Question: What should you do if an over-the-counter drug you're taking is recalled?

Answer: If the recall involves an over-the-counter drug, stop taking it at once. You can return the product to the place of purchase and ask for a refund -- stores generally have return and refund policies when a recall has been issued. Your doctor or pharmacist can recommend an alternative medicine to use during the recall. Manufacturers will also have a hotline number to contact for more information.


Question: What things can lead to a drug recall?

Answer: Is mislabeled or packaged poorly.


Question: What goes into a drug recall?

Answer: Medicine is rigorously tested for safety and effectiveness before becoming available to the consumer. In the U. S., the FDA makes sure this happens. Once on the market, the FDA, along with the makers of the drug, continue to monitor the medicine for any unforeseen problems. Should an issue develop, or the safety of a medication come into question, a recall may be initiated.


Question: What should you do if a prescription drug you're taking is recalled?

Answer: If the recall involves a prescription drug, call your doctor or pharmacist as soon as possible to find out what replacement is needed. To find out more about drug recalls, visit the FDA web site. Safely discard recalled drugs. Most drugs can be safely disposed of in the trash after mixing it with a substance like coffee grounds or kitty litter and then sealing it in a container or plastic bag. If you have taken a drug that has been recalled and have any unusual symptoms that you suspect may be linked to the medicine, call your doctor immediately.


Question: If I have Crohn's disease, should I talk to my doctor before taking vitamin supplements?

Answer: Don't make the supplements decision by yourself. Talk to your doctor first. While they can help you be better nourished, some can affect the way your Crohn's drugs work or make your symptoms worse. Your doctor may want to test your levels of iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and other vitamins and minerals. What you need may also depend on where the damage is in your intestines. Together, you can decide which supplements could help you feel better.


Question: Can vitamins help during a Crohn's disease flare-up?

Answer: During flares of your Crohn's disease, you may not be able to eat much healthy food. That means your body won't be getting enough healthy nutrition. And your doctor can tell you which ones you need, based on how Crohn's affects your body and which drugs you take. It's hard to absorb carbohydrates, fats, water, and vitamins and minerals.


Question: If I have Crohn's disease, should I eat foods that are high in vitamins or take supplements?

Answer: During flares of your Crohn's disease, you may not be able to eat much healthy food. If your body can't digest milk or milk products, you're even more likely to be short on calcium. Food sources of potassium Dairy: Cheese, soymilk, yogurt Fruits: Apple, apricot, banana, cantaloupe, prunes, raisins Beef: Sirloin Fish, seafood, and poultry: Chicken, salmon, tuna, Oil: Canola, corn, olive Veggies: Acorn squash, asparagus broccoli, kidney beans, potato, soy beans, spinach, tomato Food sources of magnesium Dairy: Part skim mozzarella, soymilk, yogurt Fruits: Apple, banana, raisins Nuts: Almonds, cashews, peanuts, peanut butter Beef: Ground beef Fish, seafood, and poultry: Chicken, halibut, salmon Dairy: Milk, yogurt Veggies: Avocado, black beans, broccoli, carrots, edamame, kidney beans, potato, spinach Food sources of zinc Beef and pork: Beef chuck roast, pork chop Dairy: Cheddar cheese, mozzarella cheese, low-fat or nonfat milk, Swiss cheese, yogurt Fish, seafood, and poultry: crab, dark meat chicken, flounder, lobster, oysters, sole Nuts: Almonds, cashews Veggies: Baked beans, chickpeas, green peas, kidney beans Almost any diet expert will tell you it's better to get vitamins and minerals from foods than from a pill. Certain healthy foods, like high-fiber nuts and seeds, may trigger symptoms. Crohn's -- especially when it's active -- can make your body work harder, too. So you may need more calories and nutrients than other people. In these cases, supplements can help fill the gaps.


Question: Why might I be malnourished if I have Crohn's disease?

Answer: It's hard to absorb carbohydrates, fats, water, and vitamins and minerals. Surgery for Crohn's can also cause this problem if too much of your small intestine is removed. You don't want to eat. This can happen because of pain, diarrhea, anxiety, and changes in taste. You take prescription medication for Crohn's. Some drugs make it harder to absorb nutrients. You're bleeding inside your body. This could lower your iron levels and lead to anemia. But if you have Crohn's disease, damage to parts of your intestines makes it harder to absorb or get enough of the nutrients you need.


Question: If I have Crohn's disease, what are some nutrients that I may be missing?

Answer: It's hard to absorb carbohydrates, fats, water, and vitamins and minerals. The damage to your intestines can cause blood loss over time. This could lower your iron levels and lead to anemia. With Crohn's, you're more likely to have lower levels of: If you have inflammation or have had surgery in the lower part of your small intestine, you may not absorb enough of this. Food sources of vitamin B12 Beef: Beef liver, ground beef, top sirloin Dairy: Cheese, low-fat milk, yogurt, Fish and seafood: Clams, haddock, salmon, trout, tuna Poultry: Chicken Some Crohn's drugs, like methotrexate and sulfasalazine, lower your body's levels of folic acid. Your doctor may have you take a folate supplement. Your doctor may tell you to take supplements to keep your bones strong and prevent other problems. Food sources of calcium: Dairy: Cheese, cottage cheese, ice cream, milk, sour cream, yogurt Fish: Salmon, sardines Veggies: Bok choy, broccoli, kale, turnip greens It helps your body absorb calcium for strong bones, but people with Crohn's disease often don't have enough. Your doctor may tell you to take a daily supplement. In either case, your doctor may tell you to take iron tablets, liquid, or infusions. Your doctor may want to test your levels of iron, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and other vitamins and minerals.


Question: How can someone hear with a cochlear implant?

Answer: It can usually help you know sounds around you, including telephones, doorbells, and alarms. Many people also can pick up on speech in noisy places better than they did with hearing aids, or even enjoy music again.


Question: Who does the cochlear implant work for best?

Answer: The devices work best for children who: Have profound hearing loss in both ears Get limited help from hearing aids Are healthy, with no medical problems that would make surgery risky Are ready to learn how to communicate with a cochlear implant Have support from their parents, teachers, and school programs to help them gain hearing skills Are younger than age 5 Join in intensive speech therapy and programs to teach speaking skills A study found that children who got a cochlear implant before 18 months old had major improvements in their hearing, speaking, and learning. But the devices also can help older children who lose their hearing after they've learned to talk.


Question: How does someone know if a cochlear implant is best for them?

Answer: If you have severe or profound hearing loss, a team of experts at a cochlear implant center can help you decide if the device and surgery will work for you. Typically, these experts include an ear doctor called an otologist, an audiologist, a psychologist, a counselor, and a speech-language pathologist. The team works together to check you, do the surgery, and offer follow-up care.


Question: How does a cochlear implant process sound?

Answer: When there are sounds around you, the microphone and processor pick them up and change them into electrical impulses. Then the transmitter sends these coded signals to the receiver under your skin. Next, the receiver delivers the signals to the electrodes inside your cochlea. These electrodes stimulate the auditory nerve, which carries the signals to the brain, where you recognize them as sound.


Question: What does a cochlear implant look like?

Answer: The devices have two parts. One part, the receiver-stimulator, is placed under your skin through surgery. The other, the speech processor, you wear behind your ear like a hearing aid. The outside part is slightly larger than a normal behind-the-ear hearing aid.


Question: How young can children receive cochlear implants?

Answer: The FDA says children can get the devices starting at age 1. Most kids who are diagnosed with significant hearing loss as babies get them as soon as possible. A cochlear implant in early childhood exposes children to sound during the critical period when they learn speech and language skills.


Question: How is sound affected by cochlear implants?

Answer: Keep some other things in mind, too: If you have some hearing left, sound may seem "mechanical" or "synthetic," although most people no longer notice this after several months.


Question: What happens after surgery for a cochlear implant?

Answer: One to 2 weeks after the procedure, your doctor will fit your speech processor. You wear a microphone, which looks like a hearing aid, behind your ear. The processor may be connected to the microphone and worn at your ear, or you might wear it somewhere else on your body, depending on how active you are, your age, or your lifestyle. These processors offer different programs and telephone options. They also can connect to assistive listening devices and other technology you use, like an i Pod. Some have rechargeable batteries, which can lower costs over time.


Question: What can happen if the cochlear implants get wet?

Answer: When they're damaged, sound can't reach that nerve. You need to take off the speech processor before you bathe, shower, or swim. You also can cover that part with a waterproof case or choose a waterproof cochlear implant processor. Rarely, the implant may stop working, and you'd need surgery to fix the problem.


Question: What are the disadvantages and risks of cochlear implants?

Answer: It's for children and adults with sensorineural hearing loss. It can be life-changing if you have a serious hearing problem. Other possible complications include: A nerve injury that changes your sense of taste Nerve damage that causes weakness or paralysis in your face Dizziness or balance problems Loss of the hearing you have left Ringing in your ears, called tinnitus Leaks of the fluid around the brain The device doesn't work or gets infected, which may mean you'll have to remove and replace the implant. The American Speech- Language- Hearing Association says the device is best for adults who have: Severe to profound hearing loss in both ears Hearing loss after they've already learned speech and language Limited help from hearing aids No medical problems that would make surgery risky A strong desire to hear better A good understanding of what the device will -- and won't -- do for them Also, cochlear implants work better for people who have lost their hearing recently, as well as those who've already used a hearing aid successfully. If you have severe or profound hearing loss, a team of experts at a cochlear implant center can help you decide if the device and surgery will work for you.


Question: What are the symptoms of desmoid tumors?

Answer: The tumor also may be called one of the following: Aggressive fibromatosis Deep fibromatosis Desmoid fibromatosis Familial infiltrative fibromatosis Hereditary desmoid disease Musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis Signs of a desmoid tumor depend on where it is. If it's close to the surface of your skin, you may have a painless or slightly painful lump. If it's in your abdomen, it may be more aggressive. It can press against blood vessels and nerves and cause pain, a limp, or problems using your legs, feet, arms, or hands. It also can block your colon or grow into nearby tissues. When this happens, you may have severe pain, bleeding from your rectum, and other health problems.


Question: When should I seek help for managing my stress?

Answer: You should seek help in dealing with your stress when you experience any of the following: Marked decline in work/school performance Excess anxiety Alcohol or drug abuse Inability to cope with demands of daily life Irrational fears Obsessive preoccupation with food and fear of becoming obese with no relationship to actual body weight Significant change in sleeping or eating habits Persistent physical ailments and complaints Suicidal thoughts or urges to hurt others Self-mutilation, self-destructive or dangerous behavior Sustained withdrawn mood or behavior Your personal doctor: He or she can determine if your stress is due to an anxiety disorder, a medical condition, or both and can refer you to a mental health professional, if necessary.


Question: Does everyone experience stress?

Answer: Our bodies are designed to feel stress and react to it. It keeps us alert and ready to avoid danger. But, when stress persists, the body begins to break down and illnesses, like headaches and migraines, can occur. The key to coping with stress is identifying stressors in your life, learning ways to reduce stress, and managing stress.


Question: Where do I go to get help managing stress?

Answer: You should seek help in dealing with your stress when you experience any of the following: Marked decline in work/school performance Excess anxiety Alcohol or drug abuse Inability to cope with demands of daily life Irrational fears Obsessive preoccupation with food and fear of becoming obese with no relationship to actual body weight Significant change in sleeping or eating habits Persistent physical ailments and complaints Suicidal thoughts or urges to hurt others Self-mutilation, self-destructive or dangerous behavior Sustained withdrawn mood or behavior Your personal doctor: He or she can determine if your stress is due to an anxiety disorder, a medical condition, or both and can refer you to a mental health professional, if necessary. If an emergency, call a crisis hotline, or go to the nearest emergency room.


Question: How can you cope with stress?

Answer: Emotional warning signs of stress include: Anger Inability to concentrate Unproductive worry Sadness Frequent mood swings Physical warning signs of stress include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Chronic fatigue Weight gain or loss Behavioral warning signs of stress include: Overreacting Acting on impulse Using alcohol or drugs Withdrawing from relationships Changing jobs often Have realistic expectations; accept that there are events you cannot control. Ask others to help or assist you. Take responsibility for the situation. Engage in problem solving. Express distressing emotions. Be assertive instead of aggressive. " Assert" your feelings, opinions, or beliefs instead of becoming angry, combative, or passive. Maintain emotionally supportive relationships. Maintain emotional composure. Challenge previously held beliefs that are no longer adaptive. Directly attempt to change the source of stress. Distance yourself from the source of stress. Learn to relax. Eat and drink sensibly. Stop smoking or other bad habits. Exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy sense of self-esteem. Experts agree that coping is a process rather than an event. Thus, an individual may alternate between several of the above coping strategies in order to cope with a stressful event.


Question: What are the emotional warning signs of stress?

Answer: Emotional warning signs of stress include: Anger Inability to concentrate Unproductive worry Sadness Frequent mood swings Physical warning signs of stress include: Stooped posture Sweaty palms Chronic fatigue Weight gain or loss Behavioral warning signs of stress include: Overreacting Acting on impulse Using alcohol or drugs Withdrawing from relationships Changing jobs often Have realistic expectations; accept that there are events you cannot control.


Question: What are common causes of stress?

Answer: Common causes of stress include: Death of a loved one Crowds Heavy traffic Confrontations Marriage Pregnancy Deadlines Legal problems Job loss Moving Accidents Divorce New job Retirement Money problems Illnesses When you are not sure of the exact cause of your stress, it may help to know the warning signs of stress.


Question: Where can you go to get help managing stress?

Answer: You should seek help in dealing with your stress when you experience any of the following: Marked decline in work/school performance Excess anxiety Alcohol or drug abuse Inability to cope with demands of daily life Irrational fears Obsessive preoccupation with food and fear of becoming obese with no relationship to actual body weight Significant change in sleeping or eating habits Persistent physical ailments and complaints Suicidal thoughts or urges to hurt others Self-mutilation, self-destructive or dangerous behavior Sustained withdrawn mood or behavior Your personal doctor: He or she can determine if your stress is due to an anxiety disorder, a medical condition, or both and can refer you to a mental health professional, if necessary. If an emergency, call a crisis hotline, or go to the nearest emergency room.


Question: How can you manage migraines and headaches from stress?

Answer: Our bodies are designed to feel stress and react to it. It keeps us alert and ready to avoid danger. But, when stress persists, the body begins to break down and illnesses, like headaches and migraines, can occur. The key to coping with stress is identifying stressors in your life, learning ways to reduce stress, and managing stress.


Question: How can operating room surgery help treat glaucoma?

Answer: If drops and laser surgery aren't enough to lower your eye pressure, you might have traditional surgery. With this type, your surgeon creates a new drainage channel for your eye fluid. This might be a tiny tube connected to a collection site -- or reservoir -- or a little drainage flap that flows into a pocket tucked into your eyelid.


Question: How can eye drops help with treating glaucoma?

Answer: These are often the first step for glaucoma treatment. The drops come in different types, but all manage eye pressure in two basic ways: They help your eye fluid drain better, or they help your eyes make less of it. In order for them to help your eyes, you'll need to follow your doctor's orders exactly. You'll need to use your drops every day. Make it a part of your daily routine, like after brushing your teeth.


Question: How can an eye pressure check help diagnose glaucoma?

Answer: This will help her find out if the pressure inside your eyes is in the normal range for you. If your doctor suspects glaucoma, she may order special imaging of your optic nerve and a test to check your side vision.


Question: What causes breast density?

Answer: Things that affect your breast density include: Age: Young women tend to have denser breasts than older women. Most women's breasts lose density as they age, though not always. Heredity: If your mother had dense breasts, you probably will, too. Menopause: Most women's breasts become more fatty after they go through menopause. Hormones: Hormone replacement therapy and birth control pills can make breasts more dense. Breastfeeding: Dense breast tissue is involved in milk production. It can make your breasts more dense.


Question: Which women are more like to have dense breasts?

Answer: Women over age 40 are about evenly split between having dense and non-dense breasts, with most falling into one of the middle two categories (scattered or heterogeneous density.) Only about 10% of women have breasts that are either mostly fatty or extremely dense.


Question: How is breast density measured?

Answer: Measuring the density of your breasts is not an exact science. It's a judgment made by your radiologist. Based on what they see on the X-ray, they assign your breasts to one of four categories: Mostly fatty: Breasts have the least amount of fibrous tissue. Scattered areas of density: Most of the breast is fat, but some areas are dense. Heterogeneously dense: Most of the breast is dense tissue with some areas of fat. Extremely dense: The breasts have almost no fatty tissue.


Question: How is an ultrasound used to screen for breast density?

Answer: Ultrasound : Technicians use sound waves to make images of the inside of the breast.


Question: How is a digital breast tomosynthesis used to screen for breast density?

Answer: Digital breast tomosynthesis ( DBT): This is a special kind of mammogram that takes pictures from different angles and puts them together to produce a 3- D image.


Question: What are mammogram challenges of dense breasts?

Answer: Fat appears dark on a mammogram. Everything else looks white. So it can be a challenge to tell the difference between what's normal and what's suspicious. It's easier to miss a trouble spot or to falsely diagnose breast cancer.


Question: What causes dense breasts?

Answer: Things that affect your breast density include: Age: Young women tend to have denser breasts than older women. Heredity: If your mother had dense breasts, you probably will, too. Menopause: Most women's breasts become more fatty after they go through menopause. Hormones: Hormone replacement therapy and birth control pills can make breasts more dense. It can make your breasts more dense.


Question: How can dense breasts affect mammogram results?

Answer: Fat appears dark on a mammogram. Everything else looks white. So it can be a challenge to tell the difference between what's normal and what's suspicious. It's easier to miss a trouble spot or to falsely diagnose breast cancer. Even in women with dense breasts, masses are correctly identified most of the time. And new digital technology has made mammograms more accurate. They may not be perfect, but mammograms are still the best way to detect breast cancer early.


Question: What happens during step 2 of an ileocolectomy and colectomy?

Answer: In the ileocolectomy, the diseased section of the ileum and ascending colon must be cut away from the healthy bowel. Before this section can be removed, it must be freed from its supporting structures. In the right colectomy, the ascending colon must be freed from its supporting structure. The bowel is attached to the abdominal wall by a layer of tissue called the "mesentery." The mesentery also contains the main blood vessels (arteries) that supply blood to the ileum and ascending colon. These arteries will be carefully cut and closed. In an ileocolectomy, the surgeon will then free the ileum and ascending colon from the mesentery. In a right colectomy, only the ascending colon will be freed from the mesentery. After the bowel is free from the mesentery, the surgeon will cut away the diseased section of bowel.


Question: What happens during step 4 of an ileocolectomy and colectomy?

Answer: After the bag has been removed, the ends of the colon will be pulled through the enlarged incision. Your surgeon will then use a stapling device or sutures (stitches) to rejoin the bowel. This rejoining is called an "anastomosis." Before the operation is completed, the surgeon will rinse out the abdominal cavity and check the anastomosis for leaks. Lastly, all of the incisions in the abdomen will be stitched or taped closed.


Question: What is a laparoscopic ileocolectomy and right colectomy?

Answer: Both surgeries are used to treat the following: Cancer Noncancerous growths Areas of swelling (inflammation) caused by Crohn's disease The term "laparoscopic" refers to a type of surgery called laparoscopy. In the ileocolectomy, the diseased section of the ileum and ascending colon must be cut away from the healthy bowel. In a right colectomy, only the ascending colon will be freed from the mesentery.


Question: What happens if you stop taking antibiotics too soon for strep throat?

Answer: If strep is not fully treated, it might lead to complications such as: Sinus and tonsil infections Rheumatic fever, which can damage the heart, brain, and joints Kidney problems When people stop taking antibiotics too soon, the bacteria that cause strep can become resistant to the medication. That means another case of strep would be much harder to control.


Question: What happens if you test positive for strep throat?

Answer: Until the antibiotics start to work, these home treatments can help you or your child feel better: Over-the-counter pain relievers: Take acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil) to bring down a fever and ease the sore throat.


Question: What test is done to make sure you have strep throat?

Answer: So your doctor will likely do what's called a ârapid strep testâ to be sure it's strep.


Question: How are antibiotics taken?

Answer: Kids or adults who are allergic to penicillin may be able to take one of these antibiotics instead: Azithromycin ( Zithromax, Zmax, Z- Pak) Cephalosporins, including cefixime ( Suprax), cefuroxime ( Ceftin), and cephalexin ( Keflex) Clarithromycin ( Biaxin) Clindamycin ( Cleocin) Your child will take antibiotics by mouth 1 to 3 times each day. Sometimes doctors give this medicine as a shot.


Question: How long do you take antibiotics for to treat strep throat?

Answer: Kids usually feel better a day or two after they start them. Once they've been on these drugs for about 24 hours, they're no longer contagious and can go back to school.


Question: If you are allergic to penicillin, what are other types of antibiotics that can be used for strep throat?

Answer: Kids or adults who are allergic to penicillin may be able to take one of these antibiotics instead: Azithromycin ( Zithromax, Zmax, Z- Pak) Cephalosporins, including cefixime ( Suprax), cefuroxime ( Ceftin), and cephalexin ( Keflex) Clarithromycin ( Biaxin) Clindamycin ( Cleocin) Your child will take antibiotics by mouth 1 to 3 times each day.


Question: What are the most common types of antibiotics for strep throat?

Answer: Antibiotics can: Relieve a sore throat and other symptoms when they are caused by strep Help your child get better faster Make it less likely it will be spread to others Help prevent complications such as sinus and tonsil infections, and more serious things such as rheumatic fever Doctors most often prescribe penicillin or amoxicillin ( Amoxil) to treat strep throat. They are the top choices because they're safer, inexpensive, and they work well on strep bacteria.


Question: What are complications if strep is not fully treated?

Answer: Even after kids start to feel better, they should finish all their pills. You can leave some bacteria alive if you stop too soon. If strep is not fully treated, it might lead to complications such as: Sinus and tonsil infections Rheumatic fever, which can damage the heart, brain, and joints Kidney problems When people stop taking antibiotics too soon, the bacteria that cause strep can become resistant to the medication.


Question: What do antibiotics do for strep throat?

Answer: Antibiotics can: Relieve a sore throat and other symptoms when they are caused by strep Help your child get better faster Make it less likely it will be spread to others Help prevent complications such as sinus and tonsil infections, and more serious things such as rheumatic fever Doctors most often prescribe penicillin or amoxicillin ( Amoxil) to treat strep throat.


Question: Why are antibiotics used for strep throat?

Answer: Strep throat, caused by bacteria, is one type of sore throat that can be treated. They will work only on bacteria. They have no effect on sore throats caused by viruses.


Question: What are signs of an allergy to antibiotics?

Answer: Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include: Wheezing Trouble breathing Rash Fast heartbeat Dizziness Call your doctor right away if your child has these symptoms. It can cause a rare but serious condition called Reye's syndrome.


Question: What home treatments can help relieve symptoms of strep throat?

Answer: Kids get it more often, but adults can be infected, too. If the test is positive (meaning you or your child has it), medication can relieve the sore throat and other symptoms. Rest: Stay home from school or work. You need extra rest to help your body fight off the infection. Gargling: Rinse with a mixture of a quarter-teaspoon of salt and 8 ounces of warm water to relieve a scratchy throat. Lozenges and hard candy: Older kids can suck on these to feel better. Avoid giving small pieces of candy to children 4 and younger. Water and warm liquids such as soup or tea soothe the throat and keep you hydrated. If cold feels better on your throat, suck on a frozen pop or ice chips. Avoid orange juice, lemonade, and other drinks that are high in acid. These can burn your throat.


Question: What are food sources of iodine?

Answer: Iodine Food sources include: Iodized salt, some seafood, kelp, and seaweed What it does: Works to make thyroid hormones.


Question: What are food sources of molybdenum?

Answer: Molybdenum Food sources include: Legumes, grain products, and nuts What it does: Helps process proteins and other substances.


Question: What does folate (folic acid) do?

Answer: Folate ( Folic Acid) Food sources include: Fortified cereals and grain products; lima, lentil, kidney, and garbanzo beans; and dark leafy vegetables What it does: Promotes cell development, prevents birth defects, promotes heart health, and helps red blood cells form.


Question: What does vitamin D do?

Answer: Vitamin D Food sources include: Fortified milk, cheese, and cereals; egg yolks; salmon, cod liver oil What it does: Maintains bone health and helps the body process calcium; important for immune system function; may protect from cancer.


Question: What are food sources of potassium?

Answer: Potassium Food sources include: Broccoli, potatoes with the skin, prune juice, orange juice, leafy green vegetables, bananas, raisins, and tomatoes What it does: Helps the nervous system and muscles; helps maintain a healthy balance of water.


Question: What are food sources of calcium?

Answer: Calcium Food sources include: Dairy products, broccoli, dark leafy greens like spinach and rhubarb, and fortified products, such as orange juice, soy milk, and tofu What it does: Helps build and maintain strong bones and teeth.


Question: What are food sources of copper?

Answer: Copper Food sources include: Organ meats (like liver), seafood, cashews, sunflower seeds, wheat bran cereals, whole-grain products, avocados, and cocoa products What it does: Helps break down iron, helps make red blood cells, and helps produce energy for cells.


Question: What does vitamin B3 (niacin) do?

Answer: It also helps your body make red blood cells. Vitamin B3 ( Niacin) Food sources include: Poultry, fish, meat, whole grains, and fortified cereals What it does: Helps with digestion and changing food into energy; helps make cholesterol.


Question: What does calcium do?

Answer: Supports cell communication.


Question: What does vitamin A do?

Answer: Vitamin A Food sources include: Cod-liver oil, milk, eggs, sweet potatoes, carrots, leafy vegetables, and fortified foods such as breakfast cereals What it does: Promotes good eyesight and normal functioning of the immune system.


Question: What does vitamin E do?

Answer: Vitamin E Food sources include: Leafy green vegetables, almonds, hazelnuts, and vegetable oils like sunflower, canola, and soybean What it does: As an antioxidant, it helps protect cells from damage.


Question: What are food sources of vitamin D?

Answer: Vitamin D Food sources include: Fortified milk, cheese, and cereals; egg yolks; salmon, cod liver oil What it does: Maintains bone health and helps the body process calcium; important for immune system function; may protect from cancer.


Question: What are food sources of vitamin A?

Answer: Vitamin A Food sources include: Cod-liver oil, milk, eggs, sweet potatoes, carrots, leafy vegetables, and fortified foods such as breakfast cereals What it does: Promotes good eyesight and normal functioning of the immune system.


Question: What are food sources of magnesium?

Answer: Magnesium Food sources include: Whole grains, leafy green vegetables, almonds, Brazil nuts, soybeans, halibut, peanuts, hazelnuts, lima beans, black-eyed peas, avocados, bananas, What it does: Helps muscles and nerves work, steadies heart rhythm, maintains bone strength, and helps the body create energy.


Question: What does vitamin K do?

Answer: kiwi, and grapes What it does: Helps blood clot and maintains bone health.


Question: What does vitamin B1 (thiamine) do?

Answer: Vitamin B1 ( Thiamine) Food sources include: Beans and enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products such as bread, pasta, and cereals What it does: Helps the body process carbohydrates and some protein.


Question: What are food sources of vitamin B3 (niacin)?

Answer: Vitamin B3 ( Niacin) Food sources include: Poultry, fish, meat, whole grains, and fortified cereals What it does: Helps with digestion and changing food into energy; helps make cholesterol.


Question: What does manganese do?

Answer: Manganese Food sources include: Milk, eggs, cereal, date palm, corn flour, carob flour, scallops, mussels, and leafy and non-leafy vegetables, pecans, almonds, green and black tea, whole grains, and pineapple juice What it does: Supports bone formation and wound healing, and also helps break down proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. It's also an antioxidant.


Question: What does iron do?

Answer: Iron Food sources include: Leafy green vegetables, beans, shellfish, red meat, eggs, poultry, soy foods, and some fortified foods What it does: Carries oxygen to all parts of the body through red blood cells.


Question: What does chromium do?

Answer: Chromium Food sources include: Some cereals, beef, turkey, fish, broccoli, and grape juice What it does: Helps maintain normal blood sugar (glucose) levels.


Question: What are food sources of manganese?

Answer: Manganese Food sources include: Milk, eggs, cereal, date palm, corn flour, carob flour, scallops, mussels, and leafy and non-leafy vegetables, pecans, almonds, green and black tea, whole grains, and pineapple juice What it does: Supports bone formation and wound healing, and also helps break down proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.


Question: What are food sources of phosphorus?

Answer: Phosphorus Food sources include: Dairy products, beef, chicken, halibut, salmon, eggs, and whole wheat breads What it does: Helps cells work, helps the body make energy, helps red blood cells deliver oxygen, and helps make bone.


Question: What does vitamin B12 do?

Answer: Vitamin B12 Food sources include: Beef, clams, mussels, crabs, salmon, poultry, soybeans, and fortified foods What it does: Helps with cell division and helps make red blood cells.


Question: What are food sources of vitamin B12?

Answer: Vitamin B12 Food sources include: Beef, clams, mussels, crabs, salmon, poultry, soybeans, and fortified foods What it does: Helps with cell division and helps make red blood cells.


Question: What does potassium do?

Answer: Potassium Food sources include: Broccoli, potatoes with the skin, prune juice, orange juice, leafy green vegetables, bananas, raisins, and tomatoes What it does: Helps the nervous system and muscles; helps maintain a healthy balance of water.


Question: What can cause eye floaters?

Answer: It's rare, but floaters can also result from: Eye disease Eye injury Diabetic retinopathy Crystal-like deposits that form in the vitreous Eye tumors Serious eye disorders associated with floaters include: Detached retina Torn retina Bleeding in your vitreous Inflamed vitreous or retina caused by infections or an autoimmune condition Eye tumors Something that might resemble a floater is the visual aura that can come with a migraine headache.


Question: What serious eye disorders are known to occur with eye floaters?

Answer: It's rare, but floaters can also result from: Eye disease Eye injury Diabetic retinopathy Crystal-like deposits that form in the vitreous Eye tumors Serious eye disorders associated with floaters include: Detached retina Torn retina Bleeding in your vitreous Inflamed vitreous or retina caused by infections or an autoimmune condition Eye tumors Something that might resemble a floater is the visual aura that can come with a migraine headache.


Question: Where do eye floaters come from?

Answer: It's rare, but floaters can also result from: Eye disease Eye injury Diabetic retinopathy Crystal-like deposits that form in the vitreous Eye tumors Serious eye disorders associated with floaters include: Detached retina Torn retina Bleeding in your vitreous Inflamed vitreous or retina caused by infections or an autoimmune condition Eye tumors Something that might resemble a floater is the visual aura that can come with a migraine headache.


Question: How do I choose a doctor for eye floaters?

Answer: Go to the doctor ASAP if you notice: A sudden increase in the number of floaters Flashes of light A loss of side vision Changes that come on quickly and get worse over time Floaters after eye surgery or eye trauma Eye pain Choose a doctor who has experience with retina problems. If you don't get help right away, you could lose your sight.


Question: What complications can I get from eye floaters?

Answer: You might have complications like: Detached retina Torn retina Cataracts The risk is low, but if these problems happen, they can permanently damage your vision.


Question: How can I be treated if I have a lot of eye floaters?

Answer: If you have so many that they block your vision, your eye doctor may suggest surgery called a vitrectomy. He'll remove the vitreous and replace it with a salt solution.


Question: When should you visit a doctor for eye floaters?

Answer: Go to the doctor ASAP if you notice: A sudden increase in the number of floaters Flashes of light A loss of side vision Changes that come on quickly and get worse over time Floaters after eye surgery or eye trauma Eye pain Choose a doctor who has experience with retina problems. If you don't get help right away, you could lose your sight.


Question: What eye disorders are associated with eye floaters?

Answer: It's rare, but floaters can also result from: Eye disease Eye injury Diabetic retinopathy Crystal-like deposits that form in the vitreous Eye tumors Serious eye disorders associated with floaters include: Detached retina Torn retina Bleeding in your vitreous Inflamed vitreous or retina caused by infections or an autoimmune condition Eye tumors Something that might resemble a floater is the visual aura that can come with a migraine headache.


Question: What causes eye floaters?

Answer: Eye floaters appear as small spots that drift through your field of vision. They're part of a gel-like substance in the back of your eye called the vitreous. As you age, the protein fibers that make up the vitreous shrink down to little shreds that clump together. The shadows they cast on your retina are floaters. If you see a flash, it's because the vitreous has pulled away from the retina. If the floaters are new or dramatically changed or you suddenly start seeing flashes, see your eye doctor ASAP.


Question: Is it normal to ignore eye floaters?

Answer: They tend to dart away when you try to focus on them. But you usually notice them less over time. Benign ones almost never require medical treatment.


Question: How are eye floaters treated?

Answer: Only rarely do they get bad enough to require treatment. If they annoy you, try to get them out of your field of vision. Move your eyes -- this shifts the fluid around. Look up and down, that usually works better than side to side. If you have so many that they block your vision, your eye doctor may suggest surgery called a vitrectomy. He'll remove the vitreous and replace it with a salt solution.


Question: When should I have surgery for pancreatitis?

Answer: If your pancreatitis is caused by gallstones or an obstructed bile or pancreatic duct, you may need surgery or have an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP) done once your symptoms have subsided. An ERCP is a procedure that involves the insertion of a tube down your throat into the stomach and upper intestines to the place where the bile duct and pancreatic duct drain. A small incision is made to remove stones in the bile duct or a plastic tube called a stent is inserted into the ducts to relieve the obstruction.


Question: How is pancreatitis treated?

Answer: Initial treatment of acute pancreatitis includes pain control, hydration, and nutritional support. If you have an attack of acute pancreatitis, you may receive strong drugs for pain. You may have to have your stomach drained with a tube placed through the nose. If the attack is prolonged, you may be fed and hydrated intravenously.


Question: Can feeling better right away be a sign that your medication for depression is not right for you?

Answer: You feel better right away: It might sound strange, but this could be a sign your medication isn't working the way it should. Feeling like you're instantly better may be a placebo effect -- you think it's helping. Real help won't happen that fast. It takes weeks for your medicine to start working.


Question: Can big mood swings be a sign that your medication for depression is not right for you?

Answer: Big mood swings: Any serious changes in your emotions, positive or negative, can be a sign that you need to change your medication.


Question: How long does it take medication for depression to start working?

Answer: No relief after 12 weeks: While you won't notice changes from these medications overnight, you should start to feel some difference in 4 to 6 weeks, with the best results sometimes coming in 8 to 12 weeks. If you don't feel better by 3 months or your symptoms get worse, let your doctor know.


Question: How is an additional staging tests used to diagnose stomach cancer?

Answer: In order to determine the severity of stomach cancer, other tests such as a bone scan, PET scan, or laparoscopy may be performed.


Question: How is a computed tomography (CT) scan used to diagnose stomach cancer?

Answer: A computed tomography ( CT) scan can give your doctor detailed pictures of structures inside of the body using X-rays. This test is used after a stomach cancer is diagnosed in order to determine the stage of the cancer. To evaluate whether the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes or other organs, the chest, abdomen, and pelvis are scanned. The CT scan can also detect fluid in the abdomen (ascites) as well as abdominal and pelvic nodules.


Question: How is surgery used to treat stomach cancer?

Answer: Treatments for stomach cancer may include one or more of the following: Surgery, called gastrectomy, removes all or part of the stomach, as well as some of the tissue surrounding the stomach. Lymph nodes near the stomach are also removed and biopsied to check for cancer cells. For stage zero through stage 3 stomach cancer, surgery provides the only real chance for a cure at this time.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat stomach cancer?

Answer: Prior to surgery, chemotherapy -- with or without radiation -- is sometimes used to shrink the tumor or to make an inoperable tumor suitable for surgery (known as neo-adjuvant therapy). Radiation therapy is the use of ionizing X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. This is used with chemotherapy before or after surgery and sometimes both.


Question: What should I expect from an Upper GI series test for stomach cancer?

Answer: These are X-rays of the esophagus (food tube) and stomach, which is called the upper gastrointestinal ( GI) tract. You drink a barium solution, which outlines the stomach on the X-ray, helping the doctor see tumors or other abnormalities.


Question: What are endoscopy and biopsy tests for stomach cancer?

Answer: This test examines the esophagus and stomach using a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope, which is passed through the mouth to the stomach. Through the endoscope, the doctor can look directly at the inside of the stomach. If an abnormal area is found, the doctor will remove some tissue to be examined under a microscope (called a biopsy). A biopsy is the only sure way to diagnose cancer. Endoscopy and biopsy are the best methods of identifying stomach cancer.


Question: What does an endoscopic ultrasound for stomach cancer show?

Answer: This test can determine the depth of invasion of the tumor and evaluate lymph nodes around the cancer.


Question: What tests are used to stage stomach cancer?

Answer: In order to determine the severity of stomach cancer, other tests such as a bone scan, PET scan, or laparoscopy may be performed.


Question: What signs indicate I need testing for stomach cancer?

Answer: Your doctor may identify signs of stomach cancer, such as enlarged lymph nodes or liver, increased fluid in the abdomen (ascites), or bumps (nodules) in or under the skin of the abdomen during a physical exam. These signs typically indicate an advanced cancer. If you complain of vague symptoms such as persistent indigestion, pain, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, your doctor should order tests.


Question: How do I know if I have stomach cancer?

Answer: These signs typically indicate an advanced cancer. If you complain of vague symptoms such as persistent indigestion, pain, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite, your doctor should order tests. The CT scan can also detect fluid in the abdomen (ascites) as well as abdominal and pelvic nodules.


Question: What is a neurologist?

Answer: Your doctor might recommend that you see one if he thinks you have an illness that needs expert care. A neurologist has at least a college degree and 4 years of medical school plus a 1 year internship and 3 years of special training in neurology. Many also spend extra time learning about a specific field, like movement disorders or pain management. Imaging tests of the brain or spine to look for tumors, brain damage, or problems with your blood vessels, bones, nerves, or discs.


Question: Where does Strep A bacteria live?

Answer: They also can create infections of the: Ear Sinuses Skin Tonsils Strep A bacteria normally live in your nose and mouth, and on your skin. Many people carry these microbes but don't get sick.


Question: How long are you contagious after getting strep throat?

Answer: You can stay contagious for up to a month if you don't get treated. Antibiotics can prevent the infection from spreading. People who take antibiotics stop being contagious after about 24 hours.


Question: How can you avoid getting strep?

Answer: This includes anyone who: Was born with an immune system problem Has HIV, AIDS, or cancer Had an organ transplant Takes medicine that suppresses the ability to fight off germs The best way to avoid strep is to stay away from anyone who looks or sounds sick. Signs can include: A sore throat Swollen glands Fever Nausea, vomiting Rash Try not to share any personal items with someone who is sick. This includes: Cups and plates Knives, forks, spoons Toothbrushes Food and drinks Wash your hands and your children's hands often. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Always clean your hands before you eat and after you use the bathroom.


Question: How does strep throat spread?

Answer: But when it is left untreated, it can cause complications such as: Rheumatic fever, a disease that can damage the joints and heart Kidney problems Strep throat makes the rounds when someone who has the infection coughs or sneezes. Droplets filled with bacteria spray into the air.


Question: What complications can untreated strep throat cause?

Answer: Strep throat usually isn't serious. But when it is left untreated, it can cause complications such as: Rheumatic fever, a disease that can damage the joints and heart Kidney problems Strep throat makes the rounds when someone who has the infection coughs or sneezes.


Question: How quickly do symptoms of strep throat occur?

Answer: When you get infected, you typically start to show symptoms about 2 to 5 days after you were exposed to the bacteria.


Question: What age of people are most likely to get strep throat?

Answer: And practice good hygiene so you -- and children in your care -- can stay well. People 5 to 15 years old are most likely to get strep. But adults can get it, too.


Question: Are certain people more likely to get strep?

Answer: Learn how to spot someone who may have strep so you can stay away. This includes anyone who: Was born with an immune system problem Has HIV, AIDS, or cancer Had an organ transplant Takes medicine that suppresses the ability to fight off germs The best way to avoid strep is to stay away from anyone who looks or sounds sick.


Question: What should you do to prevent getting strep throat again if you have it already?

Answer: When you get infected, you typically start to show symptoms about 2 to 5 days after you were exposed to the bacteria. You can stay contagious for up to a month if you don't get treated. People who take antibiotics stop being contagious after about 24 hours. If you have strep, here are some things you or your child can do to avoid getting sick again: Take all the medicine your doctor prescribed, even if you start to feel better.


Question: Is strep throat contagious?

Answer: It might be strep throat. The bacteria that cause strep pass easily from person to person through close contact. Learn how to spot someone who may have strep so you can stay away. And practice good hygiene so you -- and children in your care -- can stay well. Signs can include: A sore throat Swollen glands Fever Nausea, vomiting Rash Try not to share any personal items with someone who is sick.


Question: How else can you catch strep throat besides when infected people cough or sneeze?

Answer: They also can create infections of the: Ear Sinuses Skin Tonsils Strep A bacteria normally live in your nose and mouth, and on your skin. You can also catch strep when: You touch something these droplets land on -- such as a doorknob or table -- and then rub your eyes, nose, or mouth. You share personal items such as a fork or spoon, glass, or toothbrush with someone who is sick. You kiss a person who has it.


Question: What are survival rates of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: The five-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients, according to the stage of their disease at diagnosis, who live at least five years after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Many of these patients live longer than five years. Stage I: 90%-95% Stage II: 90%-95% Stage III: 85%-90% Stage IV: about 65% Long-term health problems may occur after being treated for Hodgkin lymphoma, including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, breast cancer, heart disease, thyroid disease, lung disease, lung cancer, and infertility.


Question: What is refractory or recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: Refractory disease is the term used when the disease does not respond to initial therapy. Recurrent disease means that Hodgkin lymphoma has come back after it has been treated. This may occur shortly after treatment or, less commonly, years later.


Question: What tests do I need if a biopsy reveals that I have Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: If a biopsy reveals that you do have Hodgkin lymphoma, you may need additional tests to determine the extent, or stage, of the disease. Tests include blood tests, chest X-ray, computed tomography ( CT) scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, and possibly the neck, and PET scans. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scans, bone scans, spinal tap (lumbar puncture), and bone marrow studies are useful under special circumstances. These tests will reveal the stage of the Hodgkin lymphoma and determine the best type of therapy.


Question: What are the stages of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: Hodgkin lymphomais found in two or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm (the muscle beneath the lungs that moves up and down to help you breathe). Stage III. Hodgkinlymphoma is in lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm, or the cancer may also have extended to an area or organ adjacent to the lymph node or to the spleen. Stage IV. Hodgkin lymphoma has spread to one or more organs outside the lymphatic system such as the bone marrow or liver.


Question: When is autologous stem cell transplantation done for Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: In this procedure, higher doses of chemotherapy or total body irradiation are applied in an effort to destroy Hodgkin lymphoma cells that have survived standard therapy. As a side effect, the higher doses of therapy are likely to destroy normal blood and bone marrow cells. Therefore, normal bone marrow stem cells are taken from the patient's bloodstream before he or she undergoes chemotherapy or radiation. The stem cells are then frozen and saved and returned to the body intravenously after the treatment in order to repopulate the bone marrow. A new drug, brentuximab vedotin ( Adcetris), is designed to treat patients whose lymphoma has progressed after treatment with bone marrow stem cell transplantation or those who have had two chemotherapy treatments and are not eligible for transplant.


Question: How can brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) help treat Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: A new drug, brentuximab vedotin ( Adcetris), is designed to treat patients whose lymphoma has progressed after treatment with bone marrow stem cell transplantation or those who have had two chemotherapy treatments and are not eligible for transplant.


Question: What is the treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: The goal of treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is to eradicate the lymphoma cells without damaging normal cells in order to minimize treatment side effects. Talk with your doctor about any treatment-related side effects you experience.


Question: How do I know if I have Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: The diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma can only be made by a tissue biopsy -- cutting a tissue sample for examination. If you have an enlarged, painless lymph node that your doctor suspects may be due to Hodgkin lymphoma, tissue will be taken for biopsy or the entire node will be removed. These tests will reveal the stage of the Hodgkin lymphoma and determine the best type of therapy.


Question: Is there anything I need to do to prepare for bioelectric therapy?

Answer: If you are taking insulin or blood-thinning medications, your doctor may give you specific instructions to follow before getting bioelectric therapy. You may be asked to fast before the procedure, and you may need to make arrangements for someone to drive you home after treatment.


Question: Other than the common cold and flu, what can cause sore throats?

Answer: Some other causes of sore throat may include: Pollution: Smoking or chemicals inside the home can cause a sore throat. Bad air pollution can also irritate it. Overuse: Yelling or speaking for a long time can strain throat muscles. Allergies: You could react to things such as mold, dust, pollen, and pet dander (tiny pieces of skin shed by animals). Strep throat: The pain of this can be so strong that it may hurt a lot when you swallow. You may also see a white or yellow coating or patches on the tonsils, which are those two clumps of tissue at the back of the throat. You should see your doctor if you think you have strep. She can swab your throat and run a test to find out if you really have it. You're likely to be prescribed antibiotics, a type of medicine that kills bacteria, if you do. Tonsillitis: Inflamed tonsils can also make your throat sore and you might have a hard time swallowing. Mononucleosis: A virus causes mono, and it's spread through saliva. That's why it's often called âthe kissing disease.â Other symptoms include fatigue, fever, headache, and swelling in your tonsils, neck, or armpits.


Question: What is the most common cause of a sore throat?

Answer: The most common reason you get a sore throat is because of a cold or flu. It may be just one of several side problems you get. Cold symptoms tend to develop slowly, but a flu tends to hit you quickly. If you are coughing, your voice is hoarse, or you have a runny nose, a cold is the most likely culprit. The common cold is less harmful than a flu, which attacks your nose, throat, and lungs. And you may get more intense symptoms, including fever, body aches, and headaches.


Question: Will resting help a sore throat?

Answer: These can include: Body aches Fever Headache Nausea or vomiting Runny nose and sneezing Stomach pains There's no instant cure for a sore throat, but there are steps you can take to make it feel better. Be sure to get lots of rest. Sleep is important in your body's fight against an infection. Give your voice a break, too. Rest your throat if it has gotten irritated from speaking too long.


Question: Which pain relievers can be used for a sore throat?

Answer: Pain relievers: Follow directions if you decide to use a pain reliever -- acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin). Make sure you read the directions on whether it should be given to kids and teens.


Question: How do you gargle for a sore throat?

Answer: Gargle with salt water: Combine one-fourth to one-half teaspoon of table salt with 4 to 8 ounces of warm water. Gargle and spit it out.


Question: Why do sore throats occur?

Answer: Usually, you have an infection to go along with it. But your throat could also get irritated by things such as dry air, heavy pollution, or tobacco smoke.


Question: What symptoms may accompany a sore throat?

Answer: Some other causes of sore throat may include: Pollution: Smoking or chemicals inside the home can cause a sore throat. These can include: Body aches Fever Headache Nausea or vomiting Runny nose and sneezing Stomach pains There's no instant cure for a sore throat, but there are steps you can take to make it feel better.


Question: What can happen when taking a potassium blood test?

Answer: Hypokalemia may also be caused by: Diarrhea Dehydration Overuse of certain medicines Sometimes, a blood sample may be poorly taken or poorly tested, which can affect the test results. To make sure of the diagnosis, your doctor might ask you to take a second blood test. Or, she might ask you to take a urine test.


Question: What can cause hypokalemia relative to a potassium blood test?

Answer: If your potassium level is high (a condition called hyperkalemia) you may have: Kidney disease (the most common cause of hyperkalemia) Addison's disease (when your adrenal glands, which are above your kidneys, are damaged and cannot make enough of an important hormone called cortisol) Type 1 diabetes Rhabdomyolysis (a disease of the muscles often related to drug and alcohol use or muscle trauma) If your potassium level is low (hypokalemia), you may have: Kidney disease Diabetic ketoacidosis Folic acid deficiency ( Folic acid is an important B vitamin that helps make new cells in your body.) Hypokalemia may also be caused by: Diarrhea Dehydration Overuse of certain medicines Sometimes, a blood sample may be poorly taken or poorly tested, which can affect the test results.


Question: How much potassium should you have?

Answer: Your body should maintain a specific amount of potassium in the blood, ranging from 3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/ L).


Question: Which foods contain potassium?

Answer: Some foods with a lot of this mineral include: Avocados Bananas Beets Oranges and orange juice Pumpkins Spinach Potassium is one mineral that plays an important role in controlling the amount of fluid in the body.


Question: What is the role of potassium in your body?

Answer: Some foods with a lot of this mineral include: Avocados Bananas Beets Oranges and orange juice Pumpkins Spinach Potassium is one mineral that plays an important role in controlling the amount of fluid in the body. Another is sodium. Too much sodium -- which the body mainly gets from salt -- leads to the body retaining fluid. This can lead to high blood pressure (hypertension) and other issues. Potassium balances the effects of sodium and helps keep fluid levels within a certain range.


Question: How do you prepare for a potassium blood test?

Answer: Your doctor may ask you not to eat for at least 6 hours before the test, and to drink only water. She'll probably want to talk with you about your medical history and any medicines you're taking. Some medicines may affect the results, so she might advise you not to take them before the test.


Question: What do your potassium blood test results mean?

Answer: If your potassium level is high (a condition called hyperkalemia) you may have: Kidney disease (the most common cause of hyperkalemia) Addison's disease (when your adrenal glands, which are above your kidneys, are damaged and cannot make enough of an important hormone called cortisol) Type 1 diabetes Rhabdomyolysis (a disease of the muscles often related to drug and alcohol use or muscle trauma) If your potassium level is low (hypokalemia), you may have: Kidney disease Diabetic ketoacidosis Folic acid deficiency ( Folic acid is an important B vitamin that helps make new cells in your body.)


Question: What is a potassium blood test used for?

Answer: Kidney disease is a common cause of a high potassium level. Your doctor may want you to get a blood test to check for potassium levels if she suspects you're having health issues like: Kidney disease High blood pressure Diabetic ketoacidosis (a serious complication of diabetes) Any condition treated with diuretics (drugs that force the body to shed water and sodium and cause you to pee a lot) Other terms used to describe this test are: BMP (basic metabolic panel) Chem 7 Electrolyte panel In addition to potassium levels, the test may check your blood for chloride, sodium, and urea nitrogen ( BUN). If your potassium level is high (a condition called hyperkalemia) you may have: Kidney disease (the most common cause of hyperkalemia) Addison's disease (when your adrenal glands, which are above your kidneys, are damaged and cannot make enough of an important hormone called cortisol) Type 1 diabetes Rhabdomyolysis (a disease of the muscles often related to drug and alcohol use or muscle trauma) If your potassium level is low (hypokalemia), you may have: Kidney disease Diabetic ketoacidosis Folic acid deficiency ( Folic acid is an important B vitamin that helps make new cells in your body.)


Question: How common is asthma?

Answer: Asthma is a serious -- even dangerous -- disease that affects about 25 million Americans and causes nearly 2 million emergency room visits every year. With proper treatment, you can live well.


Question: Are asthma attack symptoms the same for everyone?

Answer: Common symptoms include: Coughing, especially at night Wheezing Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Chest tightness, pain, or pressure Not every person with asthma has the same symptoms of an asthma attack. You may not have all of them, or you may have different ones at different times. They may be subtle, like having less energy. They may also vary from mild to severe between one asthma attack and the next.


Question: What is status asthmaticus or severe asthma attacks?

Answer: These prolonged asthma attacks don't respond to treatment with bronchodilators and are a medical emergency. They need immediate treatment.


Question: What are common triggers for asthma?

Answer: Common asthma triggers include: Infections like sinusitis, colds, and flu Allergens such as pollens, mold, pet dander, and dust mites Irritants like strong odors from perfumes or cleaning solutions Air pollution Tobacco smoke Exercise Cold air or changes to the weather, such as changes in temperature or humidity Strong emotions such as anxiety, laughter, crying, or stress Medications such as aspirin An asthma attack is a sudden worsening of symptoms.


Question: How many American children have asthma?

Answer: Asthma can affect you at any age, although it's more common in people under age 40. More than 20 million adult Americans, or 8.3% of the adult population, has it. Asthma in children.


Question: What are the common symptoms of an asthma attack?

Answer: Common symptoms include: Coughing, especially at night Wheezing Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Chest tightness, pain, or pressure Not every person with asthma has the same symptoms of an asthma attack. An X-ray is an image of the inside of your body created by using low doses of radiation. You'll take these along with a rescue inhaler during an asthma attack.


Question: How is a heart attack diagnosed?

Answer: To diagnose a heart attack, an emergency care team will ask you about your symptoms and begin to evaluate you. The diagnosis of the heart attack is based on your symptoms and test results. The goal of treatment is to treat you quickly and limit heart muscle damage.


Question: What drugs are used during a heart attack?

Answer: Drugs used during a heart attack may include: Aspirin to prevent blood clotting that may worsen the heart attack Other antiplatelets, such as Brilinta, Effient, or Plavix, to prevent blood clotting Thrombolytic therapy ("clot busters") to dissolve any blood clots in the heart's arteries Any combination of the above Other drugs, given during or after a heart attack, lessen your heart's work, improve the functioning of the heart, widen or dilate your blood vessels, decrease your pain, and guard against any life-threatening heart rhythms.


Question: How is a cardiac catheterization used to diagnose a heart attack?

Answer: Cardiac catheterization, also called cardiac cath, may be used during the first hours of a heart attack if medications are not relieving the ischemia or symptoms. The cardiac cath can be used to directly visualize the blocked artery and help your doctor determine which procedure is needed to treat the blockage.


Question: How does the wound heal after a heart attack?

Answer: Healing of the heart muscle begins soon after a heart attack and takes about eight weeks. Just like a skin wound, the heart's wound heals and a scar will form in the damaged area. But, the new scar tissue does not contract. So, the heart's pumping ability is lessened after a heart attack. The amount of lost pumping ability depends on the size and location of the scar.


Question: What are the goals of drug therapy for a heart attack?

Answer: The goals of drug therapy are to break up or prevent blood clots, prevent platelets from gathering and sticking to the plaque, stabilize the plaque, and prevent further ischemia. These medications must be given as soon as possible (within one to two hours from the start of your heart attack) to decrease the amount of heart damage. The longer the delay in starting these drugs, the more damage can occur and the less benefit they can provide.


Question: How are future heart attacks prevented?

Answer: Your best bet to ward off future attacks are to take your medications, change your lifestyle, and see you doctor for regular heart checkups. Keep a list of your medications and bring them to each of your doctor visits.


Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose a heart attack?

Answer: The amount of damage to the heart muscle depends on the size of the area supplied by the blocked artery and the time between injury and treatment. These enzymes are normally found inside the cells of your heart and are needed for their function. Troponins are proteins found inside of heart cells that are released when they are damaged by the lack of blood supply to the heart. Detecting troponin in the blood may indicate a heart attack.


Question: How is an echocardiography used to diagnose a heart attack?

Answer: So, the heart's pumping ability is lessened after a heart attack. The "echo" can also tell if any structures of the heart (valves, septum, etc.) have been injured during the heart attack.


Question: What is the final word in the Baby Food Diet?

Answer: The Final Word The Baby Food Diet may be an option if you are just trying to kick-start some weight loss. Your actual food prep is minimal unless you choose to puree your own baby food. All you need to do is pick out jars of baby food at the store. It would be far better to look into another eating plan that you can stick with and not quickly grow out of. And while you are at it, look for one that involves some age-appropriate exercise, as well.


Question: What are atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease?

Answer: Atherosclerosis -- sometimes called hardening of the arteries -- can slowly narrow the arteries throughout your body. When atherosclerosis affects arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle, it's called coronary artery disease. 1 killer of Americans. Most of those deaths are from heart attacks caused by blood clots. Half of all men who have severe atherosclerosis with no symptoms. More men than women die from coronary artery disease.


Question: How does atherosclerosis cause coronary artery disease?

Answer: Atherosclerosis -- sometimes called hardening of the arteries -- can slowly narrow the arteries throughout your body. When atherosclerosis affects arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle, it's called coronary artery disease. Many of us have heard that clogged arteries lead to heart attacks. First, the coronary arteries' smooth interior surface is damaged. High blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and diabetes are the most common reasons why. LDL -- or "bad" cholesterol -- then starts to build up in the coronary artery's wall. The body sends a "clean-up crew" of white blood cells and other cells to the toxic site. Over years, continuing buildup of cholesterol and the body's response to it create a plaque. That's a bump on the artery wall that can obstruct blood flow.


Question: How are low vision aids used to treat age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: You can get devices that have special lenses or electronic systems that enlarge images of nearby objects.


Question: How are anti-angiogenic drugs used to treat age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Your doctor injects these medications into your eye. They stop new blood vessels from forming and block the leaking from the abnormal vessels that cause wet macular degeneration. Some people who take these drugs have been able to regain vision that they lost from AMD. You will likely need to get the treatment repeated on follow-up visits.


Question: Is there a cure for age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: There's no cure, but treatment for age-related macular degeneration ( AMD) may slow the disease and keep you from having a severe loss of vision. Talk to your doctor about the best way to manage your condition.


Question: How is photodynamic laser therapy used to treat age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: It's a two-step treatment that uses a light-sensitive drug to damage your abnormal blood vessels. Your doctor injects a medication into your bloodstream, which gets absorbed by the abnormal blood vessels in your eye. Next, he shines a laser into the eye to activate the drug, which damages the abnormal blood vessels.


Question: Does treating wet AMD cure it?

Answer: Sometimes, even after you get treatment for wet AMD, the condition can come back. Test your vision regularly and follow the recommendations of your doctor. The right treatment not only slows your vision loss, but it can improve your vision.


Question: How can you prevent age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: The earlier you get a diagnosis of AMD, the greater the chance that treatment will help. See your eye doctor if you have any symptoms of AMD, and make sure you keep a regular schedule of eye exams. Try these prevention tips: Check your sight every day by looking at an Amsler grid -- a pattern of straight lines that's like a checkerboard. It can help you spot changes in your vision. Stop smoking, eat a balanced diet that includes leafy green vegetables, and protect your eyes with sunglasses that block harmful ultraviolet ( UV) rays. Supplements with antioxidants plus zinc may lower your odds of getting AMD, according to the Age- Related Eye Disease Study. If you're over 65, your vision exams should include testing for AMD.


Question: How can low vision aids help with age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: You can get devices that have special lenses or electronic systems that enlarge images of nearby objects.


Question: How do anti-angiogenic drugs treat age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Your doctor injects these medications into your eye. They stop new blood vessels from forming and block the leaking from the abnormal vessels that cause wet macular degeneration. Some people who take these drugs have been able to regain vision that they lost from AMD. You will likely need to get the treatment repeated on follow-up visits.


Question: What is the outlook for age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: People rarely lose all of their sight from age-related macular degeneration. You may have poor central vision, but even with advanced AMD you'll still be able to see things to the side, outside your direct line of sight. And you'll still be able to do many of your regular daily activities. With the severe form of either wet or dry AMD, your central vision may decrease to less than 20/200 in both eyes. Even though you'll have peripheral vision, your vision problems meet the definition of legal blindness. The dry form of AMD, which is much more common, tends to get worse more slowly, allowing you to keep most of your vision. Sometimes, even after you get treatment for wet AMD, the condition can come back. Test your vision regularly and follow the recommendations of your doctor. The right treatment not only slows your vision loss, but it can improve your vision.


Question: What are the next steps for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Some people with the dry form of AMD can develop the wet form. If you've got the dry form now, it's important to keep a check on your vision. Perform a vision check one a week, testing each eye separately. Follow the directions for using an Amsler Grid Chart, which you can place on your refrigerator, or you can view it on a tablet or computer. Let your doctor know if you have any changes. If you have the wet form of macular degeneration, even if it's been treated, you should test your vision to see if any blind spots grow bigger or if any new blind spots appear. New blood vessels can emerge months or years after you had injections or laser treatment. If you only have AMD in one eye, your doctor will do regular eye exams on your other eye to check for signs of new problems.


Question: What should I do if I am diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Some people with the dry form of AMD can develop the wet form. If you've got the dry form now, it's important to keep a check on your vision. Perform a vision check one a week, testing each eye separately. Follow the directions for using an Amsler Grid Chart, which you can place on your refrigerator, or you can view it on a tablet or computer. Let your doctor know if you have any changes. If you have the wet form of macular degeneration, even if it's been treated, you should test your vision to see if any blind spots grow bigger or if any new blind spots appear. New blood vessels can emerge months or years after you had injections or laser treatment. If you only have AMD in one eye, your doctor will do regular eye exams on your other eye to check for signs of new problems.


Question: How can I prevent age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: They stop new blood vessels from forming and block the leaking from the abnormal vessels that cause wet macular degeneration. You will likely need to get the treatment repeated on follow-up visits. Try these prevention tips: Check your sight every day by looking at an Amsler grid -- a pattern of straight lines that's like a checkerboard. It can help you spot changes in your vision. Supplements with antioxidants plus zinc may lower your odds of getting AMD, according to the Age- Related Eye Disease Study. If you're over 65, your vision exams should include testing for AMD.


Question: Can taking vitamins help age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: A large study by the National Eye Institute of the National Institutes of Health, called AREDS ( Age- Related Eye Disease Study), shows benefits if you take a supplement formula that has vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, zinc, and copper. According to the research, the risk for vision loss goes down for some people with intermediate to advanced dry AMD. Some people with the dry form of AMD can develop the wet form. Supplements with antioxidants plus zinc may lower your odds of getting AMD, according to the Age- Related Eye Disease Study.


Question: How do lasers treat age-related macular degeneration?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest a treatment with high-energy laser light that can sometimes destroy actively growing abnormal blood vessels from AMD. Your doctor injects a medication into your bloodstream, which gets absorbed by the abnormal blood vessels in your eye. Next, he shines a laser into the eye to activate the drug, which damages the abnormal blood vessels.


Question: When will you know you are in menopause?

Answer: A woman is in menopause if she has had no menstrual periods (menses) for 12 months and has no other medical reason for her menses to stop. If a woman knows she is not in menopause but is missing periods, she should consult her health care provider.


Question: Can hormone levels or other blood tests help with detecting menopause?

Answer: Because hormone levels may fluctuate greatly in an individual woman, even from one day to the next, they are not a reliable indicator for diagnosing menopause. Even if levels are low one day, they may be high the next day in the same woman. There is no single blood test that reliably predicts when a woman is going through menopause, or menopausal transition.


Question: How will your doctor figure out what is the right treatment for my hyperthyroidism?

Answer: There are several different ways to treat an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). Before choosing the one that's best for you, your doctor will consider what's causing it, your age, your overall heath, and how severe your symptoms are.


Question: What are possible side effects of beta-blockers?

Answer: Side effects may include: Headache Dizziness Digestive problems Surgery isn't typically recommended for an overactive thyroid.


Question: Will I need surgery to treat my hyperthyroidism?

Answer: Side effects may include: Headache Dizziness Digestive problems Surgery isn't typically recommended for an overactive thyroid. But if you can't take antithyroid medicines or get radioactive iodine therapy, your doctor may recommend a surgery called thyroidectomy. It means your thyroid will be completely removed.


Question: What are the side effects of antithyroid drug medications for hyperthyroidism?

Answer: Up to 3% of people who take antithyroid medications develop allergic reactions like rashes and hives. In rare cases, these medicines can cause a condition called agranulocytosis, which decreases the number of your white blood cells. When this happens, you're more likely to develop an infection. There's also the risk of liver damage. See your doctor right away if you develop symptoms like a fever or sore throat while taking these drugs.


Question: How can surgery help hyperthyroidism caused by Grave's disease?

Answer: This is called Graves' orbitopathy or ophthalmopathy. If your symptoms aren't severe, you can usually manage them by avoiding bright lights and wind, raising the head of your bed, and using eye drops. It can help by making extra room for your eyes so that they go back to their normal position. It can help improve your vision. The cut muscles are then reattached in a different position, which can put your eyes back in proper alignment.


Question: How do beta-blockers help treat hyperthyroidism?

Answer: Beta-blockers affect the way thyroid hormone acts on your body. They're most often used to treat high blood pressure. They can also help slow down your heart rate and keep it beating regularly. These glands help control the amount of calcium in your blood.


Question: Can hyperthyroidism affect my eyes?

Answer: This is a medication you take by mouth to help shrink your thyroid. This is called Graves' orbitopathy or ophthalmopathy. If your symptoms aren't severe, you can usually manage them by avoiding bright lights and wind, raising the head of your bed, and using eye drops. Your doctor may suggest a selenium supplement. In some cases, you might need to take steroids or other medications to help control the swelling behind your eyes.


Question: How can I get out of bed when I have back pain?

Answer: And you might not even be able to get in and out of bed without pain. You may sink in too deep and your joints may twist and cause you more pain. Take your time and roll over onto one side and use your arms to push your way up. You can then swing your legs out of bed to stand up slowly. Reverse the movements when it's time to lie down at night.


Question: Can yoga help back pain?

Answer: Doctors used to always recommend firm mattresses, but research has shown that people with low back pain actually sleep worse on very hard mattresses when compared to other kinds. It can also help reduce your stress and make you sleep better. Talk to your doctor about which poses are safe for you to practice and which ones won't make your pain worse. It might be helpful to start off using yoga props like blocks and bolsters for added support so that you can hold poses comfortably. And taking a few yoga classes with an instructor to be sure you're doing the poses and breathing correctly -- which is key to relaxation -- isn't a bad idea either.


Question: What exercises can help with back pain?

Answer: Back pain can make getting through the day hard, but it can make getting a good night's sleep even harder. But doing targeted exercises to strengthen your core -- the muscles in your abdomen, hips, lower back, and pelvis -- can also help ease back pain. Building strength and flexibility in these muscles can lower the chances of you straining your back and experiencing muscle spasms during the night. Holding a plank position with your hands under your shoulders and your legs out straight can help tighten these muscles. Start by holding the pose for 15 to 30 seconds and try to maintain proper alignment, with your body in a straight line and your abdominal muscles engaged.


Question: Can cancer cause changes in testicles or penis?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you have pain when you pee or blood in your urine.


Question: What cancers should men be weary of?

Answer: The three most common cancers in men are prostate, lung, and colorectal.


Question: Does cancer cause fatigue?

Answer: Fatigue: If you're tired all the time and rest doesn't help, tell your doctor. Leukemia often wears you out, or you could have blood loss from colon or stomach cancer. Cancer-related weight loss can leave you exhausted, too.


Question: How can fever be a sign of cancer?

Answer: Fever: If it's high or sticks around for more than 3 days, call your doctor. Some blood cancers, like lymphoma, cause a fever that lasts for days or even weeks.


Question: How can weight loss without trying be a sign of cancer?

Answer: Weight loss without trying: It's common to lose weight when you have cancer. It's often one of the signs of cancer that people notice first. Almost half the people with cancer lose weight by the time they get diagnosed.


Question: What signs of cancer should men watch out for?

Answer: The three most common cancers in men are prostate, lung, and colorectal. Keep an eye out for: Cough or hoarseness that won't go away: See the doctor if a cough is severe, lasts more than 3 weeks, or you see blood when you cough. Trouble peeing: A swollen prostate can make it hard to go, or it may make you have to go a lot. Tell your doctor if you have pain when you pee or blood in your urine. Change in bowel habits. Diarrhea or constipation that lasts for more than 4 weeks can be a sign of colorectal cancer. Blood in your poop isn't normal. Tell your doctor.


Question: Does cancer cause changes in the skin?

Answer: Changes in your skin: Get unusual or new moles, bumps, or marks on your body checked. You want to be sure skin cancer isn't lurking. Your skin can also provide clues to other kinds of cancers. If it's darkened, looks yellow or red, itches, sprouts more hair, or if you have an unexplained rash, let your doctor take a look. It could be a sign of liver, ovarian, or kidney cancer.


Question: Does cancer cause fever?

Answer: Fever: If it's high or sticks around for more than 3 days, call your doctor. Some blood cancers, like lymphoma, cause a fever that lasts for days or even weeks.


Question: What cancers should women be weary of?

Answer: The types that affect women most are breast, lung, and colorectal cancer. Women can also have cancer of the uterus, endometrium, cervix, vagina, or vulva.


Question: Can cancer cause breast changes?

Answer: You see spots or other changes in the skin around your nipples.


Question: What are the advantages of taking Depo-Provera?

Answer: In addition to preventing pregnancy, this medication has other benefits: You don't have to remember to take it every day or use it before sex. It provides long-term protection as long as you get the shot every 3 months. It's highly effective. You get birth control without having to take estrogen.


Question: Can I get pregnant after I stop using Depo-Provera?

Answer: But it takes some women up to a year or two to conceive after they stop using this type of birth control. This time frame doesn't seem to be linked to how long you got the shots.


Question: How soon does Depo-Provera work?

Answer: Depo- Provera starts to work as birth control immediately if you get it within the first 5 days of your menstrual period.


Question: Can any woman use Depo-Provera?

Answer: It's OK for most women. But you shouldn't get it if you have: Unexplained vaginal bleeding Liver disease Breast cancer Blood clots Your doctor will be cautious about giving it to you if you're a teenager, or if you have: Diabetes A history of depression A history of heart attack or stroke Osteoporosis or a high risk for it They can include: Irregular menstrual periods, or no periods at all Headaches Nervousness Depression Dizziness Acne Changes in appetite Weight gain Unwanted facial and body hair Hair loss Loss of bone mineral density Belly pain Bloating Breakthrough bleeding Fatigue Less interest in sex Weakness Changes to your menstrual cycle are the most common side effects.


Question: What are the side effects of Depo-Provera?

Answer: But you shouldn't get it if you have: Unexplained vaginal bleeding Liver disease Breast cancer Blood clots Your doctor will be cautious about giving it to you if you're a teenager, or if you have: Diabetes A history of depression A history of heart attack or stroke Osteoporosis or a high risk for it They can include: Irregular menstrual periods, or no periods at all Headaches Nervousness Depression Dizziness Acne Changes in appetite Weight gain Unwanted facial and body hair Hair loss Loss of bone mineral density Belly pain Bloating Breakthrough bleeding Fatigue Less interest in sex Weakness Changes to your menstrual cycle are the most common side effects. You may have irregular bleeding or spotting. After a year of use, about 50% of women will stop getting their periods. If this happens to you, your period should come back when you stop getting the shots. Long-term use of Depo- Provera may lead to loss of bone mineral density, which makes you more likely to get osteoporosis. Your chances are even higher if you've taken the shot for longer than 2 years, especially if osteoporosis runs in your family, you drink a lot, you smoke, or you have other risk factors for the condition.


Question: What are the disadvantages of Depo-Provera?

Answer: But you shouldn't get it if you have: Unexplained vaginal bleeding Liver disease Breast cancer Blood clots Your doctor will be cautious about giving it to you if you're a teenager, or if you have: Diabetes A history of depression A history of heart attack or stroke Osteoporosis or a high risk for it They can include: Irregular menstrual periods, or no periods at all Headaches Nervousness Depression Dizziness Acne Changes in appetite Weight gain Unwanted facial and body hair Hair loss Loss of bone mineral density Belly pain Bloating Breakthrough bleeding Fatigue Less interest in sex Weakness Changes to your menstrual cycle are the most common side effects. Regular doctor visits for the shots can be inconvenient. You need to stop taking Depo- Provera several months ahead of time if you plan to become pregnant. It doesn't protect you against sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs). Use a condom for safer sex.


Question: How can support groups help with dental fear?

Answer: Most communities have support groups that offer practical tips and coping skills in addition to emotional support for those who suffer from anxiety or phobias. Ask your dentist if he or she can assist in finding a support group in your area.


Question: How can cognitive behavior help dental fear?

Answer: This approach teaches patients how to calm their mind and body and change negative or harmful thinking patterns so that they can feel better, think more clearly, make better decisions and overcome fears.


Question: How can general anesthesia help with dental pain?

Answer: With this technique, the patient is "put to sleep" for the duration of the procedure. Patients requiring general anesthesia can be treated in the dentist's office, but more likely are treated in a hospital setting. This is because this type of anesthesia has risks, which include a sudden drop in blood pressure and irregular heartbeats, so the patient needs to be closely monitored. For these reasons, general anesthesia is typically only used if extensive dental work is needed and when other forms of sedation or pain control are not sufficient to conquer fear.


Question: How can laser drills control dental pain?

Answer: Some dentists are now using lasers to remove decay within a tooth and prepare the surrounding enamel for placement of the filling. Lasers may cause less pain in some instances and result in a reduced need for anesthesia.


Question: How can demtophobia clinics help dental fear?

Answer: These are clinics, staffed by therapists, who specialize in helping those with severe anxiety.


Question: How can systematic desensitization help dental fear?

Answer: With this technique, patients are gradually exposed to the things they are afraid of -- for instance, in this case, the dental office and dental instruments.


Question: How can relaxation techniques help control dental pain?

Answer: Studies have shown that practicing relaxation techniques helps reduce pain and anxiety levels in patients. There are many types of relaxation strategies. Some of the more common include: Guided imagery.


Question: How can deep breathing help control dental pain?

Answer: This technique involves breathing deeply and slowly, which floods the body with oxygen and other chemicals that work on the central nervous system and improve your comfort.


Question: How can mental health therapy help with dental fear?

Answer: Working with mental health professionals, such as psychologists and psychiatrists, is another worthwhile option to consider for those with severe anxiety and phobias. The types of therapies that might be tried in this setting include: Systematic desensitization. With this technique, patients are gradually exposed to the things they are afraid of -- for instance, in this case, the dental office and dental instruments. Cognitive behavior therapy. This approach teaches patients how to calm their mind and body and change negative or harmful thinking patterns so that they can feel better, think more clearly, make better decisions and overcome fears. Psychotherapy. This is a process by which patients increase their personal awareness and come to an understanding of and make peace with the difficult events or fears from their past.


Question: How can progressive relaxation help control dental pain?

Answer: Using all of this information, your dentist will work with you to determine which anxiety- and pain-reducing approach may be the best option for you. Reducing muscular tension helps reduce pain.


Question: What is electronically delivered anesthesia?

Answer: Electronically delivered anesthesia (also called transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation -- or TENS). Adhesive pads are placed on the face and a battery-powered device sends electrical impulses to the treatment area to numb it. This technique involves the placement of very thin needles into certain locations on the body.


Question: How can intravenous sedation help with controlling dental pain?

Answer: This approach is usually reserved for patients undergoing extensive dental procedures or for the extremely anxious patient. Mind/ Body Techniques to Control Anxiety or Pain Distraction strategies.


Question: How can guided imagery help control dental pain?

Answer: With this technique, the patient is "put to sleep" for the duration of the procedure. By concentrating on creating as much detail as possible, your mind becomes absorbed in this task rather than focusing on what the dentist is doing.


Question: Which medical issues can cause uveitis?

Answer: Some that can trigger uveitis include: Herpes simplex virus, which causes cold sores Varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and shingles Tuberculosis ( TB), caused by bacteria you can breathe in Cytomegalovirus ( CMV), a common virus that often has no symptoms.


Question: What infections can cause uveitis?

Answer: Some that can trigger uveitis include: Herpes simplex virus, which causes cold sores Varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and shingles Tuberculosis ( TB), caused by bacteria you can breathe in Cytomegalovirus ( CMV), a common virus that often has no symptoms. It can cause uveitis in people with weak immune systems. Mumps West Nile virus Lyme disease Cat-scratch disease AIDS Syphilis It's rare, but you can also get uveitis after fungal or parasite infections like histoplasmosis or toxoplasmosis.


Question: What can help your tattoo color last?

Answer: When you leave the tattoo shop, your ink will look like a million bucks. It will be bright and shiny. That's not going to last. The tattoo will fade over time. Always put sunscreen on it, especially in the summer, to keep the colors bright -- SPF 45 or higher is best. And moisturize it daily, especially if it's on an area of your body, such as your hands, where it can fade quickly.


Question: The bandage is off my new tattoo. How can I help it heal?

Answer: Apply a layer of antibacterial ointment twice a day, but don't put on another bandage. Gently wash your tattoo area several times a day with soap and water and gently pat dry. Keep applying a moisturizer or ointment after you clean it to keep it moist. You should repeat this process for 2 to 4 weeks. Also try not to wear clothes that will stick to your tattoo, and avoid swimming and the sun for about 2 weeks. It's normal. But never pick, scratch, or peel it. You could get an infection or remove the color. If you think your tattoo is infected, or isn't healing properly, go see your doctor.


Question: What should I do in the first 24 hours after getting a tattoo?

Answer: Follow these steps while your new tattoo heals. Gently wash the tattoo with antimicrobial soap and water and pat dry.


Question: How are clinical trials used to treat lung cancer?

Answer: Clinical trials are a way to try new medications and treatments that researchers are testing. The goal is to find out how well these treatments work and what side effects they could have. People with lung cancer who participate in lung cancer clinical trials get the most effective therapy that's already available, or they may receive new lung cancer treatments that are being tested for future use.


Question: What is CenterWatch?

Answer: Center Watch This web site lists industry-sponsored clinical trials that are recruiting patients.


Question: What is Trial Check?

Answer: Trial Check This website, developed by the nonprofit Coalition of Cancer Cooperative Groups, is the leading cancer clinical trial search engine. You can search for cancer trials based on disease and location.


Question: What is ClinicalTrials.gov?

Answer: Clinical Trials.gov This website, a service of the National Institutes of Health, is a database of clinical studies worldwide.


Question: Where can I get more information about clinical trials?

Answer: You can ask your doctor to help you find a clinical trial, what's involved, and what to consider -- for instance, if you'd need to travel to take part. You can also check these websites for information.


Question: What is the National Cancer Institute?

Answer: National Cancer Institute This website lists more than 6,000 cancer clinical trials and explains what to do when you find one that you think is right for you.


Question: How can kicking your smoking habit affect your skin?

Answer: Smoother Skin Skin changes, like a leathery texture and deep wrinkling, are more likely in people who are regular smokers. Smoking leads to biochemical changes in the body that speed the aging process. Another classic smoker giveaway is tar staining of the hands and skin from holding cigarettes. Plus, the muscle actions you use to inhale lead to the classic smoker's wrinkles around the mouth.


Question: How can kicking your smoking habit affect your immunity?

Answer: Fewer Infections Smoking also makes you more vulnerable to seasonal flus and colds. Tiny hairs called cilia that line the respiratory tract, including the trachea and bronchial tubes, help protect you. But one of the toxic effects of cigarette smoke is that it paralyzes the cilia, which erases that protection. That's why smokers have so many more infections. Within a month of quitting, your cilia start doing their protective role once again.


Question: How can kicking your smoking habit affect your finances?

Answer: For Your Wallet All the money that you spend on cigarettes goes up in smoke. Just think what you could do with it if it were back in your bank account. The total? That depends on your habits. By some estimates, if you smoke a pack a day, you could spend $100,000 or more on cigarettes and lighters. Plus, over the years, you're likely to have higher health costs due to conditions caused by smoking. When you quit, your budget gets a break.