Question: What chemotherapy drugs are used for colorectal cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy can be given in a variety of situations: Palliative chemotherapy is used when colorectal cancer is advanced and has already spread to different parts of the body. It is used in combination with leucovorin (a vitamin), which makes 5- FU more effective. 5- FU is given intravenously. A pill form of capecitabine ( Xeloda) is changed to 5- FU when it reaches the tumor. Xeloda is also being used as adjuvant therapy or neoadjuvant therapy with radiation in patients with rectal cancers to heighten the effect of radiation. Other drugs include irinotecan ( Camptosar) and oxaliplatin ( Eloxatin). These drugs are usually combined with 5- FU or Xeloda after surgery or in the advanced setting. Several new chemotherapy drugs also are used for the treatment of colorectal cancer that has spread. These include panitumumab ( Vectibix), cetuximab ( Erbitux), bevacizumab ( Avastin), ramucirumab ( Cyramza), and aflibercept ( Zaltrap), and are usually given along with 5- FU, plus irinotecan or oxaliplatin, for metastatic colorectal cancer. Regorafenib ( Stivarga) is another new drug that can be taken orally as a single agent after the other drugs have stopped working.


Question: What is chemotherapy for colorectal cancer?

Answer: Each drug works against a specific cancer, and each drug has specific doses and schedules for taking it. Chemotherapy can be given in a variety of situations: Palliative chemotherapy is used when colorectal cancer is advanced and has already spread to different parts of the body. The surgery may not eliminate all the cancer cells, so the adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used to kill any that may have been missed, such as cells that may have metastasized or spread to the liver. 5- FU is given intravenously.


Question: When is adjuvant chemotherapy used for colorectal cancer?

Answer: The surgery may not eliminate all the cancer cells, so the adjuvant chemotherapy treatment is used to kill any that may have been missed, such as cells that may have metastasized or spread to the liver. 5- FU is given intravenously.


Question: What are concerns regarding the use of ephedrine for the treatment of diabetes?

Answer: In 2003, ephedrine-- also known as ma huang -- became the first herbal stimulant ever banned by the FDA. A popular component of anti-obesity over-the-counter drugs, ephedrine was found to have some benefits. However, the evidence of its ability to cause harm was far more compelling. In high doses, it has been known to cause insomnia (difficulty falling and staying asleep), high blood pressure, glaucoma, and urinary retention. This herbal supplement has also been associated with numerous cases of stroke.


Question: Are herbs helpful for diabetes?

Answer: There are few or no clinical trials with promising results for many of the other herbs being proposed for diabetes, such as garlic, ginger, ginseng, hawthorn, or nettle. If you have diabetes and are considering taking any of these herbal substances, talk to your doctor first.


Question: What should you do before using herbal products for diabetes?

Answer: When considering treating diabetes with an herbal product, you should: Discuss any drugs you are thinking of using, including herbal products, with your doctor before taking them. If you experience side effects such as nausea, vomiting, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, insomnia, diarrhea, or skin rashes, stop taking the herbal product and notify your doctor immediately. Avoid preparations made with more than one herb. Beware of commercial claims of what herbal products can do. Look for scientific-based sources of information. Select brands carefully. Only purchase brands that list the herb's common and scientific name, the name and address of the manufacturer, a batch and lot number, expiration date, dosage guidelines, along with potential side effects.


Question: What supplements are suggested for treating diabetes?

Answer: Supplements Chromium has been widely publicized as therapy to improve diabetes control. Although there are several studies that support a role for chromium as beneficial in diabetes, other studies do not confirm this. Currently there are no recommendations for its use in diabetes management. Magnesium has been studied for years as a form of therapy to improve blood sugar control in people with diabetes. A lack of magnesium has been associated with insulin secretion abnormalities and has been associated with diabetes complications. Vanadium is derived from plant sources and has been shown in a few studies to increase a person's sensitivity to insulin. Thus far, no recommendations exist for supplementation to be given to people with diabetes.


Question: What are concerns regarding the use of chitosan for the treatment of diabetes?

Answer: Chitosan is derived from seashells and has the ability to bind to fat and prevent its absorption. Although it is purported to facilitate weight loss, available studies have not been encouraging.


Question: What alternative treatments for diabetes have been associated with  liver disease, pulmonary disease, and kidney disease?

Answer: Germander, momordica charanta, sauropus androgynus, and aristolochic acid have been associated with liver disease, pulmonary disease, and kidney disease.


Question: Can alternative weight loss therapies help with diabetes?

Answer: Since weight and diabetes are linked, many people with diabetes turn to alternative therapies that claim to help with weight loss, including: Chitosan Camsogia Garcinia (hydroxycitric acid) Chromium Pyruvate Germander Momordica charanta Sauropus androgynus Aristolochic acid In addition, transdermal (skin patch) systems as well as oral sprays have been developed to purportedly reduce appetite and facilitate weight loss. One patch system uses homeopathic amounts of 29 different compounds to reduce appetite, but no published literature on its efficacy is available.


Question: What should you consider when using plant-based foods as an alternative treatment to diabetics?

Answer: There are few or no clinical trials with promising results for many of the other herbs being proposed for diabetes, such as garlic, ginger, ginseng, hawthorn, or nettle. If you have diabetes and are considering taking any of these herbal substances, talk to your doctor first.


Question: What plant-based foods can help diabetics?

Answer: Brewer's yeast Buckwheat Broccoli and other related greens Okra Peas Fenugreek seeds Sage Most plant foods are rich in fiber, which is beneficial for helping control blood sugar levels.


Question: What should I consider before taking an herbal product for diabetes?

Answer: If you experience side effects such as nausea, vomiting, rapid heartbeat, anxiety, insomnia, diarrhea, or skin rashes, stop taking the herbal product and notify your doctor immediately. Look for scientific-based sources of information.


Question: What is an arthroscopic technique for hip impingement surgery?

Answer: Often, surgery for hip impingement can be performed arthroscopically. This technique involves inserting a lighted scope and thin tools through small incisions over your hip instead of making a large incision. Arthroscopy is usually an outpatient surgery.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose hip impingement?

Answer: If you have symptoms of hip impingement, your doctor can diagnose the problem based on your description of your symptoms, a physical exam, and the findings of imaging tests.


Question: How can I find out if my new workplace is safe?

Answer: A counselor can watch to see if it's safe for you to do certain tasks. He might recommend a change in your duties or your work site to improve safety. Your rights are protected by a law called the Americans with Disabilities Act. In general, it means employers need to make "reasonable accommodations" for any disabilities you have because of your MS. " Accommodations" means that your employer makes changes to the way a job is done or to the equipment you need to do it.


Question: What do you need to do daily to lower your blood sugar if you have diabetes?

Answer: There are four things you need to do every day to lower high blood sugar: Eat healthy food.


Question: What should I keep in mind daily about meals if I use insulin?

Answer: If You Use Insulin Give yourself an insulin shot. Eat about the same amount of food each day at about the same time. Don't skip meals, especially if you've already given yourself an insulin shot. Your blood sugar may go too low.


Question: What are some factors for healthy food for people with diabetes?

Answer: The foods on your diabetes eating plan are the same ones that are good for everyone. Try to stick to things that are low in fat, salt, and sugar and high in fiber, like beans, fruits, vegetables, and grains.


Question: What are urine tests for diabetes?

Answer: Urine Tests: You may need to test your urine or blood for ketones when you are sick or if your blood sugar is over 240 before eating a meal. Your body makes ketones when there is not enough insulin in your blood. They can make you very sick. You can buy strips for testing urine ketones at a drugstore. Also, some blood glucose meters can detect ketones with specialized strips. Your doctor or diabetes educator will show you how to use testing monitors correctly. Call your doctor right away if you find ketones when you test. You may have something called ketoacidosis. If not treated, it can cause death.


Question: What are four things someone with diabetes should do every day?

Answer: There are four things you need to do every day to lower high blood sugar: Eat healthy food.


Question: Where are some good places on the body for an insulin shot?

Answer: Good places on your body for a shot are: The outside part of your upper arms Around your waist and hips The outside part of your upper legs Avoid areas with scars and stretch marks. Ask your doctor or nurse to check your skin where you give your shots.


Question: How does exercise affect someone who does not use insulin?

Answer: If You Don't Use Insulin See your doctor before starting an exercise program. Test your blood sugar before and after exercising if you take diabetes pills. You want it no lower than 70 or no higher than 240.


Question: What should someone do who does not use insulin and has diabetes?

Answer: If You Don't Use Insulin Follow your meal plan. Don't skip meals, especially if you take diabetes pills. Your blood sugar may go too low. Skipping a meal can make you eat too much at the next meal. It may be better to eat several small meals each day instead of one or two big ones.


Question: How can eating right help someone with diabetes?

Answer: Eating right will help you: Reach and stay at a weight that is good for you Keep your blood sugar in a good range Prevent heart and blood vessel disease Ask your doctor for the name of a dietitian who can work with you on an eating plan for you and your family. Your dietitian can help you plan meals with foods that you and your family like and that are good for you.


Question: How does eating healthy food help diabetes?

Answer: The foods on your diabetes eating plan are the same ones that are good for everyone. Try to stick to things that are low in fat, salt, and sugar and high in fiber, like beans, fruits, vegetables, and grains. Eating right will help you: Reach and stay at a weight that is good for you Keep your blood sugar in a good range Prevent heart and blood vessel disease Ask your doctor for the name of a dietitian who can work with you on an eating plan for you and your family. Your dietitian can help you plan meals with foods that you and your family like and that are good for you.


Question: What is a hemoglobin A1c test?

Answer: The Hemoglobin A1c Test: This shows what your average blood sugar was for the past 3 months. It shows how much sugar is sticking to your red blood cells. The doctor does this test to see what level your blood sugar is most of the time.


Question: Why is it important to test blood sugar every day?

Answer: You need to know how well you are taking care of your diabetes. You need to know if you are lowering your blood sugar. The best way to find out is to test your blood. If it has too much or too little sugar in it, your doctor may need to change your eating, exercise, or medicine plan. Some people test their blood once a day. Others do it three or four times a day. Your doctor may want you to test before eating, before bed, and sometimes in the middle of the night. Ask your doctor how often and when you should test your blood sugar.


Question: What should someone with diabetes write down every day in their notebook?

Answer: If you haven't eaten for more than an hour or if your blood sugar level is less than 100-120, have something like an apple or a glass of milk before you exercise.


Question: Why should someone with diabetes keep daily records?

Answer: By keeping daily records of your blood and urine tests, you can tell how well you are taking care of your diabetes. Show your book to your doctor.


Question: What are diabetes pills and injections to lower blood sugar?

Answer: Insulin and diabetes pills and shots are the kinds of medicines used to lower blood sugar. These can include: Dulaglutide ( Trulicity) Exenatide ( Byetta) Exenatide Extended Release ( Bydureon) Liraglutide ( Victoza) Pramlintide ( Symlin) Semaglutide ( Ozempic) If You Need Insulin This is you if your body has stopped making insulin or if it doesn't make enough.


Question: How do I deal with insulin needles?

Answer: At first, you may be a little afraid to give yourself a shot. But most people find that the shots hurt less than they expected. The needles are small and sharp and do not go deep into your skin. Always use your own needles, and never share them with anyone else. Your doctor or diabetes educator will tell you how to throw away used needles safely.


Question: Where can someone buy lancets, strips, and meters?

Answer: Ask your doctor or diabetes educator for advice on what kind to buy. Take your blood testing items with you when you see your doctor or nurse so that you can learn how to use them the right way. You can buy strips for testing urine ketones at a drugstore.


Question: Do I need to worry about exercise if I am not on diabetes medication?

Answer: They'll also show you the best places on your body to give yourself a shot. The needles are small and sharp and do not go deep into your skin. Diabetes medications are safe and easy to take. You need to know if you are lowering your blood sugar.


Question: What if my body makes insulin but it doesn't lower my blood sugar?

Answer: Some are taken once a day, and others are taken more often. Ask your doctor when you should take yours. You may also need them if the diabetes pills no longer lower your blood sugar. Some people test their blood once a day.


Question: Are diabetes pills safe?

Answer: Diabetes medications are safe and easy to take. Be sure to tell your doctor if yours make you feel bad or if you have any other problems. Remember, you'll still have to follow an eating plan and exercise to help lower your blood sugar. You may be able to stop taking diabetes pills if you lose weight. Losing even a little bit can help lower your blood sugar.


Question: What should someone who uses insulin do?

Answer: Eat about the same amount of food each day at about the same time. Don't skip meals, especially if you've already given yourself an insulin shot. Your blood sugar may go too low. Your doctor will tell you what kind of insulin to use, how much, and when to give yourself a shot.


Question: How does exercise affect someone who uses insulin?

Answer: If You Use Insulin Exercise after eating, not before. Test your blood sugar before, during, and after. If You Don't Use Insulin See your doctor before starting an exercise program. Test your blood sugar before and after exercising if you take diabetes pills. You want it no lower than 70 or no higher than 240.


Question: Where should I keep extra insulin?

Answer: When you're being active, carry a snack with you in case your blood sugar drops. Keep extra insulin in your refrigerator in case you break the bottle you're using. Too much heat, cold, or bright light can damage insulin.


Question: How and why would I need an insulin shot for diabetes?

Answer: Some people give themselves one a day. Some people give themselves two or more a day. Never skip a shot, even if you are sick. Your doctor will tell you what kind of insulin to use, how much, and when to give yourself a shot. Your doctor or the diabetes educator will show you how to draw up insulin in the needle. Ask someone to help you with your shots if your hands are shaky or you can't see well. If You Don't Use Insulin or Take Diabetes Pills Everyone with diabetes needs to follow their doctor's advice about eating and getting enough exercise.


Question: What cancer cell abnormalities does a fluorescence in situ hybridization test detect?

Answer: Abnormalities found in cancer cells include: Translocation. Part of one chromosome has broken off and relocated itself onto another chromosome. Inversion. Part of a chromosome is in reverse order, although it is still attached to the correct chromosome. Deletion. Part of a chromosome is missing. Duplication. Part of a chromosome has been copied and the cell contains too many copies.


Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for leukemias?

Answer: FISH also can identify chromosomal abnormalities in leukemias, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL) cells, some of which are associated with aggressive forms of the disease. Patients with more aggressive forms of CLL may need urgent treatment, while those with less aggressive forms may only require observation.


Question: What do translocations or duplications of cancer cells indicate?

Answer: Translocations can help doctors identify some types of leukemia, lymphomas, and sarcoma. Duplications in breast cancer cells can help doctors choose optimal treatments.


Question: How do fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests compare to standard cytogenetic tests when testing for cancer?

Answer: Translocations can help doctors identify some types of leukemia, lymphomas, and sarcoma. Duplications in breast cancer cells can help doctors choose optimal treatments. Compared to standard cytogenetic (cell gene) tests, one advantage of FISH is that it can identify genetic changes that are too small to be seen under a microscope. Another advantage is that FISH doesn't have to be performed on cells that are actively dividing. Because other tests cannot be performed until cancer cells have been growing in lab dishes for about two weeks, the process usually takes about three weeks. FISH results are usually available within a few days.


Question: What are the advantages of fluorescence in situ hybridization tests over standard cytogenetic (cell gene) tests?

Answer: Compared to standard cytogenetic (cell gene) tests, one advantage of FISH is that it can identify genetic changes that are too small to be seen under a microscope. Another advantage is that FISH doesn't have to be performed on cells that are actively dividing. Because other tests cannot be performed until cancer cells have been growing in lab dishes for about two weeks, the process usually takes about three weeks. FISH results are usually available within a few days.


Question: What are some abnormalities found in cancer cells using a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test?

Answer: During a FISH test using a sample of the patient's tissue, special colored dyes are attached to specific parts of certain chromosomes in order to visualize and count them under a fluorescent microscope and to detect cancer-promoting abnormalities. Abnormalities found in cancer cells include: Translocation. Part of one chromosome has broken off and relocated itself onto another chromosome. Inversion. Part of a chromosome is in reverse order, although it is still attached to the correct chromosome. Deletion. Part of a chromosome is missing. Duplication. Part of a chromosome has been copied and the cell contains too many copies.


Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for breast cancer?

Answer: In breast cancer patients, for example, a FISH test on breast cancer tissue removed during a biopsy can show whether the cells have extra copies of the HER2 gene. Cells with extra copies of the gene have more HER2 receptors, which receive signals that stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells. So patients with extra copies of the gene are more likely to respond to treatment with Herceptin (trastuzumab), a drug that blocks the ability of HER2 receptors to receive growth signals. Because FISH testing is expensive and not widely available, it's not as commonly used as another breast cancer test: Immuno Histo Chemistry ( IHC).


Question: How do  fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) tests diagnose leukemia?

Answer: FISH also can identify chromosomal abnormalities in leukemias, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia ( CLL) cells, some of which are associated with aggressive forms of the disease. Patients with more aggressive forms of CLL may need urgent treatment, while those with less aggressive forms may only require observation.


Question: Why is a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test useful for diagnosing some types of cancer?

Answer: Because a FISH test can detect genetic abnormalities associated with cancer, it's useful for diagnosing some types of the disease. When the type of cancer has previously been diagnosed, a FISH test also may provide additional information to help predict a patient's outcome and whether he or she is likely to respond to chemotherapy drugs.


Question: How does a fluorescence in situ hybridization test work?

Answer: During a FISH test using a sample of the patient's tissue, special colored dyes are attached to specific parts of certain chromosomes in order to visualize and count them under a fluorescent microscope and to detect cancer-promoting abnormalities.


Question: How is a fluorescence in situ hybridization test used for bladder cancer?

Answer: Although the FISH test is often used to analyze genetic abnormalities in breast cancer, it also can provide important information about many other types of cancer. In the diagnosis of bladder cancer, for example, FISH testing of urinary cells may be more reliable than a standard test that looks for abnormal cells. In addition, FISH may detect bladder cancer recurrences three to six months earlier.


Question: What can cause childhood depression?

Answer: It could be caused by any combination of factors that relate to physical health, life events, family history, environment, genetic vulnerability, and biochemical disturbance.


Question: What percentage of children and teens have symptoms of depression?

Answer: Studies show that, at any point in time, 10% to 15% of children and adolescents have some symptoms of depression. A child has an increased chance of childhood depression if he or she has a family history of depression, particularly a parent who had depression at an early age. Once a child experiences major depression, he or she is at risk of developing another depression within the next five years.


Question: How long does childhood depression last?

Answer: Warning signs of suicidal behavior in children include: A focus on morbid and negative themes Frequent accidents Giving away possessions Increased acting-out behaviors Increased crying or reduced emotional expression Increased risk-taking behaviors Many depressive symptoms (changes in eating, sleeping, or activities) Social isolation Substance abuse Talking about death and dying Talking about suicide or feeling hopeless or helpless Childhood depression tends to come and go in episodes. There can be spontaneous recovery from childhood depression. However, once a child has one bout of childhood depression, he or she is more likely to get depressed again. Without treatment for childhood depression, the consequences of depression can be extremely serious, even deadly.


Question: What are the warning signs of suicidal behavior in children with childhood depression?

Answer: Parents should be particularly vigilant for signs that may indicate that a child with depression is at risk for suicide. Warning signs of suicidal behavior in children include: A focus on morbid and negative themes Frequent accidents Giving away possessions Increased acting-out behaviors Increased crying or reduced emotional expression Increased risk-taking behaviors Many depressive symptoms (changes in eating, sleeping, or activities) Social isolation Substance abuse Talking about death and dying Talking about suicide or feeling hopeless or helpless Childhood depression tends to come and go in episodes.


Question: How is bipolar disorder treated in children?

Answer: Children with severe bipolar disorder-like symptoms are often treated with psychotherapy and a combination of medicines. The medications usually include a mood stabilizing medicine (such as lamotrigine or lithium) sometimes in combination with an antidepressant. Antidepressants need to be used with caution in children with suspected bipolar disorder because they have a small but significant risk for triggering mania (elation or hyperactive behavior).


Question: Who can get childhood depression?

Answer: Children with a family history of depression are at greater risk of experiencing childhood depression themselves. Children who have parents that suffer from depression tend to develop their first episode of depression earlier than children whose parents do not have depression. Children from chaotic or conflicted families are also at greater risk of childhood depression. So are kids who abuse alcohol and drugs.


Question: How many children in the U.S. have depression?

Answer: About one out of every 40 children in the United States suffers from childhood depression. Under the age of 10, childhood depression is significantly more common in boys. By age 16, girls have a greater incidence of depression.


Question: What are the risks of antidepressant medications to children?

Answer: The FDA warns that antidepressant medications may increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children and adolescents with depression and other psychiatric disorders. If you have questions or concerns, discuss them with your health care provider.


Question: What should you do if your child has symptoms of depression that have lasted for at least two weeks?

Answer: If your child has symptoms of depression that have lasted for at least two weeks, you should schedule a visit with his or her health care provider. You will want to make sure that there are no physical reasons for the symptoms. You'll also want to make sure that your child receives proper treatment. A consultation with a mental health professional that specializes in treating kids with childhood depression is also recommended.


Question: How do doctors diagnose childhood depression?

Answer: But tools such as questionnaires (for both the child and parents) and interviews by a mental health professional that include taking a careful history can help to make an accurate diagnosis. There can be spontaneous recovery from childhood depression.


Question: Are the symptoms of childhood depression always the same?

Answer: The symptoms of childhood depression may vary. In fact, kids have different symptoms of childhood depression at different times and in different settings. Some children may continue to function reasonably well in structured environments. But most kids with childhood depression will suffer a very noticeable change in social activities, a loss of interest in school, poor academic performance, or a change in appearance. Children may also begin using drugs or alcohol. Or they may start smoking cigarettes, especially if they are over age 12.


Question: How is childhood depression different from regular sadness?

Answer: Childhood depression is different from the everyday "blues" that most kids get as they develop. The fact that a child feels sad, lonely, or irritable does not mean he or she has childhood depression. Childhood depression is persistent sadness. When it occurs, the child feels alone, hopeless, helpless, and worthless. When this type of sadness is unending, it disrupts every part of the child's life. It interferes with the child's daily activities, schoolwork, and peer relationships. Treatment options for kids with childhood depression are similar to those for adults.


Question: What's the treatment for childhood depression?

Answer: The good news is that health care professionals can accurately diagnose, treat, and manage mental health problems -- including childhood depression -- with psychotherapy and medication. So are those with symptoms of childhood depression. The best studies to date indicate that a combination of psychotherapy and medication is the most effective method to successfully treat childhood depression. Children with severe bipolar disorder-like symptoms are often treated with psychotherapy and a combination of medicines.


Question: What inflammatory conditions are commonly linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis?

Answer: Inflammatory conditions commonly linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis are: Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Connective tissue diseases such as lupus, sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis Diverticulitis, inflammation of the lining of the large intestine Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas With mesenteric lymphadenitis, an upper respiratory tract infection may occur right before any other symptoms appear.


Question: What are the signs and symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis?

Answer: Inflammatory conditions commonly linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis are: Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis Connective tissue diseases such as lupus, sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis Diverticulitis, inflammation of the lining of the large intestine Pancreatitis, inflammation of the pancreas With mesenteric lymphadenitis, an upper respiratory tract infection may occur right before any other symptoms appear. This may cause symptoms such as a sore throat. Common symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis are: Tenderness or pain, often in the center or lower right side of the abdomen High fever Mesenteric lymphadenitis often causes symptoms in the lower right abdomen. So people often mistake it for appendicitis. You may have other signs and symptoms as well. This depends upon the cause of the inflammation. Signs and symptoms include: Feeling ill Loss of appetite Fatigue or lack of energy Raised white blood cell count Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Call your doctor right away if you or your child has severe or sudden abdominal pain.


Question: What causes infections that lead to mesenteric lymphadenitis?

Answer: Much less often, inflamed mesenteric lymph nodes result from cancer, including: Lymphoma Breast cancer Lung cancer Pancreatic cancer Gastrointestinal cancer Infections that cause mesenteric lymphadenitis may be located in one place (local) or throughout the body (systemic). The infections may be caused by: Viruses Bacteria Parasites Common infections that cause mesenteric lymphadenitis include: Gastroenteritis.


Question: What causes mesenteric lymphadenitis?

Answer: This is the most common cause of mesenteric lymphadenitis in children. Sometimes mesenteric lymphadenitis causes no symptoms. Many conditions are linked to mesenteric lymphadenitis -- some serious, others not.


Question: How is mesenteric lymphadenitis diagnosed?

Answer: Mesenteric lymphadenitis often causes abdominal pain. Sometimes mesenteric lymphadenitis causes no symptoms. The doctor may simply spot it while doing imaging tests for some other problem. Blood tests may help spot an infection. Urine tests may help rule out a urinary tract infection. An abdominal ultrasound or CT scan can help rule out other causes of symptoms.


Question: How is mesenteric lymphadenitis treated?

Answer: Mesenteric lymphadenitis often causes abdominal pain. Still, you may need medicine to reduce a fever or control pain. Rest, fluids, and warm heat applied to the abdomen may also help relieve symptoms. You may need treatment for the cause of the inflammation. Antibiotics can prevent complications from a severe bacterial infection (septicemia), which can cause death.


Question: What foods with protein can you eat when you're pregnant with type 1 or 2 diabetes?

Answer: Protein can include: Eggs Lean meat or fish Cheese Beans Tofu Nuts or nut butter Carbs can include: Starches, like bread, cooked or dry cereal, rice, pasta, popcorn, or pretzels.


Question: What do you need to skip eating when you're pregnant and have type 1 or 2 diabetes?

Answer: All the rules of a good diet apply during pregnancy. Protein can include: Eggs Lean meat or fish Cheese Beans Tofu Nuts or nut butter Carbs can include: Starches, like bread, cooked or dry cereal, rice, pasta, popcorn, or pretzels. Don't drink alcohol. Skip unpasteurized milk products, juices, and soft cheeses, like Brie and feta, unless they are labeled as pasteurized. Only eat meat, eggs, and poultry that are fully cooked. Don't drink more than 200 milligrams of caffeine a day -- about 1 1/2 8-ounce cups of coffee.


Question: Can I use baking soda to style my hair?

Answer: Style your hair: Some people skip shampoo and use a mixture of baking soda and apple cider vinegar on their hair. Over time this will make a bad hair day worse. Like your scalp, your hair is naturally acidic. Baking soda might shine your locks up at first, but over time it'll cause frizz, tangles, and breaks.


Question: How can baking soda treat insect bites and stings?

Answer: Treat insect bites and stings: While it isn't good for everyday use on your skin, it can soothe the redness, itching, and stinging that are signs of a mild reaction to an insect bite. Many over-the-counter creams contain baking soda. You can also make your own paste of one part baking soda to three parts water. This also works for poison ivy and rashes.


Question: How can I use baking soda to keep my mouth healthy?

Answer: Keep your mouth healthy: Brushing your teeth with toothpaste that has baking soda can hold off tooth decay and keep your gums and mouth in good shape. A half-teaspoon of baking soda mixed in a glass of water can also freshen your breath.


Question: How can I use baking soda to help chemotherapy work?

Answer: Help chemotherapy work: While no scientific studies have found that baking soda cures cancer, research does show that it can help some cancer treatments work better. Some chemotherapy drugs need alkaline conditions. Others become more toxic in an acid environment. That's why some doctors suggest using some form of sodium bicarbonate for best treatment results. Your oncologist can tell you if your drugs will get a boost from baking soda. Mouth and throat changes are common chemo side effects. If this happens to you, rinse your mouth three times daily with a mixture of 1 cup warm water, 1/4 teaspoon baking soda, and 1/8 teaspoon salt, followed by a rinse with plain water.


Question: How can I use baking soda to control odors?

Answer: Control odors: Most bad smells come from either strong acids (think sour milk) or bases (like spoiled fish). When you add baking soda and change the p H balance, the odors in your fridge or your carpet come into a neutral state. Try it for yourself.


Question: Can I use baking soda boost my athletic performance?

Answer: Boost athletic performance: You might hear about runners drinking a large amount of baking soda before a race or meet. This is called soda loading, and it can make you sick if you get too much too often.


Question: How can I use baking soda to calm indigestion?

Answer: You can use it to: Calm indigestion: Add 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda to a glass of water to zap acid in your stomach. But acid doesn't cause all kinds of indigestion, so if your symptoms don't improve after 2 weeks, call your doctor. Don't take baking soda within 2 hours of other medications. When the baking soda lowers stomach acid, it can slow the rate at which your body absorbs some medicines and change the way others work. Don't give it to a child under 6 unless your pediatrician tells you to.


Question: How does osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) work?

Answer: One of the keys to osteopathic medicine is the idea that tightness and restriction in your nerves and muscles can be caused by or lead to other problems. So DOs are trained to use their hands to gently move your joints and tissues to correct any restrictions in your range of motion. OMT is the way that they do that.


Question: What is osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)?

Answer: If your doctor of osteopathic medicine ( DO) recommends âosteopathic manipulative treatment, or â OMT,â and youï¿½ï¿½ve never had it before, you'll want to know what it is and what it will feel like. All DOs learn this hands-on technique in medical school. Many use it in the practice along with -- or, in some cases, instead of -- other treatments, such as medication and surgery.


Question: What are different techniques used in osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)?

Answer: The practice includes 40 different techniques, including: Soft tissue: You'll feel stretching and pressure on your muscles. Muscle energy: In this technique, you move your muscles in a specific direction while the DO counters that movement. Think push-pull. Myofascial release: Your DO uses firm but gentle pressure to release tension in the fascia, which is the layer of connective tissue that surrounds your bones, muscles, and organs. Osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine: Your DO applies soft pressure to your skull to stimulate healing.


Question: What can osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) treat?

Answer: DOs often use OMT to relieve pain. This technique may also ease migraines. OMT can also treat other conditions, such as: Shoulder problems Headaches Neck pain Knee problems Depending on your case, your DO may find that you also need other treatments, such as medicine or surgery.


Question: How does osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) feel?

Answer: So DOs are trained to use their hands to gently move your joints and tissues to correct any restrictions in your range of motion. It should not hurt.


Question: What should I do before a spinal tap?

Answer: Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the counter and prescription drugs. Also tell your doctor if you're allergic to any medicine. Do not stop taking your medications without talking with your primary doctor and the doctor who orders the spinal tap. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant (or think you might be), or if you have diabetes. Make sure your doctor knows if you take any blood thinners -- like clopidogrel ( Plavix), dipyridamole ( Persantine), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you do take blood thinners, ask if and when they should be stopped before the test. Let your doctor know if you have been taking aspirin or any products that contain it, and ask if you should stop taking it before the procedure. Ask your doctor about alcohol use before the test. Generally, you should not drink any beer, wine, or liquor for at least 24 hours beforehand. Make arrangements for someone to take you home when it's over. You should not drive right after the test. Do not bring valuables such as jewelry or credit cards. You'll need to give verbal and written consent for the spinal tap. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before you give consent. For example, you may want to know about the steps of the procedure and its risks and benefits.


Question: Can I eat before a spinal tap?

Answer: You may be allowed to eat a light breakfast the morning of the test, or you may be told to fast.


Question: What should I do if I have diabetes and am having a spinal tap?

Answer: Your doctor will likely tell you to take your usual dose of insulin and eat a light breakfast on the morning of your test. When you arrive for the test, be sure to remind the doctor that you have diabetes.


Question: What should you do before a spinal tap if you have diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor will likely tell you to take your usual dose of insulin and eat a light breakfast on the morning of your test. When you arrive for the test, be sure to remind the doctor that you have diabetes.


Question: What should you do before a spinal tap?

Answer: Tell your doctor about any medications you take, including over-the counter and prescription drugs. Also tell your doctor if you're allergic to any medicine. Do not stop taking your medications without talking with your primary doctor and the doctor who orders the spinal tap. Tell your doctor if you're pregnant (or think you might be), or if you have diabetes. Make sure your doctor knows if you take any blood thinners -- like clopidogrel ( Plavix), dipyridamole ( Persantine), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you do take blood thinners, ask if and when they should be stopped before the test. Let your doctor know if you have been taking aspirin or any products that contain it, and ask if you should stop taking it before the procedure. Ask your doctor about alcohol use before the test. Generally, you should not drink any beer, wine, or liquor for at least 24 hours beforehand. Make arrangements for someone to take you home when it's over. You should not drive right after the test. Do not bring valuables such as jewelry or credit cards. You'll need to give verbal and written consent for the spinal tap. Be sure to ask your doctor any questions you may have before you give consent. For example, you may want to know about the steps of the procedure and its risks and benefits.


Question: What should I do after the first 24 hours after a spinal tap?

Answer: You will either lie on your side with your knees drawn as close to your chest as possible and your chin toward your chest or sit while leaning over a stable surface. Drink plenty of fluid.


Question: What is the medical treatment for muscle strain?

Answer: Medical treatment is similar to the treatment at home. The doctor, however, also can determine the extent of muscle and tendon injury and if crutches or a brace is needed for healing. The doctor can also determine if you need to restrict your activity or take days off work and if rehabilitation exercises or physical therapy are required to help you recover.


Question: How can I take care of my muscle strain at home?

Answer: The amount of swelling or local bleeding into the muscle (from torn blood vessels) can best be managed early by applying ice packs and maintaining the strained muscle in a stretched position. Heat can be applied when the swelling has lessened. However, the early application of heat can increase swelling and pain. Note: Ice or heat should not be applied to bare skin. Always use a protective covering such as a towel between the ice or heat and the skin.


Question: How should I protect, rest, ice, compress, and elevate my muscle strain?

Answer: Here's how: First, remove all constrictive clothing, including jewelry, in the area of muscle strain. Then: Protect the strained muscle from further injury. Rest the strained muscle. Avoid the activities that caused the strain and other activities that are painful. Ice the muscle area (20 minutes every hour while awake). Ice is a very effective anti-inflammatory and pain-reliever. Small ice packs, such as packages of frozen vegetables or water frozen in foam coffee cups, applied to the area may help decrease inflammation. Compression can be gently applied with an Ace or other elastic bandage, which can both provide support and decrease swelling. Do not wrap tightly. Elevate the injured area to decrease swelling. Prop up a strained leg muscle while sitting, for example. Activities that increase muscle pain or work the affected body part are not recommended until the pain has significantly improved.


Question: What are the symptoms of a muscle strain?

Answer: Symptoms of muscle strain include: Swelling, bruising, or redness due to the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons Inability to use the muscle at all If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor.


Question: What exams and tests are used to diagnose a muscle strain?

Answer: The doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical exam. During the exam, it's important to establish whether the muscle is partially or completely torn, which can involve a much longer healing process, possible surgery, and a more complicated recovery. X-rays or lab tests are often not necessary, unless there was a history of trauma or evidence of infection.


Question: When should you seek medical care for a muscle strain?

Answer: Symptoms of muscle strain include: Swelling, bruising, or redness due to the injury Pain at rest Pain when the specific muscle or the joint in relation to that muscle is used Weakness of the muscle or tendons Inability to use the muscle at all If you have a significant muscle injury (or if home remedies bring no relief in 24 hours), call your doctor. If you hear a "popping" sound with the injury, cannot walk, or there is significant swelling, pain, fever, or open cuts, you should be examined in a hospital's emergency department.


Question: How can I prevent a muscle strain?

Answer: Help avoid injury by stretching daily. Start an exercise program in consultation with your doctor. Stretch after you exercise. Establish a warm-up routine prior to strenuous exercise, such as gently running in place for a couple of minutes.


Question: What is a muscle strain?

Answer: Muscle strain, muscle pull, or even a muscle tear refers to damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. You can put undue pressure on muscles during the course of normal daily activities, with sudden heavy lifting, during sports, or while performing work tasks.


Question: How should I take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) to treat muscle strain?

Answer: Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDS) such as naproxen or ibuprofen to reduce pain and improve your ability to move around. Do not take NSAIDS if you have kidney disease or a history of gastrointestinal bleeding or if you are also taking a blood thinner -- such as Coumadin -- without first talking with your doctor. In that case, it is safer to take acetaminophen, which helps lessen pain but does not reduce inflammation.


Question: What is the outlook for a muscle strain?

Answer: Note: Ice or heat should not be applied to bare skin. Medical treatment is similar to the treatment at home.


Question: How can I get muscle damage?

Answer: Muscle strain, muscle pull, or even a muscle tear refers to damage to a muscle or its attaching tendons. The tearing of the muscle can also damage small blood vessels, causing local bleeding, or bruising, and pain caused by irritation of the nerve endings in the area.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's motor skills development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually can: Keep their balance and go up and down stairs Work with small objects Stack more than one block Use both sides of their body Stand on one leg for more than a few seconds By 4 years, kids usually can: Throw a ball overhead or catch a large ball Jump in place or hop on one foot Ride a tricycle Grasp a crayon between their thumb and fingers and scribble Stack four blocks By 5 years, kids usually can: Build a tower of six to eight blocks Gallop or skip Use a child-friendly scissors Hold a crayon comfortably Take off their clothing easily Stand on one foot for 10 seconds Walk up or down stairs alternating steps without using the handrail Brush their teeth Wash and dry their hands These problems can mean children have trouble getting along with adults or other children.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's speech and language development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's thinking-related development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.


Question: How can you tell if your child has developmental delays?

Answer: Every child grows and learns at his own pace, and the range of what's normal is pretty wide. It's helpful, though, to know the signs that your child might not have the skills most other kids have at his age. Doctors call those problems developmental delays. Many delays aren't serious, and most kids can catch up, especially when they get early treatment. The key is to get your child the help he needs as soon as you think there's a problem. If you wonder whether your little one is falling behind in emotional, mental, or physical growth, don't wait to find out. Talk to his doctor right away.


Question: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's motor skills development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually can: Keep their balance and go up and down stairs Work with small objects Stack more than one block Use both sides of their body Stand on one leg for more than a few seconds By 4 years, kids usually can: Throw a ball overhead or catch a large ball Jump in place or hop on one foot Ride a tricycle Grasp a crayon between their thumb and fingers and scribble Stack four blocks By 5 years, kids usually can: Build a tower of six to eight blocks Gallop or skip Use a child-friendly scissors Hold a crayon comfortably Take off their clothing easily Stand on one foot for 10 seconds Walk up or down stairs alternating steps without using the handrail Brush their teeth Wash and dry their hands These problems can mean children have trouble getting along with adults or other children.


Question: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's speech and language development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring.


Question: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's social or emotional skills?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about developmental delays?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone. Don't be afraid to let his doctor know as soon as you feel something isn't right. No matter what kind of developmental delay he might have, early diagnosis and treatment is the best way to make it better.


Question: What can you do to treat language and speech delays in children?

Answer: This specialist will study how your child expresses himself, including: What he understands What he can say Other ways he tries to get his thoughts across, such as gestures or nodding If your child does have a delay, he might need speech therapy. A therapist can work with him on how to pronounce words and sounds, and strengthen the muscles in his face and mouth. You can also work with your child on speech and language: Talk with her throughout the day. Point out objects or sounds at home, at the grocery store, in the car, or anywhere you go. Ask her questions and respond to her answers. Read to your child every day. Get treatment for ear infections or any other condition that might affect her hearing.


Question: What different developmental delays can children have problems with?

Answer: Children might have problems with: Language or speech Movement, or motor skills Emotional and social skills Thinking skills These problems are the most common type of developmental delay. They sound similar, but they're different types of issues.


Question: What causes language and speech delays in children?

Answer: A delay in these skills can happen for many reasons, including: Problems with a child's tongue or the roof of his mouth, which makes it hard to form sounds and words Hearing loss. Kids who've had a lot of ear infections can have hearing problems. A learning disability A developmental disorder, such as cerebral palsy or autism spectrum disorder What you can do.


Question: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's social or emotional skills?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.


Question: What should you expect in your 4-year-old's social or emotional skills?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Show interest in other children Get more comfortable being apart from parents or caregivers Can keep good eye contact By 4 years, kids usually: Cling or cry less often when their parents leave Pay attention to other children Respond to people outside of the family By 5 years, kids usually: Show a wide range of emotions Can separate from their parents easily Want to play with other children There are a lot of reasons a child may have problems with their ability to think, learn, and remember, called cognitive skills.


Question: How can a speech therapist help with your child's language and speech delays?

Answer: If you think your child has a problem with his speech or language, let his doctor know right away. The doctor will need to test his hearing. She'll probably also suggest that your child see a professional who can diagnose and treat these delays, called a speech-language pathologist or speech therapist. This specialist will study how your child expresses himself, including: What he understands What he can say Other ways he tries to get his thoughts across, such as gestures or nodding If your child does have a delay, he might need speech therapy.


Question: What should you expect in your 5-year-old's thinking-related development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.


Question: What are signs of motor skill delays?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Talk in short sentences, can identify body parts, and make words plural By 4 years, kids usually: Can tell a simple story and recall short nursery rhymes Use sentences of about five words Use "me" and "you" correctly By 5 years, kids usually: Can understand two-part commands with prepositions ("under" or "on") Can give their first and last names Can use plurals or past tense the right way Ask questions like â Why?â or â Who?â Talk about what they did that day Some children can have trouble with movements that use a lot of muscles, such as playing ball, or with smaller movements, like coloring. Sometimes the problem isn't with their strength, but with their coordination. You may notice that your child seems clumsier than other kids his age.


Question: What can you do to help with social and emotional delays in children?

Answer: Treatment for a social or emotional delay depends on the cause and how much it affects your child's life. You'll probably work closely with your child's doctor and other professionals to find what helps him the most. Medication or special types of behavioral therapy can help if your child has behavior problems from a delay. You can also work with a therapist to learn how to encourage good social and emotional skills at home. The earlier you work on these problems, the more likely your child can catch up to other kids his age.


Question: What should you expect in your 3-year-old's thinking-related development?

Answer: By 3 years, kids usually: Can copy a circle Understand simple instructions Join in "pretend" or "make-believe" play Like to play with toys By 4 years, kids usually: Join in interactive games Get involved in fantasy play Can copy a circle By 5 years, kids usually: Aren't as easily distracted Can concentrate on one activity for more than 5 minutes You know your child better than anyone.


Question: What causes motor skill delays in children?

Answer: They include: Vision problems A lack of muscle control, called ataxia Trouble with how the brain coordinates and plans movements, called dyspraxia Muscle diseases Cerebral palsy What you can do. But most of the time, doctors can't find a specific cause for a cognitive delay.


Question: What can you do to treat motor skill delays in children?

Answer: He may also need: Physical therapy to help him with movements that use a lot of muscle groups Occupational therapy to improve small movement skills or coordination problems Medication or other treatment for a muscle disease Kids usually get stronger and more coordinated as they grow up. You can also work with a therapist to learn how to encourage good social and emotional skills at home.


Question: What can you do to help with thinking-related delays in children?

Answer: If you think your child has a problem with his speech or language, let his doctor know right away. If the doctor agrees, she'll recommend a specialist who can figure out what the problem is. Depending on your child's diagnosis, he might get help from: Play therapy or occupational therapy Special education Sometimes, medication can help with behavioral problems that can come with cognitive delays, like mood swings or lack of attention.


Question: What are social and emotional delays like in children?

Answer: Children who have a speech delay may stutter or have trouble saying words the right way. One common cause of social and emotional delays is called autism spectrum disorder, or ASD. It can affect how a child expresses himself, interacts, behaves, and learns. But most of the time, doctors can't find a specific cause for a cognitive delay.


Question: What can treat skin problems related to urinary incontinence?

Answer: No matter how well your incontinence products work, when urine continually touches your skin, you can get rashes and even infections. Most experts agree that changing pads or underwear whenever you feel wet can help. So can rinsing the genital area with warm water and drying it thoroughly each time you change pads. Some people find skin care products featuring a moisture barrier helpful in reducing skin irritation. Any products for diaper rash can help.


Question: What barrier devices can help women with urinary incontinence?

Answer: Some devices control the flow of urine. Women can choose devices that go inside the vagina, like tampons or vaginal sponges. They provide temporary control by putting pressure on the tissues of the bladder. This helps keep urine from escaping and is particularly good for stress incontinence, where exercise, laughing, and sneezing causes urine to leak.


Question: What is a saturation point of products sold for urinary incontinence?

Answer: All incontinence protection products have a "saturation" point -- they can hold only so much liquid -- but the products don't absorb at the same rate. Sometimes the difference can be dramatic. There's no standard for terms such as "plus" or "ultra plus," so try different brands to find what works best for you.


Question: How can a pessary help with urinary incontinence?

Answer: For 24-hour protection, many women find a pessary helpful. This is a plastic device that's inserted into the vagina. It increases pressure on the urethra muscles and adds support to the pelvic region. These devices are fitted to your pelvis size, so you'll need to visit your doctor. You can remove them for cleaning. They should be replaced each year -- and that means another trip to the doctor. Ask your doctor if a pessary is a good option for you.


Question: What are urinary incontinence products with odor control?

Answer: Most incontinence pads, liners, and disposable underwear feature some type of odor control. Often, the materials are treated with a natural odor-absorbing compound such as baking soda. Sometimes, though, manufacturers add fragrance to the pad, liner, or garment. Some people find this pleasant, but for others it causes skin irritation. If you have sensitive skin, odor control compounds may cause you problems.


Question: How can sprays and special detergents help you with urinary incontinence?

Answer: If you accidentally leak urine onto clothing or furniture, there are several products -- sprays and special detergents -- that remove urine stains and odors. Most are sold in pharmacies. Some can be found in mail order health catalogs or online.


Question: What products are available to manage urinary incontinence?

Answer: Liners are generally wider and longer than pads and offer better "front-to-back" protection. Pads are usually curved. There's also a range of disposable undergarments with built-in protection -- not just in the crotch, but throughout the entire garment. You can also find open-sided "thong style" panties held together by straps in the front and back that rest on top of the hip bone. Guards are pads designed around a man's anatomy and worn inside regular underwear. They're held in place by adhesive tabs pressed against fabric. With a variation known as a "drip collector," the penis is placed inside a protective, absorbent sack that absorbs urine flow.


Question: How can tampons help with urinary incontinence?

Answer: Women can choose devices that go inside the vagina, like tampons or vaginal sponges. They provide temporary control by putting pressure on the tissues of the bladder. This helps keep urine from escaping and is particularly good for stress incontinence, where exercise, laughing, and sneezing causes urine to leak. No matter how well your incontinence products work, when urine continually touches your skin, you can get rashes and even infections.


Question: How can a vaginal guard help with urinary incontinence?

Answer: It prevents leaks by adding support to the pelvic structures and muscles. Vaginal guards -- disposable polyurethane devices -- come in three sizes. The guard is inserted into the vagina using an applicator and adds support to the pelvic structures and urethra muscles.


Question: What is acid reflux disease, and what are its serious consequences?

Answer: Three out of every 10 people experience heartburn on occasion, so it can be somewhat arbitrary to decide when heartburn should be called acid reflux disease. Also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), acid reflux disease is a chronic irritation of the lining of a person's esophagus by stomach acid. Usually, it's just annoying. GERD can, however, have serious consequences, including esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a condition that increases the likelihood of esophageal cancer.


Question: How do doctors diagnose acid reflux disease?

Answer: People with acid reflux disease often have some or all of the following symptoms: Pain when or difficulty swallowing Bad breath and/or bad taste in the mouth Burping Chest pain Heartburn Hoarseness Regurgitation Sore throat Cough Asthma If you experience classic symptoms of acid reflux disease -- chronic heartburn and regurgitation -- without any troublesome complications, it may be relatively easy for your doctor to make an acid reflux diagnosis. A few people have GERD that doesn't respond to treatment. Or they may have other concerning symptoms, such as weight loss, difficulty swallowing, anemia, or black stools. If you're one of them, you may need any of the following tests.


Question: What are side effects of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: DBS can cause serious issues. Many go away in a few days or weeks, but some don't. You could have: Stroke symptoms, like numbness and slurred speech Changes in your mood, memory, and thinking Seizures Movement and speech problems that get worse Headache, dizziness, and tingling You might have problems with the DBS device, like a loose wire or lead in the wrong place.


Question: What do I need to know about deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Deep brain stimulation ( DBS) is a treatment for symptoms of Parkinson's disease, including tremors, stiffness, and trouble walking. It can also treat side effects of Parkinson's medicines. DBS isn't a cure for Parkinson's and won't stop it from getting worse. But it may be an option if you've had the disease at least 5 years and don't get enough relief from medicine. For some people, DBS is life-changing. For others, the results aren't as good. If it doesn't help you, your doctor can take the device out.


Question: How should I prepare for deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Find a center with doctors who are trained and skilled in the procedure. Discuss it with your doctor, and set realistic expectations for the outcome. DBS is costly, so be sure you know what your insurance plan covers. You'll need tests to check your memory, thinking, and mood. Others, like MRI and CT scans, help pinpoint the part of your brain to be targeted. Since you'll likely be awake during the brain procedure, it may be easier if you have ways to stay relaxed.


Question: How does deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease work?

Answer: Deep brain stimulation ( DBS) is a treatment for symptoms of Parkinson's disease, including tremors, stiffness, and trouble walking. A small device placed inside your chest sends electrical pulses to your brain. The pulses block nerve signals that cause Parkinson's symptoms. A DBS system has four parts: A thin wire, called a lead, that's placed in the part of your brain causing symptoms A pulse generator, like a pacemaker, that sends tiny electrical signals to the lead A wire that connects the lead to the pulse generator A remote control to program the system -- the only part outside your body After the system is in place and turned on, a DBS expert will adjust it so you get the best relief for your symptoms.


Question: What happens after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: A small device placed inside your chest sends electrical pulses to your brain. You'll need to keep taking your usual dose of Parkinson's medicine after surgery. Your device can't be programmed until the swelling in your brain goes down, which takes about 2 to 4 weeks, and you have the pulse generator. It also takes time to get the programming right. But once you do, your symptoms could get better, and you may need less medicine.


Question: What does it mean when babies walk on tiptoes?

Answer: Walking on tiptoes should disappear by the time a child is between ages 2 and 3. Many babies practice walking on tiptoe as they are first learning to walk. Only later, after 6 to 12 months or so of practice, will they learn to walk with a mature heel-to-toe gait.


Question: Are baby's bowed legs a concern?

Answer: Bowed legs are a common concern of new parents who may not realize that nearly every baby has bowed legs at birth. This outward curve of the leg bones usually resolves itself by age 2. Toddlers usually sway from side to side rather than move forward, at first, making their bowed legs look even more exaggerated. Bowed legs don't cause delayed walking or affect your baby's ability to learn to walk.


Question: Can flat feet delay walking in babies?

Answer: Just about every baby has flat feet at birth. It takes time for the foot's natural arch to develop. Flat feet rarely cause any problem with walking and often disappear by ages 2 or 3. Extremely flat feet can make your baby's ankles appear to bend inward as he or she walks. This happens if the arches don't fully develop to realign the foot and ankle. Treatment is rarely needed except in the most severe cases, and is not generally considered until a child grows past the early infant years. A tendency to flat feet can run in families.


Question: When should you see a doctor about delayed walking in babies?

Answer: Your baby's legs, feet, and motor skills will be checked as part of the normal well-baby visit. But see your baby's doctor if you're concerned about delayed walking.


Question: What are developmental milestones for walking in babies?

Answer: By 6 to 10 months: Most babies will pull themselves up to stand. Between 7 and 13 months: Most babies will be happily 'cruising' around the furniture (as mentioned before). Babies will be able to walk a little with support from a parent (note: early walking should not be forced). Between 11 and 14 months: Babies will start to walk alone -- by 14 months most babies will walk alone to some degree.


Question: How is the hepatitis C virus (HCV) linked to hemodialysis?

Answer: As in the general population, co-infection with both hepatitis C and hepatitis B appears to hasten disease progression in kidney transplant patients, increasing their risk of liver failure and death. Hemodialysis patients have become infected with hepatitis C through blood transfusions, organ transplants, and, possibly, though hemodialysis equipment. About 8% of hemodialysis patients in the U. S. have HCV.


Question: What should you do if you keep getting low blood sugar from exercising?

Answer: You'll need to make a few changes. Talk to your doctor about options like: Adjusting your insulin or medications (better if you're trying to lose weight) Eating more before you work out Changing the kind of workout you do or how long you do it


Question: Is there any risk to exercising with type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Exercise is one of the best ways to manage type 2 diabetes. It makes your cells use insulin better and can help keep your blood sugar in a healthy range. It also helps your cells take in that sugar. But if you take insulin or certain diabetes medications, a workout can send your levels too low, a condition called hypoglycemia.


Question: What level should my blood sugar be at before exercising if I have diabetes?

Answer: Test your sugar prior to a workout. It's generally OK if it's between 100 mg/dl and 250 mg/dl. If it's below 100, you'll need a snack. If you're planning a long workout of 2 hours or more, don't start until your reading is above 100. If it's higher than 250, check your urine for ketones. They're produced when your body burns fat instead of sugar for fuel. Don't exercise if you have them. Your blood sugar could go even higher and cause ketoacidosis, which might lead to a coma or death.


Question: What symptoms during exercising may indicate low blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you notice anything unusual while you're at it, check your sugar, especially if the symptoms don't normally go with exercise, like: Confusion or feeling delirious Blurry or impaired vision Tingling or numbness in your lips or tongue Lack of coordination A low might feel different for you during exercise than it does at night or if you don't eat enough for the insulin you take at meals. When in doubt, check.


Question: How can I avoid blood sugar lows while exercising if I have diabetes?

Answer: A few tricks can help you prevent them when you exercise: Don't work out when your insulin will peak. Finish up at least 2 hours before bedtime. Skip alcohol before or right after you work out. Stay out of hot tubs, saunas, and steam rooms directly after. Get physical once or twice a day.


Question: How can exercise affect your blood sugar?

Answer: Exercise is one of the best ways to manage type 2 diabetes. It makes your cells use insulin better and can help keep your blood sugar in a healthy range. It also helps your cells take in that sugar.


Question: What can I do if I have diabetes and my blood sugar gets too low when I exercise?

Answer: You'll need to make a few changes. Talk to your doctor about options like: Adjusting your insulin or medications (better if you're trying to lose weight) Eating more before you work out Changing the kind of workout you do or how long you do it


Question: What level should my blood sugar be at after exercising if I have diabetes?

Answer: Check again when you're done. That'll show you how exercise affects your diabetes. It'll also let you know if you need a snack right away (if it's below 100 mg/dl) or if you can wait until your next meal or snack. Your levels may drop for up to 24 hours after either a medium or tough workout, so test at your regular times, too.


Question: What kind of snacks should diabetics keep handy while exercising?

Answer: These work well: Glucose tablets or gels Regular soda (not diet) or juice Sports drinks 1 tablespoon of sugar Read the labels to see how much you need to eat or drink to get 15 grams of carbs.


Question: What should you do after exercising to control your blood sugar?

Answer: Check again when you're done. That'll show you how exercise affects your diabetes. It'll also let you know if you need a snack right away (if it's below 100 mg/dl) or if you can wait until your next meal or snack. Your levels may drop for up to 24 hours after either a medium or tough workout, so test at your regular times, too.


Question: What are some tips to prevent low blood sugar when you exercise?

Answer: A few tricks can help you prevent them when you exercise: Don't work out when your insulin will peak. Finish up at least 2 hours before bedtime. Skip alcohol before or right after you work out. Stay out of hot tubs, saunas, and steam rooms directly after. Get physical once or twice a day.


Question: Are there symptoms of low blood sugar when exercising with diabetes?

Answer: Not always. It can be easy to miss the warning signs of low blood sugar when you're working out. Or you can mistake them for signs of a good workout: the same as sweating, fast heartbeat, feeling tired, and getting hungry.


Question: What is an emergency treatment to control your blood sugar when exercising?

Answer: These work well: Glucose tablets or gels Regular soda (not diet) or juice Sports drinks 1 tablespoon of sugar Read the labels to see how much you need to eat or drink to get 15 grams of carbs.


Question: Can eating breakfast help with bad breath?

Answer: Eat breakfast: Even if you brush your teeth when you get up, your morning breath may reappear if you don't eat. Morning mouth may be associated with hunger.


Question: Can chewing gum with xylitol help with bad breath?

Answer: Chew sugarless gum with xylitol: Gum with the natural sweetener xylitol can prevent the growth of bad-breath bacteria. The gum itself can bring more saliva to your mouth, which will naturally make your mouth fresher.


Question: Can drinking water help with bad breath?

Answer: Drink water: If your bad breath is caused by weight loss, water can dilute the chemicals that cause the odors. Water also helps wash away bacteria and food particles.


Question: Can dieting bring on bad breath?

Answer: Diets that lead to weight loss: We agree that it seems unjust, but when your body breaks down fat, the process releases chemicals that can give your breath an unpleasant smell.


Question: Can taking care of health problems help with bad breath?

Answer: Take care of health problems: Work with your doctor to keep diabetes, allergies, and other conditions under control.


Question: Can cleaning your teeth help with bad breath?

Answer: Clean those teeth: Not only do they prevent odor-causing plaque from building up in your mouth, but brushing, flossing and rinsing are healthy for your gums and teeth, too. If you can't brush after a meal, give your mouth a good rinse with water to at least loosen up and free those trapped bits.


Question: Does tobacco cause bad breath?

Answer: Bad breath starts with what you put in your mouth. Garlic for lunch?


Question: How do medications or health issues cause bad breath?

Answer: Medications or health issues: Drugs that cause dry mouth can also contribute to bad breath. Health problems such as seasonal allergies, chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, respiratory infections, stomach problems, diabetes, and liver and kidney diseases factor in, too. Unrelenting bad breath may also be a sign of gum disease.


Question: How does dry mouth cause bad breath?

Answer: Dry mouth: Feeling parched? Saliva's job is to serve as a continuous rinse cycle for your mouth. If you don't have enough, your mouth loses its freshness fast. In fact, morning breath is worse for people who sleep with their mouths open.


Question: How does food trapped in your mouth cause bad breath?

Answer: Food "trapped" in your mouth: We're not talking about just a little spinach on your teeth. After a meal, any food particles that remain between your teeth, in your gums, or on your tongue can release their odor into your breath -- which gets worse as that food decays. And without good care of your teeth and gums, this stuck food can set off a cascade of events leading to gum disease.


Question: Can using mouthwash or dental rinse help with bad breath?

Answer: Antiseptic mouthwash can help kill bacteria that cause bad breath and plaque that can lead to gingivitis, an early, mild form of gum disease. Adding a fluoride rinse to your daily routine can help prevent tooth decay.


Question: Can cleaning your tongue help with bad breath?

Answer: Clean that tongue: Bacteria on your tongue can contribute to bad breath. When you brush your teeth, brush your tongue, too, or use a tongue scraper.


Question: Can eating hard fruits or vegetables help with bad breath?

Answer: Eat a hard fruit or vegetable: Apples, carrots, celery, and other hard fruits and vegetables help clear odor-causing plaque and food particles from your mouth.


Question: How does food you eat cause bad breath?

Answer: You've suffered from bad breath. They may taste delicious, but consider yourself warned. Food you eat: Although garlic and coffee are two main offenders, other eats like onions and spicy food also can bring on bad breath. The odors of these foods enter your bloodstream and head right to your lungs, coming out with each exhale. Morning mouth may be associated with hunger.


Question: What medications can treat fibromyalgia?

Answer: Three medications are FDA-approved to treat fibromyalgia: Cymbalta (duloxetine): Cymbalta is atype of antidepressant called a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( SNRI). Researchers aren't sure how Cymbalta works in fibromyalgia, but they think that increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine help control and reduce feelings of pain. Lyrica (pregabalin): Lyrica is a nerve pain and epilepsy drug. In people with fibromyalgia, it may help calm down overly sensitive nerve cells that send pain signals throughout the body. It has been effective in treating fibro pain. Savella (milnacipran): Savella is also an SNRI. While researchers aren't exactly sure how it works, studies have shown that it helps relieve pain and reduce fatigue in people with fibromyalgia.


Question: How can exercise help fibromyalgia symptoms?

Answer: Fibromyalgia is a syndrome-- a collection of symptoms, rather than a specific disease. It is unclear how these medications work to relieve the symptoms in fibromyalgia. Low-impact aerobic exercises such as yoga, tai chi, or Pilates can also be helpful. If you want to increase the intensity of your exercise, talk with your doctor. Whatever exercise you choose, focus on three areas: range of motion, aerobic, and strength training. Some studies report that acupuncture may help ease pain, anxiety, and fatigue.


Question: What are some alternative treatments for fibromyalgia?

Answer: Researchers aren't sure how Cymbalta works in fibromyalgia, but they think that increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine help control and reduce feelings of pain. In general, there hasn't been extensive research on complementary and alternative medicine ( CAM), but anecdotal evidence suggests that some may work. Popular alternative treatments include: Acupuncture. Some studies report that acupuncture may help ease pain, anxiety, and fatigue. Massage therapy. This may help reduce muscle tension, ease pain in both muscles and soft tissue,improve range of motion, and boost production of natural painkillers. Chiropractic treatment. Based on spinal adjustments to reduce pain, this popular therapy may help relieve fibromyalgia symptoms. Supplements. Some of the most popular for fibromyalgia include magnesium, melatonin, 5- HTP, and SAMe, which may affect serotonin levels. However, results of studies on these supplements are mixed. Be sure to talk with your doctor before taking any supplements. Herbs. As with supplements, scientific evidence for the effectiveness of herbs is mixed.


Question: What medications are  prescribed for fibromyalgia?

Answer: Three medications are FDA-approved to treat fibromyalgia: Cymbalta (duloxetine): Cymbalta is atype of antidepressant called a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( SNRI). Antidepressants are also sometimes prescribed to help people manage fibromyalgia symptoms: Tricyclic antidepressants. These medications are also sometimes prescribed for fibromyalgia: Local anesthetics that are injected into especially tender areas can provide temporary relief, usually for no longer than three months. Anticonvulsants or seizure medications such as Neurontin are effective for reducing pain and anxiety. It is unclear how these medications work to relieve the symptoms in fibromyalgia. Muscle relaxants are occasionally prescribed to help alleviate pain associated with muscle strain in those with fibromyalgia.


Question: How can a physical therapist help with fibromyalgia?

Answer: There is a blood test that can help diagnose fibromyalgia. Physical therapy can help you get control of your illness by focusing on what you can do to improve your situation rather than on your chronic symptoms.


Question: Can antidepressants treat fibromyalgia?

Answer: Several types of medicines are used to help manage fibromyalgia symptoms such as pain and fatigue. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs). Your doctor may prescribe one of these types of antidepressants by itself or in combination with a tricyclic antidepressant. SSRIs prevent serotonin from being reabsorbed in the brain. This may help ease pain and fatigue. This may help reduce muscle tension, ease pain in both muscles and soft tissue,improve range of motion, and boost production of natural painkillers.


Question: What are symptoms of fibromyalgia?

Answer: Some of the most recognizable fibromyalgia symptoms are: Widespread pain Severe fatigue Tender points on the body Anxiety or depression Doctors often diagnose fibromyalgia by considering criteria such as how long you've had pain and how widespread it is, and by ruling out other causes. Exercise is an important part of managing fibromyalgia symptoms.


Question: What should I do in an eye emergency?

Answer: Do not stop flushing your child's eye until medical help arrives unless instructed otherwise. If possible, show the chemical to health care providers. If your child is hit in the eye with a blunt object, examine the eye closely. If you see bleeding or cannot open the child's eyelids, seek immediate medical attention. If your child continues to be in pain, constantly rubs his or her injured eye, has persistent tearing, or complains of blurry or double vision, call the doctor. In the meantime, cover your child's injured eye with a cold pack for 15 minutes every hour or so. If you are using an ice pack, wrap it in a moistened cloth so the eye does not become damaged from freezing. If your child's eye is injured with a sharp object, do NOT press on the eye or eyelid. Cover the eye with a shield (the cut-out bottom of a foam cup would do) and seek immediate medical attention. If the sharp object is still in the child's eye DO NOT remove it. Instead cover the eye and call 911.


Question: How often should my child's eyes be checked?

Answer: Some good examples are: Building or linking blocks Puzzles Stringing beads Pegboards Drawing tools like pencils, chalk, crayons, and markers Finger paints Modeling clay Experts have different opinions on vision screening and exams for children. Talk to your doctor about what's right for your child.


Question: What toys improve hand-eye coordination?

Answer: Some good examples are: Building or linking blocks Puzzles Stringing beads Pegboards Drawing tools like pencils, chalk, crayons, and markers Finger paints Modeling clay Experts have different opinions on vision screening and exams for children.


Question: How can I help my baby develop good eyesight?

Answer: To help your baby develop good eyesight: Place toys within focus of your baby's eyes, only 8 to 12 inches away. Encourage your baby to crawl. This helps develop hand-eye coordination. Talk to your baby as you move around the room to encourage his or her eyes to follow you. Hang a mobile above or outside of your baby's crib. Give your baby toys to hold and visualize. Make sure your baby is following moving objects with his eyes and developing eye-hand coordination. If he seems delayed, talk to your child's doctor.


Question: How often should your child's eyes be checked?

Answer: Some good examples are: Building or linking blocks Puzzles Stringing beads Pegboards Drawing tools like pencils, chalk, crayons, and markers Finger paints Modeling clay Experts have different opinions on vision screening and exams for children. Talk to your doctor about what's right for your child.


Question: How can you help your baby develop good eyesight?

Answer: To help your baby develop good eyesight: Place toys within focus of your baby's eyes, only 8 to 12 inches away. Encourage your baby to crawl. This helps develop hand-eye coordination. Talk to your baby as you move around the room to encourage his or her eyes to follow you. Hang a mobile above or outside of your baby's crib. Give your baby toys to hold and visualize. Make sure your baby is following moving objects with his eyes and developing eye-hand coordination. If he seems delayed, talk to your child's doctor.


Question: What should you do in an eye emergency?

Answer: Do not stop flushing your child's eye until medical help arrives unless instructed otherwise. If possible, show the chemical to health care providers. If your child is hit in the eye with a blunt object, examine the eye closely. If you see bleeding or cannot open the child's eyelids, seek immediate medical attention. If your child continues to be in pain, constantly rubs his or her injured eye, has persistent tearing, or complains of blurry or double vision, call the doctor. In the meantime, cover your child's injured eye with a cold pack for 15 minutes every hour or so. If you are using an ice pack, wrap it in a moistened cloth so the eye does not become damaged from freezing. If your child's eye is injured with a sharp object, do NOT press on the eye or eyelid. Cover the eye with a shield (the cut-out bottom of a foam cup would do) and seek immediate medical attention. If the sharp object is still in the child's eye DO NOT remove it. Instead cover the eye and call 911.


Question: What are some examples of stimulating toys to help your child's developing eyesight?

Answer: As your baby grows into an active child, continue to encourage good eyesight by providing visually stimulating toys that will improve motor and eye-hand coordination skills. Some good examples are: Building or linking blocks Puzzles Stringing beads Pegboards Drawing tools like pencils, chalk, crayons, and markers Finger paints Modeling clay Experts have different opinions on vision screening and exams for children.


Question: What can I do to protect my child's sight?

Answer: To help protect your child's eyesight: Eat right both during pregnancy and after. Provide nutritious meals with fruits, vegetables, nuts, and up to 12 ounces a week of fish. Give your child toys that encourage visual development. Watch your baby for signs that the eyes are crossed or turned out. Provide sun protection when outdoors by means of shelter or UV coated lenses, especially if your child's eyes are light in color. Be an example to your child by wearing the proper protective athletic gear when playing sports. Have your child's eyes examined regularly, particularly during infancy and childhood.


Question: What can you do to protect your child's sight?

Answer: To help protect your child's eyesight: Eat right both during pregnancy and after. Your baby will be healthier and you will set a good example. Provide nutritious meals with fruits, vegetables, nuts, and up to 12 ounces a week of fish. These foods contain key antioxidants and nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin, E, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, and lutein, which are linked to eye health. ( Buy fish such as salmon, shrimp, canned light tuna, catfish, or pollock. Young children should avoid shark, swordfish, mackerel, or tilefish because they contain high levels of mercury.) Provide your child with age-appropriate toys that are free from sharp edges. Give your child toys that encourage visual development. Watch your baby for signs that the eyes are crossed or turned out. Look at your baby for any haziness or clouding in the pupil. Provide sun protection when outdoors by means of shelter or UV coated lenses, especially if your child's eyes are light in color. Be an example to your child by wearing the proper protective athletic gear when playing sports. Have your child's eyes examined regularly, particularly during infancy and childhood. Talk to your baby as you move around the room to encourage his or her eyes to follow you.


Question: Will my doctor suggest diet alterations if I have type 1 diabetes as an adult?

Answer: He'll also work with you to come up with healthy, nutritious menu options that will help you keep your blood glucose under control.


Question: Who is most likely to get type 1 diabetes as an adult?

Answer: People of all races and ethnic groups can get type 1 diabetes, but it's most common among those of northern European descent. You may also be at higher risk for getting the disease if one of your parents or a brother or sister has it.


Question: What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Answer: If you have type 1 diabetes, you may get similar symptoms as your friends who have type 2. You may notice that you: Get extremely thirsty or hungry Need to pee often Feel unusually tired or weak Lose weight suddenly Get blurred vision or other changes in the way you see Get vaginal yeast infections Have breath that smells fruity Can't breathe well Sometimes, type 1 diabetes could even make you lose consciousness.


Question: What is a glycated hemoglobin test?

Answer: It measures your average blood glucose level for 2 to 3 months. If you have an A1c level of 6.5 or higher on two separate exams, you have diabetes.


Question: What is a random blood sugar test?

Answer: It checks your blood glucose at a random time of day. A level of 200 mg/d L or higher is a sign that you have diabetes.


Question: Will my doctor suggest exercise if I have type 1 diabetes as an adult?

Answer: Your doctor will probably encourage you to get regular exercise. It can help you stay at a healthy weight and keep your blood glucose levels within a normal range.


Question: How does type 1 diabetes affect the immune system?

Answer: What experts do know is that when you have type 1 diabetes, something goes wrong with your immune system -- the body's defense against germs. It destroys beta cells in your pancreas that are responsible for making a hormone called insulin. Insulin allows glucose -- or sugar -- to get into your cells, where it's turned into energy. But if you have type 1 diabetes, your body doesn't make insulin. Glucose builds up in your bloodstream and, over time, can cause serious health problems.


Question: What is a fasting blood sugar test?

Answer: Your doctor does this first thing in the morning, before you've eaten. You have diabetes if your level is 126 mg/d L or higher on two separate tests.


Question: What populations are most affected by type 1 diabetes as adults?

Answer: People of all races and ethnic groups can get type 1 diabetes, but it's most common among those of northern European descent. You may also be at higher risk for getting the disease if one of your parents or a brother or sister has it.


Question: How is insulin managed in adults with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: But if you have type 1 diabetes, your body doesn't make insulin. You'll also need to monitor your blood glucose levels.


Question: When is primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) usually spotted?

Answer: It can be diagnosed as late as age 3. If the disease is found early, 80% to 90% of children respond well to treatment. They won't have vision problems in the future.


Question: What causes primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)?

Answer: We know that if a baby's eye cells and tissues don't grow like they should before birth, he can have trouble with drainage after he's born. But we don't clearly understand most causes at this time. Some cases are inherited, while others aren't.


Question: How is primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) diagnosed?

Answer: You're likely to notice that your baby: Closes his eyelids like he's protecting his eye Seems painfully sensitive to light Tears up a lot Depending on how far the disease has worsened, other eye symptoms can include: A cloudy cornea (the front layer of your eye that's normally clear) One or both eyes larger than normal Redness Your child will need a full eye exam. It isn't easy for eye doctors to check an infant or small child's eyes, so they usually do it in an operating room. Your child will get anesthesia (medicines that help him go to sleep) during the procedure. The doctor will: Measure his eye pressure Thoroughly examine all parts of his eye The doctor will make a formal diagnosis only after he rules out all other conditions that could have caused your child's problems.


Question: What does primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) do to your eye?

Answer: In a healthy eye, the fluid circulates inder normal pressure and brings in nutrients. It drains through a network of cells and tissue. To replace what's lost, your eye constantly makes more. With PCG, this process goes off track. In most cases, the fluid doesn't drain like it should and the buildup makes your eye pressure rise. The optic nerve, at the back of your eye, sends signals to your brain.


Question: How is primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) treated?

Answer: Because it's risky for young children to get anesthesia, doctors like to do it right after the diagnosis is confirmed. If both eyes are affected, the doctor will operate on both at the same time. If surgery can't take place right away, the doctor may prescribe eye drops, medicine to be taken by mouth, or a combination of the two to help control fluid pressure. If the usual methods don't work, the doctor may perform laser surgery to destroy the area where fluid is produced.


Question: What is primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)?

Answer: Primary congenital glaucoma ( PCG) is a serious condition that needs attention. It affects about one in every 10,000 infants. Untreated cases are a major cause of childhood blindness. " Primary" means the disease doesn't result from another illness or condition, like a tumor. " Congenital" means it's present at birth. The optic nerve, at the back of your eye, sends signals to your brain.


Question: What do I need to know about iodine?

Answer: Iodine is essential for everyone. Supplements may be needed if you don't get enough in your diet. But most people in the U. S. get enough iodine through their normal diet. In other parts of the world, though, low iodine levels are a serious cause of health problems.


Question: What are side effects of iodine?

Answer: More than 1,100 micrograms of iodine a day for adults can be dangerous. It could cause thyroid problems and other issues. Iodine supplements can also cause: Upset stomach Stomach pain Headache Runny nose Diarrhea Metallic taste in the mouth Risks.


Question: Where can you get iodine?

Answer: Most people get more than enough iodine in their diets. One teaspoon of iodized salt contains 400 micrograms of iodine. That's more than twice as much as most adults need each day. For other uses of iodine for specific medical conditions, ask your doctor about the amount you need.


Question: Why should you tell your doctor if you're taking iodine supplements?

Answer: Tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications.