Question: Are there different types of tests for color blindness?

Answer: Ishihara color test. This checks for red-green color blindness. The doctor will ask you to look at a series of circles (also called plates) with dots of different colors and sizes. Some of the dots form shapes or one- or two-digit numbers. If you have trouble seeing red and green, those shapes will be hard to see, or you may not see them at all. Cambridge color test. This is a lot like the Ishihara test, except that you look at a computer screen. You'll try to find a â Câ shape that's a different color than the background. It pops up randomly. When you see it, you press one of four keys. Anomaloscope. You look through an eyepiece and see a circle. The top half of the circle is a yellow light. The bottom half is made up of red and green lights. You turn knobs until both halves are the same color and brightness. Doctors use this test to check for trouble seeing red and green. Farnsworth- Munsell 100 hue test. This uses blocks or pegs that are different shades of the same color. Your task is to line them up a certain way. This test checks to see if you can pick up slight color changes.


Question: How does inotropic therapy help treat heart failure?

Answer: Inotropic therapy: This helps make an injured or weakened heart pump harder to send blood through the body. It helps strengthen the heart muscle's contractions. It also relaxes constricted blood vessels so blood can flow more smoothly. Inotropic therapy may also speed up your heart's rhythm. You may get this if you have end-stage heart failure to help relieve and control your symptoms. These medicines are used only when others have stopped working on symptoms.


Question: How do ARBs help treat heart failure?

Answer: Angiotensin II receptor blockers ( ARBs): These are used to lower blood pressure for people with heart failure. They help keep your blood vessels as wide as possible so blood can flow through your body more easily. They also lessen salt and fluid buildup in your body.


Question: How do diuretics help in treating high blood pressure and heart failure?

Answer: Diuretics: You may know these as water pills. They help your kidneys get rid of unneeded water and salt from your tissues and bloodstream. That makes it easier for your heart to pump. They treat high blood pressure and ease swelling and water buildup caused by some medical problems, including heart failure. They also help make breathing easier.


Question: What does digoxin do for your heart?

Answer: Digoxin: It helps an injured or weakened heart to send blood through the body and work more efficiently. It strengthens the force of the heart muscle's contractions. It may improve blood circulation. You may be prescribed this if you have an irregular heartbeat (your doctor may call this atrial fibrillation, or AFib). It may help slow down your heart rate.


Question: What do calcium channel blockers do?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers: These treat chest pain (your doctor may say âanginaâ) and high blood pressure. They relax blood vessels and increase blood and oxygen to your heart. That eases its workload. They treat heart failure caused by hypertension. But they're used only when other medicines to lower blood pressure don't work.


Question: What are PCSK9 inhibitors?

Answer: Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 ( PCSK9) inhibitors: You may get this new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs if diet and statin treatments aren't helping. They block a liver protein called PCSK9. That protein hinders your liver's ability to get rid of LDL (bad) cholesterol.


Question: How do aldosterone inhibitors help in treating heart failure?

Answer: They protect your heart by blocking a chemical in your body called aldosterone that causes salt and fluid buildup. This medicine is for folks with some types of severe heart failure.


Question: What is the best flu medication to take if you have heart disease?

Answer: You have: Fever (usually high) Severe aches and pains in the joints and muscles and around the eyes Generalized weakness Warm, flushed skin and red, watery eyes Headache Dry cough Sore throat and watery discharge from the nose When you're shopping for an over-the-counter ( OTC) medication, check the label. Look for a product that's decongestant-free or made just for people with high blood pressure. Decongestants can raise your blood pressure and interfere with other medications. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist before you try any OTC treatment. Make sure you tell each of your doctors about all of the medicines you're taking -- prescription and over the counter.


Question: Should I call my doctor if I have heart disease and flu symptoms?

Answer: Let her know if you think you might have the flu. She may want you to come to the office for an exam and tests. If you do have it, she'll recommend an antiviral drug. It will ease symptoms and shorten your illness if you take it early on. Call your doctor immediately if you have the following problems: Symptoms that don't improve or get worse after 3 to 4 days of illness You feel a little better, then you start to feel much worse -- sick-to-your-stomach, vomiting, high fever, shaking chills, chest pain, or coughing with thick yellow-green mucus.


Question: How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?

Answer: This exam may reveal a lump in the pelvic area. Ultrasound. This scan uses sound waves to create an image of the ovaries. This helps the doctor determine the size and location of a cyst.


Question: How is ovarian remnant syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: These scans create images of the area. They help the doctor locate the remaining piece of ovary tissue.


Question: How can pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) lead to ovarian pain?

Answer: Pelvic inflammatory disease ( PID) is an infection in the ovaries, uterus, or fallopian tubes. It is most often caused by sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea or chlamydia. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain in women.


Question: How is ovarian remnant syndrome treated?

Answer: These procedures are done to remove the remaining piece or pieces of ovary.


Question: How is radiation used to treat ovarian tumors?

Answer: This treatment uses high-energy X-rays to kill or shrink cancer cells. Radiation is either delivered from outside the body, or placed inside the body near the site of the tumor. This treatment also can cause side effects. These can include inflamed skin, nausea, diarrhea, and fatigue. Radiation is not often used to treat ovarian cancer.


Question: How is laparotomy used to treat ovarian tumors?

Answer: This is surgery performed through an incision into the abdomen. The surgeon will remove as much of the tumor as possible. The removal of tumor tissue is called debulking. If the tumor is cancerous and has spread, the surgeon may also remove the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, omentum (fatty tissue covering the intestines), and nearby lymph nodes. Laparoscopy and robotic surgery may also be used.


Question: What are other symptoms of ovarian cysts?

Answer: Other symptoms of ovarian cysts: Irregular menstrual periods Pain during intercourse or bowel movements Nausea or vomiting Feeling full after eating a small amount Bloating How ovarian cysts are diagnosed Pelvic exam.


Question: How are ovarian cysts treated?

Answer: Treatment of ovarian cysts Watchful waiting. Most ovarian cysts will go away on their own. If you don't have any bothersome symptoms, especially if you haven't yet gone through menopause, your doctor may advocate "watchful waiting." The doctor won't treat you. Instead, the doctor might check you periodically to see if there has been any change in your condition. Laparoscopy. This is a form of surgery that uses small incisions and a tiny, lighted camera on the end of a metal tube that's inserted into the abdomen to remove small cysts. Larger cysts may need to be removed through a bigger incision in the abdomen. This is done with a technique called laparotomy. Birth control pills . Birth control pills prevent ovulation.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose ovarian pain?

Answer: Tumors can form in the ovaries, just as they form in other parts of the body.


Question: What does coronary angiography indicated for heart disease?

Answer: This procedure, also known as cardiac catheterization, can help your doctor check how many artery blockages you have and how severe they are.


Question: What does a carotid ultrasound indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It uses high-frequency sound waves to give your doctor a view of your major neck arteries, called the carotids. He'll be able to see if you have any narrowing of your arteries that's caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque.


Question: What does an echocardiograph (echo) indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It uses ultrasound to give your doctor a graphic outline of your heart chambers and their movement. He'll be able to check your heart's structure and motion, and see how thick the heart muscle is and how well the heart pumps.


Question: What does an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It's a test that measures the electrical activity of your heart. Your doctor will be able to check for things like: Heart rhythms that aren't normal A larger-than-usual heart chamber Poor blood flow Heart attack Ambulatory electrocardiogram ( Holter monitor).


Question: What does a blood pressure check indicate for heart disease?

Answer: It's a painless test that uses a special meter to measure the force of blood pushing against your vessel walls. If you don't get your high blood pressure under control, you could get health problems like: Stroke Heart attack Heart failure Kidney failure Carotid ultrasound.


Question: Can I prevent or reduce my risk of heart disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: When you have diabetes, your chance of heart disease goes up, so you may need tests that check how well your ticker is working. They'll help your doctor see if you have signs of heart trouble and figure out the best treatment for you.


Question: What does a complete blood count for polycythemia vera measure?

Answer: Your doctor may order any of these tests: Complete blood count Blood smear Erythropoietin level Complete blood count: The complete blood count ( CBC) is often the test first that shows you might have PV. It measures: Hemoglobin. This is a protein that helps your red blood cells carry oxygen throughout your body. Hematocrit. To understand hematocrit, think of your blood as colored marbles in a jar of water. Red marbles are your red blood cells. Hematocrit is a number. It tells you how much room the red marbles take up in that jar -- or how much room your red blood cells take up in your blood. Number of blood cells. You have three kinds of blood cells: red, white, and platelets. The CBC counts how many of each you have. High numbers for hemoglobin, hematocrit, or blood cell count can all be signs of PV.


Question: What blood tests will I need if I am being tested for polycythemia vera?

Answer: Blood tests are common when checking for PV. Even if you've already had one, you may need another. Your doctor may order any of these tests: Complete blood count Blood smear Erythropoietin level Complete blood count: The complete blood count ( CBC) is often the test first that shows you might have PV.


Question: How do I get tested for polycythemia vera?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you have PV, you'll start with a physical exam. Then you may need: Blood tests A bone marrow test A genetic test You may not get all of these tests, but you're likely to get some of them. This helps you know for sure that you have PV and not a similar blood disease. Your doctor will probably send to you a hematologist -- a doctor who treats blood diseases.


Question: What is a blood smear for polycythemia vera?

Answer: Blood smear: Like the CBC, a blood smear gives a blood cell count. It also shows the shape of your blood cells. This helps your doctor know if you have PV and how advanced it might be.


Question: What questions should I ask if I am being tested for polycythemia vera?

Answer: You may want to write down any questions you have so you remember them. For example, you could ask: What's the cause of my condition? What tests do I need? When will I find out about my results? How I can learn more about PV?


Question: How long does a complete blood count for polycythemia vera take?

Answer: The CBC takes only a few minutes. Your doctor puts a thin needle into your arm, usually near your elbow, and draws blood. You may have results in 1-2 days, but it can take longer.


Question: What is a gene test for polycythemia vera and how long does it take?

Answer: Most people with PV have a problem in a gene called JAK2. Your doctor can use a blood sample or a bone marrow sample from a biopsy to check your JAK2 gene. You can get results in 4-6 days, but your lab may take longer.


Question: What is erythropoietin level test for polycythemia vera?

Answer: Erythropoietin level: Erythropoietin ( EPO) is a hormone that tells your bone marrow to make new blood cells. A very low level can be another sign of PV.


Question: How long does a blood smear for polycythemia vera take?

Answer: The blood smear is a quick test. Your doctor may draw blood from your arm or by pricking your finger. You usually get the results in 1-2 days.


Question: What happens if my tests show that I have polycythemia vera?

Answer: If tests show that you have PV, your doctor can help you choose the best treatment for you and closely follow your health in the years to come to make sure you don't have complications. Most people with PV can live a normal life. With the right care, you can limit your symptoms and, in some cases, make them go away completely.


Question: How does a complete blood count show polycythemia vera?

Answer: High numbers for hemoglobin, hematocrit, or blood cell count can all be signs of PV.


Question: Who usually gets toxic shock syndrome?

Answer: Toxic shock syndrome is still mostly a disease of menstruating women who use tampons. But it has also been linked to the use of menstrual sponges, diaphragms, and cervical caps. A woman who has recently given birth also has a higher chance of getting toxic shock. And it can happen to men and women who have been exposed to staph bacteria while recovering from surgery, a burn, an open wound, or the use of a prosthetic device. More than a third of all cases of toxic shock involve women under 19, and up to 30% of women who have had the disease will get it again. If you have ever had toxic shock, you must look out for the symptoms so you can get immediate medical care.


Question: Should I eat vegetables to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation?

Answer: 5 -- Work a Few Veggies Into Your Day Vegetables offer loads of fiber plus antioxidants that can help fight heart disease and some types of cancer. Here are a few examples: 1 cup carrot slices, cooked = 5 grams of fiber 1 cup cooked broccoli = 4.5 grams of fiber 1 sweet potato = 4 grams of fiber 1 cup cauliflower, cooked = 3 grams of fiber 2 cups raw spinach leaves = 3 grams of fiber Having trouble getting started?


Question: Should I eat breakfast cereals to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation?

Answer: 2 -- Eat Breakfast Cereals Some cereals contain 5 or more grams of fiber per serving. Here are a few examples: 1 cup of Raisin Bran = 8 grams of fiber 1/2 cup of All- Bran = 10 grams 1 cup of Shredded Wheat Spoonsize = 5 grams 1 1/4 cups of cooked oatmeal = 5 grams No.


Question: What is cruciferous au gratin and how can I make it to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation?

Answer: Cruciferous Au Gratin Makes six side servings Ingredients 4 cups cauliflower florets ( Reserve about 2 cups of the coarsely chopped cauliflower stems) 4 cups broccoli florets 2 tablespoons chopped shallots 1 tablespoon minced garlic 1 cup golden mushroom canned soup (vegetable or chicken broth can be substituted) 1 cup fat-free half and half (low-fat or whole milk can be substituted) 1 to 1 1/2 teaspoons horseradish (to taste) Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste cup grated Gruyere cheese (reduced-fat Swiss or Jarlsberg Lite can be substituted) Directions Add cauliflower and broccoli florets to large microwave-safe dish with 1/4 cup of water. Cover dish and microwave on HIGH until just tender (about four-six minutes). Meanwhile, start heating a medium-sized nonstick frying pan over medium heat. Coat the pan with canola cooking spray. Add the coarsely chopped cauliflower stems, shallots, and garlic, and gently saute until soft (do not brown). Add the golden mushroom soup or vegetable or chicken broth and cook until the stock is almost evaporated. Transfer the mixture to a food processor or blender along with the fat-free half-and-half and pulse until fairly smooth. Add the horseradish and season with salt and pepper to taste. Coat a 9-inch pie plate with canola cooking spray. Add the cauliflower and broccoli florets to the dish and pour the half-and-half mixture over the top. Gently toss to blend. Sprinkle the cheese over the top. Bake at 350 degrees for about 15 minutes until golden brown. Nutritional Information Per Serving: 115 calories, 10 grams protein, 12.7 grams carbohydrate, 3.5 grams fat (1.9 grams saturated fat), 11 milligrams cholesterol, 3.5 grams fiber, 240 milligrams sodium. Calories from fat: 26%.


Question: Should I eat fruits to treat irritable bowel syndrome with constipation?

Answer: 4 -- Enjoy a Few Fruits Each Day Fruits are great choices because they include both fiber and extra water. Here are a few examples: 1 apple = 3.7 grams of fiber 1 banana = 2.8 grams 1 pear = 4 grams 1 cup of strawberries = 3.8 grams No.


Question: How can people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) get more veggies in their diet?

Answer: 5 -- Work a Few Veggies Into Your Day Vegetables offer loads of fiber plus antioxidants that can help fight heart disease and some types of cancer. Here are a few examples: 1 cup carrot slices, cooked = 5 grams of fiber 1 cup cooked broccoli = 4.5 grams of fiber 1 sweet potato = 4 grams of fiber 1 cup cauliflower, cooked = 3 grams of fiber 2 cups raw spinach leaves = 3 grams of fiber Having trouble getting started?


Question: What are some ways for people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to get more whole grains?

Answer: 1 -- Get Those Whole Grains First, make sure you are not gluten sensitive. If unsure, stop eating gluten for three weeks and use alternatives instead (such as rice, quinoa, potato, and flax). You can get 4 grams of fiber easily with a serving of whole grains. Here are a few examples: 1 to 2 slices of whole-grain bread (depending on the brand) 1 cup of brown rice 1 1/2 to 2 tablespoons ground flaxseed (depending on the brand) 9 Reduced- Fat Triscuits No.


Question: What are some ways for people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to eat more breakfast cereals?

Answer: 2 -- Eat Breakfast Cereals Some cereals contain 5 or more grams of fiber per serving. Here are a few examples: 1 cup of Raisin Bran = 8 grams of fiber 1/2 cup of All- Bran = 10 grams 1 cup of Shredded Wheat Spoonsize = 5 grams 1 1/4 cups of cooked oatmeal = 5 grams No.


Question: What are the ingredients for a high-fiber berry parfait for people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: High- Fiber Berry Parfait Makes one parfait Ingredients cup strawberry or berry yogurt (low-fat or light depending on preference) cup sliced strawberries cup Raisin Bran cereal Garnish parfait with: a small dollop of light whipping cream or light Cool Whip and a whole strawberry or fan a few slices of strawberries on top (optional) Directions 1.


Question: How can I get more fiber in my diet to help my IBS-C?

Answer: 2 -- Eat Breakfast Cereals Some cereals contain 5 or more grams of fiber per serving.


Question: How do I make an irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)-friendly 7-layer bean dip?

Answer: Directions Add beans to small microwave-safe bowl and heat on HIGH for two minutes to warm and soften. Stir in chili powder, black pepper, and pepper sauce to taste. Spread into an 8 x 8-inch baking dish and let cool. Spread sour cream over the beans. Top beans with shredded cheese then sprinkle chopped tomatoes evenly over the top. Top with green onions and olives if desired. Refrigerate until needed. Serve with any of the suggested dippers. Nutritional Information Per Serving (not including dippers): 145 calories, 10 grams protein, 18.5 grams carbohydrate, 3 grams fat (2 grams saturated fat), 10 milligrams cholesterol, 4 grams fiber, 400 milligrams sodium. Calories from fat: 21%.


Question: Can you exercise if you have hemophilia?

Answer: Your doctor will discuss the types of physical activities that are appropriate and what kinds of activities may be too dangerous. Your doctor's advice depends on the type and severity of hemophilia.


Question: How can adynovate help with treating hemophilia?

Answer: Adynovate is used to replace clotting factor VIII to help prevent and control bleeding in adults and children with hemophilia A. Idelvion, Coagulation Factor IX ( Recombinant), albumin fusion protein is used to help control and prevent bleeding in children and adults with hemophilia B.


Question: Are hemophilia treatments the same for everyone?

Answer: Treatments for hemophilia include: Receiving clotting factors replacement therapy Medication Treatment for joint bleeding and other problems associated with hemophilia The treatments you need will depend on the type of hemophilia and the severity of hemophilia. For instance, if you have mild hemophilia, you may need treatment only when you've been injured or in preparation for surgery. However, if you have severe hemophilia and bleed frequently, you may need regular treatment to help prevent bleeding and help protect your joints from deformity and disability.


Question: What's the treatment for joints that bleed because of hemophilia?

Answer: The most common include: Treating bleeding joints Monitoring physical activities For bleeding joints, you must get treatment with clotting factor to avoid joint damage. Your doctor may also recommend resting and icing the affected joint to decrease pain and swelling. As pain and swelling subsides, physical therapy may help you recover joint mobility and strength.


Question: Can sexual intercourse be a trigger for genital herpes?

Answer: Other triggers of genital herpes may include: Sexual intercourse. Some people find that the friction of sexual intercourse irritates the skin and brings on symptoms. Using a water-based lubricant can help reduce irritation. Don't use one that contains the spermicide nonoxynol-9, however. Nonoxynol-9 can irritate mucous membranes, such as the lining of the vagina. Oil-based lubricants are a no-no, too. They weaken latex, making condoms more likely to break. Even if the friction of intercourse seems to be a trigger for symptoms, it probably won't cause a flare-up every time you have sex.


Question: Can colds and sunlight be triggers for genital herpes?

Answer: The common cold and sunlight seem to trigger outbreaks of oral herpes (cold sores), but no proof exists that they trigger genital herpes outbreaks.


Question: Does it help you sleep better as you get older if you keep a regular bedtime?

Answer: Stick to a regular bedtime. Go to sleep and get up at the same time each day, even on weekends. Your body will get used to the routine.


Question: How can relaxation help me sleep better as I get older?

Answer: Take time to calm down before you turn out the lights. Turn off your electronic devices and TV an hour before bed. You can read a book, listen to music -- whatever helps you unwind.


Question: How can I get better sleep in retirement?

Answer: You might have a lot more downtime and be less active during the day. That can throw off your sleep-wake schedule. So try to keep your body and mind moving: You could volunteer, hit the gym, learn a new skill, spend time with friends and family -- the point is, stay active.


Question: When should I get out of bed if I can't fall asleep?

Answer: Get back in bed only when you feel tired enough. Train yourself to think of the bed as a place for sleeping only. Avoid afternoon naps. If you sleep during the day, you're more likely to stay awake at night.


Question: How can drinking less fluids at night help me sleep better as I get older?

Answer: Drink less fluids at night.


Question: How can taking a warm bath help me sleep better as I get older?

Answer: When you get out of the tub, the drop in body temperature may help you feel tired. It can also help you relax and slow down, so you're more ready to go to bed.


Question: How can your doctor help you sleep better as I get older?

Answer: He can see if you might have a condition that's causing you to stay awake.


Question: Do afternoon naps help as you get older?

Answer: If you sleep during the day, you're more likely to stay awake at night.


Question: Does alcohol affect sleep?

Answer: Don't drink alcohol close to bedtime. Even small amounts can make it harder to stay asleep. It can make you wake up in the middle of the night when the effects of the booze have worn off.


Question: How can you avoid breaking a shoulder?

Answer: To help your shoulder accomplish all those tasks, your doctor may refer you to a specialist like one of these: Physiatrist, a doctor trained in nerve, muscle, and bone recovery Physical therapist, who uses movement and exercises to help you get your shoulder back to normal Occupational therapist, who helps you do your day-to-day activities as you heal Your risk of breaking a bone is greater after a fracture, so take extra care. Your doctor will go over ways to avoid falls. For instance, he may suggest you: Keep good posture. Avoid risky activities. Do bone-strengthening exercises.


Question: Do you need surgery for a broken collarbone?

Answer: It usually heals without surgery. Your doctor may fit you with a sling to hold your arm still. If the bone comes through the skin, or if it's fractured in more than one place, you may need an operation. Just like with shoulder surgery, your doctor will need to hold it together with plates, screws, or pins.


Question: When do you need surgery for a broken arm?

Answer: A break there can heal without surgery if the bones haven't shifted apart. You'll need to wear a sling while it heals. If the break is serious, a surgeon will put in pins, plates, and screws. In some cases, you might need a total shoulder replacement.


Question: What's the treatment for a fractured shoulder blade?

Answer: It's protected by your chest and layers of muscle, so a fracture there isn't that common. But if you do break it, you probably won't need surgery. Instead, your doctor will give you a sling that holds your arm in place and keeps it still while the bone heals. You can also expect a prescription for pain medicine and instructions to apply ice.


Question: Which specialists can help you with broken shoulder?

Answer: To help your shoulder accomplish all those tasks, your doctor may refer you to a specialist like one of these: Physiatrist, a doctor trained in nerve, muscle, and bone recovery Physical therapist, who uses movement and exercises to help you get your shoulder back to normal Occupational therapist, who helps you do your day-to-day activities as you heal Your risk of breaking a bone is greater after a fracture, so take extra care.


Question: How do you know if you have a broken shoulder?

Answer: First, your doctor will carefully check the injury to see where and how bad it is. So expect a physical exam and an X-ray. After that, you may need to get a CT scan, which is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures inside your body. Your doctor will then suggest a treatment plan.


Question: What three bones make up your shoulders?

Answer: Your shoulder is made up of three bones, and a fracture usually involves one of them: Shoulder blade (scapula) Collarbone (clavicle) Arm bone (humerus) Here's what to expect with each kind of fracture: Shoulder blade.


Question: What causes penile cancer?

Answer: If you or someone you love has it, you'll want to know what your options are. Experts don't know exactly what causes this disease. Not being circumcised may make it more likely. If bodily fluids get trapped in the foreskin and aren't washed away, they may contribute to the growth of cancer cells. Some research suggests that men who are exposed to certain strains of HPV (human papillomavirus) may also be more likely to get penile cancer. This type of cancer is more common in men over age 60, in smokers, and in those who have a weakened immune system.


Question: Can I still have sex if I have penile cancer?

Answer: If your cancer is advanced or has a high risk of spreading, treatment may involve any of the above, and/or: Surgery to remove some or all o your inguinal lymph nodes if your cancer has spread to them Radiation and/or chemotherapy to rid your body of cancer cells A penectomy, which is surgery to remove some or all of your penis Most treatments for early-stage penile cancer don't affect your ability to have sex, but chemotherapy and radiation may. Talk to your doctor about possible side effects.


Question: Can HPV cause penile cancer?

Answer: Some research suggests that men who are exposed to certain strains of HPV (human papillomavirus) may also be more likely to get penile cancer.


Question: What are some resources and support groups for people with penile cancer?

Answer: Ask your doctor about support groups at your hospital or in your community. You can also find support groups for men with penile cancer online. As you go through your treatment, it can also help to talk with a therapist or social worker who works with people who have cancer.


Question: What are the warning signs of penile cancer?

Answer: Growths on the penis that look bluish-brown Smelly discharge underneath the foreskin A sore on the penis, which may be bleeding Swelling at the end of the penis Lumps under the skin in the groin area Most men with these symptoms don't have penile cancer.


Question: What types of people are more at risk for penile cancer?

Answer: This type of cancer is more common in men over age 60, in smokers, and in those who have a weakened immune system.


Question: What is the main sign of penile cancer?

Answer: Changes in the penis skin are the most common symptom of penile cancer. They can show up on the foreskin of uncircumcised men, or on the penis tip (the glans) or shaft.


Question: How do imaging tests diagnose penile cancer?

Answer: Imaging tests, like X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds, and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI).


Question: How is penile cancer treated?

Answer: If your cancer is in the early stages, your treatment may include: A medicine that goes on your skin as a cream Cryotherapy, a procedure that uses an extremely cold liquid or a device to freeze and destroy tissue that contains cancer Mohs surgery, in which doctors remove affected skin, one layer at a time, until they reach normal, healthy tissue Lasers to cut and destroy areas that contain cancer Circumcision, which is surgery to remove the foreskin. You would have this procedure if you only had cancer in your foreskin.


Question: How does a biopsy diagnose penile cancer?

Answer: The doctor will take a small sample of tissue from a skin lesion on the penis. Lab tests will check it for cancer cells.


Question: What is the treatment for advanced stages of penile cancer?

Answer: If your cancer is advanced or has a high risk of spreading, treatment may involve any of the above, and/or: Surgery to remove some or all o your inguinal lymph nodes if your cancer has spread to them Radiation and/or chemotherapy to rid your body of cancer cells A penectomy, which is surgery to remove some or all of your penis Most treatments for early-stage penile cancer don't affect your ability to have sex, but chemotherapy and radiation may. Talk to your doctor about possible side effects.


Question: How do I join a clinical trial for penile cancer?

Answer: Before you sign up, ask for information on what's involved, and what the risks and benefits would be. You can learn more about different trials throughout the U. S. at the National Cancer Institute's web site, http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials.


Question: How is penile cancer treated in the early stages?

Answer: If your cancer is in the early stages, your treatment may include: A medicine that goes on your skin as a cream Cryotherapy, a procedure that uses an extremely cold liquid or a device to freeze and destroy tissue that contains cancer Mohs surgery, in which doctors remove affected skin, one layer at a time, until they reach normal, healthy tissue Lasers to cut and destroy areas that contain cancer Circumcision, which is surgery to remove the foreskin. You would have this procedure if you only had cancer in your foreskin.


Question: How will my doctor test me for penile cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will give you a physical exam, talk with you about your symptoms, and may recommend other tests, such as: A biopsy. The doctor will take a small sample of tissue from a skin lesion on the penis. Lab tests will check it for cancer cells. Imaging tests, like X-rays, CT scans, ultrasounds, and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). These look inside your body for tumors or other signs that cancer has spread.


Question: What are the symptoms of peripheral vertigo caused by an inner ear infection?

Answer: There are some other conditions of the inner ear that also lead to peripheral vertigo, including: Labyrinthitis Perilymph fistula Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome ( SSCDS) Labyrinthitis may be caused by a viral infection of your inner ear.


Question: What are the symptoms of peripheral vertigo caused by labyrinthitis and Meniere's disease?

Answer: Meniere's disease is condition that combines symptoms of dizziness with occasional hearing loss.


Question: What is vertigo like?

Answer: If your doctor tells you that you have peripheral vertigo, you've got plenty of company.


Question: What conditions of the inner ear cause peripheral vertigo?

Answer: There are some other conditions of the inner ear that also lead to peripheral vertigo, including: Labyrinthitis Perilymph fistula Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome ( SSCDS) Labyrinthitis may be caused by a viral infection of your inner ear. Perilymph fistula may be due to a head injury or sudden pressure change, such as from scuba diving. SSCDS may be due to a breakdown of part of a bony part of a canal that carries fluids in your inner ear.


Question: When is surgery used to treat peripheral vertigo?

Answer: For some conditions, such as perilymph fistula or SSCDS, your doctor may recommend surgery to correct problems in your inner ear.


Question: What is Apremilast (Otezla) and some of its side effects?

Answer: Apremilast is a drug you take by mouth that's approved to treat psoriatic arthritis and plaque psoriasis in adults. It curbs phosphodiesterase-4 ( PDE-4), an enzyme that controls inflammation. Side effects include diarrhea, nausea, and headache. Some people in studies who took the drug lost weight. If you use the medicine, it's recommended that you check your weight regularly and watch out for signs of depression.


Question: What biologics are approved by the FDA to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Biologic medicines approved by the FDA to treat moderate to severe psoriasis include: Adalimumab ( Humira), a TNF-alpha-blocking antibody Adalimumab-adbm ( Cyltezo), a biosimilar to Humira Brodalumab ( Siliq), a human antibody against interleukins Certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia), a TNF-alpha blocker Etanercept ( Enbrel), a TNF-alpha blocker Etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi), a biosimilar like Enbrel Guselkumab ( Tremfya), an antibody against interleukins Infliximab ( Remicade), a TNF-alpha blocker Ixekizumab ( Taltz), an antibody that binds to inflammation-causing proteins/interleukins Risankizumab-rzaa ( SKYRIZI), an antibody against interleukins Secukinumab ( Cosentyx), a human antibody against interleukins Ustekinumab ( Stelara), a human antibody against interleukins Biologics are good at treating psoriasis.


Question: How were past research treatments of psoriasis executed?

Answer: Research in psoriasis doesn't always make headlines -- or win funding -- like discoveries in cancer or heart disease. And studies are hamstrung by the one-of-a-kind nature of your skin. Unlike many other diseases, experiments on mice or other animals aren't very helpful. In recent years, research into other autoimmune diseases brought new insights about the immune system. It turns out that some of the problems in those conditions are active in psoriasis, as well.


Question: What do new psoriasis treatments look like?

Answer: Research in psoriasis doesn't always make headlines -- or win funding -- like discoveries in cancer or heart disease. And studies are hamstrung by the one-of-a-kind nature of your skin. Unlike many other diseases, experiments on mice or other animals aren't very helpful. In recent years, research into other autoimmune diseases brought new insights about the immune system. It turns out that some of the problems in those conditions are active in psoriasis, as well. The new info brought treatments that target specific areas of your immune system. Called biologics, these drugs launched a new era of psoriasis treatment.


Question: Is it common to get a headache if you have a stroke?

Answer: Headaches commonly accompany stroke. In a study of 163 patients who'd had a stroke, 60% reported a headache with the stroke, especially women and those with a history of headaches. Up to 46% reported having an incapacitating headache; most said the headache was mild to moderately painful. The headaches are equally likely to come on quickly or slowly.


Question: What are late-life migraine accompaniments?

Answer: Late-life migraine accompaniments are defined as passing neurological symptoms that can affect vision, speech, movement, and behavior. They are similar or identical to migraine "aura," the symptoms the precede a migraine. However, headache is associated with only 50% of cases and may be mild.


Question: What is the preventive treatment for late-life migraine accompaniments in older people?

Answer: If the episodes are frequent, preventive treatment can be considered with medications such as divalproex sodium ( Depakote, Depakene), topiramate ( Qudexy XR, Topamax, Trokendi XR),metoprolol ( Lopresor, Toprol XL), or propranolol ( Inderal LA, Inno Pran XL). Your doctor will talk to you about best options for treating acute symptoms.


Question: Does food affect oral lichen planus?

Answer: Certain foods and drinks -- especially spicy or citrus ones -- can make your symptoms worse. Hot or cold foods and drinks can also make you more uncomfortable.


Question: Can omega-3 fatty acids help improve total cholesterol?

Answer: Nuts Help Lower Bad Cholesterol Improve total cholesterol with omega-3 fatty acids found in salmon, tuna, sardines, and more.


Question: Can nuts help lower bad cholesterol?

Answer: Low- Cholesterol Diet: Secrets of Plant Sterols Nuts get a bad rap because of fat and calories. But they're a great weapon against LDL, the bad cholesterol.


Question: How are antihistamines and decongestants used to treat postnasal drip?

Answer: They can also be effective, along with steroid nasal sprays, for postnasal drip caused by allergies. The older, over-the-counter antihistamines, including diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine ( Chlor- Trimeton), might not be the best choices for postnasal drip. When they dry out mucus, they can actually thicken it. Newer antihistamines like loratadine ( Claritin, Alavert), fexofenadine ( Allegra), cetirizine ( Zyrtec), levocetirizine ( Xyzal), and desloratadine ( Clarinex), may be better options and are less likely to cause drowsiness. It's a good idea to check with your doctor before taking these because all of them can have side effects that range from dizziness to dry mouth.


Question: What causes postnasal drip?

Answer: The excess mucus that triggers it has many possible causes, including: Colds Flu Allergies , also called allergic postnasal drip Sinus infection or sinusitis , which is an inflammation of the sinuses Object stuck in the nose (most common in children) Pregnancy Certain medications , including some for birth control and blood pressure Deviated septum , which is the crooked placement of the wall that separates the two nostrils, or some other problem with the structure of the nose that affects the sinuses Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air Certain foods (for example, spicy foods may trigger mucus flow) Fumes from chemicals, perfumes, cleaning products, smoke, or other irritants Sometimes the problem is not that you're producing too much mucus, but that it's not being cleared away.


Question: What else can cause postnasal drip?

Answer: The excess mucus that triggers it has many possible causes, including: Colds Flu Allergies , also called allergic postnasal drip Sinus infection or sinusitis , which is an inflammation of the sinuses Object stuck in the nose (most common in children) Pregnancy Certain medications , including some for birth control and blood pressure Deviated septum , which is the crooked placement of the wall that separates the two nostrils, or some other problem with the structure of the nose that affects the sinuses Changing weather, cold temperatures, or really dry air Certain foods (for example, spicy foods may trigger mucus flow) Fumes from chemicals, perfumes, cleaning products, smoke, or other irritants Sometimes the problem is not that you're producing too much mucus, but that it's not being cleared away. Swallowing problems can cause a buildup of liquids in the throat, which can feel like postnasal drip. These problems can sometimes occur with age, a blockage, or conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as GERD.


Question: How can you reduce triggers of postnasal drip?

Answer: You can also try propping up your pillows at night so that the mucus doesn't pool or collect in the back of your throat. If you have allergies, here are some other ways to reduce your triggers: Cover your mattresses and pillowcases with dust mite proof covers. Wash all sheets, pillowcases, and mattress covers often in hot water. Use special HEPA air filters in your home. These can remove very fine particles from the air. Dust and vacuum regularly.


Question: When should you call the doctor about postnasal drip?

Answer: Call your doctor if the drainage is bad smelling, you have a fever, you're wheezing, or your symptoms are severe or last for 10 days or more. You might have a bacterial infection. Let your doctor know right away if you notice blood in your postnasal drip. If medication doesn't relieve your symptoms, you might need to see an ear, nose, and throat specialist (also called an otolaryngologist) for evaluation. Your doctor might want you to get a CT scan, X-rays, or other tests.


Question: What are other methods to treat postnasal drip?

Answer: Other methods you can try include: Take a medication such as guaifenesin ( Mucinex). Use saline nasal sprays or irrigation, like a neti pot, to flush mucus, bacteria, allergens, and other irritating things out of the sinuses. Turn on a vaporizer or humidifier to increase the moisture in the air.


Question: How do you treat postnasal drip?

Answer: How you treat postnasal drip depends on what's causing it. Antibiotics can clear up a bacterial infection. However, green or yellow mucus is not proof of a bacterial infection. Colds can also turn the mucus these colors, and they are caused by viruses, which don't respond to antibiotics.


Question: What is postnasal drip?

Answer: Your nose alone makes about a quart of it each day. Mucus is a thick, wet substance that moistens these areas and helps trap and destroy foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses before they cause infection. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Normally, you don't notice the mucus from your nose because it mixes with saliva, drips harmlessly down the back of your throat, and you swallow it. When your body produces more mucus than usual or it's thicker than normal, it becomes more noticeable. The excess can come out of the nostrils -- that's a runny nose. When the mucus runs down the back of your nose to your throat, it's called postnasal drip.


Question: How do doctors choose breast cancer treatments?

Answer: Your doctor will think about many things before she recommends treatments for you, including: The type of breast cancer you have How fast it's growing Your age and how healthy you are If you've had breast cancer before If your tumor has female hormones or other genetic factors, such as the HER2 oncogene, that make it grow faster.


Question: What does the doctor consider for treatment for breast cancer?

Answer: It doesn't tell the whole story, though. Your doctor will think about many things before she recommends treatments for you, including: The type of breast cancer you have How fast it's growing Your age and how healthy you are If you've had breast cancer before If your tumor has female hormones or other genetic factors, such as the HER2 oncogene, that make it grow faster.


Question: What is stage 2 breast cancer?

Answer: Stage 1 Breast Cancer Treatment Options In stage 2 breast cancer, the cancer is in the breast and may also be in nearby lymph nodes.


Question: What is stage 4 breast cancer?

Answer: Stage 3 Breast Cancer Treatment Options Stage 4 breast cancer has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body.


Question: What is stage 1 breast cancer?

Answer: Stage 0 Breast Cancer Treatment Options In Stage 1 breast cancer, the cancer is still considered in an early stage.


Question: What is stage 3 breast cancer?

Answer: Stage 3 Breast Cancer Treatment Options Stage 4 breast cancer has spread beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body.


Question: What is a slit-lamp test to help diagnose eye stroke?

Answer: You sit in front of a special microscope. It shines a narrow line of light in your eye so your doctor can look for anything unusual.


Question: What happens when you get fluorescein angiography to help find out if you had an eye stroke?

Answer: Your doctor injects a harmless dye in your arm. It moves through your bloodstream to your retina. A special camera takes pictures of your eye to show which blood vessels are blocked.


Question: What is a visual field test if you might have had an eye stroke?

Answer: You look into a machine and click a button each time you see a light. It checks if you lost any peripheral vision, which is what you see out the sides of your eyes.


Question: How is eye stroke treated?

Answer: Minutes count in order to save your vision after an eye stroke. You may avoid lasting injury if doctors can clear the central artery blockage and restore blood flows within 90-100 minutes. But after 4 hours, the blockage could damage your vision for good.


Question: What type of eye stroke is central retinal occlusion?

Answer: You may notice: Loss of all or part of your sight Not able to see out of side of your eyes Blurry or distorted vision Blind spots The most common type of eye stroke is called central retinal artery occlusion. It can leave you with little useful vision. You might be able to see a hand move, but not much more. Rarely, your vision might return on its own. If you have the less serious blockage in the smaller arteries, your vision may go back to normal about 80% of the time.


Question: How can optical coherence tomography help in the diagnosis of eye stroke?

Answer: You get drops to dilate your pupils. Then a machine scans your eyes to make a detailed image of the retina. If your doctor thinks a clot from another part of the body caused the blockage, she may suggest other tests to look for problems in your arteries and heart. She also may order blood tests to check for clotting disorders and your cholesterol levels.


Question: How can paracentesis help treat eye stroke?

Answer: A specialist uses a small needle to remove a few drops of fluid from the front of your eye. This reduces pressure, which may increase blood flow in the retina.


Question: What are symptoms of eye stroke?

Answer: Other things that make a retinal artery occlusion more likely include: Being 40 or older Being a man Smoking Trauma to the eye Damage from radiation treatments Kidney disease Clotting disorders such as sickle cell disease Birth control pills Carotid artery disease Abnormal heart rhythms like atrial fibrillation Vasculitis, an inflammation of the blood vessel wall Pregnancy The main sign of eye stroke is a sudden change in sight. It almost always happens in only one eye. You usually won't feel any pain. You may notice: Loss of all or part of your sight Not able to see out of side of your eyes Blurry or distorted vision Blind spots The most common type of eye stroke is called central retinal artery occlusion.


Question: How can medications help with treating eye stroke?

Answer: You may get drugs to bust clots or to lower the pressure in your eyes. These include drugs used for glaucoma, like acetazolamide ( Diamox).


Question: How can eye massage help with treating eye stroke?

Answer: Your doctor may try one or more of the following treatments: Eye massage. Your doctor will massage your closed eyelid with a finger to dislodge the clot.


Question: Can you prevent eye stroke?

Answer: You usually get an eye stroke because of another medical issue, such as high blood pressure or diabetes. So keep your cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in check. If you have diabetes, get your eyes checked every year.


Question: What makes eye stroke more likely?

Answer: If you have a condition that affects the blood vessels -- including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or heart disease -- it can raise your chances of an eye stroke.


Question: What is carbon-dioxide-oxygen to help treat eye stroke?

Answer: You breathe in a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen to increase blood flow to the retina. It also widens the arteries.


Question: Are there ways to get pregnant that bypass the fallopian tubes?

Answer: Once you begin to successfully ovulate, your doctor may suggest trying artificial insemination, in which sperm is inserted directly into your uterus. Keep in mind that some standard treatments for endometriosis can either prevent pregnancy or, in the case of the hormone Danocrine, cause serious birth defects. Make sure your doctor knows that you are trying to conceive if you're being treated for endometriosis.


Question: How do problems with the fallopian tubes affect fertility?

Answer: Problems with the fallopian tubes also account for a significant percentage of infertility cases. Sometimes, the tubes may be blocked or they may be scarred as a result of disease or infection. When an egg is released from one of the ovaries, it travels through one of the fallopian tubes, which are narrow ducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus. Normally, the egg will join with the sperm in the fallopian tubes during conception and the now-fertilized egg will continue on to the uterus. However, the fallopian tubes are extremely fragile. If they are blocked, there's no way for the egg to become fertilized by the sperm.


Question: Should I let my doctor know if I'm trying to conceive while being treated for endometriosis?

Answer: Keep in mind that some standard treatments for endometriosis can either prevent pregnancy or, in the case of the hormone Danocrine, cause serious birth defects. Make sure your doctor knows that you are trying to conceive if you're being treated for endometriosis.


Question: How do I find out if my fallopian tubes are blocked?

Answer: To determine whether your fallopian tubes are blocked, your doctor may suggest a laparoscopy or a hysterosalpingogram ( HSG). In an HSG test, liquid dye is inserted by catheter through the vagina (cervix) into the uterus. Then, X-rays are taken to see if there is a blockage or if the dye flows freely into the abdomen. Another method of HSG uses saline and air rather than dye and ultrasound instead of X-ray. If you have problems with your fallopian tubes, your doctor may recommend surgery to correct the damage or unblock the tubes.


Question: How does endometriosis affect your menstrual cycle?

Answer: The problem is that this tissue behaves like normal endometrial tissue -- it builds up and breaks down with your menstrual cycle -- but it can't be shed like normal endometrial tissue during your period. As a result, the rogue tissue causes irritation and inflammation. This buildup of tissue can prevent the eggs from getting out of the ovaries or being fertilized by sperm. It can also scar and block the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.


Question: What are common symptoms of endometriosis?

Answer: In addition to fertility problems, some common signs and symptoms of endometriosis include: Pelvic pain Painful intercourse Painful urination Painful bowel movements Severe abdominal pain Lower back pain Heavy periods or spotting between periods Fatigue Some women with endometriosis do not have symptoms.


Question: How are fallopian tubes damaged?

Answer: Sometimes, the tubes may be blocked or they may be scarred as a result of disease or infection.


Question: What are the symptoms of ameloblastoma?

Answer: The tumors usually grow slowly over many months or even years. For a while, the only symptom may be swelling in the back of your jaw. You also might have tooth or jaw pain. Some people don't have any symptoms. It's found when they have an imaging scan done for some other reason. Occasionally, ameloblastomas grow quickly and painfully. This can uproot and move your teeth. They also can spread to your nose, eye socket, or skull. In rare cases, they can grow so large that they block your airway, make it difficult to open and close your mouth, or affect how your body takes in nutrients from food.


Question: How is surgery for ameloblastoma done?

Answer: To make sure the tumor cells don't grow back, your doctor will take out the tumor and some of the healthy tissue around it. Part of your jaw may need to be removed, as well as some of the arteries and nerves that affect your face. Your doctor will recommend surgery to re-create your jaw using bone from somewhere else in your body or artificial bone. You also may need rehabilitation to learn how to smile and chew again.


Question: Who is most at risk for ameloblastomas?

Answer: Anyone can get one of these growths, but they're most often seen in adults ages 30 to 60. In the United States, between 300 and 600 cases are diagnosed every year.


Question: What causes ameloblastomas?

Answer: They do know they're more common in men than in women, and certain genes seem to play a role. An injury to your jaw or an infection in your mouth also might raise your risk. And scientists think some viruses or a lack of protein or minerals in your diet may be linked to them as well.


Question: How are ameloblastomas treated?

Answer: Drugs and radiation don't seem to have much effect on most non-cancerous ameloblastomas, so they're usually treated with surgery.


Question: How are ameloblastomas diagnosed?

Answer: Dentists often spot these tumors on X-rays -- they can look like soap bubbles on film. They also can be diagnosed with the following: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Powerful magnets and radio waves are used to make images of your mouth. CT (computerized tomography) scan: Several X-rays are taken from different angles and put together to show more detailed information. Your doctor may want to take a small sample of tissue to look at under a microscope. To take the sample, he'll use a needle or make a small cut. This is called a biopsy, and it can confirm it's an ameloblastoma and help determine how fast it's growing.


Question: What causes ameloblastoma?

Answer: They do know they're more common in men than in women, and certain genes seem to play a role. An injury to your jaw or an infection in your mouth also might raise your risk. And scientists think some viruses or a lack of protein or minerals in your diet may be linked to them as well.


Question: Who can get ameloblastoma?

Answer: Anyone can get one of these growths, but they're most often seen in adults ages 30 to 60. In the United States, between 300 and 600 cases are diagnosed every year.


Question: How is ameloblastoma diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor may want to take a small sample of tissue to look at under a microscope. To take the sample, he'll use a needle or make a small cut. This is called a biopsy, and it can confirm it's an ameloblastoma and help determine how fast it's growing.


Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis treated?

Answer: Treatments include medications, rest, exercise, and, in some cases, surgery to correct joint damage. Your options will depend on several things, including your age, overall health, medical history, and how severe your case is.


Question: What strong medications are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: They work by interfering with or suppressing your immune system's attack on your joints. Traditional DMARDs are often the first-line treatment for RA: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), which was created to treat malaria Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall), which was first developed to treat cancer Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) Biologic response modifiers are man made versions of proteins in human genes.


Question: Why are rest and exercise important for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Biologics approved for RA include: Abatacept ( Orencia), Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita) Anakinra ( Kineret) Baricitinib ( Olumiant) Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel), etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi) Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) Rituximab ( Rituxan) Sarilumab ( Kevzara) Tocilizumab ( Actemra) Tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) Upadacitinib ( Rinvoq) You need to be active, but you also have to pace yourself. During flare-ups, when inflammation gets worse, it's best to rest your joints. Using a cane or joint splints can help. When the inflammation eases, it's a good idea to exercise. It'll keep your joints flexible and strengthen the muscles that surround them. Low-impact activities, like brisk walking or swimming, and gentle stretching can help. You may want to work with a physical therapist at first.


Question: What are the warnings signs of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently.


Question: What is the cyclic citrulline antibody test for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Cyclic citrulline antibody test (anti- CCP): This more specific test checks for anti- CCP antibodies, which suggest you might have a more aggressive form of rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: Why are rest and exercise important for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Biologics approved for RA include: Abatacept ( Orencia), Adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita) Anakinra ( Kineret) Baricitinib ( Olumiant) Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel), etanercept-szzs ( Erelzi) Golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) Infliximab ( Remicade), infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra) Rituximab ( Rituxan) Sarilumab ( Kevzara) Tocilizumab ( Actemra) Tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) Upadacitinib ( Rinvoq) You need to be active, but you also have to pace yourself. During flare-ups, when inflammation gets worse, it's best to rest your joints. Using a cane or joint splints can help. When the inflammation eases, it's a good idea to exercise. It'll keep your joints flexible and strengthen the muscles that surround them. Low-impact activities, like brisk walking or swimming, and gentle stretching can help. You may want to work with a physical therapist at first.


Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have mild anemia?

Answer: She'll be looking for: Anemia: People with rheumatoid arthritis may have a low number of red blood cells. C-reactive protein ( CRP): High levels are also signs of inflammation.


Question: How do doctors diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: There is no single test that shows whether you have RA. Your doctor will give you a checkup, ask you about your symptoms, and possibly perform X-rays and blood tests. Rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed from a combination of things, including: The location and symmetry of painful joints, especially the hand joints Joint stiffness in the morning Bumps and nodules under the skin (rheumatoid nodules) Results of X-rays and blood tests In addition to checking for joint problems, your doctor will also do blood tests to diagnose RA.


Question: What disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: They work by interfering with or suppressing your immune system's attack on your joints. Traditional DMARDs are often the first-line treatment for RA: Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), which was created to treat malaria Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall), which was first developed to treat cancer Leflunomide ( Arava) Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) Biologic response modifiers are man made versions of proteins in human genes.


Question: When is surgery needed for rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: When joint damage from rheumatoid arthritis has become severe, surgery may help.


Question: Do people with rheumatoid arthritis have a positive antinuclear antibody test?

Answer: Rheumatoid factor ( RF): Most, but not all, people with rheumatoid arthritis have this antibody in their blood.


Question: Does rheumatoid arthritis affect everyone differently?

Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. For some, joint symptoms happen gradually over several years. In others, it may come on quickly. Some people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a short time and then go into remission, which means they don't have symptoms.


Question: How are people affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: The warning signs of RA are: Joint pain and swelling Stiffness, especially in the morning or after you sit for a long time Fatigue Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. For some, joint symptoms happen gradually over several years. In others, it may come on quickly. Some people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a short time and then go into remission, which means they don't have symptoms.


Question: Who can get rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Anyone can get RA. It affects about 1% of Americans. The disease is 2 to 3 times more common in women than in men, but men tend to have more severe symptoms. It usually starts in middle age.


Question: What is an advance directive?

Answer: Sometimes called a living will, this document spells out the measures you would like taken, or not taken, to prolong your life. This document is legally binding.


Question: Does fatigue mean I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: About 80% of people with MS feel very tired, making it one of the most common symptoms. But a number of things can make you feel exhausted, including a sleep disorder, depression, or too little iron in your blood. MS fatigue tends to be worse than run-of-the-mill sluggishness. You may not have the energy to do even simple things, like cook dinner or take the dog for a walk.


Question: What does it mean if my sight is slowly getting worse?

Answer: Some blurriness is a normal part of aging -- you may just need a new pair of glasses. A more serious issue, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy, can also lead to vision problems like blind spots. To rule out these diseases, have a checkup with your eye doctor.


Question: Are dizziness and nausea associated with other conditions other than multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If you're dizzy and nauseous when you're lying down, or if you stumble to one side, chances are it's a problem with your inner ear, which controls your balance. Medications, such as those for depression and seizure disorders, can cause similar problems, too.


Question: Can multiple sclerosis cause dizziness?

Answer: MS can make you feel lightheaded or off-balance, usually when you're standing up and moving around.


Question: Does slurred speech mean I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: â What did you say?â People with MS might hear this phrase a lot -- the disease can damage the part of your brain that controls speech. Here are the main symptoms: Slurred words Nasal speech, or sounding like you have a cold Long pauses between words or syllables, called scanning speech If you drink too much alcohol, your speech might be slurred for a little while. But if the problem comes out of nowhere, call for help right away. It could be a sign of a brain injury or stroke.


Question: Does weakness mean I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Sudden weakness, especially in an arm or leg, is a MS symptom. If you feel weak all over, odds are there's another problem at play. You may be fighting off a cold or the flu. Or you may have too few red blood cells in your body, a condition called anemia. Weakness on just one side of the body can be from something mild like a pinched nerve or a serious problem like a stroke. If it happens along with other symptoms, like a drooping face or slurred speech, call 911 right away.


Question: What conditions other than multiple sclerosis cause numbness and tingling?

Answer: Numbness and tingling can also come from a lack of blood flow or a pinched nerve, so think first if you slept in a funny position or sat without moving for a long time. Other conditions can lead to nerve damage, too: Carpal tunnel syndrome affects the wrist, while diabetic neuropathy can trigger numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet or hands.


Question: Is it common for people with multiple sclerosis to experience fatigue?

Answer: About 80% of people with MS feel very tired, making it one of the most common symptoms. But a number of things can make you feel exhausted, including a sleep disorder, depression, or too little iron in your blood.


Question: What are signs of fatigue related to multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Other signs include: You feel wiped out every day. You're tired in the morning, even after a good night's sleep, and it gets worse as the day goes on. You feel fatigued easily and suddenly. It gets worse in heat and humidity.


Question: When should I call 911 about numbness or tingling?

Answer: Sudden numbness on one side of the body may signal a stroke. If that happens to you, call 911 ASAP.


Question: Does pain mean I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: About 55% of people with MS say they have pain at one point or another, while 48% have long-lasting pain. There are a few different types they might have, such as: Throbbing pain in the face Brief, intense pain that runs from the back of the head to the spine Burning or aching across the body, which is also called the â MS hugâ Aches caused by stiffness or muscle spasms Pain can happen for many reasons. If you hurt, talk to your doctor about where and when it happens. He can help you know if the cause is MS or another problem.


Question: How can I know if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: So it's easy to mistake another issue for MS, which affects less than 1% of Americans. How can you tell if what you're feeling is caused by MS or something else? First, keep in mind that most people have the first signs of the disease between the ages of 20 and 40. You can also keep track of your problems: MS symptoms tend to come and go or get worse over time. It helps to know what else can explain some of the signs you might be feeling.


Question: What are the vision problems caused by multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Vision problems caused by MS usually come on suddenly. They include: Blurry, gray, or double vision Blindness or a dark spot in one eye Eye movements you can't control If your sight is slowly getting worse, there's most likely another issue to blame.


Question: Does blurred or loss of vision mean I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: You're reading a book and suddenly you see two of the same line or the page becomes a gray jumble. Vision problems caused by MS usually come on suddenly. They include: Blurry, gray, or double vision Blindness or a dark spot in one eye Eye movements you can't control If your sight is slowly getting worse, there's most likely another issue to blame. Some blurriness is a normal part of aging -- you may just need a new pair of glasses. A more serious issue, such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy, can also lead to vision problems like blind spots. To rule out these diseases, have a checkup with your eye doctor.


Question: Could I have multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Before you start to worry, know that many signs of the condition are the same as symptoms of other health problems. So it's easy to mistake another issue for MS, which affects less than 1% of Americans. How can you tell if what you're feeling is caused by MS or something else? First, keep in mind that most people have the first signs of the disease between the ages of 20 and 40. You can also keep track of your problems: MS symptoms tend to come and go or get worse over time. It helps to know what else can explain some of the signs you might be feeling.


Question: What are the symptoms of slurred speech caused by muscle sclerosis?

Answer: â What did you say?â People with MS might hear this phrase a lot -- the disease can damage the part of your brain that controls speech. Here are the main symptoms: Slurred words Nasal speech, or sounding like you have a cold Long pauses between words or syllables, called scanning speech If you drink too much alcohol, your speech might be slurred for a little while.


Question: Is sudden numbness a sign of a stroke?

Answer: Sudden numbness on one side of the body may signal a stroke. If that happens to you, call 911 ASAP.


Question: What does it mean if I have a quick wave of lightheadedness?

Answer: That's often a sign of low blood sugar, dehydration, or a sudden drop in blood pressure you get when you stand up quickly. You may need to slowly rise instead of hopping to your feet.


Question: What are a few types of pain that people with muscle sclerosis experience?

Answer: About 55% of people with MS say they have pain at one point or another, while 48% have long-lasting pain. There are a few different types they might have, such as: Throbbing pain in the face Brief, intense pain that runs from the back of the head to the spine Burning or aching across the body, which is also called the â MS hugâ Aches caused by stiffness or muscle spasms Pain can happen for many reasons.


Question: Is sudden weakness related to muscle sclerosis?

Answer: Sudden weakness, especially in an arm or leg, is a MS symptom.


Question: What does it mean if I feel weakness just on one side of the body?

Answer: Weakness on just one side of the body can be from something mild like a pinched nerve or a serious problem like a stroke. If it happens along with other symptoms, like a drooping face or slurred speech, call 911 right away.


Question: Why am I experiencing pain as a result of muscle sclerosis?

Answer: There are a few different types they might have, such as: Throbbing pain in the face Brief, intense pain that runs from the back of the head to the spine Burning or aching across the body, which is also called the â MS hugâ Aches caused by stiffness or muscle spasms Pain can happen for many reasons. If you hurt, talk to your doctor about where and when it happens. He can help you know if the cause is MS or another problem.


Question: When should you call 911 about hives?

Answer: If you have hives along with fever, nausea, stomach cramps, shortness of breath, and a drop in blood pressure after a bee sting, insect bite, or drug injection, that can be a sign of a life-threatening allergy.


Question: How is testicular torsion treated?

Answer: Testicular torsion requires immediate medical attention. Treatment usually involves correction of the problem through surgery or manual detorsion. Testicular function may be saved if the condition is diagnosed and corrected immediately. If the blood supply to the testicle is cut off for a long period of time, the testicle can become permanently damaged and may need to be removed.


Question: What is an erection?

Answer: An erection starts in your brain. Something you saw, felt, smelled, heard, or thought makes your nerves send chemical messages to the blood vessels in your penis. The arteries relax and open up to let more blood to flow in; at the same time, the veins close up. Once blood is in the penis, pressure traps it within the corpora cavernosa. Your penis expands and holds the erection.


Question: What is ejaculation?

Answer: When you're aroused, tubes called the vas deferens squeeze sperm from the testes toward the back of the urethra. The seminal vesicles also release fluid there. The urethra senses the sperm and fluid mixture. Then, at the height of sexual excitement, it sends signals to your spinal cord, which in turn sends signals to the muscles at the base of your penis. These contract powerfully and quickly, every 0.8 seconds. This forces the semen out of the penis as you climax.


Question: When should you get medical help for a wound?

Answer: Seek medical attention right away if: The wound is on a child under a year old Bleeding is severe or doesn't stop with gentle pressure Your wound has jagged edges The cut is deep, gaping, or across a joint The wound was caused by a dirty object or was the result of a projectile or something impaling the skin The wound was caused by a human or animal bite The wound happened on the face or genital area Stitches are usually needed for cuts longer than ½ inch.


Question: How can you avoid trouble sleeping from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Some ADHD medications can rev you up and make it hard to fall asleep. Take your medication earlier in the day, so it wears off well before bedtime. If you're on a long-acting stimulant, you could ask your doctor about trying a short-acting one, where the effects will fade more quickly. Limit or avoid caffeine, too. Turn off your TV, computers, and phones an hour or so before going to bed, and take time to relax.


Question: What can I do if my ADHD medication causes headaches?

Answer: You might get them after you take your medication on an empty stomach, or if you're dehydrated. Sometimes they come on as the medicine wears off. Your doctor may be able to help by tweaking when you take your drug.


Question: How can you avoid headaches from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: You might get them after you take your medication on an empty stomach, or if you're dehydrated. Sometimes they come on as the medicine wears off. Your doctor may be able to help by tweaking when you take your drug.


Question: How can you avoid tics from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Tics are repeated movements or sounds that you make without meaning to. ADHD medications don't cause tics, but they can sometimes bring out underlying ones -- maybe tics you had in childhood will come back. Usually these fade over time, but talk to your doctor if they don't go away.


Question: How can you avoid loss of appetite from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Some drugs can make you not want to eat much. But don't skip meals. That can lead to low blood sugar, and that may make it harder to focus. Instead, eat several small meals a day, rather than three bigger ones. Eat dinner later in the evening, after the effects of your medication have worn off. You may feel hungry then. Sometimes the worse appetite leads to weight loss. It's usually just a small amount, but tell your doctor if you think you're losing too much weight.


Question: How can you avoid dry mouth from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Drink plenty of fluids, and use lozenges to keep your mouth moist.


Question: What are other ways to treat adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Doctors sometimes treat adults with drugs that aren't FDA-approved for ADHD. This is called âoff labelâ use. Because these drugs have different side effects -- and benefits and risks -- you should go over the specifics with your doctor.


Question: When should I consider going to the doctor for side effects of ADHD medication?

Answer: Many people feel the side effects of their ADHD medications are worth dealing with to get the benefits of the drugs. But if they're severe or interfering with your life, don't try to ignore them. Get help from your doctor. Together, you'll be able to come up with a plan that works best for you.


Question: How effective are treatments for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: There's no way to know how well a medicine will work for you. Some people do better on one drug than another. It can take a few tries to find the right one.


Question: What can I do if my ADHD medication causes dry mouth?

Answer: Drink plenty of fluids, and use lozenges to keep your mouth moist.


Question: Are the side effects of medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worth it?

Answer: Many people feel the side effects of their ADHD medications are worth dealing with to get the benefits of the drugs. But if they're severe or interfering with your life, don't try to ignore them. Get help from your doctor. Together, you'll be able to come up with a plan that works best for you.


Question: Which ADHD medication is least likely to cause side effects?

Answer: There's no way to know how well a medicine will work for you. Some people do better on one drug than another. It can take a few tries to find the right one. If you have high blood pressure, heart problems, or a history of mental health issues or addiction, your doctor needs to know. These conditions may cause problems with your treatment.


Question: How long will I need treatment for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Answer: You'll need these treatments for the rest of your life.


Question: What are questions that I may ask to my doctor if I have alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Answer: You might start with these: Have you treated other people with AAT deficiency? How can I protect my lungs and liver? What treatment do you suggest? How will we know how I'm doing? Should I get my children tested for this condition?


Question: What are symptoms of liver problems caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?

Answer: Other warning signs include: Feeling tired Your heart beats fast when you stand up Weight loss If AAT deficiency causes problems with your liver, you could have symptoms like: Yellowish skin or eyes Swollen belly or legs Coughing up blood A newborn baby might have: Jaundice, a yellow tint to the skin or eyes Yellow urine Trouble gaining weight An enlarged liver Bleeding from the nose or umbilical stump It's rare, but some people also get a skin disease called panniculitis. It causes hardening of the skin along with painful lumps or patches.


Question: What problems can you get from crooked teeth and misaligned bites?

Answer: Crooked teeth and misaligned bites can: Interfere with proper chewing. Make keeping teeth clean more of a challenge, increasing the risk of tooth decay, cavities, and gingivitis. Strain the teeth, jaws, and muscles, increasing the risk of breaking a tooth. Make people feel self-conscious about their appearance and affect their self-esteem.


Question: What causes crooked teeth?

Answer: There are several reasons why some people's teeth grow in crooked, overlapping, or twisted. Some people's mouths are too small for their teeth, which crowds the teeth and causes them to shift. In other cases, a person's upper and lower jaws aren't the same size or are malformed, resulting in either an overbite, when there is excessive protrusion of the upper jaw, or an under bite, when the lower jaw protrudes forward causing the lower jaw and teeth to extend out beyond the upper teeth.


Question: What causes misaligned bites or crooked teeth?

Answer: Most often crooked teeth, overbites, and underbites are inherited traits just as the color of your eyes or size of your hands. Other causes of misaligned bites are early loss of baby or adult teeth; improper fit of dental restorations (for example, fillings or crowns); gingivitis (gum disease); undue pressure on the teeth and gums; misalignment of the jaw after an injury; tumors of the mouth or jaw; or common oral health problems in children such as thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifier use beyond the age of three, or prolonged use of a bottle.


Question: What causes angina?

Answer: Angina is usually due to heart disease. A fatty substance called plaque builds up in your arteries, blocking blood flow to the heart muscle. This forces your heart to work with less oxygen. That causes pain.


Question: What is angioplasty and stenting for angina?

Answer: This could be: Angioplasty /stenting: The doctor threads a tiny tube, with a balloon inside, through a blood vessel and up to your heart. Then, he inflates the balloon inside the narrowed artery to widen it and restore blood flow. A small tube called a stent may be left inside the artery to help keep it open. The stent is usually permanent and made of metal. It can also be made of a material that the body absorbs over time. Some stents have medicine that helps keep the artery from getting blocked again. The procedure usually takes less than 2 hours. You'll probably stay overnight at the hospital.


Question: What do medicines for angina do?

Answer: Your doctor might prescribe medicines to: Widen blood vessels, letting more blood flow to the heart Slow the heart down so it doesn't have to work as hard Relax blood vessels to let more blood flow to the heart Prevent blood clots If meds aren't enough, you may need to have blocked arteries opened with a medical procedure or surgery.


Question: What are the side effects of the J-pouch procedure for ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: The pouch can become irritated or inflamed, which is called pouchitis. Antibiotics usually take care of the problem.


Question: What is the purpose of a proctoscopy?

Answer: Your doctor may need to look for diseases of the rectum or anus, to check on abnormal results of a barium enema, or to look for causes of rectal bleeding. You may also get proctoscopy to track the growth of polyps (benign growths on the lining of the intestine) or to check for a return of rectal cancer if you've already had surgery for cancer.


Question: What is a proctoscopy?

Answer: Your doctor may need to look for diseases of the rectum or anus, to check on abnormal results of a barium enema, or to look for causes of rectal bleeding. You may also get proctoscopy to track the growth of polyps (benign growths on the lining of the intestine) or to check for a return of rectal cancer if you've already had surgery for cancer.


Question: How do you prepare for a proctoscopy?

Answer: Before you get a proctoscopy, your doctor will usually ask you to use an enema (medication inserted into the rectum in order to cleanse the bowel) the night before the procedure. Ask for specific instructions. Or you may get an enema in the doctor's office just before the test.


Question: What happens on the day of a proctoscopy?

Answer: You'll probably get a proctoscopy in your doctor's office. You will remove your clothing below the waist and lie on your side on a table. The doctor will insert a gloved finger into your anus to check for tenderness or blockage. The doctor will then insert a lubricated proctoscope into your rectum and pump air in to expand the rectum. You may feel some fullness, like you need to pass a stool. Your doctor also may use special tools to remove growths or to take a sample of tissue -- called a biopsy -- for further testing. When the exam is over, your doctor will gently withdraw the scope. Most people don't need anesthesia for this procedure. You may feel some pressure or cramping while the scope is in place. But you should not feel any pain.


Question: What are common symptoms of heart failure?

Answer: Some people with heart failure don't experience symptoms, but here are some of the more common signs: Shortness of breath with exercise or difficulty breathing at rest or when lying down Swollen legs, ankles, or abdomen Dry, hacking cough, or wheezing Other symptoms may include: Fatigue, palpitations, or pain during normal activities Weight gain from fluid retention Increased need to urinate during the night Dizziness or confusion Rapid or irregular heartbeats Your legs, ankles, or abdomen are swollen You have difficulty breathing, especially if you wake up short of breath, or you cannot lie down flat without getting short of breath You gain 2 pounds in one day or 5 pounds in one week You have a feeling of fullness (bloating) in your stomach with a loss of appetite or nausea You feel extreme fatigue or decreased ability to complete daily activities You have a respiratory infection or a cough that has become worse Your heart rate is fast, above 100 beats per minute You experience a new irregular heart beat You feel chest pain or discomfort during activity that is relieved with rest You notice changes in sleep patterns, including difficulty sleeping or lying flat in bed, or needing to sleep a lot more than usual You urinate less You feel restless or confused You suffer constant dizziness or lightheadedness You have nausea or poor appetite


Question: How do doctors diagnose a dislocated elbow?

Answer: The doctor will make sure your nerves and arteries are unhurt by checking your pulse, making sure you can feel normally, move your fingers and wrist, and make sure that blood is flowing normally to your hand. Next, the doctor will get X-rays. Sometimes, breaks in the bone can look like dislocations, and some breaks happen when dislocations occur. If the doctor suspects an injury to your artery, further tests, such as an arteriogram (an X-ray of your artery) may be performed.


Question: What is an elbow dislocation?

Answer: An elbow dislocation occurs when the bones of the forearm (the radius and ulna) move out of place compared with the bone of the upper arm (the humerus). The elbow joint, formed where these 3 bones meet, becomes dislocated, or out of joint.


Question: What foods should you cut back on to reduce urge incontinence symptoms?

Answer: Try cutting back on: Acidic foods and beverages, such as tomatoes, pineapple, and citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes Salty foods, which can make you thirstier and hence, lead to drinking more liquids Spicy foods, such as chilies, which can irritate the bladder Carbonated beverages, such as sodas or seltzers Though urge incontinence is uncomfortable, it's also very treatable. Changes in your lifestyle and habits can play a part in treating it.


Question: How can phytonutrients help your body?

Answer: Other plant-based foods also contain phytonutrients, such as: Whole grains Nuts Beans Tea Phytonutrients aren't essential for keeping you alive, unlike the vitamins and minerals that plant foods contain. But when you eat or drink phytonutrients, they may help prevent disease and keep your body working properly.


Question: What are good sources of resveratrol?

Answer: Resveratrol is found in: Grapes Purple grape juice Red wine It acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.


Question: Which foods are good sources of the phytonutrients lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Good sources of these phytonutrients are greens such as: Spinach Kale Collards Ellagic acid is found in a number of berries and other plant foods, especially: Strawberries Raspberries Pomegranates Ellagic acid may help protect against cancer several different ways.


Question: What are good sources of lignans?

Answer: Two especially good sources of lignans are: Flaxseeds Sesame seeds However, research supporting a role for lignans in preventing endometrial cancer or osteoporosis is limited.


Question: Which berries and plant foods have ellagic acid?

Answer: Good sources of these phytonutrients are greens such as: Spinach Kale Collards Ellagic acid is found in a number of berries and other plant foods, especially: Strawberries Raspberries Pomegranates Ellagic acid may help protect against cancer several different ways.


Question: Which plant-based foods have phytonutrients?

Answer: Fruits and vegetables contain phytonutrients. Other plant-based foods also contain phytonutrients, such as: Whole grains Nuts Beans Tea Phytonutrients aren't essential for keeping you alive, unlike the vitamins and minerals that plant foods contain.


Question: How can endometriosis keep me from getting pregnant?

Answer: But when they interfere with your reproductive organs, your ability to get pregnant can become an issue: When endometrial tissue wraps around your ovaries, it can block your eggs from releasing. The tissue can block sperm from making its way up your fallopian tubes. It can also stop a fertilized egg from sliding down your tubes to your uterus. A surgeon can fix those problems, but endometriosis can make it hard for you to conceive in other ways: It can change your body's hormonal chemistry. It can cause your body's immune system to attack the embryo. It can affect the layer of tissue lining your uterus where the egg implants itself.


Question: What can you do to maximize the benefits of treatment for high blood pressure?

Answer: To maximize the benefits of your plan, follow these steps: Check your blood pressure as often as recommended by your doctor. Follow your treatment plan consistently. Let your doctor know right away if you have problems with parts of the plan. Your doctor may refer you to other health care professionals who can help. See your doctor as often as requested. Bring your blood pressure records to show your doctor how the plan is working. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about medication side effects. Know when to call your doctor if there is a problem. Reduce how much salt you take in. Learning about high blood pressure and how it can harm your health is the first step in controlling this condition so you can remain healthy for years to come.


Question: What are serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for depression?

Answer: Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs) affect the action of both serotonin and another brain chemical, norepinephrine. This class includes desvenlafaxine ( Khedezla or Pristiq), duloxetine ( Cymbalta), levomilnacipran ( Fetzima), and or venlafaxine ( Effexor). Side effects are usually mild. They include upset stomach, sleep problems, sexual problems, headache, anxiety, and dizziness, and weakness.


Question: What drugs other than antidepressants may help treat depression?

Answer: For instance, some people recovering from depression will benefit from drugs for anxiety or insomnia. In addition, certain atypical antipsychotics -- (primarily used for schizophrenia or bibolar disorder) such as aripiprazole ( Abilify), brexipipzole ( Rexulti) or ( Seroquel XR) -- have been shown to enhance the effect of antidepressant medicines for depression when an antidepressant alone isn't fully effective. While not classified as a medication by the FDA, l-methylfolate ( Deplin) has proven successful in treating depression. Considered a medical food or nutriceutical, it is a prescription strength form of the vitamin B known asfolate and helps regulate the neurotransmitters that control moods.


Question: How can norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs) help with  depression?

Answer: Norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitors ( NDRIs) affect norepinephrine and a different chemical in the brain, dopamine. This class of drugs includes bupropion ( Wellbutrin). Side effects are usually mild, and include upset stomach, headache, sleep problems, tremor, and anxiety. Wellbutrin may be less likely to cause sexual side effects or weight gain than other antidepressants.


Question: How can noradnergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) help with  depression?

Answer: Noradnergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants ( Na SSAs) also affect serotonin and norepinephrine in your brain. This class of drugs includes mirtazpine ( Remeron). Side effects are usually mild, and include upset stomach, sleepiness, weight gain, anxiety, and dizziness.


Question: How can you find the right depression medicine for you?

Answer: You may even find that a medicine that used to help just doesn't anymore. You may have to put up with some trial and error. While antidepressants usually begin to show significant effects within a few weeks, it can take several months before you feel the full effects of a new drug, so don't give up. Over time, your doctor may want to increase or decrease the dose, depending on how you're doing. If you've given a depression drug a chance and it still isn't helping, talk to your doctor. Your doctor may recommend that you try another antidepressant. With time, you should be able to find a medicine or a combination of medicines that helps. Don't ever stop taking a medicine without your doctor's approval, even if you're feeling better.


Question: Who does plasmapheresis for multiple sclerosis (MS) help?

Answer: Your chance of seeing improvement of MS symptoms is greater if you have a relapsing form of MS and: You're a man. You have Marburg variant MS. Treatment begins within 20 days after your symptoms start. But simpler, less costly treatments often work for MS, so your doctor will probably try those first. For a severe MS attack, your doctor will probably prescribe high doses of anti-inflammatory steroids. If that doesn't relieve your symptoms, then plasma exchange is a short-term option.


Question: How long does plasma treatment last for?

Answer: Most treatments last 2 to 4 hours, depending on how big your body is and how much plasma gets swapped out. You may need two or three treatments each week for 2 or more weeks.


Question: What other diseases does plasmapheresis help?

Answer: Plasma exchange hasn't been shown to help primary progressive or secondary progressive MS. It may also help treat other diseases that damage the coating around your spinal cord and nerves, such as Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and myasthenia gravis. After plasma exchange, people with Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy are more likely to regain muscle strength and walk without help.


Question: What groups will plasma exchange help in treatment for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your chance of seeing improvement of MS symptoms is greater if you have a relapsing form of MS and: You're a man. You have Marburg variant MS. Treatment begins within 20 days after your symptoms start.


Question: When does someone with multiple sclerosis (MS) use plasma exchange?

Answer: People with some forms of multiple sclerosis use plasma exchange to manage sudden, severe attacks, sometimes called relapses or flare-ups. Their plasma could have certain proteins that are attacking their own body. When you take out the plasma, you get rid of those proteins, and symptoms may get better.


Question: Are there side effects and risks of plasma exchange?

Answer: During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual. This can make you feel weak, dizzy, or nauseous. Drink lots of water in the days before your treatment, because that can help prevent these symptoms.


Question: Are there detrimental side effects of plasma exchange?

Answer: Plasma exchange can cause bleeding and allergic reactions, and it can make your chance of getting an infection higher. In rare cases, a blood clot could form in the machine.


Question: Will I feel tired after plasma treatment?

Answer: You may feel tired after plasma exchange, but most people can get back to their normal activities right away.


Question: What are the side effects and risks associated with plasmapheresis?

Answer: During plasma exchange, your blood pressure is lower than usual. This can make you feel weak, dizzy, or nauseous. Drink lots of water in the days before your treatment, because that can help prevent these symptoms. You may feel tired after plasma exchange, but most people can get back to their normal activities right away. Plasma exchange can cause bleeding and allergic reactions, and it can make your chance of getting an infection higher. In rare cases, a blood clot could form in the machine.


Question: Are there simple, less costly treatments for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: But simpler, less costly treatments often work for MS, so your doctor will probably try those first. For a severe MS attack, your doctor will probably prescribe high doses of anti-inflammatory steroids. If that doesn't relieve your symptoms, then plasma exchange is a short-term option.


Question: What are hammertoes?

Answer: A hammertoe occurs from a muscle and ligament imbalance around the toe joint which causes the middle joint of the toe to buckle and become stuck in this position. The most common complaint with hammertoes is rubbing and irritation on the top of the bent toe.


Question: What are the two types of hammertoes?

Answer: There are two types of hammertoes: Flexible hammertoes. If the toe still can be moved at the joint, it's a flexible hammertoe. That's good, because this is an earlier, milder form of the problem. There may be several treatment options. Rigid hammertoes. If the tendons in the toe become rigid, they press the joint out of alignment. At this stage, the toe can't be moved. It usually means that surgery is needed.


Question: How can cryosurgery help with treating early-stage prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment uses very cold gas to freeze and kill cancer cells. Side effects include blood in your urine, bladder and bowel problems, and trouble getting an erection.