Question: How do corticosteroids treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain?

Answer: These are often called steroids. They're powerful drugs that tame inflammation. They're different from âanabolicâ steroids that build up muscles. For RA, their benefit is that they suppress the overactive immune system, which curbs symptoms.


Question: How long will I need to take corticosteroids to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you have severe rheumatoid arthritis, you may need to take steroids for a long time. Your doctor will watch out for potential side effects, such as being more likely to get an infection, higher blood sugar, or bone thinning.


Question: How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: There are many medications you and your doctor could consider using to treat your RA pain. The main type are NSAIDs, which stands for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They manage pain, swelling, and stiffness.


Question: How does acetaminophen treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pain?

Answer: This is in many prescription and over-the-counter medicines, including Tylenol. When taken as directed, it has few side effects in most people. One exception is people with liver disease, who can take acetaminophen only if their doctor watches their health closely.


Question: Are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis associated with side effects?

Answer: NSAIDs include: Celecoxib ( Celebrex) Diclofenac ( Cataflam, Voltaren) Etodolac ( Lodine) Ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) Indomethacin ( Indocin) Meloxicam ( Mobic) Naproxen ( Aleve, Naprosyn) NSAIDS have been linked to increased risk of heart attack and stroke, particularly in higher doses. Another drawback is that these drugs can upset your stomach or cause ulcers or bleeding in the stomach or intestines. Celecoxib is less likely to cause ulcers and stomach or intestinal bleeding. If you have kidney failure or heart failure, your doctor will keep a close watch on how you're doing if you take NSAIDs.


Question: What are corticosteroids?

Answer: They're different from âanabolicâ steroids that build up muscles.


Question: How long does someone with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) need to take steroids for their pain?

Answer: Corticosteroids act throughout the body, not just on the immune system. So they're best used for a short time to control flares. This helps you avoid their side effects. If you have severe rheumatoid arthritis, you may need to take steroids for a long time. Your doctor will watch out for potential side effects, such as being more likely to get an infection, higher blood sugar, or bone thinning. Corticosteroids can sometimes be injected directly into joints affected by RA. This is a good way to get the benefits of the drug with fewer side effects.


Question: When do you need a prescription to buy over-the-counter (OTC) allergy medicines?

Answer: You don't need a prescription to buy OTC medicine. For the medications that you think of as prescription, you do. Sometimes, the same drug comes in both OTC and prescription versions. The difference is often the strength. For example, hydrocortisone can treat skin reactions including itching and redness. If you're bothered by an insect bite, you can get an OTC cream or spray with a concentration of 1% or less. But for a more severe reaction like eczema, your doctor may prescribe 2.5% hydrocortisone cream or ointment.


Question: What is kombucha?

Answer: Many people say it helps relieve or prevent a variety of health problems, everything from hair loss to cancer and AIDS. There's little scientific evidence to back up the claims, but some elements of the drink may be good for you. The basic ingredients in kombucha are yeast, sugar, and black tea.


Question: What are the benefits of kombucha?

Answer: It's also said to boost your immune system, help you lose weight, ward off high blood pressure and heart disease, and prevent cancer. But there's not a lot of evidence to support these claims. Kombucha has sugar and caffeine, as well as B vitamins. It also has probiotics -- the âgood bacteriaâ that are considered helpful for your body.


Question: How are self-help groups used to treat schizophrenia?

Answer: You should encourage your loved one to participate in community care and outreach programs to continue working on his social skills. The National Alliance on Mental Illness ( NAMI) is an outreach organization that offers a free peer-to-peer program, for instance. It includes 10 sessions for adults with mental illness who want to learn more about their condition from people who have experienced it themselves or been through it with a loved one.


Question: How do doctors diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: The doctor may focus on your wrist to see if the area is tender, swollen, warm, or discolored. He'll probably test each finger to see if you've lost any feeling. And he'll check the strength of the muscles in your hand. After that, he may do or order any of the following tests. They'll focus on the median nerve, which runs through your forearm into your hand. When that nerve gets pressed or squeezed through the carpal tunnel, it causes carpal tunnel syndrome.


Question: How can a nerve conduction velocity test help in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: This test provides some of the strongest evidence of carpal tunnel syndrome. It measures how fast an electric signal can travel along a nerve or from the nerve to a muscle. The doctor places a small electrode on your skin near your elbow. It sends a mild electrical current down your median nerve. The more time it takes for the current to travel from your elbow to your fingers, the more damage to your median nerve.


Question: How can you avoid hotel germs when you travel?

Answer: Health experts point out that most hotel rooms are better cleaned than most homes. Towels and sheets are changed daily, and the room is cleaned somewhat every day. Still, experts suggest wiping down remote controls, light switches, telephones, doorknobs, toilet seat handles, faucet handles, and other high-touch areas as a precaution when traveling with children.


Question: Can you exercise if you have hidradenitis suppurativa (HS)?

Answer: Even if you may have pain and trouble moving, stay as active as possible. Exercise can slow HS down and make you feel better. Many people find swimming keeps them fit and also soothes their skin.


Question: What are treatments for long-term hepatitis B?

Answer: Medicines for this disease include: Adefovir, dipivoxil ( Hepsera) Entecavir ( Baraclude) Lamivudine ( Epivir- HBV) Interferon alfa-2b ( Intron A) Pegylated interferon alfa-2a ( Pegasys) Telbivudine ( Tyzeka) Tenofovir ( Viread) Before the drugs we now have available, the typical treatment was a combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin.


Question: At what times of the day does rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affect the joints?

Answer: For many people with RA, their joints are stiff first thing in the morning, and then ease up after at least an hour of movement. The condition usually affects more than one joint and mirrors both sides of the body.


Question: What joints does rheumatoid arthritis normally affect?

Answer: You may have: Inflammation Swelling Stiffness Pain Although the condition can affect any joint, it's especially likely in your: Knuckles Toes Wrists Elbows Ankles Knees It's less common, but you can get rheumatoid arthritis in your neck, hips, and shoulders.


Question: Does rheumatoid arthritis affect more than one joint?

Answer: You may have: Inflammation Swelling Stiffness Pain Although the condition can affect any joint, it's especially likely in your: Knuckles Toes Wrists Elbows Ankles Knees It's less common, but you can get rheumatoid arthritis in your neck, hips, and shoulders.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis affect the joints?

Answer: You may have: Inflammation Swelling Stiffness Pain Although the condition can affect any joint, it's especially likely in your: Knuckles Toes Wrists Elbows Ankles Knees It's less common, but you can get rheumatoid arthritis in your neck, hips, and shoulders.


Question: What causes night vision problems?

Answer: Not enough zinc.


Question: How do you diagnose night vision problems?

Answer: A simple exam and conversation at an eye doctor's office can show the cause of your night blindness. The doctor will use drops to open your eyes up wide (he'll call this dilation).


Question: How can losing extra weight prevent you from getting prediabetes?

Answer: If you're overweight, slimming down is the key to turning the odds in your favor. Research shows that shedding just 5% to 10% of your body weight is often enough to get blood sugar levels back into the normal range and avoid diabetes or at least delay its onset. To reach your goal, limit portion sizes; cut calories; and eat fewer foods that are high in fat (especially saturated fat), sugar, and carbohydrates. You should also eat a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains.


Question: How can I make exercise a habit if I have prediabetes?

Answer: Leading an active life is a must. Aim for 30 minutes of aerobic activity (something that raises your heart rate, like walking, biking, or swimming) 5 days a week (150 minutes per week). Plus, do some strength-training exercise, like lifting weights or using resistance bands, at least twice a week. Strength work builds muscle, which helps lower your blood sugar level, helps your body respond better to insulin (which controls blood sugar), and burns calories even when you're not moving.


Question: What should I do to lose weight if I have prediabetes?

Answer: If you're overweight, slimming down is the key to turning the odds in your favor. Research shows that shedding just 5% to 10% of your body weight is often enough to get blood sugar levels back into the normal range and avoid diabetes or at least delay its onset. To reach your goal, limit portion sizes; cut calories; and eat fewer foods that are high in fat (especially saturated fat), sugar, and carbohydrates. You should also eat a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains.


Question: What should I do if I smoke and have prediabetes?

Answer: Smoking is strongly linked to diabetes: People who smoke are 30% to 40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who don't. And people with diabetes who continue smoking are more likely to develop complications such as heart disease and blindness. So the sooner you ditch the cigarettes, the better.


Question: Are there medications that may affect my triglyceride levels?

Answer: You should also ask your doctor whether any of your medications (such as birth control pills or hormone replacement) are linked to your high triglycerides. If so, your doctor will probably recommend changing your prescription.


Question: What makes a woman more likely to get high triglycerides?

Answer: Women are more likely to get high triglycerides if they: Take birth control pills that include estrogen Are pregnant; pregnancy can temporarily raise triglyceride levels. Have been through menopause Have PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome), a hormonal disorder in which women have higher levels of male hormones; PCOS can also raise the likelihood of heart disease and diabetes. Take oral estrogens or hormone replacement therapy Take prescription drugs such as tamoxifen or, to a lesser degree, raloxifene ( Evista) that target estrogen levels; doctors call this class of drugs " SERMs," which stands for "selective estrogen receptor modulators."


Question: When can you breastfeed your baby if you have tuberculosis (TB)?

Answer: After your baby is born, you should be able to breastfeed her safely, even if you're still taking first-line drugs for TB. If you're on isoniazid, keep taking vitamin B6 while you nurse your newborn. Although some of the drug will pass into your breast milk, the amount is too little to cause any harm.


Question: What are the effects of tuberculosis (TB) drugs during pregnancy?

Answer: Catch TB from you after birth, if your disease is active and you aren't being treated You may worry that taking medicine for tuberculosis may harm your unborn child. It's much worse to leave it untreated. TB drugs you take do reach your baby. But they haven't been shown to cause harm in unborn babies. Some TB drugs can lead to birth defects or other problems in a growing baby. But your doctor won't prescribe those drugs if you're pregnant or thinking about getting pregnant. The medicine you get will depend on what kind of TB you have.


Question: How does obesity affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: Some studies suggest that if you have a body mass index over 30 it can more than double your chances of AMD, although this is not yet proven.


Question: What can happen if you have dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: The vision loss from dry AMD happens slowly and usually is not as severe as that from wet AMD. But dry AMD can sometimes turn into the wet form. Up to 5% of people who have dry AMD in both eyes will get wet AMD in a year, while 13% to 18% will get it in 3 years.


Question: How common is dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: About 2/3 of people with AMD are women and 1/3 men.


Question: Are there different types of age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: There are two types of AMD, dry and wet. Both can lead to vision problems, so learn as much as you can about the causes of the disease and the steps you can take to keep your eyes healthy.


Question: How does race and ethnicity affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: Whites have the highest risk of AMD, followed by Chinese and Hispanic/ Latino people and, with the least risk, African- Americans. Whites are also more likely to go blind from AMD than African- Americans. About a third of whites have a gene that's been linked with AMD. If you have light-colored eyes, you also have greater odds of developing dry AMD, possibly because light eyes don't deflect ultraviolet rays as well as dark eyes.


Question: How does gender affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: About 2/3 of people with AMD are women and 1/3 men. This may be because women live longer than men.


Question: How can age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in one eye affect you?

Answer: AMD in one eye.


Question: Who gets age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: As the name suggests, age-related macular degeneration ( AMD) is more common in older folks.


Question: How can diet and alcohol affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: High-fat, high-sugar diets that skimp on green leafy vegetables may also add to your risk for AMD, as does having more than three alcoholic drinks a day.


Question: What raises your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: Scientists have identified 20 or so genes which may be linked to more than half of AMD cases. This helps explain why you have a higher risk of AMD if other members of your family have it. But genes aren't the whole story. There are other things that may combine with genes to raise your chances of getting AMD.


Question: At what age is your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) increased?

Answer: This is the No. 1 thing that puts you at risk for AMD. About 2% of people in their 50s have AMD, and almost a third of people over 75 do.


Question: What causes age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: Some things that are linked to AMD are out of your control, like the genes that your parents passed down to you. Others, like smoking, diet, or high blood pressure, are things you can do something about.


Question: How does smoking affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: If you smoke, your risk for AMD could be up to four times as much as someone who has never smoked. This is probably because smoking reduces the amount of oxygen that goes to different parts of your body, including your eyes.


Question: How does heart disease affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: If you've had a stroke, angina (a type of chest pain), or a heart attack, your risk for AMD may be 1 1/2 times as high as someone who has not had any of these problems. High cholesterol levels may also raise your risk.


Question: How can medications affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: Some drugs may be linked with chances of AMD. Those include aspirin and certain heart drugs including nitroglycerin and some beta-blockers, although this isn't certain. You should talk about the use of these medications with your doctor.


Question: How does high blood pressure affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: Like smoking, high blood pressure restricts the amount of oxygen getting to your eyes, which may raise your risk for AMD.


Question: How can cataract surgery affect your risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)?

Answer: Your chances of getting AMD may go up if you've had this eye operation.


Question: When should you call a doctor about sleep problems?

Answer: Symptoms occur at rest especially after sitting or lying down for extended periods of time and are worse at night. If you move your legs or get up and walk around, these symptoms may go away temporarily.


Question: What are symptoms of sleep apnea?

Answer: Sleep Apnea The main symptoms of sleep apnea are loud snoring, fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness. Some people will deny sleepiness but feel fatigued. Loud snoring, snorting, and gasping sounds during sleep -- are often first noticed by a sleeping partner. Restless or unrefreshing sleep is also typical, as are headaches in the morning.


Question: What sleep milestones should you expect in your 3-month-old?

Answer: Your 3-month-old's nervous system is maturing, and his stomach can accommodate more milk or formula. Those changes should allow your baby to sleep for a stretch of six or seven hours at a time, which translates into a good night's sleep for you. If your baby does wake up in the middle of the night, wait about 30 seconds before heading into the nursery. Sometimes, babies will cry for a few seconds and then go back to sleep. When you rush in at the first sound of fussing, your baby won't learn how to fall back asleep on his own.


Question: When should you call the doctor about missed milestones in your 3-month-old?

Answer: Don't be alarmed if your 3-month-old misses a milestone, especially if he was born prematurely. However, do call your pediatrician if your baby hasn't done the following things by three months: Responded to noises Followed people or objects with his eyes Smiled Reached for objects A number of experts offer advice on parenting, particularly on how to get your baby to sleep through the night.


Question: What senses milestones should you expect in your 3-month-old?

Answer: Your 3-month-old's hearing and vision are improving. Babies this age turn their heads and smile at the sound of their parents' voices, and they love listening to all kinds of music. Your baby will still prefer to look at brightly colored toys. That's because sharp contrasts are easier to see. Faces are absolutely fascinating to 3-month-old babies. Look at him and he will stare back into your eyes. Your infant will also gaze intently at his own reflection in a crib mirror.


Question: What are some tips for your babyâs third month?

Answer: However, do call your pediatrician if your baby hasn't done the following things by three months: Responded to noises Followed people or objects with his eyes Smiled Reached for objects A number of experts offer advice on parenting, particularly on how to get your baby to sleep through the night. Listen to the advice, but trust your instincts. If letting your baby cry it out (the Ferber method) doesn't work for your baby and it goes against your beliefs as a parent, don't do it. You might hear from a friend or family member that starting your baby on solid foods now will help him sleep through the night. But you need to wait at least one more month. The American Academy of Pediatrics doesn't recommend that babies eat anything but breast milk or formula until they are between 4 months and 6 months old.


Question: How do I choose my therapist if I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Look for a licensed mental health professional who works with people who have diabetes or other long-term conditions. Ask your doctor for referrals. Pick someone you find easy to talk to. You might meet with your counselor one on one, with family members, or in a support group.


Question: Should I join a support group for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: It helps to talk to someone who can relate to what you're going through, since they have diabetes, too. While support groups are not psychotherapy groups, they can provide you with a safe, accepting place to share your situation and get comfort and encouragement.


Question: Who gets postherpetic neuralgia?

Answer: Early symptoms: People who have numbness, tingling, or itching before a shingles rash even appears tend to get the lingering pain later.


Question: What are the potential benefits of digital mammography?

Answer: More analysis. Because digital mammograms are stored electronically, they can be analyzed by computers as well as by radiologists. Easier second opinions. They can easily be sent electronically for analysis. More to see. The images can be manipulated for better clarity and visibility. Film mammogram can't. Lower average radiation dosage. Digital mammograms often take more views of each breast than the film kind -- but they use about 25% less radiation. That's because smaller areas of the breast are imaged in each view. Easier to store. The digital images stay on a computer.


Question: How common are digital mammograms?

Answer: Most mammogram facilities in the U. S. now have digital capabilities. But If you can't get the digital kind, that doesn't mean you should skip getting a film mammogram.


Question: How well do digital mammograms work?

Answer: The women were screened using both types of tests. Breast cancer was found in 335 of the women. The researchers determined that digital mammograms did a better job with detection for three groups of women: Under age 50 Had dense breasts Hadn't yet gone through menopause, or had been in menopause less than a year If you fall into one of these groups, talk with your doctor about having a digital mammogram.


Question: How should I manage allergies and prevent asthma?

Answer: If you have allergies and asthma, it's important to keep your distance from allergens (things you're allergic to). Allergen exposure can increase the inflammation in your airways for a while, making an attack more likely.


Question: How can an asthma diary help in asthma prevention?

Answer: Keep track of your symptoms in an asthma diary for several weeks. Detail all the environmental and emotional things that affect your asthma. When you have an asthma attack, check the diary to see which thing, or combination of things, might have led to it. Some common asthma triggers, like molds and cockroaches, aren't always obvious. Ask your asthma specialist about tests to find the allergens you respond to. Then take steps to avoid them.


Question: What do I need to know about preventing asthma symptoms?

Answer: If you have asthma, you need to do what you can to cut your exposure to asthma triggers. Asthma triggers can aggravate your symptoms -- coughing, wheezing, and having a hard time catching your breath. While there's no cure, there are steps you can take to keep your asthma in control and prevent an attack.


Question: How should I allergy-proof my environment for asthma prevention?

Answer: Whether you're at home, work, or traveling, there are things you can do to allergy-proof your environment and lower your chances of an asthma attack. Don't eat in restaurants that are smoky or allow cigarette smoking. Reserve a smoke-free hotel room. If you can, bring your own bedding and pillows in case the hotel only supplies feather pillows and down comforters.


Question: How do allergy shots (immunotherapy) help prevent asthma?

Answer: If your doctor finds that you have allergies, allergy shots (immunotherapy) may help prevent allergy symptoms and keep your asthma from getting worse. With allergy shots, the doctor injects small doses of allergens under your skin on a regular schedule. Over time, your body may get used to the allergen and respond less when you're exposed.


Question: Why should I avoid colds to prevent asthma?

Answer: Avoid close contact with people who have a cold or the flu, because catching it will make your asthma symptoms worse. Wash your hands well if you handle items that someone with a respiratory infection may have touched.


Question: What are examples of asthma triggers?

Answer: Certain asthma triggers can set off a cascade of asthma symptoms. These include: Air pollution Allergies Cold air A cold or flu virus Sinusitis Smoke Fragrances It's vital to learn to identify your asthma triggers and take steps to avoid them.


Question: How do I prevent exercise-induced asthma?

Answer: If you have exercise-induced asthma, are planning a heavy workout, or plan to exercise in cold, humid, or dry air, take steps to prevent an asthma attack.


Question: What is a heart CT scan?

Answer: A heart computerized tomography ( CT) scan, also called a calcium-score screening heart scan, is used to find calcium deposits in plaque of people with heart disease. They're the most effective way to spot atherosclerosis before symptoms develop. The more coronary calcium you have, the more coronary atherosclerosis you have. That gives you a higher chance of cardiovascular problems in the future. Some kinds of coronary disease don't show up in a CT scan, so it's important to remember that this test can't completely predict things like a heart attack.


Question: Can you keep taking medications before a heart CT scan?

Answer: You can continue to take your medications. But you should avoid caffeine and smoking for 4 hours before the test. CT scanners use X-rays, so this is not recommended if you are pregnant.


Question: What areas of your body can get dandruff?

Answer: The condition causes little white or yellow flakes of dry skin, which rub off easily, to form on your body. The official name is âseborrheic dermatitis.â If it's on a baby's scalp, you might hear it called âcradle cap.â It usually affects your scalp, but it can happen on other parts of your body. You can have it on your forehead, the sides of your nose, your ears, or your chest.


Question: How can you manage severe dandruff?

Answer: Sometimes even the best anti-dandruff shampoo won't get rid of a stubborn case. Some things your dermatologist might try: She might prescribe a steroid cream that you rub onto the affected area once or twice daily. You may also need an antifungal medicine that you take by mouth or apply to your scalp or skin to get rid of the yeast. You may need to apply an oil-based medicine and leave it on your scalp overnight under a shower cap, if the problem is on your head.


Question: What lifestyle changes can help prevent plaque buildup inside your arteries after you get a stent?

Answer: You can help prevent plaque buildup inside your arteries with a few changes to your lifestyle: Exercise more Drop some pounds if you're overweight Quit smoking if you've got the tobacco habit Reduce stress Take all medications your doctor prescribes You may be able to return to work in a week.


Question: What are the risks of getting a stent?

Answer: Risks may include: Bleeding at the spot on your skin where your doctor inserted the tube Damage to your blood vessel from the tube Infection Irregular heartbeat About 1% to 2% of people who have a stent may get a blood clot where the stent is placed.


Question: What can help you have a smooth recovery after getting a stent?

Answer: These simple steps can help you have a smooth recovery: Ask your doctor what medicines you should or shouldn't take before the procedure. Follow the instructions for taking your medicines and don't stop them before your doctor tells you to. Tell your doctor if you notice any signs of infection such as pain, swelling, or redness at the spot where he put in the tube. Avoid intense exercise or lifting heavy objects afterward. Your doctor will tell you when it's OK to start exercising.


Question: What are stents that are used to treat heart disease made of?

Answer: Most stents are made out of wire mesh and are permanent. Some are made out of fabric. These are called stent grafts and are often used for larger arteries. Others are made of a material that dissolves and that your body absorbs over time. They're coated in medicine that slowly releases into your artery to prevent it from being blocked again.


Question: Is easy bruising a symptom of medication for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Certain arthritis medications make you more likely to bruise because they thin the skin or interfere with blood clotting. These include aspirin and steroids such as prednisone.


Question: Are there medication side effects for treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The skin problems people with RA have are often related to the medications they take to ease symptoms or control their disease. Drug-related skin problems include: Skin rashes .


Question: Can rheumatoid arthritis cause skin problems?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) mainly affects the joints. But it, and many of the medications that treat it, can also affect the skin.


Question: What rheumatoid arthritis drugs can make your skin more sensitive to sun?

Answer: Drugs that can make your skin more sensitive to sun include: Cyclosporine ( Sandimmune, Neoral) Diclofenac ( Voltaren) Diflunisal ( Dolobid) Ketoprofen Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) Naproxen ( Naprosyn) Piroxicam ( Feldene) If you take medicines that do this, avoid direct sunlight, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Don't use tanning beds.


Question: What are rheumatoid nodules?

Answer: About 1 in 5 of people with rheumatoid arthritis get rheumatoid nodules. These hard lumps of tissue range in size from about the size of a pea to as large as a ping pong ball. They may develop under the skin over bony areas such as the elbow, ankle, or finger. They can also form on organs such as the lungs. For some people, treatment with â DMARDsâ (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) or steroid shots may shrink nodules. You may need surgery to remove them if they get infected or become painful.


Question: Are skin rashes a side effect of medication for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: This can happen if you take drugs such as: Celecoxib ( Celebrex) Diclofenac ( Voltaren) Hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil) Ibuprofen Leflunomide ( Arava) Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) Minocycline ( Minocin) Naproxen Sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine) Tolmetin ( Tolectin) A skin rash can be a sign of an allergic reaction to a drug. So you should let your doctor know if your skin breaks out or starts itching.


Question: Where can you get carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: You could get carcinoid syndrome from tumors in the lungs, testes, or ovaries. In those cases, the extra hormones go directly into your bloodstream.


Question: How is radiation used to treat carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: This treatment can destroy cancer cells or keep them from multiplying. The radiation can come from a machine outside your body, or your doctor may place a small amount of radioactive material inside your body, in or near the tumor.


Question: Is there a cure for carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: Although often there's no cure for carcinoid tumors, treatments can help you live longer and better. ( Sometimes it can be surgically removed and cured if found early.) You can also take steps to relieve the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome and feel more comfortable. You have control over decisions about your treatment and your life. Find people you can talk to about your plans, your fears, and your feelings. Ask your doctor about support groups, where you can meet people who understand what you're going through.


Question: How is drug therapy used to treat carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: Injected drugs such as lanreotide and octreotide can help with skin flushing. They may also have a small effect on stopping tumor growth. Diarrhea is a common side effect of carcinoid syndrome and taking telotristat ethyl ( Xermelo) along with lanreotide or octreotide can often give relief. Lanreotide and octreotide work by attaching to carcinoid cells and cutting down on the amount of chemicals they make. Their side effects can include nausea, gallstones, and pain or bruising where you inject it. In some cases, doctors give octreotide with a low-dose injection of a man-made protein called alpha interferon to boost your body's response.


Question: How are biologic drugs used to treat carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: This type of treatment, which is also called immunotherapy, strengthens your body's defense system. Doctors inject drugs into your body that help your immune system kill cancer cells.


Question: How do you get carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: You get carcinoid syndrome when your carcinoid tumors release hormones and proteins into your body. Where your tumors are will determine what substances they make.


Question: How is carcinoid syndrome treated?

Answer: To treat carcinoid syndrome, your doctors will need to treat your tumors. You could need just one or a combination of treatments. Medication may help with your related symptoms.


Question: What foods should you avoid to prevent carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: You can make changes on your own to curb the effects of carcinoid syndrome. For instance, avoid certain foods and drinks that can trigger symptoms: Alcohol Nuts Cheese Chili peppers Hot liquids It might take some trial and error to see which are triggers for you.


Question: What complications can happen from carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: People with carcinoid syndrome may have: Skin that turns a pink, red, or purple color Small, widened blood vessels on their face Diarrhea Shortness of breath or wheezing Rapid heart rate Sudden drops in blood pressure Carcinoid syndrome can also cause complications. It's rare, but you could get heart disease. Your heart valves may get thick and leak. Medicine can help, and in some cases you might need surgery.


Question: Can relaxing and exercising help you manage stress?

Answer: Learn and practice relaxation techniques; try meditation, yoga, or tai-chi. Exercise regularly. Your body can fight stress better when it is fit.


Question: Can changing your attitude ease your stress?

Answer: Accept that there are events that you cannot control. Be assertive instead of aggressive. Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, defensive, or passive.


Question: Can getting enough sleep help manage stress?

Answer: Your body needs time to recover from stressful events.


Question: Should you cut out drugs and alcohol to reduce stress?

Answer: Drugs and alcohol can stress your body even more.


Question: Should you reach out to loved ones and health professionals to help you manage stress?

Answer: Seek out social support. Spend enough time with those you love. Seek treatment with a psychologist or other mental health professional trained in stress management or biofeedback techniques to learn more healthy ways of dealing with the stress in your life.


Question: How often should you check your blood sugar if you're pregnant?

Answer: How often should you check your blood sugar? Pre-existing diabetes: Before and after meals and before bedtime Gestational diabetes: Before breakfast and after every meal; your doctor can tell you how long after eating you should check. If you are pregnant and have type 1 diabetes, your doctor might sometimes ask you to check your blood sugar in the middle of the night, around 3 a.m.


Question: What are the symptoms of a pheochromocytoma?

Answer: The hormones made by these tumors cause high blood pressure, which can damage your heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys. Some people with these tumors have high blood pressure all the time. For others, it goes up and down. High blood pressure may be your only symptom. But most people have at least one of the following as well: Constipation Dizziness when standing Nausea Pale skin Racing heartbeat (heart palpitations) Severe headache Stomach, side, or back pain Unusual sweating These symptoms can come on suddenly, like an attack, several times a day.


Question: How does prediabetes increase the chances of getting type 2 diabetes?

Answer: That means your blood sugar level is above normal but you don't have the disease yet. To keep it that way, get more active and lose any extra weight. Your doctor may recommend you take the prescription drug metformin.


Question: How do lower cholesterol levels increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your "good" cholesterol level is low. It's too low if it's less than 40 mg/d L (milligrams per deciliter).


Question: How does age increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes?

Answer: You're age 45 or older. The chance of getting type 2 diabetes rises with age.


Question: How do triglyceride levels increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes?

Answer: It's too high if it's over 150 mg/d L. 9.


Question: How does ethnicity increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes?

Answer: You're Hispanic, African- American, Native American, or Asian American. Diabetes is more common among these groups. Talk with your doctor to get a better sense of your risk. He can help you make a plan that will keep you in good health.


Question: How does gestational diabetes increase the chance of getting type 2 diabetes?

Answer: You've had diabetes during pregnancy before. That condition (called gestational diabetes) or delivering a baby over 9 pounds can make you more likely to get type 2 diabetes.


Question: What are symptoms of a diaper rash?

Answer: Identifying a diaper rash is usually fairly easy. The rash is located on skin underneath the diaper area. The skin is red and irritated. It may appear all over your baby's bottom or genital area, or only in certain places. It may or may not involve the folds of the skin.


Question: How can heart failure affect your weight and muscle loss?

Answer: Heart failure can affect muscle and fat metabolism. In the late stages, you might lose a lot of weight and muscle mass. Your muscles can get smaller and weaker.


Question: How can heart failure lead to abnormal heart rhythms?

Answer: In a normal heart, the upper chambers (called the atria) and lower chambers (the ventricles) squeeze and relax in turn to move blood through your body. If your ticker is weak, these chambers might not squeeze at the right time. Your heart might beat too slowly, too quickly, or in an irregular pattern. When the rhythm is off, your heart can't pump enough blood out to your body. Atrial fibrillation ( AFib) is one type of abnormal heart rhythm that heart failure can cause. It causes your heart to quiver and skip instead of beating.


Question: How can heart failure cause anemia?

Answer: This is a lack of the red blood cells that move oxygen to your body's tissues. If you have anemia, your body may not get enough oxygen. Your kidneys make a protein called erythropoietin ( EPO), which helps your body make new red blood cells. Kidney damage from heart failure prevents your body from making enough EPO.


Question: How can heart failure lead to extreme weight and muscle loss?

Answer: Heart failure can affect muscle and fat metabolism. In the late stages, you might lose a lot of weight and muscle mass. Your muscles can get smaller and weaker.


Question: Where can I find information on clinical trials for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: The following web sites offer information and services to help you find a pancreatic cancer clinical trial that is right for you. National Cancer Institute This web site lists more than 6,000 cancer clinical trials and explains what to do when you find one that you think is right for you. Clinical Trials.gov This web site offers up-to-date information for locating federally and privately supported clinical trials for cancer. Center Watch This web site lists industry-sponsored clinical trials that are actively recruiting patients. Pancreatic Cancer Action Network This web site offers free, personalized, confidential clinical trial searches.


Question: How is juvenile osteoporosis diagnosed?

Answer: The signs and symptoms of juvenile osteoporosis include: Pain in the lower back, hips, knees, ankles, and feet Trouble with walking Fractures in the legs, ankles, or feet Juvenile osteoporosis is hard to define. Bone density scans are the most accurate way to detect lowered bone mass early on, but they need to be interpreted carefully to make a clear diagnosis in children. Instead, doctors usually diagnose juvenile when there are signs that a child has a fragile skeleton. This might show up when a child's bone breaks without something like a bad fall or other trauma, and the child has a low bone mineral density score.


Question: What is idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis?

Answer: Idiopathic osteoporosis means that doctors don't know what caused the disease. This type of juvenile osteoporosis is much less common. It seems to be more common in boys than in girls. It usually starts just before puberty. The child's bone density may mostly recover during puberty, but still not quite be normal when bone mass peaks as an adult.


Question: How do I take care of a child affected by juvenile osteoporosis?

Answer: It's very important to protect your child's bones from fracture. He may need to use crutches or other supports. He may also need to avoid types of exercise, such as contact sports, that could cause a fracture. Your doctor can tell you what's OK. All children, including those with juvenile osteoporosis, need a lifestyle that helps build healthy bones. This includes a diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and protein, and as much safe physical activity as possible. It's best to avoid caffeine. Many experts also suggest that children with juvenile osteoporosis get bone density tests at least every other year into adulthood.


Question: What are signs and symptoms of juvenile osteoporosis?

Answer: The signs and symptoms of juvenile osteoporosis include: Pain in the lower back, hips, knees, ankles, and feet Trouble with walking Fractures in the legs, ankles, or feet Juvenile osteoporosis is hard to define.


Question: What are kinds of juvenile osteoporosis?

Answer: There are two kinds of juvenile osteoporosis: secondary and idiopathic.


Question: Are biologic drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: They work on your immune system to ease inflammation and damage in your joints. Use this list to get to know the different types.


Question: How do you take abatacept?

Answer: You can get it by injection every week or by IV once a month.


Question: How do you take tocilizumab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection or IV How often you take it: You can take it by IV once a month.


Question: How often do you take golimumab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take it: By shot or IV How often you take it: Monthly if by injection ( Simponi), every 8 weeks by IV ( Simponi Aria) ( Simponi Aria) Most common side effects: Runny nose; sore throat; hoarseness or laryngitis; pain, skin reactions, or tingling where you got the shot; and viral infections like flu and cold sores.


Question: What should your doctor look for after treatment with etancercept for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What should my doctor look for in infliximab used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: How does tocilizumab treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Most common side effects: cold, sinus infection, headache, high blood pressure, liver problems Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets IL-6, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation. Your doctor will call this type of drug an â IL-6 blocker.â


Question: How do you take anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection or IV How often you take it: You can take it by IV once a month.


Question: How do you take certolizumab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection or IV How often you take it: You can take it by IV once a month.


Question: How often do you take anakinra to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take it: By injection How often you take it: Daily Most common side effects: Pain or skin reactions in the area where you get the shot, colds, headache, and nausea Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets interleukin-1, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What should my doctor ask about rituximab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: How often do you take adalimumab?

Answer: You can get it by injection every week or by IV once a month.


Question: What are the most common side effects of infliximab used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Most common side effects: Respiratory infections (like sinus infections and sore throat), headache, coughing, stomach pain Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take them Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take them How they work: They target tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What should your doctor look for if you are treated with golimumab for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: How do you take etancercept to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection or IV How often you take it: You can take it by IV once a month.


Question: How do you take rituximab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection or IV How often you take it: You can take it by IV once a month.


Question: How does abatacept work?

Answer: Most common side effects: Headache, cold, sore throat, and nausea Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It blocks the immune system's T cells to lower inflammation.


Question: How often do you take etancercept to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take it: By injection How often you take it: 1-2 times each week Most common side effects: Skin reactions or pain where you get the shot, sinus infections, headache.


Question: What are the most common side effects of adalimumab?

Answer: How you take them: By injection How often you take them: Once every 2 weeks Most common side effects: Colds, sinus infection, headache, and rash Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take them Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take them How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What are the most common side effects of tocilizumab used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Most common side effects: cold, sinus infection, headache, high blood pressure, liver problems Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets IL-6, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What are the most common side effects of golimumab used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take it: By shot or IV How often you take it: Monthly if by injection ( Simponi), every 8 weeks by IV ( Simponi Aria) ( Simponi Aria) Most common side effects: Runny nose; sore throat; hoarseness or laryngitis; pain, skin reactions, or tingling where you got the shot; and viral infections like flu and cold sores.


Question: What should your doctor check for if you are taking anakinra to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: How often do you take certolizumamb to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection How often you take it: Usually every 2-4 weeks (your doctor will decide) Most common side effects: Flu or cold, rash, urinary tract infections Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: How often should I take infliximab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take them: By IV How often you take them: Your doctor will decide on the dose and how often you should take them.


Question: How do you take golimumab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection or IV How often you take it: You can take it by IV once a month.


Question: What are the common side effects of anakinra used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take it: By injection How often you take it: Daily Most common side effects: Pain or skin reactions in the area where you get the shot, colds, headache, and nausea Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets interleukin-1, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: How often do you take rituximab to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take it: By IV How often you take it: Your first two infusions with an IV are 2 weeks apart. You can repeat the infusions every 6 months.


Question: What are the most common side effects of etancercept to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor will call this type of drug a â TNF blocker.â How you take it: By injection How often you take it: 1-2 times each week Most common side effects: Skin reactions or pain where you get the shot, sinus infections, headache.


Question: What should your doctor ask about tocilizumab used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What are the most common side effects of certolizumab used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: How you take it: By injection How often you take it: Usually every 2-4 weeks (your doctor will decide) Most common side effects: Flu or cold, rash, urinary tract infections Your doctor should: Test you for tuberculosis and hepatitis before you take it Check you for infections, including tuberculosis, while you take it How it works: It targets tumor necrosis factor ( TNF), a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What are the symptoms of uremia (uremic syndrome)?

Answer: As waste and fluid build up in your blood, you might: Feel nauseated Feel itchy Lose your appetite or taste for some foods Feel more tired than usual Lose weight Have trouble concentrating Feel pain, numbness, or cramps in your legs or feet (caused by damage to your nerves) If it's not treated, uremia can also cause other problems, like: High blood pressure Anemia (when you don't have enough red blood cells) Heart disease Brain damage If your doctor thinks you might have uremia, he may recommend that you see a kidney specialist, called a nephrologist.


Question: What problems may arise from untreated uremia (uremic syndrome)?

Answer: As waste and fluid build up in your blood, you might: Feel nauseated Feel itchy Lose your appetite or taste for some foods Feel more tired than usual Lose weight Have trouble concentrating Feel pain, numbness, or cramps in your legs or feet (caused by damage to your nerves) If it's not treated, uremia can also cause other problems, like: High blood pressure Anemia (when you don't have enough red blood cells) Heart disease Brain damage If your doctor thinks you might have uremia, he may recommend that you see a kidney specialist, called a nephrologist.


Question: When is ablation considered for bone metastasis?

Answer: With this local treatment, a needle or probe is put into the tumor to destroy it. Though used more often for other types of metastasis, ablation can help if you have a problem with one or two bone tumors.


Question: What are possible side effects of bisphosphonate therapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: The most common ones include: Fatigue Fever Nausea or vomiting Anemia Bone or joint pain A rare and serious side effect is bone death (osteonecrosis) of the jaw. Ask your doctor about precautions to take before beginning this treatment. Osteonecrosis may cause: Jaw bone pain, swelling, or numbness Loss of gum tissue Loose teeth Infection Another available treatment is denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva).


Question: How is nerve end ablation used to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: This noninvasive procedure uses ultrasound energy and imaging technology to provide pain relief by destroying nerve endings in the area of the tumor. Because there is no incision, and no probe is inserted, the procedure is typically done on an outpatient basis with a local anesthetic rather than general anesthesia. While complications are possible, they are rare.


Question: How do radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastasis work?

Answer: The doctor injects a single dose of the drug into a vein. It then travels to the areas of bone with cancer and gives off radiation to kill the cancer. This single dose may be effective against pain for several months. You can receive another treatment later.


Question: What does your treatment for bone metastasis depend on?

Answer: The treatment you get will depend upon: Where your cancer started, and the kind of primary tumor you have Which bones the cancer has invaded The extent of damage to the bones Which types of treatment you already have had Your overall health Let your doctor know if your treatment isn't easing your pain and other symptoms. You may find that other approaches work better for you.


Question: How does ablation work to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: Some methods of ablation use chemicals or alcohol to kill the tumor. Two common methods include: Radiofrequency ablation ( RFA). A needle delivers an electric current to heat the tumor. Cryoablation. A probe is used to freeze the tumor. Afterward, the doctor may fill the space created by ablation with bone cement to help stabilize the bone.


Question: What are possible side effects of ablation for bone metastasis?

Answer: Osteonecrosis may cause: Jaw bone pain, swelling, or numbness Loss of gum tissue Loose teeth Infection Another available treatment is denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva).


Question: How is denosumab (Xgeva) used for bone metastasis?

Answer: Osteonecrosis may cause: Jaw bone pain, swelling, or numbness Loss of gum tissue Loose teeth Infection Another available treatment is denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva). It's given by injection and may work as well as or better than bisphosphonates to prevent fractures. But it also can cause osteonecrosis, as well as low calcium levels in the blood.


Question: How does nerve end ablation work to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: A specialist uses imaging to target the specific area to be treated with ultrasound. Then, heat that's made when ultrasound penetrates the targeted tissue destroys nerve endings in the bone around the tumor. The destruction of nerve endings results in pain relief.


Question: How does nerve end ablation for bone metastasis work?

Answer: A specialist uses imaging to target the specific area to be treated with ultrasound. Then, heat that's made when ultrasound penetrates the targeted tissue destroys nerve endings in the bone around the tumor. The destruction of nerve endings results in pain relief.


Question: What are examples of immunotherapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: Examples of immunotherapy for cancer include: Cytokines -- substances secreted by the immune system that have an effect on other cells Monoclonal antibodies -- a class of antibodies made in the lab from a single population of cells Tumor vaccines -- vaccines using a substance that prompts the immune system to respond to a tumor Possible side effects.


Question: What are the possible side effects of chemotherapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: The side effects you might have will depend on: The type and amount of drugs you take The length of your treatment Common side effects of chemotherapy include: Loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting Hair loss Mouth sores Infection Bleeding or bruising Weakness or fatigue Your doctor can help you prevent or manage these. Most side effects go away once you stop treatment.


Question: When is radiation therapy considered for bone metastasis?

Answer: They may include: Fever and chills Weakness Headache Nausea or diarrhea Rashes Radiation is a "local treatment" because it does not affect your entire body. It uses high-energy X-rays or particles to destroy or slow the growth of cancer cells in the bone. It helps most if you have only one or two bone metastases. You may receive it alone or combined with other types of treatment.


Question: What are possible side effects of chemotherapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: Chemo can kill normal cells in addition to cancer cells. The side effects you might have will depend on: The type and amount of drugs you take The length of your treatment Common side effects of chemotherapy include: Loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting Hair loss Mouth sores Infection Bleeding or bruising Weakness or fatigue Your doctor can help you prevent or manage these. Most side effects go away once you stop treatment.


Question: What is treatment for bone metastasis?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Many different treatments can help if your cancer has spread to bone, commonly called bone metastasis or bone "mets." Treatment can't cure bone metastasis, but it can relieve pain, help prevent complications, and improve your quality of life. Doctors use two types of treatments for metastatic cancer in the bones. Systemic treatments can reach cancer cells throughout the body. Local treatments directly target the cancer in the bone.


Question: What are possible side effects of surgery for bone metastasis?

Answer: These include the usual risks of any surgery, such as infection. If surgery is not an option, your doctor may use a cast or splint, or inject bone cement to help you move better and relieve pain.


Question: What are possible side effects of radiopharmaceuticals?

Answer: The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells.


Question: How will my doctor decide the treatment I get for bone metastasis?

Answer: The treatment you get will depend upon: Where your cancer started, and the kind of primary tumor you have Which bones the cancer has invaded The extent of damage to the bones Which types of treatment you already have had Your overall health Let your doctor know if your treatment isn't easing your pain and other symptoms.


Question: When is nerve end ablation considered for bone metastasis?

Answer: This noninvasive procedure uses ultrasound energy and imaging technology to provide pain relief by destroying nerve endings in the area of the tumor. Because there is no incision, and no probe is inserted, the procedure is typically done on an outpatient basis with a local anesthetic rather than general anesthesia. While complications are possible, they are rare.


Question: How does ablation for bone metastasis work?

Answer: Some methods of ablation use chemicals or alcohol to kill the tumor. Two common methods include: Radiofrequency ablation ( RFA). A needle delivers an electric current to heat the tumor. Cryoablation. A probe is used to freeze the tumor. Afterward, the doctor may fill the space created by ablation with bone cement to help stabilize the bone.


Question: What are the side effects of radiation therapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: Possible side effects.


Question: How does radiation therapy work to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: A machine focuses a beam of radiation on the bone metastasis. This treatment, called external beam radiation, lasts only a few minutes. You may receive radiation in one large dose or in smaller amounts over several treatments.


Question: How does radiation therapy for bone metastasis work?

Answer: A machine focuses a beam of radiation on the bone metastasis. This treatment, called external beam radiation, lasts only a few minutes. You may receive radiation in one large dose or in smaller amounts over several treatments.


Question: What are the possible side effects of ablation for bone metastasis?

Answer: This procedure is generally safe but may cause some temporary soreness, swelling, and bruising.


Question: How does surgery work to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: If a bone is broken, surgery may help relieve pain quickly. Surgery can also help stabilize a weak bone to keep it from breaking. The surgeon may insert: Screws Rods Pins Plates Cages Possible side effects.


Question: What does surgery for bone metastasis consist of?

Answer: Early, temporary side effects depend on the location being treated, but may include: Fatigue Skin changes Surgery can often help relieve bone metastasis symptoms. How it works. If a bone is broken, surgery may help relieve pain quickly. Surgery can also help stabilize a weak bone to keep it from breaking. The surgeon may insert: Screws Rods Pins Plates Cages Possible side effects.


Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells. Some methods of immunotherapy have been used for a while, and some are still experimental.


Question: When is bisphosphonate therapy used for bone metastasis?

Answer: This group of drugs works best in cases where metastasis is weakening the bone.


Question: When are radiopharmaceuticals used to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: These drugs contain radioactive elements that target cancer cells. Doctors tend to use this systemic treatment when the metastasis is stimulating new bone growth. This is more common with prostate cancer. If your cancer has spread to many bones, these drugs may be a better option than standard radiation, which uses a beam to aim radiation at each bone metastasis. However, sometimes doctors combine radiopharmaceuticals and standard radiation.


Question: What are possible side effects of nerve end ablation for bone metastasis?

Answer: While complications are possible, they are rare.


Question: How does immunotherapy for bone metastasis work?

Answer: Immunotherapy works in one of two main ways: It boosts your body's immune system to fight the cancer. It uses a man-made version of proteins to kill cancer cells. Examples of immunotherapy for cancer include: Cytokines -- substances secreted by the immune system that have an effect on other cells Monoclonal antibodies -- a class of antibodies made in the lab from a single population of cells Tumor vaccines -- vaccines using a substance that prompts the immune system to respond to a tumor Possible side effects.


Question: What are the possible side effects of immunotherapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: They may include: Fever and chills Weakness Headache Nausea or diarrhea Rashes Radiation is a "local treatment" because it does not affect your entire body.


Question: How do radiopharmaceuticals work to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: The doctor injects a single dose of the drug into a vein. It then travels to the areas of bone with cancer and gives off radiation to kill the cancer. This single dose may be effective against pain for several months. You can receive another treatment later.


Question: How do bisphosphonates work to treat bone metastasis?

Answer: This group of drugs works best in cases where metastasis is weakening the bone. How it works. You receive bisphosphonates by mouth or IV infusion every 3 to 4 weeks. These drugs help with bone metastasis by: Slowing bone damage and reducing the risk of bone fractures Easing bone pain Reducing high levels of calcium in the blood Possible side effects.


Question: What are possible side effects of radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastasis?

Answer: The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells.


Question: How does bisphosphonate therapy for bone metastasis work?

Answer: You receive bisphosphonates by mouth or IV infusion every 3 to 4 weeks. These drugs help with bone metastasis by: Slowing bone damage and reducing the risk of bone fractures Easing bone pain Reducing high levels of calcium in the blood Possible side effects.


Question: What are possible side effects of bisphosphonates for bone metastasis?

Answer: The most common ones include: Fatigue Fever Nausea or vomiting Anemia Bone or joint pain A rare and serious side effect is bone death (osteonecrosis) of the jaw. Ask your doctor about precautions to take before beginning this treatment. Osteonecrosis may cause: Jaw bone pain, swelling, or numbness Loss of gum tissue Loose teeth Infection Another available treatment is denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva).


Question: What are the possible side effects of nerve end ablation for bone metastasis?

Answer: Possible complications include skin burns and damage to heat-sensitive organs that are next to the treated area.


Question: What is immunotherapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: The most common ones include: Infections Bleeding Temporary increase in pain (flare reaction) This systemic treatment helps your immune system spot and more effectively kill cancer cells. Some methods of immunotherapy have been used for a while, and some are still experimental.


Question: What are possible side effects of radiation therapy for bone metastasis?

Answer: Early, temporary side effects depend on the location being treated, but may include: Fatigue Skin changes Surgery can often help relieve bone metastasis symptoms.


Question: What treatment for bone metastasis is more effective than bisphosphonates?

Answer: Osteonecrosis may cause: Jaw bone pain, swelling, or numbness Loss of gum tissue Loose teeth Infection Another available treatment is denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva). It's given by injection and may work as well as or better than bisphosphonates to prevent fractures. But it also can cause osteonecrosis, as well as low calcium levels in the blood.


Question: How is psychogenic pain diagnosed?

Answer: The diagnosis of psychogenic pain is made only when all other causes of pain are ruled out. A person with psychogenic pain disorder will complain of pain that does not match his or her symptoms. Medical doctors and mental health specialists working together are often most helpful to those with this disorder.


Question: What is psychogenic pain?

Answer: Psychogenic pain is a pain disorder associated with psychological factors. Some types of mental or emotional problems can cause, increase or prolong pain.


Question: When should someone seek medical attention for peritonitis?

Answer: If you have any symptoms of peritonitis, call your doctor right away. Seeking prompt medical attention is especially important for peritoneal dialysis patients who have a combination of abdominal pain and a clouding of the peritoneal fluid, which is caused by a buildup of infection-fighting white blood cells. Because peritonitis can rapidly lead to potentially fatal complications such as sepsis and septic shock, which causes a massive drop in blood pressure, organ failure, and death, it's essential to receive a quick diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment.


Question: What should you know about peritonitis?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your abdominal organs. Peritonitis is usually caused by infection from bacteria or fungi. Left untreated, peritonitis can rapidly spread into the blood (sepsis) and to other organs, resulting in multiple organ failure and death. So if you develop any of the symptoms of peritonitis -- the most common of which is severe abdominal pain -- it's essential to seek prompt medical evaluation and treatment that can prevent potentially fatal complications.


Question: What are common causes of secondary peritonitis?

Answer: Common causes of secondary peritonitis include: A ruptured appendix, diverticulum, or stomach ulcer Digestive diseases such as Crohn's disease and diverticulitis Pancreatitis Pelvic inflammatory disease Perforations of the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, or appendix Surgery Trauma to the abdomen, such as an injury from a knife or gunshot wound Noninfectious causes of peritonitis include irritants such as bile, blood, or foreign substances in the abdomen, such as barium.


Question: What are the two main types of peritonitis?

Answer: Other signs and symptoms related to peritonitis may include: Abdominal tenderness or distention Chills Fever Fluid in the abdomen Not passing any urine, or passing significantly less urine than usual Difficulty passing gas or having a bowel movement Vomiting The two main types of peritonitis are primary spontaneous peritonitis, an infection that develops in the peritoneum; and secondary peritonitis, which usually develops when an injury or infection in the abdominal cavity allows infectious organisms into the peritoneum. Both types of peritonitis are life-threatening. The death rate from peritonitis depends on many factors, but can be as high as 40% in those who also have cirrhosis. As many as 10% may die from secondary peritonitis.


Question: How can I lower my risk of peritonitis?

Answer: Wear a mouth/nose mask during exchanges. Observe the proper sterile exchange technique. Apply an antibiotic cream to the catheter exit site every day. Immediately report any possible contamination of your dialysis fluid or catheter to your peritoneal dialysis nurse.


Question: What is the treatment for peritonitis?

Answer: Typically, you'll immediately start receiving intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications to treat the infection. Additional supportive treatments will be necessary if organ failure from sepsis develops as a complication of the infection. Such treatments may include intravenous fluids, drugs to maintain blood pressure, and nutritional support.


Question: What are the symptoms of peritonitis?

Answer: The first symptoms of peritonitis are typically poor appetite and nausea and a dull abdominal ache that quickly turns into persistent, severe abdominal pain, which is worsened by any movement. Other signs and symptoms related to peritonitis may include: Abdominal tenderness or distention Chills Fever Fluid in the abdomen Not passing any urine, or passing significantly less urine than usual Difficulty passing gas or having a bowel movement Vomiting The two main types of peritonitis are primary spontaneous peritonitis, an infection that develops in the peritoneum; and secondary peritonitis, which usually develops when an injury or infection in the abdominal cavity allows infectious organisms into the peritoneum.


Question: What is helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)?

Answer: These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. H. pylori is a bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach and causes chronic inflammation and ulcers. The risk of developing cancer, in the presence of an infection with this bacteria is low. This bacterium can be found in up to two-thirds of the world's population. In persons infected with this bacterium, the risk of developing gastric cancer is thought to be up to six times that of non-infected persons.


Question: What is stomach cancer?

Answer: The tumor may spread along the stomach wall or may grow directly through the wall and shed cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Once beyond the stomach, cancer can spread to other organs. Stomach cancers are classified according to the type of tissue in which they originate. Adenocarcinomas -- the most common -- start in the glandular stomach lining.


Question: What is helicobacter pylori (H. pulori) infection and how is it associated with stomach cancer?

Answer: These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. H. pylori is a bacterium that infects the lining of the stomach and causes chronic inflammation and ulcers. The risk of developing cancer, in the presence of an infection with this bacteria is low. This bacterium can be found in up to two-thirds of the world's population. In persons infected with this bacterium, the risk of developing gastric cancer is thought to be up to six times that of non-infected persons.


Question: What can increase your risk of stomach cancer?

Answer: Various medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing stomach cancer. These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma.


Question: What medical conditions are associated with stomach cancer?

Answer: Various medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of developing stomach cancer. These include: Gastritis ( H. pylori) Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency) Gastric polyps Chronic gastric ulcer Family history of gastric cancer History of gastric surgery for non-cancerous diseases, such as a peptic ulcer Blood group A Pre-malignant conditions, such as intestinal metaplasia Genetic abnormalities Hereditary factors such as familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer ( Lynch syndrome), and Peutz- Jeghers syndrome Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection of the stomach lining is associated with gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma.


Question: Who is at risk for stomach cancer?

Answer: There is an increased risk of stomach cancer in people who use tobacco or drink alcoholic beverages regularly. People who work in certain industries are also at greater risk. This includes those in the coal mining, metal, and rubber industries. Stomach cancer is most often seen in people in their late 60s through 80s. It is more common in Japan, Korea, parts of Eastern Europe, and Latin America than in the U. S. and Canada. This is thought to be related to the common diet in these countries, which consists of nitrate-containing, salted foods -- especially meat and fish.


Question: How common is stomach cancer?

Answer: Even though it is not among the most common cancers in the U. S., it is still a leading cause of cancer deaths in other parts of the world.


Question: What activities can increase your risk for stomach cancer?

Answer: There is an increased risk of stomach cancer in people who use tobacco or drink alcoholic beverages regularly. People who work in certain industries are also at greater risk. This includes those in the coal mining, metal, and rubber industries.


Question: Should I consider surgery for ulcerative colitis flares?

Answer: It's not an immediate fix, and not everyone needs an operation to keep UC in check. But for some people, it can help. Your doctor might suggest surgery if you've had the condition for a long time, or if your flares are so severe that drugs no longer control them. An operation might help prevent colon cancer, which people with UC are more likely to get.


Question: Should I self-medicate for ulcerative colitis flares?

Answer: Unless your doctor has OK'd it ahead of time, don't pick and choose your own treatment. Something you have in your medicine cabinet from a previous flare might have helped you in the past. But have those meds expired? And are they right for you this time? Check with your doctor first.


Question: What are the procedures for ulcerative colitis surgery?

Answer: There are two different types of procedures. Both surgeries remove the colon and rectum. Once those parts are gone, so are the pain, inflammation, and constant urges to go to the bathroom that happen during a flare. You'll still need to go often, but less than before. In one operation, the surgeon uses the end of your own small bowel to create a pouch connected to your anus on the inside of your body. ( You would temporarily need to wear a bag outside your body over the hole that your surgeon makes, until your body heals from the surgery and is ready for the internal pouch.) In the other procedure, the surgeon creates a small opening in the abdomen to collect waste in a removable pouch on the outside of the body. Your doctor can let you know if either operation would help you.


Question: How can you tweak your settings to treat computer vision syndrome (CVS)?

Answer: You don't have to live with the factory-installed presets if you're uncomfortable. Adjust the brightness, contrast, and font size until you find what's best for you. Visit your eye doctor regularly for exams and to keep your prescriptions up to date. Let him know about any problems you have. You may need glasses or contact lenses. He'll decide if you can wear your regular glasses for computer work or if you need a special pair. He might prescribe a single or bifocal lens, or tinted lens material to boost contrast and filter out glare. Get your kids' eyes checked, too. Make sure any computers they use are set up at the right height and in the best light.


Question: How can you cut the glare to treat computer vision syndrome (CVS)?

Answer: You can also add a glare filter to your monitor. Rearrange your desk. The best position for your monitor is slightly below eye level, about 20 to 28 inches away from your face. You shouldn't have to stretch your neck or strain your eyes to see what's on the screen.


Question: What are the symptoms of computer vision syndrome (CVS)?

Answer: There's no proof that computer use causes any long-term damage to the eyes. But regular use can lead to eye strain and discomfort. You may notice: Blurred vision Double vision Dry, red eyes Eye irritation Headaches Neck or back pain If you don't do anything about them, it could affect more than your eyes. You could also have issues with your work performance.


Question: Who can be affected by computer vision syndrome (CVS)?

Answer: Working adults aren't the only ones affected. Kids who stare at tablets or use computers during the day at school can have issues, too, especially if the lighting and their posture are less than ideal.


Question: How do you know if you have computer vision syndrome?

Answer: You may notice: Blurred vision Double vision Dry, red eyes Eye irritation Headaches Neck or back pain If you don't do anything about them, it could affect more than your eyes. You could also have issues with your work performance.


Question: How can you give your eyes a break to treat computer vision syndrome (CVS)?

Answer: Follow the 20-20-20 rule. Look away from the screen every 20 minutes or so and look at something around 20 feet away for about 20 seconds. Blink often to keep your eyes moist. If they feel dry, try some eye drops.


Question: How does using a computer affect vision?

Answer: When you work at a computer, your eyes have to focus and refocus all the time. They move back and forth as you read. You may have to look down at papers and then back up to type. Your eyes react to images constantly moving and changing, shifting focus, sending rapidly varying images to the brain. All these jobs require a lot of effort from your eye muscles.


Question: How often should I visit my eye doctor for computer vision syndrome?

Answer: Visit your eye doctor regularly for exams and to keep your prescriptions up to date. Let him know about any problems you have. You may need glasses or contact lenses. He'll decide if you can wear your regular glasses for computer work or if you need a special pair. He might prescribe a single or bifocal lens, or tinted lens material to boost contrast and filter out glare. Get your kids' eyes checked, too. Make sure any computers they use are set up at the right height and in the best light.


Question: Who Is more likely to have problems of computer vision syndrome?

Answer: You're more likely to have problems if you already have eye trouble, if you need glasses but don't have them, or if you wear the wrong prescription for computer use. Computer work gets harder as you age and the natural lenses in your eyes becomes less flexible. Somewhere around age 40, your ability to focus on near and far objects will start to go away. Your eye doctor will call this condition presbyopia.


Question: Who is affected by computer vision syndrome?

Answer: Working adults aren't the only ones affected. Kids who stare at tablets or use computers during the day at school can have issues, too, especially if the lighting and their posture are less than ideal.


Question: How does other cancer in the family increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: If a family member had ovarian cancer under age 50, your risk is increased.


Question: How do breast lesions increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: A previous breast biopsy result of atypical hyperplasia (lobular or ductal) or lobular carcinoma in situ increases a woman's breast cancer risk by four to five times.


Question: How does alcohol increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Alcohol. Use of alcohol is linked to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who consume one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who have 2 to 5 drinks daily have about 1.5 times the risk of women who do not drink.


Question: How could my heritage increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Female descendants of Eastern and Central European Jews ( Ashkenazi) are at increased risk.


Question: How does direct family history increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Having a mother, sister, or daughter ("first-degree" relative) who has breast cancer puts a woman at higher risk for the disease. The risk is even greater if this relative developed breast cancer before menopause and had cancer in both breasts. Having one first-degree relative with breast cancer approximately doubles a woman's risk, and having two first-degree relatives triples her risk. Having a male blood relative with breast cancer will also increase a woman's risk of the disease.


Question: How does early menstruation increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Longer lifetime exposure to endogenous (your own) estrogen increases your risk, such as starting to menstruate before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never having had a pregnancy.


Question: How does my age at childbirth increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Having your first child after age 35 or never having children puts you at higher risk.


Question: How does excessive radiation increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Excessive radiation . This is especially true for women who were exposed to a large amount of radiation before age 30 -- usually as treatment for cancers such as lymphoma.


Question: How does race increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Caucasian women are at a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer than are African- American, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American women. The exception to this is African- American women, who are more likely than Caucasians to have breast cancer under age 40.


Question: How do genetics increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: About 5% to 10% of breast cancer cases are thought to be hereditary. Carriers of alterations in either of two familial breast cancer genes called BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at higher risk. Women with an inherited alteration in the BRCA1 gene have about a 72% chance of developing breast cancer by age 80, and those with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene have about a 69% chance of developing breast cancer. There are several other types of abnormal genes that increase risk of breast cancer.


Question: What are risk factors for breast cancer?

Answer: A risk factor is anything that increases a person's chance of getting a disease. Different cancers have different risk factors. However, having a cancer risk factor, or even several of them, does not necessarily mean that a person will get cancer. Some women with one or more breast cancer risk factors never develop breast cancer, while about half of women with breast cancer have no apparent risk factors.


Question: How does a previous abnormal breast biopsy increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Women with earlier biopsies showing any of the following have a slight increased risk: fibroadenomas with complex features, hyperplasia without atypia, sclerosing adenosis, and solitary papilloma.


Question: How does weight increase my risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Longer lifetime exposure to endogenous (your own) estrogen increases your risk, such as starting to menstruate before age 12, starting menopause after age 55, and never having had a pregnancy.


Question: How does age increase the risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Age. Your risk for breast cancer increases as you age. About 80% of women diagnosed with breast cancer each year are ages 45 or older, and about 43% are ages 65 or above. Consider this: In women ages 40 to 50, there is a one in 68 risk of developing breast cancer. From ages 50 to 60, that risk increases to one in 42. In the 60 to 70 age group, the risk is one in 28. In women ages 70 and older, one in 26 is at risk of developing the disease.


Question: What factors are not related to breast cancer?

Answer: Factors not related to breast cancer Fibrocystic breast changes Multiple pregnancies Coffee or caffeine intake Use of anti-perspirants Wearing underwire bras Using hair dye Having an abortion or miscarriage Using breast implants Scientists are still investigating whether smoking, high-fat diets, lack of exercise, and environmental pollution increase breast cancer risk. Some studies have suggested that women who are using birth control pills have a very slight increased risk of developing breast cancer. That risk disappears after stopping them for 10 years or more. Still other studies show no relation. More research is under way to confirm these findings. Women who breastfeed have a reduced risk of breast cancer.


Question: How can your eating habits affect swallowing problems?

Answer: Amount and rate Eat slowly. Cut food into small pieces and chew it thoroughly. Chew food until it becomes liquid in your mouth before swallowing. Do not try to eat more than 1/2 teaspoon of food at a time.


Question: How should you take medications if you have swallowing problems?

Answer: Taking medications Crush pills and mix them with applesauce or pudding. Ask your pharmacist for his or her recommendations on which pills should not be crushed and which medications can be purchased in a liquid form.


Question: What diseases can cause swallowing problems?

Answer: A wide range of diseases can cause swallowing problems, which your doctor may call "dysphagia." These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal.


Question: What can you do to make more saliva?

Answer: Saliva management Drink plenty of fluids. Periodically suck on Popsicles, ice chips or lemon ice, or drink lemon-flavored water to increase saliva production, which will increase swallowing frequency.


Question: How do I know if I have a swallowing problem?

Answer: These include: Disturbances of the brain such as those caused by Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or Lou Gehrig's disease) Oral or pharynx muscle dysfunction such as from a stroke Loss of sphincter muscle relaxation (termed "achalasia") Esophageal narrowing such as from acid reflux or tumors Under normal circumstances, people rarely choke during a meal. Occasionally, food will stick in the esophagus for a few seconds (especially solid foods), but will pass spontaneously or can be washed down easily with liquids. But there are a number of symptoms that you should get checked for a possible swallowing problem, including: Frequent choking on food Hesitancy in food passage for more than a few seconds Pain when swallowing Recurring pneumonia (an indication that food may be going into the lungs rather than the esophagus) Immediate medical attention is needed when food becomes lodged in the esophagus for more than 15 minutes and doesn't pass spontaneously or with liquids.


Question: What can I do to help with swallowing problems?

Answer: Remain sitting upright or standing for 15 to 20 minutes after eating a meal.


Question: What should I look for when I shop for baby clothes?

Answer: To make your final selection, though, you need to consider safety, comfort, and practicality -- easy to put on and washable. And you probably want to consider the price, too. It's OK to shop in secondhand stores or high-quality consignment shops for most things for babies. Just be sure to wash everything first. Safety first: no buttons, bows, or ties. Stay away from clothes with small buttons, decorative rhinestones, or bows, because they can be choking risks. Clothes with long ties or that pull tightly around your baby's arms, legs, or neck are also unsafe.


Question: How do I know if my baby's clothes are fire-safe?

Answer: Labels on your baby's sleepwear will tell you whether it needs to be worn snugly to be fire-retardant or if the fabric itself is flame-retardant. But be aware: Scientists haven't closely studied the long-term health effects of the chemicals that make fabrics fire-resistant. Some research has linked some of these chemicals to health problems, including delayed physical and mental development, thyroid trouble, and problems with mental activities like thinking and memory.


Question: How can I make my shopping for baby clothes easier?

Answer: Follow these tips when you're shopping for clothes to make it easier. Wide necks or snaps at the neck make dressing easier. ( If you pick clothes that pull over the head, do it quickly because babies panic when their breathing is blocked or when they can't see you.) Snaps and zippers in the front are easier to put on and take off than those on the back. Loose sleeves pull on and off easier than tight ones. Snaps or other easy openings at the crotch make it quicker and easier to change diapers -- you don't have to take off all of your baby's clothes.


Question: Should I shop for baby clothes by age or weight?

Answer: Shop by your baby's weight, not age. Age doesn't mean much when it comes to baby clothes. Different brands size clothing differently. Weight is a better measure, and many baby clothes list it along with age on their labels.


Question: What are symptoms of paragonimiasis affecting the brain?

Answer: Inup to 25% of people hospitalized with paragonimiasis, the worms infect the brain. Symptoms can include: Headache Fever Vomiting Double vision Seizures Diagnosing paragonimiasis can be difficult or delayed.


Question: What causes paragonimiasis?

Answer: That's a parasitic worm also called a fluke or lung fluke because it commonly infects the lungs. Usually, infection comes after eating undercooked crab or crayfish that carry immature flukes. Once swallowed by a person, the worms mature and grow inside the body. Over months, the worms spread through the intestines and belly (abdomen). They penetrate the diaphragm muscle to enter the lungs. Once inside the lungs, the worms lay eggs and can survive for years, causing chronic (long-term) paragonimiasis. Paragonimiasis is rare in the U. S. Most cases occur in Asia, West Africa, and South and Central America.


Question: How is paragonimiasis treated?

Answer: In most people, paragonimiasis can be cured with oral anti-parasite medications. Both praziquantel ( Biltricide) and triclabendazole ( Egaten) are approved for treatment. Praziquantel is taken three times daily for two days, while triclabendazole is taken twice a day, 12 hours apart. In the rare cases of paragonimiasis with brain involvement, other treatments may be necessary, such as anti-seizure medications or surgery to reduce brain swelling.


Question: What is paragonimiasis?

Answer: It is caused by eating undercooked crab or crayfish. Paragonimiasis can cause illness resembling pneumonia or stomach flu. The infection can last for years. Paragonimiasis is caused by infection with a flatworm.


Question: How can knowing how to handle anger help me?

Answer: If you can react without hurting someone else, it can be a positive feeling. If you hold your anger inside, it can lead to passive-aggressive behavior like ''getting back'' at people without telling them why or being critical and hostile. Knowing how to recognize and express these feelings in appropriate ways can help you handle emergencies, solve problems, and hold on to meaningful relationships.


Question: What can help me control my anger?

Answer: A psychologist or other licensed mental health professional can work with you to learn techniques for changing your thinking and your behavior. A mental health professional can help you deal with your anger in an appropriate way. Ask your doctor if medicines could be helpful. Sometimes, antidepressants, certain anticonvulsants, and low-dose antipsychotics can help manage sudden attacks of rage or anger. Avoid alcohol, short-acting benzodiazepines like Xanax, or street drugs that can make you say or do things more impulsively. Choose your therapist carefully, and make sure to talk to a professional who is trained to teach anger management and assertiveness skills.


Question: How is neuromyelitis optica treated?

Answer: There's no cure for NMO, but you can do things to feel better or treat an attack. Symptoms often get better with steroids or corticosteroids that help with inflammation. Other drugs may help keep your body from fighting off the good cells and prevent future attacks. You also might need several medicines to treat symptoms such as pain or bladder or bowel issues. Your doctor also might suggest a treatment called plasmapheresis. This is when your blood is circulated through a machine that gets rid of the antibodies.