Question: When is it difficult to treat breast cancer?

Answer: Breast cancer caught early is easier to treat and cure than after it starts to spread. Some types of the disease are also more treatable than others. For example, a breast tumor that is "estrogen receptor positive" will benefit from drugs that lower estrogen levels. On the other hand, "triple negative" breast cancers tend to be more aggressive and don't benefit from targeted treatments.


Question: What makes the chances of recovery from prostate cancer good?

Answer: When that happens, they aren't harmful enough to need treatment. Many men with these types of tumors can live for years without problems. They often die of something other than their cancer.


Question: When is testicular cancer difficult to treat?

Answer: The 5-year survival rate for this type of tumor is 73%, still pretty high for a cancer in the late stages. Does screening help? There are no screening tests for testicular cancer.


Question: How can I be tested for thyroid cancer?

Answer: There are no recommended screening tests for thyroid cancer. Most people find out they have a tumor when they (or a doctor) feel lumps or swelling in their neck. Sometimes a doctor spots the problem when you get an ultrasound for another reason. Definitely tell your doctor if you feel a lump in your neck or if you have any symptoms such as trouble breathing or swallowing.


Question: Does screening for testicular cancer help the chances of recovery?

Answer: There are no screening tests for testicular cancer. Men should see their doctor if they feel a lump in a testicle, or if one becomes larger than the other. These could be early signs of a tumor.


Question: Does screening for melanoma help the chances of recovery?

Answer: You can check your skin for large, dark, oddly shaped, or raised blotches. It's especially important to check your back and your scalp, scrotum, and in between your toes. It's harder to see melanomas in these places. Tell your doctor right away if you notice any of these changes. He can tell you if the spot is normal or not. Get screened regularly by a dermatologist if you have a higher risk for melanoma, like if you've had it before or it runs in your family.


Question: How many people are alive five years after they have been diagnosed with prostate cancer?

Answer: People alive 5 years after a diagnosis: early stages of 0 and 1 - 99% to 100% What makes the chances of recovery good?


Question: What makes the chances of recovery from melanoma good?

Answer: You can usually spot melanoma skin cancer with the naked eye while it is still in its early stages. If it hasn't spread beyond the surface of the skin, doctors can remove and cure it with surgery.


Question: How many people are alive five years after they have been diagnosed with melanoma?

Answer: People alive 5 years after a diagnosis: 91.7% What makes the chances of recovery good?


Question: Can I be screened for testicular cancer?

Answer: There are no screening tests for testicular cancer. Men should see their doctor if they feel a lump in a testicle, or if one becomes larger than the other. These could be early signs of a tumor.


Question: When is thyroid cancer difficult to treat?

Answer: A type of the disease called anaplastic thyroid cancer has a 5-year survival rate of only 7%, but it's very rare.


Question: What makes a cure less likely for thyroid cancer?

Answer: A type of the disease called anaplastic thyroid cancer has a 5-year survival rate of only 7%, but it's very rare.


Question: What makes the chances of recovery from breast cancer good?

Answer: Modern medicine has made great strides against breast cancer. Doctors today know more about how to find and treat it. We also understand the condition much better than ever before. For instance, we now know that breast cancer is not one disease but many. Researchers have come up with different medications to treat specific types.


Question: How many people are alive five years after they have been diagnosed with breast cancer?

Answer: People alive 5 years after a diagnosis: early stages of 0 and 1 - 99% to 100% What makes the chances of recovery good?


Question: How many people are alive five years after they have been diagnosed with thyroid cancer?

Answer: People alive 5 years after diagnosis: about 98% (depending on tissue type) What makes the chances of recovery good?


Question: How many people are alive five years after they have been diagnosed with testicular cancer?

Answer: People alive 5 years after a diagnosis: 95.1% What makes the chances of recovery good?


Question: When is prostate cancer difficult to treat?

Answer: When cancer spreads (called metastatic cancer), it's much harder to treat. A small percentage of prostate cancers can move quickly to distant parts of the body. When that happens, only about 29% of men live 5 years after they're diagnosed. The good news is that doctors usually catch most prostate cancers early before they spread.


Question: Is it possible to survive breast cancer?

Answer: If you don't catch it early, melanoma is much more likely than other skin cancers to spread to other body parts. Modern medicine has made great strides against breast cancer. Doctors today know more about how to find and treat it. We also understand the condition much better than ever before. For instance, we now know that breast cancer is not one disease but many.


Question: Does screening for breast cancer help the chances of recovery?

Answer: That benchmark doesn't mean you can't die from cancer or even that you don't still have it in your body, but it is a good sign. PSA can go up for reasons other than prostate cancer, so some medical groups say men who have a normal risk for the disease shouldn't get the test. Some recommend screening tests every other year starting at age 50 if you have a normal risk for breast cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends women starting at age 45 get yearly mammograms and those ages 40 â 44 should have the choice to begin yearly mammograms if they would like.


Question: What makes the chances of recovery from testicular cancer good?

Answer: If a man has only one testicle removed (which is the norm), the other will usually make enough hormones for him to have sex and father children. For later-stage cancers, surgery and radiation or chemotherapy often work well. There are treatments that work well even for advanced testicular cancer. If it hasn't spread beyond the surface of the skin, doctors can remove and cure it with surgery.


Question: What makes the chances of recovery from thyroid cancer good?

Answer: The most common type of thyroid cancer, papillary, grows slowly. Even when tumors are large or start to grow into other nearby tissues, doctors often can treat and even cure this disease with surgery that removes the gland. After surgery, people take medicine to replace the hormones the thyroid makes. Doctors also are finding thyroid cancers earlier than ever before, which makes them easier to get rid of. It's especially important to check your back and your scalp, scrotum, and in between your toes.


Question: How can I test for prostate cancer?

Answer: One is the digital rectal exam, when your doctor checks inside your bottom with a gloved finger. The second is a blood test called the PSA test, which measures levels of a protein that's often higher in men with prostate cancer. PSA can go up for reasons other than prostate cancer, so some medical groups say men who have a normal risk for the disease shouldn't get the test. Talk with your doctor about whether you need testing. There are no screening tests for testicular cancer.


Question: Is it possible to survive prostate cancer?

Answer: When that happens, they aren't harmful enough to need treatment. Many men with these types of tumors can live for years without problems. They often die of something other than their cancer. People alive 5 years after a diagnosis: 91.7% What makes the chances of recovery good? Only 15%-20% of people who find melanomas after they've spread to other body parts will still be alive 5 years after their diagnosis.


Question: How do I find out the cause of my wheezing?

Answer: For example, if you have no history of lung disease and you always wheeze after eating a certain food or at a certain time of year, the doctor may suspect that you have a food or respiratory allergy. The doctor will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope to hear where the wheezing is and how much wheezing you have. If this is the first time you've been evaluated, your doctor will probably ask you to perform a breathing test (spirometry) and may also order a chest X-ray. Other blood tests and procedures may be necessary, depending on what the doctor learns from interviewing and examining you. If it seems like allergies may be related to your wheezing, there are a variety of other tests your doctor may use to verify allergies, including skin testing or blood tests. First off, see a doctor to determine the cause of your wheezing and then receive treatment for the specific cause.


Question: When should you call 911 about wheezing?

Answer: In emergencies, a medical team may administer any of the following: A shot of epinephrine to open clogged respiratory passages Oxygen A corticosteroid (such as methylprednisolone or prednisone) Frequent or continuous nebulizer (breathing) treatments A mechanical ventilator to help you breathe


Question: What are the treatments for wheezing if it is caused by asthma?

Answer: First off, see a doctor to determine the cause of your wheezing and then receive treatment for the specific cause. If wheezing is caused by asthma, your doctor may recommend some or all of the following to reduce inflammation and open the airways: A fast-acting bronchodilator inhaler -- albuterol ( Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA), levalbuterol ( Xopenex) -- to dilate constricted airways when you have respiratory symptoms An inhaled corticosteroid -- beclomethasone ( Qvar), budesonide ( Pulmicort), ciclesonide ( Alvesco), flunisolide ( Aerospan), fluticasone ( Flovent), mometasone ( Asmanex) A long-acting bronchodilator/corticosteroid combination -- budesonide/formoterol ( Symbicort), fluticasone/salmeterol ( Advair) A long-acting anticholinergic -- tiotropium bromide ( Spiriva Respimat). This drug is used in addition to a regular maintenance medication for better symptom control, and is available for use by anyone age 6 years and older. An asthma controller pill to reduce airway inflammation -- montelukast ( Singulair), zafirlukast ( Accolate) A non-sedating antihistamine pill -- cetirizine ( Zyrtec), fexofenadine ( Allegra), loratadine ( Claritin, Alavert) -- or a prescription nasal spray -- budesonide ( Rhinocort), fluticasone propionate ( Flonase), mometasone furoate ( Nasonex), triamcinolone acetonide ( Nasacort AQ) -- if you have nasal allergies. Flonase, Nasacort Allergy 24 HR and Rhinocort Allergy are also available over the counter.


Question: What are the treatments for wheezing if it is caused by acute bronchitis?

Answer: If you have acute bronchitis, your doctor may recommend some or all of the following: A bronchodilator -- albuterol ( Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA), levalbuterol, ( Xopenex) -- to help ease the wheezing as the infection clears. An antibiotic is usually not needed unless you have an underlying chronic lung problem or your doctor suspects a bacterial infection may be present. Generally, any mild wheezing that accompanies acute bronchitis disappears when the infection does.


Question: What can affect your blood pressure?

Answer: Blood pressure may go up or down depending on your: Age Heart condition Emotions Activity Medications One high reading doesn't mean you have high blood pressure. You have to measure your blood pressure at different times while resting to find out your typical value.


Question: What is a normal blood pressure?

Answer: The 100-120 is the systolic pressure; the diastolic pressure is 80. Blood pressure readings are written like fractions. For example, 120/80.


Question: How do you measure your pulse?

Answer: To measure your pulse, all you need is a watch with a second hand. Place your index and middle finger of your hand on the inner wrist of the other arm, just below the base of the thumb. You should feel a tapping or pulsing against your fingers. Count the number of taps you feel in 10 seconds, then multiply that number by six to find out your heart rate for 1 minute (pulse in 10 seconds x 6 = number of beats per minute).


Question: How does age affect your production of hormones and blood sugar?

Answer: Your body also starts making less of some hormones, including the human growth hormone. Women will create less estrogen and progesterone, and men often produce less of the sex hormone testosterone. And as you get older, you may be more prone to illness and infections that can spike your blood sugar.


Question: Is there anything I can take if menopause is affecting my blood sugar too much?

Answer: Testosterone therapy can improve your blood sugar levels.


Question: How does diabetes affect the timing of menopause?

Answer: You may reach menopause early if you have type 1 diabetes, but if you're overweight and have type 2, your changes could start later. That's because estrogen doesn't drop as quickly in heavier women.


Question: How do I know if my symptoms are due to menopause or blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: The only way to know for sure -- and the safest thing to do -- is to test it. But checking too often can take an emotional toll. If you're worried, your doctor or diabetes educator can help you figure out how often to do it.


Question: Can menopause affect type 1 diabetes?

Answer: This can be a sign that your hormones are going down and you may need less insulin. It's important to know the difference between low blood sugar and moodiness or other perimenopause symptoms. You may reach menopause early if you have type 1 diabetes, but if you're overweight and have type 2, your changes could start later.


Question: Are menopause symptoms similar to high or low blood sugar symptoms?

Answer: As your body's changing, it's easy to confuse signs of menopause with symptoms of high or low blood sugar. Dizziness, sweating, irritability, and trouble concentrating could all result from hormonal changes or from blood sugar that's too high or too low.


Question: Does menopause affect blood sugar in people with diabetes?

Answer: As women get older, hormone changes before and during menopause often cause hot flashes, irritability, and trouble sleeping. Not only do these drops or spikes in the hormones impact your mood and life, but they can also affect your blood sugar. These ups and downs mean may mean you have to test your levels and make adjustments more often.


Question: How do age-related hormones affect blood sugar in men with diabetes?

Answer: Women will create less estrogen and progesterone, and men often produce less of the sex hormone testosterone. This can be a sign that your hormones are going down and you may need less insulin. Testosterone therapy can improve your blood sugar levels.


Question: Why are women with diabetes more likely to have urinary tract and vaginal infections?

Answer: You may reach menopause early if you have type 1 diabetes, but if you're overweight and have type 2, your changes could start later. Estrogen levels go down during menopause, causing vaginal dryness and other things.


Question: How does age affect your blood sugar if you have diabetes?

Answer: And as you age, your body doesn't use the insulin it makes as well as it did when you were younger. If you have type 1 diabetes, you may notice low blood sugar levels more often as you get closer to menopause.


Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis treated?

Answer: Treatments include medications, rest, exercise, and, in some cases, surgery to correct joint damage. Your options will depend on several things, including your age, overall health, medical history, and how severe your case is.


Question: What strong medications are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: They work by interfering with or suppressing your immune system's attack on your joints. Traditional DMARDs are often the first-line treatment for RA: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), which was created to treat malaria Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall), which was first developed to treat cancer Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) Biologic response modifiers are man made versions of proteins in human genes.


Question: Why are rest and exercise important for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Biologics approved for RA include: Abatacept ( Orencia), Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita) Anakinra ( Kineret) Baricitinib ( Olumiant) Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel), etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi) Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) Rituximab ( Rituxan) Sarilumab ( Kevzara) Tocilizumab ( Actemra) Tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) Upadacitinib ( Rinvoq) You need to be active, but you also have to pace yourself. During flare-ups, when inflammation gets worse, it's best to rest your joints. Using a cane or joint splints can help. When the inflammation eases, it's a good idea to exercise. It'll keep your joints flexible and strengthen the muscles that surround them. Low-impact activities, like brisk walking or swimming, and gentle stretching can help. You may want to work with a physical therapist at first.


Question: What are the warnings signs of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently.


Question: What is the cyclic citrulline antibody test for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Cyclic citrulline antibody test (anti- CCP): This more specific test checks for anti- CCP antibodies, which suggest you might have a more aggressive form of rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: Why are rest and exercise important for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Biologics approved for RA include: Abatacept ( Orencia), Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita) Anakinra ( Kineret) Baricitinib ( Olumiant) Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel), etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi) Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) Rituximab ( Rituxan) Sarilumab ( Kevzara) Tocilizumab ( Actemra) Tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) Upadacitinib ( Rinvoq) You need to be active, but you also have to pace yourself. During flare-ups, when inflammation gets worse, it's best to rest your joints. Using a cane or joint splints can help. When the inflammation eases, it's a good idea to exercise. It'll keep your joints flexible and strengthen the muscles that surround them. Low-impact activities, like brisk walking or swimming, and gentle stretching can help. You may want to work with a physical therapist at first.


Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have mild anemia?

Answer: She'll be looking for: Anemia: People with rheumatoid arthritis may have a low number of red blood cells. C-reactive protein ( CRP): High levels are also signs of inflammation.


Question: How do doctors diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: There is no single test that shows whether you have RA. Your doctor will give you a checkup, ask you about your symptoms, and possibly perform X-rays and blood tests. Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed from a combination of things, including: The location and symmetry of painful joints, especially the hand joints Joint stiffness in the morning Bumps and nodules under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Results of X-rays and blood tests In addition to checking for joint problems, your doctor will also do blood tests to diagnose RA.


Question: What disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: They work by interfering with or suppressing your immune system's attack on your joints. Traditional DMARDs are often the first-line treatment for RA: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), which was created to treat malaria Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall), which was first developed to treat cancer Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) Biologic response modifiers are man made versions of proteins in human genes.


Question: When is surgery needed for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: When joint damage from rheumatoid arthritis has become severe, surgery may help.


Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have a positive antinuclear antibody test?

Answer: Rheumatoid factor ( RF): Most, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis have this antibody in their blood.


Question: Does rheumatoid arthritis affect everyone differently?

Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. For some, joint symptoms happen gradually over several years. In others, it may come on quickly. Some people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a short time and then go into remission, which means they don't have symptoms.


Question: How are people affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. For some, joint symptoms happen gradually over several years. In others, it may come on quickly. Some people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a short time and then go into remission, which means they don't have symptoms.


Question: Who can get rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Anyone can get RA. It affects about 1% of Americans. The disease is 2 to 3 times more common in women than in men, but men tend to have more severe symptoms. It usually starts in middle age.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affect the body?

Answer: It causes inflammation in the lining of your joints (the synovium). Immune system cells move from the blood into your joints and the tissue that lines them. Once the cells arrive, they create inflammation. Your joints become painful, swollen, and warm to the touch. As you lose cartilage, the space between your bones narrows. As time goes on, they could rub against each other or move out of place. The cells that cause inflammation also make substances that damage your bones.


Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have rheumatoid-factor antibody in their blood?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed from a combination of things, including: The location and symmetry of painful joints, especially the hand joints Joint stiffness in the morning Bumps and nodules under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Results of X-rays and blood tests In addition to checking for joint problems, your doctor will also do blood tests to diagnose RA. Rheumatoid factor ( RF): Most, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis have this antibody in their blood.


Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosed?

Answer: There is no single test that shows whether you have RA. Your doctor will give you a checkup, ask you about your symptoms, and possibly perform X-rays and blood tests. Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed from a combination of things, including: The location and symmetry of painful joints, especially the hand joints Joint stiffness in the morning Bumps and nodules under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Results of X-rays and blood tests In addition to checking for joint problems, your doctor will also do blood tests to diagnose RA. Rheumatoid factor ( RF): Most, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis have this antibody in their blood.


Question: How can you have delusions if you have schizophrenia?

Answer: These are beliefs that seem strange to most people and are easy to prove wrong. The person affected might think someone is trying to control their brain through TVs or that the FBI is out to get them. They might believe they're someone else, like a famous actor or the president, or that they have superpowers.


Question: What is it like to have severe schizophrenia?

Answer: When the disease is in full swing and symptoms are severe, the person with schizophrenia can't tell when certain ideas and perceptions they have are real or not. This happens less often as they get older.


Question: What are cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?

Answer: These symptoms reflect how well the person's brain learns, stores, and uses information. Someone with schizophrenia might have a hard time with their working memory. For example, they may not be able to keep track of different kinds of facts at the same time, like a phone number plus instructions. Along with having trouble paying attention, it can be hard for them to organize their thoughts and make decisions.


Question: Who is likely to get affected by schizophrenia?

Answer: They usually start between ages 16 and 30. Men often get them earlier than women.


Question: How can you have trouble concentrating if you have schizophrenia?

Answer: For example, someone might lose track of what's going on in a TV show as they're watching.


Question: How  does schizophrenia affect movement?

Answer: Some people with schizophrenia can seem jumpy. Sometimes they'll make the same movements over and over again. But sometimes they might be perfectly still for hours at a stretch, which experts call being catatonic. Contrary to popular belief, people with the disease usually aren't violent.


Question: How can you have confused thoughts and speech if you have schizophrenia?

Answer: They might not be able to follow along when you talk to them. Instead, it might seem like they're zoning out or distracted. When they talk, their words can come out jumbled and not make sense. Someone with schizophrenia might have a hard time with their working memory.


Question: What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

Answer: The person may not seem to enjoy anything anymore. They can be hard to spot, especially in teens, because even healthy teens can have big emotional swings between highs and lows. These symptoms reflect how well the person's brain learns, stores, and uses information.


Question: How can you protect an infant or newborn from the flu?

Answer: If you have a newborn, it's important to protect him from people who have flu symptoms. Ask your day care about its "sick child" policy. Can parents drop off kids who have fever or other symptoms? Babies under 6 months can't get flu shots. That means parents, family members, and caregivers should get vaccinated to protect little ones from the flu.


Question: How can you protect your child from the flu?

Answer: Watch what he puts in his mouth. Wash teething rings, pacifiers, and other "mouth" toys often with soap and water, then dry them. Wash his hands with soap and water often. Replace his toothbrush frequently, and keep it apart from other family members' brushes.


Question: How does young age affect risk for the flu?

Answer: It's normal for a tot to get as many as six to eight colds a year, along with ear and sinus infections, bronchitis, and croup. Seniors also have a higher risk for getting other problems along with the flu.


Question: Is there a flu vaccine for seniors?

Answer: In addition, there is a âneedle-lessâ option for people 18-64 years old: the jet injector vaccine with Afluria, which uses a tool with high pressure to deliver the vaccine. Scrub them clean for about 20 seconds -- as long as it takes to sing â Happy Birthdayâ twice. That means it can do a better job of getting an older immune system up and running.


Question: How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?

Answer: This exam may reveal a lump in the pelvic area. Ultrasound. This scan uses sound waves to create an image of the ovaries. This helps the doctor determine the size and location of a cyst.


Question: How is ovarian remnant syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: These scans create images of the area. They help the doctor locate the remaining piece of ovary tissue.


Question: How can pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to ovarian pain?

Answer: Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) is an infection in the ovaries, uterus, or fallopian tubes. It is most often caused by sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea or chlamydia. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain in women.


Question: How is ovarian remnant syndrome treated?

Answer: These procedures are done to remove the remaining piece or pieces of ovary.


Question: How is radiation used to treat ovarian tumors?

Answer: This treatment uses high-energy X-rays to kill or shrink cancer cells. Radiation is either delivered from outside the body, or placed inside the body near the site of the tumor. This treatment also can cause side effects. These can include inflamed skin, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue. Radiation is not often used to treat ovarian cancer.


Question: How is laparotomy used to treat ovarian tumors?

Answer: This is surgery performed through an incision into the abdomen. The surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as possible. The removal of tumor tissue is called debulking. If the tumor is cancerous and has spread, the surgeon may also remove the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, omentum (fatty tissue covering the intestines), and nearby lymph nodes. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery may also be used.


Question: What are other symptoms of ovarian cysts?

Answer: Other symptoms of ovarian cysts: Irregular menstrual periods Pain during intercourse or bowel movements Nausea or vomiting Feeling full after eating a small amount Bloating How ovarian cysts are diagnosed Pelvic exam.


Question: How are ovarian cysts treated?

Answer: Treatment of ovarian cysts Watchful waiting. Most ovarian cysts will go away on their own. If you don't have any bothersome symptoms, especially if you haven't yet gone through menopause, your doctor may advocate "watchful waiting." The doctor won't treat you. Instead, the doctor might check you periodically to see if there has been any change in your condition. Laparoscopy. This is a form of surgery that uses small incisions and a tiny, lighted camera on the end of a metal tube that's inserted into the abdomen to remove small cysts. Larger cysts may need to be removed through a bigger incision in the abdomen. This is done with a technique called laparotomy. Birth control pills . Birth control pills prevent ovulation.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose ovarian pain?

Answer: Tumors can form in the ovaries, just as they form in other parts of the body.


Question: What are the different types of ovarian pain?

Answer: Pain in the ovaries can either be acute or chronic. Chronic ovarian pain usually starts more gradually. Or it may come and go. It may get worse with certain activities, such as exercise or urination. It can be so mild that you hardly notice it. Or pain in the ovaries can be so severe that it interferes with daily life.


Question: How can ovarian tumors form?

Answer: Pain in the ovaries can either be acute or chronic. Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the ovaries.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat ovarian tumors?

Answer: Chemotherapy involves drugs given through a vein ( IV), by mouth, or directly into the abdomen. The drugs kill cancer cells. These side effects should go away after the treatment is stopped. These can include inflamed skin, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue.


Question: What conditions can cause ovarian pain?

Answer: That means if you have ovarian pain, you'll most likely feel it in your lower abdomen -- below your belly button -- and pelvis. It's important to have any pelvic pain checked out by your regular doctor or obstetrician/gynecologist. Several different conditions can cause it. The pill prevents the monthly buildup of endometrial tissue on the ovaries and anywhere else the endometriosis may be in the abdomen and pelvis.


Question: How does endometriosis lead to ovarian pain?

Answer: It can happen when the egg is not released or when the sac -- follicle -- holding the egg doesn't dissolve after the egg is released. In some women, tissue like the lining of the uterus develops elsewhere in the body. This tissue swells and bleeds each month. It has nowhere to shed, though, and may form scar tissue that can be very painful. Surgery to remove the uterus and ovaries is known as hysterectomy and oophorectomy.


Question: How is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosed?

Answer: These scans may help the doctor to spot endometriosis, if there is an endometrioma, a benign cyst, on the ovary or ovaries. Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) is an infection in the ovaries, uterus, or fallopian tubes. These lab tests can help identify the infection. So can cultures of any discharge seen during a pelvic exam. Ultrasound. This test creates an image of the pelvic area so the doctor can see if the reproductive organs are enlarged. The doctor can also see if there is a pocket of infection known as an abscess. Laparoscopy. Occasionally this procedure, which uses a thin lighted scope inserted into a tiny hole in the abdomen, is used to confirm the diagnosis.


Question: How can you prevent food poisoning from vegetables?

Answer: Vegetables: These can also be the source of food poisoning, particularly sprouts of all kinds (alfalfa, mung, clover, and radish). This is because sprouting requires warmer temperatures, which are ideal for bacterial growth. Avoid raw sprouts if you are pregnant or have a weakened immune system.


Question: Why should you go for hot foods when traveling?

Answer: Here are some tips to avoid food poisoning no matter where you are in the world: Go for hot foods: Heat kills germs. Eat packaged or dry foods: Many of the bugs that cause food poisoning prefer moisture. Go for bottled, canned, or hot drinks: Carbonated drinks are a good choice, because the bubbles will tell you it's been sealed properly. Avoid the following: Raw food Local wild game Tap water and ice in developing countries Breastfeed your baby if possible.


Question: How can you prevent food poisoning from eggs and dairy?

Answer: Some tips: Don't drink unpasteurized milk. Pasteurized foods are heated before being sold to kill bacteria. Avoid soft cheeses such as feta, brie, camembert, blue-veined, and Mexican-style cheese -- or other unpasteurized cheeses. Hard cheeses, processed cheeses, cream cheese, and cottage cheese are safe. Check the expiration dates on eggs before purchasing and again before preparing. A couple of other food-related tips: Don't set out eggs, meats, poultry, seafood, or milk at room temperature for long.


Question: What are the side effects of the J-pouch procedure for ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: The pouch can become irritated or inflamed, which is called pouchitis. Antibiotics usually take care of the problem.


Question: Can surgery help treat ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest an operation if your UC is severe and you don't get enough help from other treatments, like medicines and changes in your diet. It could also be an option to help you prevent colon cancer. You'll still go to the bathroom often, but probably not as much as before the operation.


Question: What does coronary angiography indicated for heart disease?

Answer: This procedure, also known as cardiac catheterization, can help your doctor check how many artery blockages you have and how severe they are.


Question: What does a carotid ultrasound indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It uses high-frequency sound waves to give your doctor a view of your major neck arteries, called the carotids. He'll be able to see if you have any narrowing of your arteries that's caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque.


Question: What does an echocardiograph (echo) indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It uses ultrasound to give your doctor a graphic outline of your heart chambers and their movement. He'll be able to check your heart's structure and motion, and see how thick the heart muscle is and how well the heart pumps.


Question: What does an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It's a test that measures the electrical activity of your heart. Your doctor will be able to check for things like: Heart rhythms that aren't normal A larger-than-usual heart chamber Poor blood flow Heart attack Ambulatory electrocardiogram ( Holter monitor).


Question: What does a blood pressure check indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It's a painless test that uses a special meter to measure the force of blood pushing against your vessel walls. If you don't get your high blood pressure under control, you could get health problems like: Stroke Heart attack Heart failure Kidney failure Carotid ultrasound.


Question: Can I prevent or reduce my risk of heart disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: When you have diabetes, your chance of heart disease goes up, so you may need tests that check how well your ticker is working. They'll help your doctor see if you have signs of heart trouble and figure out the best treatment for you.


Question: What does a computerized tomography (CT) of the heart and calcium scores indicate for heart disease?

Answer: This imaging test can spot calcium deposits in vessels on your heart. More calcium means more coronary atherosclerosis -- a hardening and narrowing of your arteries. Your doctor can use this info to figure out what a safe level of exercise is for you.


Question: What are symptoms of athlete's foot?

Answer: But with any kind you have, you'll probably see: Itchy, scaly red rash between your toes Small, red blisters (usually on your soles or between your toes) Ongoing dryness and scaling on the soles and up the sides of your foot Ulcers or sores that leak fluid, smell bad, and look red The fungus that causes ringworm and jock itch is usually the one to blame for athlete's foot.


Question: What is treatment for athlete's foot?

Answer: You should treat athlete's foot as soon as you notice even minor symptoms. It's fine to try over-the-counter products, or you may have a home remedy you like to use. But sometimes they don't work, and that's when you need to make an appointment with your doctor.


Question: What is diaper dermatitis?

Answer: Red, irritated, or scaly skin on your baby's bottom is likely due to diaper dermatitis -- better known as diaper rash. This common condition is usually seen in infants ages 9 to 12 months. It shows up around the folds of the thighs and genitals -- places covered by a diaper Diaper rash can result from an allergy or irritated skin.


Question: Who is most likely to get lichen planus?

Answer: Middle-aged adults are most likely to get it. Doctors aren't sure what causes lichen planus. It may be an autoimmune disorder. It's often seen in people who have hepatitis C. If you get it, ask your doctor about screening for hepatitis.


Question: What is the main symptom of actinic keratosis?

Answer: The main symptom is a thick, scaly, discolored patch of skin. Sometimes the area feels rough or like sandpaper but looks normal. It may be painful to touch. It can flake off, and your skin may feel normal again. However, the problem spot typically comes back when you're exposed to sunlight.


Question: What can trigger eczema?

Answer: But adults who never had it can get it, too. Doctors don't know what causes it. They think it's a mix of genetics and things in your environment that your skin reacts to, like: Wool Soap Perfume Makeup Chlorine Cigarette smoke You might notice these symptoms: Red, irritated, or swollen skin Crusting or oozing Scaly patches that feel rough or leathery Severe itching Silvery white scales that cover thick red, raised patches of skin are a telltale sign of plaque psoriasis.


Question: What is actinic keratosis?

Answer: A flaky, scaly patch that comes and goes could be actinic keratosis ( AK), a precancerous condition. You could get this scaly skin problem if you spend too much time in a tanning bed or unprotected in the sun. Without treatment, it can turn into squamous cell skin cancer. If you get one actinic keratosis, you usually will get another.


Question: How can diaper rash occur?

Answer: It shows up around the folds of the thighs and genitals -- places covered by a diaper Diaper rash can result from an allergy or irritated skin. It could also be a yeast infection -- yeast thrives in warm, moist environments. Signs include a reddish irritated skin rash. At-home care may be fine for irritation rashes, but if your baby's diaper rash won't go away, see a doctor to figure out the cause and best treatment.


Question: What is pityriasis rosea?

Answer: Women or girls ages 10 to 35 are more likely to get this skin condition. The main sign is a single round, rose- or tan-colored spot (called a herald patch) in the middle of your body, arms, or legs. A cluster of scaly patches follows about a week or two later. The round spots have raised borders. There may be little or no scaly skin symptoms in children or pregnant women.


Question: How many types of psoriasis are there?

Answer: The new and old cells clump together, causing thick, itchy patches, sores, and scales There are several different types of psoriasis. Scaly skin is most common with plaque psoriasis. It can show up on your knees, scalp, elbows, palms, lower back and the soles of your feet. The condition may also cause your nails to pit, crumble, or fall off. Psoriasis can be passed down through families. Infections, stress, obesity, and smoking can increase your risk for psoriasis. It isn't contagious.


Question: What causes scaly skin?

Answer: New skin cells grow faster than normal, but old skin cells fail to fall off. White, oily flakes of dead skin in your hair and on your shoulders and, sometimes, an itchy scalp are signs of regular dandruff. You could get this scaly skin problem if you spend too much time in a tanning bed or unprotected in the sun. It can flake off, and your skin may feel normal again. Certain medicines or diseases, including kidney failure, some cancers, and HIV, can trigger it.


Question: How does the skin feel with seborrheic dermatitis?

Answer: White, oily flakes of dead skin in your hair and on your shoulders and, sometimes, an itchy scalp are signs of regular dandruff. This type of dandruff can also affect the skin behind your ears and on the sides of your nose.


Question: What do doctors think pityriasis rosea?

Answer: Doctors don't know what causes it. If you have dry, scaly skin that doesn't go away, jot down any other symptoms you have and when they happen.


Question: How many forms are there of ichthyosis?

Answer: There are several reasons for scaly skin. Scaly skin is most common with plaque psoriasis. If you have dry, scaly skin that doesn't go away, jot down any other symptoms you have and when they happen.


Question: Why do some people have scaly skin?

Answer: But if over-the-counter products don't help you heal, you could have a medical condition that requires a doctor's care. There are several reasons for scaly skin. Whether you have a flaky scalp from time to time or scratchy patches all the time, a dermatologist can tell you if your symptoms are due to a lack of moisture or something more serious. If you have dry, scaly skin that doesn't go away, jot down any other symptoms you have and when they happen.


Question: What can you do to prevent asthmatic bronchitis?

Answer: Treatment also involves avoiding asthma triggers by following these tips: Wash your bed linens and blankets in hot water. Dust and vacuum regularly. Use a HEPA air filter in your home. Keep pets out of your bedroom. Don't smoke, and try to stay away from other people who smoke. Wash your hands frequently to prevent the spread of infection.


Question: What causes asthmatic bronchitis?

Answer: There are many triggers that may initiate the release of inflammatory substances. Common asthmatic bronchitis triggers include: Tobacco smoke Pollution Allergens such as pollen, mold, dust, pet dander, or food (and food additives like MSG) Chemicals Certain medications (aspirin, beta-blockers) Exercise Weather changes (for example, cold weather) Viral or bacterial infections Strong emotions (laughing or crying) The symptoms of asthmatic bronchitis are a combination of the symptoms of bronchitis and asthma.


Question: What should you know about asthmatic bronchitis?

Answer: If the airways are inflamed, air has more difficulty getting to your lungs. With less air getting in, you can feel short of breath. You may wheeze and cough in an attempt to draw in more oxygen through tightened passageways. Bronchitis and asthma are two inflammatory airway conditions. Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the airways that usually resolves itself after running its course. It's caused by viral or bacterial infections. Chronic bronchitis, which is longer lasting, can be triggered by long-term exposure to environmental irritants such as tobacco smoke, dust, or chemicals. Asthma is an inflammatory condition that leads to tightening of the muscles around the airways and swelling that cause airways to narrow. When asthma and acute bronchitis occur together, the condition is called asthmatic bronchitis. A test that measures lung function as you breathe in and out of a mouthpiece that is attached to a device called a spirometer. A test that measures the force of air you breathe out (exhale) into the mouthpiece of a device called a peak expiratory flow meter.


Question: How can heat or cold treatments help you deal with osteoarthritis?

Answer: If you have osteoarthritis, heat or cold treatments may be recommended to provide temporary relief of pain and stiffness. These treatments may be given in the form of a hot shower or bath, or by applying heating pads or cold compresses.


Question: How do weight and exercise affect osteoarthritis?

Answer: Losing weight if you are overweight or obese helps prevent osteoarthritis of the knees, reduces the stress on weight-bearing joints, and helps reduce pain in affected joints. Exercise is important to improve joint movement and to strengthen the muscles that surround the joints. Gentle, low-impact exercises, such as swimming or walking on flat surfaces, are recommended, because they are less stressful on your joints. High-impact activity, such as jogging or high-impact aerobics, may increase joint pain. Strength training is also encouraged, particularly for muscles surrounding and supporting affected joints.


Question: Can pain relievers help with osteoarthritis?

Answer: Pain-relieving drugs include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen. Some medications in the form of creams, rubs, or sprays may be applied over the skin of affected areas to relieve pain. When osteoarthritisis severe, and pain is not controlled with medications or other mentioned treatments, or when the pain prevents you from participating in your normal activities, you may want to consider surgery.


Question: What causes osteoarthritis?

Answer: It is associated with a breakdown of cartilage in joints and can occur in almost any joint in the body. Some people have an inherited defect in one of the genes responsible for making collagen, a major component of cartilage. This causes defective cartilage, which leads to more rapid deterioration of joints. Finally, people who are born with an abnormality of the spine (such as scoliosis or curvature of the spine) are more likely to develop osteoarthritis of the spine. Overuse of certain joints increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis.


Question: Are there different types of ADHD?

Answer: In some cases, behavior that looks like ADHD might be caused instead by: A sudden life change (such asdivorce, a death in the family, or moving) Undetected seizures Medical disorders affecting brain function Anxiety Depression Bipolar disorder Doctors may classify symptoms as the following types of ADHD: Hyperactive/impulsive type. Children show both hyperactive and impulsive behavior, but for the most part, they are able to pay attention. Inattentive type. Formerly called attention deficit disorder ( ADD). These children are not overly active. They do not disrupt the classroom or other activities, so their symptoms might not be noticed. Combined type (inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive). Children with this type of ADHD show both categories of symptoms. This is the most common form of ADHD.


Question: What medication other than stimulants can be used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Another treatment used to treat ADHD in kids isnonstimulant medication. These medications include Intuniv, Kapvay, and Strattera.


Question: What does behavioral treatment for ADHD entail?

Answer: Behavioral treatment for children with ADHD includes creating more structure, encouraging routines, and clearly stating expectations of the child.


Question: What could be causing my child's behavior if not ADHD?

Answer: In some cases, behavior that looks like ADHD might be caused instead by: A sudden life change (such asdivorce, a death in the family, or moving) Undetected seizures Medical disorders affecting brain function Anxiety Depression Bipolar disorder Doctors may classify symptoms as the following types of ADHD: Hyperactive/impulsive type.


Question: Who and what is involved in a diagnosis of ADHD?

Answer: You, your child, your child's school, and other caregivers should be involved in assessing your child's behavior. A doctor will also ask what symptoms your child has, how long ago those symptoms started, and how the behavior affects your child and the rest of your family. Doctors diagnose ADHD in children after a child has shown six or more specific symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity on a regular basis for more than 6 months in at least two settings. The doctor will consider how a child's behavior compares with that of other children the same age.


Question: What is the most effective drug treatment for ADHD?

Answer: A class of drugs called psychostimulants (or sometimes just stimulants) is a highly effective treatment for childhood ADHD. These medicines, including Adderall, Adzenys XR- ODT, Vyvanse, Concerta, Focalin, Daytrana, Ritalin, and Quillivant XR, help children focus their thoughts and ignore distractions.


Question: Is medication sufficient for treating ADHD?

Answer: Studies show that long-term treatment with a combination of medications andbehavioral therapyis much better than just medication treatment, or no specific treatments in managing hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Those kids treated with both ADHD drugs and therapy also had better social skills.


Question: What other forms of ADHD treatment may benefit your child?

Answer: Other forms of ADHD treatment that may benefit your child include: Social skills training. This can help a child with ADHD learn behaviors that will help them develop and maintain social relationships. Support groups and parenting skills training. This includes support for the parents and helping them learn more about ADHD and how to parent a child who has ADHD.


Question: What treatment is best for your child's ADHD?

Answer: No single treatment is the answer for every child with ADHD. Each child's needs and personal history must be carefully considered. For example, a child may have undesirable side effects to a medication, making a particular treatment unacceptable. If a child with ADHD also has anxiety or depression, a treatment combining medication and behavioral therapy might be best. It's important to work with a doctor to find the best solution for your child.


Question: What drugs are used to treat ADHD in children?

Answer: A class of drugs called psychostimulants (or sometimes just stimulants) is a highly effective treatment for childhood ADHD. These medicines, including Adderall, Adzenys XR- ODT, Vyvanse, Concerta, Focalin, Daytrana, Ritalin, and Quillivant XR, help children focus their thoughts and ignore distractions. Another treatment used to treat ADHD in kids isnonstimulant medication. These medications include Intuniv, Kapvay, and Strattera.


Question: What can cause behaviors that look like ADHD in children?

Answer: In some cases, behavior that looks like ADHD might be caused instead by: A sudden life change (such asdivorce, a death in the family, or moving) Undetected seizures Medical disorders affecting brain function Anxiety Depression Bipolar disorder Doctors may classify symptoms as the following types of ADHD: Hyperactive/impulsive type.


Question: How do behavioral treatments help children with ADHD?

Answer: Behavioral treatment for children with ADHD includes creating more structure, encouraging routines, and clearly stating expectations of the child.


Question: How is ADHD in children treated?

Answer: Treatment plans may include special education programs, psychological intervention, and drug treatment. Learn as much as you can about the options and talk them over with your child's health care provider so you can make the best plan for your child. Studies show that long-term treatment with a combination of medications andbehavioral therapyis much better than just medication treatment, or no specific treatments in managing hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Those kids treated with both ADHD drugs and therapy also had better social skills.


Question: How do you know what medication is best for your child's ADHD?

Answer: ADHD medicines are available in short-acting (immediate-release), intermediate-acting, and long-acting forms. It may take some time for a doctor to find the best medication, dosage, and schedule for someone with ADHD. ADHD drugs sometimes have side effects, but these tend to happen early in treatment. Usually, side effects are mild and don't last long.


Question: What is the dosage and scheduling for ADHD medicine?

Answer: ADHD medicines are available in short-acting (immediate-release), intermediate-acting, and long-acting forms. It may take some time for a doctor to find the best medication, dosage, and schedule for someone with ADHD.


Question: At what age can my child be diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer: You, your child, your child's school, and other caregivers should be involved in assessing your child's behavior.


Question: What treatments for ADHD are available in addition to behavioral therapy and medication?

Answer: This can help a child with ADHD learn behaviors that will help them develop and maintain social relationships. Support groups and parenting skills training. This includes support for the parents and helping them learn more about ADHD and how to parent a child who has ADHD.


Question: Can ADHD be diagnosed in children younger than 5?

Answer: It is very difficult to diagnose ADHD in children younger than 5. That's because many preschool children have some of the symptoms seen in ADHD in various situations. Also, children change very rapidly during the preschool years.


Question: What comprises treatment for ADHD?

Answer: Treatment plans may include special education programs, psychological intervention, and drug treatment. Learn as much as you can about the options and talk them over with your child's health care provider so you can make the best plan for your child.


Question: Can ADHD be diagnosed without a doctor?

Answer: These children: Are in constant motion Squirm and fidget Do not seem to listen Have trouble playing quietly Often talk excessively Interrupt or intrude on others Are easily distracted Do not finish tasks Though your child may have some symptoms that seem like ADHD, it might be something else. That's why you need a doctor to check it out.


Question: What is the best treatment for my child's ADHD?

Answer: No single treatment is the answer for every child with ADHD. Each child's needs and personal history must be carefully considered. For example, a child may have undesirable side effects to a medication, making a particular treatment unacceptable. If a child with ADHD also has anxiety or depression, a treatment combining medication and behavioral therapy might be best. It's important to work with a doctor to find the best solution for your child.


Question: What are signs of ADHD in children?

Answer: These children: Are in constant motion Squirm and fidget Do not seem to listen Have trouble playing quietly Often talk excessively Interrupt or intrude on others Are easily distracted Do not finish tasks Though your child may have some symptoms that seem like ADHD, it might be something else. Studies show that long-term treatment with a combination of medications andbehavioral therapyis much better than just medication treatment, or no specific treatments in managing hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.


Question: What are some common traits of children with ADHD?

Answer: These children: Are in constant motion Squirm and fidget Do not seem to listen Have trouble playing quietly Often talk excessively Interrupt or intrude on others Are easily distracted Do not finish tasks Though your child may have some symptoms that seem like ADHD, it might be something else. Studies show that long-term treatment with a combination of medications andbehavioral therapyis much better than just medication treatment, or no specific treatments in managing hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.


Question: Should my child have an ADHD coach?

Answer: That's because many preschool children have some of the symptoms seen in ADHD in various situations. ADHD coaches are meant to help children achieve better results in different areas of their lives by setting goals and helping the child find ways to reach them. A child, however, must be mature and motivated enough to work with a coach.


Question: What happens during stage III breast cancer?

Answer: In stage III, the cancer has spread beyond the breast and into nearby lymph nodes. Usually many lymph nodes have cancer cells, or the tumor is so large it grows into the chest wall or skin of the breast. A combination of different treatments often works best.


Question: How does surgery treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: Or you might need a mastectomy, in which the whole breast is removed. The surgeon would also remove lymph nodes. After a mastectomy, you might choose to get breast reconstruction surgery.


Question: What are some different ways to receive chemotherapy to treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: You can get chemo several different ways. You may take pills or liquids, but often the drugs are put right into your veins. Depending on the type of treatment, it may be given in cycles that allow your body breaks in between.


Question: How does hormone therapy treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: Hormone therapy can help women with hormone receptor-positive cancers. That means the cancer needs hormones to grow. In these women, medications can prevent the tumor from getting the hormone. These drugs include tamoxifen for all women and aromatase inhibitors anastrozole ( Arimidex), exemestane ( Aromasin), and letrozole ( Femara) for postmenopausal women. Fulvestrant ( Faslodex) and toremifene ( Fareston) block hormone receptors and are sometimes given to women with metastatic breast cancer. Women who haven't reached menopause may consider having their ovaries removed to stop them from making hormones that help cancer grow. Medications can also stop the ovaries from releasing hormones.


Question: How does chemotherapy treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy is a common treatment for stage III breast cancer. Sometimes people have chemo before surgery to shrink a tumor and make it easier to remove. It can help destroy cancer cells that remain after surgery. In cases where surgery isn't an option, chemotherapy may be the main treatment.


Question: How does targeted therapy treat stage III breast cancer?

Answer: Fulvestrant ( Faslodex) and toremifene ( Fareston) block hormone receptors and are sometimes given to women with metastatic breast cancer. Targeted therapy is a newer treatment. About 20% of women with breast cancer have too much of a protein known as HER2, and it makes the cancer spread quickly. Women with HER2-positive cancer may be prescribed ado-trastuzumab emtansine ( Kadcyla), lapatinib ( Tykerb), neratinib ( Nerlynx), pertuzumab ( Perjeta), or trastuzumab ( Herceptin). Along with an aromatase inhibitor or the hormone therapy fulvestrant, a CDK 4/6 inhibitor such as abemaciclib ( Verzenio), palbociclib ( Ibrance) or ribociclb ( Kisqali) is sometimes given in postmenopausal women with certain types of advanced breast cancer. These medications can stop this protein from making the cancer grow and can make chemotherapy more effective. Those who are HER2-negative but have BRCA-mutated breast cancer could be treated by a class of drugs called PARP inhibitors that target a protein that helps cancer cells grow. PARP inhibitors include olaparib ( Lynparza) and talazoparib ( Talzenna). Everolimus ( Afinitor) is a targeted therapy sometimes given to women with HER2-negative breast cancer along with the hormone therapy exemestane ( Aromasin). Patients who are HER2-negative but have PIK3 CA-mutated advanced or metastatic breast cancer could be treated by the new PIK3 inhibitor alpelisib ( Piqray) in combination with fulvestrant.


Question: Iâm looking for an oral surgeon. How can I be sure my doctor fits my needs?

Answer: Find a specialist who has experience in the surgery you need. Dental implant surgery is different than jaw alignment, also called orthognathic surgery. Many websites can help you get specific. If the doctor's specialties aren't listed -- many will simply say âoral surgeryâ or something generic like that -- do another search. Look for the doctor specifically. See if you can track down a site for the hospital where the doctor works or the doctor's office. These places may list specialties and have a short biography on the doctor.


Question: I need oral surgery. What are things to consider about insurance?

Answer: You can find doctors that are in your insurer's network by calling them or visiting their web site. Most companies will list doctors by specialty and show you where their offices are. Make a list, cross-check it with any recommendations you get, and go from there. You can choose out-of-network doctors, too. But that usually costs more.


Question: What should I know about where my oral surgery will happen?

Answer: It's important to look into where your surgery will take place. Make sure the hospital, clinic, or doctor's office is accredited, highly rated, and has experience dealing with surgeries of your type. If you can't find the information online, ask the office for it. Make sure you look for information about the staff and how it cares for patients.


Question: Iâve found an oral surgeon I like. How can I get a feel for the new doctor?

Answer: After he gives you a name, ask him these questions. Why do you recommend this surgeon? What are his specialties? If you can't find the information online, ask the office for it.


Question: What are some tips on finding an oral surgeon on the Internet?

Answer: So if you don't have a regular dentist who can recommend an oral surgeon, and friends or family can't help you out, take advantage of the web. Lots of sites rate surgeons and their offices. To one person, someone who's all-business has no bedside manner. To another, that same professional is great because he's all-business. Web sites can also give you background on the doctor, too. Make sure you look for information about the staff and how it cares for patients.


Question: When should you call a doctor about dehydration in children under 12 years?

Answer: Has extremely dry mouth or no tears Is lethargic Is older and does not urinate in 12 or more hours Isn't alert or able to think clearly Passes out Is too weak or dizzy to stand In young children, mild to moderate dehydration can happen very easily, particularly if the child has diarrhea or is vomiting. Contact your child's pediatrician if your child: Is not drinking enough or eating enough Looks tired Has dark yellow urine or decreased urination Has dry mouth and eyes Is cranky or irritable Vomits more than once Is under 1 year old For dehydration in an infant up to 1 year old: If you breast-feed, nurse more often.


Question: How can you replace fluids for mild dehydration in a child age 1 to 11?

Answer: For mild dehydration in a child age 1 to 11: Give extra fluids in frequent, small sips, especially if the child is vomiting. Choose clear soup, clear soda, or Pedialyte, if possible. Give popsicles, ice chips, and cereal mixed with milk for added water or fluid. Continue a regular diet.


Question: When should you call 911 about dehydration in children under 12 years?

Answer: Has extremely dry mouth or no tears Is lethargic Is older and does not urinate in 12 or more hours Isn't alert or able to think clearly Passes out Is too weak or dizzy to stand In young children, mild to moderate dehydration can happen very easily, particularly if the child has diarrhea or is vomiting.


Question: How can you replace fluids for dehydration in an infant up to 1 year old?

Answer: Contact your child's pediatrician if your child: Is not drinking enough or eating enough Looks tired Has dark yellow urine or decreased urination Has dry mouth and eyes Is cranky or irritable Vomits more than once Is under 1 year old For dehydration in an infant up to 1 year old: If you breast-feed, nurse more often. If you bottle feed, give your baby the usual amount of fluid, unless the baby is vomiting. If your baby is vomiting, give smaller amounts more frequently. For example, instead of 6 ounces every 4 hours, give 3 ounces every 2 hours. If she vomits more than once, call your doctor. If your baby eats solid food, cereal, strained bananas, and mashed potatoes, also provide fluids. Give an oral rehydration solution such as Pedialyte, if possible. It replaces salt, sugar, potassium, and other nutrients. Ask your doctor what type and quantity to use.


Question: What are the different types of ear drops?

Answer: For the most part, there are three main types of eye drops: Artificial tears Allergy drops Anti-redness drops Some eye drops might do a combination of things, but if you understand these basic types, you'll know how to choose wisely. You might also notice some natural, homeopathic, or herbal eye drops. Generally, there's just not a lot of evidence about how well these really work.


Question: Why should you watch out for preservatives in artificial tears relative to eye drops?

Answer: Artificial tears with them can be great because they're often cheaper. But for some people, they can make dry eyes worse. Some people are allergic to preservatives, and others may find that they irritate their eyes.


Question: What's in allergy eye drops?

Answer: The key ingredient in allergy eye drops is a drug called an antihistamine, which blocks histamines from doing their work and prevents allergy symptoms. Some newer allergy eye drops, called mast-cell stabilizers, work by stopping your body from making histamines in the first place.


Question: How can I find preservative-free eye drops?

Answer: When you're looking for preservative-free eye drops, note that they don't come in the typical eye drop bottle. You usually find them in single-use vials instead. You snap the lid off, put the drops in, and throw out the vial. They also tend to be more expensive than other kinds.


Question: When should I use anti-redness drops for my eyes?

Answer: But use with caution. If you put them in for more than a few days, they can irritate your eyes and make the redness even worse. Another problem: If you use them often, your eyes get dependent on them and may get red when you stop using them. Avoid these drops if you have dry eyes. Sometimes, anti-redness drops also have antihistamines in them, which can relieve itchiness from allergies. But again, you're limited in how much you can use them without bothering your eyes. You're typically better off with allergy drops.


Question: When should I see a doctor about my eye drops?

Answer: That makes the redness go away. Also, see her if taking drops makes your eye problem worse or affects your vision.


Question: What are artificial tears?

Answer: They try to mimic real tears, but it turns out, that's pretty complicated. So various brands use different mixes of ingredients, such as: Lubricants to keep your eyes moist (all artificial tears will have some) Electrolytes, like sodium and potassium, which can help heal the surface of your eye Guar gum, found in more oily drops. Preservatives to keep bacteria from growing in the bottle of drops You may need to try different brands to see which one works best for your eyes. Avoid artificial tears that contain preservatives if: They bother your eyes.


Question: How do decongestants work?

Answer: They help reduce swelling in the passageways of your nose, which relieves the feeling of pressure and improves the flow of air. You'll be able to breathe a whole lot better. Decongestants come in pill form or nasal sprays. Don't use the sprays for more than 3 days, or you may get more stuffed up.


Question: What medicines are used for congestion?

Answer: Decongestants and antihistamines can help. They come in different forms, and they're often mixed into combination drugs that you can buy without a prescription. It pays to do a little homework to make sure you're picking the right medicine for your symptoms.


Question: What are the side effects of decongestants?

Answer: Decongestants may keep you awake and are usually taken during the day. Nasal sprays are less likely to have that side effect and may be helpful at night for congestion. Decongestants can also raise blood pressure. So if your BP is high already, or you've got heart disease, check with your doctor before you use them.


Question: Which antihistamines help for cold symptoms?

Answer: Some types of them can help relieve your runny nose and sneezing when you have a cold. Even so, some of the older antihistamines, such as brompheniramine and chlorpheniramine, can bring relief. Newer antihistamines like fexofenadine ( Allegra) and loratidine ( Claritin) have not been shown to work for cold symptoms.


Question: What does radiation therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) involve?

Answer: Radiation therapy, the use of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells; this is not used often for ALL, but may be used to treat leukemia in the brain or bone, for example, or before a stem cell transplant.


Question: What are the symptoms of anemia from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

Answer: A shortage of red blood cells may cause symptoms of anemia, including: Fatigue or weakness Dizziness Feeling cold Light-headedness Shortness of breath A shortage of normal white blood cells may result in: Fevers Recurring infections A shortage of blood platelets may cause symptoms such as: Lots of bruising for no obvious reason Frequent or severe nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or other unusual bleeding such as from minor cuts Depending upon where leukemia cells are present, other symptoms may include: A full or swollen belly from leukemia cells in the liver or spleen Enlarged lymph nodes such as in the neck or groin, under arms, or above the collarbone Bone or joint pain Headache, trouble with balance, vomiting, seizures, or blurred vision if the cancer has spread to the brain Trouble breathing if spread has occurred in the chest area ALL is really a group of related diseases, or subtypes.


Question: What is the outlook for people with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

Answer: The outlook for acute lymphoblastic leukemia depends on factors such as: Your age: Younger patients tend to have a better outlook. Your lab test results: The prognosis is better if you have a lower white blood count when you're diagnosed. Your subtype of ALL ( B-cell ALL or T-cell ALL) Whether you have a chromosome abnormality called the Philadelphia chromosome; having it suggests a poorer prognosis. Your response to chemotherapy: The prognosis is better if you have no evidence of leukemia four to five weeks after starting treatment.


Question: What does a bone marrow transplant involve for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

Answer: A bone marrow transplant, which involves use of high doses of chemotherapy and possibly radiation followed by a transplant of bone-forming stem cells. Stem cells usually come from a donor, or less likely, from your own bone marrow or peripheral blood. If you cannot tolerate high doses of chemotherapy and radiation, lower doses may be used with a "mini-transplant."


Question: What chemotherapy drugs are used for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

Answer: These include: Chemotherapy, the use of anticancer drugs in combination, generally over a couple of years. Agents used for ALL include: cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxan)cytarabine ( Cytosar)daunorubicin ( Cerubidine) or doxorubicin ( Adriamycin)etoposide ( VP-16) L-asparaginace ( Elspar) or PEG- L-asapraginase ( Oncaspar)6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol)methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall)methoterate oral ( Xatmep)steroids (prednisone, dexamethasone)teniposide ( Vumonvincristine ( Oncovin) Targeted therapy, drugs that target specific parts of cancer cells and tend to have fewer or less severe side effects than chemotherapy; examples include blinatumomab ( Blincyto), dasatinib ( Sprycel), imatinib ( Gleevec), and nilotinib ( Tasigna), ponatinib ( Iclusig), which attack cells with the Philadelphia chromosome.


Question: What are the goals of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

Answer: Treatment occurs in two parts -- induction therapy and post-induction therapy. The goal of induction therapy is to achieve remission by: Killing as many leukemia cells as possible Returning blood counts to normal Ridding the body of signs of disease for a long time About eight or nine out of 10 adults achieve remission after treatments, but many relapse, which lowers the overall cure rate to 30% to 40%.


Question: What does targeted therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) involve?

Answer: Agents used for ALL include: cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxan)cytarabine ( Cytosar)daunorubicin ( Cerubidine) or doxorubicin ( Adriamycin)etoposide ( VP-16) L-asparaginace ( Elspar) or PEG- L-asapraginase ( Oncaspar)6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol)methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall)methoterate oral ( Xatmep)steroids (prednisone, dexamethasone)teniposide ( Vumonvincristine ( Oncovin) Targeted therapy, drugs that target specific parts of cancer cells and tend to have fewer or less severe side effects than chemotherapy; examples include blinatumomab ( Blincyto), dasatinib ( Sprycel), imatinib ( Gleevec), and nilotinib ( Tasigna), ponatinib ( Iclusig), which attack cells with the Philadelphia chromosome.


Question: What are the symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

Answer: For most people, the cause of ALL is unknown. Some of these can be vague and not specific just to leukemia. They include: Fatigue Fever Loss of appetite or weight Night sweats Many symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia are the result of a shortage of normal blood cells. That's because leukemia cells crowd out these normal cells in the bone marrow. A shortage of red blood cells may cause symptoms of anemia, including: Fatigue or weakness Dizziness Feeling cold Light-headedness Shortness of breath A shortage of normal white blood cells may result in: Fevers Recurring infections A shortage of blood platelets may cause symptoms such as: Lots of bruising for no obvious reason Frequent or severe nosebleeds, bleeding gums, or other unusual bleeding such as from minor cuts Depending upon where leukemia cells are present, other symptoms may include: A full or swollen belly from leukemia cells in the liver or spleen Enlarged lymph nodes such as in the neck or groin, under arms, or above the collarbone Bone or joint pain Headache, trouble with balance, vomiting, seizures, or blurred vision if the cancer has spread to the brain Trouble breathing if spread has occurred in the chest area ALL is really a group of related diseases, or subtypes.


Question: What is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

Answer: It develops from cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell central to the immune system, or from lymphoblasts, an immature type of lymphocyte. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia invades the blood and can spread throughout the body to other organs, such as the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. But it does not normally produce tumors as do many types of cancer. It is an acute type of leukemia, which means it can progress quickly. Without treatment, it can be fatal within a few months. That's because leukemia cells crowd out these normal cells in the bone marrow.


Question: What does the treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) involve?

Answer: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( ALL) is a type of blood cancer. Therefore, your treatment options depend upon your subtype and other factors. You may have more than one type of treatment.


Question: When should I see my doctor to treat symptomatic relief medications?

Answer: Note: if symptomatic relief medications are used more than twice a week, you should see your doctor, who may prescribe preventive headache medications. Overuse of symptomatic medications can actually cause more frequent headaches or worsen headache symptoms.


Question: How is migraine and headache pain treated?

Answer: Many of these medications are over-the-counter, or available without a doctor's prescription, while other headache drugs require a prescription. When taking these headache drugs, avoid products that contain caffeine. Any medication containing barbiturates or narcotics should be used sparingly. Note: if symptomatic relief medications are used more than twice a week, you should see your doctor, who may prescribe preventive headache medications. Overuse of symptomatic medications can actually cause more frequent headaches or worsen headache symptoms. Carefully consider how you use pain relievers and all medications.


Question: What medications are usually recommended by doctors for migraines and headaches?

Answer: Many of these medications are over-the-counter, or available without a doctor's prescription, while other headache drugs require a prescription. When taking these headache drugs, avoid products that contain caffeine. Any medication containing barbiturates or narcotics should be used sparingly. Carefully consider how you use pain relievers and all medications.


Question: How is gestational diabetes treated?

Answer: Do urine tests that check for ketones, which mean that your diabetes is not under control Eat a healthy diet that's in line with your doctor's recommendations Make exercise a habit Your doctor will track how much weight you gain and let you know if you need to take insulin or other medicine for your gestational diabetes.


Question: Who is more likely to get gestational diabetes?

Answer: You are more likely to get gestational diabetes if you: Were overweight before you got pregnant Are African- American, Asian, Hispanic, or Native American Have high blood sugar levels, but not high enough to be diabetes Have a family history of diabetes Have had gestational diabetes before Have high blood pressure or other medical complications Have given birth to a large baby before (greater than 9 pounds) Have given birth to a baby that was stillborn or had certain birth defects Are older than 25 Gestational diabetes usually happens in the second half of pregnancy.


Question: Is there anything I can do to prevent diabetes?

Answer: The medications metformin ( Glucophage), pioglitazone ( Actos), exenatide ( Byetta, Bydureon), and acarbose ( Precose) have also been shown to be effective in delaying or preventing type 2 diabetes in those at risk.


Question: Are there any treatments that help prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people at risk?

Answer: The medications metformin ( Glucophage), pioglitazone ( Actos), exenatide ( Byetta, Bydureon), and acarbose ( Precose) have also been shown to be effective in delaying or preventing type 2 diabetes in those at risk.


Question: How can I prevent the development of type 2 diabetes?

Answer: In fact, studies have shown that exercise and a healthy diet can prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in people with pre-diabetes -- a condition that often develops prior to full-blown type 2 diabetes.


Question: What medications can help prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: The medications metformin ( Glucophage), pioglitazone ( Actos), exenatide ( Byetta, Bydureon), and acarbose ( Precose) have also been shown to be effective in delaying or preventing type 2 diabetes in those at risk.


Question: How can I prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Because of the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes, you can do a great deal to reduce your chance of developing the disease by slimming down if you are overweight. This is especially true if diabetes runs in your family.


Question: How can I avoid problems if I have high blood sugar?

Answer: Because of the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes, you can do a great deal to reduce your chance of developing the disease by slimming down if you are overweight. In someone who already has diabetes, exercise and a nutritionally balanced diet can greatly limit the effects of both types 1 and 2 diabetes on your body.


Question: What can help with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)?

Answer: It can help with: Speech trouble Swallowing problems Daily activities at home and at work It's important to stay healthy overall no matter which type of MS you have.


Question: How can diet and exercise help with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)?

Answer: It can help with: Speech trouble Swallowing problems Daily activities at home and at work It's important to stay healthy overall no matter which type of MS you have. There are no specific eating plans that help with MS, but a nutritious diet is always best. You should also try to stay at a healthy weight. Exercise is also good for all types of MS. It can help you: Stay active and mobile Manage your symptoms Control your weight Exercise can also give you more energy and boost your mood. Try different types of physical activity, such as: Brisk walking, swimming, or other gentle activities that get your heart pumping Exercises to improve your range of motion Stretching and strengthening moves Start slowly. If you're sensitive to temperature, be careful not to get overheated. And never exercise until you're totally exhausted because it will take much longer to recover.


Question: What are common symptoms of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)?

Answer: If you have primary progressive multiple sclerosis ( PPMS), you probably first saw a doctor because your legs were weak or you had trouble walking. Those are the most common symptoms of this type of MS. Once it starts, PPMS gets worse over time.


Question: Drugs help reduce what symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You'll take medications to help you with: Tight muscles Bladder and bowel problems Pain Fatigue You'll also get rehabilitation, such as physical, occupational, or speech therapy.


Question: How fast should I start exercising to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Try different types of physical activity, such as: Brisk walking, swimming, or other gentle activities that get your heart pumping Exercises to improve your range of motion Stretching and strengthening moves Start slowly. If you're sensitive to temperature, be careful not to get overheated. And never exercise until you're totally exhausted because it will take much longer to recover.


Question: What are the symptoms of primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)?

Answer: This disease mainly affects the nerves in your spinal cord. The main symptoms often involve: Problems walking Weak, stiff legs Trouble with balance Other common symptoms include: Speech or swallowing issues Vision problems Fatigue and pain Bladder and bowel trouble Doctors think MS -- no matter which type you have -- happens when your body attacks itself.


Question: How many people have primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)?

Answer: Only 10% to 15% of people with multiple sclerosis have this form. Those that do are usually diagnosed later in life than people with other types.


Question: How does primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) develop over time?

Answer: Those are the most common symptoms of this type of MS. Once it starts, PPMS gets worse over time. How fast that happens or how much disability it will cause varies a lot, so it's hard to predict. Unlike some other types of MS, you won't have relapses or remissions.


Question: How is primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) diagnosed?

Answer: It can be hard for doctors to diagnose PPMS. This complex disease is different for everyone who has it. You may have symptoms for a few years, but no major flares, before doctors can tell you're getting worse.


Question: What types of exercise help treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It can help you: Stay active and mobile Manage your symptoms Control your weight Exercise can also give you more energy and boost your mood. Try different types of physical activity, such as: Brisk walking, swimming, or other gentle activities that get your heart pumping Exercises to improve your range of motion Stretching and strengthening moves Start slowly.


Question: In treatment for multiple sclerosis, what does rehabilitation help address?

Answer: It can help with: Speech trouble Swallowing problems Daily activities at home and at work It's important to stay healthy overall no matter which type of MS you have.


Question: Is it important to stay healthy if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It can help with: Speech trouble Swallowing problems Daily activities at home and at work It's important to stay healthy overall no matter which type of MS you have. There are no specific eating plans that help with MS, but a nutritious diet is always best. You should also try to stay at a healthy weight.


Question: Does primary progressive multiple sclerosis get worse over time?

Answer: Those are the most common symptoms of this type of MS. Once it starts, PPMS gets worse over time. How fast that happens or how much disability it will cause varies a lot, so it's hard to predict. Unlike some other types of MS, you won't have relapses or remissions.


Question: What are the main symptoms of primary progressive multiple sclerosis?

Answer: This disease mainly affects the nerves in your spinal cord. The main symptoms often involve: Problems walking Weak, stiff legs Trouble with balance Other common symptoms include: Speech or swallowing issues Vision problems Fatigue and pain Bladder and bowel trouble Doctors think MS -- no matter which type you have -- happens when your body attacks itself.


Question: What causes primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)?

Answer: The main symptoms often involve: Problems walking Weak, stiff legs Trouble with balance Other common symptoms include: Speech or swallowing issues Vision problems Fatigue and pain Bladder and bowel trouble Doctors think MS -- no matter which type you have -- happens when your body attacks itself. In MS, your immune system damages myelin, the protective coating around the nerves in your brain and spinal cord. This causes inflammation. But in PPMS, there's little inflammation. Nerve damage is the main problem. Areas of scar tissue (your doctor will call them lesions), form along the damaged nerves in your brain and spinal cord. This causes MS symptoms. The biggest risk isn't from MS, but from complications like heart disease and stroke.


Question: How is primary progressive multiple sclerosis related to multiple sclerosis?

Answer: But in PPMS, there's little inflammation. Nerve damage is the main problem. Areas of scar tissue (your doctor will call them lesions), form along the damaged nerves in your brain and spinal cord. This causes MS symptoms. The biggest risk isn't from MS, but from complications like heart disease and stroke.


Question: How can exercise help treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Unlike some other types of MS, you won't have relapses or remissions. It can help you: Stay active and mobile Manage your symptoms Control your weight Exercise can also give you more energy and boost your mood.


Question: How are heart failure and sleep related?

Answer: Having heart failure means you're likely to have other health issues, including sleep problems. Likewise, sleep problems, including obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA) and insomnia, can make your heart failure symptoms worse. A good night's sleep is important, whether your heart is healthy or not. Rest helps your heart as well as your energy levels, thinking skills, and overall health. If you can deal with your sleep problems, you may ease the burden on your heart.


Question: How can a sleep specialist help with medical sleep problems?

Answer: A sleep specialist can help you figure out what's going on medically, whether you're dealing with insomnia or OSA or something else, and how to treat it.


Question: What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

Answer: OSA is more common among people who are overweight, but anyone can get it. The tissue in the back of your throat relaxes and blocks your airway while you sleep. You stop breathing, so your brain signals your throat muscles to contract, which opens up your airway again. This can happen dozens or even hundreds of times a night.


Question: How can heart failure make it hard to breathe while sleeping?

Answer: During the day, you're standing and sitting, so extra fluid would normally settle in your legs and feet. But lie down, and it's going to move up into your chest and throat. This can close in your lungs and airway, making it harder to breathe. Your doctor might prescribe diuretics to help get rid of that extra fluid. But these medicines don't stop working when you sleep, which can mean interrupting your slumber for a trip or two to the bathroom.


Question: What can you do to set yourself up for a restful night's sleep?

Answer: Set yourself up for restful sleep: Stick to a regular sleep/wake schedule. Turn off the TV, computer, and other devices before bedtime. Keep your bedroom cool and dark. Avoid alcohol before bedtime and caffeine in the afternoon or evening. Exercise every morning.


Question: What are complications of heart failure that can affect your sleep?

Answer: For example: Chest pain and discomfort make it hard to relax and fall or stay asleep. Lying in bed can make you feel short of breath. You may have to get up during the night to pee.


Question: What happens with osteoarthritis?

Answer: What happens: You lose your body's shock absorber. Cartilage, the slippery material that covers the ends of bones, gradually breaks down. One example is what can happen to your knees when you're overweight. The extra pounds put more pressure on the cartilage as it gets squeezed between the bones. It gets damaged and wears away, so there isn't as much left to cushion the joint. The damaged cartilage makes movement painful. You may hear a grating sound when the roughened cartilage on the surface of the bones rubs together. You may get painful spurs or bumps on the end of the bones, especially on fingers and feet. The joint lining can get inflamed, but it's not common with osteoarthritis.


Question: What are the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Symptoms: Psoriatic arthritis can swell the fingers and toes. People who have it often have fingernails that are pitted or discolored, too. In some people, only one joint or a few joints are affected. For example, you could have it in only one knee. Sometimes, it affects the spine or just the fingers and toes.


Question: What are symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Answer: Symptoms depend on which joint or joints are affected. You may have: Deep, aching pain Trouble dressing, combing your hair, gripping things, bending over, squatting, or climbing stairs, depending on which joints are involved Morning stiffness that typically lasts less than 30 minutes Pain when walking Stiffness after resting Your joint may be: Warm to the touch Swollen and harder to move Unable to move through a full range of motion What is it?


Question: What happens in psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: What happens: This type of arthritis usually starts between ages 30 and 50, but it can start as early as childhood. It's equally common among men and women. The skin disease (psoriasis) usually shows up first.


Question: What is psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: People with this condition have inflammation of the skin (psoriasis) and joints (arthritis). Psoriasis causes patchy, raised, red and white areas of inflamed skin with scales. It usually affects the tips of the elbows and knees, the scalp, the navel, and skin around the genital areas or anus. Only about 10% to 30% of people with psoriasis will also get psoriatic arthritis.


Question: What is osteoarthritis?

Answer: More people have this condition than any other form of arthritis. It's the "wear and tear" that happens when your joints are overused. It usually happens with age, but it can also come from joint injuries or obesity, which puts extra stress on your joints. Joints that bear weight -- like your knees, hips, feet, and spine -- are the most common places it affects. It often comes on gradually over months or years. It makes the affected joint hurt. But you don't feel sick or have the fatigue that comes with some other types of arthritis.


Question: What happens if you have rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: What happens: Doctors don't know exactly what causes RA. Some experts believe the immune system becomes "confused" after an infection with a bacteria or virus and starts to attack your joints. This battle can spread to other areas of the body. Scientists think two of the body's chemicals that are related to inflammation, tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) and interleukin-1, trigger other parts of the immune system in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicines that block TNF, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 can improve the symptoms and prevent joint damage.


Question: Are there numerous types of arthritis?

Answer: Did you know that there are more than 100 types of arthritis? Symptoms: Psoriatic arthritis can swell the fingers and toes.


Question: Can you exercise if you have hemophilia?

Answer: Your doctor will discuss the types of physical activities that are appropriate and what kinds of activities may be too dangerous. Your doctor's advice depends on the type and severity of hemophilia.


Question: How can adynovate help with treating hemophilia?

Answer: Adynovate is used to replace clotting factor VIII to help prevent and control bleeding in adults and children with hemophilia A. Idelvion, Coagulation Factor IX ( Recombinant), albumin fusion protein is used to help control and prevent bleeding in children and adults with hemophilia B.


Question: Are hemophilia treatments the same for everyone?

Answer: Treatments for hemophilia include: Receiving clotting factors replacement therapy Medication Treatment for joint bleeding and other problems associated with hemophilia The treatments you need will depend on the type of hemophilia and the severity of hemophilia. For instance, if you have mild hemophilia, you may need treatment only when you've been injured or in preparation for surgery. However, if you have severe hemophilia and bleed frequently, you may need regular treatment to help prevent bleeding and help protect your joints from deformity and disability.


Question: What's the treatment for joints that bleed because of hemophilia?

Answer: The most common include: Treating bleeding joints Monitoring physical activities For bleeding joints, you must get treatment with clotting factor to avoid joint damage. Your doctor may also recommend resting and icing the affected joint to decrease pain and swelling. As pain and swelling subsides, physical therapy may help you recover joint mobility and strength.


Question: How are antihistamines and decongestants used to treat postnasal drip?

Answer: They can also be effective, along with steroid nasal sprays, for postnasal drip caused by allergies. The older, over-the-counter antihistamines, including diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine ( Chlor- Trimeton), might not be the best choices for postnasal drip. When they dry out mucus, they can actually thicken it. Newer antihistamines like loratadine ( Claritin, Alavert), fexofenadine ( Allegra), cetirizine ( Zyrtec), levocetirizine ( Xyzal), and desloratadine ( Clarinex), may be better options and are less likely to cause drowsiness. It's a good idea to check with your doctor before taking these because all of them can have side effects that range from dizziness to dry mouth.


Question: What causes postnasal drip?

Answer: The excess mucus that triggers it has many possible causes, including: Colds Flu Allergies , also called allergic postnasal drip Sinus infection or sinusitis , which is an inflammation of the sinuses Object stuck in the nose (most common in children) Pregnancy Certain medications , including some for birth control and blood pressure Deviated septum , which is the crooked placement of the wall that separates the two nostrils, or some other problem with the structure of the nose that affects the sinuses Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air Certain foods (for example, spicy foods may trigger mucus flow) Fumes from chemicals, perfumes, cleaning products, smoke, or other irritants Sometimes the problem is not that you're producing too much mucus, but that it's not being cleared away.


Question: What else can cause postnasal drip?

Answer: The excess mucus that triggers it has many possible causes, including: Colds Flu Allergies , also called allergic postnasal drip Sinus infection or sinusitis , which is an inflammation of the sinuses Object stuck in the nose (most common in children) Pregnancy Certain medications , including some for birth control and blood pressure Deviated septum , which is the crooked placement of the wall that separates the two nostrils, or some other problem with the structure of the nose that affects the sinuses Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air Certain foods (for example, spicy foods may trigger mucus flow) Fumes from chemicals, perfumes, cleaning products, smoke, or other irritants Sometimes the problem is not that you're producing too much mucus, but that it's not being cleared away. Swallowing problems can cause a buildup of liquids in the throat, which can feel like postnasal drip. These problems can sometimes occur with age, a blockage, or conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD.