Question: What is a continuous glucose monitor?

Answer: This FDA-approved system tracks your blood sugar levels day and night. It collects readings automatically every 5 to 15 minutes. It can help detect trends and patterns that give you and your doctor a more complete picture of your diabetes. The data can help you find ways to better manage your condition. Several devices are available for adults and children. You need a prescription from your doctor to get one.


Question: What is the future of continuous glucose monitor (CGM)?

Answer: Scientists are testing new and better kinds of CGM systems in clinical trials. The technology is also a key part of researchers' efforts to build an artificial pancreas, which could mimic the body's natural process of controlling insulin.


Question: What is the future of continuous glucose monitors?

Answer: Scientists are testing new and better kinds of CGM systems in clinical trials. The technology is also a key part of researchers' efforts to build an artificial pancreas, which could mimic the body's natural process of controlling insulin.


Question: Who should use a continuous glucose monitor?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend CGM if you have: Major highs and lows in your blood sugar levels for no clear reason Gestational diabetes, which happens during pregnancy An insulin pump Blood sugar levels that are very low, called hypoglycemia, or very high, called hyperglycemia The device can be used by adults and children ages 2 and older. The FDA recently approved smartphone apps to pair with the CGM.


Question: What is continuous glucose monitor reading data used for?

Answer: The information can help you and your doctor make the best plan for managing your diabetes, including: How much insulin you should take An exercise plan that's right for you The number of meals and snacks you need each day The correct types and doses of medications CGM doesn't replace traditional home monitors.


Question: Will a continuous glucose monitor work with an insulin pump?

Answer: If you use an insulin pump, you can also link it to your CGM system for continuous care. You won't need to manually program the pump as with the other finger-prick methods. This is called a âsensor-augmented pump.â Unlike traditional glucose meters, CGM records your blood sugar levels throughout the entire day and night, showing your highs and lows throughout the whole week.


Question: When is a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) recommended?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend CGM if you have: Major highs and lows in your blood sugar levels for no clear reason Gestational diabetes, which happens during pregnancy An insulin pump Blood sugar levels that are very low, called hypoglycemia, or very high, called hyperglycemia The device can be used by adults and children ages 2 and older.


Question: Why should you use a continuous glucose monitor (CGM)?

Answer: This is called a âsensor-augmented pump.â Unlike traditional glucose meters, CGM records your blood sugar levels throughout the entire day and night, showing your highs and lows throughout the whole week. The systems can help: Record dangerously low overnight blood sugar levels, which often go undetected Track high levels between meals Show early morning spikes in blood sugar Evaluate how diet and exercise affect you Determine if your treatment plan works on a day-to-day basis CGM isn't right for every person with diabetes, though. They're more expensive than glucose meters and your insurance or Medicaid might not cover one. You may also need some extra training and practice to use the technology correctly. Talk to your doctor about whether CGM is a good fit for you.


Question: What is open surgery for sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: In this type of operation, the surgeon makes a cut about 7 or 8 inches long and opens up your muscle and tissues to get to the SI joint. He removes tissue called cartilage from between the sacrum and the ilium. The surgeon usually takes a piece of bone from your pelvis, called a bone graft, and puts it into the joint. He will also put a few screws in the joint to hold it together while it heals. Eventually, the bone graft turns into bone and the joint is fused together.


Question: How long can open surgery for sacroiliac (SI) joint pain take?

Answer: It can take up to 6 months to get back to full speed on all of your usual activities.


Question: What is minimally invasive fusion surgery for sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Most SI joint fusion surgeries are this kind. The surgeon makes small cuts in your buttocks and uses X-ray scans to see where to go with the surgical tools. Then he drills holes in the sacrum and ilium and puts in implants to make the joint more stable.


Question: Is surgery an option for sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Most SI joint fusion surgeries are this kind.


Question: What is sacroiliac (SI) joint fusion surgery?

Answer: Sacroiliac Joint Fusion The SI joint lies between two bones, the sacrum and the ilium. The sacrum is a big, triangle-shaped bone at the base of your spine. The ilium is the big bone in your hip. The SI joint is where the sacrum meets the inside of the ilium. The idea behind SI joint fusion surgery is to join these bones together.


Question: What are symptoms of schwannomas?

Answer: Symptoms of schwannomas can include: A painless or painful growth or swelling on the face Hearing loss or ringing in the ear (vestibular schwannoma) Loss of coordination and balance (vestibular schwannoma) Numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the face Symptoms of neurofibrosarcomas can include: Swelling or a lump in the arms or legs Pain or soreness Difficulty using the arms, legs, feet, or hands Doctors diagnose nerve sheath tumors by doing a physical and neurological (brain and nervous system) examination.


Question: At what age are nerve sheath tumors usually diagnosed?

Answer: Nerve sheath tumors are usually diagnosed when people are between the ages of 30 and 50, although these diseases can sometimes affect children and elderly people.


Question: How do schwannomas develop?

Answer: Schwannomas form in the tissue that surrounds and insulates nerves. Schwannomas develop when schwann cells -- the cells that form the covering around nerve fibers -- grow abnormally. Schwannomas typically develop along nerves of the head and neck.


Question: What are symptoms of neurofibrosarcomas?

Answer: Symptoms of schwannomas can include: A painless or painful growth or swelling on the face Hearing loss or ringing in the ear (vestibular schwannoma) Loss of coordination and balance (vestibular schwannoma) Numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the face Symptoms of neurofibrosarcomas can include: Swelling or a lump in the arms or legs Pain or soreness Difficulty using the arms, legs, feet, or hands Doctors diagnose nerve sheath tumors by doing a physical and neurological (brain and nervous system) examination.


Question: What ages are most affected by nerve sheath tumors?

Answer: Nerve sheath tumors are usually diagnosed when people are between the ages of 30 and 50, although these diseases can sometimes affect children and elderly people.


Question: Do nerve sheath tumors typically recur after treatment?

Answer: Schwannomas usually don't come back if they are removed completely. The prognosis after treatment for neurofibrosarcoma depends on the size of the tumor, where it is located, and how far it has spread. Long-term survival can vary from person to person. It's possible for the cancer to return, even after aggressive treatment.


Question: How are nerve sheath tumors diagnosed?

Answer: Symptoms of schwannomas can include: A painless or painful growth or swelling on the face Hearing loss or ringing in the ear (vestibular schwannoma) Loss of coordination and balance (vestibular schwannoma) Numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the face Symptoms of neurofibrosarcomas can include: Swelling or a lump in the arms or legs Pain or soreness Difficulty using the arms, legs, feet, or hands Doctors diagnose nerve sheath tumors by doing a physical and neurological (brain and nervous system) examination. Usually they'll also perform imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans to pinpoint the location and size of the tumor. A biopsy (removing a tissue sample and examining it in the lab) can confirm whether the tumor is malignant.


Question: How are schwannomas treated?

Answer: Schawnnomas may not need treatment if they are not causing any symptoms. Surgery is sometimes needed if the tumor is pressing on a nerve causing pain or other problems. The most common treatment for neurofibrosarcomas is to remove them with surgery. Radiation therapy is often used after surgery to help decrease the risk of recurrence. However, surgery can be difficult if the tumor is very close to or surrounding an important nerve, because the surgeon could damage the nerve while trying to remove the tumor. In addition to surgery and radiation therapy, chemotherapy may also be needed. When a tumor can't be removed, high-dose radiation therapy may be used to target the tumor.


Question: What are the symptoms of schwannomas?

Answer: Symptoms of schwannomas can include: A painless or painful growth or swelling on the face Hearing loss or ringing in the ear (vestibular schwannoma) Loss of coordination and balance (vestibular schwannoma) Numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the face Symptoms of neurofibrosarcomas can include: Swelling or a lump in the arms or legs Pain or soreness Difficulty using the arms, legs, feet, or hands Doctors diagnose nerve sheath tumors by doing a physical and neurological (brain and nervous system) examination.


Question: What are the symptoms of neurofibrosarcomas?

Answer: Symptoms of schwannomas can include: A painless or painful growth or swelling on the face Hearing loss or ringing in the ear (vestibular schwannoma) Loss of coordination and balance (vestibular schwannoma) Numbness, weakness, or paralysis in the face Symptoms of neurofibrosarcomas can include: Swelling or a lump in the arms or legs Pain or soreness Difficulty using the arms, legs, feet, or hands Doctors diagnose nerve sheath tumors by doing a physical and neurological (brain and nervous system) examination.


Question: Where does schwannomas typically develop?

Answer: Schwannomas typically develop along nerves of the head and neck. A type of schwannoma called vestibular schwannoma (or acoustic neuroma) affects the nerve that connects the brain to the inner ear, which can affect your sense of balance. Although schwannomas do not spread, they can grow large enough to press down on important structures in the brain (including the brain stem).


Question: How are neurofibrosarcomas grouped?

Answer: Because neurofibrosarcoma originates in nerves, it is considered part of a group of cancers called soft tissue sarcomas. Soft tissue sarcomas are uncommon. They make up less than 1% of all cancers diagnosed each year. Neurofibrosarcomas account for only a small number of these soft sarcomas.


Question: What is the link between schwannomas and neurofibromatosis?

Answer: Vestibular schwannomas are linked to neurofibromatosis type 2. Having a genetic disorder called schwannomatosis also can increase the risk for schwannomas. A small percentage of neurofibrosarcomas are related to past radiation exposure.


Question: When should I see a diabetes educator?

Answer: The American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics created a guide to help doctors make referrals to certified diabetes educators. It recommends seeing someone once a year as well as when: You're first diagnosed New problems come up that might affect how you manage your diabetes Your treatment or care changes


Question: Will insurance cover diabetes education?

Answer: Yes, Medicare and most private insurers do. But to be covered, an education program has to meet standards set by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. So check with your doctor to make sure your diabetes educator does, unless you're going to pay the cost yourself.


Question: What does a diabetes educator do?

Answer: Your diabetes educator will help you learn to take in stride all the things in your day-to-day life that can help control the disease -- like exercise, nutrition, medications, and checking your blood sugar. They may also work with your family so they understand your needs better and can be there to support you.


Question: How effective is diabetes education?

Answer: After 15 months, they lowered their A1c levels (blood sugar across a 3-month period) by an average of 67%. Their LDL, or bad cholesterol, went down by 53%. Before the study, about 1/3 had high blood pressure; after the study, only 1/4 had it.


Question: What are the side effects of antidepressants like l-methylfolate (Deplin)?

Answer: Referred to as a medical food, l-methylfolate is a prescription strength form of folate. Folate is also known as vitamin B9 and is one of the essential B vitamins. It helps regulate all three of the brain's monoamine neurotransmitters associated with moods. Side effects include hives, swelling, nausea and bloating.


Question: What are the most effective antidepressants and what are its side effects?

Answer: MAOIs such as isocarboxazid ( Marplan), phenelzine ( Nardil), selegiline ( EMSAM), and tranylcypromine ( Parnate), are among the most effective of all known antidepressants. But they can cause serious interactions with some foods -- like aged meats and cheeses, fermented products like soy sauce, and broad flat beans -- as well as other medicines. For instance, they can be hazardous when combined with medicines such as pseudoephedrine ( Sudafed) that can raise blood pressure, and the interactions can lead to such effects as high blood pressure that is potentially fatal. They can also be dangerous with most other antidepressants, which can then raise levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin excessively.


Question: How can you deal with minor side effects of antidepressant medication?

Answer: Here are some tips for dealing with minor side effects of antidepressant medication. If your medicine upsets your stomach, ask your doctor if you should take it with a meal or if the risk may be less with a brand rather than a generic form of a drug. If your depression medicine makes you sleepy during the day or keeps you awake at night, ask your doctor what time of day you should take it. By taking your medicine first thing in the morning or right before bed, you might diminish some of the unwanted effects. Don't take depression medicine with alcohol.


Question: When can you do normal activities after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Call your doctor if you notice: Increased drainage or bleeding from the insertion site Increased opening of the incision Redness around the incision site Warmth along the incision Increased body temperature (fever or chills) After your pacemaker is implanted, you may move your arm; you don't have to restrict its motion during normal daily activities. Avoid extreme pulling or lifting motions (such as placing your arm over your head without bending at the elbow). Activities such as golf, tennis, and swimming should be avoided for six weeks from when the pacemaker was implanted. Microwave ovens, electric blankets, and heating pads may be used. Cellular phones should be used on the side opposite your pacemaker. Ask your doctor or nurse for more specific information regarding what types of equipment may interfere with your pacemaker.


Question: How can you care for your wound after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Keep the area where the pacemaker was inserted clean and dry. After about five days, you may take a shower. Look at your wound daily to make sure it is healing. Call your doctor if you notice: Increased drainage or bleeding from the insertion site Increased opening of the incision Redness around the incision site Warmth along the incision Increased body temperature (fever or chills) After your pacemaker is implanted, you may move your arm; you don't have to restrict its motion during normal daily activities.


Question: What is a follow-up schedule for a pacemaker?

Answer: Here is an outline of a typical pacemaker follow-up schedule: Check before you are discharged from the hospital, the day after implant Telephone call two weeks after implantation to make sure the wound is healing and to ensure the transmitter is working Six-week check Telephone checks every three to six months starting three months after your six-week check Pacemaker analysis every three to six months (in between telephone checks) Pacemakers usually last 6 to 10 years.


Question: How long will my pacemaker last?

Answer: Here is an outline of a typical pacemaker follow-up schedule: Check before you are discharged from the hospital, the day after implant Telephone call two weeks after implantation to make sure the wound is healing and to ensure the transmitter is working Six-week check Telephone checks every three to six months starting three months after your six-week check Pacemaker analysis every three to six months (in between telephone checks) Pacemakers usually last 6 to 10 years. Biventricular pacemakers that are combined with an ICD do not tend to last as long.


Question: How do they keep the area sterile of where they insert the pacemaker?

Answer: Because it is very important to keep the area of insertion sterile to prevent infection, your chest will be shaved (if necessary) and cleansed with a special soap. Sterile drapes will be used to cover you from your neck to your feet. A soft strap will be placed across your waist and arms to prevent your hands from coming in contact with the sterile field.


Question: How is a pacemaker places inside your heart?

Answer: The tip of the lead attaches to your heart muscle. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your upper chest. This technique is done under local anesthesia (you will not be asleep). Outside the Heart ( Epicardial approach): Your chest will be opened and the lead tip is attached to the outside of the heart. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your abdomen.


Question: What happens during the final pacemaker check after the pacemaker is implanted?

Answer: Final pacemaker check: For your final pacemaker check, you will sit in a reclining chair. A small machine known as a programmer is used to check your pacemaker. It has a wand that is placed directly over the device. This machine allows the technician to read your pacemaker settings and make changes during testing. With these changes, the function of the pacemaker and leads can be evaluated. You may feel your heart beating faster or slower. This is normal; however, report all symptoms to the technician. Results of the pacemaker check are discussed with your doctor who will then determine your pacemaker settings.


Question: How do I care for my wound after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Keep the area where the pacemaker was inserted clean and dry. After about five days, you may take a shower. Look at your wound daily to make sure it is healing. Call your doctor if you notice: Increased drainage or bleeding from the insertion site Increased opening of the incision Redness around the incision site Warmth along the incision Increased body temperature (fever or chills) After your pacemaker is implanted, you may move your arm; you don't have to restrict its motion during normal daily activities.


Question: What should you wear when you go to the hospital for your biventricular pacemaker implant?

Answer: When you come to the hospital, wear comfortable clothes. You will change into a hospital gown for the procedure. Leave all jewelry and valuables at home.


Question: What are leads and how can they help with heart failure?

Answer: Leads are tiny wires implanted through a vein into the right ventricle and into the coronary sinus vein to pace or regulate the left ventricle. Usually (but not always), a lead is also implanted into the right atrium. This helps the heart beat in a more balanced way.


Question: How does a biventricular pacemaker help treat heart failure?

Answer: Cardiac resynchronization therapy ( CRT), also called biventricular pacing, uses a special kind of pacemaker, called a biventricular pacemaker, designed to help the ventricles contract more normally. It keeps the right and left ventricles pumping in sync by sending small electrical impulses through the leads. This therapy has been shown to improve the symptoms of heart failure and overall quality of life in certain patients with significant symptoms that aren't controlled with medication.


Question: How does heart failure affect the way your heart pumps blood?

Answer: When a person has heart failure, often the right and left ventricles do not pump synchronously. And when the heart's contractions become out of sync, the left ventricle may not be able to pump enough blood to the body. This eventually leads to an increase in heart failure symptoms, such as shortness of breath, dry cough, swelling in the ankles or legs, weight gain, increased urination, fatigue, or rapid or irregular heartbeat.


Question: Does cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) help with heart failure?

Answer: This therapy has been shown to improve the symptoms of heart failure and overall quality of life in certain patients with significant symptoms that aren't controlled with medication.


Question: Who do biventricular pacemakers help?

Answer: Biventricular pacemakers improve the symptoms of heart failure in about 50% of people that have been treated with medications but still have significant heart failure symptoms.


Question: When will I be able to go home after a pacemaker implant?

Answer: Usually, you will be able to go home the day after your pacemaker is implanted. Your doctor will discuss the results of the procedure and answer any questions you may have. A doctor or nurse will go over specific instructions for your care at home. Please ask a responsible adult to drive you home, as the medications you received may cause drowsiness, making it unsafe for you to drive or operate heavy machinery.


Question: How is a pacemaker placed outside the heart?

Answer: Outside the Heart ( Epicardial approach): Your chest will be opened and the lead tip is attached to the outside of the heart. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your abdomen. This technique is done under general anesthesia (you will be asleep) by a surgeon. This is typically performed in conjunction with open heart surgery being performed for another reason.


Question: When will the doctor need to check my pacemaker?

Answer: A follow-up pacemaker check is scheduled every three to six months. This check differs from the telephone check because the leads are also tested. Leads cannot be checked thoroughly over the telephone.


Question: How do doctors implant a biventricular pacemaker?

Answer: Pacemakers can be implanted two ways: Inside the Heart ( Endocardial, Transvenous approach): This is the most common technique used. A lead is placed into a vein (usually under your collarbone), and then guided to your heart. The tip of the lead attaches to your heart muscle. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your upper chest. This technique is done under local anesthesia (you will not be asleep). Outside the Heart ( Epicardial approach): Your chest will be opened and the lead tip is attached to the outside of the heart. The other end of the lead is attached to the pulse generator, which is placed under the skin in your abdomen. This technique is done under general anesthesia (you will be asleep) by a surgeon. This is typically performed in conjunction with open heart surgery being performed for another reason. Your doctor will decide which approach is best for you, although almost all patients receive the transvenous approach.


Question: When can you go home after your pacemaker implant?

Answer: Usually, you will be able to go home the day after your pacemaker is implanted. Your doctor will discuss the results of the procedure and answer any questions you may have. A doctor or nurse will go over specific instructions for your care at home. Please ask a responsible adult to drive you home, as the medications you received may cause drowsiness, making it unsafe for you to drive or operate heavy machinery.


Question: What is a pacemaker identification card?

Answer: Pacemaker Identification: You will receive a temporary ID card that tells you what type of pacemaker and leads you have, the date of implant and the doctor who implanted it. In about three months following implantation, you will receive a permanent card from the company. It is important that you CARRY THIS CARD AT ALL TIMES in case you need medical attention at another hospital.


Question: How will you know if your pacemaker needs to be changed?

Answer: After getting a pacemaker, you will need to follow-up with the doctor and nurses in a pacemaker clinic and through phone check-ups. This will allow them to monitor your pacemaker's function and anticipate when it will need to be changed. In addition, the pacemaker may be programmed to beep when the battery is low. Your doctor will demonstrate this beep for you. Resynchronization therapy is only one part of a comprehensive heart failure management program. Device and/or surgical therapy, when combined with taking medications, following a low-sodium diet, making lifestyle changes, and following up with a heart failure specialist, will help you decrease symptoms and live a longer, more active life. Your doctor will help determine what treatment options are best for you.


Question: How does the doctor test if the leads are in place for the pacemaker?

Answer: After the leads are in place, the doctor tests the leads to make sure lead placement is correct, the leads are sensing and pacing appropriately and the right and left ventricle are synchronized. This is called "pacing" and involves delivering small amounts of energy through the leads into the heart muscle. This causes the heart to contract. When your heart rate increases, you may feel your heart is racing or beating faster. It is very important to tell your doctor or nurse any symptoms you feel. Any pain should be reported immediately.


Question: What are the symptoms of sickle cell crisis?

Answer: The most common sign is pain that might be dull, stabbing, throbbing, or sharp, and seems to come out of nowhere. How severe it is and how long it lasts varies with different people and different crises. Some people have crises here and there, while others may have them every month.


Question: What are at home treatments for sickle cell crisis?

Answer: Often, you can treat the pain at home. When a crisis first starts, your doctor will likely suggest you drink plenty of liquids and take an over-the-counter pain medicine, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. Talk to your doctor to see what's safe for you. For example, if you have a kidney problem, acetaminophen might be the better choice. For more severe pain, your doctor may give you a stronger medicine. You can also try a heating pad, hot bath, or a massage. Physical therapy may provide some relief, too. And don't forget to tend to your mind. Counseling, relaxation methods like meditation, and seeking support from family and friends are key steps in keeping yourself well. If you can't manage the pain at home, go to an emergency room, where they can give you stronger pain medicine. You may need to stay in the hospital until the pain is under control.


Question: What are the causes of sickle cell crisis?

Answer: You might feel the pain anywhere in your body and in more than one place, but it's often in your: Arms and legs Belly Chest Hands and feet (more typical in young children) Lower back You may also have: Breathing problems Extreme tiredness Headache or dizziness Painful erections in males Weakness or a hard time moving some parts of your body Yellowish skin color (jaundice) Typically, you won't know why you had a crisis, and there may be more than one cause. Possible triggers include: Being at high altitudes (mountain climbing, for example) Changes in temperature, like if you go from a warm house into a cold winter day and you haven't bundled up Illness Not having enough to drink (dehydration) Stress Two new drugs have shown promise.


Question: When should I talk to my doctor about migraines related to sleeping problems?

Answer: If you have signs of obstructive sleep apnea, see your doctor to get the right treatment. It may help prevent migraines. Symptoms of the sleep disorder include: Snoring Pauses in breathing while sleeping Waking up during the night Sleepiness during the day If you can't sleep more than 6 hours a night, talk to your doctor about whether you may have insomnia that can be treated. Treatments, including medications, diet changes, and behavioral sleep therapy, can also help prevent migraines if they're triggered by poor sleep.


Question: Aside from medication, are there other treatments for intractable hiccups?

Answer: Hypnosis Acupuncture If none of these treatments is effective, your doctor may suggest surgery. The procedure could temporarily or permanently block the phrenic nerve in the neck. The phrenic nerve runs from the spinal cord to the diaphragm, causing it to contract and relax. This step is usually only taken when all other therapies have failed.


Question: Are there things that can trigger intracable hiccups?

Answer: Treatments to stop intractable hiccups can involve medications, non-medical therapies, or surgery.


Question: What medications are used to treat intractable hiccups?

Answer: All medications used for hiccups can cause side effects, so talk to your doctor about which one may be the best one for you. Medications used to treat intractable hiccups include: Baclofen ( Gablofen, Lioresal) a muscle relaxant Chlorpromazine a medicine used to treat psychiatric illnesses Haloperidol, a type of tranquilizer Metoclopramide ( Reglan), used to treat problems in the esophagus and GERD Anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin, valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote, Depakote ® ER, Depakote ® Sprinkle), gabapentin ( Horizant, Neurontin), and carbamazepine ( Carbatrol, Epitol, Equetro, Tegretol) Sedatives Pain medication Stimulants Your doctor may prescribe one of these medications for several weeks, raising the dose until your hiccups decrease.


Question: What are the health problems related to having hiccups for a long time?

Answer: It has also been known to cause irregular heartbeat and gastroesophageal reflux disease (also known as GERD), which occurs when the contents of your stomach come back up into your esophagus or mouth. Finding a cause for your intractable hiccups may be a long process.


Question: What are persistent of protracted hiccups?

Answer: In extraordinarily rare cases, hiccups can last for more than a month.


Question: How can you treat intractable hiccups?

Answer: They can also be associated with hundreds of conditions including the following: Diseases affecting the diaphragm (the muscle separating the chest and abdominal cavities), pneumonia, and pleurisy (a condition affecting the pleura, the inside membrane of the chest cavity and tissue around the lungs) Brain infections, injuries, tumors, or strokes Metabolic disorders (when your body can't break down certain nutrients into energy, causing a buildup) Gastrointestinal diseases affecting the esophagus, stomach, or small or large intestines Psychological problems such as hysteria, shock, fear, and certain mental conditions Liver problems Kidney disorders Medications including chemotherapy, benzodiazepines (type of depressants), corticosteroids (used to treat inflammation), barbiturates (type of depressants), morphine (pain medication), and anesthetics (make you unconscious or relieve pain) Surgery The most effective way to stop intractable hiccups is to find the root medical cause and address that issue. Treatments to stop intractable hiccups can involve medications, non-medical therapies, or surgery. Self-help techniques, such as sipping ice water, holding your breath, biting a lemon, swallowing sugar, breathing into a paper bag, or pulling your knees to your chest are usually tried first if no correctable cause can be found. Your treatment will depend on your case and your medical needs.


Question: Is it possible for someone to have hiccups for more than a week?

Answer: In extraordinarily rare cases, hiccups can last for more than a month. These are known as âintractable hiccups.â Other terms to describe the same condition include âchronic hiccupsâ and âintractable singultusâ -- which is another way to say hiccups. The longest recorded case of intractable hiccups continued for 60 years. Intractable hiccups are very uncommon -- happening in about 1 in 100,000 people. You should see your doctor if you have hiccups that go on for longer than 48 hours. This could be a sign of a health problem.


Question: How long might I need to take medication for my intractable hiccups?

Answer: Medications used to treat intractable hiccups include: Baclofen ( Gablofen, Lioresal) a muscle relaxant Chlorpromazine a medicine used to treat psychiatric illnesses Haloperidol, a type of tranquilizer Metoclopramide ( Reglan), used to treat problems in the esophagus and GERD Anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin, valproic acid ( Depakene, Depakote, Depakote ® ER, Depakote ® Sprinkle), gabapentin ( Horizant, Neurontin), and carbamazepine ( Carbatrol, Epitol, Equetro, Tegretol) Sedatives Pain medication Stimulants Your doctor may prescribe one of these medications for several weeks, raising the dose until your hiccups decrease. The dose may be slowly reduced until you can stop taking the medicine. Talk to your doctor if the hiccups return after you stop taking the medication.


Question: What is the longest known case of hiccups?

Answer: The longest recorded case of intractable hiccups continued for 60 years.


Question: How long do hair transplants take?

Answer: Depending on the size of the transplant you're getting, the process will take about 4 to 8 hours. You might need another procedure later on if you continue to lose hair or decide you want thicker hair.


Question: What is a hair transplant?

Answer: It's a type of surgery that moves hair you already have to fill an area with thin or no hair. Doctors have been doing these transplants in the U. S. since the 1950s, but techniques have changed a lot in recent years.


Question: When should I call my doctor about an allergy shot?

Answer: Get on the phone and go to the nearest emergency room if you have shortness of breath, a tight throat, or any other symptoms that worry you after getting your shot.


Question: How common is nerve damage?

Answer: The various types may have different symptoms and may require different types of treatment. It is estimated that about 20 million Americans suffers from peripheral nerve damage. This type of damage becomes increasingly common with age. Up to 70% of people with diabetes have some nerve damage.


Question: What are the types of nerves in the body?

Answer: There are three types of nerves in the body: Autonomic nerves. These nerves control the involuntary or partially voluntary activities of your body, including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation. Motor nerves. These nerves control your movements and actions by passing information from your brain and spinal cord to your muscles. Sensory nerves. These nerves relay information from your skin and muscles back to your spinal cord and brain. The information is then processed to let you feel pain and other sensations.


Question: What medications are used to treat nerve damage?

Answer: This may mean: Regulating blood sugar levels for people with diabetes Correcting nutritional deficiencies Changing medications when drugs are causing nerve damage Physical therapy or surgery to address compression or trauma to nerves Medications to treat autoimmune conditions Additionally, your doctor may prescribe medications aimed at minimizing the nerve pain you are feeling. These may include: Pain relievers Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and desipramine ( Norpramin), as well as other antidepressants, including duloxetine ( Cymbalta) and venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Certain anti-seizure drugs Capsaicin cream Complementary and alternative approaches may also help alleviate your nerve pain and discomfort.


Question: How do you know if your nerve damage is caused by drug side effects and toxic substances?

Answer: Various substances that are taken into the body intentionally or unintentionally have the ability to cause nerve pain and nerve damage. These include medications, such as some chemotherapies for cancer and certain drugs used to treat HIV. Toxic substances that may be ingested accidentally, including lead, arsenic, and mercury, may also cause damage to your nerves.


Question: What are symptoms of damage to motor nerves?

Answer: Autonomic nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Inability to sense chest pain, such as angina or heart attack Too much sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) or too little sweating (known as anhidrosis) Lightheadedness Dry eyes and mouth Constipation Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Damage to motor nerves may produce the following symptoms: Weakness Muscle atrophy Twitching, also known as fasciculation Paralysis Sensory nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Pain Sensitivity Numbness Tingling or prickling Burning Problems with positional awareness In some instances, people with nerve damage will have symptoms that indicate damage to two, or even three, different types of nerves.


Question: How do you know if your nerve damage is caused by motor neuron diseases?

Answer: The motor neurons are nerves in your brain and spinal column that communicate with the muscles throughout your body. Diseases that affect these nerves, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also called ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, can result in progressively worsening nerve damage.


Question: What are other ways to manage nerve pain?

Answer: These may include: Pain relievers Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and desipramine ( Norpramin), as well as other antidepressants, including duloxetine ( Cymbalta) and venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Certain anti-seizure drugs Capsaicin cream Complementary and alternative approaches may also help alleviate your nerve pain and discomfort. These include: Acupuncture Biofeedback Hypnosis Meditation Antioxidant vitamins Electrical nerve stimulation such as TENS


Question: What are symptoms of sensory nerve damage?

Answer: Autonomic nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Inability to sense chest pain, such as angina or heart attack Too much sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) or too little sweating (known as anhidrosis) Lightheadedness Dry eyes and mouth Constipation Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Damage to motor nerves may produce the following symptoms: Weakness Muscle atrophy Twitching, also known as fasciculation Paralysis Sensory nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Pain Sensitivity Numbness Tingling or prickling Burning Problems with positional awareness In some instances, people with nerve damage will have symptoms that indicate damage to two, or even three, different types of nerves.


Question: How do autoimmune diseases cause nerve damage?

Answer: A variety of different types of autoimmune diseases can produce symptoms of nerve pain and nerve damage. These include: multiple sclerosis, Guillain- BarrÃ© syndrome (a rare condition in which the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves), myasthenia gravis, lupus, and inflammatory bowel disease.


Question: Is it possible to have symptoms of nerve damage to different types of nerves?

Answer: Autonomic nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Inability to sense chest pain, such as angina or heart attack Too much sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) or too little sweating (known as anhidrosis) Lightheadedness Dry eyes and mouth Constipation Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Damage to motor nerves may produce the following symptoms: Weakness Muscle atrophy Twitching, also known as fasciculation Paralysis Sensory nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Pain Sensitivity Numbness Tingling or prickling Burning Problems with positional awareness In some instances, people with nerve damage will have symptoms that indicate damage to two, or even three, different types of nerves. For instance, you might experience weakness and burning of your legs at the same time.


Question: What kind of compression/trauma can cause nerve damage?

Answer: Anything that results in trauma or compression of nerves can result in nerve pain and nerve damage. This includes pinched nerves in the neck, crush injuries, and carpal tunnel syndrome.


Question: What are symptoms of motor nerve damage?

Answer: Autonomic nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Inability to sense chest pain, such as angina or heart attack Too much sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) or too little sweating (known as anhidrosis) Lightheadedness Dry eyes and mouth Constipation Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Damage to motor nerves may produce the following symptoms: Weakness Muscle atrophy Twitching, also known as fasciculation Paralysis Sensory nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Pain Sensitivity Numbness Tingling or prickling Burning Problems with positional awareness In some instances, people with nerve damage will have symptoms that indicate damage to two, or even three, different types of nerves.


Question: Can nutritional deficiencies cause nerve damage?

Answer: Deficiencies of certain nutrients, including vitamins B6 and B12, may produce symptoms of nerve pain and nerve damage, including weakness or burning sensations. Nutritional deficiencies that cause nerve damage may also result from excessive alcohol ingestion or develop after gastric surgery.


Question: What medications exist for nerve damage or pain?

Answer: This may mean: Regulating blood sugar levels for people with diabetes Correcting nutritional deficiencies Changing medications when drugs are causing nerve damage Physical therapy or surgery to address compression or trauma to nerves Medications to treat autoimmune conditions Additionally, your doctor may prescribe medications aimed at minimizing the nerve pain you are feeling. These may include: Pain relievers Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and desipramine ( Norpramin), as well as other antidepressants, including duloxetine ( Cymbalta) and venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Certain anti-seizure drugs Capsaicin cream Complementary and alternative approaches may also help alleviate your nerve pain and discomfort.


Question: Can infectious diseases cause nerve damage?

Answer: Certain infectious diseases have the ability to affect the nerves in your body. These conditions include Lyme disease, the herpes viruses, HIV, and hepatitis C. In many instances, nerve damage cannot be cured entirely.


Question: Can diabetes cause nerve damage?

Answer: Up to 70% of people with diabetes suffer from nerve damage, which becomes more likely as the disease progresses. Diabetic neuropathy is a serious complication and may affect all three types of neurons.


Question: How does cancer cause nerve damage?

Answer: Cancer can cause nerve pain and nerve damage in multiple ways. In some instances, cancerous masses may push against or crush nerves. In other cases, certain types of cancer may result in nutritional deficiencies that affect nerve function. Additionally, some types of chemotherapy and radiation may produce nerve pain and nerve damage in certain individuals.


Question: Can nerve damage be cured?

Answer: These conditions include Lyme disease, the herpes viruses, HIV, and hepatitis C. In many instances, nerve damage cannot be cured entirely. But there are various treatments that can reduce your symptoms. Because nerve damage is often progressive, it is important to consult with a doctor when you first notice symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of autonomic nerve damage?

Answer: Autonomic nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Inability to sense chest pain, such as angina or heart attack Too much sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) or too little sweating (known as anhidrosis) Lightheadedness Dry eyes and mouth Constipation Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Damage to motor nerves may produce the following symptoms: Weakness Muscle atrophy Twitching, also known as fasciculation Paralysis Sensory nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Pain Sensitivity Numbness Tingling or prickling Burning Problems with positional awareness In some instances, people with nerve damage will have symptoms that indicate damage to two, or even three, different types of nerves.


Question: What determines the symptoms of nerve damage?

Answer: With nerve damage there can be a wide array of symptoms. Which ones you may have depends on the location and type of nerves that are affected.


Question: Can you damage multiple types of nerves?

Answer: Autonomic nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Inability to sense chest pain, such as angina or heart attack Too much sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) or too little sweating (known as anhidrosis) Lightheadedness Dry eyes and mouth Constipation Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Damage to motor nerves may produce the following symptoms: Weakness Muscle atrophy Twitching, also known as fasciculation Paralysis Sensory nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Pain Sensitivity Numbness Tingling or prickling Burning Problems with positional awareness In some instances, people with nerve damage will have symptoms that indicate damage to two, or even three, different types of nerves. For instance, you might experience weakness and burning of your legs at the same time.


Question: What complementary and alternative approaches can ease nerve pain?

Answer: These may include: Pain relievers Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline and desipramine ( Norpramin), as well as other antidepressants, including duloxetine ( Cymbalta) and venlafaxine ( Effexor XR) Certain anti-seizure drugs Capsaicin cream Complementary and alternative approaches may also help alleviate your nerve pain and discomfort. These include: Acupuncture Biofeedback Hypnosis Meditation Antioxidant vitamins Electrical nerve stimulation such as TENS


Question: How do you know if your nerve damage is caused by nutritional deficiencies?

Answer: Deficiencies of certain nutrients, including vitamins B6 and B12, may produce symptoms of nerve pain and nerve damage, including weakness or burning sensations. Nutritional deficiencies that cause nerve damage may also result from excessive alcohol ingestion or develop after gastric surgery.


Question: Can drugs and toxic substances cause nerve damage?

Answer: Various substances that are taken into the body intentionally or unintentionally have the ability to cause nerve pain and nerve damage. These include medications, such as some chemotherapies for cancer and certain drugs used to treat HIV. Toxic substances that may be ingested accidentally, including lead, arsenic, and mercury, may also cause damage to your nerves.


Question: How is nerve damage or pain first treated?

Answer: Often, the first goal of treatment is to address the underlying condition that's causing your nerve pain or nerve damage. This may mean: Regulating blood sugar levels for people with diabetes Correcting nutritional deficiencies Changing medications when drugs are causing nerve damage Physical therapy or surgery to address compression or trauma to nerves Medications to treat autoimmune conditions Additionally, your doctor may prescribe medications aimed at minimizing the nerve pain you are feeling.


Question: What are the types of nerves that make up the nervous system?

Answer: Your nervous system is involved in everything your body does, from regulating your breathing to controlling your muscles and sensing heat and cold. There are three types of nerves in the body: Autonomic nerves.


Question: Can motor neuron diseases cause nerve damage?

Answer: The motor neurons are nerves in your brain and spinal column that communicate with the muscles throughout your body. Diseases that affect these nerves, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, also called ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, can result in progressively worsening nerve damage.


Question: What are symptoms of autonomic nerve damage?

Answer: Autonomic nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Inability to sense chest pain, such as angina or heart attack Too much sweating (known as hyperhidrosis) or too little sweating (known as anhidrosis) Lightheadedness Dry eyes and mouth Constipation Bladder dysfunction Sexual dysfunction Damage to motor nerves may produce the following symptoms: Weakness Muscle atrophy Twitching, also known as fasciculation Paralysis Sensory nerve damage may produce the following symptoms: Pain Sensitivity Numbness Tingling or prickling Burning Problems with positional awareness In some instances, people with nerve damage will have symptoms that indicate damage to two, or even three, different types of nerves.


Question: If you've had a DVT, are you likely to get another one?

Answer: One-third of people with DVT or PE will have a second bout within 10 years. Preventing that depends on what caused yours in the first place. Some things, like age and inherited blood disorders, can't be helped. But you can make some changes to lower your risk, such as losing weight and being more active. On long trips or when you have to sit for a long time, you'll need to stretch your legs, get up, and move around.


Question: What's the treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Your doctor will likely start by giving you shots of heparin. It's a kind of drug called a blood thinner that makes it harder for your blood to clot. Then, you may need to take blood thinner pills, such as apixaban ( Eliquis), dabigatran ( Pradaxa), edoxaban ( Savaysa), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), or warfarin ( Coumadin). If you take warfarin, you'll need to get your blood checked often, too. Blood thinners won't break up the clot; your body must do that over time. But they will keep it from getting any bigger and prevent more from forming.


Question: What are the lasting effects after deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Some people have occasional pain, swelling, and skin color changes where the clot was. This is known as post-thrombotic syndrome.


Question: How long will someone who has deep vein thrombosis (DVT) have to stay on blood thinners?

Answer: It depends on what caused your clot. Someone who's had a DVT typically takes blood thinners for 6 months. If the clot had just one cause, like surgery, and you don't have any other risk factors for DVT, it might be less time. If it was because of an inherited condition or an ongoing (chronic) disease, it could be longer.


Question: What are the lasting effects of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: Some people have occasional pain, swelling, and skin color changes where the clot was. This is known as post-thrombotic syndrome.


Question: How can someone prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: One-third of people with DVT or PE will have a second bout within 10 years. Preventing that depends on what caused yours in the first place. Some things, like age and inherited blood disorders, can't be helped. But you can make some changes to lower your risk, such as losing weight and being more active. On long trips or when you have to sit for a long time, you'll need to stretch your legs, get up, and move around. If you have to go to the hospital for any reason, explain to the staff that you've had DVT. They'll likely put you on blood thinners or use compression stockings on your legs to keep your blood flowing and avoid another clot.


Question: When do foods help fight the flu?

Answer: Even when you aren't sick, you need protein to keep your body strong. Your body uses it to build strength and keep what you already have. Lean meat, poultry, fish, legumes, dairy, eggs, nuts, and seeds are good sources. The FDA says adults should eat 50 grams of protein a day (but can vary depending on an individual's caloric needs). Pregnant and nursing women need more. Foods that have it provide nutrients like vitamins B6 and B12, both of which keep your immune system working like it should.


Question: What should you eat if you are nauseous?

Answer: Bland foods -- like toast, rice, bananas, and applesauce -- are good. Experts say you can go back to a normal diet within 24 hours if you feel like it.


Question: Is chicken soup good for the flu?

Answer: It's a must for cold-like symptoms. One lab study suggested that chicken soup has properties that can ease flu symptoms in your chest and head. A well-nourished immune system is better able to fight infections.


Question: Does food make congestion better or worse?

Answer: If this happens to you, avoid dairy for a few days. They may also make nausea and vomiting worse.


Question: What foods have vitamin B6 and vitamin B12?

Answer: These minerals are found in protein-rich foods like beans, nuts, meat, and poultry.


Question: What are flavonoids and do they help if you are sick?

Answer: Research shows that flavonoids found in the soft white skin of citrus fruits -- like grapefruit, oranges, lemons, and limes -- may boost your immune system.


Question: What is glutathione and does it help if you are sick?

Answer: Glutathione may strengthen your immune system so it can fight off infections. You'll find this powerful antioxidant in the red, pulpy area of a watermelon near the rind. It's also in kale, collard greens, broccoli, and cabbage.


Question: How often should I have my weight checked if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every time you see your doctor If you're overweight, your doctor may talk to you about your diet and exercise plan. Those extra pounds can make it harder to manage your blood sugar. Losing weight can help lower your blood pressure and your risk of heart disease. It doesn't have to be a drastic change; your health can improve if you lose even 10 or 15 pounds.


Question: How often should I have a foot exam if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every time you see your doctor Foot problems are common with diabetes, so you and your doctor need to stay on top of your foot health. You should carefully wash, dry, and inspect your feet at home every day. Nerve damage in your feet and legs can keep you from noticing when you hurt yourself. Your doctor will want to check them at each office visit. People with diabetes also may have blood flow problems, which makes it harder for foot wounds to heal. A tiny cut, sore, or blister could grow into a foot ulcer that's tricky to treat. If it gets severely infected, your foot or leg may need to be removed.


Question: How often should I have a cholesterol test if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every year High cholesterol levels can lead to heart disease. Your doctor will check them at least yearly to make sure they're in a healthy range. He can prescribe medicine to lower your cholesterol if you need it.


Question: How often should I have a dental check up if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every time you see your doctor Don't neglect your mouth. When you have diabetes, you're at greater risk of gum disease. It's more likely when your blood sugar is out of whack. Even if you have it under control through brushing, flossing and rinsing with an antiseptic mouthwash, you should still see your dentist for checkups to make sure your mouth is healthy.


Question: How often should I have an eye exam if I am over 50 with diabetes and why?

Answer: Get it done: Every year People with diabetes are at greater risk of vision problems. You're more likely to have trouble with your eyes if your blood sugar or blood pressure levels are too high. To keep tabs on your vision and eye health, see an eye doctor at least yearly for a thorough exam. He'll dilate your pupils to see whether you have any problems.


Question: What can I do at home to treat food poisoning?

Answer: Diarrhea and vomiting can really throw off your body's balance of fluids and electrolytes. Electrolytes are minerals, such as sodium and potassium, that help with everything from keeping your heartbeat normal to controlling how much water is in your body. So your main job is to drink plenty of fluids. Start with ice chips or small sips if you need to.


Question: What should you do to treat diarrhea from food poisoning?

Answer: It's also helpful to: Avoid food for the first few hours as your stomach settles down Drink water, broth, or an electrolyte solution, which will replace the minerals that you lose with vomiting and diarrhea Eat when you feel ready, but start with small amounts of bland, nonfatty foods such as toast, rice, and crackers Get plenty of rest Stay away from dairy, caffeine, alcohol, bubbly or fizzy drinks, or spicy and fatty foods -- they can just make everything worse Tempting as it may be, you typically want to avoid over-the-counter medicine to stop your diarrhea. That's because the diarrhea is helping to get rid of whatever is making you sick. If you think you need it, check with your doctor first. And don't give it to children -- the side effects for them could be serious.


Question: When should I call my doctor about food poisoning?

Answer: Though food poisoning usually goes away on its own, call your doctor if you have any signs of dehydration: Dry mouth or extreme thirst Not peeing much (or at all) or dark, concentrated urine Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure Weakness, dizziness, or a lightheaded feeling, especially when going from lying down or sitting to standing Confusion Also call your doctor if you see any of these symptoms: Blood in your vomit or poop Blurry vision Diarrhea for more than 3 days Extreme pain or cramps in your belly Fever over 101.5 F Throwing up that won't stop -- you can't even keep liquids down Tingling in your arms Weakness in your muscles Food poisoning is more dangerous for some people than others. It's best to call a doctor for: Adults 60 and older Babies and children People with a chronic illness or weak immune system Pregnant women


Question: What can help with food poisoning?

Answer: So your main job is to drink plenty of fluids. Start with ice chips or small sips if you need to. It's also helpful to: Avoid food for the first few hours as your stomach settles down Drink water, broth, or an electrolyte solution, which will replace the minerals that you lose with vomiting and diarrhea Eat when you feel ready, but start with small amounts of bland, nonfatty foods such as toast, rice, and crackers Get plenty of rest Stay away from dairy, caffeine, alcohol, bubbly or fizzy drinks, or spicy and fatty foods -- they can just make everything worse Tempting as it may be, you typically want to avoid over-the-counter medicine to stop your diarrhea.


Question: What should you expect when you get food poisoning?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } When you have food poisoning, the first thing you want is relief. Your symptoms depend on what caused you to get sick, but you usually have diarrhea, throwing up, and an upset stomach at the least. It's no fun, but it's how your body tries to kick out the toxins and get you better. You usually get it from eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins created from these. While some cases last longer, it's usually gone within a few days. There's not a whole lot you can do except stay near a bathroom and ride it out.


Question: What should you know about getting a lung transplant for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: Some people with IPF can get a lung transplant. Doctors usually recommend it for someone whose illness is very severe or gets worse very fast. Getting a new lung or lungs can help you live longer, but it is major surgery. If you fit the criteria for a lung transplant, your doctor will put you on a waiting list for a lung from a donor. After your transplant, you could be in the hospital for 3 weeks or longer. You'll need to take drugs for the rest of your life that keep your body from rejecting your new lung. You'll also have lots of tests to see how well your lungs are working and regular physical therapy. If you're considering a lung transplant, you'll need emotional support from family and friends. Support groups can help by putting you in touch with people who are also getting or have had transplants. Ask your doctor about programs that can help explain what to expect before and after the surgery.


Question: What can you do to take care of yourself if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: There are other things you can do to feel better: Eat healthy. A well-rounded diet of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or fat-free dairy, and lean protein is good for your body in general. Eating smaller meals more often will also give your lungs more room to breathe. Exercise. Take a daily walk or bike ride. It can strengthen your lungs and reduce stress. If it's hard to breathe when you're active, ask your doctor about using oxygen during your workouts. Quit smoking. Cigarettes and other tobacco products damage your lungs and make breathing problems worse. Your doctor can recommend programs to help you quit. Get a flu shot. Vaccines can protect you from infections like the flu or pneumonia, which can harm your lungs. You need a flu shot every year. You will also need to get two vaccines to help protect against a very serious type of pneumonia. Ask your doctor about when you should get these vaccines. Try to stay away from people who have colds. Find ways to relax. Low-key activities that you enjoy are great ways to fight stress. Try reading, drawing, or meditating.


Question: Where can you learn more about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: To learn more about IPF or find a support group in your area, visit the websites of the Coalition for Pulmonary Fibrosis and the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation.


Question: Where can you find support if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: It's hard to live with an illness like IPF. Remember that it's OK to ask a doctor, counselor, friend, or family member for help with any stress, sadness, or anger you may feel. Support groups are good places to talk to other people who are living with IPF or a similar condition. They can give you and your family advice and understanding.


Question: What are some questions for your doctor about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: How do you know I have IPF? Do I need any more tests? Do I need to see any other doctors? What treatments might work best for me? How will they make me feel? Will anything help me breathe better right away? Are there any clinical trials that would be good for me? How often should I see you? Will I need a lung transplant? Will my children get IPF?


Question: What are the symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: You can have IPF for a long time without noticing any symptoms. After many years, the scarring in your lungs gets worse, and you might have: A dry, hacking cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath, especially when you walk or do other activities You might also notice that: You feel more tired than usual Your joints and muscles ache You've lost weight without trying The tips of your fingers and toes have gotten wider, called clubbing IPF is hard to tell apart from other lung diseases because it shares many of the same signs.


Question: What new treatments are available for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: Scientists are also studying new treatments for IPF in clinical trials. These trials test new drugs to see if they are safe and if they work. They often are a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be good for you.


Question: What questions will your doctor ask when diagnosing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: She might ask questions like: How long have you been feeling this way? Have you ever smoked? Do you work with chemicals at your job or home? What kinds? Has anyone in your family been diagnosed with IPF? Do you have any other medical conditions? Have you ever been told you had the Epstein- Barr virus, influenza A, hepatitis C, or HIV?


Question: Is there a cure for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: There's no cure for IPF. The illness will affect your life and your family. For most people, symptoms don't get better, but there are new treatments that can slow the damage to your lungs. Everyone's outlook is different. Some people will get worse quickly, while others can live 10 years or more after they are diagnosed. There are therapies to help you breathe easier and manage your symptoms. In some cases, you may be able to have a lung transplant.


Question: How can idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis vary?

Answer: Everyone with IPF is different. For some people, the disease gets worse quickly. For others, it can be a slow process where their lungs stay the same for a long time. Talk to your doctor about your condition and what you can do to manage it.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: Your doctor also will give you one or more of these tests: Chest X-ray. It uses radiation in low doses to make images of organs inside your body. Exercise test. You walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bike while someone checks the levels of oxygen in your blood through a probe on your fingertip or attached to your forehead. High-resolution chest CT, or computed tomography. This is a powerful X-ray that makes detailed pictures of your lungs. It can help find out how severe your IPF is and possibly the cause. Biopsy. The doctor removes small pieces of your lung tissue and examines them under a microscope. This may be done with surgery or with a flexible tube filled with a small camera that looks down your throat and into your lungs. The flexible tube approach is called a bronchoscopy. During the bronchoscopy, a doctor will use fluid to wash out your lungs and remove cells to study them. This usually happens in a hospital, and you'll be asleep for it. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas tests. They measure how much oxygen is in your blood. Spirometry. You blow as hard as you can into a mouthpiece attached to a device called a spirometer. It measures how well your lungs are working by showing how much air you can blow out.


Question: How is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis diagnosed?

Answer: After many years, the scarring in your lungs gets worse, and you might have: A dry, hacking cough that doesn't go away Shortness of breath, especially when you walk or do other activities You might also notice that: You feel more tired than usual Your joints and muscles ache You've lost weight without trying The tips of your fingers and toes have gotten wider, called clubbing IPF is hard to tell apart from other lung diseases because it shares many of the same signs. It may take time and a lot of visits to the doctor to get the right diagnosis. If you have trouble breathing that doesn't get better, you'll probably need to see a pulmonologist, a doctor who treats lung problems.


Question: What should you expect if you have idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer: IPF is a serious disease, and it will have a big effect on your life and your loved ones. To stay as healthy as possible, follow your treatment plan and see your doctor regularly to make sure your treatment is working.


Question: Can you get selenium naturally from foods?

Answer: Good natural food sources of selenium include: Nuts, like Brazil nuts and walnuts Many fresh and saltwater fish, like tuna, cod, red snapper, and herring Beef and poultry Grains Whole foods are the best sources of selenium. The mineral may be destroyed during processing.


Question: How is estrogen related to postmenopausal depression?

Answer: At menopause, estrogen levels fall to very low levels. Interestingly, taking oral estrogen does not improve depression in women after menopause. In large trials evaluating hormone replacement therapy, women taking estrogen reported the same mental health as women taking placebo. After menopause, women's rates of depression fall, becoming similar to men of the same age.


Question: How can you get resveratrol naturally from foods?

Answer: Resveratrol occurs naturally in red wine, red grape skins, grape juice, peanuts, mulberries, and some Chinese herbs. Some people wonder if they should drink more red wine because of the possible health benefits of resveratrol. However, most experts and organizations like the American Heart Association still suggest limiting alcoholic drinks to one per day for women and two for men. Four ounces of red wine equals one drink. Other forms of alcohol do not have resveratrol.


Question: Who should not take reseveratrol?

Answer: Given the lack of evidence about their safety, resveratrol supplements are not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: What are benefits and risks of resveratrol supplements?

Answer: However, resveratrol supplements have not been well studied in people. We don't really know what benefits and risks they might have. We also don't know if resveratrol is necessarily more important than some of the other natural substances in wine.


Question: Why does pregnancy cause acid reflux?

Answer: Many women experience acid reflux for the first time during pregnancy. This is caused by increasing levels of hormones combined with pressure from the growing fetus. Usually worst during the third trimester, the symptoms almost always go away after delivery.


Question: What medications can cause acid reflux?

Answer: Other common causes of acid reflux disease include: Being overweight or obese Eating a heavy meal and lying on your back or bending over at the waist Snacking close to bedtime or lying down right after a meal Taking aspirin or ibuprofen, some muscle relaxers, or certain blood pressure medications


Question: What happens if you are exposed to an allergen or asthma trigger?

Answer: Late Phase Response If you are exposed to an allergen or asthma trigger, the chances are great that airway obstruction or allergic asthma will occur shortly afterward. This acute asthma attack ends within one hour. About 50% of those who experience an immediate reaction also have a second phase of airway obstruction within three to eight hours of exposure to the allergen. This phase is called the late phase response, and it is characterized by an increase in airway responsiveness, development of bronchial inflammation, and a more prolonged period of airway obstruction. Many studies report that when allergen exposure occurs in the evening instead of in the morning, you are more susceptible to having a late phase response and are more likely to have one of greater severity.


Question: What other substances or drugs lead to erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: Other substances or drugs that can cause or lead to ED include recreational and frequently abused drugs, such as: Alcohol Amphetamines Barbiturates Cocaine Marijuana Methadone Nicotine Opiates Aside from the well-known complications that the use and abuse of these drugs can cause, ED is not often mentioned.


Question: What should you do if your medication is causing erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: If the problem persists, your doctor may be able to prescribe a different medication.


Question: What is cyclosporine (Neoral) for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Cyclosporine What it is: Cyclosporine ( Neoral) is used to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients. It is also approved for treating psoriasis.


Question: What is laser treatment?

Answer: Laser Treatment What it is: A form of light therapy that uses lasers.


Question: What are vitamin A derivatives for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Vitamin A Derivatives What it is: A man-made form of vitamin A.


Question: What is apremilast (Otezla) for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Apremilast ( Otezla) What it is: An oral drug approved to treat psoriatic arthritis and plaque psoriasis in adults.


Question: How does methotrexate treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: How it works: Methotrexate slows the rate of skin cell growth. Methotrexate can be given by pill, liquid, or injection.


Question: How is biologic treatment used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: How it works: Biologics block immune cells that are involved in psoriasis. These drugs are given by a shot or by an IV infusion.


Question: What are the types of ultraviolet B therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: This releases a narrow band of ultraviolet light to target small areas of the skin.


Question: What are the side effects of PUVA therapy (photochemotherapy) for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects can include skin irritation, redness, a burning or itching sensation, blisters, dry skin, sunburn, and a higher risk for skin cancer.


Question: What are biologic drugs?

Answer: Biologic Treatments What it is: Biologic drugs target the immune response that causes inflammation.


Question: How does apremilast (Otezla) work for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: How it works: Apremilast is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 ( PDE-4), which controls inflammation within a cell.


Question: What are the side effects of methotrexate for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, fatigue, headache, lightheadedness, easy bruising and bleeding, fever, mouth ulcers, trouble sleeping, sensitivity to sunlight, hair loss, dry cough, shortness of breath, stomach pain, a blistering or peeling rash, blood in your pee or poop, peeing less often, and liver damage. Pregnant women are at risk of having a baby with birth defects while taking this drug.


Question: How is apremilast used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: How it works: Apremilast is an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-4 ( PDE-4), which controls inflammation within a cell.


Question: How will doctors treat severe psoriasis?

Answer: If you have very severe psoriasis, you may need to take more than one of these drugs at a time. Sometimes adding ultraviolet light or sunlight to a psoriasis pill, injection, or cream can help it work better.


Question: What are the side effects of biologics used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects can include swelling or rash where the shot went in, increased risk for infections including tuberculosis, and cancers such as lymphoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. You will need to be tested for tuberculosis while taking a biologic drug. You will also need to have regular blood tests to check your number of immune blood cells.


Question: What biologic drugs are used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: Biologic drugs include: Ixekizumab ( Taltz) and secukinumab ( Cosentyx). These are antibodies that bind to interleukin-17 A, a protein that is involved in inflammation. Guselkumab ( Tremfya) and risankizumab-rzaa ( SKYRIZI). These medicationsselectively block interleukin-23 ( IL-23) and are given by injection. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers, including adalimumab ( Humira), etanercept ( Enbrel), and infliximab ( Remicade). These drugs block a chemical messenger of the immune system called TNF-alpha. People with psoriasis have too much of this substance, which causes inflammation. Ustekinumab ( Stelara). This drug blocks cytokines in the body called interleukin-12 and interleukin-23, which are thought to promote the increased growth rate of skin cells and inflammation from psoriasis.


Question: How will my doctor determine my treatment for psoriasis?

Answer: Your doctor will also consider these things when helping you choose a treatment: The type of psoriasis you have How much psoriasis affects your life Your health Treatment costs to you Your doctor may use the Koo- Menter Psoriasis Instrument to help decide which treatment you need. This one-page tool asks questions to find out how much psoriasis is affecting your life.


Question: How are other immunosuppressives used to treat moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Other Immunosuppressives There are a few drugs that slow down the immune response and may be used in selected cases, but are used âoff-labelâ ( They are not FDA approved for psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis). They include azathioprine, hydroxyurea, and 6-thioguanine.


Question: What are the side effects of cyclosporine (Neoral) for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects can include skin irritation, redness, a burning or itching sensation, blisters, dry skin, sunburn, and a higher risk for skin cancer.


Question: What is methotrexate for the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Methotrexate What it is: A drug that was first used to treat cancer.


Question: What are the side effects of ultraviolet B therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects can include nausea (from oral psoralens), itching, redness, burns, blisters, freckles or aged skin, cataracts if you don't wear sunglasses, and a higher risk for skin cancer, including melanoma.


Question: What is PUVA therapy (photochemotherapy) for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: PUVA Therapy ( Photochemotherapy) What it is: You use a medicine called psoralen, which makes your skin more sensitive to light. Then you are exposed to ultraviolet A ( UVA) light.


Question: What is apremilast?

Answer: Apremilast ( Otezla) What it is: An oral drug approved to treat psoriatic arthritis and plaque psoriasis in adults.


Question: What treatments are used for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Even though everyone with psoriasis is different, doctors have a few standard treatments that they try in people with moderate to severe psoriasis. These include: Light therapy (phototherapy) Medications that suppress your immune system or target specific immune responses linked to psoriasis These treatments aim to slow down the rapid skin cell growth in psoriasis. They can also help smooth out scaly skin and reduce inflammation.


Question: How do biologic treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis work?

Answer: How it works: Biologics block immune cells that are involved in psoriasis. These drugs are given by a shot or by an IV infusion.


Question: What is ultraviolet B therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Ultraviolet B ( UVB) Therapy What it is: Ultraviolet B ( UVB) therapy uses the same type of ultraviolet radiation found in sunlight. It's used to treat psoriasis that doesn't respond to creams and lotions.


Question: How does ultraviolet B therapy for moderate to severe psoriasis work?

Answer: How it works: Your body is exposed to UVB light from a light box in a doctor's office or at home. The UVB light goes into your skin and slows skin cell growth.


Question: What are the side effects of biologic treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects can include swelling or rash where the shot went in, increased risk for infections including tuberculosis, and cancers such as lymphoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. You will need to be tested for tuberculosis while taking a biologic drug. You will also need to have regular blood tests to check your number of immune blood cells.


Question: What is moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Moderate psoriasis covers 3% to 10% of your body. Severe psoriasis covers more than 10% of your body or is on sensitive areas like your face, palms, soles, or skin folds.


Question: How does laser treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis work?

Answer: How it works: A thin beam of light targets psoriasis without affecting nearby skin.


Question: What are the side effects of vitamin A derivatives used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: There are two types of vitamin A: Acitretin in a pill ( Soriatane) Tazarotene in a cream, gel, or foam ( Avage, Fabior, Tazorac) Side effects can include hair loss; thin nails; dry mouth, eyes, and skin; bleeding gums; nosebleeds; headache; joint or muscle pain; increased levels of fat in the blood; and sensitivity to sunlight.


Question: What other immunosuppressives are used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: Other Immunosuppressives There are a few drugs that slow down the immune response and may be used in selected cases, but are used âoff-labelâ ( They are not FDA approved for psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis). They include azathioprine, hydroxyurea, and 6-thioguanine.


Question: What are vitamin A derivatives?

Answer: Vitamin A Derivatives What it is: A man-made form of vitamin A.


Question: What is PUVA Therapy?

Answer: PUVA Therapy ( Photochemotherapy) What it is: You use a medicine called psoralen, which makes your skin more sensitive to light. Then you are exposed to ultraviolet A ( UVA) light.


Question: What factors will my doctor consider in choosing a treatment for moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: Your doctor will also consider these things when helping you choose a treatment: The type of psoriasis you have How much psoriasis affects your life Your health Treatment costs to you Your doctor may use the Koo- Menter Psoriasis Instrument to help decide which treatment you need.


Question: What are the side effects of apremilast used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects include diarrhea, nausea, and headache. These side effects may stop with continued treatment. In studies, a small number of people stopped taking Apremilast because of an adverse reaction. Some participants also had unexplained weight loss. It's recommended that those taking the drug have their weight checked regularly and be monitored for depression.


Question: What are the side effects of psoralen?

Answer: Side effects can include nausea (from oral psoralens), itching, redness, burns, blisters, freckles or aged skin, cataracts if you don't wear sunglasses, and a higher risk for skin cancer, including melanoma.


Question: How does ultraviolet B therapy treat psoriasis?

Answer: How it works: Your body is exposed to UVB light from a light box in a doctor's office or at home. The UVB light goes into your skin and slows skin cell growth.


Question: How is cyclosporine used to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: How it works: It suppresses the immune system and slows the growth of certain immune cells. Cyclosporine is given by capsule or liquid.


Question: What are the side effects of laser treatments for psoriasis?

Answer: Side effects can include redness, blistering, bruising, or scarring.


Question: What are the types of laser treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Laser types: Excimer laser.


Question: What are the treatments for moderate to severe psoriasis?

Answer: Even though everyone with psoriasis is different, doctors have a few standard treatments that they try in people with moderate to severe psoriasis. These include: Light therapy (phototherapy) Medications that suppress your immune system or target specific immune responses linked to psoriasis These treatments aim to slow down the rapid skin cell growth in psoriasis. They can also help smooth out scaly skin and reduce inflammation.


Question: Should pregnant women take vitamin A derivatives to treat moderate or severe psoriasis?

Answer: Women who are pregnant or planning on becoming pregnant should not use these drugs due to serious birth defect risks.


Question: How is anosmia caused by medications treated?

Answer: If you suspect a medication is affecting your sense of smell, talk to your doctor and see if there are other treatment options available that won't affect your ability to smell. However, never stop taking a medication without first talking with your doctor.


Question: What causes anosmia?

Answer: Nasal congestion from a cold, allergy, sinus infection, or poor air quality is the most common cause of anosmia. Other anosmia causes include: Nasal polyps -- small noncancerous growths in the nose and sinuses that block the nasal passage. Injury to the nose and smell nerves from surgery or head trauma. Exposure to toxic chemicals, such as pesticides or solvents. Certain medications, including antibiotics, antidepressants, anti-inflammatory medication, heart medications, and others. Cocaine abuse. Old age. Like vision and hearing, your sense of smell can become weaker as you age. In fact, one's sense of smell is most keen between the ages of 30 and 60 and begins to decline after age 60. Certain medical conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, nutritional deficiencies, congenital conditions, and hormonal disturbances. Radiation treatment of head and neck cancers.


Question: How is anosmia diagnosed?

Answer: If you experience a loss of smell that you can't attribute to a cold or allergy or which doesn't get better after a week or two, tell your doctor. Your doctor can take a look inside your nose with a special instrument to see if a polyp or growth is impairing your ability to smell or if an infection is present. Further testing by a doctor who specializes in nose and sinus problems -- an ear, nose, and throat doctor ( ENT, or an otolaryngologist) -- may be needed to determine the cause of anosmia. A CT scan may be necessary so that the doctor can get a better look of the area.


Question: What are the symptoms of anosmia?

Answer: The obvious sign of anosmia is a loss of smell. Some people with anosmia notice a change in the way things smell. For example, familiar things begin to lack odor.


Question: How is anosmia caused by polyps treated?

Answer: If a polyp or growth is present, surgery may be needed to remove the obstruction and regain your sense of smell.


Question: Are there over-the-counter medications I can take with my PERT to help lower my stomach acid?

Answer: You may also take drugs to lower stomach acid along with your PERT. Your doctor can prescribe these, and they're also available over the counter: Proton pump inhibitors like esomeprazole ( Nexium) or omeprazole H2 blockers like cimetidine ( Tagamet, Topcare), famotidine, or ranitidine Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like ibuprofen can help you manage pain.


Question: How is cystic fibrosis treated if you have exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

Answer: You can also eat a high-calorie, high-fat diet or take supplements to get the nutrition you need. If you have cystic fibrosis and EPI, you may also get diabetes. Keep your blood sugar levels under control, and take insulin or other medications if your doctor prescribes them.


Question: How can surgery help treat EPI?

Answer: Surgery can open ducts that are clogged or blocked by gallstones, and decompression can widen a main pancreatic duct that's too narrow.


Question: How can medical care affect risk of heart disease in people with diabetes?

Answer: Some people with diabetes need to take medicine to lower their blood pressure or improve their cholesterol levels. Your doctor may recommend that you take a daily low-dose aspirin to protect against heart disease. Be sure to keep up with your medical care. Go to all your appointments and let your doctor know how you're doing. Together, you can work toward a healthier heart.


Question: Can exercise lower my risk for heart disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: Nearly everyone with diabetes can benefit from getting more exercise. It's good for your heart and helps control your blood sugar. Even brisk walking counts, so you don't need a gym. If you're not active now, let your doctor know you want to get started. She can let you know what's safe for you to do.


Question: What information do I need to manage my heart health if I have diabetes?

Answer: Besides diabetes, do you also have: A waist that's larger than 35 inches in women or 40 inches in men? Low levels of "good" ( HDL) cholesterol? High levels of "bad" ( LDL) cholesterol or triglycerides (another type of fat in the blood)? High blood pressure? Even borderline elevated at 130/85 If you're not sure, your doctor can check all those numbers for you. Also, do you: Smoke? Have a family member with heart disease? Eat a diet high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and sugars? Your doctor needs that information to work with you on a plan for better heart health.


Question: What kinds of heart diseases are people with diabetes at risk for?

Answer: People with diabetes are at risk for: Coronary artery disease. Your coronary arteries are in your heart. Fatty deposits, called plaques, can narrow them. If plaque suddenly breaks, it can cause a heart attack. Exercise, eating a healthy diet, and not smoking are musts. It could be from coronary artery disease or from the diabetes. It can be dangerous and fatal, so aggressive management and follow up is essential Congestive heart failure. This is an ongoing condition in which the heart loses the ability to pump blood effectively. The main symptoms are shortness of breath when you're moving and leg swelling. Many people have both conditions.


Question: How can exercise affect risk of heart disease in people with diabetes?

Answer: Nearly everyone with diabetes can benefit from getting more exercise. It's good for your heart and helps control your blood sugar. Even brisk walking counts, so you don't need a gym. If you're not active now, let your doctor know you want to get started. She can let you know what's safe for you to do.


Question: Will I need a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test if I have Hashiomoto's thyroiditis?

Answer: The exact dose your doctor prescribes will depend on a number of factors, including: age weight severity of hypothyroidism other health problems other medicines that may interact with synthetic thyroid hormones Once you start treatment, your doctor will order a lab test called a thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH) test to monitor thyroid function and help ensure you are getting the right dose.


Question: Is there a cure for Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Answer: There is no cure for Hashimoto's, but replacing hormones with medication can regulate hormone levels and restore your normal metabolism.


Question: What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?

Answer: In people with Hashimoto's, the immune system attacks the thyroid. This can lead to hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid does not make enough hormones for the body's needs.


Question: When should you call the doctor about blood in your baby's stool?

Answer: Your baby has blood in the stool. Is the blood bright red or dark? Has your baby eaten anything unusual or started any new medications? Foods such as tomatoes, beets, and artificial flavorings can cause reddish stools. Some antibiotics may also discolor stool. Is the blood associated with diarrhea, vomiting, fever, or pain? If there was very little blood and your baby seems otherwise healthy, call the pediatrician during normal office hours. If your baby is under 12 weeks old; has black or tarry stools, bloody diarrhea, or blood mixed with mucus that looks like jelly; or if your baby seems sick, upset, or lethargic, call a pediatrician right away or go to the nearest emergency room.


Question: When should you call 911 about bloody stools in children?

Answer: Bleeding is severe or there are clots. Your child seems weak, faint, or very sick. Your child is in pain.


Question: What does C. difficile cause?

Answer: An infection with C. difficile bacteria causes severe and sometimes life-threatening diarrhea and inflammation in the colon, called colitis. Probiotics may keep you from getting this germ. And there's some evidence they might stop the problem from coming back. That's important, since repeat infections become hard to control. Scientists have done many studies of Saccharomyces boulardii against this type of bacteria. It appears to help, especially when combined with lactobacillus strains.


Question: How do probiotics help inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

Answer: Some studies show probiotics may also help treat Crohn's disease, the other form of IBD, but the results aren't as strong.


Question: Can oxygen deprivation cause a coma?

Answer: Oxygen deprivation: Oxygen is essential for brain function. Cardiac arrest causes a sudden cutoff of blood flow and oxygen to the brain, called hypoxia or anoxia. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR), survivors of cardiac arrest are often in comas. Oxygen deprivation can also occur with drowning or choking.


Question: Can seizures cause a coma?

Answer: Seizures : A single seizure rarely produces coma. But continuous seizures -- called status epilepticus -- can. Repeated seizures can prevent the brain from recovering in between seizures.


Question: What is locked-in syndrome?

Answer: The person is totally paralyzed except for the eye muscles, but remains awake and alert and with a normal mind.


Question: Can toxins cause a coma?

Answer: Toxins: Substances that are normally found in the body can accumulate to toxic levels if the body fails to dispose of them correctly. As an example, ammonia due to liver disease, carbon dioxide from a severe asthma attack, or urea from kidney failure can accumulate to toxic levels in the body.


Question: What is anoxic brain injury?

Answer: Anoxic brain injury. This is a brain condition caused by total lack of oxygen to the brain. Lack of oxygen for a few minutes causes cell death to brain tissues. Anoxic brain injury may result from heart attack (cardiac arrest), head injury or trauma, drowning, drug overdose, or poisoning.


Question: Can bleeding in your brain cause a coma?

Answer: Bleeding: Bleeding in the layers of the brain may cause coma due to swelling and compression on the injured side of the brain. This compression causes the brain to shift, causing damage to the brainstem and the RAS (mentioned above). High blood pressure, cerebral aneurysms, and tumors are non-traumatic causes of bleeding in the brain.


Question: Can infection cause a coma?

Answer: Infection: Infections of the central nervous system, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can also cause coma.


Question: Can high blood sugar cause a coma?

Answer: Blood sugar : In people with diabetes, coma can occur when blood sugar levels stay very high. That's a condition known as hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia, or blood sugar that's too low, can also lead to a coma.


Question: How can trauma to the head cause a coma?

Answer: Problems that can lead to coma include: Trauma: Head injuries can cause the brain to swell and/or bleed. When the brain swells as a result of trauma, the fluid pushes up against the skull. The swelling may eventually cause the brain to push down on the brain stem, which can damage the RAS ( Reticular Activating System) -- a part of the brain that's responsible for arousal and awareness.


Question: What are some symptoms of varicose veins?

Answer: If you have varicose veins, you'll notice: Swollen ankles and feet Throbbing or cramping in your legs Itchy lower legs or ankles Achy, painful legs Heaviness in your legs Varicose veins aren't serious. Talk to your doctor about treatments.


Question: What causes deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer: You can get DVT at any age, and several things can cause it. Some of them are: Injury to a vein Bed rest Sitting for a long time, such as on a flight Birth control pills Hormone replacement therapy Pregnancy Chronic diseases like heart disease, lung disease, cancer, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis Family history of DVT or pulmonary embolism Obesity A medical condition that increases your risk for blood clots DVT normally affects just one leg.


Question: What is alopecia universalis?

Answer: Alopecia universalis causes all body hair to fall out, including the eyebrows, eyelashes, and pubic hair.


Question: What causes hair loss?

Answer: Doctors don't know why certain hair follicles are programmed to have a shorter growth period than others. However, several factors may influence hair loss: Hormones, such as abnormal levels of androgens (male hormones normally produced by both men and women) Genes, from both male and female parents, may influence a person's predisposition to male or female pattern baldness. Stress, illness, and childbirthcan cause temporary hair loss. Ringworm caused by a fungal infection can also cause hair loss. Drugs, including chemotherapy drugs used in cancer treatment, blood thinners, beta-adrenergic blockers used to control blood pressure, and birth control pills, can cause temporary hair loss. Burns, injuries, and X-rays can cause temporary hair loss. In such cases, normal hair growth usually returns once the injury heals unless a scar is produced. Then, hair will never regrow. Autoimmune disease may cause alopecia areata. In alopecia areata, the immune system revs up for unknown reasons and affects the hair follicles. In most people with alopecia areata, the hair grows back, although it may temporarily be very fine and possibly a lighter color before normal coloration and thickness return. Cosmetic procedures, such as shampooing too often, perms, bleaching, and dyeing hair can contribute to overall hair thinning by making hair weak and brittle. Tight braiding, using rollers or hot curlers, and running hair picks through tight curls can also damage and break hair. However, these procedures don't cause baldness. In most instances hair grows back normally if the source of the problem is removed. Still, severe damage to the hair or scalp sometimes causes permanent bald patches. Medical conditions. Thyroid disease, lupus, diabetes, iron deficiency anemia, eating disorders, and anemia can cause hair loss. Most times, when the underlying condition is treated, the hair will return unless there is scarring as in some forms of lupus, lichen planus or follicular disorders. Diet. A low-protein diet or severely calorie-restricted diet can also cause temporary hair loss.