistic.


Question: How can knowing your food triggers help with long-term weight loss?

Answer: Are there situations that make you want to eat more? Start noticing them. For example, you may learn that you're more likely to overeat while you're bored or stressed. Then figure out ways to get around those triggers. Do something else to soothe your stress, for instance. Also, you might want to put treats away. You're more likely to eat them if they're visible and easy to get to.


Question: What tips can help you eat healthier and feel full longer when you're trying to lose weight?

Answer: So eat slower, giving your brain enough time to notice that you've eaten. What you eat can also help. Think fiber (like fruits and veggies) to fill up. Another trick is to use smaller plates so that small portions do not appear too small. Also, changing your eating schedule can help you reach your goal, especially if you tend to skip or delay meals and overeat later.


Question: What causes Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: Tourette's has been linked to different parts of the brain, including an area called the basal ganglia, which helps control body movements. Differences there may affect nerve cells and the chemicals that carry messages between them. Researchers think the trouble in this brain network may play a role in Tourette's. Doctors don't know exactly what causes these problems in the brain, but genes probably play a role. It's likely that there is more than one cause. People who have family members with Tourette's are more likely to get it themselves.


Question: How is Tourette's syndrome treated?

Answer: Many times, tics are mild and don't need to be treated. If they become a problem, your doctor may prescribe medicine to help them. It can take a while to find the right dose that helps control tics but avoids side effects, so be patient as you and your doctor work through it. Medications can include: Haloperidol ( Haldol), fluphenazine ( Prolixin), and pimozide ( Orap), which work on a brain chemical called dopamine to control tics. Clonidine ( Catapres) and guanfacine ( Tenex, Intuniv)), high blood pressure drugs that can also treat tics. Fluoxetine ( Prozac), paroxetine ( Paxil), sertraline ( Zoloft), and other antidepressants, which can relieve anxiety, sadness, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.


Question: How can I take care of my child with Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: If your child has Tourette's, talk to his school about it. You can give staff the facts about the condition and see what kind of support they can give him, like extra tutoring or smaller classes. Fitting in socially also can be hard for a child with the disease. Help him practice ways to handle teasing or comments from other kids.


Question: How is Tourette's syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: Tourette's can also cause problems with: Anxiety Learning disabilities such as dyslexia Obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD) -- thoughts and behaviors you can't control, like washing your hands over and over again If you or your child has symptoms of Tourette's, your doctor may want you to see a neurologist, a specialist who treats diseases of the nervous system. There aren't any tests for the condition, but he'll ask you questions, like: What did you notice that brought you here today? Do you often move your body in a way you can't control? How long has that been happening? Do you ever say things or make sounds without meaning to? When did it start? Does anything make your symptoms better? What makes them worse? Do you feel anxious or have trouble focusing? Does anyone else in your family have these kinds of symptoms?


Question: Where can I get support with living with Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: People who have family members with Tourette's are more likely to get it themselves.


Question: What are problems associated with Tourette's syndrome?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure why, but about half of people with Tourette's also have symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD). You may have trouble paying attention, sitting still, and finishing tasks. Tourette's can also cause problems with: Anxiety Learning disabilities such as dyslexia Obsessive-compulsive disorder ( OCD) -- thoughts and behaviors you can't control, like washing your hands over and over again If you or your child has symptoms of Tourette's, your doctor may want you to see a neurologist, a specialist who treats diseases of the nervous system.


Question: How are hives and angioedema treated?

Answer: The best treatment is to identify and remove the trigger. But that's not always easy. Your doctor may prescribe antihistamines to ease your symptoms or help prevent them. If you have chronic hives, you may need antihistamines or a combination of medications, such as steroids or a biologic drug. For severe hives or angioedema, you may need an injection of epinephrine or a steroid medication.


Question: What drugs can cause hives?

Answer: Drugs that can cause hives and angioedema include aspirin and other NSAIDs (such as ibuprofen), high blood pressure medications (such as ACE inhibitors), and painkillers such as codeine.


Question: What foods cause hives?

Answer: The most common foods that cause hives are nuts, chocolate, fish, tomatoes, eggs, fresh berries, soy, wheat, and milk. Fresh foods cause hives more often than cooked foods. Certain food additives and preservatives may also be to blame.


Question: What are hives?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Hives are swollen, pale red bumps, patches, or welts on the skin that appear suddenly. They can happen because of allergies or other reasons. Your doctor may call them urticaria. Hives usually itch, but they may also burn or sting. They can show up anywhere on your body, including the face, lips, tongue, throat, and ears. They range in size from a pencil eraser to a dinner plate and may join together to form larger areas known as plaques. They can last for hours, weeks, or even years.


Question: What causes dermatographism?

Answer: Dermatographism are hives that form after firmly stroking or scratching the skin. You may also have other forms of hives.


Question: When should I call the doctor about hives and angioedema?

Answer: Your doctor will ask you many questions to try to find the cause of hives or angioedema.


Question: What are some simple tips to treat hives and angioedema?

Answer: While you wait for the hives and swelling to disappear: Avoid hot water. Use lukewarm water instead. Use gentle, mild soap. Apply cool compresses or wet cloths to the affected areas. Try to work and sleep in a cool room. Wear loose-fitting lightweight clothes.


Question: What causes acute urticaria?

Answer: Acute urticaria and/or angioedema are hives or swelling lasting less than 6 weeks. The most common causes are foods, medicines, latex, and infections. Insect bites or a disease may also be responsible.