Question: What is a strep throat test?

Answer: A rapid strep test checks for streptococcus bacteria infection in the throat. The test is painless and takes very little time. The tip of a cotton swab is used to wipe the back of the throat. The swab is then tested right away. If the strep test is positive, you have strep throat. If the strep test is negative, you likely do not have strep throat. However, if there are strong signs of strep throat, your health care provider can do a different throat swab test that is sent to the lab to see if strep bacteria can be grown (cultured) from it. A throat culture takes a couple of days for results.


Question: Can medications relieve symptoms of a sore throat with a cold?

Answer: Over-the-counter cold medications may relieve cold and sore throat symptoms. However, the benefits of these drugs are minimal. Some cold medications include: Pain relievers, such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen and naproxen, to relieve the aches and pains of a cold and sore throat. ( Aspirin should not be given to children because of its link to Reye's syndrome, a disorder that can cause brain damage and death.) Sore throat sprays and lozenges to soothe your throat and numb the throat pain temporarily. ( Lozenges should not be given to young children.) Decongestant nasal sprays to relieve a sore throat caused by postnasal drip -- nasal drainage that runs down your throat. ( Be sure to stop using nasal decongestant sprays after three days, or you may have an increase in congestion when you stop them.)


Question: Do I need to see my doctor if I think I have strep throat?

Answer: Strep throat symptoms are usually more severe than symptoms of a sore throat with a cold and may include the following: Sudden sore throat Loss of appetite Painful swallowing Red tonsils with white spots Fever The symptoms of a cold and strep throat can be very similar. If you think you have symptoms of strep throat, visit your health care provider. Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and do a physical exam, and you may be given a strep test.


Question: In addition to a sore throat, what are other cold symptoms?

Answer: In addition to a sore throat, other common cold symptoms include: Runny nose Sneezing Cough Mild headache Mild body aches Fever Although there is no cure for a sore throat caused by a cold virus, there are ways to help you feel more comfortable.


Question: What if my strep throat isn't getting better?

Answer: Do not stop taking your prescribedmedicine unless your health care provider tells you to. Call your health care provider if these symptoms occur: Fever one or two days after feeling better Nausea or vomiting Earache Headache Neck stiffness Skin rash Cough Swollen glands Painful joints Shortness of breath Dark urine, rash, or chest pain (may occur three to four weeks later) Sometimes, a sore throat is caused by tonsillitis, an inflammation of the tonsils.


Question: Are strep throat symptoms different from a sore throat with a cold?

Answer: Strep throat symptoms are usually more severe than symptoms of a sore throat with a cold and may include the following: Sudden sore throat Loss of appetite Painful swallowing Red tonsils with white spots Fever The symptoms of a cold and strep throat can be very similar.


Question: What's the difference between a cold, strep throat, and tonsillitis?

Answer: However, a sore throat from a cold often gets better or goes away after the first day or two. Other cold symptoms such as a runny nose and congestion may follow the sore throat. Strep throat, which is an infection due to streptococcus bacteria, is another cause of sore throats and tonsillitis. With strep throat, the sore throat is often more severe and persists. Tonsillitis is a painful inflammation or infection of the tonsils, the tissue masses located at the back of the throat.


Question: Can antibiotics relieve symptoms of a sore throat with a cold?

Answer: Antibiotics should not be used to treat a cold virus and sore throat. Antibiotics are effective only against bacteria. They will not work on sore throats associated with colds, which are caused by viruses.


Question: What are short-term side effects of using bifocals or progressives?

Answer: At first, you may notice: Blurry vision Objects that seem to jump or move around Headaches Nausea Balance problems Bifocals or progressives may change the way you judge distance or depth as you look down through the bottom of the lens.


Question: How do bifocals and progressive lenses work?

Answer: Bifocals and progressives have different vision strengths built into the same lens. As you look down to read, the lens helps you see things close up. As you look up at the horizon, it lets you see clearly far away. This helps when you walk or drive.


Question: What are bifocal lenses?

Answer: There are a few types of multifocal lenses: Bifocals are two lenses in one. They're shaped differently at the bottom and top to help you see close up or far away. They come in both eyeglasses and contact lenses. Some bifocal glasses have a line across the middle that divide the two corrections.


Question: What are trifocal lenses?

Answer: Trifocals correct your vision so you can see close up, middle distance, or far away. They may also may have lines or come in a progressive lens.


Question: What should people do about nodular melanomas?

Answer: But usually it appears on the parts of the body that get a lot of sun, such as your: Legs Torso (chest, back, belly) Arms Head What to do: Don't try to pop it. The skin may break open, but there's no pus inside. You'll just cause a wound. If you have a new growth or spot on your skin that doesn't go away in 5 days, see your doctor.


Question: How can surgery help a grown man with undescended testicle?

Answer: If you're a grown man with an undescended testicle, surgery to correct it isn't likely to change your fertility level. But you will want to talk to your doctor about testicular cancer as an undescended testicle makes you a little more likely to get it. And since the undescended testicle isn't in the scrotum, it's not possible to do self-exams, which are key to finding cancerous lumps early.


Question: Whatâs an undescended testicle?

Answer: Normally, testicles move from the lower belly into the scrotum -- the pouch of skin below the penis -- in the last few months before birth. But sometimes, one or both do not fall into place. This is called an undescended testicle, and it can affect fertility later in life.


Question: How is a colonoscopy performed?

Answer: You'll get sedatives through an IV in your arm, and you'll go to sleep. During the procedure, the doctor puts a tube-like instrument called a colonoscope into your rectum. It's long but only about a half-inch across. It has a light and video camera on the tip so the doctor can see the lining of your colon and tell if there is any problem. The colonoscope also includes a tube that lets your doctor pump in air and inflate your colon. This will give him a better view of your colon and its lining. During the exam, your doctor can use a small snare in the colonoscope to take tiny samples of your colon for testing, which is called a biopsy. He can also use it to take out abnormal growths called polyps.


Question: What are the cons of ablation for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: Ablation is generally safe, but it does have some risks. Some of the things that can go wrong are: Bleeding around your heart or where the catheter is inserted Hole in the heart Stroke Heart attack Narrowing of the pulmonary vein Damage to the esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach Also, your AFib can come back in the first few months after you have ablation. In that case, you may need to have the procedure again, or take heart rhythm drugs.


Question: What devices can interfere with a pacemaker for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: Some devices that can interfere with it are: Metal detectors Cell phones and MP3 players Electric generators Some medical machines, such as an MRI Your doctor will help you choose the right treatment based on your health.


Question: What is a pacemaker for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: Pacemaker It's a small device that monitors your heartbeat and sends out a signal to stimulate your heart if it's beating too slowly. Pacemakers are used to treat a slow heartbeat in people with AFib. The device is made up of a small box called a generator. It holds a battery and tiny computer. Very thin wires called leads connect the pacemaker to your heart. Impulses flow through the leads to keep the organ in rhythm.


Question: What are the pros of a pacemaker for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: Your doctor can program your pacemaker to meet your needs. It should keep your heart in rhythm and help you stay more active.


Question: What are the pros of ablation for atrial fibrillation?

Answer: There are lots of good reasons to have an ablation. It can often stop AFib, and it can also: Help prevent blood clots and strokes Relieve shortness of breath and tiredness Reduce your need for blood thinners and heart rhythm drugs Help you exercise more often and for longer amounts of time Improve the length and quality of your life For some folks, ablation restores a normal heart rhythm better than medicine.


Question: What are symptoms of insomnia relative to menopause?

Answer: Symptoms of insomnia can include one or more of the following: Difficulty falling asleep Waking up frequently during the night with difficulty returning to sleep Waking up too early in the morning Non-refreshing sleep (feeling tired upon waking and throughout the day) Alcohol may help you relax and fall asleep, but it should not be used as a sleep aid, because it has a rebound effect.


Question: What treatments are there for insomnia during menopause?

Answer: He or she may be able to prescribe temporary medicine to help you sleep and get you sleeping regularly. In addition, your doctor can rule out other conditions that may be causing your sleep problem. For example, if depression is causing your sleep problems, your doctor may prescribe an antidepressant. If your insomnia is a result of menopausal symptoms, you may also want to talk to your doctor about taking hormone replacement therapy ( HRT) for a short period of time. HRT may help alleviate symptoms that are causing your sleep problem.


Question: What steps may help you sleep better during menopause?

Answer: Do not nap during the day. Exercise daily. However, be sure to avoid vigorous exercise three hours or less before bedtime. Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine throughout the day. Keep your bedroom cool to prevent night sweats. Do not go to bed until you are tired. Take a warm bath or shower at bedtime. Do not watch television, eat, or read in bed. Do these activities in another room until you feel sleepy. Follow the same bedtime routine each night. Avoid using sleeping pills.


Question: Why should you not use alcohol as a sleep aid, even if menopause symptoms keep you awake at night?

Answer: It can disturb your sleep later and can cause you to awaken in the middle of the night.


Question: What drugs are more likely to cause an allergic reaction?

Answer: That said, some are more likely to cause these types of problems than others: Antibiotics -- amoxicillin ( Moxatag), ampicillin, penicillin ( Bicillin L- A), tetracycline ( Sumycin), and others Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen and naproxen Aspirin Sulfa drugs Chemotherapy drugs Monoclonal antibody therapy -- cetuximab ( Erbitux), rituximab ( Rituxian and others HIV drugs -- abacavir ( Ziagen), nevirapine ( Viramune), and others Insulin Antiseizure drugs -- carbamazepine ( Tegretol), lamotrigine ( Lamictal), phenytoin, and others Muscle relaxers given by IV -- atracurium, succinylcholine, or vecuronium How you take a drug plays a part, too.


Question: How does bad cell communication cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Sometimes cells send the wrong signals or don't pick up messages correctly. When these problems affect how your cells make and use insulin or glucose, a chain reaction can lead to diabetes.


Question: What lifestyle habits are risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may be able to help if you have: Prediabetes Heart and blood vessel disease High blood pressure, even if it's treated and under control Low HDL ("good") cholesterol High triglycerides Being overweight or obese Having a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds Having gestational diabetes while you were pregnant Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition with dark rashes around your neck or armpits Depression Other things that raise your risk of diabetes have to do with your daily habits and lifestyle. These are the ones you can do something about: Getting little or no exercise Smoking Stress Sleeping too little or too much You can't change what happened in the past.


Question: How can I avoid complications of type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Take your diabetes medications or insulin on time. Check your blood glucose. Eat right, and don't skip meals. See your doctor regularly to check for early signs of trouble.


Question: How does bad communication between cells cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Sometimes cells send the wrong signals or don't pick up messages correctly. When these problems affect how your cells make and use insulin or glucose, a chain reaction can lead to diabetes.


Question: How does extra weight cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Being overweight or obese can cause insulin resistance, especially if you carry your extra pounds around the middle.


Question: Who is more likely to get type 2 diabetes?

Answer: While certain things make getting type 2 diabetes more likely, they won't give you the disease. But the more that apply to you, the higher your chances of getting it are. Some things, you can't control: Age: 45 or older Family: A parent, sister, or brother with diabetes Ethnicity: African- American, Alaska Native, Native American, Asian- American, Hispanic or Latino, or Pacific Islander- American Some things are related to your health and medical history.


Question: How many people are affected by diabetes?

Answer: Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong disease that prevents your body from using insulin the right way. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. It's the most common type of diabetes. There are about 27 million people in the U. S. with type 2. Another 86 million have prediabetes: Their blood glucose is not normal, but not high enough to be diabetes yet.


Question: What is a fasting plasma glucose test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Fasting plasma glucose: This measures your blood sugar on an empty stomach. You won't be able to eat or drink anything except water for 8 hours before the test.


Question: What is an oral glucose tolerance test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT): This checks your blood glucose before and 2 hours after you drink a sweet drink to see how your body handles the sugar.


Question: How does too much glucose from your liver cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: When your blood sugar is low, your liver makes and sends out glucose. After you eat, your blood sugar goes up, and usually the liver will slow down and store its glucose for later. But some people's livers don't. They keep cranking out sugar.


Question: What can you do to prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Focus instead on what you can do now and going forward. Take medications and follow your doctor's suggestions to be healthy. Simple changes at home can make a big difference, too. Lose weight. Dropping just 7% to 10% of your weight can cut your risk of type 2 diabetes in half. Get active. Moving muscles use insulin. Thirty minutes of brisk walking a day will cut your risk by almost a third. Eat right. Avoid highly processed carbs, sugary drinks, and trans and saturated fats. Limit red and processed meats. Quit smoking.


Question: How does metabolic syndrome cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: People with insulin resistance often have a group of conditions including high blood glucose, extra fat around the waist, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.


Question: What is the fasting plasma glucose test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Fasting plasma glucose: This measures your blood sugar on an empty stomach. You won't be able to eat or drink anything except water for 8 hours before the test.


Question: What should I stop eating to prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Avoid highly processed carbs, sugary drinks, and trans and saturated fats. Limit red and processed meats.


Question: What is insulin resistance?

Answer: It helps your cells turn glucose from the food you eat into energy. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their cells don't use it as well as they should. Doctors call this insulin resistance. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to try to get glucose into your cells. But eventually it can't keep up, and the sugar builds up in your blood instead.


Question: What other conditions are common in people with type 2 diabetes?

Answer: People with insulin resistance often have a group of conditions including high blood glucose, extra fat around the waist, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.


Question: What is the oral glucose tolerance test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT): This checks your blood glucose before and 2 hours after you drink a sweet drink to see how your body handles the sugar.


Question: What problems are caused by type 2 diabetes over time?

Answer: Over time, high blood sugar can damage and cause problems with your: Heart and blood vessels Kidneys Eyes Nerves, which can lead to trouble with digestion, the feeling in your feet, and your sexual response Wound healing Pregnancy The best way to avoid these complications is to manage your type 2 diabetes well.


Question: What is diabetes and how many people have it?

Answer: Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong disease that prevents your body from using insulin the right way. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. It's the most common type of diabetes. There are about 27 million people in the U. S. with type 2. Another 86 million have prediabetes: Their blood glucose is not normal, but not high enough to be diabetes yet.


Question: How does body weight affect type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Being overweight or obese can cause insulin resistance, especially if you carry your extra pounds around the middle.


Question: What causes diabetes?

Answer: It helps your cells turn glucose from the food you eat into energy. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their cells don't use it as well as they should. Doctors call this insulin resistance. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to try to get glucose into your cells. But eventually it can't keep up, and the sugar builds up in your blood instead.


Question: What are the side effects of oral medications used to treat scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Oral medications include: Corticosteroids Cyclosporine ( Sandimmune) Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex) A strong form of vitamin A called a derivative ( Soriatane) Since these medications can cause serious side effects, including liver damage, they require a doctor's close eye. It's also important to know that oral vitamin derivatives are different from -- and more powerful than -- vitamin supplements bought over the counter. Ordinary vitamin A and D supplements do not help.


Question: How can I live with scalp psoriasis?

Answer: According to the American Academy of Dermatology, seven biologics may work: adalimumab ( Humira) etanercept ( Enbrel) guselkumab ( Tremfya) infliximab ( Remicade) ixekizumab ( Talz) secukinumab ( Cosentyx) ustekinumab ( Stelara) There is no cure, but many treatments can help symptoms, control flare-ups, and prevent it from coming back. People who follow their treatment plan rarely have to endure severe scalp psoriasis for long. Psoriasis support groups can also offer valuable tips to help medical treatments work better and ease the stress and sadness that this common condition can cause.


Question: Does scalp psoriasis cause hair loss?

Answer: Symptoms of moderate to severe scalp psoriasis include: Scaly, red, bumpy patches Silvery-white scales Dandruff-like flaking Dry scalp Itching Burning or soreness Hair loss Scalp psoriasis itself doesn't cause hair loss, but scratching a lot or very hard, picking at the scaly spots, harsh treatments, and the stress that goes along with the condition can lead to temporary hair loss. Fortunately, your hair usually grows back after your skin clears.


Question: How many people are affected by scalp psoriasis?

Answer: About half of the estimated 7.5 million Americans with psoriasis - which can affect any skin surface - have it on their scalp. Sometimes the scalp is the only place they have it, but that's uncommon.


Question: How is mild scalp psoriasis treated?

Answer: If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor or dermatologist.


Question: Is scalp psoriasis common?

Answer: About half of the estimated 7.5 million Americans with psoriasis - which can affect any skin surface - have it on their scalp. Sometimes the scalp is the only place they have it, but that's uncommon.


Question: Are topical treatments used to treat scalp psoriasis?

Answer: The first line of defense is treatment you use directly on your skin: medicated shampoos, creams, gels, lotions, foams, oils, ointments, and soaps. You can get some of these products over the counter, but stronger ones require a prescription.


Question: What should you know about medications for severe scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Oral medications include: Corticosteroids Cyclosporine ( Sandimmune) Methotrexate ( Rheumatrex) A strong form of vitamin A called a derivative ( Soriatane) Since these medications can cause serious side effects, including liver damage, they require a doctor's close eye. It's also important to know that oral vitamin derivatives are different from -- and more powerful than -- vitamin supplements bought over the counter. Ordinary vitamin A and D supplements do not help.


Question: Can you get scalp psoriasis from other people?

Answer: You can't catch scalp psoriasis from another person. As with other types, we don't know what causes it. Doctors believe it comes from something wrong with your immune system that causes skin cells to grow too quickly and build up into patches. You may be more likely to get scalp psoriasis if it runs in your family.


Question: What medications can you use to treat scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Over-the-counter products often contain one of two medications approved by the FDA for psoriasis: Salicylic acid Coal tar Prescription products for scalp psoriasis may have higher concentrations of either or both of these, as well as other FDA-approved medications, such as: Anthralin, an older prescription medication Antimicrobials, which treat bacterial or yeast infections that can come with scalp psoriasis Calcipotriene, a strong derivative (different form) of vitamin D Calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate (a a vitamin D derivative combined with a strong steroid) Other topical steroids Tazarotene, a derivative of vitamin A To work, these treatments must be put on your scalp, not just your hair.


Question: What should you do if you have symptoms of scalp psoriasis?

Answer: If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor or dermatologist. He may simply take a look or do a skin biopsy to rule out similar conditions like seborrheic dermatitis.


Question: How can support groups help if you have scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Symptoms of moderate to severe scalp psoriasis include: Scaly, red, bumpy patches Silvery-white scales Dandruff-like flaking Dry scalp Itching Burning or soreness Hair loss Scalp psoriasis itself doesn't cause hair loss, but scratching a lot or very hard, picking at the scaly spots, harsh treatments, and the stress that goes along with the condition can lead to temporary hair loss.


Question: What are symptoms of scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Symptoms of mild scalp psoriasis may include only slight, fine scaling. Symptoms of moderate to severe scalp psoriasis include: Scaly, red, bumpy patches Silvery-white scales Dandruff-like flaking Dry scalp Itching Burning or soreness Hair loss Scalp psoriasis itself doesn't cause hair loss, but scratching a lot or very hard, picking at the scaly spots, harsh treatments, and the stress that goes along with the condition can lead to temporary hair loss.


Question: What are biologics for scalp psoriasis?

Answer: The latest class of FDA-approved medications are called biologics. These drugs, which you get by injection or IV, may keep your skin from making too many cells. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, seven biologics may work: adalimumab ( Humira) etanercept ( Enbrel) guselkumab ( Tremfya) infliximab ( Remicade) ixekizumab ( Talz) secukinumab ( Cosentyx) ustekinumab ( Stelara) There is no cure, but many treatments can help symptoms, control flare-ups, and prevent it from coming back.


Question: How do you use medications to treat scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Over-the-counter products often contain one of two medications approved by the FDA for psoriasis: Salicylic acid Coal tar Prescription products for scalp psoriasis may have higher concentrations of either or both of these, as well as other FDA-approved medications, such as: Anthralin, an older prescription medication Antimicrobials, which treat bacterial or yeast infections that can come with scalp psoriasis Calcipotriene, a strong derivative (different form) of vitamin D Calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate (a a vitamin D derivative combined with a strong steroid) Other topical steroids Tazarotene, a derivative of vitamin A To work, these treatments must be put on your scalp, not just your hair. Follow the directions exactly until your skin heals, which can take 8 weeks or more. Once your psoriasis has cleared, you can help keep it from coming back by shampooing regularly or twice-weekly with a product that has coal tar or other medications.


Question: How is scalp psoriasis initially treated?

Answer: The first line of defense is treatment you use directly on your skin: medicated shampoos, creams, gels, lotions, foams, oils, ointments, and soaps. You can get some of these products over the counter, but stronger ones require a prescription.


Question: Can you catch scalp psoriasis from another person?

Answer: You can't catch scalp psoriasis from another person. As with other types, we don't know what causes it. Doctors believe it comes from something wrong with your immune system that causes skin cells to grow too quickly and build up into patches. You may be more likely to get scalp psoriasis if it runs in your family.


Question: What can happen if you have scalp psoriasis?

Answer: Scalp psoriasis can be mild and almost unnoticeable. But it can also be severe, last a long time, and cause thick, crusted sores. Intense itching can affect your sleep and everyday life, and scratching a lot can lead to skin infections and hair loss.


Question: What over-the-counter products are approved by the FDA to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Over-the-counter products often contain one of two medications approved by the FDA for psoriasis: Salicylic acid Coal tar Prescription products for scalp psoriasis may have higher concentrations of either or both of these, as well as other FDA-approved medications, such as: Anthralin, an older prescription medication Antimicrobials, which treat bacterial or yeast infections that can come with scalp psoriasis Calcipotriene, a strong derivative (different form) of vitamin D Calcipotriene and betamethasone dipropionate (a a vitamin D derivative combined with a strong steroid) Other topical steroids Tazarotene, a derivative of vitamin A To work, these treatments must be put on your scalp, not just your hair.


Question: How common are brain tumors relative to brain cancer?

Answer: In the U. S., brain or nervous system tumors affect about 6 of every 1,000 people.


Question: What are malignant tumors relative to brain cancer?

Answer: Malignant tumors can grow and spread aggressively, overpowering healthy cells by taking their space, blood, and nutrients. They can also spread to distant parts of the body. Like all cells of the body, tumor cells need blood and nutrients to survive.


Question: What is brain cancer?

Answer: Although such growths are popularly called brain tumors, not all brain tumors are cancer. Cancer is a term reserved for malignant tumors.


Question: What happens to women during premature menopause?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } In addition to dealing with hot flashes, mood swings, and other symptoms that accompany menopause, many women undergoing premature menopause have to cope with additional physical and emotional concerns. For example, because menopause signals the end of a woman's fertile years, a woman who wishes to get pregnant is likely to have trouble.


Question: What are the symptoms of premature menopause?

Answer: Symptoms of premature menopause are often the same as those experienced by women undergoing natural menopause and may include: Irregular or missed periods Periods that are heavier or lighter than usual Hot flashes (a sudden feeling of warmth that spreads over the upper body) These symptoms are a sign that the ovaries are producing less estrogen. Along with the above symptoms, some women may experience: Vaginal dryness (the vagina may also become thinner and less flexible) Bladder irritability and worsening of loss of bladder control (incontinence) Emotional changes (irritability, mood swings, mild depression) Dry skin, eyes, or mouth Sleeplessness Decreased sex drive In addition to the symptoms listed above, if you are under the age of 40 and experience any of the following conditions, you should see your doctor to determine whether you are undergoing premature menopause: You have undergone chemotherapy or radiation You or a family member has an autoimmune disorder such as hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, or lupus You have unsuccessfully tried to become pregnant for more than a year Your mother or sister experienced premature menopause To diagnose premature menopause, your doctor will most likely perform a physical exam and draw blood to rule out other conditions, such as pregnancy and thyroid disease.


Question: Can premature menopause cause health problems?

Answer: Other health risks associated with the loss of estrogen include increased risk for colon and ovarian cancer, periodontal (gum) disease, tooth loss, and cataract formation. However, compared with women who go through natural menopause, women undergoing premature menopause spend a greater portion of their lives without the protective benefits of their own estrogen.


Question: What does research show about nattokinase?

Answer: One study shows that a nattokinase supplement lowers the risk of blood clots after long plane flights. It may help reduce narrowing of the arteries. Other studies show that nattokinase may help lower blood pressure. However, we need more research to see if it is effective. Optimal doses of nattokinase have not been set for any condition. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely from maker to maker. This makes it very hard to set a standard dose. Ask your doctor for advice.


Question: What are side effects of nattokinase?

Answer: Tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications. Side effects. In food, nattokinase is safe. More studies are needed to see if nattokinase taken as a supplement is safe for repeated or long-term use.


Question: What is Sjogren's syndrome?

Answer: Sjogren's causes your immune system to go haywire and attack healthy cells instead of invading bacteria or viruses. Conditions like this are called autoimmune diseases. Your white blood cells, which normally protect you from germs, attack the glands that are in charge of making moisture. When that happens, they can't produce tears and saliva. Dry eyes and dry mouth are the most common symptoms.


Question: What are some questions for the doctor if I have Sjogren's syndrome?

Answer: What can I do for my dry eyes? Is there anything I can do to moisten my mouth? What can I do for joint pain? Because of my immune system problem, is it safe for me to get a flu shot?


Question: How is Sjogren's syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: The blood tests can show if you have germ-fighting proteins (antibodies) that many people with Sjogren's have. They can also measure inflammation in your body, another sign that you have the disease. Your blood tests can also reveal if you have high amounts of proteins called immunoglobulins. These are part of your body's infection-fighting system. A high level could be a sign of Sjogren's.


Question: How are urine tests used to diagnose kidney stones?

Answer: Urine tests: These can detect stone-forming minerals in your pee or find out if you lack substances that help stop them from forming. You might collect a urine sample over the course of a day or two.


Question: What helps treat inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer: What helps: You need medicine to control the symptoms and also to know what your triggers are, including which foods are irritating, so that you can avoid them. You'll want to work with your doctor, and write down your symptoms and what was going on right before they struck (including food and stress). A nutritionist who specializes in these conditions can also be a good resource.


Question: What is gastroparesis in diabetes?

Answer: What happens: Over time, uncontrolled diabetes harms your nerves. If it damages your vagus nerve, which stimulates muscles that move food through your digestive system, digestion can slow down or stop. That can lead to heartburn, nausea, bloating, and feeling too full after you've eaten. Doctors call this gastroparesis. The most common cause is diabetes, but it sometimes also affects people with nervous system disorders, like Parkinson's disease (see below) and multiple sclerosis.


Question: How can heart failure affect my nutrition?

Answer: What happens: People with chronic heart failure can lose muscle mass, as well as fat and bone, leaving them frail. Causes include swelling of the bowel wall, which prevents the absorption of nutrients, and liver or kidney disease that can result from heart failure. They may lead to nausea. Once the wasting process starts, poor nutrition can make it worse.


Question: How can chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect the way I eat?

Answer: What happens: This lung disease gradually makes it harder to breathe. People who have it often find that their appetite isn't what it used to be. People with severe COPD can get very thin because they burn so many calories with the work of breathing. What helps: Since the disease causes your body to use up lots of energy during breathing, it's important to make sure you get enough calories.


Question: How can hepatitis affect the way I eat, and what are steps to control it?

Answer: What happens: This infectious disease commonly causes gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, weight loss, fatigue, and stomach discomfort. What helps: Avoid alcohol, try eating smaller, more frequent meals, and ask your doctor about medicine to fight nausea. There is a cure for hepatitis C, and for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the treatment is weight loss.


Question: How do hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism affect my appetite and weight?

Answer: What happens: Your thyroid doesn't make enough hormones to keep your body running properly. You might not have any appetite, yet still unexpectedly gain weight. It can also cause uncomfortable constipation. ( Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, can trigger the opposite symptoms: extreme hunger and thirst, diarrhea, and weight loss.)


Question: How can anxiety and depression affect the way I eat?

Answer: What happens: Anxiety can upset your stomach. If you're depressed, that can lead to eating too little or too much. What helps: Food, on its own, isn't a cure. But a balanced diet may help you feel better, and stomach symptoms often gradually fade as you start to benefit from psychological treatment in the form of therapy, lifestyle changes (like exercise), and medication, if needed.


Question: Do I need to change my diet if I have kidney disease?

Answer: What helps: Your doctor will tell you how to change your diet. If you're in the earlier stages of kidney disease, you may need to focus on sodium. If your disease is more advanced, you may also have limits on how much potassium or protein you can get. If you have kidney stones, you may need to make other changes to your eating habits.


Question: How might cancer affect my appetite?

Answer: What happens: Cancer comes in many forms. Both the disease and its treatments can affect your nutrition. Many types dim your appetite, cause stomach pain, or make it tough to absorb the nutrients in food. Other kinds -- such as cancers of the head, neck, and esophagus -- can make it hard to chew and swallow. Then there's nausea from the treatments themselves.


Question: How can human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affect the way I eat?

Answer: What happens: The virus can cause painful sores or infections inside your mouth or in your esophagus, making it difficult to swallow. Medications may also cause nausea and diarrhea, leaving you with little interest in eating.


Question: How can Parkinson's disease affect the way I eat?

Answer: What happens: The symptoms of Parkinson's, which affects your body's nervous system, often get worse gradually, and can include constipation, feeling overly full after eating, and trouble swallowing. It can also affect the nerves that control your digestive system, causing a condition called gastroparesis (see above in " Diabetes").


Question: If I have gestational diabetes, will I develop type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Because you had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes. But it won't definitely happen, and you can take action to prevent that. Your blood sugar levels will likely return to normal about 6 weeks after childbirth. ( Your doctor will check on that.) If it does, you should get follow-up tests every 3 years.


Question: If I have had gestational diabetes in the past, am I more likely to get it again in the future?

Answer: If you plan to have another baby, keep in mind that you are more likely to get gestational diabetes again. Ask your doctor if there are any lifestyle changes that would help you avoid that.


Question: If I have gestational diabetes will my child be likely to have diabetes?

Answer: Although your child will be more likely than other kids to develop type 2 diabetes later on, a healthy lifestyle (including a good diet and lots of physical activity) can cut that risk.


Question: How does having gestational diabetes affect the size and appearance of my baby?

Answer: Because you had gestational diabetes, you have a greater chance of developing type 2 diabetes. But it won't definitely happen, and you can take action to prevent that.


Question: Will gestational diabetes affect my baby?

Answer: Your baby will probably be healthy, if you and your doctor manage your blood sugar while you have gestational diabetes.


Question: What are the symptoms of moderate Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: He may get lost in places he's been before.


Question: How do I know the difference of Alzheimer's disease from normal aging?

Answer: People in this phase might have some or all of these symptoms: Major confusion about what's in the past and what's happening now Can't express themselves, remember, or process information Problems with swallowing and control of their bladder and bowels Weight loss, seizures, skin infections, and other illnesses Extreme mood swings Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren't really there, called hallucinations Can't move easily on their own Just about everyone has minor memory glitches as they get older. If someone forgets a name or why he walked into the kitchen, that doesn't mean he has Alzheimer's. The main problem that defines the disease is trouble planning and handling day-to-day tasks, like paying bills, managing a checkbook, or using familiar appliances around the house.


Question: What are the symptoms of late Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: It typically lasts 1 to 3 years. People in this phase might have some or all of these symptoms: Major confusion about what's in the past and what's happening now Can't express themselves, remember, or process information Problems with swallowing and control of their bladder and bowels Weight loss, seizures, skin infections, and other illnesses Extreme mood swings Seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren't really there, called hallucinations Can't move easily on their own Just about everyone has minor memory glitches as they get older.


Question: What are the symptoms of mild Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: The first stage usually lasts from 2 to 4 years. The symptoms include: Having less energy and drive to do things Less interest in work and social activities and spending more time just sitting, watching TV, or sleeping Loss of recent memories, like forgetting conversations and events that just happened Language problems, like trouble putting their thoughts into words or understanding others Mild coordination problems, such as trouble writing or using familiar objects.


Question: What happens during carpal tunnel surgery?

Answer: For both types of carpal tunnel release surgery, they include: Bleeding Damage to your median nerve or nearby nerves and blood vessels Infection of your wound A scar that hurts to touch First, you'll get local anesthesia -- drugs to numb your hand and wrist. You may also get medicine to help keep you calm. ( General anesthesia, which means you will not be awake during surgery, is not common for carpal tunnel syndrome). When the operation is finished, your doctor stitches the openings shut and puts a large bandage on your wrist. This protects your wound and keeps you from using your wrist. Your doctor and nurses will keep an eye on you for a little while before letting you go home. You'll likely leave the hospital the same day.


Question: What are the risks of carpal tunnel surgery?

Answer: For both types of carpal tunnel release surgery, they include: Bleeding Damage to your median nerve or nearby nerves and blood vessels Infection of your wound A scar that hurts to touch First, you'll get local anesthesia -- drugs to numb your hand and wrist.


Question: What are additional risk factors for internal bleeding because of trauma?

Answer: Some people have additional risk factors for internal bleeding due to trauma. These include: Use of "blood thinner" medications, such as clopidogrel ( Plavix), warfarin ( Coumadin), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), apixaban ( Eliquis), and dabigatran ( Pradaxa) Severe liver disease or cirrhosis Inherited conditions that interfere with blood clotting ability, such as von Willebrand's disease or hemophilia People with internal bleeding due to trauma who have these risk factors may receive additional treatments to help their blood clot properly.


Question: How serious is internal bleeding?

Answer: The most serious sources of internal bleeding due to trauma are: Head trauma with internal bleeding (intracranial hemorrhage) Bleeding around the lungs (hemothorax) Bleeding around the heart (hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade) Tears in the large blood vessels near the center of the body (aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and their major branches) Damage caused by trauma to the abdomen such as liver or spleen lacerations or perforation of other organs In the large majority of cases of internal bleeding that results from trauma, the injury is obvious and serious. People naturally seek immediate medical help because of pain. Or witnesses call 911.


Question: What are the most serious sources of internal bleeding?

Answer: Almost any organ or blood vessel can be damaged by trauma and cause internal bleeding. The most serious sources of internal bleeding due to trauma are: Head trauma with internal bleeding (intracranial hemorrhage) Bleeding around the lungs (hemothorax) Bleeding around the heart (hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade) Tears in the large blood vessels near the center of the body (aorta, superior and inferior vena cava, and their major branches) Damage caused by trauma to the abdomen such as liver or spleen lacerations or perforation of other organs In the large majority of cases of internal bleeding that results from trauma, the injury is obvious and serious.


Question: What causes internal bleeding?

Answer: Internal bleeding may occur after any significant physical injury. There are two main types of trauma, and either may cause internal bleeding: Blunt trauma. This kind of trauma happens when a body part collides with something else, usually at high speed. Blood vessels inside the body are torn or crushed either by shear forces or a blunt object. Examples are car accidents, physical assaults, and falls. Penetrating trauma. This happens when a foreign object penetrates the body, tearing a hole in one or more blood vessels. Examples are gunshot wounds, stabbings, or falling onto a sharp object.


Question: What types of surgery are used to treat internal bleeding?

Answer: The type of surgery used will depend on the location of the injury and bleeding: Exploratory laparotomy: A surgeon makes a large incision in the skin of the abdomen and carefully explores the abdomen. The surgeon will seal the ends of any leaking blood vessels with a heat probe or suture material. Thoracotomy: For bleeding around the heart or lungs, a surgeon makes an incision along the rib cage or the breastbone. Gaining access to the chest, the surgeon can identify and stop the bleeding and protect the heart and lungs from pressure caused by excess blood. Craniotomy: For bleeding due to traumatic brain injuries, a surgeon may create a hole in the skull. This can relieve pressure and reduce further injury to the brain. Fasciotomy: Internal bleeding into an area such as the thigh can create high pressure and prevent blood flow to the rest of the leg. A surgeon can cut deeply into the thigh to relieve pressure and gain access to stop the bleeding.


Question: Where is your heart?

Answer: The heart is located under the rib cage, to the left of your breastbone (sternum) and between your lungs.


Question: When do collateral vessels become active in the heart?

Answer: When the coronary arteries narrow to the point that blood flow to the heart muscle is limited (coronary artery disease), a network of tiny blood vessels in the heart that aren't usually open called collateral vessels may enlarge and become active. This allows blood to flow around the blocked artery to the heart muscle, protecting the heart tissue from injury.


Question: How does the left side of the heart work?

Answer: Left side The pulmonary vein empties oxygen-rich blood from the lungs into the left atrium. As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your left atrium into your left ventricle through the open mitral valve. When the ventricle is full, the mitral valve shuts. This prevents blood from flowing backward into the atrium while the ventricle contracts. As the ventricle contracts, blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve, into the aorta and to the body.


Question: What kind of pollen mask do I need when I garden if I have allergies?

Answer: Suggest that your partner use a pollen mask, or a mask that has an â M95 filter,â when he or she works in the yard. The ones you get from a medical supplier place will filter pollen better that those from the hardware store.


Question: How can cutting down on the amount of items in your home help to allergy-proof your home?

Answer: Cut down on knick-knacks (where dust can gather). Check on whether your furniture might be a problem: Overstuffed items often have down feathers in it, and antiques may be stuffed with horsehair or covered in fabric made from it. Curtains, too, could be a place where dust and pollen (if your windows are open) gather. A fresh new look could help keep allergens at bay.


Question: How can using a microfiber cloths or an electrostatic duster help allergy-proof your home?

Answer: They pick up dust and pollen instead of swirling it around the air.


Question: How can cleaning the air help allergy-proof your home?

Answer: Install a fan-based HEPA air purifier in your most-used living areas to collect dust before it settles. When you look for furnace and air-conditioning filters, chose a MERV (minimum efficiency value rating) of 8-12. Change or wash permanent filters every month.


Question: Can reducing the use of scented items help to allergy-proof your home?

Answer: Skip the scented products. People with allergies can react to the cologne, cleaning supplies, potpourri, and beauty products. If perfume or cologne makes your main squeeze sneeze, don't wear it -- at least at home.


Question: Why is carpet a problem if you have allergies?

Answer: It's easier to keep linoleum, hardwood, or tile dust-free than it is to remove all the dust from carpets.


Question: How can you split up chores to help your partners' allergies?

Answer: If you don't have allergies, split up the chores based on whether they can cause an allergy flare-up. You can dust and rake while he cooks and washes ups, for instance. If he feels like he wants do some heavy cleaning or yard work, suggest that he do it on a low pollen-count day and take an antihistamine first to help prevent a flare-up.


Question: What are foods with high levels of phenylalanine (Phe) that you need to avoid if you have phenylketonuria?

Answer: These include: Dairy Eggs Meat, poultry, and fish Nuts Beans Foods or drinks with the artificial sweetener aspartame Since your child's diet is limited, she'll need to drink a special formula that contains protein (minus the Phe) and other nutrients she needs.


Question: What does the phenylketonuria (PKU) test result mean?

Answer: The test measures the amount of Phe in your baby's blood. A normal level is less than 2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/d L). More than 4 mg/d L is considered high. Even if your baby's results aren't in that range, it doesn't necessarily mean she has PKU. It means she needs more tests to find out for sure.


Question: How can staying active help you if you have psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: It's good for your mood as well as your joints. If simple activities like walking are hard, get in the pool. The water supports your weight, so you can move more easily and without impact on your joints. Consider yoga, tai chi, or qi gong, too. These gentle, meditative practices help you find a sense of centered calm and keep you flexible.


Question: What is the outlook for people with rumination disorder?

Answer: Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder are: Malnutrition Lowered resistance to infections and diseases Failure to grow and thrive Weight loss Stomach diseases such as ulcers Dehydration Bad breath and tooth decay Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs) Choking Death In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally. For older children, this disorder can continue for months. There is no known way to prevent rumination disorder.


Question: What complications can rumination disorder cause?

Answer: Among the many potential complications associated with untreated rumination disorder are: Malnutrition Lowered resistance to infections and diseases Failure to grow and thrive Weight loss Stomach diseases such as ulcers Dehydration Bad breath and tooth decay Aspiration pneumonia and other respiratory problems (from vomit that is breathed into the lungs) Choking Death In most cases, infants and young children with rumination disorder will outgrow the behavior and return to eating normally.


Question: What is rumination disorder?

Answer: Rumination disorder is a feeding and eating disorder in which a person -- usually an infant or young child -- brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed. In most cases, the re-chewed food is then swallowed again; but occasionally, the person will spit it out. To be considered a disorder, this behavior must occur in a person who had previously been eating normally, and it must occur on a regular basis -- usually daily -- for at least one month.


Question: What are symptoms of rumination disorder?

Answer: Symptoms of rumination disorder include: Repeated regurgitation of food Repeated re-chewing of food Weight loss Bad breath and tooth decay Repeated stomachaches and indigestion Raw and chapped lips In addition, infants with rumination may make unusual movements that are typical of the disorder. These include straining and arching the back, holding the head back, tightening the abdominal muscles, and making sucking movements with the mouth.


Question: How is rumination disorder treated?

Answer: Several approaches may be used, including: Changing the child's posture during and right after eating Encouraging more interaction between mother and child during feeding; giving the child more attention Reducing distractions during feeding Making feeding a more relaxing and pleasurable experience Distracting the child when he or she begins the rumination behavior Aversive conditioning, which involves placing something sour or bad-tasting on the child's tongue when he or she begins to regurgitate food There are no FDA-approved medications to treat rumination disorder, but medications may be used to treat associated symptoms.


Question: Which medical tests are important for younger adults to take?

Answer: With an investment of an hour or two, you may be able to add years to your life.


Question: What causes cough-variant asthma?

Answer: Like "classic" or "typical" asthma, no one really knows what causes cough-variant asthma. However, coughing may start after people are exposed to allergens, or when they are breathing in cold air. Coughing may also follow an upper respiratory infection. For example, sinusitis with asthma is common. In addition, a cough that begins after a person has begun taking beta-blockers is likely to be cough-variant asthma. Beta-blockers are drugs used to treat high blood pressure, heart disease, heart failure, migraines, palpitations, and other conditions. Beta-blockers are also found in eye drops to treat glaucoma and other eye problems. These eye drops can bring on asthma symptoms, including cough. Aspirin-sensitivity is another cause of coughing with asthma.


Question: What are the benefits of progressive lenses?

Answer: With progressive lenses, you won't need to have more than one pair of glasses with you. You don't need to swap between your reading and regular glasses. Vision with progressives can seem natural. If you switch from viewing something up close to something far away, you won't get a "jump" like you would with bifocals or trifocals. So if you're driving, you can look at your dashboard, at the road, or at a sign in the distance with a smooth transition. They look like regular glasses. In one study, people who wore traditional bifocals were given progressive lenses to try. The study's author said most made the switch for good.


Question: What are the drawbacks of progressive lenses?

Answer: It takes time to adjust to progressives. You need to train yourself to look out of the lower part of the lens when you're reading, to look straight ahead for distance, and to look somewhere between the two spots for middle distance or computer work. Some people never adjust, but most do. During the learning period, you may feel dizzy and nauseas from looking through the wrong section of lens. There may also be some distortion of your peripheral vision (what you see on the edges when looking straight ahead). Another thing to consider is the cost.


Question: What are some tips to adjusting to progressive lenses?

Answer: If you decide to try them, use these tips: Choose a quality optical shop that can guide you through the process, help you pick a good frame, and make sure the lenses are perfectly centered over your eyes. Poorly fitted progressives are a common reason why people can't adapt to them. Give yourself one or two weeks to adjust to them. Some people may need as long as a month. Make sure you understand your eye doctor's instructions on how to use them. Wear your new lenses as often as possible and stop wearing your other glasses. It will make the adjustment quicker.


Question: What are progressive lenses?

Answer: Progressive lenses have three prescriptions in one pair of glasses. That allows you to do close-up work (like reading a book), middle-distance work (like checking out a website on a computer), or distance viewing (like driving) without needing to change your glasses. They're sometimes called multifocal lenses.


Question: Who wears progressive lenses?

Answer: Almost anyone with a vision problem can wear these lenses, but they're only needed for people ages 40 and older whose vision blurs when they're doing close-up work like reading or sewing. This condition is called presbyopia. It's a natural part of getting older. Even people who are nearsighted and over 40 may find that their near vision blurs when they wear glasses for distances. Talk to your doctor to see if progressives are an option for you.


Question: Why do some people fear trying to lose weight?

Answer: Fears come in all reasons and rationales, like: You think other people will be jealous if you lose weight, and they may stop hanging out with you. You believe that people will notice you more if you take action, and you're not confident you'll know how to respond. Noticing a fear is the first step to overcoming it.


Question: What are some small goals I can set for myself to lose weight?

Answer: Add one more glass of water to your day over the course of a week; it will help you feel fuller. Go to bed 5 minutes early every day for a week until you're hitting the sack about 8 hours before you have to wake. Celebrate each time you meet a small goal. Treat yourself to something small (like downloading a new song) that's not about food.


Question: Do rapid weight loss goals work?

Answer: Drastic, over-the-top plans won't take you to your goal weight. Instead, take small steps toward a realistic goal. It will keep you moving steadily forward. It may take longer than you'd like, but you're much more likely to stick with your plan.


Question: When should I call the doctor for my child's eye problem?

Answer: An object such as a piece of glass or metal or a pencil stuck in an eye (if your ophthalmologist is not in the office) Uneven pupils (if there's been a closed-head injury) Problems seeing after an eye injury Been in contact with chemicals, especially alkali such as drain cleaner Is younger than age 1 Has been hit in the eye with an object Has an irritated or red eye Has continuous tearing Has an eye that's extremely sensitive to light Keeps blinking Has a painful, swollen, or red area close to the eyelid or eye Has a cut on the eyeball (a cut on the eyelid is less medically urgent) May need stitches Simply flushing the eye with water often helps when your child has something in her eye.


Question: When should I call 911 for my child's eye problem?

Answer: An object such as a piece of glass or metal or a pencil stuck in an eye (if your ophthalmologist is not in the office) Uneven pupils (if there's been a closed-head injury) Problems seeing after an eye injury Been in contact with chemicals, especially alkali such as drain cleaner Is younger than age 1 Has been hit in the eye with an object Has an irritated or red eye Has continuous tearing Has an eye that's extremely sensitive to light Keeps blinking Has a painful, swollen, or red area close to the eyelid or eye Has a cut on the eyeball (a cut on the eyelid is less medically urgent) May need stitches Simply flushing the eye with water often helps when your child has something in her eye.


Question: How can parents treat a minor cut or scratch around the eye?

Answer: Hold gauze on the wound for 10 minutes. Cover the eye with a cloth for protection, and wash the area with clean water for a few minutes. Ask your pediatrician whether you should use antibiotic ointment if the wound is close to the eye or eyelid. Put a bandage on the wound. Change the bandage every day. Give child-formula acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) for pain, if needed. Do not give aspirin to a child under 16 years of age.


Question: When should parents call the doctor after an eye injury ?

Answer: An object such as a piece of glass or metal or a pencil stuck in an eye (if your ophthalmologist is not in the office) Uneven pupils (if there's been a closed-head injury) Problems seeing after an eye injury Been in contact with chemicals, especially alkali such as drain cleaner Is younger than age 1 Has been hit in the eye with an object Has an irritated or red eye Has continuous tearing Has an eye that's extremely sensitive to light Keeps blinking Has a painful, swollen, or red area close to the eyelid or eye Has a cut on the eyeball (a cut on the eyelid is less medically urgent) May need stitches Simply flushing the eye with water often helps when your child has something in her eye. But serious eye injuries need immediate medical care.


Question: Where should I go if my child has an eye injury?

Answer: An object such as a piece of glass or metal or a pencil stuck in an eye (if your ophthalmologist is not in the office) Uneven pupils (if there's been a closed-head injury) Problems seeing after an eye injury Been in contact with chemicals, especially alkali such as drain cleaner Is younger than age 1 Has been hit in the eye with an object Has an irritated or red eye Has continuous tearing Has an eye that's extremely sensitive to light Keeps blinking Has a painful, swollen, or red area close to the eyelid or eye Has a cut on the eyeball (a cut on the eyelid is less medically urgent) May need stitches Simply flushing the eye with water often helps when your child has something in her eye.


Question: Is there a vaccine for bird flu?

Answer: No. Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.


Question: Are all flus the same?

Answer: Not all flu is created equal: Some types can make you very ill, while other types of flu cause milder symptoms. Read on to learn about the different types of flu.


Question: What virus causes bird flu?

Answer: The avian influenza virus causes bird flu. Birds can be infected by influenza A viruses and all of its subtypes. Birds are not capable of carrying either type B or C influenza viruses. There are three main subtypes of avian flu, including H5, H7, and H9. The subtypes H5 and H7 are the most deadly, while the H9 subtype is less dangerous.


Question: What are the different types of flu viruses?

Answer: There are three types of flu viruses: A, B, and C. Type A and B cause the annual influenza epidemics that have up to 20% of the population sniffling, aching, coughing, and running high fevers. Type C also causes flu; however, type C flu symptoms are much less severe.


Question: Why do you have to get a new flu shot every year?

Answer: Different strains of the flu virus mutate over time and replace the older strains of the virus. This is why it's important to get a flu shot each year to ensure that your body develops immunity to the most recent strains of the virus.


Question: What kind of bird flu do people talk about, and how is it spread?

Answer: The reason H5 N1 has caused so much alarm is its ability to pass from wild birds to poultry and then on to people. While wild birds are commonly immune to the devastating and possibly deadly effects of H5 N1, the virus has killed more than half of the people infected with it. The risk of avian flu is generally low in most people because the virus does not typically infect humans. Infections have occurred as a result of contact with infected birds. Spread of this infection from human to human has been reported to be extremely rare.


Question: How does a flu virus make me sick?

Answer: Flu viruses enter the body through the mucus membranes of your nose, eyes, or mouth. Every time you touch your hand to one of these areas, you are possibly infecting yourself with a virus. This makes it very important to keep your hands germ-free with frequent and thorough hand washing. Encourage family members to do the same to stay well and prevent flu.


Question: How long does it take for a flu shot to work?

Answer: Plus, it's important to know that the regular influenza vaccine does not provide protection against avian influenza or bird flu.


Question: Should I be worried about catching bird flu?

Answer: People in the United States have less to fear than people who live abroad. Most of the illnesses associated with bird flu have been reported in Asian countries among people who have had close contact with farm birds. Also, people are not able to catch the bird flu virus by eating cooked chicken, turkey, or duck. High temperatures kill the virus.


Question: How many hospitalizations and deaths occur from the flu?

Answer: The flu is linked to between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. The seasonal flu vaccine was created to try to avert these epidemics.


Question: What is a type C flu virus?

Answer: Influenza C viruses are also found in people. They are, however, milder than either type A or B. People generally do not become very ill from the influenza type C viruses. Type C flu viruses donot cause epidemics.


Question: How long will the effect of Concerta last?

Answer: Concerta is the brand name for methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release tablets. The medicine gets into your system slowly, and the effects can last up to 12 hours. One pill in the morning is meant to help manage your ADHD symptoms through the whole school or work day.


Question: What are the benefits of rehab for back pain?

Answer: If your back hurts, physical therapy can be your ticket to relief. It eases pain and helps you move better. If you get rehab when your back problems first show up, you might be able to avoid surgery. And if you do need an operation, physical therapy can help you recover.


Question: How can I sit to help me ease my back pain?

Answer: Sit up straight. It feels better and puts the least amount of stress on your back. And when sitting, arch your back five to 10 times if you feel stiff.


Question: How do the drugs Ditropan and Levsin work for bed-wetting, and what are their side effects?

Answer: Ditropan and Levsin Ditropan and Levsin work by reducing unwanted bladder contractions. Side effects may include: Dry mouth Drowsiness Flushing Heat sensitivity Constipation


Question: What is Tofranil and how is it used to treat bed-wetting?

Answer: Side effects of DDAVP are uncommon but may include: Headache Runny nose Nasal stuffiness Nosebleeds Tofranil Tofranil is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat bed-wetting for about 30 years. How it works is not clear, but it is known to have a relaxing effect on the bladder, allowing the bladder to hold more urine comfortably. Side effects of Tofranil tend to be rare with correct dosage but may include: Nervousness Anxiety Constipation Personality changes A warning: Tofranil can have toxic side effects if taken improperly. Deaths have been attributed to accidental overdoses.


Question: Are there medications to help with bedwetting?

Answer: The two drugs approved by the FDA specifically for bed-wetting are DDAVP and Tofranil. Other medications that are sometimes used to treat bed-wetting include Ditropan and Levsin. Drug therapy does not work for everyone, and these medications can have significant side effects. Talk to your child's doctor to determine if drug therapy is right for your child.


Question: What should I do before checking my blood pressure?

Answer: Find a quiet place to check your blood pressure. You will need to listen for your heartbeat. Make sure that you are comfortable and relaxed with a recently emptied bladder (a full bladder may affect your reading). Roll up the sleeve on your arm or remove any tight-sleeved clothing. Rest in a chair next to a table for 5 to 10 minutes. Your arm should rest comfortably at heart level. Sit up straight with your back against the chair, legs uncrossed. Rest your forearm on the table with the palm of your hand facing up.


Question: What medications do doctors use to treat tinnitus?

Answer: Medications for Tinnitus Many drugs have been studied for treating tinnitus. For some, treatment with low doses of anti-anxiety drugs -- such as Valium or antidepressants such as Elavil -- help reduce tinnitus. The use of a steroid placed into the middle ear along with an anti-anxiety medicine called alprazolam has been shown to be effective for some people. Some small studies have shown that a hormone called misoprostol may be helpful in some cases. Lidocaine, a medication used for the treatment of certain types of abnormal heart rhythms, has been shown to relieve tinnitus for some people, but it must be given intravenously or into the middle ear to be effective. However, the benefits of lidocaine are almost always outweighed by the risks of the drug and it is therefore not recommended and not used for tinnitus.


Question: What are the treatments for tinnitus if you're having difficulty coping?

Answer: If you are having difficulty coping with your tinnitus, you may find counseling and support groups helpful. Ask your doctor for a referral.


Question: How do cochlear implants treat tinnitus?

Answer: Cochlear Implants These devices, implanted in the ear, are mostly used to treat severe deafness. They seem to also help some people with tinnitus-related hearing loss that is significant. The device works by sending electrical signals from the ear to the brain. However, this surgery is not performed for tinnitus alone and is used only for hearing problems.


Question: How can dental treatment help with tinnitus?

Answer: Dental Treatment Some professionals believe tinnitus can be caused by a problem with the temporomandibular joint ( TMJ), the area where the jaw bone attaches to the head, just in front of the ear. They suggest that dental treatment may relieve symptoms of tinnitus, because the muscles and nerves in the jaw are closely connected to those in the ear.


Question: When would you need surgery for tinnitus?

Answer: Dental Treatment Some professionals believe tinnitus can be caused by a problem with the temporomandibular joint ( TMJ), the area where the jaw bone attaches to the head, just in front of the ear.


Question: What is tinnitus retracting therapy (TRT)?

Answer: Tinnitus Retraining Therapy ( TRT) TRT depends upon the natural ability of the brain to "habituate" a signal, to filter it out on a subconscious level so that it does not reach conscious perception. Habituation requires no conscious effort. People frequently habituate many auditory sounds -- air conditioners, computer fans, refrigerators, and gentle rain, among them. What they have in common is that they have no importance, so they are not perceived as ''loud.'' Thus, the brain can screen them out.


Question: What is sundowning in people with Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Many people with the disease get confused, anxious, and agitated at dusk and into the evening hours. It's called sundown syndrome, or sundowning. The problems may last a few hours or throughout the night.


Question: How can Alzheimer's disease affect your sex life?

Answer: No one has studied sexuality in Alzheimer's. But many people with disease also have a mood disorder, such as depression, or other medical problem, which can lead to sexual problems. Medications that treat these conditions can also affect someone's sex life. People with dementia often feel less interested in many areas of their lives, like their appearance, clothes, and friends. That may affect their sex drive, too.


Question: Is gingko biloba helpful if you have Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: For many years, people thought this extract from the ginkgo tree might be a memory booster. But there's no evidence that it works in treating or preventing Alzheimer's. In fact, it may be harmful. One large study showed that taking it every day may cause dangerous side effects, such as too much bleeding, and that ginkgo does not slow the decline of cognition.


Question: What can you expect your pediatrician to do during your baby's 18-month checkup?

Answer: Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines, including a flu shot in the fall/winter Has your child been having temper tantrums?


Question: What questions may your pediatrician ask during your baby's 18-month checkup?

Answer: Here's what to expect at your toddler's 18-month checkup. Weigh and measure your child Perform a physical exam of your child Catch up on any vaccines, including a flu shot in the fall/winter Has your child been having temper tantrums? Is your child talking a lot? Pointing? Scribbling? Is she sleeping and napping well?


Question: What changes occur in people with keratoconus?

Answer: The changes in the shape of the cornea can happen quickly or may occur over several years. The changes can result in blurred vision, glare and halos at night, and the streaking of lights. The changes can stop at any time, or they can continue for decades. There is no way to predict how it will progress. In most people who have keratoconus, both eyes are eventually affected, although not always to the same extent. It usually develops in one eye first and then later in the other eye.


Question: How is keratoconus diagnosed?

Answer: These include: A sudden change of vision in one eye Double vision when looking with just one eye Objects both near and far looking distorted Bright lights looking like they have halos around them Lights streaking Seeing double or triple ghost images Being uncomfortable driving due to blurry vision, especially at night To be sure you have keratoconus, your doctor needs to measure the shape of the cornea. There are several different ways this can be done. The most common way is called âcorneal topography,' which snaps a photo of the cornea and analyzes it in seconds. Children of parents with keratoconus should have a cornea topography done every year starting at age 10 to monitor the cornea.


Question: What can occur with severe keratoconus?

Answer: With severe keratoconus, the stretched collagen fibers can lead to severe scarring. If the back of the cornea tears, it can swell and take many months for the swelling to go away. This often causes a large corneal scar.


Question: Do you need surgery to treat keratoconus?

Answer: If eyeglasses and contact lenses no longer provide stable and comfortable good quality vision, a cornea transplant can be performed. This involves removing the center of the cornea and replacing it with a donor cornea that is stitched into place.


Question: How does keratoconus change your vision?

Answer: Keratoconus changes vision in two ways: As the cornea changes from a ball shape to a cone shape, the smooth surface becomes distorted. This is called irregular astigmatism. As the front of the cornea expands, vision becomes more nearsighted. That is only up close objects can be seen clearly. Anything too far away will look like a blur.


Question: Can I get laser vision correction surgery if I have keratoconus?

Answer: Laser vision correction surgery -- LASIK - is dangerous for people with keratoconus or a strong family history of keratoconus, because it can further weaken the cornea and make vision worse. Anyone with even a small degree of keratoconus should not have LASIK surgery.


Question: Can you inherit keratoconus?

Answer: Keratoconus is genetic, so it can run in families. If you have it and have children, it's a good idea to have their eyes checked for it starting at age 10. The condition progresses more rapidly in people with certain medical problems, including certain allergic conditions. It could be related to chronic eye rubbing.


Question: When should you get a cornea transplant for keratoconus?

Answer: If eyeglasses and contact lenses no longer provide stable and comfortable good quality vision, a cornea transplant can be performed. This involves removing the center of the cornea and replacing it with a donor cornea that is stitched into place.


Question: Who is more likely to get keratoconus?

Answer: Keratoconus is genetic, so it can run in families. If you have it and have children, it's a good idea to have their eyes checked for it starting at age 10. The condition progresses more rapidly in people with certain medical problems, including certain allergic conditions. It could be related to chronic eye rubbing.


Question: How can you eat better if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Aim for progress, not perfection. You don't have to give up your favorite foods completely. Just account for the calories and carbs. Set the setbacks aside. Tell yourself, â I can get back on track,â and the possibilities open back up.


Question: Why is cystoscopy performed?

Answer: A cystoscopy is a test to check the health of your urethra and bladder.


Question: What do prostate ultrasounds and biopsies evaluate?

Answer: Prostate ultrasound and biopsy are tests that check the abnormal results of a digital rectal exam or an elevated prostate-specific antigen ( PSA) blood test.


Question: Will I need to stop taking certain medications before a prostate biopsy and ultrasound?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you're taking clopidogrel ( Plavix), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), warfarin ( Coumadin), or other blood thinners. You may need to stop taking them a week before the procedure. The doctor might prescribe another method to thin your blood.


Question: What happens after receiving a prostate biopsy and ultrasound?

Answer: The doctor will send the biopsy to a lab for analysis. They'll discuss the results with you when they're ready, which is usually within a week. Meanwhile: You can go back to your normal meals and activities. Do NOT take aspirin, products with aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs such as Advil, Motrin, or Naprosyn, or indomethacin ( Indocin) for at least 3 days after the procedure. Drink six to eight glasses of water every day for 3 days after the test to help flush your urinary system. You may notice a small amount of blood in your urine, semen, or stool up to 7 days afterward. This is normal. If your rear end is sore, soak in a warm bath for 20 minutes. Take your antibiotics until all the pills are gone. If you miss a dose, take it when you remember and then go back to your regular schedule.


Question: When should someone call the doctor after a prostate biopsy and ultrasound?

Answer: Call the nearest emergency department if: You have a fever above 100.4 degrees F (38 C).


Question: How does someone prepare for a prostate biopsy and ultrasound?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you have a lung or heart condition or any other diseases, or if you're allergic to any medicines. Also let them know if you have an artificial heart valve or if you've ever been told you need to take antibiotics before a dental or surgical procedure. If you have any of these conditions, you'll get antibiotics to take before the biopsy.


Question: Which medications should not be taken before a prostate biopsy and ultrasound?

Answer: The week before, don't take aspirin, products with aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs such as Advil, Motrin, or Naprosyn, or indomethacin ( Indocin). You'll get antibiotics to take the night before or morning of the test to prevent infection. Don't stop taking any medication without talking to your doctor first.


Question: What happens the day of a prostate cancer biopsy and ultrasound?

Answer: A doctor or nurse will explain the test in detail, including possible complications and side effects. You'll be able to ask questions.


Question: Why does someone need an enema before getting a prostate biopsy and ultrasound?

Answer: Enemas: You'll get one enema before the procedure to empty your colon and minimize the risk of infection. The doctor may have you take the enema at home. Try to hold the enema solution for at least 5 minutes before you release it.


Question: What is the role of physical therapy in treating tennis elbow?

Answer: One of the best ways to treat stubborn tennis elbow is with physical therapy. It can improve blood flow to the tendons, which will speed healing, too. A therapist may also teach you ways to change your tennis stroke or other activities that caused your elbow troubles. Keep the momentum going even if your therapy program is finished. Once your elbow is pain-free and your backhand is better than ever, you should keep your muscles strong and flexible. That's because everyday activities don't keep your muscles as strong and flexible as they should be to avoid sports injuries. Ask about how to do some of the exercises yourself at home.


Question: How much alcohol is too much to keep my kidneys healthy?

Answer: If so, have no more than one drink a day for women or two a day for men. A drink is 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits such as gin, rum, tequila, vodka, and whiskey.


Question: How can proper diet help your kidneys?

Answer: You already know that exercise and eating right help your heart and weight. They also help your blood pressure and your blood sugar levels. And that's good for your kidneys.


Question: How is blood pressure tied to kidney health?

Answer: Watch your blood pressure. If it's too high, that can put stress on your kidneys. If you're not sure what your blood pressure is, your doctor can check it. You could have high blood pressure and not know it, since it doesn't have any symptoms. High blood pressure is one of the top causes of kidney problems.


Question: What happens during a chest X-ray?

Answer: Your doctor uses a chest X-ray to: Look at your chest bones, heart, and lungs See if your pacemaker, defibrillator, or other heart devices are in place To check on any catheters and chest tubes you may have You don't need to do anything to get ready for it. But you do need to let the technician know if you could be pregnant. Your X-ray will take no more than 10 to 15 minutes. You'll have to remove all of your clothes and jewelry from the waist up, and wear a hospital gown. And you have to stand very still while you hold your breath. The process is painless and simple.


Question: Why do doctors use a chest X-ray for heart disease?

Answer: Your doctor uses a chest X-ray to: Look at your chest bones, heart, and lungs See if your pacemaker, defibrillator, or other heart devices are in place To check on any catheters and chest tubes you may have You don't need to do anything to get ready for it.


Question: How do time outs work as a discipline technique?

Answer: This discipline technique works best if the privilege is: Related in some way to the behavior Something the child values Taken away as soon as possible after the inappropriate behavior (especially for young children) Time outs: Time outs work if you know exactly what the child did wrong or if you need a break from the child's behavior. Be sure you have a time-out location established ahead of time. It should be a quiet, boring place -- probably not the bedroom (where the child can play) or a dangerous place like a bathroom. This discipline technique can work with children when the child is old enough to understand the purpose of a time out -- usually around age 2 and older, with about a minute of time out for each year of age. Time outs often work best with younger kids for whom the separation from the parent is truly seen as a deprivation.


Question: How do natural consequences work as a discipline technique?

Answer: Natural consequences: Your child does something wrong, and you let the child experience the result of that behavior. There's no need for you to "lecture." The child can't blame you for what happened. For example, if a child deliberately breaks a toy, he or she no longer has that toy to play with. Natural consequences can work well when children don't seem to "hear" your warnings about the potential outcome of their behavior.


Question: How does taking away privileges work as a discipline technique?

Answer: Taking away privileges: Sometimes there isn't a logical or natural consequence for a bad behavior -- or you don't have time to think it through. In this case, the consequence for unacceptable behavior may be taking away a privilege. For example, if a middle schooler doesn't complete her homework on time, you may choose to take away television privileges for the evening. This discipline technique works best if the privilege is: Related in some way to the behavior Something the child values Taken away as soon as possible after the inappropriate behavior (especially for young children) Time outs: Time outs work if you know exactly what the child did wrong or if you need a break from the child's behavior.


Question: How do logical consequences work as a discipline technique?

Answer: Logical consequences: This technique is similar to natural consequences but involves describing to your child what the consequences will be for unacceptable behavior. The consequence is directly linked to the behavior. For example, you tell your child that if he doesn't pick up his toys, then those toys will be removed for a week.


Question: What if you make a mistake when you discipline your child?

Answer: Even if you have the best discipline techniques and parenting style, there are some days when nothing seems to work. Or perhaps you've had a bad day, too. Developing skills for positive discipline takes a lot of practice and a lot of time. If you feel you have made a mistake, be honest. Apologize to your child and explain how you plan to change your response the next time.


Question: When should you get professional help for a child's discipline problems?

Answer: It may be time to seek help from a mental health professional when you see: Ongoing disrespect for all authorities: parents, teachers, and other adults Aggressive or destructive behavior Signs of depression, such as feeling blue for a long time, having no friends, or threatening suicide Your child or other members of the family use drugs or alcohol to deal with stress or other problems in their lives Several relationships within the family are difficult


Question: Who can get canker sores?

Answer: Canker sores appear most commonly in adolescents and young adults, often occurring during times of stress. They are also more likely to appear around a women's menstrual period, and there is a greater likelihood of having canker sores if a parent also has them.


Question: Which fresh produce are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: When shopping, look for omega-3s in: Bread Cereal Flaxseed Flour Pasta Peanut butter Oatmeal Pumpkin seeds Pizza, packaged Flour tortillas Walnuts Vegetables, especially green leafy ones, are good sources of ALA, one form of omega-3 fatty acids. Although ALA isn't as powerful as the other omega-3 fatty acids, DHA and EPA, these vegetables also have fiber and other nutrients, as well as omega-3s. Brussels sprouts Kale Spinach Broccoli Cauliflower Oils can be a good source of ALA omega-3s, too, including: Canola oil Cod liver oil Flaxseed oil Mustard oil Soybean oil Walnut oil Research suggests that the omega-3 fatty acid DHA may help babies' brains develop, which is why you may find them in: Baby cereals Infant formula Jars of baby food You can also find omega-3s in some: Supplements Children and adult vitamins Meal replacement bars Protein powders Weight loss shakes As with most nutrients, whole foods trump any enriched, fortified, or processed foods.


Question: Which grains and nuts are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: Look for seafood rich in omega-3s, such as: Anchovies Halibut Herring Mackerel Oysters Salmon Sardines Trout Tuna (freshor light, canned in water) You'll likely find the following foods fortified with omega-3 fatty acids: Eggs Margarine Milk Juice Soy milk Yogurt Bread and pasta are some of the foodsthat may have omega-3s added to them. These fats are also naturally found in whole foods like seeds and nuts. When shopping, look for omega-3s in: Bread Cereal Flaxseed Flour Pasta Peanut butter Oatmeal Pumpkin seeds Pizza, packaged Flour tortillas Walnuts Vegetables, especially green leafy ones, are good sources of ALA, one form of omega-3 fatty acids.


Question: Which foods are usually fortified with omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: Look for seafood rich in omega-3s, such as: Anchovies Halibut Herring Mackerel Oysters Salmon Sardines Trout Tuna (freshor light, canned in water) You'll likely find the following foods fortified with omega-3 fatty acids: Eggs Margarine Milk Juice Soy milk Yogurt Bread and pasta are some of the foodsthat may have omega-3s added to them.


Question: Which oils are good sources of ALA omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: Brussels sprouts Kale Spinach Broccoli Cauliflower Oils can be a good source of ALA omega-3s, too, including: Canola oil Cod liver oil Flaxseed oil Mustard oil Soybean oil Walnut oil Research suggests that the omega-3 fatty acid DHA may help babies' brains develop, which is why you may find them in: Baby cereals Infant formula Jars of baby food You can also find omega-3s in some: Supplements Children and adult vitamins Meal replacement bars Protein powders Weight loss shakes As with most nutrients, whole foods trump any enriched, fortified, or processed foods.


Question: How do I get the blisters from dyshidrotic eczema to go away?

Answer: But you can manage them with medicine, moisturizers, and good hygiene. They might start to taper off once you get into middle age. And if you have a mild case, it could eventually go away on its own.


Question: What should I do about dyshidrotic eczema if I am sensitive to nickel or cobalt?

Answer: If you're sensitive to nickel or cobalt, your dermatologist might tell you not to eat foods that are high in these metals. Nickel is in foods like chocolate, broccoli, legumes, and nuts. Cobalt is in shellfish, liver, nuts, beets, cabbage, and chocolate.


Question: How can I control blisters from dyshidrotic eczema at home?

Answer: Use lukewarm water and a mild, scent-free soap. Afterward, gently pat your skin dry. Take your rings off before you wash your hands. Moisture can get trapped under your rings and cause more blisters. Wear gloves with cotton liners whenever your hands are in water, like when you wash dishes. Put a thick moisturizer on your hands and feet every time you shower or wash. Rub it on while your skin is still wet to seal in water. You also might use a cream that has dimethicone to protect your skin. Turn on a humidifier in dry weather to keep your skin from cracking. If allergies set off your eczema, try to stay away from things that trigger them. Don't scratch the blisters -- you'll make them worse.


Question: What should I do if I notice blisters on my hands?

Answer: If you notice blisters on your hands and feet, see a dermatologist (a doctor who specializes in your skin). He'll look at your hands and feet, as well as your nails. You also might need to see an allergy doctor (allergist). Patch tests can show if you have an allergy to nickel or another metal. During these tests, your doctor will put patches with a small amount of different metals or other things on your skin to see if you react to them.


Question: What treatment is available for dyshidrotic eczema?

Answer: If you have a severe flare-up, you might need to take a steroid drug, like prednisone, in a pill. An antihistamine like diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) or loratadine ( Alavert, Claritin) can help with the itch, too. Or you might hold a cold, wet compress on the blisters for 15 minutes at a time several times a day. If these treatments don't work well for you, you might try one of these: Light therapy: This uses ultraviolet ( UV) light to clear up your skin. You might get a medicine first to help your skin respond better to the light. Botulinum toxin: These shots stop your hands and feet from sweating, which can trigger the blisters. Medicines that slow down your immune system: Tacrolimus ( Protopic) ointment or pimecrolimus ( Elidel) cream can calm the swelling and irritation. These drugs can be options if you don't want to take steroids. Draining the blisters: Your dermatologist can drain fluid from the blisters. Don't try to do this yourself. You could make the eczema worse.


Question: How is a sinus infection diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will give you a physical exam and take your medical history. You might get a CT scan of your sinuses.


Question: What causes sinus infections?

Answer: Any condition that blocks off the drainage channels of your sinuses can cause a sinus infection, such as: Colds Allergies such as hay fever Non-allergic rhinitis (symptoms that are like an allergy but don't have a known cause) Nasal polyps (small growths in the lining of your nose) A sinus infection may start after a cold.


Question: What are the symptoms of a sinus infection?

Answer: They may include things like: Thick, yellow, foul-smelling discharge from your nose Pressure or pain around your face and eyes Headache (generally in the forehead area) Blockage in your nose Congestion Post-nasal drip A cold that won't go away or gets worse Fever or cough These symptoms can also happen with a cold. But if they continue for more than 10 days, you may have a sinus infection.


Question: When should I call my doctor about a cold or sinus infection?

Answer: Most colds go away without medical treatment. If you have pain around your face or eyes, along with thick yellow or green nasal discharge for more than a week, check with your doctor. Also call him if you have fever or symptoms that are severe or don't get better with over-the-counter treatments.


Question: Can medicine help symptoms of the common cold?

Answer: Some medications can ease symptoms. For example, decongestants may decrease drainage and open the nasal passages. Pain relievers may help with fever and headache. Cough medicine may help, as well.


Question: How can styling yourself help with psoriasis?

Answer: And there are steps you can take to mask problem areas.


Question: Which makeup can you use if you have psoriasis?

Answer: There are makeups made to hide skin issues like psoriasis. Talk to your doctor about a good product for you. You'll want to consider thickness. You'll need a thicker makeup for larger patches that are harder to hide. Look for a color that closely matches the skin tone of the skin surrounding your psoriasis. Gently blend a small amount of the makeup over the area you want to cover. Follow with a dusting of loose powder to make it last longer. You can even use hairspray to help make it set.


Question: How should you remove your makeup if you have psoriasis?

Answer: You don't want to irritate your sensitive skin. You'll need a gentle makeup remover. Something with a petroleum base works well. And make sure to moisturize when you're done.


Question: How can priming help with psoriasis?

Answer: These products help prepare your face for the makeup to follow. They don't sink into your skin but stay on top of it, creating an extra layer. That gives you a smooth surface for your makeup. Don't put on too much primer. You just want a light layer. Wait again. Let the primer set on your skin. It should only take a few minutes.


Question: What do I need to do if my dog has a high fever temperature greater than 103 F?

Answer: If your dog has a temperature greater than 103 F, you should call your veterinarian. Fevers above 106 F are emergencies that must be treated promptly.


Question: What do I need to do if my dog has a high fever temperature above 105 F?

Answer: If your dog has a temperature above 105 F, you can help bring his body temperature down by applying cool water to his fur, especially around the ears and feet. Using a fan on the damp fur will help lower the temperature. Be sure to monitor your dog’s rectal temperature as you do this, and stop the cooling procedure once it reaches 103 F. You don’t want to bring down the temperature too fast. If your dog has a fever, try to see that he drinks small amounts of water on a regular basis to stay hydrated, but don’t force it. And never give your dog any human medicines intended to lower fever, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, as they can be poisonous to dogs and cause severe injury or death.


Question: How is diabetes related to kidney failure?

Answer: Diabetes is the No. 1 cause of kidney failure (and the leading cause of microalbumin in the urine) in the United States. When you have diabetes, the level of sugar (or âglucoseâ) in your blood is too high. Over time, that extra sugar damages the small blood vessels in your kidneys. It becomes harder for them to clean your blood. Diabetes can also harm your nerves, which may lead to kidney injury.


Question: What can affect the results of my albumin test?

Answer: Random Test Normal: less than 30 micrograms (mcg) per milligram (mg) of creatinine Microalbuminuria: 300 mcg per mg of creatinine Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mcg/mg creatinine Timed Test Normal: Less than 20 mcg/minute Microalbuminuria: 20-200 mcg/minute Clinical albuminuria: More than 200 mcg/minute 24- Hour Test Normal: Less than 30 mg Microalbuminuria: 30-300 mg Clinical albuminuria: More than 300 mg If there is albumin in your pee, the amount likely varies during the day. That makes it a little harder to get an accurate measure. Plus, any of these could give you a result that's higher than normal: Blood in your urine Fever Lots of exercise right before the test Other kidney diseases Some medicines Urinary tract infection If your results show a high level, your doctor will probably want to repeat the test.


Question: How does diabetes and kidney disease relate?

Answer: Diabetes is the No. 1 cause of kidney failure (and the leading cause of microalbumin in the urine) in the United States. When you have diabetes, the level of sugar (or âglucoseâ) in your blood is too high. Over time, that extra sugar damages the small blood vessels in your kidneys. It becomes harder for them to clean your blood. Diabetes can also harm your nerves, which may lead to kidney injury.