Question: How do prednisone and systemic steroids work to increase asthma control?

Answer: The benefits of inhaled steroids for better asthma control far exceed their risks, and include: Reduced frequency of asthma attacks Decreased use of beta-agonist bronchodilators (quick relief or rescue inhalers) Improved lung function Reduced emergency room visits and hospitalizations for life-threatening asthma Using systemic steroids (steroids taken by mouth or by injection that can affect the entire body) such as prednisone , prednisolone, and methylprednisolone helps to treat severe asthma episodes, allowing people to gain better asthma control. Prednisone and other steroid drugs may be used to help control sudden and severe asthma attacks or in rare cases to treat long-term, hard-to-control asthma. Most often, prednisone or another steroid is taken in high doses for a few days (called a steroid burst) for more a severe asthma attack. Side effects of systemic steroids can include weakness, acne , weight gain, mood or behavior changes, upset stomach, bone loss, eye changes, and slowing of growth. These side effects rarely occur with short-term use, such as for an acute asthma attack.


Question: How does the use of inhaled steroids treat asthma?

Answer: Inhaled steroids are the mainstay treatment for controlling asthma. The use of inhaled steroids leads to: Better asthma control Fewer symptoms and flare-ups Reduced need for hospitalization Steroids may help asthma symptoms during an attack but are slow acting and can take several hours to take effect.


Question: What are the side effects of inhaled steroids for asthma?

Answer: Inhaled steroids have fewside effects, especially at lower doses. Thrush (a yeast infection in the mouth) and hoarseness may occur, although this is rare. Rinsing the mouth, gargling after using the asthma inhaler, and using a spacer device with metered dose inhalers can help prevent these side effects. Thrush is easily treated with a prescription antifungal lozenge or rinse. Inhaled steroids (asthma inhalers) are safe for adults and children. Side effects with these anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers are minimal. Your doctor will prescribe the lowest dose that effectively controls your child's or your asthma. On a side note, many parents are concerned about giving their children "steroids." Inhaled steroids are not the same as anabolic steroids that some athletes take to build muscle. These steroids are anti-inflammatory drugs, the cornerstone of asthma therapy. There are many benefits of using anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers to manage asthma.


Question: What do inhaled steroid medications for improved asthma control include?

Answer: Inhaled steroid medications for better asthma control include: Beclomethasone dipropionate( Qvar) Budesonide ( Pulmicort) Budesonide/ Formoterol ( Symbicort) - a combination drug that includes a steroid and a long-acting bronchodilator drug Fluticasone ( Flovent) Fluticasone inh powder ( Arnuity Ellipta) Fluticasone/ Salmeterol ( Advair) - a combination drug that includes a steroid and a long-actingbronchodilator drug Mometasone ( Asmanex) Mometasone/formoterol ( Dulera) - a combination drug that also includes a long-acting bronchodilator drug Inhaled steroids come in three forms: the hydrofluoroalkane inhaler or HFA (formerly called a metered dose inhaler or MDI), dry powder inhaler ( DPI), and nebulizer solutions.


Question: How do anticholinergics work to improve asthma control?

Answer: Anticholinergics relax and enlarge (dilate) the airways in the lungs, making breathing easier (bronchodilators). Tiotropium bromide is a maintenance medication used once a day along with other maintenance drugs when tighter control is needed for symptom relief . It is not a rescue inhaler. This drug may be used by individuals age 6 and older who have asthma.


Question: How can symptoms of an eye infection affect how you see?

Answer: You may find you have blurry vision. Some other problems you may get are fever, trouble wearing contacts, and swollen lymph nodes near your ear.


Question: What are fungal eye infections?

Answer: It's rare to get infections from a fungus, but they can be serious if you do. Many fungal eye infections happen after an eye injury, especially if your eye was scraped by a something from a plant, like a stick or a thorn. You can also get one if you wear contacts and don't clean them properly.


Question: What is pinkeye (conjunctivitis)?

Answer: It's an infection of your conjunctiva and usually gives your eyes a pink tint. It can be caused by a bacteria or virus, although sometimes you might get it from an allergic reaction or irritants. It's common to get pinkeye when you have a cold.


Question: What interactions occur with DMSO?

Answer: Using DMSO by mouth can cause: Dizziness Drowsiness Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Decreased appetite DMSO can increase the effect of some medicines, which can lead to serious health issues. Examples of such medicines include: Blood thinners Steroids Sedatives The biggest concern of DMSO as a solvent is that when it gets on the skin it will cause anything on the skin to be absorbed. So be sure to wash your hands and skin well before using.


Question: What are the benefits of taking DMSO?

Answer: People have also used it to try to treat such conditions as: Headache Rheumatoid arthritis Eye problems Scars Scleroderma (disease that causes scar tissue to form in the skin) Other than its use as a prescription medicine, there is little or no scientific evidence to support other claims made about DMSO's effectiveness. The American Cancer Society says there is no evidence to support the use of DMSO to treat cancer. Using it that way could cause serious delays in getting proper and effective treatment.


Question: What is DMSO?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } DMSO, or dimethyl sulfoxide, is a by-product of paper making. It comes from a substance found in wood. DMSO has been used as an industrial solvent since the mid-1800s. From about the mid-20th century, researchers have explored its use as an anti-inflammatory agent. The FDA has approved DMSO as a prescription medication for treating symptoms of painful bladder syndrome. It's also used under medical supervision to treat several other conditions, including shingles. DMSO is easily absorbed by the skin. It's sometimes used to increase the body's absorption of other medications. DMSO is available without a prescription most often in gel or cream form. It can be purchased in health food stores, by mail order, and on the Internet. While it can sometimes be found as an oral supplement, its safety is unclear. DMSO is primarily used by applying it to the skin.


Question: What are the risks of taking DMSO?

Answer: Industrial grade DMSO may contain a number of impurities that can easily be absorbed into the skin with potentially serious health effects. The most frequent side effects from using DMSO on the skin include: Stomach upset Skin irritation Strong odor of garlic More serious side effects include: Severe allergic reactions Headaches Itching and burning when applied to the skin DMSO can also cause a deadly reaction when used in high concentrations. Using DMSO by mouth can cause: Dizziness Drowsiness Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation Decreased appetite DMSO can increase the effect of some medicines, which can lead to serious health issues.


Question: Who should not take DMSO?

Answer: Pregnant women and women who are breastfeeding should not use DMSO, since little is known about its possible effects on the fetus or infant. You should also not use DMSO without talking to your doctor if you have: Diabetes Asthma Liver and kidney conditions Always keep in mind that supplements are not regulated by the FDA.


Question: What happens if I go to the hospital because of chest pain?

Answer: Any allergies you have, especially ones to medications Not everyone who goes to the emergency room with chest pain is admitted to the hospital. But if there's a reasonable chance that the pain is due to a heart attack or other serious condition, you will be. For the first 24 hours after a heart attack, you're usually in a coronary care unit ( CCU) or an intensive care unit ( ICU). There, skilled staff will closely check your heart. A series of electrocardiograms and blood tests will be performed. Doctors will continue to keep close watch over you and give you meds as needed.


Question: What are symptoms that mean I might be having a heart attack?

Answer: If you have these symptoms, go to the emergency room immediately: Discomfort that feels like pressure, fullness, or a squeezing pain in the center or left side of your chest. It lasts for more than a few minutes, or goes away and comes back. Pain and discomfort that extend beyond your chest to other parts of your upper body, such as one or both arms, back, neck, stomach, and jaw Unexplained shortness of breath, with or without chest discomfort Any of the symptoms above that come with a cold sweat, nausea, lightheadedness, anxiety, or indigestion You never know when you may need to go to the emergency room, so it's best to be ready.


Question: What is the future goal for treating metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer?

Answer: As medical therapies improve, experts hope someday to treat this form of cancer like diabetes and other ongoing, "chronic" conditions, which doctors can manage for several years or even decades.


Question: What are my treatment options if I have metastatic (stage IV) breast cancer?

Answer: The options your doctor recommends for you will depend on: Where the cancer is in your body The kind of cancer cells you have Your symptoms Breast cancer treatments you've had in the past Your health and age Your preferences It's your decision.


Question: What is "nursemaid's elbow"?

Answer: Nursemaid's Elbow, or "pulled elbow," occurs in small children as a result of being lifted, yanked, swung by the hand or wrist, or falling on an outstretched arm. One of the arm bones slips out of place slightly. The child may: Complain that the elbow hurts Cry when the arm is moved or touched Hold the arm close to his or her side or support it with the other arm. Not use the arm The health care provider may see the child or refer you to a hospital emergency room.


Question: Why do nightmares occur?

Answer: Nightmares, or bad dreams, are common in children and adults. Often nightmares are caused by: Stress, conflict, and fear Trauma Emotional problems Medication or drug use Illness If you have a recurring nightmare, your subconscious may be trying to tell you something.


Question: How can IUDs (intrauterine devices) help with birth control?

Answer: These are small, plastic devices that a doctor or nurse will insert into your uterus. The procedure is simple and quick, although a little uncomfortable. Once it's in position, the IUD will protect you from pregnancy for a long time. IUDs that use hormones are good for 3-5 years depending on which type you get. The copper- T version -- which uses copper, a natural sperm-killer -- is good for up to 10 years. IUDs are about 99% effective in preventing pregnancy.


Question: What is permanent birth control?

Answer: Women can choose to have a tubal ligation in which the under general anesthesia, the fallopian tubes are closed off preventing eggs from reaching the ovaries. This is also known as âhaving your tubes tied.â For men, the permanent birth control option would be a vasectomy. During this procedure, your doctor causes a permanent interruption in the tube that allows the sperm to get into the semen


Question: What are the types hormonal birth control?

Answer: These include birth control pills, stick-on patches, insertable vaginal rings, shots, and implants. You'll need a prescription for them. They use hormones, similar to the ones in your body, to stop the release of an egg so that it can't get fertilized by sperm.


Question: Is there a way to tell good carbs from bad carbs for people with diabetes?

Answer: The glycemic index gives you a way to tell slower-acting "good carbs" from the faster "bad carbs." You can use it to fine-tune your carb-counting and help keep your blood sugar more steady.


Question: Where can I find glycemic index numbers for foods?

Answer: 55 or less = Low (good) 56- 69 = Medium 70 or higher = High (bad) Look for the glycemic index on the labels of packaged foods. You can also find glycemic index lists for common foods on the Internet. Harvard University has one with more than 100. Or ask your dietitian or nutrition counselor.


Question: What should you eat to have low glycemic load?

Answer: For a diet with a lower glycemic load, eat: More whole grains, nuts, legumes, fruits, vegetables without starch, and other foods with a low glycemic index Fewer foods with a high glycemic index, like potatoes, white rice, and white bread Less of sugary foods, including candy, cookies, cakes, and sweet drinks You can still eat foods with a high glycemic index.


Question: How can ripeness of foods change their glycemic index?

Answer: The glycemic index of fruits like bananas goes up as they ripen.


Question: Where can you find the glycemic index?

Answer: 55 or less = Low (good) 56- 69 = Medium 70 or higher = High (bad) Look for the glycemic index on the labels of packaged foods. You can also find glycemic index lists for common foods on the Internet. Harvard University has one with more than 100. Or ask your dietitian or nutrition counselor.


Question: Is there a pattern in glycemic index numbers of food?

Answer: Foods that are close to how they're found in nature tend to have a lower glycemic index than refined and processed foods.


Question: Is there anything that I need to consider other than glycemic index when making dietary choices for diabetes?

Answer: The glycemic index shouldn't be the only thing you consider when making choices about what to eat. The fact a food has a low glycemic index doesn't mean it's super-healthy, or that you should eat a lot of it. Calories, vitamins, and minerals are still important.


Question: What does it mean if my baby smiles?

Answer: Sometimes a smile in the early weeks of life is simply a sign that your little bundle is passing gas. But starting between 6 and 8 weeks of life, babies develop a "social smile" -- an intentional gesture of warmth meant just for you. This is an important milestone. Your pediatrician will ask you whether you've seen your baby's grin at her two-month well child visit. So be on the lookout.


Question: How does exercise affect blood sugar if I have gestational diabetes?

Answer: Exercise can lower your blood sugar. So when you work out, always have a form of quick sugar with you, such as glucose tablets or hard candy.


Question: What are the FDA regulations regarding color additives to food?

Answer: Manufacturers usually add dye for the following reasons: To add color to colorless foods To enhance colors To avoid color loss due to environmental elements To provide consistency when there are variations in the coloring of the food The FDA regulates color additives to ensure that they are safe for human consumption. Regulation also helps ensure that foods with coloring are accurately labeled so that consumers know what they are eating. To determine the approval of an additive, the FDA studies the composition of it and how much is consumed and notes any health effects and safety factors that need to be observed. Once the food dye is approved, the FDA determines an appropriate level of use for that additive. The FDA only allows an additive to be approved if there is a reasonable certainty of no harm to consumers.


Question: Why do manufacturers use food dye?

Answer: Manufacturers usually add dye for the following reasons: To add color to colorless foods To enhance colors To avoid color loss due to environmental elements To provide consistency when there are variations in the coloring of the food The FDA regulates color additives to ensure that they are safe for human consumption.


Question: How are food dyes regulated?

Answer: Manufacturers usually add dye for the following reasons: To add color to colorless foods To enhance colors To avoid color loss due to environmental elements To provide consistency when there are variations in the coloring of the food The FDA regulates color additives to ensure that they are safe for human consumption. Regulation also helps ensure that foods with coloring are accurately labeled so that consumers know what they are eating. To determine the approval of an additive, the FDA studies the composition of it and how much is consumed and notes any health effects and safety factors that need to be observed. Once the food dye is approved, the FDA determines an appropriate level of use for that additive. The FDA only allows an additive to be approved if there is a reasonable certainty of no harm to consumers.


Question: What is in food coloring and where is it used?

Answer: Food coloring (dye) is often added to processed foods, drinks, and condiments. They are used to maintain or improve the appearance of the food. Manufacturers usually add dye for the following reasons: To add color to colorless foods To enhance colors To avoid color loss due to environmental elements To provide consistency when there are variations in the coloring of the food The FDA regulates color additives to ensure that they are safe for human consumption.


Question: What is the difference between food dyes and lakes?

Answer: There are two types of approved color additives - dyes and lakes. Dyes are water-soluble and usually come in the form of powders, granules, or liquids. Lakes are not water-soluble.


Question: What cancer cell abnormalities does a fluorescence in situ hybridization test detect?

Answer: Abnormalities found in cancer cells include: Translocation. Part of one chromosome has broken off and relocated itself onto another chromosome. Inversion. Part of a chromosome is in reverse order, although it is still attached to the correct chromosome. Deletion. Part of a chromosome is missing. Duplication. Part of a chromosome has been copied and the cell contains too many copies.


Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for leukemias?

Answer: FISH also can identify chromosomal abnormalities in leukemias, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL) cells, some of which are associated with aggressive forms of the disease. Patients with more aggressive forms of CLL may need urgent treatment, while those with less aggressive forms may only require observation.


Question: What do translocations or duplications of cancer cells indicate?

Answer: Translocations can help doctors identify some types of leukemia, lymphomas, and sarcoma. Duplications in breast cancer cells can help doctors choose optimal treatments.


Question: How do fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests compare to standard cytogenetic tests when testing for cancer?

Answer: Translocations can help doctors identify some types of leukemia, lymphomas, and sarcoma. Duplications in breast cancer cells can help doctors choose optimal treatments. Compared to standard cytogenetic (cell gene) tests, one advantage of FISH is that it can identify genetic changes that are too small to be seen under a microscope. Another advantage is that FISH doesn't have to be performed on cells that are actively dividing. Because other tests cannot be performed until cancer cells have been growing in lab dishes for about two weeks, the process usually takes about three weeks. FISH results are usually available within a few days.


Question: What are the advantages of fluorescence in situ hybridization tests over standard cytogenetic (cell gene) tests?

Answer: Compared to standard cytogenetic (cell gene) tests, one advantage of FISH is that it can identify genetic changes that are too small to be seen under a microscope. Another advantage is that FISH doesn't have to be performed on cells that are actively dividing. Because other tests cannot be performed until cancer cells have been growing in lab dishes for about two weeks, the process usually takes about three weeks. FISH results are usually available within a few days.


Question: What are some abnormalities found in cancer cells using a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test?

Answer: During a FISH test using a sample of the patient's tissue, special colored dyes are attached to specific parts of certain chromosomes in order to visualize and count them under a fluorescent microscope and to detect cancer-promoting abnormalities. Abnormalities found in cancer cells include: Translocation. Part of one chromosome has broken off and relocated itself onto another chromosome. Inversion. Part of a chromosome is in reverse order, although it is still attached to the correct chromosome. Deletion. Part of a chromosome is missing. Duplication. Part of a chromosome has been copied and the cell contains too many copies.


Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for breast cancer?

Answer: In breast cancer patients, for example, a FISH test on breast cancer tissue removed during a biopsy can show whether the cells have extra copies of the HER2 gene. Cells with extra copies of the gene have more HER2 receptors, which receive signals that stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells. So patients with extra copies of the gene are more likely to respond to treatment with Herceptin (trastuzumab), a drug that blocks the ability of HER2 receptors to receive growth signals. Because FISH testing is expensive and not widely available, it's not as commonly used as another breast cancer test: Immuno Histo Chemistry ( IHC).


Question: How do  fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests diagnose leukemia?

Answer: FISH also can identify chromosomal abnormalities in leukemias, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL) cells, some of which are associated with aggressive forms of the disease. Patients with more aggressive forms of CLL may need urgent treatment, while those with less aggressive forms may only require observation.


Question: Why is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test useful for diagnosing some types of cancer?

Answer: Because a FISH test can detect genetic abnormalities associated with cancer, it's useful for diagnosing some types of the disease. When the type of cancer has previously been diagnosed, a FISH test also may provide additional information to help predict a patient's outcome and whether he or she is likely to respond to chemotherapy drugs.


Question: How does a fluorescence in situ hybridization test work?

Answer: During a FISH test using a sample of the patient's tissue, special colored dyes are attached to specific parts of certain chromosomes in order to visualize and count them under a fluorescent microscope and to detect cancer-promoting abnormalities.


Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for bladder cancer?

Answer: Although the FISH test is often used to analyze genetic abnormalities in breast cancer, it also can provide important information about many other types of cancer. In the diagnosis of bladder cancer, for example, FISH testing of urinary cells may be more reliable than a standard test that looks for abnormal cells. In addition, FISH may detect bladder cancer recurrences three to six months earlier.


Question: How can you prevent spreading hepatitis C?

Answer: You can pass the hepatitis C virus to others through your blood, even if you don't have any symptoms. To prevent this, cover wounds carefully and avoid sharing: Razors, nail clippers, toothbrushes, or diabetes supplies Needles for injecting drugs, or steroids Tools for body piercings or tattoos Hepatitis C doesn't spread through kissing, coughing, sneezing, or sharing eating utensils. It's rare, but you can get it from unprotected sex.


Question: What preparation is needed for ear tube surgery?

Answer: The doctor will: Make a small opening in the eardrum Drain fluid Place the tube in the opening Your doctor will give you details on how to get ready. Children who need to be given something to sleep will have to fast, or go without eating, for a certain number of hours before the surgery. Your child won't be able to eat anything and can only drink certain liquids.


Question: Are you asleep when you have surgery for ear tubes?

Answer: The first step for younger children is to get medicine so they'll sleep through the surgery. The main reason for this is to make sure your child doesn't move during the procedure. You'll take your youngster to a hospital or outpatient surgery center, and doctors keep a close eye on his heart rate, oxygen, and blood pressure to make sure everything's going well. Older children and adults can have the surgery while they're awake. For them, it can be done in the doctor's office.


Question: What words should I avoid when talking to my child about surgery?

Answer: As you talk with children, it's best to avoid certain phrases. If you say âput you to sleep,â that may remind them of a pet that's been put down. Instead, you could talk about how a special doctor has medicine to help them sleep really well. The words âcutâ or âmake a holeâ may make a child think of pain. Instead, you can say âmake a small opening.â Children who have been given anesthesia take some time to fully wake up.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor if my child is getting ear tube surgery?

Answer: Check with your doctor to make sure you know: How long your child has to fast What liquids are OK to drink If your child can take any medicine beforehand Your doctor also will want to know about: Any medicine your child takes Problems your child or anyone in your family has with drugs used for anesthesia (which make you unconscious so you won't feel pain) Drug allergies your child has For adults getting ear tubes, your doctor may have similar questions.


Question: How can I comfort my child if they are nervous about ear tube surgery?

Answer: To help a little girl or boy in your care get ready for surgery, you may want to: Ask questions so she can talk about her feelings and you can make sure she's not confused about anything. Be specific about how the surgery will help, such as â Your ear will feel so much better!â Talk ahead of time about going to the hospital -- a good general rule is to talk 2 days ahead of time for a 2 year old, 3 days for a 3 year old, and so on. Let him pick a toy or blanket to take to the hospital. Remind her you'll be there the whole time.


Question: Will ear tubes help my child with balance or delays in learning?

Answer: Once in place, the tubes can help you or a child in your care get relief from the pain and loss of hearing from these infections.


Question: What happens after a successful ear tube surgery?

Answer: If everything goes as expected, this might mean a follow-up in 2 to 4 weeks, a hearing test, or eardrops to limit fluid coming from the ears. If you see yellow, brown, or bloody fluid from the ear for more than a week after surgery, tell your doctor. You'll also want to check with her if your loved one has ear pain, hearing problems, or seems to have trouble with balance.


Question: What are ear tubes used for?

Answer: Some adults might need them, too, but it's not as common. A doctor will have to do a brief surgery to put them in. Your doctor may put in antibiotic ear drops during or after the surgery to help prevent infections. Once in place, the tubes can help you or a child in your care get relief from the pain and loss of hearing from these infections.


Question: How are ear tubes put in place?

Answer: Your doctor may put in antibiotic ear drops during or after the surgery to help prevent infections.


Question: What should you check with your doctor before an ear tube surgery?

Answer: Check with your doctor to make sure you know: How long your child has to fast What liquids are OK to drink If your child can take any medicine beforehand Your doctor also will want to know about: Any medicine your child takes Problems your child or anyone in your family has with drugs used for anesthesia (which make you unconscious so you won't feel pain) Drug allergies your child has For adults getting ear tubes, your doctor may have similar questions.


Question: What phrases should you avoid when talking about the surgery for an ear tube?

Answer: As you talk with children, it's best to avoid certain phrases. If you say âput you to sleep,â that may remind them of a pet that's been put down. Instead, you could talk about how a special doctor has medicine to help them sleep really well. The words âcutâ or âmake a holeâ may make a child think of pain. Instead, you can say âmake a small opening.â Children who have been given anesthesia take some time to fully wake up.


Question: How can you prepare for an ear tube surgery?

Answer: The doctor will: Make a small opening in the eardrum Drain fluid Place the tube in the opening Your doctor will give you details on how to get ready. Children who need to be given something to sleep will have to fast, or go without eating, for a certain number of hours before the surgery. Your child won't be able to eat anything and can only drink certain liquids.


Question: What's the surgery for ear tubes like?

Answer: The first step for younger children is to get medicine so they'll sleep through the surgery. The main reason for this is to make sure your child doesn't move during the procedure. You'll take your youngster to a hospital or outpatient surgery center, and doctors keep a close eye on his heart rate, oxygen, and blood pressure to make sure everything's going well. Older children and adults can have the surgery while they're awake. For them, it can be done in the doctor's office. The surgery itself takes about 15 minutes and has three steps.


Question: Should I take medicine to lower a fever during the flu?

Answer: A fever can be a good thing. It kick-starts your immune system and helps your body fight off an infection by torching bacteria and viruses. Doctors no longer suggest you try to lower it, except for people who are very young or old, and those with certain medical conditions such as heart disease or lung disease. If you're uncomfortable, though, it's fine to take a fever-reducer medication.


Question: What medicines are best for fever or aches?

Answer: Each type has its own set of risks, so talk to your doctor or pharmacist about which is best for you. Be careful not to overdose. These drugs are often mixed in with cough and cold and flu remedies. Read the labels, and don't take a separate pain remedy if your cough or cold medicine includes one. If you're not sure what's in it, talk to your pharmacist before you take it.


Question: What is the best thing to do for a sore throat?

Answer: Drink lots of fluids, and use a salt-water gargle for relief. To make it, mix a cup of warm water and a teaspoon of salt. Some medications you take by mouth like acetaminophen, medicated lozenges, and gargles can also temporarily soothe a sore throat. Get your doctor's OK before you take anything, even over-the-counter drugs. Don't use lozenges or gargles for more than a few days. The drugs could mask signs of strep throat, a bacterial infection that should be treated with antibiotics.


Question: Does cough medicine work?

Answer: But one that goes on and on needs treatment. On the shelf you'll find tons of cough medicines with a zillion combinations of decongestants, antihistamines, analgesics/antipyretics, cough suppressants, and expectorants. Ask your pharmacist which, if any, would be right for you.


Question: What is a kidney stone?

Answer: A kidney stone is exactly that -- a hard mass of minerals and salts that forms in the kidneys. Certain foods and drinks contain chemicals that can lead to these sometimes painful crystals. The stones come in several different types, and foods that are not so good for one kind may be OK to eat if you have another type.


Question: What foods that can make urine more alkaline do you need to limit when you have calcium phosphate kidney stones?

Answer: But do watch for: Animal protein-rich foods: Organ meats, like chicken or beef liver Milk, cheese, and other dairy products Eggs Seafood Foods that can make urine more alkaline, including: Fresh fruit juices (except orange, cranberry, and nectarine) Vegetable juices Molasses Processed foods.


Question: What is a calcium oxalate kidney stone?

Answer: More people get this kind than any other. It forms when calcium in your pee combines with oxalate, a chemical that's naturally in many foods.


Question: Why do you need to avoid foods that have too much acid when you have cystine kidney stones?

Answer: Cystine stones grow more easily in acidic pee. That's the opposite of calcium phosphate stones, which favor alkaline urine. So for this type of stone, curb your hunger for meat and eat more fruits and vegetables, which have lower acid levels.


Question: What are urine acid kidney stones?

Answer: You get these if your pee is too acidic. These stones contain uric acid, a substance the body produces as it breaks down chemicals in food.


Question: Should you limit eating animal protein to prevent kidney stones?

Answer: They can lead to stones.


Question: What foods should you limit if you have calcium oxalate kidney stones?

Answer: If you've had one of these, watch out for: High-oxalate foods. Many plants contain oxalate, so it's hard to avoid it entirely. But some foods have much more than others. Try to limit: Spinach Rhubarb Almonds and cashews Miso soup Grits Baked potatoes with skin Beets Cocoa powder Okra Bran cereals and shredded wheat cereals French fries Raspberries Stevia sweeteners Sweet potatoes If you eat or drink calcium-rich foods at the same time, they can help your body handle oxalate without turning it into a kidney stone.


Question: What is the treatment for a small outbreak of pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Small, local outbreak: Your doctor may try a topical steroid cream first to treat the sores. Coal tar or salicylic acid creams can help with scaly skin. You'll slather on lotions to soothe and prevent cracked skin. Then you'll slip on cotton gloves or socks to hold the moisture in. PPP and acropustulosis outbreaks can be stubborn. Your doctor may try ultraviolet light treatments on the inflamed skin. This is called phototherapy. Oral drugs like methotrexate or cyclosporine may help calm down your immune system. Acitretin ( Soriatane) is another drug that can slow skin outbreaks. It's a retinoid, or a synthetic form of vitamin A.


Question: What causes and triggers pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease. Your immune system usually sends white blood cells to fight off disease in your body. But in this case, they attack your own skin by mistake. A few things can trigger psoriasis flares: Medications, such as steroids Something that irritates your skin, like a topical cream or harsh skincare product Too much sunlight Stress Pregnancy A mutation, or change, in a specific gene may make you more likely to get pustular psoriasis. If you have this gene, one of those triggers could set off a flare.


Question: How is pustular psoriasis diagnosed?

Answer: You'll see a dermatologist (skin doctor) who will ask about your symptoms, your medical history, and any family history of psoriasis. She may need to take a small sample of your inflamed skin to look at under a microscope. That's called a biopsy.


Question: What is the goal of treatment in pustular psoriasis?

Answer: The goal of treatment is to ease your symptoms and control outbreaks. What you take may depend on your type of pustular psoriasis.


Question: How do corticosteroid creams, solutions, foams, and ointments treat eczema?

Answer: These treatments made with hydrocortisone steroids can quickly relieve itching and reduce inflammation. They come in different strengths, from mild over-the-counter ( OTC) treatments to stronger prescription medicines. OTC hydrocortisone is often the first thing doctors recommend to treat mild eczema. You may need different strengths of these steroids depending on where and how bad your rash is. For example, a doctor may prescribe a more potent one for thick, scaly skin. Side effects from these meds, such as thinning skin and stretch marks, are rare when you take them as directed.


Question: How is NSAID ointment used to treat eczema?

Answer: There is now a new prescription non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory called crisaborole ( Eucrisa) which can be used to treat mild to moderate forms of eczema. A twice a day application for patients 2 years old and older has been effective in reducing inflammation and helping the skin return to a normal appearance.


Question: How does pimecrolimus and tacrolimus treat eczema?

Answer: Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, medicines you rub on your skin, treat moderate-to-severe eczema for some people. They ease inflammation, but they aren't steroids. They may increase the risk of skin cancer and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, so the FDA issued a special warning for them. Talk to your doctor about these risks before you take the drugs.


Question: What are the goals of eczema treatment?

Answer: Eczema treatment has four main goals: Control the itch. Heal the skin. Prevent flares. Prevent infections.


Question: How do antihistamines treat eczema?

Answer: When you take them at night, these drugs relieve itching and can help you sleep.


Question: How do antibiotics treat eczema?

Answer: Scratching damages your skin, which allows bacteria to get under it and cause an infection. These medicines treat bacterial skin infections.


Question: How do you know what treatment is right for your eczema?

Answer: The right treatment for you depends on your age, medical history, how bad your symptoms are, and other things. You'll probably need to use a mix of remedies to get the best results. And there are things you should do on your own to keep your skin healthy and clear.


Question: How does phototherapy help treat eczema?

Answer: Ultraviolet ( UV) light can help treat moderate-to-severe eczema. UV rays help keep the immune system from overreacting. But too much of it can age your skin and raise your risk for skin cancer. So doctors use the lowest possible dose and watch your skin carefully when you get this treatment.


Question: How is PUVA therapy used to treat eczema?

Answer: With this type, you take psoralen, a prescription medication that makes the skin more sensitive to UVA light. It's for people who haven't gotten results from UV therapy alone.


Question: What can you do to take care of your skin at home to manage eczema?

Answer: Try these tips: Bathe only in warm water. Hot water dries out skin. Wash with a gentle cleanser instead of soap. Don't use body scrubbers or washcloths, which can be irritating. Pat dry with a soft towel instead of rubbing, and be sure to leave your skin damp. Apply moisturizers daily. Do it right after you bathe or wash your hands. Choose fragrance-free moisturizers that won't irritate you. Try using a thicker skin cream or ointment that has more oil at night, and wear cotton gloves or socks to lock in moisture. Gloves can also keep you from scratching in your sleep. Avoid too much bathing and hand washing. It will dry out your skin. Steer clear of alcohol-based hand cleaners, too. Limit your contact with skin irritants. Household cleaners, laundry detergents, perfumed soaps, bubble baths, cosmetics, and many other things can make eczema worse. Learn what irritates your skin so you can avoid it. Choose cotton clothes that fit comfortably. Wool and synthetic fibers can be irritating. Also, be sure to wash new clothes before you wear them for the first time. Use fragrance-free laundry soap, and rinse your laundry thoroughly. Avoid getting overheated. When you're hot and sweaty, it can trigger itching and scratching. After a workout, rinse off right away in a warm shower. Know your triggers. Many people with eczema react to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, animal dander, and mold. Ease stress. It can be hard to find time to relax, but lowering your stress level will help you avoid symptom flare-ups.


Question: What are cytokines for melanoma treatment?

Answer: Your body produces proteins called cytokines. They naturally boost your immune system. Doctors sometimes prescribe artificial cytokines for people with melanoma. Research shows the drugs make it harder for cancer cells to divide, and help your body's immune system respond to the cancerous cells.


Question: What are side effects of chemotherapy drugs for melanoma?

Answer: Your side effects will depend on which drug your doctor uses, and how long you have to get them, but they can include: Hair loss Mouth sores Loss of appetite Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea or constipation Bruise and bleed easily Increased risk of infection


Question: How can BRAF inhibitors help with treating melanoma?

Answer: These drugs include binimetinib ( Mektovi), encorafenib ( Braftovi), dabrafenib ( Tafinlar), and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf). Your doctor will only prescribe them if your melanoma can't be removed with surgery and you have what's known as a BRAF gene mutation. About 40% to 60% of melanomas have this mutation.


Question: How can immune checkpoint inhibitors help with treating melanoma?

Answer: These drugs are relatively new and have been shown to work well in treating melanomas. They âtargetâ proteins in your immune system that melanoma cells âturn off.â The drugs repair the proteins so your immune system is able to attack the melanoma cells.


Question: What are side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors for melanoma?

Answer: Several of these drugs include: Ipilimumab ( Yervoy) Nivolumab ( Opdivo) Pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) While side effects vary for each drug, you could have any of the following: Fatigue Cough Nausea Itching Skin rash Loss of appetite Constipation Joint pain Diarrhea Cytokines.


Question: How can targeted therapy drugs help with treating melanoma?

Answer: You could experience any of these: Fever Chills Drowsiness Low blood cell counts Dizziness Weight loss Fluid buildup in the body This group of drugs goes after the melanoma cells. They're different from chemotherapy drugs, which attack all cells that divide fast, not just cancer cells. Your side effects from targeted drugs might not be as bad, either.


Question: What are chemotherapy drugs for melanoma?

Answer: Still, several chemotherapy drugs are used for melanoma, including: Carboplatin ( Paraplatin, CARBOplatin Novaplus) Cisplatin ( Platinol, Platinol- AQ) Dacarbazine ( DTIC- Dome) Paclitaxel ( Abraxane) Temozolomide ( Temodar) Vinblastine ( Velban) Your doctor might give you a combination of these, or he may use them with immunotherapy drugs like interferon-alpha. You'll usually get chemo every few weeks.


Question: What are the cons of taking NSAIDs for arthritis pain?

Answer: Like over-the-counter NSAIDs, taking these medications for a long time may cause serious side effects like a heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and stomach irritation and bleeding for some people, especially in those who are older. If you take a daily aspirin, you should also talk with your doctor about whether it's safe for you to take other NSAIDs. NSAIDs you rub on your skin, such as diclofenac cream, also work well for hand and knee arthritis and are less likely to cause side effects than pills that you swallow.


Question: What is advanced, metastatic, or stage IV colorectal cancer?

Answer: Colorectal cancer is a tumor that starts in your colon or rectum, the end of your large intestine. When it spreads to other parts of your body -- most often to your liver, lungs, or bones -- doctors use the word âadvancedâ to describe it. Your doctor may also call it metastatic or stage IV disease. Although it's outside your colon or rectum, it's still colorectal cancer, and doctors treat it with drugs for that disease.


Question: What are the symptoms of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) or autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)?

Answer: They may also: Avoid eye contact Not be able to express what they're thinking through language Have a high-pitched or flat voice Find it hard to keep up a conversation Have trouble controlling emotions Perform repetitive behaviors like hand-flapping, rocking, jumping, or twirling Children on the spectrum may repeat certain types of play, have trouble with âmake believe,â and be more interested in parts of a toy, rather than the toy itself. They need strict schedules and don't like changes to their routines.


Question: How are pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) or autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) diagnosed?

Answer: To make the diagnosis, doctors observe the child and ask questions of the parents or guardians about the child's behaviors. There is no lab test for an autism spectrum disorder. The key is to find out as soon possible if a child is on the spectrum. That way, you can line up resources to help your child reach his full potential. The sooner that starts, the better.


Question: How are pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) or autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) treated?

Answer: Medication works best when paired with therapy that develops socialization and other life skills. Keep in mind that someone who's on the spectrum experiences the world differently. Their victories and challenges might be very different from yours. It helps to appreciate them as they are, with their own unique personalities and interests, while you get them the support and skills that could make a big difference in their future.


Question: When did pervasive developmental disorders become part of "autism spectrum disorders"?

Answer: The name change came in 2013, when the American Psychiatric Association reclassified autistic disorder, Asperger's syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified ( PDD- NOS) as autism spectrum disorders. Why the change? The spectrum concept is a more medically accurate way of diagnosing children with these disorders.


Question: What conditions cause symptoms like ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Other gut problems can give you diarrhea and crampy belly pain, like: Crohn's disease, which causes pain and swelling in other places in your gut, not just your colon Irritable bowel syndrome An infection The only way to know why you have symptoms is to see your doctor and get tested.


Question: Why do I feel tired with ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Diarrhea and swelling in your colon make it hard for your body to absorb what it needs for energy. Bleeding in your colon leaves you with too few red blood cells, or anemia. You don't get enough sleep because you get up often at night to go to the bathroom. You're dehydrated because of diarrhea. Diarrhea, loss of appetite, and not being able to absorb calories from your food can make you lose weight.


Question: How does ulcerative colitis lead to weight loss?

Answer: Diarrhea, loss of appetite, and not being able to absorb calories from your food can make you lose weight.


Question: What medications are used to treat bipolar disorder?

Answer: They use medications called mood stabilizers, which include anticonvulsants such as: Carbamazepine ( Tegretol) Lamotrigine ( Lamicta) Lithium Oxcarbazepine ( Trileptal) Valproate ( Depakote) Atypical antipsychotic medications can also stabilize mood. They include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Asenapine ( Saphris) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Sometimes, doctors prescribe a combination of drugs, such as a mood stabilizer and an antidepressant.


Question: What are the depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: Manic symptoms include: Severe changes in mood, either extremely irritable or overly silly and elated Overly-inflated self-esteem, grandiosity More energy Can go with very little or no sleep for days without tiring Talks too much and too fast, changes topics too quickly, or can't be interrupted Distracted, attention moves constantly from one thing to the next Hypersexuality, with more sexual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors; uses explicit sexual language More goal-directed activity or physical agitation Doesn't care about risk, takes on risky behaviors or activities Depressive symptoms include: Sad or irritable mood that doesn't go away Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed Big change in appetite or body weight Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping Physical agitation or slowing Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt Difficulty concentrating Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Bipolar disorder is primarily a mood disorder.


Question: How common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder?

Answer: Some studies have shown that children and teens diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than adults to also be diagnosed with ADHD.


Question: What are the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: Manic symptoms include: Severe changes in mood, either extremely irritable or overly silly and elated Overly-inflated self-esteem, grandiosity More energy Can go with very little or no sleep for days without tiring Talks too much and too fast, changes topics too quickly, or can't be interrupted Distracted, attention moves constantly from one thing to the next Hypersexuality, with more sexual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors; uses explicit sexual language More goal-directed activity or physical agitation Doesn't care about risk, takes on risky behaviors or activities Depressive symptoms include: Sad or irritable mood that doesn't go away Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed Big change in appetite or body weight Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping Physical agitation or slowing Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt Difficulty concentrating Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Bipolar disorder is primarily a mood disorder.


Question: How common is bipolar disorder?

Answer: The reason isn't entirely clear. The higher rate could be the result of more awareness on the part of health professionals. There are those, though, who say it could be a result of a lack of parenting that leads to behaviors that are tagged as mental illness or other conditions misdiagnosed as bipolar disorder. Some studies have shown that children and teens diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than adults to also be diagnosed with ADHD.


Question: How is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treated?

Answer: Treatment for ADHD includes medications and behavioral therapy. ADHD medications can be psychostimulants, nonstimulants, or antidepressants. These include: Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine ( Adderall, Addera XR) Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Bupropion ( Wellbutrin) Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Guanfacine ( Intuniv) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Ritalin) Mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product ( Mydayis) If your doctor suspects your child has bipolar disorder or ADHD, ask how the diagnosis was made and review all of the information that went into it.


Question: What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder in children?

Answer: The definition of mania is not so clear for bipolar disorder in childhood. Some experts say that being irritable, cranky, and negative may be the only signs of mania in children with bipolar disorder. And other experts argue that childhood bipolar disorder may not even be the same disease as adult bipolar disorder.


Question: How can exercise benefit your type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Remember how much exercise does for you, including: Helps your body use insulin, which controls your blood sugar Burns extra body fat Strengthens muscles and bones Lowers blood pressure Cuts LDL (âbadâ) cholesterol Raises HDL (âgoodâ) cholesterol Improves blood flow Makes heart disease and stroke less likely Boosts energy and mood Tames stress When you exercise, your body needs extra energy from blood sugar, also called glucose.


Question: How do I start exercising if I have diabetes and don't normally exercise?

Answer: Ease into it. If you're not active now, start with 10 minutes of exercise at a time. Gradually work up to 30 minutes a day.


Question: What are the health benefits of exercise for diabetic people?

Answer: Remember how much exercise does for you, including: Helps your body use insulin, which controls your blood sugar Burns extra body fat Strengthens muscles and bones Lowers blood pressure Cuts LDL (âbadâ) cholesterol Raises HDL (âgoodâ) cholesterol Improves blood flow Makes heart disease and stroke less likely Boosts energy and mood Tames stress When you exercise, your body needs extra energy from blood sugar, also called glucose.


Question: How does lupus affect my heart and lungs?

Answer: This is probably due to the long-term inflammation that comes with lupus. Some lupus medicines, such as steroids, may also increase the risk. Lupus causes inflammation of the heart or the sac that surrounds it. This can cause sharp pain in the chest. Lupus also may inflame the outside lining of your lungs. Pain often gets worse with deep breaths. This is called pleurisy. Sometimes, the lungs can develop scarring from the inflammation and cause shortness of breath. What you can do: Avoid smoking. Smoking makes lung infections and heart disease much more likely.


Question: What are things that I can do for my kidneys to help lessen the effects of lupus?

Answer: What you can do: Tell your doctor if you have symptoms of kidney problems, such as swelling in your ankle or lower leg, foamy urine, or blood in your urine. Keep up with checkups with your lupus doctor, or rheumatologist, who will do blood tests to make sure your kidneys are working well.


Question: What are things that I can do for my brain and central nervous system to help lessen the effects of lupus?

Answer: If it does, you may have: Clouded thinking, confusion, or memory loss Headaches Depression and anxiety Seizures Rarely, strokes What you can do: Ease stress. Try yoga or tai chi to reduce stress and relax muscles. Use reminders. Pillboxes, Post-its, your cell phone voice recorder, labels, and other aids can help you remember and organize. Get help. Build a strong support network. Consider cognitive therapy to manage thinking issues, or counseling if you are anxious or depressed. Lupus medicine may help memory and thinking.


Question: How does lupus affect my kidneys?

Answer: Lupus can inflame the kidneys, causing permanent damage. This can lead to swelling in the legs and high blood pressure. Your doctor will look for protein or blood cells in your urine, which are signs of kidney damage. Sometimes, lupus can lead to kidney failure and require dialysis.


Question: What are things that I can do for my joints and muscles when they hurt if you have lupus?

Answer: What you can do: Take anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen or naproxen. Try a warm shower or bath, a heating pad, or cold packs to ease pain and stiffness. Avoid high-intensity exercises when you have joint pain, but try to stay active with walking or yoga.


Question: What are things that I can do for my skin to help lessen the effects of lupus?

Answer: You may also have skin trouble in other areas, such as: Mouth or nose sores (ulcers) Hair loss (but not baldness), called alopecia White or blue fingers and toes in response to cold, known as Raynaud's phenomenon What you can do: Protect your skin from the sun. Use a sunscreen with a sun protection factor ( SPF) of 50 or higher, and avoid the sun in the middle of the day. Wear wide-brimmed hats and protective clothing in the sun. Be gentle on your hair. Use a baby shampoo and conditioner. Avoid harsh chemicals on your hair. Wear mittens and thick socks when it's cold. If you have lupus, Raynaud's is usually related to being in the cold. So do what you can to keep your hands warm.


Question: How does lupus affect my skin?

Answer: You may become sensitive to the ultraviolet ( UV) rays in sunlight, which can cause many skin changes. A common skin problem you might develop is a butterfly-shaped rash on your nose and cheeks. Red, scaly bumps or patches can develop on your body. Coin-like patches called discoid lesions can appear on your body or scalp. You may also have skin trouble in other areas, such as: Mouth or nose sores (ulcers) Hair loss (but not baldness), called alopecia White or blue fingers and toes in response to cold, known as Raynaud's phenomenon What you can do: Protect your skin from the sun.


Question: What are the treatments for cancer?

Answer: Depending on the type and stage of cancer, treatments to eradicate the tumor or slow its growth may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or immunotherapy.


Question: Do any diets or alternative therapies for cancer work?

Answer: In fact, studies show some supplements may increase cancer risk, such as lung cancer risk in smokers taking beta carotene and prostate cancer risk in men taking high doses of vitamin E. No diet has been shown to slow, reverse, or cure cancer. Also, experts don't recommend stopping standard treatment in place of complementary medicine, but many therapies can help people with cancer feel better.


Question: What things can I do to make living with cancer a little easier?

Answer: Other tips: Join a cancer support group. Get plenty of rest, balanced with light exercise. Rather than feeling compelled to maintain a "positive attitude," express your emotions honestly. Don't worry if you sometimes feel depressed or afraid: These are normal feelings and legitimate reactions that will not affect your cancer. Fill your days with activities you enjoy. Reading a good book, listening to music, and talking with friends are surprisingly therapeutic.


Question: How can you relieve the side effects of cancer treatment?

Answer: Relieving side effects of cancer treatment: After radiation therapy for cancer, be gentle to your skin. Do not scrub it, expose it to sunlight, or wear tight clothing. Aloe vera ointment is gentle and soothing, along with non-irritating lotions or creams, such as vitamin E. Eat light snacks throughout the day rather than three heavy meals. Try eating food cold or at room temperature to avoid nausea. If your treatment involves lowering your white blood cell count, avoid people who are ill. Tell your doctor about any fever or unusual symptoms.


Question: What herbs are used to fight cancer?

Answer: While neither claims to cure the disease, some evidence shows that they help reduce symptoms and side effects of the illness and its treatment. Numerous herbal remedies profess to fight cancer and its related symptoms; unfortunately, little solid evidence exists to prove their effectiveness. A few herbs may help with specific complaints: Ginger tea and peppermint tea or lozenges may ameliorate nausea, valerian root can help with anxiety and stress, capsicum cream might relieve muscle aches. The FDA does regulate dietary supplements; however, it treats them like foods rather than medications. Unlike drug manufacturers, the makers of supplements don't have to show their products are safe or effective before selling them on the market. Talk to your doctor or expert on herbal remedies and research carefully because some of these herbs may affect your other methods of treatment.


Question: What happens if you get a positive diagnosis for cancer?

Answer: This essential follow-up phase of diagnosis is called staging. The most important thing doctors need to know is whether cancer has spread from one area of the body to another. If the initial diagnosis is negative for cancer and symptoms persist, further tests may be needed. If the biopsy is positive for cancer, be sure to seek a confirming opinion by a doctor who specializes in cancer treatment before any treatment is started.


Question: How can mind/body therapies help with cancer?

Answer: Some mind/body therapies improve quality of life for cancer patients through behavior modification; others encourage expression of emotions. Behavior therapies such as guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, hypnotherapy, and biofeedback are used to alleviate pain, nausea, vomiting, and the anxiety that may occur in anticipation of, or after, cancer treatment. Individual or group counseling allows patients to confront problems and emotions caused by cancer and receive support from fellow patients in a group setting. Patients who pursue these types of therapies tend to feel less lonely, less anxious about the future, and more optimistic about recovery.


Question: How can exercise help people with cancer?

Answer: Exercise can help control fatigue, muscle tension, and anxiety in those with cancer. Patients tend to feel better if they do exercises such as walking or swimming. Exercise has also been shown to improve the outcomes associated with cancer treatment.


Question: How is cancer diagnosed?

Answer: Cancer diagnosis begins with a thorough physical exam and a complete medical history. Laboratory studies of blood, urine, and stool can detect abnormalities that may indicate cancer. When a tumor is suspected, imaging tests such as X-rays, computed tomography ( CT), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), ultrasound, and fiber-optic endoscopy examinations help doctors determine the cancer's location and size. To confirm the diagnosis of most cancers , a biopsy needs to be performed in which a tissue sample is removed from the suspected tumor and studied under a microscope to check for cancer cells.


Question: What are other tips for at-home care for cancer?

Answer: Other tips: Join a cancer support group. Get plenty of rest, balanced with light exercise. Rather than feeling compelled to maintain a "positive attitude," express your emotions honestly. Don't worry if you sometimes feel depressed or afraid: These are normal feelings and legitimate reactions that will not affect your cancer. Fill your days with activities you enjoy. Reading a good book, listening to music, and talking with friends are surprisingly therapeutic. Contact the American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute for free information about cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and tips for managing cancer symptoms.


Question: How can I help with pain from cancer treatment?

Answer: Relieving pain: In addition to taking prescribed medication, try relaxation techniques such as yoga or meditation.


Question: What does a cancer diagnosis consist of?

Answer: Cancer diagnosis begins with a thorough physical exam and a complete medical history. Laboratory studies of blood, urine, and stool can detect abnormalities that may indicate cancer. When a tumor is suspected, imaging tests such as X-rays, computed tomography ( CT), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI), ultrasound, and fiber-optic endoscopy examinations help doctors determine the cancer's location and size. To confirm the diagnosis of most cancers , a biopsy needs to be performed in which a tissue sample is removed from the suspected tumor and studied under a microscope to check for cancer cells.


Question: What are examples of complementary medicine for cancer?

Answer: Acupuncture and acupressure are examples of "complementary" medicine for cancer. While neither claims to cure the disease, some evidence shows that they help reduce symptoms and side effects of the illness and its treatment.


Question: Do acupuncture and acupressure help with cancer?

Answer: Acupuncture and acupressure are examples of "complementary" medicine for cancer. While neither claims to cure the disease, some evidence shows that they help reduce symptoms and side effects of the illness and its treatment.


Question: Where can I find support if I have cancer?

Answer: Supportive care from nurses and other professionals should accompany cancer treatment. The goal is to relieve pain and other symptoms, maintain general health, improve quality of life, and provide emotional, psychological, and logistical support to patients and their families. Similar supportive treatment is available to rehabilitate patients after curative treatment. Supportive therapy such as hospice care for cancer patients nearing the end of their lives provides relief from pain and other irreversible symptoms. Most mainstream care is geared toward providing supportive treatment through the broad resources of a cancer treatment center. Complementary cancer therapies, which are generally provided outside a hospital, can also provide supportive care.


Question: What should you remove before going into the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) room?

Answer: Remove all of these before you go into the MRI room: Cell phone Coins Dentures Eyeglasses Hearing aids Keys Underwire bra Watch Wig If you don't like enclosed spaces or you're nervous about the test, tell your doctor.


Question: What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity. This test looks at blood flow in your brain to see which areas become active when you do certain tasks. A f MRI can detect brain problems, such as the effects of a stroke, or for brain mapping if you need brain surgery for epilepsy or tumors. Your doctor can use this test to plan your treatment.


Question: What organs can a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) check?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity.


Question: What should you let your doctor know before your magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: Before your MRI, let your doctor know if you: Have any health problems, such as kidney or liver disease Recently had surgery Have any allergies to food or medicine, or if you have asthma Are pregnant, or might be pregnant No metal is allowed in the MRI room, because the magnetic field in the machine can attract metal.


Question: What happens during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test?

Answer: Before some MRIs, you'll get contrast dye into a vein in your arm or hand. This dye helps the doctor more clearly see structures inside your body. The dye often used in MRIs is called gadolinium. It can leave a metal taste in your mouth. You will lie on a table that slides into the MRI machine. Straps might be used to hold you still during the test. Your body might be completely inside the machine. Or, part of your body may stay outside the machine. The MRI machine creates a strong magnetic field inside your body. A computer takes the signals from the MRI and uses them to make a series of pictures. Each picture shows a thin slice of your body. You might hear a loud thumping or tapping sound during the test. This is the machine creating energy to take pictures inside your body. You can ask for earplugs or headphones to muffle the sound. You might feel a twitching sensation during the test. This happens as the MRI stimulates nerves in your body. It's normal, and nothing to worry about. The MRI scan should take between 20 and 90 minutes.


Question: What do your magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results mean?

Answer: Certain people with metal inside their body can't get this test, including those with: Some clips used to treat brain aneurysms Pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators Cochlear implants Certain metal coils placed in blood vessels A specially trained doctor called a radiologist will read the results of your MRI and send the report to your doctor. Your doctor will explain the meaning of your test results and what to do next.


Question: Who shouldn't get magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: Pregnant women should not get a MRI during their first trimester unless they absolutely need the test. The first trimester is when the baby's organs develop. You also shouldn't get contrast dye when you're pregnant. Don't get contrast dye if you've had an allergic reaction to it in the past or you have severe kidney disease. Certain people with metal inside their body can't get this test, including those with: Some clips used to treat brain aneurysms Pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators Cochlear implants Certain metal coils placed in blood vessels A specially trained doctor called a radiologist will read the results of your MRI and send the report to your doctor.


Question: What does a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the bones and joints look for?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity.


Question: What does a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart and blood vessels look for?

Answer: A MRI of the brain and spinal cord looks for: Blood vessel damage Brain injury Cancer Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord injuries Stroke A MRI of the heart and blood vessels looks for: Blocked blood vessels Damage caused by a heart attack Heart disease Problems with the structure of the heart A MRI of the bones and joints looks for: Bone infections Cancer Damage to joints Disc problems in the spine Neck or low back pain with nerve signs MRIs can also be done to check the health of these organs: Breasts (women) Liver Kidneys Ovaries (women) Pancreas Prostate (men) A special kind of MRI called a functional MRI (f MRI) maps brain activity.


Question: Why would you need magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: A MRI helps a doctor diagnose a disease or injury, and it can monitor how well you're doing with a treatment. MRIs can be done on different parts of your body.


Question: What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

Answer: Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) is a test that uses powerful magnets, radio waves, and a computer to make detailed pictures inside your body. Your doctor can use this test to diagnose you or to see how well you've responded to treatment. Unlike X-rays and computed tomography ( CT) scans, MRIs do not use the damaging ionizing radiation of X-rays.


Question: What does magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment look like?

Answer: You lie on a table that slides all the way into the tube. In a short-bore system, you are not totally inside the MRI machine. Only the part of your body that's being scanned is inside. The rest of your body is outside the machine. An open MRI is open on all sides. This type of machine may be best if you have claustrophobia -- a fear of tight spaces -- or you're very overweight. The quality of images from some open MRI machines isn't as good as it is with a closed MRI.


Question: Where can you find xylitol?

Answer: The amount naturally found in foods is very small. However, it is increasingly found as an ingredient (additiive) in more and more foods and health products. In addition to gum, xylitol can be found in some hard candies, chocolate, table syrup, jams, jellies, baked goods, cough syrup, vitamins, some nut butters, over-the-counter medications and many others.


Question: Does xylitol interact with any foods, supplements, herbs, or other drugs?

Answer: Doctors don't know of any interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. Tell your doctor about any you're taking, even if they're natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications, foods, or other herbs and supplements.


Question: How often should you have a clinical breast exam?

Answer: You should have a clinical breast exam every one to three years starting at age 20 and every year starting at age 40. A clinical breast exam may be recommended more frequently if you have a strong family history of breast cancer.


Question: What is important for early breast cancer detection?

Answer: Clinical exams and breast self-awareness are important methods of early breast cancer detection and should be performed along with mammography. All three of these methods provide complete breast cancer screening.


Question: What happens during a breast exam?

Answer: Before your breast exam, your health care provider will ask you detailed questions about your health history, including your menstrual and pregnancy history. Questions might include what age you started menstruating, if you have children, and how old you were when your first child was born. A thorough breast exam will be performed. For the exam, you undress from the waist up. Your health care provider will look at your breasts for changes in size, shape, or symmetry. Your provider may ask you to lift your arms over your head, put your hands on your hips or lean forward. He or she will examine your breasts for any skin changes including rashes, dimpling, or redness. This is a good time to learn how to do a breast self-exam if you don't already know how. As you lay on your back with your arms behind your head, your health care provider will examine your breasts with the pads of the fingers to detect lumps or other changes. The area under both arms will also be examined. Your health care provider will gently press around your nipple to check for any discharge. If there is discharge, a sample may be collected for examination under a microscope.


Question: What is the link between dementia and Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Experts think between 60% to 80% of people with dementia have this disease. More than 5 million Americans have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's. It's what most people think of when they hear "dementia." If someone you know has Alzheimer's, you'll notice symptoms such as memory loss and trouble planning and doing familiar tasks.


Question: What are the symptoms of vascular dementia?

Answer: Your friend or relative might: Be confused about where he is or what day or year it is Have problems speaking or writing Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them Show poor judgment Have mood and personality changes If a relative or friend of yours gets this type of dementia, it's usually because he's had a major stroke, or one or more "silent" strokes, which can happen without him realizing it. The symptoms depend on which part of his brain was affected by the stroke. While Alzheimer's usually begins with memory problems, vascular dementia more often begins with poor judgment or trouble planning, organizing, and making decisions.


Question: What is Parkinson's disease with dementia?

Answer: The symptoms include: Problems thinking clearly, making decisions, or paying attention Memory trouble Seeing things that aren't there, known as visual hallucinations Unusual sleepiness during the day Periods of "blanking out" or staring Problems with movement, including trembling, slowness, and trouble walking Dreams where you act out physically, including, talking, walking, and kicking People with the nervous system disorder Parkinson's disease get this type of dementia about 50% to 80% of the time. On average, the symptoms of dementia develop about 10 years after a person first gets Parkinson's. This type is very similar to DLB. They have the same symptoms, and people with both conditions have signs of Lewy bodies in their brains.


Question: What is normal pressure hydrocephalus?

Answer: Your loved one might have: Memory and concentration problems Poor judgment Confusion Mood swings Depression Sleep problems Twitching or jerky muscles Trouble walking This type of dementia is caused by a buildup of fluid in the brain. The symptoms include problems walking, trouble thinking and concentrating, and personality and behavior changes. Some symptoms can be treated by draining the extra fluid from the brain into the abdomen through a long, thin tube, called a shunt.


Question: What are other symptoms of vascular dementia?

Answer: Other symptoms may include: Memory problems that disrupt your loved one's daily life Trouble speaking or understanding speech Problems recognizing sights and sounds that used to be familiar Being confused or agitated Changes in personality and mood Problems walking and having frequent falls Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that form in some people's brains.


Question: What is dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)?

Answer: Other symptoms may include: Memory problems that disrupt your loved one's daily life Trouble speaking or understanding speech Problems recognizing sights and sounds that used to be familiar Being confused or agitated Changes in personality and mood Problems walking and having frequent falls Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that form in some people's brains. They're named after the scientist who discovered them. If someone you know gets DLB, it's because these deposits have formed in the part of the brain called the cortex.


Question: How are migraines in kids treated?

Answer: For some kids, sleep is enough to make a migraine go away. Let your child rest in a dark, quiet room. Putting a cool compress on their forehead or across their eyes may help. Your doctor may suggest medicine. It might include: Pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen Special migraine drugs called triptans Medicines to help with vomiting and nausea Drugs to prevent migraines, if they happen a lot You may also want to talk to the doctor about teaching your child relaxation techniques. If he can learn how to breathe deeply or relax his muscles, it may help ease his pain.


Question: How do doctors diagnose migraines in kids?

Answer: Keep track of: When your child has migraines, including what time of day How long they last Where the pain is How bad the pain is Other symptoms Triggers or warning signs that you or your child noticed before the migraine hit Anything that made the migraines better or worse Your child's doctor can use the diary to learn more about the migraines and their triggers. This may help him find the best treatment. You'll probably get questions about symptoms and any other health problems your kid has. Your child's doctor will probably also ask if anyone else in your family has migraines.


Question: What do kids with migraines go through?

Answer: They can have pain on the front or both sides of their head. It usually feels like it's throbbing. The pain can last less than an hour or as long as a day or so. In severe cases, it can last about a week. Sometimes, kids with a migraine feel dizzy or sick to their stomach. Their vision might be blurry. Sounds, smells, or bright lights may bother them. Young children with migraine might not have pain. Instead, they may have stomach problems and dizziness that keep coming back.


Question: What are body lice?

Answer: Body lice ( Pediculus humanus corporis) are nearly identical in appearance to head lice but may be more difficult to find. Adults grow to 2.3 to 3.6 mm long. When not feeding, they tend to hide in the seams of clothing and folds of bedding. If the lice are not treated, the person can develop complications such as skin sores or bacterial infection of the affected area. Body lice can also spread blood infections. Lice are found all over the world, wherever people gather in close proximity, such as in schools.


Question: What are some connections between bone strength and ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Because you have ulcerative colitis, your bones might not be as strong as they should be. Thirty percent to 60% of people with inflammatory bowel disease (including UC and Crohn's disease) have low bone density, according to the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America. This could be because of the disease itself. Proteins called cytokines that are part of your response to inflammation may change how your body breaks down old bone and creates new bone. Another reason you may have weaker bones when you have UC is that corticosteroids, which treat your disease, make you more likely to get osteoporosis. Whatever the cause of your bone trouble, exercise can help.


Question: How can exercise help people with ulcerative colitis (UC) lift their mood?

Answer: If living with ulcerative colitis starts to wear you down emotionally, exercise can help. Doing anything aerobic can boost your mood because it prompts your body to make endorphins, which are your body's natural pain relievers and feel-good chemicals.


Question: How can exercise keep your muscles and joints working to treat ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: As many as 1 of every 4 people with inflammatory bowel disease have inflammation in their joints, too. Inflammation, as well as corticosteroid use and problems with nutrition, can lead to weaker muscles, which puts more strain on your joints. Regular exercise makes your muscles stronger and helps your joints move more easily.


Question: What are activities for people with ulcerative colitis (UC) that can keep their muscles and joints working?

Answer: Try this: The weight-bearing activities that help your bones also help your muscles and joints. Aerobic or cardio exercise that gets your heart beating faster, such as fast walking, builds muscles and strengthens joints, too. If pain makes it tough, try low-impact workouts such as swimming or cycling. Stretching should also be part of your plan to help keep your muscles and joints flexible.


Question: How can exercise help people with ulcerative colitis (UC) lower stress?

Answer: Stress doesn't cause ulcerative colitis, but many people find that it makes their symptoms worse. Being active is a proven way to help tame stress.


Question: What are activities for people with ulcerative colitis (UC) that can help them lower their stress?

Answer: Try this: Choose an activity with gentle, relaxing movements. Try yoga, tai chi, or walking.


Question: How can exercise help people with ulcerative colitis (UC) prevent colon cancer?

Answer: That's not yet clear. But with so many perks from being active, it can't hurt to try, especially since people with ulcerative colitis are more likely to get colon cancer. Try this: Work up a sweat by walking fast, biking on hills, or other activities that really get you moving. If you're just starting out, go slow and gradually challenge yourself more as you build your fitness. For some people, hard exercise may trigger cramps and diarrhea, so you may need to keep the intensity moderate or switch to a different kind of exercise.


Question: What are activities for people with ulcerative colitis (UC) to lift their mood?

Answer: Try this: Take a brisk walk, go dancing, work out at the gym, or do any activity that you can comfortably enjoy.


Question: What is saw palmetto used for?

Answer: Common Names--saw palmetto, American dwarf palm tree, cabbage palm Latin Names-- Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Saw palmetto is used mainly for urinary symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate gland (also called benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). Saw palmetto is also used for other conditions, including chronic pelvic pain, bladder disorders, decreased sex drive, hair loss, and hormone imbalances.


Question: What does science suggest about using saw palmetto to treat the prostate?

Answer: While several small studies suggest that saw palmetto may be effective for treating BPH symptoms, most larger trials found little or no evidence that saw palmetto affects prostate disease. In 2006, a large study of 225 men with moderate-to-severe BPH found no improvement with 320 mg saw palmetto daily for 1 year versus placebo. NCCAM co-funded the study with the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Saw palmetto does not appear to affect readings of prostate-specific antigen ( PSA) levels. PSA is protein produced by cells in the prostate. The PSA test is used to screen for prostate cancer and to monitor patients who have had prostate cancer.


Question: What are the Latin names for saw palmetto?

Answer: Common Names--saw palmetto, American dwarf palm tree, cabbage palm Latin Names-- Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Saw palmetto is used mainly for urinary symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate gland (also called benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH).


Question: What are some common names for saw palmetto?

Answer: Common Names--saw palmetto, American dwarf palm tree, cabbage palm Latin Names-- Serenoa repens, Sabal serrulata Saw palmetto is used mainly for urinary symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate gland (also called benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH).


Question: What are some side effects and cautions associated with the use of saw palmetto?

Answer: Saw palmetto may cause mild side effects, including stomach discomfort. Some men using saw palmetto have reported side effects such as tender breasts and a decline in sexual desire. Tell your health care providers about any herb or dietary supplement you are using, including saw palmetto. This helps to ensure safe and coordinated care.


Question: How is saw palmetto used?

Answer: It is available as a liquid extract, tablets, capsules, and as an infusion or a tea.


Question: What are common triggers of rosacea?

Answer: Common triggers include sun exposure, very hot or very cold weather, alcohol, very hot foods, spicy foods, intense exercise, and stress. In addition, menopause and some drugs may cause flushing.


Question: How is rosacea treated?

Answer: The biggest key to controlling rosacea is to avoid triggers -- factors that cause the skin to flush.


Question: What are the symptoms of swimmer's ear?

Answer: You may notice things like: Itchy feeling inside your ear Pain in the ear, which can be severe Your ear hurts when you move your head or gently pull on your earlobe Tender inside your ear Fluid drains out of the ear A bad-smelling, yellowish discharge from the ear You don't hear as well (things sound muffled) Always check with your doctor if you see any signs of an ear infection.


Question: How many people die from the flu each year and how is it prevented?

Answer: The CDC estimates that as many as 56,000 people die from the flu or flu-like illness each year.


Question: What are phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor bronchodilators, and what do they treat?

Answer: Newer oral drugs called phosphodiesterase-4 ( PDE-4) inhibitors have also proved to work in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD). A number of clinical trials showed the PDE-4 drug Roflumilast improved lung function when used with bronchodilator therapy. Some studies found it also led to fewer flare-ups. The FDA approved Roflumilast for bronchitis, not emphysema, but the two conditions often have similar symptoms.


Question: What are beta-agonist bronchodilators, and how do they work to treat emphysema?

Answer: Beta-agonists relax muscles around the airways. Your doctor may prescribe short-acting beta-agonists only when you need them, to control your symptoms. They start working within 3 to 5 minutes and last 4 to 6 hours. But they may cause your heart to race. They can also cause shakiness and cramping in the hands, legs, and feet. These side effects can make you feel anxious. That, in turn, can make it harder for you to breathe.


Question: How can steroids and combination medicines work to treat emphysema?

Answer: Steroids reduce swelling and mucus in your airways so you can breathe easier. Usually, you breathe them in with an inhaler. Over time, steroids can have serious side effects, including weight gain, diabetes, cataracts, high blood pressure, weakened bones, and increased risk of infection. Your doctor may recommend you use steroids along with beta-agonist or anticholinergic bronchodilators. This provides more benefits than using either drug alone. It's also easier because you have one inhaler instead of two.


Question: How can mucolytics help with treating emphysema?

Answer: These drugs help thin the mucus in your lungs so you can cough it up easier. Studies show using them can reduce flare-ups, especially if your emphysema is more severe.


Question: How can you choose the best type of estrogen replacement therapy?

Answer: When deciding what type of estrogen therapy to get, work closely with your doctor. While oral estrogen has been around for a long time and is well studied, some of these newer ways of getting hormone therapy are not. They may have lower risks or different risks that we don't know about yet. Your doctor should be up to date on the latest research. Right now, the full risks of hormone therapy are unclear. So if you do decide to get ERT, experts generally recommend that you get it at the lowest dose for the shortest time possible. Talk to your doctor about how long you should expect to take ERT and how you can limit your risks.


Question: What are the pros to using estrogen replacement therapy topical creams, gels, and sprays?

Answer: As with patches, this type of estrogen treatment is absorbed through the skin directly into the bloodstream.


Question: What are the pros to using estrogen replacement therapy pills?

Answer: Like other types of estrogen therapy, estrogen pills can reduce or resolve troublesome symptoms of menopause. They can also lower the risk of osteoporosis. While there are newer ways of getting ERT, oral estrogen medicines are the best-studied type of estrogen therapy.


Question: Which type of estrogen hormone therapy is right for you?

Answer: There are many types of estrogen therapy in many different forms -- pills, patches, suppositories, and more. The best type of hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) depends on your health, your symptoms, personal preference, and what you need to get out of treatment. For example, if you still have your uterus, then estrogen will be given in combination with the hormone progestin.


Question: What are estrogen replacement therapy pills?

Answer: Oral medication is the most common form of ERT. Examples are conjugated Estrogens ( Premarin), estradiol ( Estrace), and Estratab. Follow your doctor's instructions for dosing. Most estrogen pills are taken once a day without food. Some have more complicated dosing schedules.


Question: What should you know about using estrogen replacement therapy topical creams, gels, and sprays?

Answer: Because the estrogen is absorbed right through the skin, don't let other people in your family touch these creams or gels. If they do, they could get dosed with estrogen themselves. For the same reason, make sure your hands are clean and dry after applying the medication.


Question: What are the cons to using estrogen replacement therapy topical creams, gels, and sprays?

Answer: Estrogen gels, creams, and sprays have not been well-studied. While they could be safer than oral estrogen, experts aren't sure. So assume that they pose the same slight risk of serious conditions, like cancer and stroke. One potential problem with using this type of estrogen treatment is that the gel, cream or spray can rub or wash off before it's been fully absorbed. Make sure you let the topical dry before you put on clothes. Always apply it after you bathe or shower.


Question: Which beauty products are likely to cause a skin reaction?

Answer: These include: Bath soaps Detergents Antiperspirants Eye makeup Moisturizers Permanent wave lotion (particularly those containing the chemical glyceryl monothioglycolate) Shampoos Long-wearing lip stains Nail polish (particularly those containing formaldehyde) Fingernail glue containing methacrylate Hair dyes can also be the source of skin reactions, especially those containing p-phenylenediamine as well as ammonium persulfate used to lighten hair.


Question: How is deep vein thrombosis (DVT) treated?

Answer: Your doctor will want to stop the blood clot from getting bigger or breaking off and heading toward your lungs. She'll also want to cut your chances of getting another DVT.


Question: What medications are used to to treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Blood thinners are the most common medications used to treat DVT. They cut your blood's ability to clot. You may need to take them for 6 months. If your symptoms are severe or your clot is very large, your doctor may give you a strong medicine to dissolve it. These medications, called thrombolytics, have serious side effects like sudden bleeding. That's why they're not prescribed very often.


Question: What are the signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: But you might notice any of the following: Leg or arm swelling that comes on without warning Pain or soreness when you stand or walk Warmth in the area that hurts Enlarged veins Skin that looks red or blue If a blood clot breaks free and moves through your bloodstream, it can get stuck in a blood vessel of your lung.


Question: How can sitting for long periods affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: When you sit for long stretches of time, the muscles in your lower legs stay lax. This makes it hard for blood to circulate, or move around, the way it should. Long flights or car rides can put you at risk.


Question: What injuries can affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: This could result from a broken bone, surgery, or other trauma.


Question: What health issues affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Conditions like Irritable bowel disease, cancer, and heart disease can all raise your risk.


Question: At what BMI does your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) increase?

Answer: People with a body mass index ( BMI) over 30 have a higher chance of DVT. This measures how much body fat you have, compared with your height and weight.


Question: What can deep vein thrombosis (DVT) lead to?

Answer: DVT can lead to major health problems. In some cases, it can be fatal. That's why if you think you have one, you must see a doctor right away.


Question: What blood disorders affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Some diseases that run in families can make your blood thicker than normal or cause it to clot more than it should.


Question: How can a pulmonary embolism (PE) happen in deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: But you might notice any of the following: Leg or arm swelling that comes on without warning Pain or soreness when you stand or walk Warmth in the area that hurts Enlarged veins Skin that looks red or blue If a blood clot breaks free and moves through your bloodstream, it can get stuck in a blood vessel of your lung. Doctors call this a pulmonary embolism, or PE. It can be fatal.


Question: How can you prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Simple lifestyle changes may help lower your odds of getting one. Try these simple tips to keep your blood circulating the way it should: Take care of yourself. Stop smoking, lose weight, and get active. Get regular checkups. And if your doctor has prescribed a medicine to control a health problem, take it as directed. Don't sit for too long. If you're traveling for 4 hours or more, take breaks to flex and stretch your lower leg muscles. If you're on a flight, walk up and down the aisle every half-hour. On long car drives, pull over each hour to stretch. Wear loose-fitting clothes, and drink plenty of water. Plan surgery after-care. Talk to your doctor about what you can do to prevent DVT after surgery. She might suggest you wear compression stockings or take blood thinners. You'll also want to get out of bed and start moving around.


Question: How can smoking affect your chances of getting deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Smoking makes blood cells stickier than they should be. It also harms the lining of your blood vessels.


Question: What is an anal abscess?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } An anal abscess is a painful condition in which a collection of pus develops near the anus. Most anal abscesses are a result of infection from small anal glands.


Question: What can prevent anal abscesses?

Answer: These include: An anal fissure, a tear in the anal canal, that becomes infected Sexually transmitted infections Blocked anal glands Risk factors for anal abscesses include: Colitis Inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Diabetes Diverticulitis Pelvic inflammatory disease Being the receptive partner in anal sex Use of medications such as prednisone For adults, using condoms during sexual intercourse, including anal intercourse, can help prevent anal abscesses. For infants and toddlers, frequent diaper changes and proper cleaning during diaper changes can help prevent anal fistulas and perianal abscesses.


Question: How are anal abscesses diagnosed?

Answer: But some patients may require additional tests to screen for: Sexually transmitted infections inflammatory bowel disease Diverticular disease Rectal cancer In rare cases, an examination may be done under anesthesia. The doctor may also ask for an ultrasound, a CT scan, or an MRI.


Question: What are superficial anal abscesses associated with?

Answer: Superficial anal abscesses are often associated with: Pain, which is usually constant, throbbing, and worse when sitting down Skin irritation around the anus, including swelling, redness, and tenderness Discharge of pus Constipation or pain associated with bowel movements Deeper anal abscesses may also be associated with: Fever Chills Malaise Sometimes, fever is the only symptom of deep anal abscesses.