Question: What can make atopic dermatitis worse?

Answer: Most often, it affects skin on the: Face Hands Feet Inner elbows Back of the knees Over time, scratching the skin can cause it to become thick and red. Scratching can also create wounds that become infected. Irritants that can make symptoms of atopic dermatitis worse include: Soap Rough clothing Household chemicals Foods, dust mites, and other allergy triggers can also make symptoms worse.


Question: What happens if you have seborrheic dermatitis?

Answer: In adults, it also often affects these areas: Eyebrows Sides of the nose Area behind the ears Groin Center of chest Seborrheic dermatitis causes skin to fall off in flakes. The condition may be due to an overgrowth of a type of yeast that normally lives in these areas, as well as an overgrowth and rapid shedding of cells on the scalp. It may be especially hard to treat in people whose immune systems aren't working properly, including people with AIDS .


Question: What is atopic dermatitis?

Answer: Eczema is a common problem that causes the skin to become inflamed. People often also call it dermatitis.


Question: How is stasis dermatitis treated?

Answer: Treatments include: Steroid creams or ointments Creams or lotions that lubricate the skin Moist compresses Antibiotics to treat infections Elevating the legs Compression stockings


Question: Who can get nummular dermatitis?

Answer: Treatments include: Cool, wet compresses Steroid drugs that are rubbed onto the skin or taken by mouth Psoralen combined with ultraviolet A therapy This type of eczema more often affects men than women. Men usually don't get their first outbreak before their mid-50s. Women tend to get it in their teen years or early adulthood.


Question: How is seborrheic dermatitis treated?

Answer: Treatments vary between infants and people with the condition later in life. The treatments include: Shampoo containing salicylic acid, selenium sulfide, zinc pyrithione, or coal tar Antifungal treatments that are rubbed onto affected areas Steroid lotions This type of eczema can develop in people when the veins in their lower legs don't properly return blood to their heart.


Question: How is neurodermatitis treated?

Answer: The main treatment for this type of eczema is to stop scratching it. In the meantime, steroid medicines that are rubbed onto the skin can help treat symptoms. When neurodermatitis affects the scalp, it can be harder to treat. In these cases, it may require the steroid medication prednisone, which is taken by mouth.


Question: How is dyshidrotic dermatitis treated?

Answer: Treatments include: Cool, wet compresses Steroid drugs that are rubbed onto the skin or taken by mouth Psoralen combined with ultraviolet A therapy This type of eczema more often affects men than women.


Question: How is allergic contact dermatitis treated?

Answer: Treatments for irritant contact dermatitis include: Moisturizers for the skin Steroid medications Treatments for contact dermatitis from allergic triggers also include steroid drugs. These are rubbed on the skin or taken as a pill.


Question: What conditions while pregnant can increase the chances of having a child with cerebral palsy (CP)?

Answer: Some of the problems that can damage the brain or disrupt its growth include: Bleeding in the brain while the baby is in the womb, during birth or afterward A lack of blood flow to important organs Seizures at birth or in the first month of life Some genetic conditions Traumatic brain injuries You may have a condition while you're pregnant that can increase the chances your baby will have CP. Among them are: Being pregnant with multiples, such as twins or triplets Having a health issue such as seizures or a problem with your thyroid gland Having blood that's not compatible with your baby's, which is also called Rh disease Coming in contact with a toxic substance such as mercury, which is found in some kinds of fish Certain infections and viruses, when they strike during pregnancy, can increase the risk your baby will be born with cerebral palsy.


Question: What is cerebral palsy (CP)?

Answer: â Cerebralâ means the disorder is related to the brain, and âpalsyâ refers to weakness or a muscle problem. CP starts in the area of the brain that controls the ability to move muscles. Cerebral palsy can happen when that part of the brain doesn't develop as it should, or when it is damaged right around the time of birth or very early in life.


Question: What should I be monitoring while my child is on ADHD medication titration?

Answer: What works at first may not continue to over time. Watch your child for symptoms and side effects as he grows and his schedule and lifestyle change. Check in with the doctor every 3 months or so to make sure your child is still on the right treatment.


Question: What side effects are associated with ADHD medication titration?

Answer: Common side effects include sleeping problems, appetite loss, and not feeling as social. These often go away after a few weeks, so your doctor may encourage you to wait it out and see if they get better on their own. If they don't, your doctor can adjust the dosage or change the medication. Less common but more serious side effects can include hallucinations, tics, and depression. You may want to start during the weekend or over a school break so you can keep a close eye on your child for the first few days. You can also use this time to figure out the best time to take the medicine.


Question: What are new ways to prevent tooth decay?

Answer: One study found that a chewing gum that contains the sweetener xylitol temporarily retarded the growth of bacteria that cause tooth decay. In addition, several materials that slowly release fluoride over time, which will help prevent further decay, are being explored. These materials would be placed between teeth or in pits and fissures of teeth. Toothpastes and mouth rinses that can reverse and "heal" early cavities are also being studied.


Question: What medications can cause a psoriasis flare-up?

Answer: Drugs that are known to make things worse include: Lithium , used to treat psychiatric disorders Propranolol and possibly other beta-blockers, which are prescribed for heart conditions Quinidine ( Cardioquin or Quinidex), medications for heart arrhythmias If you're using any of these medications, ask your doctor about substitutes.


Question: Can moisturizing lotions help psoriasis?

Answer: Symptoms get worse when your skin is dry, so keep it moist with creams and lotions. Thick and oily ones, like petroleum jelly, are usually best. They're better at trapping moisture beneath the skin. To help remove scales, apply cream on top of them, then cover the area with plastic wrap or another waterproof material. Leave it on for a few hours, then remove.


Question: How can zapping stress help prevent psoriasis flare-ups?

Answer: Although it hasn't been proven, many people link flare-ups to stress. So, try to relieve your anxiety. That may be easier said than done, but you can try relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga, for starters.


Question: Should I watch how much alcohol I can drink if I have psoriasis?

Answer: The connection between alcohol and psoriasis isn't clear, but some think it can worsen symptoms, especially in men. Alcohol can be dangerous if you're using certain psoriasis drugs, so check with your doctor.


Question: How can I zap stress if I have psoriasis?

Answer: Although it hasn't been proven, many people link flare-ups to stress. So, try to relieve your anxiety. That may be easier said than done, but you can try relaxation techniques like meditation or yoga, for starters.


Question: When should you call your doctor about a blister?

Answer: The blister was caused by contact with a chemical -- or if you have an autoimmune blistering disease. Other reasons to seek medical advice is if you have multiple blisters, or they progress in number and location, or if you can't figure out why you are getting them.


Question: What's a blister and what symptoms can it bring on?

Answer: A blister is a bubble of skin filled with clear fluid, ranging from pinpoint size to more than an inch in diameter. They are different than pustules, which contain thicker, yellow-white material called pus. Depending on the cause, blistering may be accompanied by pain, redness, or itching.


Question: When should you call your doctor about constipation?

Answer: Call your doctor right away if you have sudden constipation with belly pain or cramping and you aren't able to poop or pass gas at all. Also, make the call if: Constipation is a new problem for you, and lifestyle changes haven't helped.


Question: What is renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: It's the most common type of kidney cancer. Although it's a serious disease, finding and treating it early makes it more likely that you'll be cured. No matter when you're diagnosed, you can do certain things to ease your symptoms and feel better during your treatment.


Question: Where can you get support for renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: To get more information on renal cell carcinoma, visit the web site of the American Cancer Society.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: From there, he'll do some tests that could include: Urine tests Blood tests Biopsy Tests to see how well your liver is working Ultrasound, which uses sound waves to make a picture of the organs inside your body CT scan, a test that uses a powerful X-ray to make detailed pictures inside your body Nephrectomy, when doctors remove part of one of your kidneys, or sometimes the whole kidney, to check it for renal cell carcinoma. You'll have this test if your doctor has already spotted a tumor, but doesn't know if it's cancer.


Question: What can increase your chances of getting renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Several things can raise your chances of getting the disease, like: Smoking Being very overweight Taking a lot of pain medicine, like aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen, for a long time Having hepatitis C Exposure to certain dyes, asbestos, cadmium (a metal), herbicides, and solvents Having acquired cystic kidney disease Some inherited conditions, especially von Hippel- Lindau disease Early on, renal cell carcinoma doesn't usually cause any symptoms.


Question: What questions will my doctor ask me if I have symptoms of renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: As the disease gets more serious, you might have warning signs like: A lump on your side, belly, or lower back Blood in your pee Low back pain on one side Losing weight for no clear reason Not feeling hungry Fever Feeling tired Not enough red blood cells (anemia) Night sweats High levels of calcium in your blood High blood pressure Your doctor will want to find out more about your symptoms to figure out what's going on. First, he'll give you a physical exam and ask you questions like: When did you first notice a problem? Is there blood in your urine? Have you been having any pain? Where? Does anything make your symptoms better or worse? Has anyone in your family had von Hippel- Lindau disease? What about kidney cancer?


Question: What causes renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Scientists aren't sure exactly what causes renal cell carcinoma. They know that most kidney cancers start when something goes wrong in the genes in the kidney. No one can say for certain why that happens.


Question: When does renal cell carcinoma start?

Answer: Most people who have renal cell carcinoma are older, usually between ages 50 and 70. It often starts as just one tumor in a kidney, but sometimes it begins as several tumors, or it's found in both kidneys at once. You might also hear it called renal cell cancer.


Question: What can put me at risk for renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Several things can raise your chances of getting the disease, like: Smoking Being very overweight Taking a lot of pain medicine, like aspirin, ibuprofen, or acetaminophen, for a long time Having hepatitis C Exposure to certain dyes, asbestos, cadmium (a metal), herbicides, and solvents Having acquired cystic kidney disease Some inherited conditions, especially von Hippel- Lindau disease Early on, renal cell carcinoma doesn't usually cause any symptoms.


Question: How bad is renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: It's the most common type of kidney cancer. Although it's a serious disease, finding and treating it early makes it more likely that you'll be cured. No matter when you're diagnosed, you can do certain things to ease your symptoms and feel better during your treatment.


Question: What should I do if I'm worried about medical costs from prostate cancer?

Answer: Financial counselors.


Question: If I have a latex allergy, does it affect my doctor appointments?

Answer: These include: Latex Product Alternative Balloons Mylar balloons Baby toys Plastic or cloth toys Bottle nipples Silicone nipples Condoms Sheep cecum condoms (for birth control only) Elastic bands Paper clips, string, or twine Household gloves Synthetic or cotton gloves Raincoat Nylon or synthetic waterproof coats Shoes with rubber Leather or synthetic shoes Telephone cords Clear cords Tell them about your latex allergy at least 24 hours before your appointment. The hospital or doctor's office should have a plan in place so that they can treat you without exposing you to latex. If you have to stay in the hospital, you'll usually be given your own room, free of products that might give you a reaction.


Question: How do doctors diagnose latex allergy?

Answer: Doctors diagnose a latex allergy in people who: Have had symptoms of an allergic reaction -- like a skin rash, hives, eye tearing or irritation, wheezing, itching, or trouble breathing -- when exposed to latex or a natural rubber product Are known to be at risk for a latex allergy and blood or skin tests show that they have it, even if they haven't had symptoms. If you need a skin test to check on a latex allergy, an allergy specialist must supervise it, in case you have a severe reaction.


Question: Who is likely to get a latex allergy?

Answer: Other people who are more likely than most people to get it include those who have: A defect in their bone marrow cells A deformed bladder or urinary tract Had more than one operation A urinary catheter, which has a rubber tip Allergy, asthma, or eczema Food allergies to bananas, avocados, kiwis, or chestnuts Rubber industry workers and people who use condoms are also more likely than others to get a latex allergy.


Question: What do I do if I have an asthma attack while exercising?

Answer: It's when your airways constrict and you have asthma symptoms during exercise, such as: Coughing Wheezing Chest tightness Shortness of breath If this happens to you, stop and follow the instructions in your asthma action plan. Keep your rescue inhaler handy, and use it as directed as soon as you have symptoms. If your symptoms are not getting better, call for emergency medical help.


Question: What activities are beneficial to people with asthma?

Answer: Team sports that involve short bursts of exertion -- like volleyball, gymnastics, baseball, and wrestling -- are good, and so are solo or group leisure activities like walking, biking, and hiking. Swimming is also a good choice because you usually breathe in plenty of warm, moist air while you do it. It's also a great way to build upper-body strength.


Question: How can I deal with the emotional effects of rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If your pain starts to make you feel bad a lot of the time -- you're depressed, angry, or anxious often -- tell your doctor, or talk with a professional counselor. It may help to do cognitive behavioral training, where you learn new, positive ways to handle pain and other problems.


Question: Should I tell my doctor how I feel if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Tell your doctor how you feel. He may want to change your medications or their doses. It's important for you let him know what's going on. Don't say â I'm fine,â or, â It's OKâ if it's really not.


Question: Should I take a breathing break if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Quietly tune in to your breaths. Breathe in and out normally. Just notice each one. If other thoughts come up (and they will), let them go and turn your attention back to your breath. It's a simple way to tune in and calm down. Even a few minutes a day can help.


Question: What is a good tea recipe for colds?

Answer: 1/2 cup thinly sliced fresh ginger 6 cups water 2 cinnamon sticks 2 tablespoons honey or brown sugar lemon wedges for garnish if desired In a saucepan, simmer ginger, cinnamon, and water 20 minutes, or more for stronger tea. Add honey or sugar and strain tea through a sieve.


Question: How does eating healthily help with illness?

Answer: Quite simply, a well-nourished immune system, your body's defense against germs, is better able to ward off infections.


Question: What is a good hot lemon drink for colds?

Answer: It's great for a sore throat. 4 lemons several slices of ginger root honey to taste Juice several lemons, then scrub the peel well. Slice it thinly, and add to the juice. Cover all with plenty of boiling water, put a lid on it, and steep until cool. For added benefit, add several slices of ginger root before covering with water. Strain off the liquid, add honey and additional water to taste. Drink hot. NOTE: Never give honey to any child less than 12 months old. It can cause botulism food poisoning in this age group.


Question: What is a good salad recipe for when you have a cold?

Answer: 1 bag of fresh spinach or mixed salad greens 2 fennel bulbs (cleaned, cut in half lengthwise, and sliced thinly crosswise) For the dressing: 2 scallions, finely chopped 1 garlic clove, minced 2 tablespoons oriental sesame oil 2 tablespoons soy sauce 2 tablespoons rice vinegar 1 tablespoon chopped, peeled fresh ginger 1 tablespoon honey (see note below) 1/4 cup canola oil Blend first seven dressing ingredients in food processor. With machine running, gradually add oil and process until well blended. ( You can prepare this 1 day ahead. Cover and refrigerate. Let stand 30 minutes at room temperature before you use it.) Toss fennel and greens with dressing. Enjoy! NOTE: Never give honey to any child less than 12 months old. It can cause botulism food poisoning in this age group.


Question: What is a good fish recipe for when you have a cold?

Answer: 4 salmon fillets with skin on salt, pepper to taste 3 tablespoons fresh herbs, such as chives, rosemary, or thyme For the salsa: 1 fennel bulb finely diced, plus 1 tablespoon minced fennel leaves 1/2 cup finely diced oranges 10 green olives pitted and minced 1 tablespoon fresh orange juice 1 teaspoon fresh lemon juice, or to taste Preheat oven to 250 degrees. While it's heating, make the salsa. In a medium bowl, stir together the fennel bulb and leaves, the diced orange, the olives, the juices, and salt and pepper to taste. Then, place salmon skin side down on a baking sheet sprayed with olive oil. Brush fish with a bit more olive oil, sprinkle salt and pepper, and press the herbs into the flesh. Set aside. When the oven is hot, "slow-roast" the salmon for 17 minutes. For safety, make sure that the fish reaches a temperature of 145 F. If you don't have a thermometer, make sure it flakes with a fork. Serve salmon with salsa on the side.


Question: Why do teens get acne?

Answer: Acne isn't a serious health risk, though severe acne can cause permanent scars. Acne can also damage self-esteem.


Question: What are blackheads?

Answer: Blackheads: Black bumps that are impacted pores in which material pushes out through the follicles. The black color is not from dirt. It may be from bacteria, dead skin cells, and matter that react with oxygen.


Question: Can medications cause acne?

Answer: They are usually taken daily for four to six months and then tapered and discontinued as acne improves.


Question: What are whiteheads?

Answer: Acne can appear as one of the following: Whiteheads: White dots that are pores impacted with oil and skin covered by skin layers.


Question: How do you chill a bruise to heal it?

Answer: These tips may help your bruise go away more quickly: Put ice on your bruise right after you get injured. That can reduce the size of your bruise, which may allow it to heal faster. The cold temperature from an ice pack makes the blood in that area flow more slowly. It may reduce the amount of blood that leaks out of your vessels. Don't put ice directly on your bruise -- protect your skin by wrapping the ice in a washcloth or paper towel. Remove the ice from your skin after about 10 minutes. Leaving it on too long could harm your skin. It's OK to put ice on your bruise several times a day, as long as you take a break after every time you do it.


Question: Should you put a steak on a bruise?

Answer: You may have seen people in old movies or cartoons putting raw steaks on their bruises -- especially on black eyes. Don't do this yourself. It's not safe to handle raw meat or place it against your eye or another body part, since it may be loaded with bacteria. Steaks and other raw meats don't have special healing powers that can help a bruise.


Question: Which sports put you at risk for a dislocated or a separated shoulder?

Answer: Sports that pose a higher risk of these two injuries are: Football Hockey Rock climbing Rugby Soccer Skiing Volleyball Symptoms of a dislocated shoulder are: Pain is severe in the shoulder and upper arm, making it difficult to move the arm Deformation of the shoulder -- a bump in the front or back of your shoulder, depending on how the bone has been dislocated Symptoms of a separated shoulder are: Intense pain as soon as the injury occurs Tenderness of the shoulder and collarbone Swelling Bruising Deformed shoulder To diagnose a separated shoulder or dislocated shoulder, your doctor will give you a thorough exam.


Question: What are the symptoms of a separated shoulder?

Answer: Sports that pose a higher risk of these two injuries are: Football Hockey Rock climbing Rugby Soccer Skiing Volleyball Symptoms of a dislocated shoulder are: Pain is severe in the shoulder and upper arm, making it difficult to move the arm Deformation of the shoulder -- a bump in the front or back of your shoulder, depending on how the bone has been dislocated Symptoms of a separated shoulder are: Intense pain as soon as the injury occurs Tenderness of the shoulder and collarbone Swelling Bruising Deformed shoulder To diagnose a separated shoulder or dislocated shoulder, your doctor will give you a thorough exam.


Question: When is surgery needed for a separated or dislocated shoulder?

Answer: Surgery for severe separated shoulders is sometimes needed to repair the torn ligament. Afterwards, you will probably need to keep your arm in a sling for about six weeks. For a severely dislocated shoulder, surgery is sometimes needed to correctly position the bones. If you keep dislocating your shoulder, surgery to tighten the ligaments surrounding the joint may help.


Question: How is a separated or a dislocated shoulder diagnosed?

Answer: Sports that pose a higher risk of these two injuries are: Football Hockey Rock climbing Rugby Soccer Skiing Volleyball Symptoms of a dislocated shoulder are: Pain is severe in the shoulder and upper arm, making it difficult to move the arm Deformation of the shoulder -- a bump in the front or back of your shoulder, depending on how the bone has been dislocated Symptoms of a separated shoulder are: Intense pain as soon as the injury occurs Tenderness of the shoulder and collarbone Swelling Bruising Deformed shoulder To diagnose a separated shoulder or dislocated shoulder, your doctor will give you a thorough exam. You may need X-rays to rule out broken bones and other conditions.


Question: What's the difference between a dislocated and a separated shoulder?

Answer: In this injury, a fall or blow causes the top of your arm bone to pop out of the shoulder socket. Unlike a lot of joints in your body -- your elbow, for instance -- the shoulder is incredibly mobile. You can twist and move your upper arm in almost any direction. But there's a price for this ease of movement. The shoulder joint is inherently unstable, prone to slipping out of place. In severe cases of dislocated shoulder, the tissue and nerves around the shoulder joint get damaged. If you keep dislocating your shoulder, you could wind up with chronic instability and weakness. Separated shoulder.


Question: What are some tips to prevent a dislocated or a separated shoulder?

Answer: Exercise and stretch your shoulder muscles regularly. Ice your shoulder after physical activity if you have had a shoulder separation before. Use protective padding to protect from falls if you are at risk of a shoulder dislocation.


Question: When can you go back to doing physical activity after a dislocated or a separated shoulder?

Answer: Don't try to return to your previous level of physical activity until: You can move your injured shoulder as freely as your uninjured shoulder. Your injured shoulder feels as strong as your uninjured shoulder. If you start using your shoulder before it's healed, you could cause permanent damage.


Question: How do I know if I have hepatitis?

Answer: Most people have vague or no symptoms at all; hence, viral hepatitis is often referred to as a silent disease. Your healthcare provider may also require a liver biopsy, or tissue sample, in order to determine the extent of the damage.


Question: What should I consider if I have hepatitis?

Answer: Other Points to Consider If your hepatitis, either viral or nonviral, is in the acute stage (occurred within the last six months), avoid alcoholic beverages, as your body's efforts to process alcohol puts an added strain on an already injured liver. Also, be aware that your sexual partners, especially if you have hepatitis B, are at risk of contracting the disease. Hepatitis C is difficult to pass through sexual contact, unless there is blood-to-blood contact. Most adults recover completely from acute hepatitis A and B within six months.


Question: Can radiation therapy cause hypothyroidism?

Answer: This can damage cells that make thyroid hormone. You might get treated with radiation for: Overactive thyroid gland Cancer of the head or neck Hodgkin's disease or lymphoma (cancer of the lymph system) A bacterial or viral infection can make your thyroid gland swell.


Question: What can keep your thyroid gland from making the right amount of thyroid hormone?

Answer: You can get hypothyroidism if you've had a procedure to remove part or all of your thyroid gland.


Question: How should I keep track of my IBS triggers and symptoms?

Answer: In a symptom journal, record when and where you experienced any stomach pain, discomfort, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation. Also include what you were doing, how you were feeling, and what type of food or medications you consumed before and when symptoms appeared. All this information may help you and your doctor determine what triggers your IBS. Then you can take reasonable steps such as dietary modification toprevent problems and take control of your life.


Question: Does knowing about your irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) triggers and symptoms help?

Answer: Keeping track of your symptoms is another helpful tool. In a symptom journal, record when and where you experienced any stomach pain, discomfort, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation. Also include what you were doing, how you were feeling, and what type of food or medications you consumed before and when symptoms appeared. All this information may help you and your doctor determine what triggers your IBS. Then you can take reasonable steps such as dietary modification toprevent problems and take control of your life.


Question: How can I get support to manage with my irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: There are other sources of support if you don't feel comfortable talking with people you know. There are doctors, nurse practitioners, therapists, and dietitians who specialize in IBS and can give you valuable feedback. Ask your doctor if he or she knows of any IBS support groups. The IBS Patient Support Group has meetings online at www.ibspatient.org.


Question: What can make it easier for you to deal with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) at work?

Answer: Let them know that you have a valid chronic illness, and when symptoms flare up, you have no control over it, suggests Roberts. This might mean bringing in educational materials about the disorder. At the same time, tell them that you've got a plan to deal with the syndrome (such as taking medication or going to the bathroom a few times), and that, despite it all, you'll remain a dedicated worker. If you have a problem with your union or boss, it might help to get a note from your doctor, explaining the illness and what might occur with symptoms. You may well find that most people are more supportive if you're honest with them, says Lynn Jacks, founder of an IBS support group in Summit, N. J.


Question: How can you reduce your stress to help with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Meditation and other stress management techniques may also be valuable in dealing with uncomfortable situations. " When you start to get that panic feeling, you can go into that other state of consciousness," says Gerson, noting that regular practice of things like meditation can help you even if you're in the middle of a meeting. "


Question: Where can you get support for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: There are other sources of support if you don't feel comfortable talking with people you know. There are doctors, nurse practitioners, therapists, and dietitians who specialize in IBS and can give you valuable feedback. Ask your doctor if he or she knows of any IBS support groups. The IBS Patient Support Group has meetings online at www.ibspatient.org.


Question: Does talking openly about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) help?

Answer: Remember, you don't have to be alone in dealing with IBS. Seek out support from trusted family and friends. " They could be your best resource," says Jeffrey Roberts, founder of the IBS Patient Support Group.


Question: What are the best ways to handle IBS?

Answer: Coping with irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) presents a number of daily challenges. While there is no cure for the disorder, treatments are available. Learn as much as you can about the syndrome. It helps to talk with your doctor. Ask him or her any questions you may have about the disorder, no matter how embarrassing it might be. The more you know about your condition and the type of IBS you have, the better you can deal with it. Also, read books, pamphlets, and reliable sources of information on the Internet. Try the International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders ( IFFGD) at www.iffgd.org, or call the organization at (414) 964-1799. You can find information about IBS, health care provider directories, and support networks.


Question: Who is able to diagnose someone with ADHD?

Answer: An ongoing pattern of behavior that suggests inattention, hyperactivity, or being impulsive could be ADHD if it: Started before age 12 Has lasted for more than 6 months Interferes with daily life Happens in multiple settings Your pediatrician or primary care doctor can diagnose the disorder. They'll want to hear from parents, teachers, and others who have regular contact with the person. Your doctor may do tests or have you see a specialist to rule out other causes, too.


Question: What sources of caffeine can affect the brain?

Answer: A little caffeine can help you focus, but too much can make you jittery and restless. You may not realize how much you're getting. It's found in chocolate and some headache medicines, as well as coffee, black and green teas, sodas, and energy drinks. And having caffeine later in the day might cause trouble sleeping, which can also make you distracted. If you've been overdoing the caffeine, back off slowly to avoid unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.


Question: What is stress?

Answer: Stress is your body's reaction when it feels threatened in some way. Your child could have trouble with a subject at school, get into a fight with a friend, or pick up on tension at home. Perhaps you're trying to make a deadline or are worried about an unexpected expense.


Question: What should parents do to help children through bullying?

Answer: It's hard to avoid cyberbullying, and it's easy for others to pile on and amplify it.


Question: How can substance abuse affect someone's focus?

Answer: Problems at school or work, poor memory, bad judgment, and moodiness are just a few symptoms of drug or alcohol misuse. The key things to look for are big changes in how someone looks, acts, and interacts with others.


Question: How does diet affect brain function?

Answer: If you're moody, cranky, drowsy, or confused, it may be because you have low blood sugar. A healthy meal or snack -- like a spinach salad with salmon and avocado, or a handful of walnuts -- could help you concentrate. Eating a lot of sweets, though, could slow down your brain.


Question: Is surgery an option for strabismus?

Answer: It works best when done during childhood, but adults can have it, too The surgeon opens the eyeball's outer layer to reach a muscle. To strengthen the muscle, the surgeon removes a small section from one end and reattaches at the same location. This makes the muscle shorter, which turns the eye toward that side. To weaken a muscle, the doctor moves it back or makes a partial cut across it. The eye turns away from that side. Any double vision after surgery should go away within a few weeks as the brain adjusts to improved sight.


Question: How is strabismus in children treated?

Answer: He may start treatment with eyeglasses or a patch to force your child to use the off-kilter eye until he sees normally. Sometimes, farsightedness is to blame. Glasses may solve the problem. The main goal is to get the problem eye working like it should before your child turns 8 years old. After that, permanent vision loss can set in.


Question: What is radionuclide venticulography?

Answer: EF is a measure of how much blood is pumped out of the heart with each beat, and how much blood pumps through the heart with each beat. A normal EF is generally greater than 50%, which means that over half of the blood volume in the heart's main pumping chamber is pumped out with each beat. Radionuclide ventriculography to show the pumping function of the left and right ventricles (the heart's large pumping chambers) during heart contractions. This test can also measure EF.


Question: How is a radionuclide ventriculography used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Radionuclide ventriculography to show the pumping function of the left and right ventricles (the heart's large pumping chambers) during heart contractions. This test can also measure EF. Rarely performed by itself, this test may be part of an exercise stress test.


Question: How are angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitors used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Angiotensin Receptor- Neprilysin Inhibitor ( ARNs) is a combination of a neprilysin inhibitor and an ARB. Approved in 2015, Entresto (sacubitril/valsartan) is seen as a possible replacement for ACE inhibitors or other ARB.


Question: How are urine tests used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Urine tests to look for signs of kidney problems or diabetes, a cause of heart disease Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG) to assess the heart rate and rhythm.


Question: How is digoxin used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Digoxin , sold under the brand name Lanoxin, may improve heart pumping function and control certain heart rhythm problems. Digoxin is an older medication and not used as frequently as in the past, because many of the newer agents appear to have more profound effects on symptom control and overall outcome. Nevertheless, it may still be a reasonable add-on for those patients in whom symptoms don't improve with diuretics and ACE inhibitors.


Question: How are beta-blockers used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Beta-blockers can improve the heart's ability to relax, and decrease the production of harmful hormones produced by the body in response to heart failure. Beta-blockers used to treat heart failure include carvedilol ( Coreg) and metoprolol.


Question: How is an electrocardiogram used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Urine tests to look for signs of kidney problems or diabetes, a cause of heart disease Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG) to assess the heart rate and rhythm. This test can often detect heart disease, heart attack, an enlarged heart, or abnormal heart rhythms that may cause heart failure.


Question: How are potassium supplements used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Potassium supplementsreplace the potassium that may be lost because of increased urination from diuretics.


Question: How do doctors diagnose heart failure?

Answer: During the medical history your doctor will want to know if: You have any other health problems such as diabetes, kidney disease, angina (chest pain), high blood pressure, or other heart problems You smoke You drink alcohol, and if so, how much You are taking medications. During the physical, the doctor will check your blood pressure, use a stethoscope to hear sounds associated with heart failure in the heart and lungs, and look for swollen neck veins, an enlarged liver, and swollen feet. Tests your doctor might order to diagnose heart failure include: Blood tests to check for anemia, thyroid problems, and high cholesterol, conditions that can be related to heart failure.


Question: How are selective sinus node inhibitors used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Selective sinus node inhibitors is a new class of drug which targets a specific area of the heart, the sinoatrial pacemaker. The first of these drugs is ivabradine ( Corlanor) which lowers the heart rate and helps the lower left ventricle contract more efficiently.


Question: What diuretics or water pills are used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Drugs used to treat heart failure, often in combination, include: Diuretics or water pills to help the body eliminate excess salt and water. Examples include: bumetanide ( Bumex), chlorothiazide ( Diuril), Microzide, Esidrix), furosemide ( Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide ( Hydrodiuril, indapamide ( Lozol), metolazone ( Zaroxolyn), spironolactone/hydrochlorothiazide ( Aldactazide), spironolactone ( Aldactone), torsemide ( Demadex), and triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide ( Maxide), and triamterene ( Dyazide).


Question: How is a cardiac MRI ventriculography used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Cardiac MRIto distinguish scar from normal tissue and abnormalities in the heart muscle. This can also measure EF. This test is generally available only in large heart centers and is rarely used as a first step in heart disease diagnosis.


Question: How are angiotensin receptor blockers used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Angiotensin receptor blockers ( ARBS) work in similar ways as ACE inhibitors. They are prescribed when patients develop side effects to ACE inhibitors, such as cough or high potassium levels.


Question: How can digoxin be used to treat heart failure?

Answer: Digoxin , sold under the brand name Lanoxin, may improve heart pumping function and control certain heart rhythm problems. Digoxin is an older medication and not used as frequently as in the past, because many of the newer agents appear to have more profound effects on symptom control and overall outcome. Nevertheless, it may still be a reasonable add-on for those patients in whom symptoms don't improve with diuretics and ACE inhibitors.


Question: Can urine tests be used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Urine tests to look for signs of kidney problems or diabetes, a cause of heart disease Electrocardiogram ( ECG or EKG) to assess the heart rate and rhythm.


Question: How is a chest X-ray used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Chest X-ray to see if the heart is enlarged and if the lungs are congested with fluid.


Question: How are ACE inhibitors used to treat heart failure?

Answer: ACE inhibitors , which have a multitude of beneficial effects in patients with heart failure, including serving as vasodilators -- they expand blood vessels and increase blood flow, thus helping the heart pump more efficiently. ACE inhibitors are important heart failure drugs since they have been shown to significantly prolong life and improve the quality of life for most people with heart failure. ACE inhibitors include: captopril ( Capoten), enalapril ( Vasotec), fosinopril ( Monopril), lisinopril ( Prinivil, Zestril), quinapril ( Accupril), ramipril ( Altace) and trandolapril ( Mavik).


Question: How is an echocardiogram used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Echocardiogram , an ultrasound test, to evaluate heart muscle function, to see how well the heart is pumping, and to detect problems with the heart valves that may cause heart failure. Ejection fraction ( EF) also can be measured. EF is a measure of how much blood is pumped out of the heart with each beat, and how much blood pumps through the heart with each beat. A normal EF is generally greater than 50%, which means that over half of the blood volume in the heart's main pumping chamber is pumped out with each beat.


Question: How is an exercise stress test used to diagnose heart failure?

Answer: Exercise stress test, an ECG performed while either walking on a treadmill, riding a stationary bike, or using medications to simulate exercise to check for any heart function problems brought on by exercise, which may indicate coronary artery disease.


Question: Iâm considering taking a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and Iâm worried about side effects. What are things to tell my doctor about?

Answer: You have stomach ulcers or bleeding in your digestive system.


Question: What are some risks of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?

Answer: Although aspirin taken in low doses with a doctor's supervision can help protect some people from a heart attack, some NSAIDs can raise your risk of heart disease and strokes, especially when you take high doses or take them for a long time. They can also interfere with blood pressure medicine, making it less effective. Children and teenagers under 18 years old shouldn't take aspirin unless directed by their doctor, due to the risk of a serious condition called Reye's syndrome.


Question: What will a doctor consider before recommending a specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?

Answer: Before recommending a specific pain pill, your doctor will consider: Your medical history Your current health concerns Other medicines you take Allergies and past reactions to meds How well your liver and kidneys work Any surgeries you've had Your overall treatment plan and goals For most people, side effects from NSAIDs, if any, are minor.


Question: What is ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL)?

Answer: This liquefies the fat so it can be suctioned out. Laser-assisted liposuction, or Smart Lipo, uses a laser to produce a burst of energy to liquefy the fat.


Question: How can you keep your shape after liposuction?

Answer: The fat cells are removed permanently during liposuction. But you can gain weight back, with new fat cells, which usually go to different areas of your body. To keep your new shape after surgery, follow a diet that includes lots of lean protein, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy. And exercise regularly.


Question: Who can get liposuction?

Answer: Liposuction is a surgical procedure, and with it comes risks. So you need to be in good health before you get it. That means you must at least: Be within 30% of your ideal weight Have firm, elastic skin Not smoke Doctors don't recommend the procedure if you have health problems with blood flow or have heart disease, diabetes, or a weak immune system.


Question: How do genetic tests work for diagnosing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?

Answer: Changes in these other genes could also suggest you have He FH: Apolipoprotein B-100 PCSK9 LDLRAP1 You'll need to give a small sample of tissue for this test. You can swab the inside of your cheek to scrape off a few cells, which get sent to a lab to see what gene changes you may have. Babies can get a small skin prick on the heel to collect a little blood instead of a cheek swab.


Question: What are signs that you or your child has heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?

Answer: Family history of high cholesterol You have male relatives who had a heart attack or heart disease before 60, or female relatives who had it before 70. Xanthomas, or bumps under the skin of your elbows, knees, or knuckles Swollen Achilles tendons just above your heels Sore, swollen feet Yellow or white patches on your eyes Chest pain Your doctor will ask about any medical problems that you or your relatives have.


Question: What's the definition of blood pressure?

Answer: Blood pressure is the force of the blood against the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps it around your body.


Question: How can gum disease make your teeth sensitive?

Answer: Your gums shrink away from your teeth and that exposes the roots. You also can damage your gums if you brush too hard.


Question: What should you do if your teeth hurt?

Answer: Don't put off a trip to the dentist if your teeth hurt. Cavities and cracks get worse over time. If you grind your teeth, your dentist can make a bite guard for you to sleep in. You can manage some problems yourself. Special toothpastes can reduce sensitivity. And you can reverse early gum disease when you brush and floss correctly.


Question: How can teething affect you?

Answer: You're likely to feel it when your wisdom teeth start to push through your gums. Food can get stuck under the gum and cause decay and infection.


Question: How can strep throat easily spread?

Answer: The bacteria that cause strep are highly contagious. You can spread it by close contact -- including sneezes and handshakes -- or sharing someone else's personal items. Be sure to wash your hands often and be cautious about touching objects when someone in your house has strep.


Question: What tests are used for strep throat?

Answer: Your doctor tests for strep throat with a rapid antigen test. She swabs the back of your throat with a cotton-tipped stick to get a sample. You usually get results in about 20 minutes. If the test is negative (meaning no signs of strep are found), the doctor may do what's called a throat culture. She'll take more swab samples from the back of your throat and send them to a lab. You may have to wait a couple of days for those results.


Question: When should I see a doctor about strep throat?

Answer: For your little ones, call the doctor right away if: An infant is 12 weeks or younger and has a temperature of 100.4 F or higher A fever goes above 104 F in any child You should also contact her if: A child younger than 2 has a fever lasting more than 24 hours A child 2 or older has a fever for more than 72 hours Your doctor will ask questions and do tests to find out whether you have strep or something else.


Question: What are symptoms of jaundice?

Answer: Your baby may have a greater chance of getting jaundice if he's: Born before 37 weeks Of East Asian or Mediterranean descent Has trouble breast or bottle feeding A younger sibling of a child who had jaundice Born to a mother with O-type or Rh negative blood The telltale sign of jaundice is a yellow color to your baby's skin and yellow in the whites of his eyes. It typically starts on the face. Once bilirubin levels in the blood get higher, the yellow color moves to the chest and stomach, and then, finally, the legs and arms.


Question: How can you prevent jaundice?

Answer: There isn't much you can do to prevent the typical jaundice in newborns. But you can help move it along by being sure your baby is well fed. If you're breastfeeding, aim for 8-12 feedings a day in the first days of your baby's life. If you're formula feeding, offer 1-2 ounces every 2-3 hours.


Question: When does your baby have a greater chance of getting jaundice?

Answer: Your baby may have a greater chance of getting jaundice if he's: Born before 37 weeks Of East Asian or Mediterranean descent Has trouble breast or bottle feeding A younger sibling of a child who had jaundice Born to a mother with O-type or Rh negative blood The telltale sign of jaundice is a yellow color to your baby's skin and yellow in the whites of his eyes.


Question: How is cervical osteoarthritis (cervical spondylosis) diagnosed?

Answer: The doctor will generally begin by asking you about symptoms and taking a medical history. This will be followed by a physical exam of the body, with a focus on the neck, back, and shoulders. The doctor is also likely to test reflexes and the strength of hands and arms, check for loss of sensation, and watch you walk. Other tests that might be done include imaging exams such as X-rays, computed tomography ( CT), and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). MRI scans use large magnets, radio waves, and a computer to produce the best images of the body. You might also be referred to a neurologist.


Question: What are the symptoms of cervical osteoarthritis (cervical spondylosis) with myelopathy?

Answer: If cervical spondylosis results in pressure on the spinal cord (cervical stenosis), it can put pressure on the spinal cord, a condition called cervical myelopathy. Symptoms of cervical spondylosis with myelopathy include: Tingling, numbness, and/or weakness in the arms, hands, legs, or feet Lack of coordination and difficulty walking Abnormal reflexes Muscle spasms Loss of control over bladder and bowel (incontinence) Another possible complication of cervical spondylosis is cervical radiculopathy, when bone spurs press on nerves as they exit the bones of the spinal column.


Question: What is cervical osteoarthritis (cervical spondylosis)?

Answer: It is a condition involving changes to the bones, discs, and joints of the neck. These changes are caused by the normal wear-and-tear of aging. With age, the discs of the cervical spine gradually break down, lose fluid, and become stiffer. Cervical spondylosis usually occurs in middle-aged and elderly people.


Question: Can my child take a break from ADHD medication to try other medicines?

Answer: For some children, talk therapy or neurofeedback may work as well as medication. If your child isn't taking medication, it's easier to tell if another treatment is working.


Question: How can I manage ADHD symptoms in my child during a break from medication?

Answer: If you decide that she should take a break from all medications, other treatments, like talk therapy or neurofeedback, can help her manage her symptoms.


Question: Are children with ADHD supposed to take breaks from the medication?

Answer: Most kids who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) take medication to manage their symptoms. You may have heard that there are benefits of taking breaks from the medicine.


Question: Will it take longer for ADHD medication to work if my child takes a break from it?

Answer: It might take a while for your child's medication to work again. Some nonstimulant medications take several days or even weeks to work the way they're supposed to.


Question: Is taking a break from medication the only way to know if the medication is still effective?

Answer: Taking a break from medication isn't the only option. Your doctor may recommend lowering your child's dosage or switching to another medication instead.


Question: How should my parenting change if my child takes a break from ADHD medication?

Answer: You'll need to be extra attentive. Medication helps kids with ADHD pay attention during tough tasks like driving. It may even lower the chances that your child will do risky things, like smoke and drink. You should be prepared to watch your child more than usual during a medication break.


Question: If my child stops taking ADHD medication will the symptoms reappear?

Answer: It may make your child's ADHD symptoms reappear or get worse. Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention may become problems again within a day or 2 of stopping medication.


Question: When is the best time for my child to take a break from ADHD medication?

Answer: Weekends, holidays, summer vacations, and other âslow timesâ are the best time to take a medication break. That way, if your child is struggling with her symptoms, it won't affect her schoolwork. You may also have more time to pay attention to how she's doing and help her.


Question: How do I know if my child is ready for a break from ADHD medication?

Answer: Your child may be ready if: She's been symptom-free for more than a year while on medication. Her symptoms were not a big problem when she forgot a dose or two of medication. She seems to be concentrating better than ever.


Question: Will a break from ADHD medication boost my child's growth?

Answer: It may boost your child's growth. Some ADHD medications can slow a child's growth in height, especially during the first 2 years of taking it. While height delays are temporary and kids typically catch up later, going off medication may lead to fewer growth delays.


Question: How many adults in the U.S. have anxiety disorder?

Answer: According to the National Institute of Mental Health, more than 18% of adults in the United States suffer from an anxiety disorder in any given year, and anxiety disorders are prevalent in 25% of children ages 13 to 18. Like depression, anxiety is thought to arise from a combination of both genetic and environmental factors.


Question: What is social anxiety disorder?

Answer: Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is a psychological condition that causes an overwhelming fear of situations that require interacting with another person or performing in front of others. Unlike being shy around strangers or nervous before a performance, social anxiety is a fear that you might humiliate yourself with your actions or speech in public. Social phobia is common.


Question: What are the symptoms of social phobia?

Answer: The symptoms of social phobia are much the same as symptoms for other anxiety disorders. They include: Difficulty talking Dry mouth Intense sweating Nausea Racing heart Trembling or shaking Like with other anxiety illnesses, symptoms can be tolerable or so severe that they become socially debilitating.


Question: What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

Answer: People with generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD) are filled with greatly exaggerated worry and tension -- even though there is usually nothing beyond ordinary concerns to worry about. These individuals anticipate disaster and ruminate about their health, their finances, their work, their relationships and family problems.


Question: What are the symptoms of panic disorder?

Answer: Panic disorder involves the sudden onset of overwhelming fear and terror. The person may also experience: Chest pain Choking Difficulty breathing Dizziness Gastrointestinal distress Headache Shortness of breath Sweaty palms Tachycardia (an unusually rapid heart beat) Trembling The person feels like he or she is either going to faint, have a heart attack and die, or go crazy.


Question: How is substance use disorder treated if you also have depression?

Answer: Taking more of the substance to ease withdrawal symptoms Withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, shaking, insomnia, agitation, hallucination, and sweating following a reduction in the amount of a substance taken There are varied approaches to treating people with substance abuse plus depression. Some will need detoxification in a hospital or a clinic. Rehabilitation may include one-on-one counseling, group counseling, and support groups. Antidepressant medicines -- in combination with education to help people address and conquer the emotions that cause them to abuse drugs or alcohol -- can also be effective.


Question: How are implants used for breast reconstruction?

Answer: Implants involve stretching the skin with a tissue expander that goes inside you, and then inserting a silicone-gel or saline (salt water) implant weeks later. The tissue expander is filled to a desired volume by adding saline, usually once a week for a few sessions. Many women find these sessions painful, but they're often pleased with the final result. Implants can rupture, causing pain and infection. You may need surgery to remove or replace them.


Question: When is the best time to have a breast reconstruction?

Answer: The timing is based on your desires, medical conditions, and cancer treatment. You can choose to have it done during the same operation to remove the breast, or months or years after a mastectomy. If you've started any chemotherapy or radiation treatments, reconstruction is usually postponed until you complete those treatments. Your surgeon can help you decide the right timing for you.


Question: What is a coronary calcium scan?

Answer: This CT scan of your chest can help doctors spot calcium buildup in the arteries around your heart, a sign that they have too much plaque.


Question: What is a carotid ultrasound?

Answer: Two of the major blood vessels in your neck are your carotid arteries. When they have thick, fatty deposits of cholesterol inside, it's a sign you're at higher risk for a heart attack or stroke. Your doctor might do an ultrasound scan of your neck called a carotid intima-media thickness test to check them out.


Question: Why would my doctor check my thyroid gland while I am taking statins?

Answer: If it's not making enough hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism, it may cause muscle pain when you take statins.


Question: Could I be allergic to echinacea if I am allergic to other plants?

Answer: If this happens, you might get: Rashes Worsening of asthma symptoms Anaphylaxis (a life-threatening emergency that can cause trouble breathing) You might be at higher risk of having a reaction to echinacea if you're allergic to other plants in the daisy family. This includes ragweed, chrysanthemums, and marigolds.


Question: What is echinacea?

Answer: It's a flowering plant that grows in the U. S. and Canada, and it's been used as medicine for centuries. There are nine species. Some of its common names are the purple coneflower or black-eyed Susan. The leaves, stems, flower, and roots are used to make supplements, liquid extracts, and teas.


Question: How long should you take echinacea?

Answer: Some experts say you shouldn't take echinacea for more than 8 weeks at a time. Although there is no evidence that the herb would cause harm after this point, doctors don't know enough yet about its long-term safety.


Question: What are possible reasons for conflicting results of studies on echinacea?

Answer: Still, sometimes it's hard to compare the results of different studies, because they look at different types and strengths of echinacea, as well as different parts of the plant or root. It's possible that some versions are better than others. Also, it's possible the herbal remedy may be useful against some, but not all, of the more than 200 viruses that cause colds.


Question: Is echinacea regulated in the United States?

Answer: Keep in mind that herbal remedies like echinacea aren't regulated in the U. S. the way medications are. The makers of supplements don't have to show their products are safe or effective before they go on the market. Also, there's a chance that what you buy at the drugstore may not actually have what the label says it does.


Question: Can my doctor give me information about herbal cold remedies?

Answer: If you're interested in using echinacea or another alternative treatment, talk to your doctor. Remember, herbal remedies may have risks, just like any drug. They can cause side effects and could affect how other medications work.


Question: How do you care for bonded teeth?

Answer: Bonded teeth do not require special care. Simply follow good oral hygiene practices. Brush teeth at least twice a day, floss at least once a day, rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash once or twice a day, and see your dentist for regular professional check-ups and cleanings. Because bonding material can chip, it is important to avoid such habits as biting fingernails; chewing on pens, ice, or other hard food objects; or using your bonded teeth as an opener.


Question: How long does bonding material last?

Answer: The lifespan of bonding materials for the teeth depends on how much bonding was done and your oral habits. Typically, however, bonding material lasts from three years up to about 10 years before needing to be touched up or replaced.


Question: When do you get dental bonding?

Answer: Dental bonding is an option that can be considered: To repair decayed teeth (composite resins are used to fill cavities) To repair chipped or cracked teeth To improve the appearance of discolored teeth To close spaces between teeth To make teeth look longer To change the shape of teeth As a cosmetic alternative to amalgam fillings To protect a portion of the tooth's root that has been exposed when gums recede Preparation.


Question: What is chest discomfort or pressure like as a symptom of a heart attack in men?

Answer: The pain can be severe, but it doesn't have to be. It can be a feeling of âfullness,â squeezing, or pressure. It can even be mistaken for heartburn. The discomfort often happens in the left or center of your chest. The feeling may last for more than several minutes, or it may come and go.


Question: What is chest pain like as a symptom of a heart attack in men?

Answer: This is the most common symptom of a heart attack in both men and women. Most often, it starts slowly with mild pain or discomfort. A sudden onset of severe symptoms is sometimes called a â Hollywood heart attack,â because of the typical way heart attacks have been portrayed in movies and television. A heart attack can happen this way, but it doesn't that often.


Question: What is pain like as a symptom of a heart attack in men?

Answer: Pain or discomfort sometimes shows up in other areas because they're not getting enough blood. Usually, it's an area of the body that's above the waist, including the upper part of your stomach, your shoulders, one arm (probably the left) or both, your back, neck or jaw, even your teeth.


Question: When should you get help because of symptoms of a heart attack?

Answer: Another possible sign is breaking into a cold sweat The more symptoms you have, the more likely it is that you're having a heart attack.


Question: What are other symptoms of a heart attack in men?

Answer: Shortness of breath, called dyspnea, can happen with or without chest pain and may even be your only symptom. It can happen when you're being active or not and is probably due to congestion (fluid buildup) in your lungs. You may also find yourself coughing or wheezing. Feeling tired for no reason is another common sign. You might feel anxious, too. Nausea and vomiting are less common in men than women. Some people say they feel light-headed or dizzy. Another possible sign is breaking into a cold sweat The more symptoms you have, the more likely it is that you're having a heart attack. But bear in mind, you may have no symptoms at all. These are called silent heart attacks and are more common the older you are or if you have diabetes.


Question: What are the symptoms of lipedema?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The typical symptoms are a large lower half and column-like legs, which are often tender and bruise easily. For example, the top half of your body may be a size 8, but the bottom half may be a size 16.


Question: How does lipedema develop?

Answer: As the condition progresses, fat continues to build up, and your lower body grows heavier. The lipedemic fat can later collect in the arms. Over time, fat cells block the vessels of your lymphatic system, which normally helps balance body fluid levels and protect against infection. This blockage prevents the proper drainage of lymph fluid, leading to a buildup of fluid called lymphedema.


Question: What can happen if lipedema is untreated?

Answer: Unlike obesity, it targets legs, thighs and sometimes arms. Unlike lymphedema, lipedema doesn't start in the lower legs (feet and ankles) but the upper legs, and it isn't related to prior surgery. It usually affects both legs.


Question: What causes lipedema?

Answer: The cause is not known, but doctors suspect female hormones play a role. That's because the condition affects mostly women, and it often begins or worsens at puberty, during pregnancy, following gynecologic surgery, and around the time of menopause. Scientists also believe genes are involved, because many women with the condition have family members with the condition.


Question: Can diet and exercise help with lipedema?

Answer: The lipedemic fat can later collect in the arms.


Question: How are lentigines treated?

Answer: There are several methods for treating lentigines: Cryosurgery (freezing it off) Laser surgery Skin creams such as retinoids and bleaching agents The best way to prevent lentigines is to stay out of the sun as much as possible, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher when outdoors, and wear protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and a wide-brimmed hat.


Question: How are moles treated?

Answer: If a dermatologist believes a mole needs to be evaluated further, he or she will do a biopsy by shaving or cutting out the entire spot so that it can be evaluated under the microscope. This is a simple procedure. ( If the dermatologist thinks the mole might be cancerous, cutting through the mole will not cause the cancer to spread.) If the mole is found to be cancerous, the dermatologist will cut out the entire mole or scar from the biopsy site by cutting out the entire area and a rim of normal skin around it, and stitching the wound closed.


Question: What are the ABCDEs of examining moles?

Answer: The following ABCDEs are important characteristics to consider when examining moles. If a mole displays any of the signs listed below, have it checked immediately by a dermatologist. It could be cancerous. Asymmetry. One half of the mole does not match the other half. Border. The border or edges of the mole are ragged, blurred, or irregular. Color. The color of the mole is not the same throughout or has shades of tan, brown, black, blue, white, or red. Diameter. The diameter of a mole is larger than the eraser of a pencil. Evolution. The mole is changing in size, shape, or color.


Question: What causes a mole?

Answer: These cells are called melanocytes, and they make the pigment that gives skin its natural color. Moles may darken after exposure to the sun, during the teen years, and during pregnancy. Congenital nevi are moles that are present at birth. Congenital nevi occur in about one in 100 people.


Question: What is dysplastic nevi mole?

Answer: Dysplastic nevi are moles that are generally larger than average (larger than a pencil eraser) and irregular in shape. They tend to have uneven color with dark brown centers and lighter, uneven edges. These nevi are somewhat more likely to become melanoma. In fact, people who have 10 or more dysplastic nevi have a 12 times higher chance of developing melanoma, a serious form of skin cancer. Any changes in a mole should be checked by a dermatologist to evaluate for skin cancer.


Question: What are lentigines?

Answer: A lentigo (plural: lentigines) is a spot on the skin that is darker (usually brown) than the surrounding skin. Lentigines are more common among whites, especially those with fair skin.


Question: What is a congenital nevi mole?

Answer: Congenital nevi are moles that are present at birth. Congenital nevi occur in about one in 100 people. These moles are slightly more likely to develop into melanoma (cancer) than are moles that appear after birth. A mole or freckle should be checked if it has a diameter of more than a pencil eraser or any characteristics of the ABCDEs of melanoma (see below).


Question: Can lentigines be prevented?

Answer: There are several methods for treating lentigines: Cryosurgery (freezing it off) Laser surgery Skin creams such as retinoids and bleaching agents The best way to prevent lentigines is to stay out of the sun as much as possible, especially between the hours of 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher when outdoors, and wear protective clothing, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, and a wide-brimmed hat. Avoid using tanning beds.


Question: What are skin tags?

Answer: Skin tags are not dangerous. They are usually found on the neck, chest, back, armpits, under the breasts, or in the groin area. Skin tags appear most often in women, especially with weight gain, and in elderly people. Skin tags usually don't cause any pain. However, they can become irritated if anything, such as clothing, jewelry, or skin rubs against them. Your dermatologist can remove a skin tag by cutting it off with a scalpel or scissors, with cryosurgery (freezing it off), or with electrosurgery (burning it off with an electric current).


Question: What are common skin lesions?

Answer: Freckles are extremely common and are not a health threat. They are more often seen in the summer, especially among lighter-skinned people and people with light or red hair. Causes of freckles include genetics and exposure to the sun.


Question: What causes freckles?

Answer: Exposure to the sun seems to be the major cause of lentigines.


Question: How do you know if a mole is cancer?

Answer: The vast majority of moles are not dangerous. Moles that are more likely to be cancer are those that look different than other existing moles or those that first appear after age 25. If you notice changes in a mole's color, height, size, or shape, you should have a dermatologist (skin doctor) evaluate it. You also should have moles checked if they bleed, ooze, itch, or become tender or painful.


Question: How are seborrheic keratoses treated?

Answer: Seborrheic keratoses are harmless and are not contagious. Therefore, they don't need to be treated. If you decide to have seborrheic keratoses removed because you don't like the way they look, or because they are chronically irritated by clothing, methods for removing them include cutting them off, cryosurgery, and electrosurgery.


Question: How do advance directives help with a patient's home care for brain cancer?

Answer: Advance directives are legal documents that provide a means to express your wishes for treatment and your choice on the person you want to make decisions on your behalf if you are not able to do so. Types of advance directives include a living will and durable power of attorney for health care. For example, a person with advanced brain cancer may not want to be put on a ventilator (breathing machine) if he or she stops breathing. You have the right to make these decisions for yourself as long as you are mentally competent.


Question: What can home care do if I have brain cancer?

Answer: For example, if you have trouble walking, physical and occupational therapists can help you improve movement and use equipment to aid in daily activities. A speech therapist can help with problems related to speaking and swallowing. Home health aides are specially trained to help with personal care tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating. Home care can also include nurses to give medicines, provide wound care, and monitor side effects.


Question: How can home hospice care help people with brain cancer?

Answer: Home hospice care is a way of providing pain and symptom relief, as well as emotional and spiritual support for the patient and the family, at home rather than in the hospital. It involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include a doctor or other health care provider, nurses, a pharmacist, aides, a social worker, a spiritual caregiver, and counselors.


Question: How long are patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) hospitalized?

Answer: The goal is to get the inflammation down quickly and stop the immune system attack. This will likely take a week or two in the hospital.


Question: What are the best therapies for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

Answer: After the hospital, they may need some combination of physical, occupational, and speech therapy. They may have to stay in a rehab hospital for a while, or maybe they can go home and work with a therapist.


Question: What causes acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

Answer: Other symptoms include: Fever Headache Sleepiness Behavior changes such as fussiness or confusion Nausea and vomiting Seizures Coma ADEM seems to be an autoimmune disease. That means your immune system attacks your body's own cells and tissues as if they were outside bacteria or viruses.


Question: What triggers acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

Answer: Experts don't know exactly what triggers it, but it could be an overreaction to an infection. Most of the time, the attack happens when a child is getting over some common illness, like a cold or stomach bug. ADEM sometimes follows an immunization, particularly certain rabies shots and the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella. No direct connection has been made though. Other times, nothing out of the ordinary happens before symptoms appear.


Question: What is the treatment for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in children?

Answer: Most people start with high doses of a powerful corticosteroid by IV for a few days. Your child may feel better within hours. They'll continue to take a steroid (as a pill or a liquid) for several weeks, in smaller and smaller doses. If your child can't have steroids or if they don't work, some procedures can calm the immune system. The doctor may filter their blood through a machine to remove the antibodies that their immune system is sending to attack the brain. This is called plasmapheresis. Or they could get shots of antibodies from a healthy person, which is called intravenous immunoglobulin treatment.


Question: What is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

Answer: ADEM is a rare kind of inflammation that affects the brain and spinal cord. It damages the protective coating of nerve fibers, called myelin. Most often, children under age 10 will get it. While symptoms can be severe, they can be treated. Most people make a full recovery and don't have another attack.


Question: How is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) diagnosed in kids?

Answer: But MS is rare in children. Other differences can also help your doctor make the right diagnosis. Kids with ADEM may have a fever, a headache, seizures, or trouble thinking clearly. The disease usually appears soon after a viral illness. There's no such link with MS. An ADEM attack usually happens once, while multiple sclerosis involves many episodes over time. Tests of spinal fluid usually show certain proteins when you have MS, but not ADEM. With ADEM, spinal fluid usually has more white blood cells than normal. Damage to the brain from ADEM and damage caused by multiple sclerosis look different on an MRI. It's more widespread with ADEM. The doctor has to rule out other illnesses with similar symptoms, too, like infections of the brain and spinal cord such as meningitis.


Question: What is the outlook for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

Answer: Most of the time, a child who gets ADEM will recover completely. It will be a slow process, over 4 to 6 weeks. But it could be 6 months or up to a year before they're fully well. In some cases, kids don't get over all of their symptoms. They may have lasting vision damage or muscle weakness. They might have trouble in school if they've missed a lot of time, or perhaps as a lingering effect of the attack. About 8 times out of 10, ADEM happens only once. But sometimes you can get it again within a few months, especially if you don't take steroids for long enough. Your child might get MS later, but it's unlikely. In very rare cases, ADEM can be fatal.


Question: Does therapy for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) usually continue after hospitalization?

Answer: After the hospital, they may need some combination of physical, occupational, and speech therapy. They may have to stay in a rehab hospital for a while, or maybe they can go home and work with a therapist. Your child's doctor will probably want a follow-up MRI to make sure the inflammation is gone and no new scars have formed.


Question: How is acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) differentiated from other conditions with similar symptoms?

Answer: The condition has a lot in common with multiple sclerosis and other diseases that damage myelin. They share some symptoms, like muscle weakness, numbness, loss of vision, and loss of balance. But MS is rare in children. Other differences can also help your doctor make the right diagnosis. Kids with ADEM may have a fever, a headache, seizures, or trouble thinking clearly. The disease usually appears soon after a viral illness. There's no such link with MS. An ADEM attack usually happens once, while multiple sclerosis involves many episodes over time. Tests of spinal fluid usually show certain proteins when you have MS, but not ADEM. With ADEM, spinal fluid usually has more white blood cells than normal. Damage to the brain from ADEM and damage caused by multiple sclerosis look different on an MRI. It's more widespread with ADEM. The doctor has to rule out other illnesses with similar symptoms, too, like infections of the brain and spinal cord such as meningitis.


Question: What are the causes of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)?

Answer: Other symptoms include: Fever Headache Sleepiness Behavior changes such as fussiness or confusion Nausea and vomiting Seizures Coma ADEM seems to be an autoimmune disease. That means your immune system attacks your body's own cells and tissues as if they were outside bacteria or viruses. Experts don't know exactly what triggers it, but it could be an overreaction to an infection. Most of the time, the attack happens when a child is getting over some common illness, like a cold or stomach bug. ADEM sometimes follows an immunization, particularly certain rabies shots and the vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella. No direct connection has been made though. Other times, nothing out of the ordinary happens before symptoms appear.


Question: How can diabetes cause dry eye?

Answer: Most people with diabetes know that it can cause eye problems like retinopathy, cataracts, and glaucoma. While infrequent, people with diabetes may have dry eyes, as well. That's because the nerve damage that causes you to lose feeling in your hands, legs, and feet -- so you don't notice cuts and sores -- can also affect your eyes. Severe dryness that's not treated can damage your cornea, the dome that covers the front part of your eye.


Question: When do acid reflux symptoms most often happen?

Answer: Acid reflux symptoms most often occur: After eating a heavy meal When bending over or lifting an object When lying down, especially on your back People who have frequent acid reflux symptoms most often experience them at night.


Question: What is dyspepsia?

Answer: Many people with acid reflux disease also have a syndrome called dyspepsia. Dyspepsia is a general term for stomach discomfort. Symptoms of dyspepsia include: Burping Nausea after eating Stomach fullness or bloating Upper abdominal pain and discomfort Symptoms of acid reflux may be a sign that stomach acid has inflamed your esophagus.


Question: Is regurgitation a common acid reflux symptom?

Answer: Another common symptom of acid reflux is regurgitation -- or the sensation of acid backing up into your throat or mouth. Regurgitation can produce a sour or bitter taste, and you may experience "wet burps."


Question: Are heart attack symptoms and acid reflux symptoms similar?

Answer: Also call the doctor right away if you have any "alarm" acid reflux symptoms, such as these: Unexpected weight loss Blood in vomit Black, tarry, or maroon-colored stools Difficulty or pain with swallowing Other acid reflux symptoms that should prompt a call to your doctor include: Asthma-like symptoms, such as wheezing or dry cough Hoarseness, especially in the morning Chronic sore throat Hiccups that don't let up Nausea that lasts for more than a day or two Sometimes, people confuse the symptoms of heart attack with symptoms of acid reflux disease. That's because pain in the chest can feel like heartburn. When in doubt, call your doctor.


Question: How common is heartburn among pregnant women?

Answer: More than half of all pregnant women experience heartburn during pregnancy. Increased hormones and pressure from a growing fetus can combine to produce this acid reflux symptom. In most cases, heartburn improves or completely goes away after delivery.


Question: Are there potential complications with acid reflux symptoms?

Answer: To lessen your symptoms, try avoiding: Citrus fruits Chocolate Caffeinated drinks or alcohol Spicy, fatty, or fried foods Garlic and onions Peppermint Tomatoes Usually, acid reflux symptoms cause no complications. In a few cases, continued esophageal damage can lead to scarring, which may cause the esophagus to narrow. The narrowing creates strictures and makes it difficult to swallow. You may have dysphagia, a sensation that food is stuck in your esophagus. In some cases, normal cells in the lining of the esophagus may be replaced by a different type of cell. This is called Barrett's esophagus, which can sometimes develop into cancer.


Question: When should you call 911 about possible symptoms of a heart attack?

Answer: Call 911 if you have any of these symptoms of heart attack: Chest pain, pressure, or fullness lasting more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes back Pain or discomfort in your neck, shoulder, upper back, or jaw Shortness of breath, with or without chest pain Dizziness, lightheadedness, or nausea Sweating along with chest pain


Question: What does purging mean in regard to stem cells?

Answer: purging: The process of separating cancer cells from bone marrow or stem cells.


Question: What are white blood cells (leukocytes)?

Answer: white blood cells (leukocytes): Cells that are part of the body's immune system, which fights disease and infection.


Question: What is mucositis?

Answer: mucositis: Mouth sores that result when chemotherapy destroys the mucosal cells that line the mouth and intestinal tract.


Question: What is autologous stem cell transplantation?

Answer: autologous: Stem cell transplantation using your own stem cells.


Question: What are human leukocyte antigens?

Answer: human leukocyte antigens ( HLA): Proteins found on the surface of white blood cells and tissues. A tissue-typing test shows how many HLA matches the recipient has in common with a donor.


Question: What is a matched unrelated donor?

Answer: matched unrelated donor ( MUD): A donor who is not a blood relative, but who has a complete HLA match to the patient. These donors are often found through bone marrow registries.


Question: What is graft-versus-host disease?

Answer: graft-versus-host disease: A condition in which donor cells think the recipient's cells are foreign and attack them.


Question: What is conditioning (cytotoxic or myeloablative) treatment?

Answer: conditioning (cytotoxic or myeloablative) treatment: High-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation given before a stem cell transplant.


Question: What is growth factor in regard to stem cells?

Answer: growth factor: Medicines that boost the numbers of infection-fighting white blood cells.


Question: What is graft-versus-tumor effect?

Answer: graft-versus-tumor effect ( GVT): The good response that happens when the donor cells attack any of the recipient's cancer cells that may remain after chemotherapy.


Question: What are platelets?

Answer: platelets: Cells that prevent or stop bleeding.


Question: What is an antigen?

Answer: antigen: A foreign substance, such as a bacteria, virus, or tissue, that does not come from your body.


Question: What is a cord blood transplant?

Answer: cord blood transplant: Stem cell transplant using cells collected from the umbilical cord and placenta following the birth of healthy newborns.


Question: What are red blood cells or erythrocytes?

Answer: red blood cells (erythrocytes): Cells that carry oxygen.


Question: What is a bone marrow transplant?

Answer: bone marrow transplant ( BMT): A transplant containing all three types of blood cells that develop in the bone marrow: red cells, white cells, and platelets.


Question: What are hematopoietic stem cells?

Answer: hematopoietic stem cells: Immature blood cells or blood-forming stem cells.


Question: What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer: embryonic stem cells: Immature cells from umbilical cord blood that can develop into many types of cells, including blood cells.


Question: What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer: monoclonal antibodies: Molecules made in a laboratory, engineered to attach to your cancer cells so they can be seen as foreign and attacked by your immune system.


Question: What are granulocyte colony-stimulating factor drugs?

Answer: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor drugs: Growth factor medicines given to draw stem cells from the bone marrow into the bloodstream.


Question: What is a port catheter?

Answer: port catheter: A tube surgically placed in your chest near your neck through which to give chemotherapy and receive your stem cell infusion. It may also be used to draw blood. An indwelling catheter is more commonly used for catheters in the bladder.


Question: What is anemia?

Answer: anemia: A condition caused by a lack of red blood cells, the cells that transport oxygen to the body's tissues.


Question: What is the immune system?

Answer: immune system: A network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects your body from disease and infection.


Question: What is bone marrow in regard to stem cell transplantation?

Answer: bone marrow: The spongy part of some bones, where blood cells develop from immature marrow cells called stem cells.


Question: What is apheresis?

Answer: apheresis: A process in which whole blood is drawn from a donor, the stem cells are then harvested, and the other blood products are returned to the donor.


Question: What are antibodies?

Answer: antibodies: Proteins made by your body that fight off foreign substances.


Question: What are the warning signs of suicide due to bipolar disorder?

Answer: People who also have a substance abuse problem may need more specialized treatment. Some people who have bipolar disorder may become suicidal. Learn the warning signs and seek immediate medical help for them: Depression (changes in eating, sleeping, activities) Isolating yourself Talking about suicide, hopelessness, or helplessness Acting recklessly Taking more risks Having more accidents Abusing alcohol or other drugs Focusing on morbid and negative themes Talking about death and dying Crying more, or becoming less emotionally expressive Giving away possessions


Question: What are the symptoms of mania from bipolar disorder?

Answer: Symptoms of mania ("the highs"): Excessive happiness, hopefulness, and excitement Sudden changes from being joyful to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restlessness Rapid speech and poor concentration Increased energy and less need for sleep Unusually high sex drive Making grand and unrealistic plans Showing poor judgment Drug and alcohol abuse Becoming more impulsive During depressive periods ("the lows"), a person with bipolar disorder may have: Sadness Loss of energy Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Not enjoying things they once liked Trouble concentrating Uncontrollable crying Trouble making decisions Irritability Needing more sleep Insomnia Appetite changes that make them lose or gain weight Thoughts of death or suicide Attempting suicide When someone develops bipolar disorder, it usually starts when they're in late adolescence or young adulthood.


Question: What does hypomania bipolar disorder mean?

Answer: Hypomania" describes milder symptoms of mania, in which someone does not have delusions or hallucinations, and their high symptoms do not interfere with their everyday life.


Question: What are the symptoms of depressive periods in bipolar disorder?

Answer: Symptoms of mania ("the highs"): Excessive happiness, hopefulness, and excitement Sudden changes from being joyful to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restlessness Rapid speech and poor concentration Increased energy and less need for sleep Unusually high sex drive Making grand and unrealistic plans Showing poor judgment Drug and alcohol abuse Becoming more impulsive During depressive periods ("the lows"), a person with bipolar disorder may have: Sadness Loss of energy Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness Not enjoying things they once liked Trouble concentrating Uncontrollable crying Trouble making decisions Irritability Needing more sleep Insomnia Appetite changes that make them lose or gain weight Thoughts of death or suicide Attempting suicide When someone develops bipolar disorder, it usually starts when they're in late adolescence or young adulthood.


Question: What can I expect after bipolar disorder treatment?

Answer: Ongoing treatment is more effective than dealing with problems as they come up. People who also have a substance abuse problem may need more specialized treatment.


Question: What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: In bipolar disorder, the dramatic episodes of high and low moods do not follow a set pattern. Someone may feel the same mood state (depressed or manic) several times before switching to the opposite mood. These episodes can happen over a period of weeks, months, and sometimes even years. How severe it gets differs from person to person and can also change over time, becoming more or less severe.


Question: How is bipolar disorder treated?

Answer: Bipolar disorder can be treated. It's a long-term condition that needs ongoing care. Medication is the main treatment, usually involving "mood stabilizers" such as carbamazepine ( Tegretol), lamotrigine ( Lamictal), lithium, or valproate ( Depakote). Sometimes antipsychotic drugs are also used such as olanzapine ( Zyprexa), quetiapine ( Seroquel), lurasidone ( Latuda) and cariprazine ( Vraylar)), as well as antidepressants. Combinations of medicines are often used. Psychotherapy, or "talk therapy," is often recommended, too. People who have four or more mood episodes in a year, or who also have drug or alcohol problems, can have forms of the illness that are much harder to treat.


Question: Can a pregnant woman pass genital herpes to her baby?

Answer: A pregnant woman can pass genital herpes on to her baby, so it's particularly serious during pregnancy. If you get infected near the end of pregnancy, the risk is highest. At least 30% and as many as 50% of newly infected pregnant women give the virus to their babies. For moms who were infected long before delivery, the risk is much lower. Less than 1% of babies born to mothers with an older genital herpes infection get the virus.


Question: How can you reduce the risk of passing genital herpes to your partner?

Answer: You can reduce the risk to your partner by having sex only when you have no symptoms. However, the virus can still be contagious without any noticeable symptoms such as sores or a rash on the skin. That's why you should always use a latex condom. A condom does not completely eliminate the risk, because it may not cover an affected area, but it does offer some protection. Taking the antiviral drugs acyclovir ( Zovirax), famciclovir ( Famvir), and valacyclovir ( Valtrex) can make symptoms appear less often and make them less severe.


Question: How can I reduce the risk of getting pneumonia from people around me?

Answer: Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria and some viruses. So you need to make sure that people who touch you aren't transmitting any nasty germs.


Question: How can I prevent pneumonia before  surgery?

Answer: Follow your doctor's instructions about not eating or drinking before surgery. Usually, your doctor will tell you not to eat or drink after midnight the night before surgery. You must follow that advice. If you're going under anesthesia and still have food in your stomach, fluid or vomit may back up and get into your lungs. This can lead to one type of pneumonia called aspiration pneumonia.


Question: Does the flu cause stomach problems?

Answer: They may include: Fever Headache Fatigue Aches and pains Cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose It's more common in children, but older adults sometimes have stomach symptoms -- like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea -- with this illness.


Question: What symptoms suggest complications of the flu?

Answer: The flu can lead to: Pneumonia Dehydration Worsening of chronic conditions such as asthma, emphysema, and heart disease Call your doctor immediately if you have any of these symptoms: You have trouble breathing with the flu. Symptoms don't improve or get worse after 3 or 4 days. After flu symptoms improve, you suddenly develop signs of a more serious problem including nausea, vomiting, high fever, shaking chills, chest pain, or coughing with thick, yellow-green mucus.


Question: Can older adults use the nasal flu vaccine?

Answer: Flu Mist is a nasal spray flu vaccine that contains a live flu virus. It isn't recommended for adults over age 49.


Question: Is there a specific flu vaccine for older adults?

Answer: A high-dose flu vaccine is made just for seniors. It has four times as much active ingredient as a regular flu shot to provide a better immune response in older people. It's recommended for people ages 65 and older, if it's available.


Question: What are flu symptoms in older adults?

Answer: Flu symptoms in older adults are pretty much the same as in other age groups. They may include: Fever Headache Fatigue Aches and pains Cough Sore throat Runny or stuffy nose It's more common in children, but older adults sometimes have stomach symptoms -- like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea -- with this illness.


Question: How is the flu treated in older adults?

Answer: Contact your doctor if you get symptoms. He'll check for complications and suggest treatment. He might prescribe an antiviral medication like oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), or zanamivir ( Relenza). Other ways to treat flu symptoms in older adults include: Get lots of rest. Drink plenty of liquids. Ask the doctor or pharmacist before you take a new over-the-counter cold or flu medicine. He can make sure it won't interfere with prescription drugs or complicate your other medical conditions.


Question: Can older adults prevent the flu?

Answer: The best way to prevent it is to get an annual flu vaccine. Getting the shot is a smart idea. It makes a big difference in hospitalization and death rates among older adults who live at home and those in nursing homes.


Question: What can I do if I'm embarrassed about having rosacea?

Answer: If your symptoms are seriously affecting your mood and self-esteem, do something about it. Treatment for your rosacea symptoms is key. You could also ask your doctor about using makeup to hide affected patches of skin. If you're stressed or depressed, you might get help from counseling or medications. Never ignore signs of anxiety or depression. Talk to your doctor right away so that you can get help.


Question: What does a differential diagnosis mean for food allergies?

Answer: A differential diagnosis is the process of telling the difference between a food allergy, a food intolerance, and other illnesses. When you go to the doctor's office and say, " I think I have a food allergy," they have to consider a list of other things that could cause similar symptoms and be confused with a food allergy.


Question: Which food allergies are most common?

Answer: In adults, they include: Peanuts Tree nuts, such as walnuts Shellfish, including shrimp, crayfish, lobster, and crab For children, the food allergens that most often cause problems are: Eggs Milk Peanuts Adults usually don't lose their allergies, but children do sometimes. Kids are more likely to outgrow allergies to milk, eggs, and soy than to peanuts, fish, and shrimp. The foods that you'll react to are often those that you eat regularly. In Japan, for example, you'll find rice allergy. In Scandinavia, codfish allergy is common.


Question: How can food intolerances be tied to psychological triggers?

Answer: Some people may have a food intolerance with a psychological trigger. An unpleasant event, often during childhood, that's tied to eating a particular food can bring on a rush of unpleasant sensations when you eat that food later, even as an adult.


Question: How are patients with severe food allergies treated?

Answer: Even people who are very careful can make a mistake, so if you have severe food allergies, you must be prepared to treat an accidental exposure. If you've had anaphylactic reactions to a food, you should wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace. And you should carry two auto-injectors of epinephrine ( Adrenaclick, Auvi- Q, Epi Pen) and be ready to use them if you think a reaction is starting. Mild symptoms such as tingling in your mouth and throat or an upset stomach might not be an allergic reaction, but you should still give yourself an injection. It won't hurt, and it could save your life. Then call 911 or get a ride to the emergency room.


Question: What are sensitive food allergies like?

Answer: For highly allergic people, even tiny amounts of an allergen (as little as 1/44,000 of a peanut kernel) can trigger a reaction. Less-sensitive people may be able to have small amounts of a food that they're allergic to.


Question: What are the benefits of breastfeeding relative to food allergies?

Answer: Doctors recommend only breastfeeding infants for the first 4-6 months, if possible, for many reasons, but there's no proof that it prevents food allergies later in life. While some pregnant women may hope limiting their diets while they're pregnant or breastfeeding may help their children avoid allergies, the experts disagree and don't suggest it. Soy formula isn't a good way to prevent allergies either.