Question: Can you have sex between genital herpes outbreaks?

Answer: Avoid these sexual activities when you have sores on your genitals, or when you feel a herpes outbreak coming on: Vaginal sex Anal sex Receiving oral sex (fellatio, cunnilingus, and analingus) Between outbreaks, it's OK to have sex, as long as your partner understands and accepts the risk. For example, as long as you don't have herpes sores on your mouth, you can perform oral sex on your partner, including when you have an outbreak of genital symptoms. But your partner can be infected with herpes even when you don't have symptoms or sores. To help prevent that, always use a latex condom for vaginal sex, anal sex, and receiving fellatio. Condoms are not guaranteed to prevent infection, but research has shown that they provide some protection. Use a dental dam for cunnilingus and analingus.


Question: How do medications control genital herpes?

Answer: You might also consider taking antiviral drug therapy for genital herpes to reduce the amount of virus you shed. A recent study shows that daily suppressive therapy (taking a drug daily to sharply reduce the frequency of outbreaks) may help keep your partner from being infected. ( You should still use a condom, however, because suppressive therapy is just 50% effective in preventing transmission.) Daily therapy isn't the only option, or necessarily the best one for you. If your outbreaks are few and far between, you might set your mind at ease by keeping a supply of antiviral pills that you could take in case of a flare-up. Ask your doctor if you could benefit from taking medication for genital herpes.


Question: How does having diabetes affect your risk for infection?

Answer: Germs or fungus can get into small cuts or cracks. If you think you've gotten an infection, tell your doctor right away. Early treatment can prevent it from spreading. And that makes you more likely to avoid bigger problems. Some people with diabetes who get major infections even have to get surgery to remove part or all of an affected limb. So, check your feet carefully each day. Keep your skin clean and moisturized, avoid injuries, and protect your feet to prevent small cuts, corns, calluses, blisters, or injuries.


Question: How does poor blood sugar control affect the feet of people with diabetes?

Answer: If your blood sugar isn't well-controlled, you can also have poor or no feeling in your feet. You might not even realize you have a minor injury. Diabetes can also dry the skin on your feet and make your heels crack.


Question: How should you file your toenails if you have diabetes?

Answer: File your toenails with an emery board. You can also have a nail technician or your podiatrist trim and file them regularly. If you get pedicures at a nail salon, bring your own nail tools.


Question: What can people with diabetes do to protect their feet?

Answer: Wear thick, soft socks to protect your feet as you walk. Don't use socks with seams that might rub against your skin and cause blisters. Wear comfortable, well-fitting shoes. Shoes that are too tight or too loose may lead to blisters. Don't go barefoot. You don't want to step on rocks, tacks, or small pieces of glass that could cut your feet. Wear slippers at home. Make sure the insides of your socks and shoes are clean and free from small pebbles or debris that could cut your feet. Keep your feet clean. Don't soak them for a long time. This can dry your skin. Dry your feet well after a shower or bath. Make sure you dry between your toes. After you bathe and towel your feet, moisturize your skin. Rub lotion or petroleum jelly into your skin and heels to keep them from drying and cracking. Don't put lotion or jelly between your toes, though -- this can lead to an infection. In winter, cold weather and central heating can dry out your skin. Take extra care to moisturize your feet and keep them warm. Wear socks to bed if you get cold.


Question: What should I do if I am diabetic and my toenails are changing appearance?

Answer: Look for any redness, swelling, or drainage that could be a sign of an infection.


Question: What should I do if I have diabetes and have minor foot problems like bunions, hammertoe, plantar warts, or athlete's foot?

Answer: Call your doctor if you have minor foot problems like bunions, hammertoe, plantar warts, or athlete's foot, a fungal infection. Treat these issues before they become more serious.


Question: What can people with diabetes do to prevent infections?

Answer: Exercise regularly to keep your blood flow healthy. Watch your blood sugar levels and follow your diet as your doctor directs. If you keep your blood sugar and weight under control, you may have fewer foot problems. Don't smoke. Smoking can narrow your blood vessels and raise your chance of getting foot problems. Also, note any cuts, scratches, scrapes, blisters, corns, or calluses, even if they're small. Let your doctor or podiatrist know in case you need medical treatment.


Question: How can good hygiene help prevent infections that trigger asthma?

Answer: Increased shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or wheezing Coughing up increased amounts of mucus Abnormally colored mucus Fever (temperature over 101 ° F) or chills Increased fatigue or weakness Sore throat, scratchy throat, or pain when swallowing Sinus pressure or drainage, nasal congestion, or headaches Good hygiene can decrease viral infections. Prevent the spread of infection by making sure you and your family members wash their hands regularly with soap and warm water.


Question: What should I do if I have asthma and have an infection?

Answer: If you have asthma and are showing signs of an infection, call your doctor immediately for advice.


Question: Is sinusitis riskier if you have asthma?

Answer: Sinusitis with asthma can be very serious. Be aware of the symptoms of a sinus infection and report them immediately to your doctor to prevent asthma attacks.


Question: Can an infection trigger an asthma attack?

Answer: Increased shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, or wheezing Coughing up increased amounts of mucus Abnormally colored mucus Fever (temperature over 101 ° F) or chills Increased fatigue or weakness Sore throat, scratchy throat, or pain when swallowing Sinus pressure or drainage, nasal congestion, or headaches Good hygiene can decrease viral infections.


Question: Which people especially should get the influenza vaccine?

Answer: You are more likely to develop serious flu-related complications and should get a flu vaccine if you have: Asthma (even if it's mild or controlled) or other lung disease Brain, spinal cord, or nerve disorders or injury such as stroke, epilepsy, intellectual disability, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury Diabetes and other endocrine disorders Epilepsy Kidney disease or damage Heart disease Liver disease or damage Metabolic disorders (such as inherited metabolic disorders and mitochondrial disorders) Morbidly obese ( BMI of 40 or greater) Sickle cell disease and other blood disorders A weakened immune system due to certain diseases or medical treatments Your risk of developing flu-related complications is also increased if you are: Older than age 50 or younger than age 2 Pregnant American Indian or Alaskan Native You should also get a flu vaccine if you live in a nursing home or other long-term care facility.


Question: What medical conditions can lead to complications from the flu?

Answer: You are more likely to develop serious flu-related complications and should get a flu vaccine if you have: Asthma (even if it's mild or controlled) or other lung disease Brain, spinal cord, or nerve disorders or injury such as stroke, epilepsy, intellectual disability, muscular dystrophy, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury Diabetes and other endocrine disorders Epilepsy Kidney disease or damage Heart disease Liver disease or damage Metabolic disorders (such as inherited metabolic disorders and mitochondrial disorders) Morbidly obese ( BMI of 40 or greater) Sickle cell disease and other blood disorders A weakened immune system due to certain diseases or medical treatments Your risk of developing flu-related complications is also increased if you are: Older than age 50 or younger than age 2 Pregnant American Indian or Alaskan Native You should also get a flu vaccine if you live in a nursing home or other long-term care facility.


Question: What are signs of severe allergic reaction to influenza vaccine?

Answer: Flu shot side effects may include: Low fever Muscle aches Soreness, redness, or swelling where the shot was given The nasal spray flu vaccine for adults may cause: Cough Headache, muscle aches Runny nose, nasal congestion Sore throat Although it's rare, someone may have a severe allergic reaction to an ingredient in the vaccine. Most of the time, such reactions occur within a few minutes to a few hours of receiving the vaccine. The following can be signs of a severe allergic reaction: Behavior changes Breathing difficulty, including wheezing Dizziness Hoarse voice High fever Hives Pale skin Rapid heart beat Weakness Seek immediate medical care if you notice any of these signs after receiving the influenza vaccine.


Question: How can removing earwax properly help you prevent hearing loss?

Answer: A buildup of wax in your ears can muffle sound. But don't use a cotton swab to clean them out -- they can push wax deeper in. Instead, use an at-home irrigation kit to soften wax and gently wash it out. If it gets compacted in your ear, your doctor may need to remove it.


Question: How can avoiding smoking help you  prevent hearing loss?

Answer: Tobacco can make you more likely to lose your hearing, too, research shows. So if you light up, that's one more good reason to quit. If you aren't a smoker, avoid breathing secondhand smoke.


Question: How can you avoid noise to prevent hearing loss?

Answer: Make an appointment to get a hearing test if you: Have close relatives with hearing loss Have trouble hearing conversations Are around loud noises on a regular basis Often hear ringing in your ears If you have some hearing loss, you can avoid getting more damage by steering clear of loud noises.


Question: How can wearing hearing protection help you prevent hearing loss?

Answer: If you know you're going to be around loud sounds for more than a few minutes, think about wearing protection, such as: Earplugs. Usually made of foam or rubber, they go in your ear canal and can reduce noise by 15 to 30 decibels. You can buy them off-the-shelf or have them custom-made to fit you. Some earplugs lower noise levels evenly across all frequencies. They're useful for people who need to make sound quieter but undistorted, such as musicians. Earmuffs. These fit completely over your ears and reduce sounds by about 15 to 30 decibels. They have to fit tightly over both ears to block sound.


Question: How can you prevent more damage if you have hearing loss?

Answer: Make an appointment to get a hearing test if you: Have close relatives with hearing loss Have trouble hearing conversations Are around loud noises on a regular basis Often hear ringing in your ears If you have some hearing loss, you can avoid getting more damage by steering clear of loud noises. If your problem is severe enough, think about a hearing aid or other treatment. Be sure to see your doctor if you have a sudden change in what you can hear that you can't explain. It could be a symptom of other serious medical problems.


Question: How can enforcing quiet help you to prevent hearing loss?

Answer: Think about buying appliances and devices that have low noise ratings. And if it's too loud in the movie theater, restaurant, or any other place you go often, ask the manager to turn it down.


Question: What are the symptoms of eye allergies?

Answer: You may start to have symptoms as soon as the eyes come in contact with the allergen, or you may not have symptoms for two to four days. Symptoms of eye allergies include: Red, irritated eyes Itchiness Tearing or runny eyes Swollen eyelids Soreness, burning, or pain Sensitivity to light Usually you'll also have other allergy symptoms, such as a stuffy, runny nose and sneezing.


Question: What over-the-counter antihistamines treat eye allergies?

Answer: Over-the-counter antihistamines include cetirizine ophthalmic ( Zerviate) and ketotifen fumarate ( Alaway, Claritin Eye, Refresh Eye Itch Relief, or Zaditor).


Question: What is the medical treatment for eye allergies?

Answer: Some eye drops work only when you take them before your symptoms hit. They take longer to work than antihistamine eye drops, but the effects last longer. Sometimes they are combined with antihistamines. These eye drops need a prescription: cromolyn ( Crolom) lodoxamide ( Alomide) nedocromil sodium ( Alocril ) pemirolast potassium ( Alamast) Ketorolac ( Acular or Acuvail0 is another kind of eye drop. It relieves itchy eyes, usually in about an hour. It can sting or burn at first. Steroid eye drops like loteprednol ( Alrex and Lotemax) treat severe, long-lasting eye allergies. They are usually used only for a short time because they can cause serious side effects.


Question: How can you reduce symptoms of eye allergies?

Answer: Wear sunglasses when you go outside. They'll block some of the pollen and other outdoor allergens from getting into your eyes. Rinse your eyes with preservative-free saline water or apply a cold, wet washcloth. Use lubricating eye drops (artificial tears) to moisten dry eyes and wash out allergens. Take out your contact lenses. Don't rub your eyes, no matter how much they itch. It will only make the irritation worse.


Question: How do you treat eye allergies?

Answer: Some of the same medicines you use for nasal allergies work for eye allergies. For quick relief, over-the-counter eye drops and pills can help.


Question: How do antihistamine pills and eye drops used to treat eye allergies?

Answer: They include cetirizine ( Zyrtec), diphenhydramine ( Benadryl), fexofenadine ( Allegra), or loratadine ( Alavert, Claritin), among others. Some may cause drowsiness. Antihistamine eye drops work well for itchy, watery eyes. You may need to use them several times a day, but don't use the over-the-counter kinds for more than 2-3 days. Prescription kinds include azelastine hydrochloride ( Optivar), emedastine difumarate ( Emadine), levocabastine ( Livostin), and olopatadine ( Patanol). They are often combined with other kinds of drops, including some that shrink swollen blood vessels in your eye. You shouldn't use these kinds of drops, called decongestant or âget the red outâ drops, for more than a few days at a time. They can also lead to a rebound redness if used too frequently. Don't use them at all if you have glaucoma.


Question: When should you call your doctor about eye allergies?

Answer: If you're still having symptoms, your doctor may suggest allergy shots.


Question: What triggers eye allergies?

Answer: Eye allergies are also known as "allergic conjunctivitis." Just like any other allergic reaction, they are caused by a misfiring of the immune system, the body's natural defense mechanism.


Question: What can you be allergic to if you have eye allergies?

Answer: You can be allergic to: Pollen from grasses, weeds, and trees. These are the most common kinds of eye allergies and are called seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Dust, pet dander, and other indoor allergens. These eye allergies last year-round and are called chronic (perennial) conjunctivitis. Makeup, perfume, or other chemicals can trigger eye allergies called contact conjunctivitis. An allergy to contact lenses, called giant papillary conjunctivitis, can cause bumps on the inside of your eyelid, making your eyes sensitive and red both with and without wearing your contact lenses.


Question: When do you need shots for eye allergies?

Answer: If you're still having symptoms, your doctor may suggest allergy shots. With allergy shots, your body is exposed to increasing amounts of an allergen over time and gradually gets used to it. Depending on the cause of your allergies, oral tablets or drops that work much like allergy shots could be used instead.


Question: Should you use the same lab for all your lab tests?

Answer: Make sure your doctor always uses the same lab to do your tests if possible. It can be hard to compare results from different labs because they may approach the test differently. For example, one lab might have different ranges for ânormalâ and âabnormalâ than another.


Question: What does positive lab test result mean?

Answer: These results are usually written as âpositiveâ or ânegative.â In this case, positive doesn't necessarily mean âgoodâ and negative doesn't necessarily mean âbad.â Instead: Positive: The lab found whatever your doctor was testing for. So if you had a test for strep throat, testing positive means you do have strep throat.


Question: What can affect lab test results?

Answer: Lots of things can affect certain lab test results, like: Intense physical activity Some foods (like avocados, walnuts, and licorice) Sunburn Colds or infections Having sex Some medications or drugs When you get your results, ask your doctor how accurate the test is.


Question: What causes insulinoma?

Answer: It's not clear why some people get insulinomas. Women are slightly more likely to have them than men, and most people get them between ages 40 and 60. You're also more likely to have an insulinoma if you have certain genetic diseases, including: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: When tumors grow in glands that make hormones Von Hippel- Lindau syndrome: When tumors and cysts grow in many organs throughout the body Neurofibromatosis type 1 : Noncancerous tumors in the nerves and skin Tuberous sclerosis : Noncancerous tumors that grow in organs like your brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, skin, and lungs It can be tough for doctors to diagnose an insulinoma.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose an insulinoma?

Answer: This will confirm that: You have symptoms of low blood sugar, especially after not eating or heavy exercise Your blood sugar is actually low when you have those symptoms Your symptoms go away after your blood sugar goes up To do that, they will watch what happens to your blood sugar after you fast for a day to two. You may need to stay in the hospital during this time, and you won't be able to eat or drink anything except water. The doctor will test your blood to see if you have both low blood sugar and a high insulin level. Imaging test.


Question: How can scratching be bad?

Answer: But whether it's from a mosquito bite, chickenpox, or chronic skin issue like eczema, any relief from scratching will be short-lived. And too much scratching can make the problem much worse.


Question: What are some tips for when I itch?

Answer: It helps to keep your nails short so you're less likely to break your skin if you do scratch. You can also try wearing gloves to bed to protect your skin while you're asleep.


Question: What things do I need to keep at home after a brow lift?

Answer: Also make sure you have the following on hand: Plenty of ice Container to use for ice or cold water Plastic freezer bags to hold the ice, or bags of frozen corn or peas to use in place of ice Pillows (you'll have to keep your head elevated for a period of time) Ointment for the incision area (which your surgeon can recommend or prescribe, if necessary) You can have the brow lift done at your surgeon's office, in a hospital, or in an outpatient surgery facility.


Question: What complications should I call a doctor about after a brow lift?

Answer: You have: Fever that climbs over 100 degrees Fahrenheit Excessive swelling or bleeding.


Question: Where should I get a brow lift and how long it will take?

Answer: Also make sure you have the following on hand: Plenty of ice Container to use for ice or cold water Plastic freezer bags to hold the ice, or bags of frozen corn or peas to use in place of ice Pillows (you'll have to keep your head elevated for a period of time) Ointment for the incision area (which your surgeon can recommend or prescribe, if necessary) You can have the brow lift done at your surgeon's office, in a hospital, or in an outpatient surgery facility. The surgery should take less than two hours, and you will not normally need to stay overnight. You will, though, need to bring someone along who can drive you home and, if you live alone, stay with you the first night or two.


Question: What causes epiglottitis?

Answer: In these cases, the epiglottitis from thermal injury is similar to the illness caused by infection.


Question: How does epiglottitis develop?

Answer: Respiratory infection, environmental exposure, or trauma may result in inflammation and infection of other structures around the throat. This infection and inflammation may spread to the epiglottis as well as other upper airway structures. Epiglottitis usually begins as an inflammation and swelling between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis. With continued inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, complete blockage of the airway may occur, leading to suffocation and death. Even a little narrowing of the windpipe can dramatically increase the resistance of an airway, making breathing much more difficult.


Question: When should you call 911 about epiglottitis?

Answer: Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room if you have a sore throat accompanied by any of the following signs and symptoms: Muffled voice Swallowing problems Difficulty speaking Fast heartbeat Irritability Bluish skin Respiratory distress characterized by drooling, shortness of breath, rapid shallow breathing, very ill-looking appearance, upright posturing with tendency to lean forward, and stridor (high-pitched sound when breathing in) Epiglottitis is a medical emergency.


Question: How can a personal fitness schedule help you?

Answer: With strengthening exercise, it's important to write down the number of repetitions you completed also to show progress. However, the number of repetitions is not as important as the ability to perform the exercise correctly and safely without pain. At the end of the week, see how your totals compare to what's recommended by the CDC for a healthy adult. Exercise routines, like all routines, can be modified for variety to keep it interesting as you build this healthy habit.


Question: What surfaces should be disinfected to prevent sickness?

Answer: Before, during, and after you prepare food Before you eat Before and after you care for a sick person Before and after you treat a cut or wound After you use the bathroom After you change a child's diaper or clean up after a child who's used the bathroom After you blow your nose, cough, or sneeze After you touch an animal or its waste After you feed your pet After you touch garbage Germs can linger on hard surfaces for hours or days. That's why it's important to keep places like counters, sinks, and faucets clean. You'll also want to wipe down phones, remotes, doorknobs, and light switches often.


Question: How do catchy infections spread?

Answer: Sickness spreads in many ways. You can breathe in germs when someone talks, coughs, or sneezes. You get some diseases, like chickenpox or pinkeye, if you touch a person who has it. And you can catch others, like hepatitis B, by having sex with an infected person or by coming in contact with their blood.


Question: Should I go to the doctor for laryngitis?

Answer: Laryngitis in adults is not serious, but you should see a doctor if you've been hoarse for more than 2 weeks, are coughing up blood, have a temperature above 103 F, or are having trouble breathing.


Question: What happens when you get laryngitis?

Answer: The vocal cords, two folds of tissue within your larynx, become inflamed. Sound from the area is muffled, and you are hoarse. Laryngitis usually isn't a big deal. With proper treatment, it should go away in no more than 3 weeks.


Question: What medicines are bad to use if you have laryngitis?

Answer: Stay away from decongestants. They dry you out when your throat wants moisture. Certain herbs -- such as licorice, marshmallow, and slippery elm -- have reputations as throat pain relievers, but they interact with some medications. Talk to your doctor before taking them.


Question: Should children go to the doctor for laryngitis?

Answer: However, it can be very serious in children. Watch for fever and call a doctor if: Your child is younger than 3 months old and has a temperature of 100 F or higher or is older than 3 months old has a fever of 102 F or higher. He's having trouble swallowing or breathing, or is making high-pitched sounds when inhaling, or drooling more than usual.


Question: What are some home remedies for laryngitis?

Answer: You can try a number of home remedies to aid in your healing: Drink plenty of fluids. Early on, swallowing may be painful, but the more you're hydrated, the better. But, avoid alcohol and caffeine. Use humidifiers and menthol inhalers. Moisture is your friend, and menthol can be soothing. Gargle with warm salt water. The salinity not only soothes the area, but also reduces swelling. Avoid dry, smoky, or dusty rooms. You may also suck on throat lozenges, which often contain herbs such as eucalyptus and mint, known for calming sore throats.


Question: What causes laryngitis?

Answer: Though it's usually virus-related, there are also ongoing, or chronic, forms of the illness, generally brought on by smoking and alcohol abuse. Acid reflux can also play a role. Strong acids can travel up from the stomach into your throat and get all the way to your larynx. This can irritate it and make you lose your voice. Other causes of chronic cases include: Allergies Bacterial infection Fungal infection, such as thrush Injury, such as a hit to the throat Inhalation of chemical fumes Sinus disease Some health conditions, including cancer, can also help cause laryngitis.


Question: Outside of mucus buildup, what are other problems people with cystic fibrosis face.

Answer: People with cystic fibrosis also lose large amounts of salt when they sweat. This can cause an unhealthy imbalance of minerals in your body. It can lead to: Dehydration Fatigue Weakness Increased heart rate Low blood pressure Heat stroke Death in rare cases About 30,000 Americans have cystic fibrosis.


Question: How common is cystic fibrosis and what is the prognosis?

Answer: It can lead to: Dehydration Fatigue Weakness Increased heart rate Low blood pressure Heat stroke Death in rare cases About 30,000 Americans have cystic fibrosis. Each year about 1,000 new cases are diagnosed. Sixty years ago, the disease killed most people who had it before they reached elementary school. Nowadays people with cystic fibrosis have an average lifespan of about 37 years.


Question: Who gets cystic fibrosis?

Answer: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease. For someone to get cystic fibrosis, both parents must be carriers of the gene that causes it and then pass it on. If both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance that each pregnancy will result in a child born with cystic fibrosis. Boys and girls are equally likely to get the disease. About 10 million Americans carry the gene and do not know it. More whites get the disease than do people of other races.


Question: What are symptoms of mononucleosis in teens?

Answer: What mono feels like: It's easy to mistake mono for the flu at first. Symptoms include fever, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. If you have flu symptoms that don't seem to be going away, talk to your doctor.


Question: What are athlete's foot and jock itch in teens?

Answer: What they feel like: Athlete's foot causes itchy, cracking sores between the toes and sometimes on the soles of the feet. Jock itch causes similar itchy, cracking sores in the groin. The sores may weep and smell nasty. Athlete's foot can also cause redness on the bottom and sides of the foot. This form is called moccasin athlete's foot.


Question: What does strep throat feel like for a teen?

Answer: What strep throat feels like: Strep throat feels like a really bad sore throat. Your teen may notice that her tonsils are inflamed. She may also see yellow or white patches at the back of her throat. Strep often causes a fever.


Question: What should I do if my teen has strep throat?

Answer: What to do: If you think your teen may have strep, call your doctor. Strep throat needs to be treated with antibiotics. Otherwise, it can lead to serious problems. Gargling with salt water or sucking on throat lozenges will help ease the pain. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen will reduce a fever.


Question: Where did my teen pick up Athlete's foot and jock itch?

Answer: Your teen can try to protect himself by avoiding kissing if he suspects someone is sick.


Question: What helps manage athlete's foot and jock itch in teens?

Answer: What to do: Use an over-the-counter antifungal cream, spray, or powder to get rid of athlete's foot or jock itch. If that's not enough to get rid of the symptoms, talk to your doctor about prescription-strength medication. To prevent getting athlete's foot or jock itch again, tell your teen to wash and carefully dry his feet and groin area after showering. Change socks and underwear every day. Alternate wearing different pairs of shoes to allow the insides to fully dry out. Dust the insides of socks and shoes with medicated foot powder.


Question: What happens before an MRI exam?

Answer: Personal items such as your watch, wallet (including any credit cards with magnetic strips that can be erased by the magnet), and jewelry should be left at home if possible or removed prior to the MRI scan. Secured lockers are available to store personal possessions.


Question: What happens during an MRI exam?

Answer: You may be asked to wear a hospital gown during the MRI scan. As the MRI scan begins, you will hear the equipment making a variety of different sounds, including a muffled thumping sound or banging sound that will last for several minutes at a time. Other than that sound, you should experience no unusual sensations during the scanning. Certain MRI exams require an injection of a contrast material. This helps identify abnormalities in certain parts of the body on the scan images. Feel free to ask questions and tell the technologist or doctor if you have any concerns.


Question: What is magnetic resonance imaging?

Answer: Disease-related changes in the brain or spinal cord are detected by MRI in more than 90% of people suspected of having MS. MRI is a test that produces very clear pictures of the human body without the use of X-rays. It uses a large magnet, radio waves and a computer to produce these images. MRI can often detect damaged areas in the brain or spinal cord that would be missed by other imaging techniques such as a CAT scan.


Question: Is the magnetic resonance imaging exam safe?

Answer: The MRI exam poses no risk to the average person if appropriate safety guidelines are followed. Many people who have had heart surgery and people with the following medical devices can be safely examined with MRI (the metals used in these surgeries are not "magnetic" and the person can be safely placed in the MRI machine): Artificial joints Staples Many cardiac valve replacements (check with your doctor) Disconnected medication pumps Vena cava filters Brain shunt tubes for hydrocephalus Some conditions may make an MRI exam a bad idea.


Question: What happens during the magnetic resonance imaging exam?

Answer: You may be asked to wear a hospital gown during the MRI scan. As the MRI scan begins, you will hear the equipment making a variety of different sounds, including a muffled thumping sound or banging sound that will last for several minutes at a time. Other than that sound, you should experience no unusual sensations during the scanning. Certain MRI exams require an injection of a contrast material. This helps identify abnormalities in certain parts of the body on the scan images.


Question: What conditions should your doctor know about before a magnetic resonance imaging exam?

Answer: Many people who have had heart surgery and people with the following medical devices can be safely examined with MRI (the metals used in these surgeries are not "magnetic" and the person can be safely placed in the MRI machine): Artificial joints Staples Many cardiac valve replacements (check with your doctor) Disconnected medication pumps Vena cava filters Brain shunt tubes for hydrocephalus Some conditions may make an MRI exam a bad idea. Tell your doctor if you have any of the following conditions: Heart pacemaker Cerebral aneurysm clip (metal clip on a blood vessel in the brain) Pregnancy Implanted insulin pump (for treatment of diabetes), narcotics pump (for pain medication), or implanted spinal cord stimulators for chronic pain Metal in the eye or eye socket Cochlear (ear) implant for hearing impairment Implanted spine stabilization rods (newer titanium rods and plates are fine) Severe lung disease (such as tracheomalacia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia) Heartburn Obesity (weighing more than 300 pounds may limit which machine can be used) Not able to lie on your back for 30 to 60 minutes Claustrophobia (which can be handled with sedation) Allow two hours for your MRI exam.


Question: What happens before the magnetic resonance imaging  exam?

Answer: Personal items such as your watch, wallet (including any credit cards with magnetic strips that can be erased by the magnet), and jewelry should be left at home if possible or removed prior to the MRI scan. Secured lockers are available to store personal possessions.


Question: Why do you need to get magnetic resonance imaging?

Answer: To detect MS. MRI is considered the best test to help diagnose MS. However, 5% of people with MS do not have abnormalities detected on MRI; thus, a "negative" scan does not completely rule out MS. In addition, some common changes of aging may look like MS on a MRI.


Question: How long does an MRI take?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you have any of the following conditions: Heart pacemaker Cerebral aneurysm clip (metal clip on a blood vessel in the brain) Pregnancy Implanted insulin pump (for treatment of diabetes), narcotics pump (for pain medication), or implanted spinal cord stimulators for chronic pain Metal in the eye or eye socket Cochlear (ear) implant for hearing impairment Implanted spine stabilization rods (newer titanium rods and plates are fine) Severe lung disease (such as tracheomalacia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia) Heartburn Obesity (weighing more than 300 pounds may limit which machine can be used) Not able to lie on your back for 30 to 60 minutes Claustrophobia (which can be handled with sedation) Allow two hours for your MRI exam. In most cases, the procedure takes 40 to 80 minutes; during that time, several dozen images may be taken.


Question: Is an MRI safe?

Answer: The MRI exam poses no risk to the average person if appropriate safety guidelines are followed. Many people who have had heart surgery and people with the following medical devices can be safely examined with MRI (the metals used in these surgeries are not "magnetic" and the person can be safely placed in the MRI machine): Artificial joints Staples Many cardiac valve replacements (check with your doctor) Disconnected medication pumps Vena cava filters Brain shunt tubes for hydrocephalus Some conditions may make an MRI exam a bad idea. Tell your doctor if you have any of the following conditions: Heart pacemaker Cerebral aneurysm clip (metal clip on a blood vessel in the brain) Pregnancy Implanted insulin pump (for treatment of diabetes), narcotics pump (for pain medication), or implanted spinal cord stimulators for chronic pain Metal in the eye or eye socket Cochlear (ear) implant for hearing impairment Implanted spine stabilization rods (newer titanium rods and plates are fine) Severe lung disease (such as tracheomalacia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia) Heartburn Obesity (weighing more than 300 pounds may limit which machine can be used) Not able to lie on your back for 30 to 60 minutes Claustrophobia (which can be handled with sedation) Allow two hours for your MRI exam.


Question: What surgeries are used for treating keratoacanthoma?

Answer: There are a few different surgeries your doctor may use. He can: Scrape off the tumor and seal up the wound. Apply liquid nitrogen to freeze and destroy the tumor. This is called cryosurgery. Cut the tumor out and use stitches to close the area. Remove one layer of tissue at a time and examine each one under a microscope to make sure all abnormal cells are gone. This is called Mohs surgery. It's the most precise way to get rid of keratoacanthoma but also the most expensive.


Question: What makes you more like to get keratoacanthoma?

Answer: Doctors don't know what causes keratoacanthoma, but some things make you more likely to get it: Sun exposure HPV infection Some cancer-causing chemicals Your genes A weak immune system Your doctor will probably take a biopsy, or a piece of the tumor, to send to an expert called a pathologist, who will examine the sample under a microscope.


Question: What is the outlook for keratoacanthoma?

Answer: But it may leave a worse scar than one from surgery. It could also come back, so it's best to get it removed. If you don't treat it, keratoacanthoma can spread throughout your body.


Question: What is keratoacanthoma?

Answer: Once you spot it, it's important to talk to your doctor. It sometimes happens to people before they get squamous cell carcinoma, the second most common type of skin cancer. If you catch the problem early, treatment usually works well. You might think you have a pimple or boil at first, but keratoacanthoma can grow fast and get as big as a quarter in a couple of months. It looks like a small, red or skin-colored volcano -- there's a distinctive crater at the top of the lump that often has keratin, or dead skin cells, inside.


Question: What are some other treatments used to keratoacanthomas?

Answer: If you can't have surgery, or if you have multiple keratoacanthomas, you can try other treatments: The chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil. You can get it as a cream to rub on your skin or as a shot. Injections of the chemotherapy drugs bleomycin or methotrexate Radiation Drugs like retinoids that you take by mouth It's not unusual for a single keratoacanthoma to shrink and disappear on its own after several months.


Question: Why do people take saffron?

Answer: More research is needed. Saffron may also help with depression. Several small studies showed that it seemed to work as well as a common antidepressant in helping symptoms. Larger studies need to be done to see if this would be a safe and effective treatment.


Question: What are side effects of saffron?

Answer: Using saffron supplements in the short-term seems safe for most people. They may cause side effects like anxiety, appetite changes, upset stomach, sleepiness, and headache. Using saffron in high doses or for long periods of time may be risky. Some people are also allergic to saffron.


Question: How much saffron should I take?

Answer: Ideal doses for saffron have not been set for any condition, although studies have been done using 30 mg of the extract a day, or 15-200 milligrams of dried saffron daily. Ingredients in supplements may vary widely. This makes it very hard to set a standard dose.


Question: What are the causes of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may have: Hand pain, finger pain, swelling, and stiffness Hand joints and finger joints that are warm and tender to the touch The same joints affected on both sides of your body (both wrists, for instance) Misshapen finger joints Carpal tunnel symptoms such as numbness and tingling of the hands Fatigue Pain and stiffness that last for more than an hour when you wake up Scientists don't know what causes RA precisely. Most experts feel that a genetically predisposed person is exposed to a triggering event ( like an infection) that starts the chronic inflammation. Hormones may also play a role. For instance, RA is more common in women than in men. It tends to improve with pregnancy. But it may get worse after the baby is born.


Question: Are there different types of drugs for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will make a plan based on your needs, including: Medications Rest and exercise Splints and special arthritis aids that take pressure off of painful joints Managing stress Avoiding foods that trigger inflammation Eating foods that curb inflammation, such as omega-3 fatty acids found in fish such as salmon or in flax oil Regular medical checkups Physical therapy Surgery if joints are severely damaged There are different types of drugs for RA. You would take some of them for pain and others to slow or stop the disease.


Question: Can moist heat or ice help rheumatoid arthritis pain?

Answer: Both of these simple methods can ease RA pain and stiffness. Use a warm, moist compress (or towel or heating pad) on your fingers and hands for 15 minutes before you exercise. To reduce swelling, use ice packs. Put an ice pack on the painful joint for 10 to 15 minutes at a time. You may want to switch between moist heat and ice packs. Experiment to find out what works best for you, and then make it part of your routine before and after exercise.


Question: What is the treatment for a swan-neck deformity caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Treatment may include: Finger splints or ring splints Surgery to realign the joints or fuse the joints so they work better Boutonniere deformity, also called buttonhole deformity, can happen due to rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: Can moist heat or ice help rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain?

Answer: Both of these simple methods can ease RA pain and stiffness. Use a warm, moist compress (or towel or heating pad) on your fingers and hands for 15 minutes before you exercise. To reduce swelling, use ice packs. Put an ice pack on the painful joint for 10 to 15 minutes at a time. You may want to switch between moist heat and ice packs. Experiment to find out what works best for you, and then make it part of your routine before and after exercise.


Question: Are regular exercises used to treat rheumatoid arthritis to make the hands and fingers more flexible?

Answer: Regular exercise is very important to make your hands and fingers more flexible. You also need to rest painful joints. It helps to use hand or finger splints to ease pressure if your RA flares up. To exercise your hands and fingers, you can use a soft foam ball like a Nerf ball (not a hard tennis ball). Squeeze it and then relax your hand muscles.


Question: What is boutonniere deformity?

Answer: Treatment may include: Finger splints or ring splints Surgery to realign the joints or fuse the joints so they work better Boutonniere deformity, also called buttonhole deformity, can happen due to rheumatoid arthritis. The middle finger joint will bend toward the palm while the outer finger joint may bend opposite the palm. It may be the result of chronic inflammation of the finger's middle joint. Treatment may include splinting to keep the middle joint extended. Some cases need surgery.


Question: How do doctors design a treatment plan for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will make a plan based on your needs, including: Medications Rest and exercise Splints and special arthritis aids that take pressure off of painful joints Managing stress Avoiding foods that trigger inflammation Eating foods that curb inflammation, such as omega-3 fatty acids found in fish such as salmon or in flax oil Regular medical checkups Physical therapy Surgery if joints are severely damaged There are different types of drugs for RA.


Question: What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Treatment may include: Finger splints or ring splints Surgery to realign the joints or fuse the joints so they work better Boutonniere deformity, also called buttonhole deformity, can happen due to rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: How can I ease hand and finger joint pain from rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: Regular exercise is very important to make your hands and fingers more flexible. You also need to rest painful joints. It helps to use hand or finger splints to ease pressure if your RA flares up. To exercise your hands and fingers, you can use a soft foam ball like a Nerf ball (not a hard tennis ball). Squeeze it and then relax your hand muscles.


Question: Who is most likely to get fungal nail infection?

Answer: Because the toes and feet are often exposed to damp, warm areas, where the infection is spread, fungal nail infections affect the toes more than the fingers. Your feet are also more likely to be exposed to fungal infections if you: Spend time at swimming pools Walk around a lot in locker rooms Wear the same pair of damp, sweaty sneakers all the time Injure your toenail At first, you may have no outward symptoms.


Question: What are signs of fungal nail infection?

Answer: If your toenails are cracked, discolored, thicker than they should be or painful, you may wonder if you have a fungal nail infection.


Question: How common are fungal nail infections?

Answer: Fungus is the cause of up to half of all nail infections. It's very common among adults 60 and older -- about 3 out of 4 seniors have the problem, while only 1 of 5 younger adults are affected. You can get a fungal nail infection on your fingernail as well, but it's much more likely to show up on your toenails.


Question: How are toenail fungus and type 2 diabetes related?

Answer: If you have type 2 diabetes, you should take nail fungus very seriously. Toenail fungus is twice as common in diabetic feet, and severe cases of it along with complications can lead to amputations. Always see your doctor if you're diabetic and you notice any problem with your nails.


Question: What tests can diagnose fungal nail infection?

Answer: Your doctor may be able to tell that you have a fungal nail infection just by looking at your toes or your fingers. But he may do some tests to be sure. He may decide to take a sample of your nails. The clippings can be tested to see if fungus is in them. If you do have nail fungus, you and your doctor will decide what treatment is best for you.


Question: How can I avoid fungal nail infection?

Answer: It's worth the extra bit of time and effort to keep them fungus-free: Keep your hands and feet clean and dry. Keep your nails trimmed short. Cut your toenails straight across. Don't walk barefoot in locker rooms or on pool decks. Change your socks and shoes when your feet get sweaty. Have more than one pair of sneakers so your sweaty pair can dry out before you wear them again.


Question: How do I keep side effects of medications for bipolar disorder from affecting me at work?

Answer: Does your medication make you sleepy or jittery at work? It's not uncommon for people with bipolar disorder to need extra sleep -- 8 to 10 or even up to 12 -- hours a day. Your doctor may be able to change your dosing time or amount to help reduce drowsiness or other side effects at work. Ask about other ways to cope with side effects. For example, taking some medication with food can sometimes lessen nausea or upset stomach.


Question: What is opioid constipation?

Answer: Constipation, or trouble pooping, is the most common side effect of the pain meds called opioids. Most people who take them will need to also take specific medications to get more regular bowel movements.


Question: How can other medications cause constipation?

Answer: Check your other medications. Opioids aren't the only drugs that can cause constipation. Antihistamines, some antidepressants, some medicines for heart disease, and chemotherapy drugs can have the same effect. Check with your doctor to see if any other medications you're taking may be adding to the problem.


Question: How can fiber help improve opioid constipation?

Answer: It can help keep your bowels regular. One kind of fiber, the "soluble" type, is especially helpful for opioid constipation. You can get it in foods that get soft when you add water to them, like oatmeal, barley, and flax. You can also get fiber from fruits (especially prunes and even warm prune juice), vegetables, whole grains, seeds, and nuts. Don't use fiber products that have psyllium. They can make opioid constipation worse.


Question: How can being active help with opioid constipation?

Answer: No matter the cause of constipation, physical activity will get your bowels moving. Even a little bit of gentle movement can help. Try 10 minutes of walking, some light stretches, or doing chores around the house. Talk with your doctor about what kind of activity might work for you.


Question: What kind of routine can help with opioid constipation?

Answer: Try to go to the bathroom at the same time every day. For many people it's in the morning after breakfast. And make sure you have a place to go that feels private. If you feel like going, don't wait. That can make constipation worse.


Question: How does drinking more water help prevent constipation as a side effect from opioids?

Answer: Dehydration is one reason many people get constipated, and opioids can make it worse. Plus, it can be tough to get the amount of fluids your body needs when you're in pain. Try to drink more H2 O throughout the day, even if you sip a little at a time. Hot liquids, like coffee, tea, or broth, can get things moving, too. You can also suck on ice chips, or nosh on foods with a lot of water, like watermelon or berries.


Question: How can water help improve opioid constipation?

Answer: Dehydration is one reason many people get constipated, and opioids can make it worse. Plus, it can be tough to get the amount of fluids your body needs when you're in pain. Try to drink more H2 O throughout the day, even if you sip a little at a time. Hot liquids, like coffee, tea, or broth, can get things moving, too. You can also suck on ice chips, or nosh on foods with a lot of water, like watermelon or berries.


Question: Which foods are good sources of fiber in preventing opioid constipation?

Answer: It can help keep your bowels regular. One kind of fiber, the "soluble" type, is especially helpful for opioid constipation. You can get it in foods that get soft when you add water to them, like oatmeal, barley, and flax. You can also get fiber from fruits (especially prunes and even warm prune juice), vegetables, whole grains, seeds, and nuts. Don't use fiber products that have psyllium. They can make opioid constipation worse.


Question: What are the side effects of using corticosteroid eye drops for eye allergies?

Answer: When you use corticosteroid eyedrops, you should have regular checkups with an eye specialist to check on your eye health. These eyedrops can make you more likely to get: Cataracts Eye infection Glaucoma Increased pressure in the eye These eyedrops can quickly brighten the whites of your eyes and reduce eye redness for a short time.


Question: What multiple-action allergy eye drops are used for eye allergies?

Answer: Examples include: Antazoline phosphate/naphazoline HCL ( Vasocon- A) Pheniramine maleate/naphazoline HCL ( Opcon- A and Naphcon- A) Antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer combination eyedrops treat and prevent: Eye itching Redness Tearing Burning These newer eyedrops are especially helpful for people with a condition called allergic conjunctivitis.


Question: What are the mast cell stabilizer allergy eye drops used for eye allergies?

Answer: Over-the-counter mast cell stabilizer drops include: Ketotifen fumarate ( Claritin Eye, Refresh Eye Itch Relief) Prescription mast cell stabilizer eyedrops include: Cromolyn ( Crolom) Lodoxamide ( Alomide) Nedocromil sodium ( Alocril) Pemirolast potassium ( Alamast) Some eyedrops contain more than one type of medicine.


Question: How can you get decongestant eye drops for eye allergies?

Answer: You can get these eyedrops without a prescription. But doctors don't recommend them to treat eye allergies. Examples of over-the-counter decongestant eyedrops are: Naphazoline HCL ( Clear Eyes) Phenylephrine HCL ( Refresh) Oxymetazoline HCL ( Visine), Tetrahydrozoline HCL There are some risks.


Question: How effective are decongestant eye drops for eye allergies?

Answer: These eyedrops can make you more likely to get: Cataracts Eye infection Glaucoma Increased pressure in the eye These eyedrops can quickly brighten the whites of your eyes and reduce eye redness for a short time. They narrow blood vessels in the eye area. This relieves the red, bloodshot appearance of the eyes but carries longterm risk of ârebound redness,â which is making your eyes permanently bloodshot. As a result, they are not recommended for longterm use.


Question: What are multiple-action allergy eye drops for eye allergies?

Answer: Over-the-counter mast cell stabilizer drops include: Ketotifen fumarate ( Claritin Eye, Refresh Eye Itch Relief) Prescription mast cell stabilizer eyedrops include: Cromolyn ( Crolom) Lodoxamide ( Alomide) Nedocromil sodium ( Alocril) Pemirolast potassium ( Alamast) Some eyedrops contain more than one type of medicine. These are called dual-action or multiple-action eyedrops. Antihistamine/decongestant combination eyedrops reduce eye itching, watery eyes, and redness.


Question: When should you use antihistamine allergy eye drops for your eye allergies?

Answer: The types of allergy eyedrops include: Antihistamine Anti-inflammatory Decongestant Mast cell stabilizers Multiple action Doctors usually recommend these as the first treatment for eye allergies if you can't get enough relief without drugs. If you have itchy, watery eyes, antihistamine eyedrops may make you feel better. These medicines block histamine in the body. Histamine is a chemical that your immune system makes when you come in contact with an allergy trigger. It causes many of your allergy symptoms. Antihistamine eyedrops can quickly ease your symptoms. But relief may only last for a few hours. You may need to use the drops several times a day.


Question: When are multiple-action eye drops most useful for eye allergies?

Answer: Examples include: Antazoline phosphate/naphazoline HCL ( Vasocon- A) Pheniramine maleate/naphazoline HCL ( Opcon- A and Naphcon- A) Antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer combination eyedrops treat and prevent: Eye itching Redness Tearing Burning These newer eyedrops are especially helpful for people with a condition called allergic conjunctivitis. Examples include: Epinastine ( Elestat) Ketotifen ( Alaway, Zaditor) Olopatadine hydrochloride ( Pataday, Patanol) As with any medicine, you should always follow the recommended instructions on the label.


Question: What are allergy eye drops used for?

Answer: Allergy eyedrops are liquid medicines used to treat symptoms of eye allergies.


Question: Are there any side effects for mast cell stabilizer eye drops for eye allergies?

Answer: You may be able to use these drops for many months without any side effects. If you wear contacts, mast cell stabilizers may let you wear them longer.


Question: What are anti-inflammatory allergy eye drops used for eye allergies?

Answer: Prescription antihistamine eyedrops include: Azelastine hydrochloride ( Optivar) Emedastine difumarate ( Emadine) Levocabastine ( Livostin) These eyedrops fall into two groups: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Corticosteroids NSAID eyedrops affect certain nerve endings. They change the way your body makes you feel itchy.


Question: What are the types of allergy eye drops used for eye allergies?

Answer: The types of allergy eyedrops include: Antihistamine Anti-inflammatory Decongestant Mast cell stabilizers Multiple action Doctors usually recommend these as the first treatment for eye allergies if you can't get enough relief without drugs.


Question: How are mast cell stabilizer eye drops used for eye allergies?

Answer: These are among the newest types of eyedrops. They help prevent the release of histamine and other chemicals made by your body during an allergic reaction. Mast cell stabilizers are made to prevent your symptoms.


Question: What nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug eye drops are used for eye allergies?

Answer: Prescription antihistamine eyedrops include: Azelastine hydrochloride ( Optivar) Emedastine difumarate ( Emadine) Levocabastine ( Livostin) These eyedrops fall into two groups: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Corticosteroids NSAID eyedrops affect certain nerve endings. They change the way your body makes you feel itchy. Ketorolac ( Acular, Acuvail) is the only NSAID approved for the treatment of itchy eyes. Itching usually starts to go away about 1 hour after using the eyedrops. These eyedrops often cause stinging or burning when first placed in the eyes.


Question: What are prescription antihistamine eye drops for eye allergies?

Answer: Prescription antihistamine eyedrops include: Azelastine hydrochloride ( Optivar) Emedastine difumarate ( Emadine) Levocabastine ( Livostin) These eyedrops fall into two groups: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Corticosteroids NSAID eyedrops affect certain nerve endings.


Question: How do you know if you have eye allergy symptoms?

Answer: Eye allergy symptoms include: A burning feeling in your eye Feeling like something is in the eye Itchy eyes Red (bloodshot) eyes Swollen eyelid Tearing An eye allergy can be triggered by the same things that cause hay fever, such as: Pollen Dust Pet dander Certain medications or contact lenses can also be triggers.


Question: What are the risks of decongestant eye drops for eye allergies?

Answer: Examples of over-the-counter decongestant eyedrops are: Naphazoline HCL ( Clear Eyes) Phenylephrine HCL ( Refresh) Oxymetazoline HCL ( Visine), Tetrahydrozoline HCL There are some risks. If you use them for too long, it can make your eye problem worse, with ârebound redness.â Redness and eye swelling can continue even when you stop using the drops. If you have glaucoma you should never use decongestant eyedrops.


Question: How are corticosteroid eye drops used to treat eye allergies?

Answer: Corticosteroid eyedrops are used to treat severe, long-term eye allergy symptoms. Prescription steroid eyedrops include loteprednol ( Alrex, Lotemax). Doctors generally don't recommend corticosteroid drops for long-term use, unless your case is really severe, due to possible side effects such as increased eye pressure and cataracts.


Question: Which type of allergy eye drop should you use for your eye allergies?

Answer: Which type of allergy eyedrop you use depends on: The cause of your allergy Your symptoms How much the symptoms affect your daily activities There are many types of allergy eyedrops. Not all treat all allergy symptoms. For example, one that relieves red eyes may not stop the itching. Some are sold over the counter. For others you need a prescription from a doctor. Some relieve symptoms quickly. Others provide long-term relief.


Question: What can trigger an eye allergy?

Answer: Eye allergy symptoms include: A burning feeling in your eye Feeling like something is in the eye Itchy eyes Red (bloodshot) eyes Swollen eyelid Tearing An eye allergy can be triggered by the same things that cause hay fever, such as: Pollen Dust Pet dander Certain medications or contact lenses can also be triggers.


Question: What can you do to treat eye allergies?

Answer: Your doctor may first suggest you take these steps: Use artificial tears.


Question: What are the risks of irreversibility after getting breast implants?

Answer: Breast implants may permanently alter your breast tissue. If you decide to have the implants removed, your breasts may not return to the shape they had before the surgery. Your breasts may stay dimpled or wrinkled.


Question: What are the surgical differences in silicone versus saline breast implants?

Answer: Saline implants are filled after they're implanted, so saline implants require a smaller incision than pre-filled silicone gel breast implants. Also, many saline implants can be adjusted after surgery. Months later, a woman could decide to increase or decrease the size of her saline implants without surgery. The doctor can just use a syringe to put in more liquid or take it out. The size of standard prefilled silicone gel implants cannot be changed.


Question: Who can get the different types of breast implants?

Answer: There are some differences in who can get the two types of implants. For reconstruction, women can get either type of breast implant at any age. But for augmentation, saline implants are approved for women 18 and older, while only women who are 22 and older can get silicone gel breast implants. The FDA explains that the risks are different for the two products, specifically citing the issues surrounding the removal of ruptured silicone gel breast implants. Keep in mind that your doctor may have a strong recommendation for one type of breast implant over another.


Question: How can I make sure my partner is free of hepatitis before we have sex?

Answer: There is no surefire symptom or sign to indicate that someone has hepatitis. Some infected people look perfectly healthy even in advanced stages of illness. Experts recommend talking openly with sex partners about the risk of hepatitis and other sexually transmitted infections. Of course, if you notice that someone has yellowing of the skin or eyes (a condition known as jaundice), consider that a red flag. Other symptoms of hepatitis include fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, joint or abdominal pain, and clay-colored bowel movements.


Question: Can you get hepatitis through kissing?

Answer: Catching hepatitis by kissing an infected person is unlikely -- although deep kissing that involves the exchange of large amounts of saliva might result in HBV, especially if there are cuts or abrasions in the mouth of the infected person.


Question: How effective are condoms at stopping hepatitis transmission?

Answer: Latex condoms are believed to be at least 99% effective. Unless you're in a mutually monogamous relationship, it's best to use a condom in every sexual encounter. Some experts recommend sticking with a plain condom. Flavored or scented condoms may be more likely to fail. Don't use an oil-based lubricant, as it can degrade latex.


Question: How many types of hepatitis that lead to liver problems?

Answer: Scientists have identified at least five types of viral hepatitis that lead to liver problems. In the U. S., the main threats are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. Can all types be spread by sexual contact?


Question: What are some sex acts that are more likely to transmit hepatitis?

Answer: Any sexual activity that might cause abrasions, cuts, or other trauma is especially risky. Anal sex is thought to be more risky than vaginal sex. And both forms of sex are more risky than oral sex. Oral-anal contact is also risky. To minimize the risk of viral transmission, experts say that any sexually active person not in a mutually monogamous relationship should take precautions, such as placing a barrier, such as a condom, dental dam, female condom, and finger cots between you and another person's body fluids and blood in addition to getting vaccinated against hepatitis A and B. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C. Is it possible to catch hepatitis from kissing?


Question: What things should I do at my rheumatoid arthritis appointment?

Answer: Read up on RA. The more you know about RA, the more you'll get out of your talk with your doctor. Bring a record of your symptoms. What makes them worse? What makes them better? It may help to keep a log of your symptoms and when they occur for a few weeks before you go to your appointment. Bring a list of all the drugs, vitamins, and supplementsyou use. Or bring the bottles, so the doctor can see the dosage and directions for use. Ask a friend or relative to go with you. He or she can take notes and remind you of important questions. Be honest. Tell the truth about your symptoms, how much exercise you get, and any alternative treatments you're using.


Question: What should I ask my rheumatoid arthritis doctor?

Answer: What's the goal of my treatment? Should I take methotrexate or other DMARDs? Do I need other drugs to help my symptoms right now? Could these drugs cause problems with any other medications, vitamins, or supplements I use? What will happen if I don't take my RA meds? What side effects should I watch out for? Do you advise using any nondrug treatments? Could a physical therapist or an occupational therapist help me? Can you tell if my joints have been damaged? Can you tell how quickly the disease is progressing? Aside from my joints, how else could RA affect my health? What will help with my fatigue? Can you suggest any support groups in the area? Will I be able to continue working?


Question: How does dysgraphia change handwriting?

Answer: Kids with dysgraphia have unclear, irregular, or inconsistent handwriting, often with different slants, shapes, upper- and lower-case letters, and cursive and print styles. They also tend to write or copy things slowly.


Question: How does dysgraphia affect the nervous system?

Answer: This is a nervous system problem that affects the fine motor skills needed to write. It makes it hard for a child to do handwriting tasks and assignments. Health insurers and most doctors call this condition "an impairment in written expression."


Question: How is dysgraphia treated?

Answer: The specialist will look at his: Finished work Hand and body position Pencil grip Posture Writing process There's no cure for dysgraphia. Treatment varies from child to child and depends on whether he has any other learning disabilities or health conditions. Medication used to treat ADHD has helped with dysgraphia in some kids who have both conditions.


Question: How is dysgraphia diagnosed?

Answer: The first step is for your child's pediatrician to rule out any other diseases or conditions that could cause writing difficulties. A licensed psychologist trained in learning disorders can diagnose dysgraphia. This could be your child's school psychologist. The specialist will give your child academic and writing tests that measure his ability to put thoughts into words and his fine motor skills. For instance, he may be asked to tap his fingers or turn his wrist a certain way.


Question: What is the first step in diagnosing dysgraphia?

Answer: The first step is for your child's pediatrician to rule out any other diseases or conditions that could cause writing difficulties.


Question: What are the warning signs of dysgraphia?

Answer: Parents or teachers may notice symptoms when the child first begins writing assignments in school. Other signs of dysgraphia to watch for include: Cramped grip, which may lead to a sore hand Difficulty spacing things out on paper or within margins (poor spatial planning) Frequent erasing Inconsistency in letter and word spacing Poor spelling, including unfinished words or missing words or letters Unusual wrist, body, or paper position while writing This learning disability also makes it hard to write and think at the same time. Creative writing tasks are often especially hard.


Question: What are symptoms of dysgraphia?

Answer: Kids with dysgraphia have unclear, irregular, or inconsistent handwriting, often with different slants, shapes, upper- and lower-case letters, and cursive and print styles. They also tend to write or copy things slowly.


Question: What causes dysgraphia?

Answer: In adults, it's sometimes related to a brain injury. In kids, this learning disorder usually occurs along with other learning disabilities such as ADHD and dyslexia.


Question: Who is qualified to diagnose dysgraphia?

Answer: This could be your child's school psychologist.


Question: What will my doctor do if I have paronychia?

Answer: If you seek medical help: The doctor may sample pus or fluid and prescribe an oral antibiotic. In chronic cases of paronychia, your doctor may prescribe an anti-fungal topical. If a pus-filled abscess pocket develops, a doctor may need to drain it.


Question: What are common causes of constipation?

Answer: The most common causes of constipation are pretty easy to remedy, including: Too little fiber in your diet -- eat more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains A lack of fluids -- drink more water and less liquids that contain caffeine (which can be constipating), such as soda and coffee Too little exercise -- increase the amount of physical activity you do each day Ignoring the urge to go to the bathroom -- schedule a specific time to go each day The use of certain medicines, such as antacids, blood pressure medicines, pain relievers, antidepressants, iron supplements, and anticonvulsants; talk to your doctor about switching to a different medicine.


Question: What happens if constipation is untreated?

Answer: Also see your doctor if: You've never been constipated before now You have stomach pain You've noticed blood in your stools You're losing weight without trying Don't let constipation go unchecked for too long. When untreated, constipation can lead to unpleasant complications such as hemorrhoids and rectal prolapse, a condition in which part of the intestine pushes out through the anus from too much straining.


Question: What do post-void residual urine test results mean?

Answer: If the test shows there's too much there after you pee, that can be a sign of a few things: There's an infection in your kidneys, bladder, or the tubes that connect them. Your bladder is blocked at the end so urine can't flow out. Your bladder has trouble pushing urine out. Your prostate is enlarged.


Question: Are there screening tests for prostate cancer?

Answer: Are there screening tests? Yes. Men should talk with their doctors about which tests they need, when to get them, and the pros and cons. A man might get a blood test that checks for high levels of PSA (prostate-specific antigen). If your doctor is concerned about your result, he might perform a digital rectal exam, in which he inserts a gloved finger into the anus and feels the prostate for hard, lumpy, or abnormal areas. He may also use a small needle to take a sample, or âbiopsy,â of the area to check for cancer. He may also use MRI to look at the possible tumor.


Question: Can you survive prostate cancer?

Answer: Almost all men are still alive 5 years after finding out they have early-stage prostate cancer. It usually grows slowly and stays in the same area where it started. But when it starts to spread to other areas of the body, it can move fast. When doctors find it after it has spread far from the prostate, the odds of survival aren't as good. Among those men, 72% die of this cancer within 5 years.


Question: How common is pancreatic cancer and how many deaths does it cause?

Answer: U. S. deaths in 2016: 41,780 How common is it? About 1 in 67 people gets it.


Question: How common is lung cancer and how many deaths does it cause?

Answer: U. S. deaths in 2016: 158,080 How common is it? About 1 in 13 men get lung cancer. So do about 1 in 16 women. Doctors usually find it in people age 65 and older.


Question: What puts people at risk for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: You're also more likely to get it if it runs in your family, you have more than three alcoholic drinks a day, you smoke, or you're obese.


Question: What puts people at risk for colorectal cancer?

Answer: Your chances of getting colon cancer rise as you get older. You're also more likely to get it if it runs in your family, you have more than three alcoholic drinks a day, you smoke, or you're obese.


Question: How common is breast cancer and how many deaths does it cause?

Answer: U. S. deaths in 2016: 40,450 How common is it? Roughly 1 in 8 women in the U. S. will get breast cancer. Men can get it, too. But it's much less likely: 1 in 1,000.


Question: Can you survive breast cancer?

Answer: Like other cancers, the earlier it's found, the better. Almost all women who find out they have stage I breast cancer are still alive 5 years later. So are 93% of those with stage II breast cancer, 72% of those with stage III, and 22% of those with stage IV. There are more breast cancer survivors than ever before.


Question: What puts people at risk for lung cancer?

Answer: What puts people at risk: Smoking is the top cause. Breathing someone else's smoke (âsecondhand smokeâ) is also a threat. You're also more likely to get it if it runs in your family or if you're exposed to radon and to certain other chemicals (asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, beryllium, cadmium, tar, and soot). Lung cancer is more common among people with HIV than those who don't have the virus, but experts don't know why.


Question: How common is prostate cancer and how many deaths does it cause?

Answer: U. S. deaths in 2016: 26,120 How common is it? One out of every 7 men will get this cancer.


Question: Can you survive colorectal cancer?

Answer: Most people -- more than 90% -- live at least 5 years after finding out that they have colorectal cancer that's in its earliest stages. New tests, including ones that look for certain genes in colon tumors, could make this cancer even easier to find early. And one promising treatment uses cancer vaccines to "train" the immune system to attack colon cancer cells. Those vaccines treat cancer, but they don't prevent it.


Question: How common is colorectal cancer and how many deaths does it cause?

Answer: U. S. deaths in 2016: 49,190 How common is it? About 1 in 20 people in the U. S. will get colorectal cancer.


Question: What are scientists working on to help pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Researchers want to make gene tests to screen people in families struck by the disease. New drugs are also in the works. Some aim to stop the spread of cancer cells. Other medicines would teach the immune system to fight the cancer.


Question: How can your bowel become blocked?

Answer: Damaged blood vessels leading to the bowel can cause some bowel tissue to die.


Question: Is a stent an option to treat bowel obstruction?

Answer: This is the safer option for people who are too sick for emergency surgery. A stent made out of wire mesh is placed in the bowel at the site of the blockage to force the bowel open. This will allow matter to pass through again. Some people may not need anything more than a stent. Others may need surgery after they become stable.


Question: Will a barium enema help determine if I have a bowel obstruction?

Answer: Your doctor may give you a barium enema. This means a special liquid that contains barium (a whitish-silver metal) will be inserted into your rectum. It will spread into your bowels and appear on an X-ray as a bright area. If there's a blocked area, the barium may show it.


Question: What are the most common signs of bowel obstruction?

Answer: Common causes are: Crohn's disease Diverticulitis Hernia Colon cancer Stomach cancer Ovarian cancer Scar tissue from surgery Radiation to the abdominal area Advanced lung cancer, breast cancer, or melanoma that has spread to the bowel Signs of an intestinal blockage will depend on how bad the obstruction is. But it almost always comes with abdominal pain and cramping. Here are some other possible signs you have a bowel obstruction: You're constipated. You can't pass gas at all. Stomach cramps come and go. You don't get hungry. You throw up or feel like you're going to. Your belly is swollen If you've been constipated and any of these symptoms appear, contact your doctor right away.


Question: What is a fecal impaction?

Answer: A common type of obstruction, or blockage, is called fecal impaction. Fecal impaction is when a large, hard mass of stool gets stuck in your digestive tract and can't be pushed out the normal way.


Question: Where in your digestive system does a bowel obstruction usually happen?

Answer: Bowel obstructions can happen in your small or large intestine, but they're more likely to be in the small intestine.


Question: What should you do if you have skin cysts?

Answer: Try putting a bathwater-warm washcloth on it for 20 to 30 minutes, three to four times a day, to help soothe it and speed healing. Wrap it in a bandage if it starts to drain and make an appointment with your doctor.


Question: How do doctors treat skin cysts?

Answer: Your doctor can easily treat them. Options include: Draining the cyst. The doctor cuts the cyst and pushes out the gunk inside. Cysts can still return after this. Injecting medicine into the cyst to reduce swelling if it's tender, swollen or growing, Removing it by minor surgery to take out the entire cyst wall. This usually keeps them from coming back. Laser removal.


Question: What should you know about skin cysts?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } People often get painless little bumps under their skin, called cysts. Cysts can develop on most parts of the body. Some are found in hair follicles. They can develop for many reasons -- and sometimes for no obvious reason. They are more common in men than in women. Skin cysts don't need treatment most of the time. They're usually painless and nothing to worry about, unless they get sore or infected. But if you have a cyst that bothers you or is embarrassing, you should discuss it with your doctor. Also, let your doctor know about any skin conditions you have so he can check them for signs of a serious problem.


Question: What should you avoid doing if you have skin cysts?

Answer: It might be tempting, but don't try to pop or drain the cyst yourself. That can cause infection, and the cyst will probably come back.


Question: What causes REM sleep behavior disorder?

Answer: The exact cause of REM sleep behavior disorder ( RBD) is unknown, although the disorder may occur in association with various degenerative neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, multisystem atrophy, diffuse Lewy body dementia, and Shy- Drager syndrome. In 55% of persons the cause is unknown, and in 45%, the cause is associated with alcohol or sedative-hypnotic withdrawal, tricyclic antidepressant (such as imipramine), or serotonin reuptake inhibitor use (such as fluoxetine, sertraline, or paroxetine) or other types of antidepressants (mirtazapine).


Question: What is the difference between REM sleep behavior disorder and normal sleep?

Answer: In a person with REM sleep behavior disorder ( RBD), the paralysis that normally occurs during REM sleep is incomplete or absent, allowing the person to "act out" his or her dreams. RBD is characterized by the acting out of dreams that are vivid, intense, and violent. Dream-enacting behaviors include talking, yelling, punching, kicking, sitting, jumping from bed, arm flailing, and grabbing.


Question: What happens after a colonoscopy?

Answer: After you have a colonoscopy: You will stay in a recovery room for about 30 minutes for observation. You may feel some cramping or a sensation of having gas, but this usually passes quickly. You will need to have someone drive you home, as it is unsafe to drive or operate machinery for about 8 hours after the procedure (due to the sedative medication given). You can resume your normal diet. Read your discharge instructions carefully. Certain medications, such as blood-thinning agents, may need to be avoided temporarily if biopsies were taken or polyps were removed.


Question: When should I call my doctor if I'm concerned my child is showing signs of opposition defiant disorder?

Answer: You should call your doctor if you notice your child acts this way around at least one person, other than a sibling, for at least 6 months.


Question: At what age do kids usually see a doctor for oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer: Signs of oppositional defiant disorder include: Temper tantrums Refusing to obey rules and arguing with adults Intentionally annoying people, but also getting annoyed easily Saying mean things, talking about getting revenge, and hurting people Trying to blame others for things they do Like ADHD, your doctor will also probably wait until your child is at least 4 to diagnose oppositional defiant disorder. This kind of behavior can be ânormalâ at 2 or 3 years old, but it becomes a problem if it continues as your child gets older. She'll want to wait to make a firm diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder until your child's behavior is more extreme than what is age-appropriate.


Question: What are the signs of oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer: Signs of oppositional defiant disorder include: Temper tantrums Refusing to obey rules and arguing with adults Intentionally annoying people, but also getting annoyed easily Saying mean things, talking about getting revenge, and hurting people Trying to blame others for things they do Like ADHD, your doctor will also probably wait until your child is at least 4 to diagnose oppositional defiant disorder.


Question: At what age is ADHD usually evaluated and diagnosed?

Answer: The âattention-deficitâ part of ADHD can make kids: Unfocused and easily distracted Disorganized and forgetful Unable to follow through on instructions Appear not to listen The âhyperactivityâ part causes: Fidgeting and squirming Running and climbing instead of sitting Inability to take turns and wait in line Constant talking and interrupting Inability to play quietly Your doctor probably won't suggest an ADHD evaluation before age 4. Things like lack of attention span and not sitting still are part of normal development in children younger than that. Language delays at a young age can also be mistaken for ADHD. She won't make a firm diagnosis of ADHD until your child's symptoms are worse than what is age-appropriate.


Question: How does oppositional defiant disorder differ from ADHD?

Answer: Unlike kids with ADHD, those who have oppositional defiant disorder don't just have a hard time listening, paying attention, and following rules. They also are often angry and defiant, and tend to argue, fight, and disobey.


Question: What is "hyperactivity"?

Answer: The âattention-deficitâ part of ADHD can make kids: Unfocused and easily distracted Disorganized and forgetful Unable to follow through on instructions Appear not to listen The âhyperactivityâ part causes: Fidgeting and squirming Running and climbing instead of sitting Inability to take turns and wait in line Constant talking and interrupting Inability to play quietly Your doctor probably won't suggest an ADHD evaluation before age 4.


Question: What are the two most common neurodevelopmental disorders in kids and what are the signs?

Answer: Two of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in kids are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD). If your child has one of these disorders, he can have trouble controlling his impulses, paying attention, listening, and getting along with other kids. These problems can disrupt his school and social life.


Question: What is peripheral neuropathy?

Answer: Neuro-: Related to the nerves -pathy: Disease Peripheral neuropathy refers to the conditions that result when nerves that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord from and to the rest of the body are damaged or diseased.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of polyneuropathy?

Answer: The most common symptoms of polyneuropathy are: Tingling Numbness Loss of sensation in the arms and legs A burning sensation in the feet or hands Because people with chronic polyneuropathy often lose their ability to sense temperature and pain, they can burn themselves and develop open sores as the result of injury or prolonged pressure.


Question: What are the complications of chronic polyneuropathy?

Answer: The most common symptoms of polyneuropathy are: Tingling Numbness Loss of sensation in the arms and legs A burning sensation in the feet or hands Because people with chronic polyneuropathy often lose their ability to sense temperature and pain, they can burn themselves and develop open sores as the result of injury or prolonged pressure. If the nerves serving the organs are involved, diarrhea or constipation may result, as well as loss of bowel or bladder control. Sexual dysfunction and abnormally low blood pressure also can occur.


Question: What should you expect if you go to the emergency room for panic attack?

Answer: If you go the emergency room, you may have an EKG, blood tests, and a chest X-ray to make sure you're not having a heart attack or other serious problem. The doctor may also give you medicine to help you relax. Talk to your doctor or a therapist if you have panic attacks often. That could be a sign that you have panic disorder. If you do, your doctor can help you find the right treatment.


Question: How long can most panic attacks last?

Answer: Most panic attacks pass within 30 minutes, but you can take a few steps to calm them on your own. If you're short of breath, you can try breathing exercises. Sit or lie down somewhere comfortable. Take slow, deep breaths gently, in through your nose and out through your mouth.


Question: How is joint replacement surgery done to treat knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Joint replacement surgery, or arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which joints are replaced with artificial parts made from metals or plastic. The replacement could involve one side of the knee or the entire knee. Joint replacement surgery is usually reserved for people over age 50 with severe osteoarthritis. The surgery may need to be repeated later if the prosthetic joint wears out after several years. But with today's modern advancements, most new joints will last over 20 years.


Question: What are the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee may include: pain that increases when you are active, but gets a little better with rest swelling feeling of warmth in the joint stiffness in the knee, especially in the morning or when you have been sitting for a while decrease in mobility of the knee, making it difficult to get in and out of chairs or cars, use the stairs, or walk creaking, crackly sound that is heard when the knee moves The diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis will begin with a physical exam by your doctor.


Question: Is surgery used to treat knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: If your doctor wants to treat the osteoarthritis in the knee with surgery, the options are arthroscopy, osteotomy, and arthroplasty.


Question: How do repetitive knee injuries play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: People with certain occupations that include a lot of activity that can stress the joint, such as kneeling, squatting, or lifting heavy weights (55 pounds or more), are more likely to develop osteoarthritis of the knee because of the constant pressure on the joint.


Question: How does weight play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Weight increases pressure on all the joints, especially the knees. Every pound of weight you gain adds 3 to 4 pounds of extra weight on your knees.


Question: How do other illnesses play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: People with rheumatoid arthritis, the second most common type of arthritis, are also more likely to develop osteoarthritis. People with certain metabolic disorders, such as iron overload or excess growth hormone, also run a higher risk of osteoarthritis.


Question: Who gets osteoarthritis of the knee?

Answer: Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. While it can occur even in young people, the chance of developing osteoarthritis rises after age 45. According to the Arthritis Foundation, more than 27 million people in the U. S. have osteoarthritis, with the knee being one of the most commonly affected areas. Women are more likely to have osteoarthritis than men.


Question: How does heredity play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: This includes genetic mutations that might make a person more likely to develop osteoarthritis of the knee. It may also be due to inherited abnormalities in the shape of the bones that surround the knee joint.


Question: How does gender play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Women ages 55 and older are more likely than men to develop osteoarthritis of the knee.


Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat skin cancer?

Answer: Some of the most promising developments in the field of immunotherapy have arisen from efforts to cure advanced melanoma. Some researchers are treating advanced cases with vaccines, while others are using drugs such as interferon, interleukin-2, and ipilimumab ( Yervoy) in an effort to stimulate immune cells into attacking melanoma cells more aggressively. In patients with advanced melanoma, two drugs, nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) have been found to be effective after use of ipilimumab. These drugs help block proteins on T cells that normally help keep them in check, therefore allowing these immune cells to attack melanoma cells. Genetic manipulation of melanoma tumors may make them more vulnerable to attack by the immune system. Each of these treatment approaches aims to immunize a patient's body against its own cancer -- something the body cannot do naturally.


Question: What drugs do doctors use to treat skin cancer?

Answer: There are other drugs that target specific genes within normal cells that cause them to become cancerous. Called targeted therapy, these drugs include dabrafenib ( Tafinlar), trametinib ( Mekinist) and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf).


Question: How can alternative therapies help treat skin cancer?

Answer: Once skin cancer is diagnosed, the only acceptable treatment is medical care. Alternative approaches may be useful in cancer prevention and in combating nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and headaches from chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy used to treat advanced skin cancer. Be sure to discuss any alternative treatments you are considering using with your cancer doctor.


Question: What foods are rich in vitamin C?

Answer: What to eat: Citrus fruits -- oranges, grapefruit, tangerines -- are what most people think of. But bell peppers, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts have even more. Leafy greens and berries are also good sources.


Question: Is vitamin K important if I take the blood thinner warfarin?

Answer: What else you need to know: People who take the blood thinner warfarin need to eat a steady amount of vitamin K to make sure their medication keeps working right. Talk to your doctor about what that means for you.


Question: What are the two forms of vitamin A?

Answer: What to eat: There are basically two forms of this vitamin -- retinoids and carotenoids -- and they have different jobs in your body. Retinol is in animal products, including milk, liver, and certain fortified foods. Beta-carotene is what gives orange vegetables and some fruits -- sweet potatoes, carrots, cantaloupe, papaya -- their hue. Spinach and other dark-green, leafy veggies also have a lot.


Question: Does vitamin E raise your risk of bleeding?

Answer: What else you need to know: You'll have a higher chance of bleeding if you're taking a blood thinner medicine like warfarin ( Coumadin) or daily aspirin and vitamin E supplements. Doctors don't recommend taking it if you're getting chemotherapy or radiation for cancer.


Question: Should I take more vitamin C?

Answer: What else you need to know: Your body can only handle so much vitamin C daily, so taking a lot doesn't really make a difference. And high doses may cause tummy troubles. It's more important to eat a mix of vegetables and fruits every day. If you're being treated for cancer or you're taking a statin drug for high cholesterol, don't take a supplement until you've talked to your doctor about it.


Question: What can happen if I take too much vitamin B6?

Answer: What else you need to know: Overdoing B6 supplements can cause skin sores, a sensitivity to light, nausea, and heartburn. If you take too much for more than a year, you could have problems with your nerves and lose control of movements.


Question: What is homocysteine?

Answer: The trio of B6, folate ( B9), and B12 can lower your levels of homocysteine, a protein that's linked to a greater risk for heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis. But we can't say for sure that lowering homocysteine will also lower your risk for disease.


Question: How is vitamin D linked to inflammatory diseases?

Answer: Too little has been linked to inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiple sclerosis. But it's unclear whether raising D levels will stave off these illnesses or prevent some age-related diseases. In the lab, this vitamin shows a significant anti-inflammatory effect on cells. There's also some evidence that D can lessen the ongoing pain from inflammation.


Question: Do you need allergy shots for insect sting allergies?

Answer: Insect sting allergies: Again, the best thing is to try to avoid getting stung. But allergy shots can make a reaction less severe. If you're highly allergic and anaphylaxis is a possibility, your doctor will prescribe an emergency kit with an epinephrine shot. Carry two with you at all times if your doctor prescribes them. Use one in case of an emergency, then call 911.


Question: Which over-the-counter antihistamines can help with treating allergies?

Answer: Antihistamines , which you can get over the counter, block the effects of chemicals your body makes that cause the allergic reactions.


Question: How do results of allergy tests vary?

Answer: Results can differ from one test or one lab to another. Your doctor can help figure out which tests are best for you and help you understand what the results mean.


Question: What helps if you have food allergies?

Answer: Food allergies: Your best bet is to stay away from the problem food. If your reaction is mild -- the food makes you itch or makes your eyes water -- antihistamines or topical creams might be all you need. If you're highly allergic and likely to go into anaphylactic shock, your doctor will prescribe an emergency kit and show you how to use it. Keep two with you at all times. They contain a preloaded epinephrine shot. If you think you're having an emergency, don't wait to take it. Then call 911.


Question: How can an epinephrine shot help with treating allergies?

Answer: If you're highly allergic and anaphylaxis is a possibility, your doctor will prescribe an emergency kit with an epinephrine shot.


Question: What is the most common test for allergies?

Answer: The most common test for respiratory, penicillin, insect sting, skin, and food allergies is a skin prick or scratch test. The doctor scratches a small amount of the allergen into your skin and watches for swelling, itchiness, and redness in that area. Other tests look for signs in the blood that are linked to allergies.


Question: How can allergy shots help with treating allergies?

Answer: Allergy shots -- also called immunotherapy or allergy desensitization therapy -- may help ease attacks. You'll get small amounts of things that trigger your symptoms, like pollen. They'll help your body get used to that allergen. It may take a year before they really start to work.


Question: How can antihistamines help with treating allergies?

Answer: Antihistamines , which you can get over the counter, block the effects of chemicals your body makes that cause the allergic reactions.


Question: What are continuing care communities?

Answer: Continuing care communities: These organizations offer independent living, assisted living, and skilled nursing all in one place. Healthy adults can live in apartments or homes until they need more help. They gradually get more assistance as they need it, without having to leave the community.


Question: What is palliative care?

Answer: Palliative care: The goal of palliative care is to tend to your whole self -- physical and emotional -- while you have a serious illness. It can help you and your loved ones with decision-making, understanding your situation, and taking care of your condition and the stresses and emotions it can bring up. There are doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals who have special training in this field and who can be part of your health care team.


Question: What is respite care for caregivers?

Answer: Respite care: When you need a break from caregiving, you can take a few hours or days off with the help of respite care. Your loved one can either get care at home or do a short-term stay in a skilled nursing facility.


Question: What are companion care services for caregivers?

Answer: Companion care services: With these, people come into the home and help with daily life. Services can range from preparing meals and giving baths to sorting mail and paying bills. They may also do housework and make sure your loved one eats and exercises.


Question: What is adult day care?

Answer: Adult day care: These centers offer seniors care or company during the day. Some have outings and social activities. Others may offer only health care.


Question: What is a geriatric care manager?

Answer: Care managers: A geriatric care manager is a hired nurse or social worker who looks at a family's caregiving situation and helps plan, coordinate, and see how care is going. They can help with a one-time assessment or manage care long-term. Some health care organizations or doctor's offices offer this as part of your care.


Question: How can workplace resources help with caregiving?

Answer: Workplace resources: Many caregivers also have a paying job. More and more workplaces are recognizing their needs. Ask your employer if your job has programs, including things like flexible working hours or telecommuting. Your company may also help you find skilled nursing help or other support.


Question: What's the village movement for caregiving?

Answer: Village movement: This grass-roots approach builds a network of support for people who want to keep living in their own homes, or "age in place." Members pay a fee (usually a few hundred dollars a year) for services that may range from transportation to home maintenance. It means older people don't have to call on family and friends for help all the time.


Question: What can raise the chances of depression in the elderly?

Answer: Factors that increase the risk of depression in the elderly include: Being female Being single, unmarried, divorced, or widowed Lack of a supportive social network Stressful life events Physical conditions like stroke, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, cancer, dementia, and chronic pain further increase the risk of depression.