Question: Does choline raise your risk of colorectal cancer?

Answer: One study found that people who got very high amounts of choline in their diets had a higher risk of colorectal cancer. But the connection isn't clear.


Question: How much choline do you need?

Answer: The Institute of Medicine says that adult women need 425 mg of choline a day in their diets for good health, and more if they're pregnant (450 mg) or breastfeeding (550 mg.) Adult men need 550 mg a day. As a supplement, there's no standard dose for choline. Ask your health care provider for advice.


Question: What are the treatments for peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: Effective prognosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy relies heavily on the cause of the nerve damage. For example, a peripheral neuropathy caused by a vitamin deficiency can be treated -- even reversed -- with vitamin therapy and an improved diet. Likewise, nerve damage brought on by alcohol abuse can often be stopped and improved by avoiding alcohol. Peripheral neuropathy caused by toxic substances or medications can often be corrected in much the same way. When neuropathy is related to diabetes, careful monitoring of blood sugar levels may slow its progression and curb symptoms.


Question: How can peripheral neuropathy be avoided?

Answer: Some forms of peripheral neuropathy can be averted by maintaining sound health habits. Eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, and abstaining from excessive alcohol consumption can all help prevent nerve damage. Avoiding injuries and toxic chemicals and carefully managing underlying disorders, such as diabetes, can also help prevent peripheral neuropathy.


Question: How important is early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: Early diagnosis and treatment of peripheral neuropathy is important, because the peripheral nerves have a limited capacity to regenerate, and treatment may only stop the progression -- not reverse damage. If you have become severely impaired, you may need physical therapy to help retain strength and avoid muscle cramping and spasms.


Question: What is a casein allergy?

Answer: A casein allergy occurs when your body's immune system mistakenly thinks the protein is harmful and inappropriately produces allergic ( Ig E) antibodies for protection. Within minutes, the interaction between these antibodies and the specific protein triggers the release of body chemicals such as histamine that cause symptoms which may include: Swelling of the lips, mouth, tongue, face, or throat Skin reactions such as hives, a rash, or red, itchy skin Nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes, coughing, or wheezing The most serious reaction to milk allergy is called anaphylaxis.


Question: When should you go to the emergency room for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)?

Answer: You'll need to go to the emergency room right away if you have: Severe pain in your lower belly Signs of shock, like fainting Vomiting Fever higher than 101 F Some of these also can be signs of other serious medical conditions, like appendicitis or an ectopic pregnancy (a pregnancy that happens in a fallopian tube outside the womb). You would need medical help right away for these as well.


Question: How can I prevent tooth and gym disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: Regular brushing and flossing, as well as rinsing with antiseptic mouthwash will get rid of it and stop gingivitis in its tracks.


Question: What other fungal infections does diabetes put me at risk for?

Answer: Thrush is just one kind of mouth infection diabetes puts you at risk for. There are others, including other fungal infections. Both thrush and dry mouth can lead to burning mouth syndrome. So can certain medications, including some for high blood pressure.


Question: How can I prevent oral health problems if I have diabetes?

Answer: The good news is that controlling your diabetes will go a long way toward protecting your teeth and gums. And that, in turn, will also help you manage your diabetes. If you have diabetes, keep an eye out for these oral health conditions -- especially if you've already reached the half-century mark.


Question: Why does diabetes cause oral health issues?

Answer: Bacteria love to feast on sugar, turning it into tooth-damaging acid. Uncontrolled diabetes means more sugar in your saliva, and that means a free banquet for bacteria. As bacteria gather, they combine with saliva and pieces of leftover food to form plaque. When it builds up, it leads to tooth decay and gum disease.


Question: Is burning mouth syndrome harmful to your health?

Answer: This isn't really harmful, unless you make up for the lack of taste by adding sugar to your food. That will boost your risk of cavities and gum disease.


Question: How does periodontitis form in people with diabetes?

Answer: If left untreated, gingivitis can turn into periodontitis, a more serious type of gum disease that erodes the bone and tissues that support your teeth. In the worst case, you might lose your teeth. If you don't floss and brush regularly, bacteria and plaque can build up on your teeth. That causes your gums to pull away from them.


Question: What is the most common oral health problem among people with diabetes?

Answer: Gum disease is the most common oral health problem among people with diabetes. The first stage of gum disease is called gingivitis. This is when bacteria cause your gums to bleed, turn red, and feel sore.


Question: Does diabetes cause dry mouth?

Answer: Both diabetes and older age (especially if you're a woman) slow down saliva production. This puts you at risk for dry mouth, which your doctor might call xerostomia.


Question: How does Hunter syndrome (MPS II) affect a person physically?

Answer: When Hunter syndrome affects the brain, which is about 75% of the time, symptoms usually show up between 18 months and 4 years of age. They start about 2 years later when the disease is milder. Hunter syndrome usually affects how the boy looks: Large, round cheeks Broad nose Thick lips and a large tongue Bushy eyebrows Large head Slowed growth Thick, tough skin Short, broad hands with stiff, curled fingers He'll probably have these symptoms: Joint problems that make it hard to move Numbness, weakness, and tingling in his hands A lot of coughs, colds, and sinus and throat infections Breathing problems, including pauses in breathing at night, or sleep apnea Hearing loss and ear infections Trouble walking and weak muscles Bowel problems, such as diarrhea Heart problems, including damaged heart valves Enlarged liver and spleen Bone thickening When a boy's brain is affected, it's likely he'll have: Trouble thinking and learning by the time he is 2 to 4 years old Trouble talking Behavior problems such as a hard time sitting still or aggression Kids who have Hunter syndrome are usually cheerful and affectionate, despite the problems it can cause.


Question: How does Hunter syndrome (MPS II) affect your brain?

Answer: Hunter syndrome usually affects how the boy looks: Large, round cheeks Broad nose Thick lips and a large tongue Bushy eyebrows Large head Slowed growth Thick, tough skin Short, broad hands with stiff, curled fingers He'll probably have these symptoms: Joint problems that make it hard to move Numbness, weakness, and tingling in his hands A lot of coughs, colds, and sinus and throat infections Breathing problems, including pauses in breathing at night, or sleep apnea Hearing loss and ear infections Trouble walking and weak muscles Bowel problems, such as diarrhea Heart problems, including damaged heart valves Enlarged liver and spleen Bone thickening When a boy's brain is affected, it's likely he'll have: Trouble thinking and learning by the time he is 2 to 4 years old Trouble talking Behavior problems such as a hard time sitting still or aggression Kids who have Hunter syndrome are usually cheerful and affectionate, despite the problems it can cause.


Question: What are the symptoms of Hunter syndrome (MPS II)?

Answer: Hunter syndrome usually affects how the boy looks: Large, round cheeks Broad nose Thick lips and a large tongue Bushy eyebrows Large head Slowed growth Thick, tough skin Short, broad hands with stiff, curled fingers He'll probably have these symptoms: Joint problems that make it hard to move Numbness, weakness, and tingling in his hands A lot of coughs, colds, and sinus and throat infections Breathing problems, including pauses in breathing at night, or sleep apnea Hearing loss and ear infections Trouble walking and weak muscles Bowel problems, such as diarrhea Heart problems, including damaged heart valves Enlarged liver and spleen Bone thickening When a boy's brain is affected, it's likely he'll have: Trouble thinking and learning by the time he is 2 to 4 years old Trouble talking Behavior problems such as a hard time sitting still or aggression Kids who have Hunter syndrome are usually cheerful and affectionate, despite the problems it can cause.


Question: Is sun exposure related to skin cancer?

Answer: You'll get anesthesia in the affected area.


Question: What is Mohs surgery?

Answer: Mohs surgery (for high-risk cases). The doctor will remove the skin cancer layer by layer, checking each one under a microscope until it's all gone.


Question: How is skin cancer removed?

Answer: Your dermatologist can do this in her office. You'll be awake for the short procedure, with local anesthesia to numb the affected part of your skin. The doctor will remove the skin cancer and a tiny rim of normal-looking skin around it with a scalpel. She'll use stitches or sutures to close up the skin.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of skin cancer?

Answer: This means any new spot or mole changing in color, shape, or size, and any spot that itches, bleeds or becomes painful.. Doctors usually diagnose skin cancer by doing a biopsy.


Question: What does the treatment for skin cancer depend on?

Answer: Your skin cancer type, its size, and its location are some of the things that will affect how it's treated.


Question: How are breast lifts done?

Answer: There are several surgical techniques used including: Wise pattern. The incision, in the shape of an anchor, goes around the chest and below the breast. Le Jeour. The incision goes around the areola and down. Donut or peri-areolar. The incision goes around the areola only. This surgery involves some degree of permanent scarring, but products are available that may help to minimize the appearance of scars.


Question: What can lower risks of atherosclerosis?

Answer: Both medications and changes in lifestyle can improve cholesterol level and reduce the risks that come with atherosclerosis: Exercise with or without weight loss increases "good" HDL cholesterol and reduces the risk of heart attacks and strokes. A diet high in fiber and low in fats can lower "bad" LDL cholesterol. Oily fish and other foods high in omega 3 fatty acids can raise âgoodâ HDL cholesterol. Statins are the medicines most-often prescribed for high cholesterol. They can dramatically lower "bad" LDL cholesterol, by up to 60% or more. They can also increase HDL.


Question: Can statins help with atherosclerosis?

Answer: Studies have shown that statins can reduce the rates of heart attacks, strokes, and death from atherosclerosis. But to be effective, statins need to be part of a larger personalized strategy you and your doctor work out together. Among other things, that strategy will be based on your level of risk for heart attack and stroke as well as your own personal life-style choices. If you know or think your cholesterol is high or if you have a family history of high cholesterol, talk to your doctor about ways you can lower it.


Question: What are treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Steroids like prednisone calm the inflammation that damages your nerves. Plasma exchange is another therapy if steroids don't work. Your doctor will use a machine to remove the plasma portion of your blood. The plasma gets mixed with a protein solution and put back into your body.


Question: What can treatments for Parkinsonâs disease do?

Answer: It's also an option to treat another type called relapsing-remitting MS. Other disease-modifying medicines for relapse-remitting MS include beta interferons as well as: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Cladribine ( Mavenclad) Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Siponimod ( Mayzent) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) Medications to treat Parkinson's either raise your dopamine levels or offer a substitute. They can ease Parkinson's symptoms like tremors. Over time, they may become less effective.


Question: What are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinsonâs disease?

Answer: Common symptoms of both diseases include: Shaky fingers, hands, lips, or limbs Slurred speech that's hard for others to understand Numb or weak limbs that make your walk unsteady Loss of muscle control that often affects one side of your body at first, then later both Spastic limb movements that are hard to control Loss of bladder or bowel control Poor balance Depression is another symptom common to both conditions.


Question: What can multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments do?

Answer: MS treatments can ease your symptoms during an attack or slow down the disease's effects on your body.


Question: What symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are not usually found in Parkinsonâs disease?

Answer: They not usually found in Parkinson's: Fatigue Dizziness or vertigo, where you feel like the room spins around and you lose your balance Double vision, partial or total vision loss, or eye pain Pain or tingling in any area of your body Electric shock feeling or sharp pain in your neck when you move your head or chest a certain way (your doctor will call it Lhermitte's sign). It can travel to your spine, arms, and legs. Itching Seizures Hearing loss Headaches Parkinson's can have some symptoms that people with MS typically don't have: Slowed movement (your doctor will call it bradykinesia) Feet drag or shuffle Stiff, rigid muscles Poor posture Loss of control over how you blink, smile, swallow, or swing your arms when you walk Small, cramped handwriting Some people have MS and Parkinson's, but it could be a coincidence.


Question: How is golfer's elbow diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will need to do a thorough medical exam to diagnose golfer's elbow. He or she may want to do a bone scan or an MRI to rule out other conditions.


Question: What are symptoms of golfer's elbow?

Answer: The primary symptom of golfer's elbow is pain that is centered near the bony knob on the inside of the elbow. Sometimes, it extends all along the inner forearm. You're likely to feel it when you bend your arm inward or flex your wrist toward the body. In most cases, the pain worsens gradually.


Question: Should I get a rabies vaccine before I travel to India?

Answer: Getting the rabies vaccine is especially important if you will be spending time outdoors, particularly in rural areas. Young children are especially vulnerable to animal bites and infection with rabies.


Question: What standard vaccines should I have had for travel to India?

Answer: The list of vaccines will be based on: Your health status How current your immunizations are Where you are planning to go in the countries you are visiting What you're likely to do while you're there Your doctor will review your immunization record to make sure you are up to date on the standard vaccines and booster shots that people in the U. S. should have. That includes immunizations for: measles mumps rubella chickenpox diphtheria pertussis polio You'll also possibly need a tetanus booster shot. And it's important to make sure that your flu shot is current.


Question: Should I get a typhoid fever vaccine before I travel to India?

Answer: Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness. It's caused by bacteria. You can get typhoid fever by eating or drinking contaminated food or water. It's recommended that anyone traveling in southern Asia, including India, be vaccinated against it. This is especially important if you will be visiting rural areas or staying in small towns.


Question: How do I know what vaccines I need for travel to India?

Answer: The list of vaccines will be based on: Your health status How current your immunizations are Where you are planning to go in the countries you are visiting What you're likely to do while you're there Your doctor will review your immunization record to make sure you are up to date on the standard vaccines and booster shots that people in the U. S. should have.


Question: What causes plantar fasciitis?

Answer: You're at greater risk of plantar fasciitis if you: Are female Are 40 to 60 years old Are obese Have flat feet or high arches Have tight Achilles tendons, or âheel cordsâ Have an unusual walk or foot position Often wear high-heeled shoes Spend many hours standing each day Wear worn-out shoes with thin soles Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and check your feet to see where you're having pain.


Question: Which medications can help treat jumper's knee?

Answer: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often used for pain and inflammation control. Drugs in this category include naproxen ( Naprosyn, Aleve), ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil) and others.


Question: How can diet affect pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Your skin may improve if you eat more home-cooked foods made from scratch. Some people feel better if they avoid foods with gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, barley, and other grains. Still, no studies have proven that gluten can cause or worsen the disease. Ask your doctor before you change your diet.


Question: What are some medications that treat pustular psoriasis?

Answer: They can help slow down your immune system, which is more active than it should be when you have this disease. Such drugs include: Acitretin ( Soriatane), a vitamin A (retinoid) drug that you swallow Adalimumab ( Humira), a drug that you inject under the skin Certolizumab ( Cimzia), a drug that you inject under the skin Cyclosporine ( Sandimmune ), a drug that you swallow Etanercept ( Enbrel), a man-made protein that you inject under the skin Etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi), also a man-made protein which you inject Infliximab ( Remicade) a drug that you receive through the veins Methotrexate, a drug that may be swallowed or injected Your doctor will want to see you every few weeks to months when you take these drugs to make sure they work well and don't cause problems.


Question: How does phototherapy treat pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Some people with psoriasis improve when they get ultraviolet ( UV) light treatments at a doctor's office. It isn't always helpful for pustular psoriasis, because too much UV light can cause or worsen symptoms.


Question: What is pustular psoriasis?

Answer: If you have itchy red skin that's covered with tiny blisters filled with white or yellow pus, you may have pustular psoriasis. It's a rare skin disease that causes pain and itching. You may have fever, nausea, and other symptoms, too. One form of pustular psoriasis that spreads to involve a large portion of your body needs to be treated at once by a doctor. See your doctor quickly if you think you might have it.


Question: How is phototherapy used to treat pustular psoriasis

Answer: Some people with psoriasis improve when they get ultraviolet ( UV) light treatments at a doctor's office. It isn't always helpful for pustular psoriasis, because too much UV light can cause or worsen symptoms.


Question: What are common ingredients in creams and ointments for pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Such drugs include: Acitretin ( Soriatane), a vitamin A (retinoid) drug that you swallow Adalimumab ( Humira), a drug that you inject under the skin Certolizumab ( Cimzia), a drug that you inject under the skin Cyclosporine ( Sandimmune ), a drug that you swallow Etanercept ( Enbrel), a man-made protein that you inject under the skin Etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi), also a man-made protein which you inject Infliximab ( Remicade) a drug that you receive through the veins Methotrexate, a drug that may be swallowed or injected Your doctor will want to see you every few weeks to months when you take these drugs to make sure they work well and don't cause problems.


Question: How often will a doctor want to see someone taking medication for pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Such drugs include: Acitretin ( Soriatane), a vitamin A (retinoid) drug that you swallow Adalimumab ( Humira), a drug that you inject under the skin Certolizumab ( Cimzia), a drug that you inject under the skin Cyclosporine ( Sandimmune ), a drug that you swallow Etanercept ( Enbrel), a man-made protein that you inject under the skin Etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi), also a man-made protein which you inject Infliximab ( Remicade) a drug that you receive through the veins Methotrexate, a drug that may be swallowed or injected Your doctor will want to see you every few weeks to months when you take these drugs to make sure they work well and don't cause problems. Tell your doctor if you plan to have a baby, because some of these drugs shouldn't be taken by women who intend to get pregnant.


Question: What medications are used to treat pustular psoriasis?

Answer: They can help slow down your immune system, which is more active than it should be when you have this disease. Such drugs include: Acitretin ( Soriatane), a vitamin A (retinoid) drug that you swallow Adalimumab ( Humira), a drug that you inject under the skin Certolizumab ( Cimzia), a drug that you inject under the skin Cyclosporine ( Sandimmune ), a drug that you swallow Etanercept ( Enbrel), a man-made protein that you inject under the skin Etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi), also a man-made protein which you inject Infliximab ( Remicade) a drug that you receive through the veins Methotrexate, a drug that may be swallowed or injected Your doctor will want to see you every few weeks to months when you take these drugs to make sure they work well and don't cause problems.


Question: What should I eat if I have pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Your skin may improve if you eat more home-cooked foods made from scratch. Some people feel better if they avoid foods with gluten, which is found in wheat, rye, barley, and other grains. Still, no studies have proven that gluten can cause or worsen the disease. Ask your doctor before you change your diet.


Question: Can stress cause pustular psoriasis or make it worse?

Answer: Stress can cause or worsen pustular psoriasis symptoms. Try to do things to lower your stress levels, like exercise, yoga, tai chi, or meditation. Some people feel better, although no studies have proven this.


Question: When should I let my doctor know about my symptoms of cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Decreased nutrition from the side effects of treatments (such as nausea, vomiting, mouth sores, taste changes, heartburn, or diarrhea) can cause fatigue.


Question: How does scheduled rest combat cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Schedule rest Balance periods of rest and work. Rest before you become fatigued -- frequent, short rests are beneficial.


Question: What is tiredness?

Answer: Tiredness happens to everyone -- it's a feeling you expect after certain activities or at the end of the day. Usually, you know why you are tired and a good night's sleep solves the problem. Fatigue is a daily lack of energy; it is excessive whole-body tiredness not relieved by sleep.


Question: How does someone fight cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: The best way to combat fatigue is to treat the underlying medical cause. Unfortunately, the exact cause is often unknown, or there may be multiple causes. Causes of fatigue must be managed on an individual basis. For example, there are treatments that may improve fatigue caused by an under-active thyroid or anemia.


Question: How does nutrition affect cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Cancer-related fatigue is often made worse if you are not eating or drinking enough or if you are not eating the right foods. Maintaining good nutrition can help you feel better and have more energy. Make an appointment with a dietitian. A registered dietitian provides suggestions to work around any eating problems that may be interfering with proper nutrition (such as early feeling of fullness, swallowing difficulty, or taste changes). A dietitian can also suggest ways to maximize calories and include proteins in smaller amounts of food (such as powdered milk, instant breakfast drinks, and other commercial supplements or food additives).


Question: How does pacing yourself combat cancer-related fatigue?

Answer: Pace yourself A moderate pace is better than rushing through activities. Reduce sudden or prolonged strains. Alternate sitting and standing.


Question: What is fatigue?

Answer: Fatigue is a daily lack of energy; it is excessive whole-body tiredness not relieved by sleep. It can last for a short time (a month or less) or stay around for longer (six months or longer). Fatigue can prevent you from functioning normally and gets in the way of things you enjoy or need to do.


Question: How effective are IUDs?

Answer: You're pregnant.


Question: Can I have kids later if I use an IUD?

Answer: Using an IUD shouldn't affect your ability to have children later on. If you want to get pregnant, ask your doctor to take out your IUD. Your cycle should return to normal as soon as the IUD is removed.


Question: Can my IUD fall out?

Answer: Your cervix should hold the IUD in place, but in rare cases, it can fall all the way or part of the way out. This is more likely if: You don't have children. You're under 20 years old. You had the IUD put in right after having a baby or after having a second-trimester abortion. You have fibroids in your uterus. Your uterus is an unusual size or shape.


Question: Can an IUD come out during my period?

Answer: IUDs are more likely to come out during your period. You may see the device on a pad or tampon. Check periodically to make sure you can feel the strings. If they feel shorter or longer or if you can feel the IUD itself pushing against your cervix, it may have moved. If this happens, contact your doctor.


Question: What is a copper IUD?

Answer: The copper triggers your immune system to prevent pregnancy. It can cause your periods to be heavier, especially at first. But Para Gard lasts longer than hormonal IUDs.


Question: Does getting an IUD hurt?

Answer: The procedure is uncomfortable, and you may have cramps and bleeding, but they tend to go away in a few days. Some women may also feel lightheaded from the pain. You can have most IUDs placed at any time in your cycle. But it may be more comfortable to have one inserted while you're having your period. This is when your cervix is most open.


Question: What are the benefits of IUDs?

Answer: They last a long time. They're mostly hassle-free. Once you have one inserted, you don't have to think about it, and neither does your partner. It's one cost, upfront. They're safe to use if you're breastfeeding.


Question: What is an IUD?

Answer: IUD" stands for "intrauterine device." Shaped like a " T" and a bit bigger than a quarter, an IUD fits inside your uterus. It prevents pregnancy by stopping sperm from reaching and fertilizing eggs.


Question: Who shouldn't use an IUD?

Answer: You shouldn't use one if: You have an STD or had a recent pelvic infection. You're pregnant. You have cancer of the cervix or uterus. You have unexplained vaginal bleeding. You can't use the copper IUD if you have an allergy to copper or have Wilson's disease, which causes your body hold too much copper. Hormonal IUDs are considered safe unless you have liver disease, breast cancer, or are at a high risk for breast cancer. In rare cases, the size or shape of your uterus may make it tough to place an IUD.


Question: Will my periods change after I get an IUD?

Answer: 3 years for Skyla 5 years for Kyleena, Liletta, and Mirena 10 years for Para Gard With hormonal IUDs, many women have fewer cramps. For the first few months, some women have irregular spotting. Eventually, most women have light periods or no period at all. Pregnancies rarely happen with IUDs, but if not having a period will make you constantly worry that you're pregnant, you may want to consider the copper IUD instead. The copper Para Gard may make periods heavier and cramping worse. This may go away after a few months.


Question: Should you tell a child about a life-threatening illness?

Answer: Even a child of three or four is old enough to know in simple terms what's happening. And talking about it creates the opportunity to have some closure -- both for the child and the person who is dying. When talking to a young child, it's important to not give too much information. And what you do say should always be age appropriate.


Question: How do you tell your loved ones about a life-threatening illness?

Answer: There's no one right way. You can: Tell one very trusted family member or friend and ask that person to spread the word among your loved ones Meet with family members and friends individually to talk about your condition Hold a "family meeting" to explain the news Ask a doctor, nurse, or social worker to talk to your family or to be with you when you do You can't predict how family members and other loved ones will react.


Question: How can diabetes affect your nerves?

Answer: Over time, high blood sugar levels can harm your nerves. As many as 70% of people with diabetes get this type of damage. Peripheral diabetic neuropathy can cause pain and burning or a loss of feeling in your feet. It usually starts with your toes. It can also affect your hands and other body parts. Autonomic neuropathy stems from damage to the nerves that control your internal organs. Symptoms include sexual problems, digestive issues (a condition called gastroparesis), trouble sensing when your bladder is full, dizziness and fainting, or not knowing when your blood sugar is low.


Question: How can diabetes affect teeth and gums?

Answer: Having diabetes puts you at higher risk for gum disease. Symptoms: Your gums might be red and swollen and bleed easily. The good news: If you keep your blood sugar under control, visit your dentist regularly, and take good care of your teeth each day by brushing, flossing and rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash, you can avoid gum problems and tooth loss.


Question: How can diabetes affect your eyes?

Answer: Diabetes is the leading cause of new vision loss among adults ages 20 to 74 in the U. S. It can lead to eye problems, some of which can cause blindness if not treated: Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy, which involves the small blood vessels in your eyes Symptoms: Vision problems or sudden vision loss.


Question: How are complications of diabetes treated?

Answer: Treatment of complications focuses on slowing down the damage. That may include medication, surgery, or other options. But the most important ways to slow diabetes complications are to keep your blood sugar levels under control, eat right, exercise, lose weight, avoid smoking, and get high blood pressure and high cholesterol treated.


Question: What are symptoms of kidney disease due to diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms: You usually don't notice any symptoms with early diabetes-related kidney disease. In later stages it can make your legs and feet swell. The good news: Drugs that lower blood pressure (even if you don't have high blood pressure) can cut your risk of kidney failure by 33%.


Question: What are the symptoms of eye problems caused by diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes is the leading cause of new vision loss among adults ages 20 to 74 in the U. S. It can lead to eye problems, some of which can cause blindness if not treated: Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy, which involves the small blood vessels in your eyes Symptoms: Vision problems or sudden vision loss.


Question: How can diabetes affect your kidneys?

Answer: Diabetes is the leading cause of new vision loss among adults ages 20 to 74 in the U. S. It can lead to eye problems, some of which can cause blindness if not treated: Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy, which involves the small blood vessels in your eyes Symptoms: Vision problems or sudden vision loss.


Question: What are the symptoms of heart and blood vessel problems caused by diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms: You might not notice warning signs until you have a heart attack or stroke. Problems with large blood vessels in your legs can cause leg cramps, changes in skin color, and less sensation.


Question: How can diabetes affect the eyes?

Answer: Diabetes is the leading cause of new vision loss among adults ages 20 to 74 in the U. S. It can lead to eye problems, some of which can cause blindness if not treated: Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetic retinopathy, which involves the small blood vessels in your eyes Symptoms: Vision problems or sudden vision loss.


Question: What can you do to prevent kidney problems caused by diabetes?

Answer: The good news: Drugs that lower blood pressure (even if you don't have high blood pressure) can cut your risk of kidney failure by 33%.


Question: What can my doctor do to help with nerve issues because of diabetes?

Answer: He could also give you drugs that go on your skin, like creams or patches. He might suggest you use a device that stimulates your nerves called TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation).


Question: What are the symptoms of kidney problems caused by diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms: You usually don't notice any symptoms with early diabetes-related kidney disease. In later stages it can make your legs and feet swell.


Question: How can diabetes affect your teeth?

Answer: Having diabetes puts you at higher risk for gum disease.


Question: What can you do to avoid heart and blood vessel problems caused by diabetes?

Answer: The good news: Many studies show that controlling your diabetes can help you avoid these problems, or stop them from getting worse if you have them.


Question: What can you do to prevent teeth problems caused by diabetes?

Answer: The good news: If you keep your blood sugar under control, visit your dentist regularly, and take good care of your teeth each day by brushing, flossing and rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash, you can avoid gum problems and tooth loss.


Question: Is there a cure for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

Answer: There is no cure for LGS, although there is a lot of research to find treatments that work better. Each child with LGS has different needs. Most continue to have seizures and intellectual disabilities after they grow up. Some may be able to live independently, but most will need help with daily activities. They may need to live in a group or assisted living home.


Question: How is Lennox-Gastaut syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: Does your child have problems with learning or behavior? Your doctor will look for three signs to diagnose LGS: Multiple kinds of seizures that are hard to control Developmental delays or intellectual disability An electroencephalogram ( EEG) that shows a specific kind of pattern, called a slow spike-wave pattern, between seizures.


Question: Can medical marijuana treat Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

Answer: Doctors haven't yet studied the use of medical marijuana in children who have LGS, and most of the studies using it to treat epilepsy have focused on short-term benefits. According to the Lennox- Gastaut Foundation, more research is needed to find out if this is a safe and effective treatment for children with LGS.


Question: What medications treat Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?

Answer: The goal is to reduce the number of seizures with medication that causes the fewest side effects. Finding the right treatment for your child will probably take time and close coordination with the doctor. Drugs used to treat seizures include: Cannabidiol ( Epidiolex) Clobazam ( Onfi) Felbamate ( Felbatol) Lamotrigine ( Lamictal) Rufinamide ( Banzel) Topiramate ( Topamax) Valproate, valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote) Usually, no single medication controls seizures completely. The doctor will monitor your child's medication closely, especially if your child takes more than one at a time.


Question: What should I do to treat bleeding from a hand?

Answer: Apply firm pressure with a clean cloth until bleeding stops. If the bone is pushing through the skin, do not touch it or try to put it back in place.


Question: How does a health care provider treat a broken hand?

Answer: The health care provider will likely take X-rays and check for feeling and range of motion in the hand to determine whether there has been nerve or tendon damage. The health care provider may apply a splint or cast. Surgery may be needed for more complicated fractures.


Question: What can be done to treat a broken hand right away?

Answer: If the person's hand is numb or cold or the skin under the fingernails is blue, do not move the hand or arm. Otherwise: Have the person bend the arm at the elbow. Do not try to straighten the hand if it bent or deformed. Tie a splint on the lower arm with fabric or elastic bandages. Cardboard, rolled-up newspaper, or other stiff material can be used as a splint. Make a sling and place the person's arm in it. Tie the sling around his or her neck.


Question: When should I get medical attention about a hand injury?

Answer: The person is seriously injured or unconscious. The hand is numb or cold. The skin under the fingernail is blue. A bone is sticking out of the skin. The bleeding doesn't stop after several minutes of firm pressure. Blood spurts from the wound.


Question: If a personâs hand is broken, how can I control swelling?

Answer: Apply an ice pack (do not put ice directly against the skin). If possible, remove any jewelry immediately.


Question: What is restless legs syndrome in children?

Answer: Restless legs syndrome ( RLS) is not unusual in children 8 years of age and older. This neurological sleep disorder causes a creeping, crawling sensation in the legs (and sometimes in the arms) that creates an irresistible urge to move.


Question: What are night terrors?

Answer: With night terrors -- also called sleep terrors -- the child has a sudden arousal from sleep with extreme agitation, screaming, crying, increased heart rate, and dilated pupils. Like sleep walking, night terrors seem to be linked to an immature central nervous system and are often outgrown. These sleep terrors usually begin after age 18 months and disappear by age 6.


Question: How much sleep do children need?

Answer: Sleep experts suggest that elementary-aged children should get 10 to 11 hours of sleep each night. Preschool-aged children should sleep about 11 to 13 hours a night.


Question: How can I help my child's sleep problems?

Answer: If your child is sleep walking, wetting the bed, or experiencing other sleep disturbances such as night terrors, talk with his doctor. Sometimes, emotional stress is the culprit. In most cases of emotional stress, the problem can be easily resolved with a few behavioral interventions. In addition, watch your child as he sleeps to determine a pattern in his sleeping and possible snoring or sleep apnea. If your child suffers from allergies or asthma, make sure he is taking medication properly. Again, your child's doctor is the best source for treatments for sleep problems.


Question: What should women 60 and older know about pelvic exams and Pap smears?

Answer: You may think it's crazy, but many women over 60 still need to get regular pelvic exams, Pap smears, or human papillomavirus ( HPV) test. Older women can get cervical cancer or vaginal cancer. And the pelvic exam can detect a host of other conditions that may affect your health and quality of life (think incontinence!). Pap smears are recommended for women every three years, an HPV test every 5 years, or a combination of both, up to age 65.


Question: What sleep problems can be caused by cirrhosis?

Answer: This type of liver damage can cause sleep problems like: Daytime fatigue Need for frequent naps Waking up at night Depression Restless legs syndrome Sleep apnea Lifestyle changes might help: Only use your bed for sleep and sex.


Question: What are symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome?

Answer: after usual physical or mental activity Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep Along with the three symptoms, you must have one of these for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome: Problems with thinking and memory Worsening of symptoms while standing or sitting upright ; you might feel lightheaded, dizzy or weak, and you may have blurred vision or see spots.


Question: What are less common symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome?

Answer: after usual physical or mental activity Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep Along with the three symptoms, you must have one of these for a diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome: Problems with thinking and memory Worsening of symptoms while standing or sitting upright ; you might feel lightheaded, dizzy or weak, and you may have blurred vision or see spots.


Question: What should I expect during my baby's 3rd month?

Answer: Your Baby's Development This Week Your baby's almost 3 months old! Every day, he gains more control over his rapidly-growing body. Here are some things your baby may be doing by now: Keeping his hands open more often (unlike that newborn clenched fist) and carefully opening and closing them Showing some head control when upright, trying to push up on his arms, lifting his head, neck, and chest when lying on his tummy Socializing more with his smiling, gurgling, cooing, and even showing an interest in other children You might wonder about: Disappearing reflexes.


Question: Can allergies cause pinkeye?

Answer: You also should check with a doctor if these are among the symptoms: Fever Pain Changes in vision Take note of when the eye problems and any other symptoms show up. If you have to consult your doctor, he will want to know this. An allergy may cause you to get pinkeye often. Your doctor can give you tests that may find the trigger. If it's something in the house, you can make changes to help prevent pinkeye in the future.


Question: Which eye drops are used to treat a pinkeye?

Answer: The itching can also be helped with over-the-counter eye drops. Here are some tips: Look for the kind that say âlubricatingâ or âartificial tears.â Avoid eye drops advertised to treat âred eyes.â These drops can mask the true course of the pinkeye. If you have pinkeye that's caused by allergies, try refrigerating the drops.


Question: How do you keep pinkeye from spreading?

Answer: The two most important things for everyone in your household to remember are: Wash your hands, and often. Try not to touch your eyes. It's also helpful to change towels and pillowcases often, and use hot water when you wash them. Never share towels or pillows with someone who has pinkeye.


Question: Should I wash my clothes more if I have pinkeye?

Answer: You may need to throw away your contact lenses and case, because bacteria or viruses may be living in it and you can reinfect yourself If the problem is allergic conjunctivitis, it's very important to wash clothes and pillowcases often. Showering or bathing before bed might help, too. If you know the source of the allergy, always try to avoid it.


Question: When should you see a doctor about pinkeye?

Answer: If there's no sign of relief after you've tried home remedies for a few days, call your pediatrician or your family's eye doctor. You also should check with a doctor if these are among the symptoms: Fever Pain Changes in vision Take note of when the eye problems and any other symptoms show up. If you have to consult your doctor, he will want to know this. An allergy may cause you to get pinkeye often. Your doctor can give you tests that may find the trigger. If it's something in the house, you can make changes to help prevent pinkeye in the future.


Question: What are symptoms of pneumonia?

Answer: With pneumonia you might have all the symptoms of flu, but also: High fever up to 105 F Coughing out greenish, yellow, or bloody mucus Chills that make you shake Feeling like you can't catch your breath, especially when you move around a lot Feeling very tired Low appetite Sharp or stabby chest pain (you might feel it more when you cough or take a deep breath) Sweating a lot Fast breathing and heartbeat Lips and fingernails turning blue Confusion (in older people) Little ones who have a cold might have a fever for a few days.


Question: What are flu symptoms?

Answer: The key thing about flu is that the symptoms usually come on strong, seemingly out of the blue. You may have: High fever (anything above 100.4 F) Headache Severe aches and pains Extreme tiredness Dry, hacking cough These symptoms tend to ease up in 2 to 5 days, but you might have a mild cough or sore throat for 2 weeks.


Question: How does a spine MRI scan work?

Answer: The MRI lets your doctor examine the small bones, called vertebrae, which make up your spinal column, as well as the spinal disks, spinal canal, and spinal cord. The test looks for: Unusual parts or curves in your spine Fractures in the vertebrae Injuries Infection Swelling Spinal cord problems Bulging or slipped spinal disks Tumors Your doctor may also use a spine MRI to help plan surgeries on the spine, like for a pinched nerve, or for procedures like epidural or steroid shots.


Question: How does using unscented soap help dry skin?

Answer: Deodorant bath soaps can leave you smelling great, but their ingredients actually strip moisture from your skin. That can trigger your urge to itch. It's best to limit using such soaps to body areas prone to odor, such as the armpits, feet, and groin area. For other parts of your body, choose a mild cleanser.


Question: What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Answer: DVT symptoms include: Pain or tenderness in your arm or leg, usually in the thigh or calf Swollen leg or arm Skin that's red or warm to the touch Red streaks on the skin With a pulmonary embolism, you could notice: Shortness of breath you can't explain Fast breathing Chest pain under your rib cage that can get worse when you take a deep breath Rapid heart rate Feeling lightheaded or passing out VTEs can happen if your blood flow changes or slows down somewhere in your body.


Question: What types of medicines are used to treat arthritis?

Answer: She might recommend: Medications Physical therapy Splints or other aids Weight loss In rare cases, surgery The types of medicines your doctor might suggest are: Painkillers: over-the-counter or prescription Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Biologics: medications that are designed to counteract inflammatory signals in the body and are made by complex methods involving genetically-modified bacteria Steroids to cut down on inflammation Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs): meds that slow or stop inflammation Alternative treatments such as acupuncture, massage, yoga, and physical therapy may help ease your symptoms, too. Talk to your doctor before you try them or any supplements or herbal remedies.


Question: What causes arthritis?

Answer: With many forms of arthritis, the cause is unknown. But some things can raise your chances of getting it. Age. As you get older, your joints tend to get worn down. Gender. Most types of arthritis are more common among women, except for gout. Genes. Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and ankylosing spondylitis are linked to certain genes. Excess weight. Carrying extra pounds makes arthritis in the knee start sooner and get worse faster. Injuries. They can cause joint damage that can bring on some types of the condition. Infection. Bacteria, viruses, or fungi can infect joints and trigger inflammation. Work. If you go hard on your knees at work -- knee bends and squats -- you might be more likely to get osteoarthritis.


Question: What do I need to know about gout?

Answer: You may also have: Fatigue Fever Weight loss Eye inflammation Bumps under the skin called nodules Lung inflammation Gout is another form of arthritis that can be very painful. Uric acid buildup in the body causes needle-like crystal deposits to form in your joints. You might notice lumps under your skin called tophi. A lot of people see the first symptoms of gout in their big toe, which can get swollen, sore, red, and warm.


Question: What are basics of arthritis?

Answer: It has everything to do with your joints -- the places where your bones connect -- such as your wrists, knees, hips, or fingers. But some types of arthritis can also affect other connective tissues and organs, including your skin. About 1 out of 5 adults have some form of the condition. It can happen to anyone, but it becomes more common as you age. With many forms of arthritis, the cause is unknown.


Question: What food should you pay attention to if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: Keep track of foods that affect your bowels. They don't cause Crohn's, but some dishes may make symptoms worse. For example, many people with Crohn's have to avoid high-fiber foods like seeds, nuts, popcorn, corn, and raw fruits and vegetables. Some have to stay away from spicy, fried, and greasy foods, too. A food diary can help you track what gives you problems, so that it's easier for you to stay away from them. Ask your doctor about working with a registered dietitian ( RD). They can review your food diary to decide if you're eating a balanced diet. He can also help plan your meals so you get all the nutrients you need.


Question: What is it like when you first learn you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: When you find out you have Crohn's disease, you may wonder how it'll affect your daily life. With the right information, you can learn how to manage your symptoms and keep doing the things you love.


Question: What should you pay attention to when you start treatment for Crohn's disease?

Answer: As you start treatment, keep track of the symptoms you have and when you have them. Do you always get diarrhea after you eat? Do your symptoms happen at a certain time of day? If you know when you're more likely to have issues, you can plan your day around it.


Question: How does cervical fusion surgery for cervical disc disease work?

Answer: With cervical fusion surgery, the surgeon removes the damaged disc and places a bone graft (which is taken either from the patient's hip or from a cadaver) in the space between the vertebrae. The bone graft will eventually fuse to the vertebrae above and below it. A metal plate may be screwed into the vertebrae above and below the graft to hold the bone in place while it heals and fuses with the vertebrae.


Question: What are the risks of cervical disc surgery?

Answer: Although cervical disc surgery is generally safe, it does have a few risks, including: Infection Excessive bleeding Reaction to anesthesia Chronic neck pain Damage to the nerves, spinal cord, esophagus, or vocal cords Failure to heal After cervical fusion surgery, some people develop cervical disc problems above and/or below the previously affected disc.


Question: What causes cervical disc disease?

Answer: Cervical disc disease is caused by an abnormality in one or more discs -- the cushions -- that lie between the neck bones (vertebrae). When a disc is damaged -- due to arthritis or an unknown cause -- it can lead to neck pain from inflammation or muscle spasm. In severe cases, pain and numbness can occur in the arms from pressure on the cervical nerve roots.


Question: How does surgery for cervical disc disease work?

Answer: Surgery for cervical disc disease typically involves removing the disc that is pinching the nerve or pressing on the spinal cord. This surgery is called a discectomy. Depending on where the disc is located, the surgeon can remove it through a small incision either in the front (anterior discectomy) or back (posterior discectomy) of the neck while you are under anesthesia. A similar technique, microdiscectomy, removes the disc through a smaller incision using a microscope or other magnifying device.


Question: How can fillings deteriorate?

Answer: Deteriorating Fillings Constant pressure from chewing, grinding, or clenching can cause dental fillings to wear away, chip, or crack. Although you may not be able to tell that a filling is wearing down, your dentist can identify weaknesses in them during a regular check-up. If the seal between the tooth enamel and the filling breaks down, food particles and decay-causing bacteria can work their way under the filling. You then run the risk of developing additional decay in that tooth. Decay that is left untreated can progress to infect the dental pulp and may cause an abscessed tooth.


Question: What should you do if you have tooth sensitivity from fillings?

Answer: Tooth Pain and Sensitivity Tooth sensitivity following placement of a filling is fairly common. A tooth may be sensitive to pressure, air, sweet foods, or temperature. Usually, the sensitivity resolves on its own within a few weeks. During this time, avoid those things that are causing the sensitivity. Pain relievers are generally not required. Contact your dentist if the sensitivity does not subside within two to four weeks or if your tooth is extremely sensitive. He or she may recommend a desensitizing toothpaste, may apply a desensitizing agent to the tooth, or possibly suggest a root canal procedure.


Question: What are the disadvantages of silver fillings?

Answer: Strength -- can withstand chewing forces Expense -- may be less expensive than composite fillings Disadvantages of silver fillings: Poor aesthetics -- silver fillings don't match the color of natural teeth. Destruction of more tooth structure -- healthy parts of the tooth must often be removed to make a space large enough to hold the amalgam filling. Discoloration -- amalgam fillings can create a grayish hue to the surrounding tooth structure. Cracks and fractures -- although all teeth expand and contract in the presence of hot and cold liquids, which ultimately can cause the tooth to crack or fracture, amalgam material -- in comparison with other filling materials -- may experience a wider degree of expansion and contraction and lead to a higher incidence of cracks and fractures. Allergic reactions -- a small percentage of people, approximately 1%, are allergic to the mercury present in amalgam restorations.


Question: How can I make healthy meal choices if I have diabetes?

Answer: Make healthy meal choices. A good rule of thumb is to fill half your dinner plate with nonstarchy vegetables like spinach, carrots, lettuce, or tomatoes. Split the other half between nutritious whole grains or starches (think brown rice or sweet potatoes) and lean protein like skinless chicken. Eat healthy fats, like avocado or nuts, in small amounts. Limit how much salt you eat, too.


Question: What are healthy snacks for people with diabetes?

Answer: Snack smarter. Sodas and packaged foods are usually high in calories, salt, and added sugar, but low in vitamins and minerals. If you get hungry between meals, eat something healthy like carrots or grapes.


Question: How is radiation used to treat triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: Radiation is often used after surgery to kill any cancer cells still in the area. The goal is to stop the cancer from coming back. It's more common after a lumpectomy.


Question: How can you take care of yourself if you have triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: After your treatment is over, your doctor will want to see you often to make sure the cancer doesn't return. For the first 3 years, you'll likely see him every 3 to 6 months. For 2 years after that, you'll probably visit every 6 to 12 months. Once you've been cancer-free for 6 years, you'll probably go back only once a year. Tell the doctor right away if you get any new symptoms or if you have pain or other problems that relate to your breasts.


Question: When are you at most risk for triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: You're most at risk for triple-negative breast cancer if you: Are African- American or Latina Are under 40 Have what your doctor will call a BRCA mutation (change in a gene), especially the gene BRCA1 There's no way to know which type you have until you're tested by a doctor.


Question: What causes triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: The signs and symptoms of triple-negative breast cancer are often the same as those of otherbreast cancer types, and include: A lump or mass in the breast Breast pain or redness A nipple that turns inward or has a discharge Doctors aren't sure what makes you more likely to get triple-negative breast cancer. Not many women do -- it only affects up to 20% of those who have breast cancer.


Question: How is triple-negative breast cancer diagnosed?

Answer: You're most at risk for triple-negative breast cancer if you: Are African- American or Latina Are under 40 Have what your doctor will call a BRCA mutation (change in a gene), especially the gene BRCA1 There's no way to know which type you have until you're tested by a doctor. When doctors find an area in your breast that isn't normal, they'll cut out a little bit of the tissue to test the cells. This is called a biopsy. A doctor called a pathologist will look at your biopsied tissue under a microscope. The structure will tell him if the cells are normal, precancerous, or cancerous. If it's cancer, he'll do more tests to figure out the exact kind. If your cells don't test positive for estrogen, progesterone, or HER2 receptors, then it's diagnosed as triple-negative breast cancer. It might take a couple of weeks to get biopsy results.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: What medications do you recommend? What stage is my cancer -- has it spread to lymph nodes (glands near the breast) or other areas? Should I have chemotherapy before or after surgery? What type of surgery will I need? Will I need radiation treatments?


Question: What antihistamine pills can children take for allergies?

Answer: Over-the-counter oral antihistamines include: Cetirizine ( Zyrtec) Diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) Fexofenadine ( Allegra) Loratadine ( Alavert, Claritin) Steroid nose sprays fight inflammation and help your child breathe better.


Question: What is the key ingredient in Hydroxycut?

Answer: Hydroxycut isn't just one product. It's a family of dietary supplements sold without a prescription as weight loss aids. The key ingredient in most Hydroxycut products is Robusta coffee extract ( C. canephora robusta).


Question: How can bacterial vaginosis (BV) affect pregnancy?

Answer: When you're going through fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization ( IVF), you may have less success if you have BV. Pregnant women with BV have had babies who were born premature (before the 37th week) or with a low birth weight (less than 5.5 pounds). Since there's a chance BV could be the cause, you should get it treated.


Question: What causes bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

Answer: Both "good" and "bad" bacteria live in your vagina.


Question: What can raise my odds of getting bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

Answer: Any woman can get BV, but some things raise your odds, including: Smoking Sexual activity Douching Douching upsets the natural balance of bacteria. Scented soaps, bubble baths, and vaginal deodorants have a similar effect. A new sex partner, or having more than one, makes it more likely that you'll get BV. The reason why isn't clear, but women who have female partners are most at risk. You can also get BV from oral and anal sex. An IUD birth control device, which fits inside your uterus, has been linked to BV -- especially if you have irregular bleeding. But we need more studies to know if it's really a cause. You might have heard that you can get vaginal infections like BV from swimming pools or public toilet seats, but that's not true.


Question: What are the symptoms of bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

Answer: Around half of all women with BV show no symptoms. But if you do, you could notice a: Thin white, gray, or green discharge Burning feeling when you pee Fishy smell that gets stronger after sex It's not the same as a yeast infection. Those often itch, have a thick, white discharge, and don't smell.


Question: What other infections are associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

Answer: Having BV makes it easier for you to get an STI like herpes, chlamydia, or gonorrhea. If you already have HIV, BV raises your chances of passing it on to your partner. If you have BV when you get a hysterectomy or other surgery on your female organs, you're more likely to come down with a bacterial infection afterward. Some of the same things that cause BV can also lead to pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID), an infection of your uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.


Question: How can I prevent  bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

Answer: To lower your chances of getting BV, use only water â not even soap -- when you wash your genital area. Don't douche. When you go to the bathroom, wipe from front to back, from your vagina toward your anus. Put a condom on before his penis touches your vagina, mouth, or anus. Clean sex toys after every use. Limit the number of sex partners you have. Get tested for STIs, and have your partners get tested, too.


Question: How are chordomas removed?

Answer: Your treatment will depend on: Your age Your health Size of the tumor Where the tumor is Often, doctors remove the tumor with surgery. Taking out as much of the tumor as possible and some of the tissue around it can stop it from coming back. Sometimes surgeons can't remove the whole tumor because they might damage healthy cells in your brain or spine. Radiation -- high energy X-rays -- can kill any cancer cells that are left behind after surgery. This lowers the chance that the cancer will return.


Question: What determines treatment of a chordoma?

Answer: Your treatment will depend on: Your age Your health Size of the tumor Where the tumor is Often, doctors remove the tumor with surgery.


Question: What are symptoms of chordoma of the spine?

Answer: Chordoma in the skull causes symptoms like: Abnormal eye movements Changes to your voice or speech Double vision Headache Loss of feeling and movement in your face Neck pain Trouble swallowing Chordoma of the spine causes symptoms like: Loss of control over your bowels Lump in the lower part of your back Numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arms or legs Pain in your lower back Problems controlling your bladder Sometimes, chordomas in the brain can block the flow of fluid there and in the spine.


Question: How do chordomas cause issues with fluid in the brain?

Answer: Chordoma in the skull causes symptoms like: Abnormal eye movements Changes to your voice or speech Double vision Headache Loss of feeling and movement in your face Neck pain Trouble swallowing Chordoma of the spine causes symptoms like: Loss of control over your bowels Lump in the lower part of your back Numbness, tingling, or weakness in your arms or legs Pain in your lower back Problems controlling your bladder Sometimes, chordomas in the brain can block the flow of fluid there and in the spine. The fluid can build up and put pressure on the brain. This is called hydrocephalus.


Question: Are there current clinical trials for chordoma?

Answer: Researchers are studying several new treatments for chordoma. They test these in clinical trials to see if they're safe and if they work. These are often a way for people to try a new therapy that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if there's a trial that might be a good fit for you.


Question: Is it common for chordoma to return after treatment?

Answer: Still, chordoma often comes back after treatment. During the first year after your surgery, your doctor will check you with an MRI about once every 3 months to make sure it hasn't. If it does come back, you might need another surgery.


Question: What are the treatments for corns and calluses?

Answer: Most corns and calluses gradually disappear when the friction or pressure stops, although your doctor may shave the top of a callus to reduce the thickness. Properly positioned moleskin pads can help relieve pressure on a corn. Most foot doctors discourage the use of over-the-counter salicylic-acid corn remedies. When applied improperly, these corn "plasters" can create a chemical skin burn in healthy tissue around the corn and cause infections and ulcers (which is a hole through the skin) in patients with diabetes, poor circulation, or numbness in their feet. Oral antibiotics generally clear up infected corns, but pus may have to be drained through a small incision.


Question: Is surgery a good method to remove a corn or callus?

Answer: You can consider surgery to remove a plantar callus, but there are no guarantees that the callus won't come back. A conservative approach is best initially. Keep the feet dry and friction-free. Wear properly fitted shoes and cotton socks, not wool or synthetic fibers that might irritate the skin. If a podiatrist or orthopedist thinks your corn or callus is caused by abnormal foot structure, walking motion, or hip rotation, orthopedic shoe inserts or surgery to correct foot deformities may help correct the problem.


Question: What medicines can treat ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: When you have ulcerative colitis ( UC), you'll definitely take medicine to help manage it. There are several kinds your doctor will consider, depending on what you need. Most people with UC take prescription drugs called aminosalicylates (or â5- ASAsâ) that tame inflammation in the gut. These include balsalazide ( Colazal), mesalamine ( Asacol HD, Delzicol), olsalazine ( Dipentum), and sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine). Which one you take, and whether it is taken by mouth or as an enema or suppository, depend on the area of your colon that's affected. As long as you avoid your triggers, these may be enough if your disease is mild to moderate. You may need something else if your condition is more severe or if those standard treatments stop working.


Question: How effective is laparoscopy in treating endometriosis?

Answer: In both types of surgery, about 20% to 30% of women will have their endometriosis return within 5 years. The advantage of laparoscopy is a faster recovery that's less painful. You will probably have to stay in the hospital for several days after a laparotomy, and you may need several weeks to recover. During your recovery at home, you may be restricted from doing some everyday activities.


Question: How can operative laparoscopy help with treating endometriosis?

Answer: If your doctor finds endometriosis, she can remove some of the tissue growths during the procedure. She can cut them or burn them off using a laser or another technique.


Question: How can laparoscopy help with treating endometriosis?

Answer: If your doctor recommends surgery, the goal is to remove the endometriosis and any scar tissue from your body. Methods include: Laparoscopy. Doctors can diagnose and treat endometriosis with this procedure, which uses a thin instrument called a laparoscope. It has a light attached to it, along with a lens that lets your doctor see inside your pelvic area to look for endometriosis.


Question: What is a diagnostic laparoscopy for endometriosis?

Answer: During the procedure, your doctor will inflate your abdomen with gas and make a small cut to insert the laparoscope. This is the most reliable way to diagnose the condition. Your doctor may remove a small sample of tissue during the procedure to confirm the diagnosis.


Question: How soon can you go home after laparoscopy for endometriosis?

Answer: You'll probably be able to go home the day of the laparoscopy, but you might need to stay overnight if your surgery is complicated or takes a long time. You might be tired for a few days after the procedure, and your doctor may advise you not to drive for 2 weeks. You may also need to avoid sex and activities like swimming or bathing in a tub for about 2 weeks.


Question: How long does perimenopause last?

Answer: Perimenopause lasts up until menopause, the point when the ovaries stop releasing eggs. In the last 1 to 2 years of perimenopause, this drop in estrogen speeds up. At this stage, many women have menopause symptoms. The average length of perimenopause is 4 years, but for some women this stage may last only a few months or continue for 10 years. Perimenopause ends when a woman has gone 12 months without having her period.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's motor skills development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually can: Keep their balance and go up and down stairs Work with small objects Stack more than one block Use both sides of their body Stand on one leg for more than a few seconds By 4 years, kids usually can: Throw a ball overhead or catch a large ball Jump in place or hop on one foot Ride a tricycle Grasp a crayon between their thumb and fingers and scribble Stack four blocks By 5 years, kids usually can: Build a tower of six to eight blocks Gallop or skip Use a child-friendly scissors Hold a crayon comfortably Take off their clothing easily Stand on one foot for 10 seconds Walk up or down stairs alternating steps without using the handrail Brush their teeth Wash and dry their hands These problems can mean children have trouble getting along with adults or other children.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's speech and language development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's thinking-related development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.


Question: How can you tell if your child has developmental delays?

Answer: Every child grows and learns at his own pace, and the range of what's normal is pretty wide. It's helpful, though, to know the signs that your child might not have the skills most other kids have at his age. Doctors call those problems developmental delays. Many delays aren't serious, and most kids can catch up, especially when they get early treatment. The key is to get your child the help he needs as soon as you think there's a problem. If you wonder whether your little one is falling behind in emotional, mental, or physical growth, don't wait to find out. Talk to his doctor right away.


Question: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's motor skills development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually can: Keep their balance and go up and down stairs Work with small objects Stack more than one block Use both sides of their body Stand on one leg for more than a few seconds By 4 years, kids usually can: Throw a ball overhead or catch a large ball Jump in place or hop on one foot Ride a tricycle Grasp a crayon between their thumb and fingers and scribble Stack four blocks By 5 years, kids usually can: Build a tower of six to eight blocks Gallop or skip Use a child-friendly scissors Hold a crayon comfortably Take off their clothing easily Stand on one foot for 10 seconds Walk up or down stairs alternating steps without using the handrail Brush their teeth Wash and dry their hands These problems can mean children have trouble getting along with adults or other children.


Question: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's speech and language development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring.


Question: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's social or emotional skills?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about developmental delays?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone. Don't be afraid to let his doctor know as soon as you feel something isn't right. No matter what kind of developmental delay he might have, early diagnosis and treatment is the best way to make it better.


Question: What can you do to treat language and speech delays in children?

Answer: This specialist will study how your child expresses himself, including: What he understands What he can say Other ways he tries to get his thoughts across, such as gestures or nodding If your child does have a delay, he might need speech therapy. A therapist can work with him on how to pronounce words and sounds, and strengthen the muscles in his face and mouth. You can also work with your child on speech and language: Talk with her throughout the day. Point out objects or sounds at home, at the grocery store, in the car, or anywhere you go. Ask her questions and respond to her answers. Read to your child every day. Get treatment for ear infections or any other condition that might affect her hearing.


Question: What different developmental delays can children have problems with?

Answer: Children might have problems with: Language or speech Movement, or motor skills Emotional and social skills Thinking skills These problems are the most common type of developmental delay. They sound similar, but they're different types of issues.


Question: What causes language and speech delays in children?

Answer: A delay in these skills can happen for many reasons, including: Problems with a child's tongue or the roof of his mouth, which makes it hard to form sounds and words Hearing loss. Kids who've had a lot of ear infections can have hearing problems. A learning disability A developmental disorder, such as cerebral palsy or autism spectrum disorder What you can do.


Question: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's social or emotional skills?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's social or emotional skills?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.


Question: How can a speech therapist help with your child's language and speech delays?

Answer: If you think your child has a problem with his speech or language, let his doctor know right away. The doctor will need to test his hearing. She'll probably also suggest that your child see a professional who can diagnose and treat these delays, called a speech-language pathologist or speech therapist. This specialist will study how your child expresses himself, including: What he understands What he can say Other ways he tries to get his thoughts across, such as gestures or nodding If your child does have a delay, he might need speech therapy.


Question: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's thinking-related development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.


Question: What are signs of motor skill delays?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring. Sometimes the problem isn't with their strength, but with their coordination. You may notice that your child seems clumsier than other kids his age.


Question: What can you do to help with social and emotional delays in children?

Answer: Treatment for a social or emotional delay depends on the cause and how much it affects your child's life. You'll probably work closely with your child's doctor and other professionals to find what helps him the most. Medication or special types of behavioral therapy can help if your child has behavior problems from a delay. You can also work with a therapist to learn how to encourage good social and emotional skills at home. The earlier you work on these problems, the more likely your child can catch up to other kids his age.


Question: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's thinking-related development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.


Question: What are some possible causes of rashes on the breast?

Answer: Paget's disease is a rare skin disorder that's often linked to breast cancer in the tissues behind your nipple.


Question: Why does polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) cause weight gain?

Answer: PCOS makes it more difficult for the body to use the hormone insulin, which normally helps convert sugars and starches from foods into energy. This condition -- called insulin resistance -- can cause insulin and sugar -- glucose -- to build up in the bloodstream. High insulin levels increase the production of male hormones called androgens. High androgen levels lead to symptoms such as body hair growth, acne, irregular periods -- and weight gain.


Question: What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: PCOS is the most common hormonal disorder in women of childbearing age and can lead to issues with fertility. Women who have PCOS have higher levels of male hormones and are also less sensitive to insulin or are "insulin-resistant."


Question: What is Metformin (Glucophage) for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: Metformin is a diabetes drug that helps the body use insulin more efficiently. It also reduces testosterone production. Some research has found that it can help obese women with PCOS lose weight.


Question: What healthy lifestyle habits can keep your weight under control with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

Answer: In addition to taking medication, adding healthy habits into your lifestyle can help you keep your weight under control: Eat a high-fiber, low-sugar diet. Load up on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Avoid processed and fatty foods to keep your blood sugar levels in check. If you're having trouble eating healthy on your own, talk to your doctor or a dietitian. Eat four to six small meals throughout the day, rather than three large meals. This will help control your blood sugar levels. Exercise for at least 30 minutes a day on most, if not all, days of the week.


Question: How are 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) supplements regulated?

Answer: The U. S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) does regulate dietary supplements; however, it treats them like foods rather than medications. Unlike drug manufacturers, the makers of supplements don't have to show their products are safe or effective before selling them on the market.


Question: How is osteoarthritis diagnosed?

Answer: X-rays are used to diagnose osteoarthritis, typically revealing an uneven loss of cartilage and spurring of the underlying bone.


Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed?

Answer: In addition to symptoms and a doctor's exam, blood tests and X-rays are commonly used to confirm rheumatoid arthritis. The majority of people with rheumatoid arthritis have an antibody called rheumatoid factor ( RF) in their blood, although RF may also be present in other disorders. A newer test for rheumatoid arthritis that measures levels of antibodies in the blood (called the anti- CCP test) is more specific and tends to be only elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or in patients about to develop rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: What kinds of brain exercises should I do?

Answer: But the main idea seems to be keeping your brain active and challenged. You could start with something as simple as eating with the hand you usually don't use from time to time. You can also: Learn something new, such as a second language or a musical instrument. Play board games with your kids or grandkids. Or get your friends together for a weekly game of cards. Mix it up by trying new games. The extra bonus of activities like these? Social connections also help your brain. Work on crossword, number, or other kinds of puzzles. Play online memory games or video games. Read, write, or sign up for local adult education classes.


Question: What can delay the symptoms of dementia?

Answer: Neither education nor brain exercises are a sure way to prevent Alzheimer's. But they may help delay symptoms and keep the mind working better for longer.


Question: What is stage 3 of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: It's at this point that you start to notice changes in your loved one's thinking and reasoning, such as: Forgets something he just read Asks the same question over and over Has more and more trouble making plans or organizing Can't remember names when meeting new people You can help by being your loved one's "memory" for him, making sure he pays bills and gets to appointments on time.


Question: What is stage 7 of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Many basic abilities in a person with Alzheimer's, such as eating, walking, and sitting up, fade during this period. You can stay involved by feeding your loved one with soft, easy-to-swallow food, helping him use a spoon, and making sure he drinks. This is important, as many people at this stage can no longer tell when they're thirsty.


Question: What is stage 1 of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: When your loved one is in this early phase, he won't have any symptoms that you can spot. Only a PET scan, an imaging test that shows how the brain is working, can reveal whether he's got Alzheimer's. As he moves into the next 6 stages, your friend or relative with Alzheimer's will see more and more changes in his thinking and reasoning.


Question: What is stage 6 of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: He might also mistake a person for someone else, for instance, thinking his wife is his mother. Delusions might a set in, such as thinking he needs to go to work even though he no longer has a job.


Question: What is stage 2 of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: You still might not notice anything amiss in your loved one's behavior, but he may be picking up on small differences, things that even a doctor doesn't catch. This could include forgetting a word or misplacing objects. At this stage, subtle symptoms of Alzheimer's don't interfere with his ability to work or live independently. Keep in mind that these symptoms might not be Alzheimer's at all, but simply normal changes from aging.


Question: What is stage 4 of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: During this period, the problems in thinking and reasoning that you noticed in stage 3 get more obvious, and new issues appear. Your friend or family member might: Forget details about himself Have trouble putting the right date and amount on a check Forget what month or season it is Have trouble cooking meals or even ordering from a menu You can help with everyday chores and his safety.


Question: What is stage 5 of Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Your loved one might start to lose track of where he is and what time it is. He might have trouble remembering his address, phone number, or where he went to school. He could get confused about what kind of clothes to wear for the day or season.


Question: How is snapping hip syndrome treated?

Answer: Unless snapping hip syndrome is painful or causes difficulty in sports or other activities, many people do not see a doctor or have it treated.


Question: What is the treatment for severe pain from snapping hip syndrome?

Answer: For minor snapping syndrome pain, try home treatments such as: Reducing or modifying activity Applying ice Using over-the-counter pain relievers For more severe pain or pain that does not improve with home treatment, see your doctor.


Question: What therapy can help treat snapping hip syndrome?

Answer: Physical therapy with emphasis on stretching, strengthening, and alignment can often help. Sometimes, treatment with a corticosteroid injection to the area can relieve inflammation. In rare cases, doctors may recommend surgery.


Question: How can bone fractures affect your vertebrae?

Answer: When your vertebrae -- the small bones of your spine -- get thin and weak, it doesn't take a fall to break them. They can just start to crumble. And you may not feel any pain when it happens. Your vertebrae work together to support your body, so a fracture can keep you from bending, leaning, and twisting the way you do every day -- as when you tie your shoes or take a shower. And once you have a spinal fracture, you're more likely to have another one. If more than one vertebra starts to crumble, you may have a hunched-over posture that gets worse with time. That can cause severe pain and affect your lungs, intestines, and heart.


Question: How can wrist and forearm fractures lead to?

Answer: These can hurt a lot, but they tend not to have the same far-reaching effects as spinal and hip injuries. But they can still cause problems in your everyday life. After all, you use your wrists and hands for so many tasks around the house and out in the world. For example, you might find it harder to write, cook, and do basic grooming tasks like brushing your teeth if the pain doesn't go away.


Question: How does medication help treat dissociative amnesia?

Answer: Medication: There is no medication to treat the dissociative disorders themselves. However, a person with a dissociative disorder who also suffers from depression or anxiety might sometimes benefit from treatment with a medication such as an antidepressant or anti-anxiety drug.


Question: Is dissociative amnesia different from simple amnesia?

Answer: Dissociative amnesia is not the same as simple amnesia, which involves a loss of information from memory, usually as the result of disease or injury to the brain. With dissociative amnesia, the memories still exist but are deeply buried within the person's mind and cannot be recalled. However, the memories might resurface on their own or after being triggered by something in the person's surroundings.


Question: When does dissociative amnesia occur?

Answer: Dissociative amnesia occurs when a person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal information. With this disorder, the degree of memory loss goes beyond normal forgetfulness and includes gaps in memory for long periods of time or of memories involving the traumatic event.


Question: How can you lower the risk of dissociative amnesia?

Answer: Although it may not be possible to prevent dissociative amnesia, it might be helpful to begin treatment in people as soon as they begin to have symptoms. Immediate intervention after a traumatic event or emotionally distressing experience can help to reduce the likelihood of dissociative disorders.


Question: What are the symptoms of dissociative amnesia?

Answer: The primary symptom of dissociative amnesia is the sudden inability to remember past experiences or personal information. Some people with this disorder also might appear confused and suffer from depression and/or anxiety.


Question: What should you look for in a daycare center's handwashing policy?

Answer: How often do employees wash hands? The ideal center should require employees to wash their hands as often as a doctor does -- in between touching every child. If your child-care center doesn't have a sink in every room, look for bottles of hand sanitizer. If employees have to leave the room to clean their hands, they may be less likely to do it.


Question: Should sick children stay home from daycare?

Answer: According to joint recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Public Health Association, and the National Resource Center for Health and Safety in Child Care and Early Education, a child should temporarily be kept out of daycare for any of the following: A fever above 101 ° F (checked orally) accompanied by behavior change or other symptoms (sore throat, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) Diarrhea that can't be contained in a diaper or that makes a toilet-trained child incontinent Vomiting more than two times in a 24-hour period Some centers may be more or less lenient than others.


Question: What can I eat if I have hypothyroidism?

Answer: Calcium and vitamin D supplements can keep hypoparathyroidism in check. A healthy diet helps, too. Your doctor may tell you to: Limit foods with phosphates, like soda and other fizzy drinks. These can pull calcium from your bones. Eat foods high in calcium such as low-fat dairy products, dark green vegetables like collard greens and kale, and foods with added calcium like some cereals and orange juices.


Question: What things can trigger hypoparathyroidism?

Answer: Several things can trigger hypoparathyroidism. They include: Injury or removal of the glands during surgery Autoimmune diseases Radiation therapy to your neck or head Low levels of magnesium Genetic disorders Some of the symptoms of low blood calcium are: Muscle cramps or spasms in your legs, feet, lower back, or face Tingling in your fingers, toes, or lips Anxiety and depression Heart failure An irregular heartbeat Low blood pressure Seizures Low calcium in the long term can lead to: Cataracts Dental problems Movement disorders like tremors Hair loss and brittle nails Your doctor will test your blood and your urine for calcium, PTH, phosphorus, and magnesium.


Question: How do I use alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) for skin care?

Answer: Start with a low concentration and apply every other day to avoid irritating your skin. Over time, you can gradually start to use it more often, working up to every day. Even at lower doses, though, the acids may irritate and dry skin, and make it more sensitive to the sun. Doctors recommend using moisturizer and sunscreen when you use any products that have AHAs.


Question: What is retinol and why is it in skin care products?

Answer: It also improves skin tone and color and reduces mottled patches. Many dermatologists prescribe retinol's stronger counterpart, tretinoin, or similar products, to slow skin aging, improve irregular coloring, and clear up acne. Over-the-counter products that have retinols may be weaker, but they can still improve how your skin looks. Using a retinol-based product may make the top layer of your skin dry and flaky. It's best to apply it at night and wear moisturizer and sunscreen the next morning, or ask your dermatologist about alternatives. As you age, your body makes less collagen and elastin, which keep skin strong, flexible, and resilient. The antioxidants in vitamin C may boost the amount of collagen and minimize fine lines, wrinkles, and scars. Vitamin C is in some skin care products such as creams and lotions.


Question: How do antioxidants help with sun damage and wrinkles?

Answer: Most plants have these nutrients in varying amounts. They can counter "free radicals," tiny particles that harm DNA inside of cells. Skin cells with that kind of damage can speed up aging, leading to wrinkles, dry skin, dark circles under eyes, dull skin, and more.


Question: Why is vitamin C in skin care products?

Answer: As you age, your body makes less collagen and elastin, which keep skin strong, flexible, and resilient. The antioxidants in vitamin C may boost the amount of collagen and minimize fine lines, wrinkles, and scars. Vitamin C is in some skin care products such as creams and lotions. If you want to try one, ask your dermatologist for some options.


Question: What is green tea extract and why is it in skin care products?

Answer: Tea is loaded with nutrients called polyphenols, which have been shown to fight free radicals. Early studies have found the ingredients in tea can ease sun damage and may protect you from skin cancer when you put it on your skin. Use green tea extract under sunscreen to double the protection. Polyphenols in creams and lotions may also slow signs of aging and reduce sagging skin and wrinkles.


Question: Why is caffeine in skin care products?

Answer: It's also an antioxidant, but experts don't know whether it can reverse aging on your skin. Still, companies have added it to lotions and creams based on research that shows caffeine could help prevent the growth of skin cancer and, when applied to the skin, may make wrinkles less defined, especially ''crow's feet'' around the eyes.


Question: What is alpha-lipoic acid and why is it in skin care products?

Answer: Those with the most antioxidants that have been shown to repair damage and slow the aging process include: Acai oil Alpha-lipoic acid Green tea extract Retinol Coenzyme Q10 ( Co Q10) Caffeine Other plant-based or natural treatments for aging skin found in skin-care products include: Alpha-hydroxy acid Salicylic acid Your body makes this natural chemical, and it's in every cell you have. As an antioxidant, it attacks free radicals throughout the body. In skin care products, companies tout it as a substance that can erase fine lines and wrinkles, diminish pores, and give skin a healthy glow.


Question: What is hyaluronic acid and how is it used in skin care?

Answer: Your body makes hyaluronic acid naturally, keeping tissues cushioned and lubricated. It's found in skin, joint fluid, and connective tissues. Age, smoking, and an unhealthy diet can cause you to make less of it over time. Products that have hyaluronic acid may help smooth out skin. They work especially well when you use them with vitamin C products.


Question: What are alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and how are they used in skin care products?

Answer: When you shop for makeup and skin care products, you may see other ingredients on their labels: This group includes glycolic, lactic, citric, and tartaric acids. They're in many products. They exfoliate the skin, reducing fine lines, age spots, acne scars, and uneven skin color. You can get peels with high concentrations of AHAs from a beauty specialist (esthetician) or dermatologist, but you can use lower concentrations -- between 5% and 10% -- in creams or lotions on a daily basis.


Question: How does salicylic acid treat acne and when should I use it?

Answer: You'll see this ingredient in many over-the-counter and prescription products that treat acne. It penetrates pores and reduces blackheads and whiteheads with less irritation than what you might get from alpha-hydroxy acids. Like AHAs, salicylic acid exfoliates the skin, which can reduce signs of aging. You shouldn't use salicylic acid if you are allergic to aspirin or other products with salicylates. If you're pregnant or nursing, ask your doctor before you use any product with salicylic acid. Stop using the product if you get hives or itching. Also, be aware of symptoms of rare but serious allergic reactions -- throat tightness, trouble breathing, feeling faint, or swelling of your face or tongue. Get help right away if you have these problems.


Question: How can I stop the bleeding from a puncture wound?

Answer: Apply firm, direct pressure with sterile gauze or clean cloth until bleeding stops.


Question: When should you call or see a doctor about a puncture wound right away?

Answer: The object that caused the puncture wound cannot be easily removed The puncture wound is deep, on the face, or touching bone The wound is visibly dirty The wound is an animal or human bite The wound occurred through the bottom of a shoe -- stepping on a nail, for example If the object that caused the puncture is small and you can easily remove it, do so.