Question: How is erectile dysfunction treated?

Answer: Current treatment options for erectile dysfunction for men who have received treatment for prostate cancer include: Oral medications, such as tadalafil ( Cialis), vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn), avanfil ( Stendra), or sildenafil ( Viagra) Injections of medicine into the penis before intercourse (called intracavernous injection therapy) Use of a vacuum constriction device to draw blood into the penis to cause an erection Drugs taken as a suppository placed in the penis prior to intercourse Penile implants Following surgery, up to 70% of men who have had nerves spared on both sides of the prostate will regain erections with the use of one or more oral drugs for erectile dysfunction.


Question: How can radiation therapy for prostate cancer lead to erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Radiation therapy. The onset of erectile dysfunction following radiation therapy is gradual and usually begins about six months following the treatment. Erectile dysfunction is the most common long-term complication of radiation therapy. However, its occurrence may decrease when more sophisticated treatments are used, such as radioactive seed implants (brachytherapy), intensity-modulated radiotherapy ( IMRT), or 3- D conformal radiotherapy.


Question: How is a vacuum constriction device used to treat erectile dysfunction from prostate cancer?

Answer: If Viagra and injections fail (or if you are unwilling or unable to use either therapy), other treatments may be appropriate. They include: Vacuum constriction device. A cylinder is placed over the penis. The air is pumped out of the cylinder, which draws blood into the penis and causes an erection. The erection is maintained by slipping a band off the base of the cylinder and onto the base of the penis. The band can stay in place for up to 30 minutes. Although these devices can be effective, they generally have been less desirable for patients who have been treated with surgery. Many patients dislike having to use the band at the base of the penis and find it uncomfortable.


Question: How can a high-fiber diet help treat constipation in children?

Answer: This means loading your child's plate with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, high-fiber cereals, whole grain breads (look for at least 3-5 grams of fiber per serving), and a variety of beans and other legumes, like chickpeas and lentils. Two good sources of fiber that kids are often happy to eat are trail mix (let them make their own) and popcorn with minimal salt or butter. Foods containing probiotics, like yogurt, can also promote good digestive health. While focusing on fiber, don't forget fluids. If your child is eating plenty of high-fiber food but not getting enough fluid to help flush it through his system, you can make matters worse. Your child should be drinking plenty of water throughout the day, along with some milk. Limit sugary drinks to 4 ounces a day in younger children and 6-8 ounces in school-aged kids.


Question: What are the symptoms of constipation in children?

Answer: Besides the obvious painful bowel movements, look for these typical signs: Stomach pain and bloating Bleeding with bowel movements Soiling accidents Sometimes a constipated child might actually appear to have diarrhea, which can be confusing. What's happening here is that a large formed stool has gotten stuck in your child's rectum, and somewhat liquid stool gets passed around it. When a child is constipated, he has less frequent bowel movements, and when he does âgo,â his stool is dry, hard, and painful to pass.


Question: What should I know when using a stool softener to treat constipation in children?

Answer: These are safe in children, but should be used under the supervision of your pediatrician. Two common mistakes that parents make when giving their child a stool softener for constipation is not using a large enough dose, or stopping it too soon. For example, you might think that you can stop giving a stool softener after your child's first normal-looking bowel movement, but stopping too soon may just set your child up for another bout of constipation. Some children may need to stay on a stool softener for a few weeks. Your doctor can advise you on the right dosing schedule for your child.


Question: What is the best treatment for constipation in children?

Answer: Instead of suggesting, â Do you need to go to the bathroom?â simply say, â Time to go to the bathroom now.â You'll get the best results if you combine all three of these approaches. A high-fiber diet isn't likely to clear up a serious case of constipation on its own without the help of a stool softener; on the other hand, once your child stops taking a stool softener, if he stays on a low-fiber diet and doesn't get enough healthy fluids, the problem is likely to happen again.


Question: What causes constipation in children?

Answer: There are many possible causes for constipation, including: Withholding stool. This means that your child is trying to hold his bowel movements in -- maybe because he's stressed about potty training, maybe because he doesn't want to use the toilet in certain places (like school), or maybe because he's afraid of a painful bathroom experience. ( Constipation can become a vicious cycle -- if it hurts to âpoopâ once, the child may be more fearful of going the next time.) A diet that's low in fiber or doesn't include enough liquids (or both) Side effects of certain medications There are three primary treatments for most cases of constipation, and they usually work hand-in-hand.


Question: How do I know that I have done all I can to curb drug side effects for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If your RA symptoms are under control but you have side effects from medication, you might question whether it's worth it. It's easy to forget about the benefits of medicine when you feel good. Talk to your doctor if your treatment causes you problems, no matter how minor they may seem. He may be able to make minor changes that can help. For example, sometimes doctors suggest you add another drug to reduce nausea or stomach acid if that's an issue.


Question: Should I keep my doctor in the loop if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: But the Arthritis Foundation suggests you get a checkup at least once a year. Keep up with all lab, X-ray, and test appointments, too. They track changes in your joints and check on the effects of RA drugs in your body.


Question: How do I treat a blister?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Most blisters caused by friction or minor burns do not require a doctor's care. New skin will form underneath the affected area and the fluid is simply absorbed. Do not puncture a blister unless it is large, painful, or likely to be further irritated. The fluid-filled blister keeps the underlying skin clean, which prevents infection and promotes healing. But if you need to pop a blister or it pops by itself: Use a sterilized needle (to sterilize it, put the point or edge in a flame until it is red hot, or rinse it in alcohol). Wash your hands and the area thoroughly, then make a small hole; the fluid will drain on its own. If the fluid is white or yellow, the blister may be infected and needs medical attention. Do not remove the skin over a broken blister. The new skin underneath needs this protective cover. Apply an antibiotic ointment or cream. Look for signs of infection to develop, including pus drainage, red or warm skin surrounding the blister, or red streaks leading away from the blister.


Question: How can I prevent blisters?

Answer: Wear work gloves. Jobs you do only occasionally, such as shoveling snow or raking leaves, are great for raising a blister or two. Wear shoes that fit and are comfortable. New shoes should be broken in gradually. Wear padded socks or put some adhesive padding where your foot is rubbing.


Question: How does abstinence work as birth control?

Answer: Not having sex, also called abstinence, is the only surefire way to avoid a pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, like HPV.


Question: How well do shots work as birth control for teens?

Answer: The shot is a drug called medroxyprogesterone ( Depo- Provera). It has a long-acting form of the hormone progestin that lasts about 3 months. If your teen chooses this option, she'll need to visit the doctor every 11-13 weeks for an injection. Girls who use this type of birth control might have lighter periods. But they could also gain weight and lose bone density. Only about 6 in every 100 females who choose this method get pregnant in the first year. That's a better success rate than birth control pills.


Question: What should I know about intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants as birth control?

Answer: Here are the basics: An IUD is a small, T-shaped device placed into the womb. It can stay there for 3-10 years, depending on the type. Some IUDs release hormones to provide more protection against pregnancy and to ease menstrual cramps. The implant is a plastic rod about the size of a match. It goes under the skin on your upper arm. It prevents pregnancies for up to 3 years. Each must be inserted by a health care provider. Neither will protect you against sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs). Male condoms are best for that.


Question: How can you choose the right birth control for your teen?

Answer: Some things to consider: Her overall health Cultural and religious preferences How well the method prevents pregnancy Whether it prevents STDs Ease of use Cost It can be hard to talk to your teen about sex and birth control. Her pediatrician or family doctor can help get the conversation started and either prescribe what she needs or refer you to a specialist. As of March 2016, teens in 21 states and the District of Columbia are able to decide for themselves if they want birth control. They don't need a parent's consent. While most birth control methods require the girl to take action, boys should take responsibility, too. They should wear a condom during sex to prevent pregnancy and the spread of STDs.


Question: What motor skills milestones should you expect in your 6-month-old?

Answer: Your baby may be starting to sit up alone by six months. To get ready, babies first prop themselves up with their hands, but over time they can start to let go and sit unsupported. Your 6-month-old can probably roll from his back to his stomach and vice versa. Some babies can propel themselves around the floor using this rolling method. Or, they may creep forward or backward -- sliding around on their tummies while pushing against the floor. You may notice your baby rise up on hands and knees and rock back and forth.


Question: What sleep milestones should you expect in your 6-month-old?

Answer: Most babies are sleeping six to eight hours at a stretch by six months. When babies at this age have trouble falling or staying asleep, some parents turn to a method developed by pediatrician Richard Ferber. The Ferber Method, as it is known, involves putting your baby into the crib while she's still awake. If your baby cries, wait for a progressively longer period of time each night before going in to provide comfort. This method works well for some families, but you may need to experiment with several different sleep methods before you find the one that works best for you.


Question: What are some tips for your babyâs sixth month?

Answer: Be on the lookout for signs that your baby is not hitting important milestones, like babbling, sitting unassisted, smiling, making eye contact, or responding to sounds. If you're concerned she has missed any milestone, call your pediatrician. Play peek-a-boo and similar games with your baby. It will help teach the idea of object permanence -- that objects still exist, even when they're out of sight. Place toys just out of reach on the floor to encourage your baby to start crawling. If you have older children, make sure to put away toys with tiny pieces to prevent your baby from choking.


Question: What can I expect at my first appointment with a rheumatologist?

Answer: Your first visit will be part conversation, part examination. Your appointment may take an hour or more, but it will be well worth the time. Because RA is a long-term disease, you'll see this doctor often.


Question: Should I do family research before I go see a rheumatologist for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: What kinds of problems run in your family? Find out what you can about the health of your grandparents, parents, and any brothers and sisters.


Question: Should I tell my rheumatologist about my previous conditions and medications?

Answer: Your rheumatologist will need to know about every medication you're taking: All your prescriptions for RA and other health problems Include over-the-counter medicines like , rub-on creams, and other pain relievers Vitamins, herbs, and supplements You can write up a list or toss all the bottles in a bag and take them with you. Ask your other doctors for copies of your records and any test results or X-rays, and take them with you, too.


Question: Should I create a timeline of my rheumatoid arthritis before I see a rheumatologist?

Answer: Describe your symptoms and how they've changed over time.


Question: How can you prepare for your rheumatologist?

Answer: Rheumatologists are like detectives looking for clues to relieve your pain and treat your condition. To give your new doctor a head start: Create a timeline. Go back as far as you can remember. Describe your symptoms and how they've changed over time. Do some family research. What kinds of problems run in your family? Find out what you can about the health of your grandparents, parents, and any brothers and sisters. List your meds. Your rheumatologist will need to know about every medication you're taking: All your prescriptions for RA and other health problems Include over-the-counter medicines like , rub-on creams, and other pain relievers Vitamins, herbs, and supplements You can write up a list or toss all the bottles in a bag and take them with you. Ask your other doctors for copies of your records and any test results or X-rays, and take them with you, too.


Question: What can be part of your treatment plan for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Physical therapy or occupational therapy : Your doctor may suggest you meet with one or both of these health professionals. Physical therapists can teach you exercises to help you move your joints and make them stronger. Occupational therapists can show you how to ease the strain on your joints during daily activities. Lifestyle changes: Exercise and weight control will be part of your treatment plan. You need to move your joints to keep them from getting stiff and to strengthen the muscles around them. If you're overweight, shedding extra pounds can take stress off joints and lessen pain.


Question: What steps should I take to prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Losing extra pounds, eating better, and becoming more active are some of the most important steps you can take.


Question: What can you do without medicine to prevent type 2 diabetes if you have prediabetes?

Answer: Losing extra pounds, eating better, and becoming more active are some of the most important steps you can take. There are people who aren't overweight who have type 2 diabetes.


Question: What is the best way to avoid type 2 diabetes?

Answer: But the study also showed that drastic lifestyle changes are the best way to avoid diabetes. You'll need to work with a dietitian to come up with a meal plan and talk to a trainer about how to get more exercise.


Question: What are motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease during the advanced stage?

Answer: Some people never reach this stage. This is when medication doesn't help as much and serious disabilities set in. At this point, you likely: Are limited to bed or a wheelchair Can't live on your own Have severe posture issues in your neck, back, and hips Need help with daily tasks Almost everyone with Parkinson's gets at least one of these.


Question: What are motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease during the moderate stage?

Answer: Often within 3 to 7 years, you'll see more changes. Early on, you might have a little trouble with something like buttoning a shirt. At this point, you may not be able to do it at all. You might also find that the medicine you take starts to wear off between doses. You can expect: Changes in how you speak, like a softer voice or one that starts strong, but trails off Freezing when you first start to walk or change direction, as if your feet are glued to the ground Trouble swallowing Falls to be more likely Trouble with balance and coordination Slower movements Small, shuffling steps Advanced stage.


Question: What are motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease during the mild stage?

Answer: And drugs usually work well to keep them in check. You might notice: Your arms don't swing as freely when you walk You can't make facial expressions Your legs feel heavy Posture becomes a little stooped Handwriting gets smaller Your arms or legs get stiff You have symptoms only on one side of your body, like a tremor in one arm Moderate stage.


Question: What can you do to check the effectiveness of drugs for inflammatory diseases?

Answer: When you are prescribed any drug, it is important to meet with your doctor regularly so he or she can check its effectiveness and detect the development of any side effects.


Question: How are inflammatory joint diseases treated?

Answer: There are a number of treatment options for inflammatory joint diseases including medications, rest, exercise, and surgery to correct joint damage. The type of treatment prescribed will depend on several factors including the type of disease, the person's age, type of medications he or she is taking, overall health, medical history, and severity of symptoms.


Question: What diseases are associated with inflammation?

Answer: Some, but not all types of arthritis, are the result of misdirected inflammation. Arthritis is a general term that describes inflammation in joints. Some types of arthritis associated with inflammation include: Rheumatoid arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Gouty arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus The most common form of arthritis called osteoarthritis (also known as degenerative arthritis) is a bit of a misnomer.


Question: How can you prevent nursemaid's elbow?

Answer: As your child grows, his or her ligaments will get stronger. So it will become less likely that pulling a child's arms will cause nursemaid's elbow. Until then, you may be able to prevent nursemaid's elbow if you follow these tips: Do not lift a child up by the arms or hands. Lift the child under the arms instead. Do not tug or jerk a child's hand or arm. Never swing a child by the hands or arms.


Question: What is treatment like for nursemaid's elbow in kids?

Answer: Most kids can use the arm without pain within 10 to 15 minutes. But some kids may be afraid to use the arm because they remember that it hurt before. If this happens, your doctor may recommend pain medicine and then observation for the next hour to make sure the child moves the arm.


Question: What is the treatment for nursemaid's elbow?

Answer: Treatment depends on your child's age and overall health. The doctor will examine the child and make sure the bone is not broken. X-rays are not usually necessary to diagnose this. Over-the-counter pain medicine, such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin), may be given. Make sure you ask your health care provider for the correct dose for your child. Never give aspirin to a child under age 12.


Question: What are the symptoms of nursemaid's elbow?

Answer: Nursemaid's elbow may happen if you: Catch a child by the hand to stop a fall Lift a child up by the hands or wrists Pull a child's arm through a jacket sleeve Swing a child by the arms or hands Yank on a child's arm to make him or her walk faster Sometimes nursemaid's elbow may happen if: An infant rolls over onto the arm A child uses the hands to brace himself or herself during a fall The main symptom of a pulled elbow is pain when the child moves the arm. In fact, nursemaid's elbow can be quite painful. There is, though, no swelling, bruising, or other sign of a serious injury. To reduce the pain, the child typically refuses to use the arm and holds it still at her side, The elbow may be slightly bent and the palm may by turned towards the body. You should not try to straighten the arm or move the elbow back into place. If you do, the child will resist, and you could cause more serious damage. Severe pain, even without swelling, can be the sign of a broken bone. Call your doctor if your child injures her elbow.


Question: What causes nursemaid's elbow?

Answer: Nursemaid's elbow can happen if you tug or pull on a child's lower arm or hand, especially if the arm is twisted. It doesn't take much force for the injury to happen. The most common cause of nursemaid's elbow is a pulling-type injury. Nursemaid's elbow may happen if you: Catch a child by the hand to stop a fall Lift a child up by the hands or wrists Pull a child's arm through a jacket sleeve Swing a child by the arms or hands Yank on a child's arm to make him or her walk faster Sometimes nursemaid's elbow may happen if: An infant rolls over onto the arm A child uses the hands to brace himself or herself during a fall The main symptom of a pulled elbow is pain when the child moves the arm.


Question: How effective are treatments for nursemaid's elbow?

Answer: Sometimes, the first attempt at reduction does not work. It may take two or more times to put the elbow back into the correct position. Surgery is rarely needed.


Question: Who gets nursemaid's elbow?

Answer: Your doctor or nurse may use other terms for nursemaid's elbow, such as: Pulled elbow Radial head subluxation Nursemaid's elbow is a common injury among toddlers and preschoolers. The injury is not often seen in kids older than 5 or 6. That's because as children grow, their bones harden and the ligaments get tighter and thicker. This helps keep the elbow firmly in place. Girls are slightly more likely than boys to have nursemaid's elbow.


Question: What are the symptoms of depression?

Answer: They can include: Trouble concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions Fatigue Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and helplessness Pessimism and hopelessness Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or sleeping too much Irritability Restlessness Loss of interest in things once pleasurable, including sex Overeating, or appetite loss Aches, pains, headaches, or cramps that won't go away Digestive problems that don't get better, even with treatment Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings Suicidal thoughts or attempts There isn't a "depression test" a doctor can use to see if you have it, so figuring that out often starts with a thorough history and physical exam.


Question: How is depression diagnosed?

Answer: They can include: Trouble concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions Fatigue Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and helplessness Pessimism and hopelessness Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or sleeping too much Irritability Restlessness Loss of interest in things once pleasurable, including sex Overeating, or appetite loss Aches, pains, headaches, or cramps that won't go away Digestive problems that don't get better, even with treatment Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings Suicidal thoughts or attempts There isn't a "depression test" a doctor can use to see if you have it, so figuring that out often starts with a thorough history and physical exam. Your doctor will want to know: When your symptoms started How long they've lasted How severe they are If depression or other mental illnesses run in your family If you have a history of drug or alcohol abuse You'll also be asked if you've had similar symptoms of depression before, and if so, how it was treated.


Question: Does electroconvulsive therapy treat symptoms of depression?

Answer: Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is a treatment option for people whose symptoms don't get better with medicine or who have severe depression and need treatment immediately.


Question: How is depression treated?

Answer: If your doctor rules out a physical cause for your symptoms, he may start you on a treatment or refer you to a mental health professional. This specialist will figure out the best course of treatment. That may include medicines (such as antidepressants), a type of therapy called psychotherapy, or both.


Question: Are there warning signs of suicide with depression?

Answer: Warning signs include: A sudden switch from sadness to extreme calmness, or appearing to be happy Always talking or thinking about death Clinical depression (deep sadness, loss of interest, trouble sleeping and eating) that gets worse Taking risks that could lead to death, such as driving through red lights Making comments about being hopeless, helpless, or worthless Putting affairs in order, like tying up loose ends or changing a will Saying things like " It would be better if I weren't here" or " I want out" Talking about suicide Visiting or calling close friends and loved ones If you or someone you know shows any of the above warning signs, call your local suicide hotline, contact a mental health professional right away, or go to the emergency room.


Question: Should I take cough medicine?

Answer: However, a persistent cough should be diagnosed and treated specifically. On the shelf you'll find numerous cough medicines with various combinations of decongestants, antihistamines, analgesics/antipyretics, cough suppressants, and expectorants. Ask your pharmacist which combination, if any, would be right for you.


Question: Is it better to take a decongestant or an antihistamine?

Answer: If you have nasal or sinus congestion, then a decongestant can be helpful. If you have drainage -- either a runny nose or postnasal drip or itchy, watery eyes -- then an antihistamine may be helpful. Over-the-counter antihistamines often make people drowsy; decongestants can make people hyper or keep them awake. Antihistamines can make secretions thick, which can be a problem for people with asthma. Keep in mind that both these medications may interact with other drugs you may be taking for conditions such as heart disease, and they may worsen some conditions. Discuss with your doctor or pharmacist which cold medication may be best for you.


Question: How often should I use nasal spray?

Answer: Nasal decongestants work fast to open breathing passages. But if you use them for more than three days in a row, you may suffer a "rebound effect," and end up more congested than you were at the start. Some doctors suggest using a saline spray instead of a medicated spray. Saline spray works more slowly but has no rebound effect.


Question: What are soluble fibers?

Answer: All types of soluble fibers slow digestion, so it takes longer for your body to absorb sugar (glucose) from the foods you eat. This helps prevent quick spikes in your blood sugar levels -- an important part of managing diabetes. Soluble fibers also bind with fatty acids, flushing them out of the body and helping to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol.


Question: How much fiber do I need?

Answer: Women 50 and younger should try to get 25 grams a day, and men should shoot for 38 grams.


Question: How can a yeast infection cause a rash on your penis?

Answer: A painful rash and redness on the underside of your penis or the head of your penis can signal a yeast infection. Yeast is a common fungus, but when it grows too much, it can cause problems. A number of things can cause it to multiply, like humid conditions or if you have a weak immune system. Certain antibiotics can kill the bacteria that normally keep yeast growth in check, leading to a yeast infection.


Question: How can sexually transmitted diseases cause a rash on your penis?

Answer: If you have sex with someone who has an infection or disease on their genitals, you can get it, too. Common STDs that might cause you to develop a rash on your penis include: Scabies . These tiny mites burrow under your skin and lay eggs, causing an acne-like rash and fierce itching. You get scabies by having skin-on-skin contact for an extended period of time with someone who has it. That's why a common way to get it is through sex. The itching can get worse at night. Scratching the area can lead to sores, which can become infected. Syphilis . Condyloma lata rash is linked to the secondary stage of this STD. It causes large, raised gray or white lesions on the genitals. You can get it if your penis has direct contact with a syphilis sore (called a chancre) during sex. Chancres don't itch, so you might not know you have one. Still, syphilis can lead to serious health problems. Genital herpes may cause ithcing, pain and sores in your genital area. If you have this diease, you may have no obvious signs or symptoms. You can be contagious even if you have no visible sores. There is no cure for genital herpes. But medications can help reduce the symptoms and the risk of spreading the infection to others.


Question: How can a drug rash appear on your penis?

Answer: Certain medications can trigger a rash. You might be allergic, or it could be a side effect of the medication. Anti-inflammatory medications, antibiotics, and pain relievers like Tylenol can cause what doctors call âfixed drug eruptions.â These affect the genitals and can cause swollen, red plaques with a gray center. They can also cause blisters and dark areas that appear once the inflammation goes away. The type of reaction you have, how soon it shows up, and how severe it is depend on the medication.


Question: What should you know about a rash on your penis?

Answer: It can happen, and many things can cause it. A rash can show up as red, itchy patches on the tip of your penis or on the shaft. It might appear as smooth, pink splotches, tiny bumps, or puffy welts. Rashes may be harmless or serious. They can come and go quickly, or linger.


Question: What is the role of brain messenger chemicals in the development of schizophrenia?

Answer: Others believe that inflammation in the brain may damage cells that are used for thinking and perception.


Question: How can schizophrenia affect your brain?

Answer: But what happens inside the brain of someone who has schizophrenia? Scientists are working to understand that. They've found that people who have the disorder may be more likely to have glitches in their genes that may disrupt brain development. There's another key brain difference. Studies show that certain brain chemicals that control thinking, behavior, and emotions are either too active or not active enough in people with schizophrenia. Doctors also believe the brain loses tissue over time. And imaging tools, like PET scans and MRIs, show that people who have schizophrenia have less âgray matterâ -- the part of the brain that contains nerve cells -- over time. This research is helping efforts to develop better treatments for people who have this condition.


Question: What is the role of glutamate in schizophrenia?

Answer: Glutamate is a chemical involved in the part of the brain that forms memories and helps us learn new things. It also tells parts of the brain what to do. One study found that people who are at risk for developing schizophrenia may have too much glutamate activity in certain areas of the brain at first. As the disease progresses, those brain areas may have too little glutamate activity. Doctors are working to find out how brain circuits that use these chemicals work together or are related to each other.


Question: How does dopamine behave in people with schizophrenia?

Answer: Two brain chemicals, dopamine and glutamate, carry messages to cells along brain pathways that doctors believe control thinking, perception, and motivation. Dopamine gets a lot of attention in brain research because it's been linked to addiction.


Question: Are vaccines available for prostate cancer?

Answer: Now in clinical trials are several types of vaccines for boosting the body's immune system against prostate cancer cells. Provenge is the only vaccine available on the market.


Question: What treatments can help relieve symptoms of bone pain in prostate cancer?

Answer: When PSA test results suggest that the cancer has come back or continued to spread, X-rays or other imaging tests (such as a bone scan) may be done, depending on your situation and symptoms.


Question: What type of follow-up treatments are available for recurrent prostate cancer?

Answer: If prostate cancer recurs, follow-up treatment depends on what treatment you have already had, the extent of your cancer, the site of recurrence, other illnesses, your age, and other aspects of your medical situation. One possible treatment might include hormone therapy. Researchers are working on new drugs to block the effects of male hormones, which can cause prostate cancer to grow, and drugs to prevent prostate cancer growth. Radiation therapy, ultrasound, extreme cold, electrical current, or medicines may be used to relieve symptoms of bone pain. Chemotherapy or other treatments being medically researched are also options. Now in clinical trials are several types of vaccines for boosting the body's immune system against prostate cancer cells.


Question: What tests may be done if prostate cancer comes back?

Answer: When PSA test results suggest that the cancer has come back or continued to spread, X-rays or other imaging tests (such as a bone scan) may be done, depending on your situation and symptoms. Your doctor may use a radioactive tracer called Axumin with a PET scan to help detect and localize any recurrent cancer so that it could be biopsied or treated.


Question: What factors raise your chances for recurrent prostate cancer?

Answer: Several signs can point to a prostate cancer that has come back or spread, including: Lymph node involvement. Men who have cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the pelvic region may be more likely to have a recurrence. Tumor size. In general, the larger the tumor, the greater the chance of recurrence. Gleason score. The higher the grade, the greater the chance of recurrence. Your doctor can tell you your score when the biopsy results come back from the laboratory. Stage. The stage of a cancer is one of the most important factors for selecting treatment options, as well as for predicting future outlook of the cancer.


Question: How is recurrence of prostate cancer found?

Answer: More than 90% of the time prostate cancer is discovered while it is either confined to the prostate gland or has spread beyond the prostate only to a small degree, referred to as regional spread. Among the less than 10% of men whose prostate cancers have already spread to distant part of the body at the time of diagnosis, about 30% are expected to survive at least five years. After prostate cancer treatment, you will go for medical check-ups every few months as determined by your doctor. At each follow-up appointment, your doctor will order a blood test to measure PSA levels. This test helps your doctor detect a cancer recurrence. You will also be examined. New symptoms should be reported to the doctor, as these may prompt other testing.


Question: Where can prostate cancer recur?

Answer: The cancer may also affect the surrounding lymph nodes in the pelvis or lymph nodes outside this area. Prostate cancer can also spread to tissues next to the prostate, such as the muscles that help control urination, the rectum, or the wall of the pelvis. It also can travel through the bloodstream and recur distantly in bones or other organs. This spread is called metastasis. Metastases through the lymph channels are called lymphatic metastases, while those through the bloodstream are hematogenous, or blood-borne metastases.


Question: What is the prognosis of prostate cancer?

Answer: According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 100% of men with low- to intermediate-grade prostate cancer ( the most common types) can expect to live at least five years after the initial diagnosis. Since many men who get prostate cancer are already elderly, they are more likely to die from causes other than the cancer. More than 90% of the time prostate cancer is discovered while it is either confined to the prostate gland or has spread beyond the prostate only to a small degree, referred to as regional spread. Among the less than 10% of men whose prostate cancers have already spread to distant part of the body at the time of diagnosis, about 30% are expected to survive at least five years.


Question: What will happen if my results show that my prostate cancer has recurred?

Answer: When PSA test results suggest that the cancer has come back or continued to spread, X-rays or other imaging tests (such as a bone scan) may be done, depending on your situation and symptoms. Your doctor may use a radioactive tracer called Axumin with a PET scan to help detect and localize any recurrent cancer so that it could be biopsied or treated.


Question: What are signs that my prostate cancer has came back or spread?

Answer: Several signs can point to a prostate cancer that has come back or spread, including: Lymph node involvement. Men who have cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the pelvic region may be more likely to have a recurrence. Tumor size. In general, the larger the tumor, the greater the chance of recurrence. Gleason score. The higher the grade, the greater the chance of recurrence. Your doctor can tell you your score when the biopsy results come back from the laboratory. Stage. The stage of a cancer is one of the most important factors for selecting treatment options, as well as for predicting future outlook of the cancer.


Question: What are the survival rates with prostate cancer?

Answer: According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 100% of men with low- to intermediate-grade prostate cancer ( the most common types) can expect to live at least five years after the initial diagnosis. Since many men who get prostate cancer are already elderly, they are more likely to die from causes other than the cancer.


Question: What are the side effects of heart pump medication for heart failure?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: What guidelines should you follow while taking heart pump medication?

Answer: Keep all appointments so your doctor can see how well the medicine is working. Always have enough infusion bags of your medication. Check your supply before vacations, holidays, or other occasions when you may not be able to get it. Never get other intravenous medications through the same intravenous line. Take precautions to prevent infection while you are taking this drug. Your doctor will let you know what you need to do.


Question: What are some guidelines for inotropic therapy for heart failure?

Answer: Keep all appointments so your doctor can see how well the medicine is working. Always have enough infusion bags of your medication. Check your supply before vacations, holidays, or other occasions when you may not be able to get it. Never get other intravenous medications through the same intravenous line. Take precautions to prevent infection while you are taking this drug. Your doctor will let you know what you need to do.


Question: How is heart pump medication used for heart failure?

Answer: It's used to make the heart muscle's contractions stronger. It may also speed the heart's rhythm. It's used in end-stage heart failure to help relieve and control symptoms so you can perform your daily activities better. These medications are only used when other drugs don't control heart failure symptoms anymore.


Question: How should I take heart pump medications for heart failure?

Answer: Heart pump medications include: Dobutamine ( Dobutrex) Milrinone ( Primacor) The first time you get them will be in a hospital where you can be closely watched. Dobutamine and milrinone are IV medications given through an infusion pump into your vein. This helps make sure the dose is accurate. You might get them continuously or periodically over 6 to 72 hours, one or more times per week. Even if you feel well, don't stop taking this medicine without asking your doctor. If you are discharged from the hospital with an inotropic medication, a home health nurse will give you specific directions on how to care for your intravenous site, catheter, and infusion pump.


Question: What are types of heart pump drugs?

Answer: Heart pump medications include: Dobutamine ( Dobutrex) Milrinone ( Primacor) The first time you get them will be in a hospital where you can be closely watched.


Question: When should you immediately stop the infusion of heart pump drugs and call your doctor?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: How are heart pump drugs for heart failure given?

Answer: Heart pump drugs are sometimes given in the short term to people waiting for a heart transplant. The risk of death rises if they're taken long term. Heart pump medications include: Dobutamine ( Dobutrex) Milrinone ( Primacor) The first time you get them will be in a hospital where you can be closely watched.


Question: What does heart pump medication do, and when might you need it?

Answer: Heart pump medication, also called inotropic therapy, makes an injured or weakened heart pump harder. It's used to make the heart muscle's contractions stronger. It may also speed the heart's rhythm. It's used in end-stage heart failure to help relieve and control symptoms so you can perform your daily activities better. These medications are only used when other drugs don't control heart failure symptoms anymore. Heart pump drugs are sometimes given in the short term to people waiting for a heart transplant.


Question: When should you call the doctor about the side effects of heart pump medication for heart failure?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: What side effects of heart pump medications should you tell your doctor about right away?

Answer: Tell your doctor or nurse right away the first time any of these side effects happen: Headache Increased heart rate High blood pressure Nausea Vomiting Shortness of breath Faintness, dizziness, or lightheadedness Mild leg cramps or tingling sensation If any of the following side effects happen, stop the infusion and call your doctor right away: Irregular, fast heartbeat (more than 120 beats per minute) Pain or swelling at your infusion site Fever of 101 F or higher Pump malfunction (then call the pharmacy immediately for a replacement) Yes.


Question: How can your doctor help you with fibromyalgia?

Answer: If you have fibromyalgia, your doctor may give you pain relievers, antidepressants, muscle relaxers, or drugs that help you sleep, depending on your symptoms.


Question: How can pregabalin (Lyrica) help with treating fibromyalgia?

Answer: The FDA has approved three prescription medications to help treat fibromyalgia pain: Pregabalin ( Lyrica) was first used to treat seizures and nerve pain linked to diabetes. It affects nerve cells that help send pain signals. But it can cause side effects like sleepiness, dizziness, blurred vision, and trouble concentrating. It also may lead to weight gain, swelling in your hands and feet, and dry mouth. A small number of people have an allergic reaction to it.


Question: How common is rejection in transplants?

Answer: Organ rejection can be acute or chronic. It's fairly common to have an episode of acute rejection within a year of your transplant. Sometimes, acute rejection leads to chronic rejection. This is when an organ slowly loses its ability to function. Rejection becomes less likely over time. But you're never quite out of the woods. It may develop even years after the surgery. That's why it's key to keep on top of your condition and get regular checkups.


Question: What are the signs of rejection in a transplant?

Answer: Symptoms vary depending on the kind of organ transplant you've had. General signs include: Pain at the site of the transplant Feeling unwell Crankiness (in children) Flu-like symptoms Fever Weight changes Swelling Change in heart rate Urinating less often See your health care provider right away if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of mitral valve prolapse?

Answer: Most people with mitral valve prolapse have no symptoms. They also never experience any health problems due to mitral valve prolapse. Chest pain is the most frequent symptom in people who have symptoms with mitral valve prolapse. The chest pain may be very bothersome and frightening, but it does not increase the risk of heart attack, death, or other heart problems. Mitral valve prolapse is the most common cause of mitral regurgitation. That's a condition in which some blood flows backward through the mitral valve with each heartbeat. Over years, moderate or severe mitral regurgitation can cause weakness of the heart muscle, known as congestive heart failure.


Question: How does mitral valve prolapse happen?

Answer: The mitral valve is a valve that lets blood flow from one chamber of the heart, the left atrium, to another called the left ventricle. In mitral valve prolapse, part of the mitral valve slips backward loosely into the chamber called the left atrium. This happens when the main heart muscle, called the left ventricle, squeezes during each heartbeat. Mitral valve prolapse differs from mitral valve stenosis. In mitral valve stenosis, the mitral valve is stiff and constricted. In mitral valve prolapse, the valve slips backward due to the abnormal size of or damage to the mitral valve tissues. For most people with mitral valve prolapse, the cause is unknown. Mitral valve prolapse can run in families. It can also be caused by conditions in which cartilage is abnormal (connective tissue disease). Nearly 8 million people in the U. S. have mitral valve prolapse.


Question: Should you take antibiotics if you have mitral valve prolapse?

Answer: In the past, doctors recommended that people with mitral valve prolapse take antibiotics before medical or dental procedures to prevent infection of the heart valve, known as endocarditis. The American Heart Association has determined that taking antibiotics before procedures is not helpful for people with mitral valve prolapse and is no longer recommended.


Question: What does the treatment for mitral valve prolapse include?

Answer: If no mitral regurgitation is present on echocardiogram, symptoms of mitral valve prolapse rarely pose any risk. The best treatment for each person may vary, but can include: Exercise Pain relievers Relaxation and stress reduction techniques Avoidance of caffeine and other stimulants Beta-blockers, which are medications to slow the heart rate, may be helpful in people who have episodes of palpitations with a rapid heartbeat, known as tachycardia, with mitral valve prolapse.


Question: What are other symptoms associated with mitral valve prolapse?

Answer: Symptoms of congestive heart failure include: Shortness of breath with exertion Swelling in the legs and feet Mitral valve prolapse has also been associated with other symptoms: Fluttering or rapid heartbeat called palpitations Shortness of breath, especially with exercise Dizziness Passing out or fainting , known as syncope Panic and anxiety Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet When these symptoms occur together, they are sometimes called mitral valve prolapse syndrome. However, experts don't know if mitral valve prolapse itself causes these symptoms. Since these symptoms and mitral valve prolapse are so common, they could often occur together by chance.


Question: What are the signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma?

Answer: Bronchial asthma triggers may include: Smoking and secondhand smoke Infections such as colds, flu, or pneumonia Allergens such as food, pollen, mold, dust mites, and pet dander Exercise Air pollution and toxins Weather, especially extreme changes in temperature Drugs (such as aspirin, NSAIDs, and beta-blockers) Food additives (such as MSG) Emotional stress and anxiety Singing, laughing, or crying Perfumes and fragrances Acid reflux With bronchial asthma, you may have one or more of the following signs and symptoms: Shortness of breath Tightness of chest Wheezing Excessive coughing or a cough that keeps you awake at night Because asthma symptoms don't always happen during your doctor's appointment, it's important for you to describe your, or your child's, asthma signs and symptoms to your health care provider.


Question: What is bronchial asthma?

Answer: These cells, along with other inflammatory cells, are involved in the development of airway inflammation in asthma that contributes to the airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow limitation, respiratory symptoms, and chronic disease.


Question: How common is bronchial asthma?

Answer: According to the CDC, more than 25 million Americans, including 6.8 million children under age 18, suffer with asthma today.


Question: What is associated with bronchial asthma?

Answer: Mast cells are the allergy-causing cells that release chemicals like histamine. Histamine is the substance that causes nasal stuffiness and dripping in a cold or hay fever, constriction of airways in asthma, and itchy areas in a skin allergy. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell associated with allergic disease. T lymphocytes are also white blood cells associated with allergy and inflammation. These cells, along with other inflammatory cells, are involved in the development of airway inflammation in asthma that contributes to the airway hyperresponsiveness, airflow limitation, respiratory symptoms, and chronic disease. In certain individuals, the inflammation results in the feelings of chest tightness and breathlessness that's felt often at night (nocturnal asthma) or in the early morning hours. Others only feel symptoms when they exercise (called exercise-induced asthma). Because of the inflammation, the airway hyperresponsiveness occurs as a result of specific triggers.


Question: What do you need to do before having a computed tomography (CT) scan to diagnose ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Like the other tests, you'll get ready for the CT scan the night before. Again, your doctor will give you instructions. They usually involve drinking only clear liquids after midnight and eating nothing for 4 hours before the test. You may need to drink something called a contrast solution, or have it injected into a vein, right before the test. The CT scan could take between 15 minutes to an hour and your results should be available within 24 hours.


Question: How can blood test help diagnose ulcerative colitis?

Answer: A blood test can show if you have anemia, which is a symptom of ulcerative colitis. Anemia happens when your red blood cells decrease and there aren't enough of them to carry adequate oxygen to your tissues. A blood test will also help identify or rule out other infections. The blood test can also detect an increase in white blood cells, a low level of the protein albumin, and an elevated C-reactive protein level - all indications of inflammation in your body.


Question: Is strength training beneficial if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You can also use machines at a gym or hand-held weights at home. Try out resistance bands, too. It'll take time to get stronger. Make your strength training workouts harder over time. Do them every other day. If you're new to weightlifting, book a few sessions with a physical therapist or a trainer for pointers.


Question: Is cardio beneficial if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Anything that gets your heart rate up counts. If you want to succeed, do what you enjoy. Whether it's hiking, low-impact aerobics, rowing, swimming, or dancing, it's all fair game. Aim for 30 minutes on most days of the week.


Question: Should I make an exercise plan if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: To give your body everything it needs, make sure your exercise plan covers these basics: Cardio (aerobic exercise).


Question: How are denser bones beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Arthritis-related inflammation, and some of the drugs that treat it, can make your bones more fragile and more likely to break. Working out boosts bone density, which could mean fewer fractures.


Question: Does exercising if I have rheumatoid arthritis make me feel better?

Answer: A good workout boosts your mood, gives you more energy, helps you sleep better, and can make you feel better about yourself.


Question: How are stronger muscles beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Moving your joints helps relieve stiffness and keeps them flexible.


Question: Should I check with the doctor before I exercise with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Check with your doctor first. Ask if any activities are off-limits. You may be able to do more than you think.


Question: How is a healthier heart beneficial for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Exercise is good for everyone's ticker. If you have RA, that's especially important, since the condition makes you more likely to get heart disease.


Question: How is better flexibility good for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Moving your joints helps relieve stiffness and keeps them flexible.


Question: Are there benefits of exercising when I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The perks include: Better flexibility.


Question: Is flexibility beneficial if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: They should be relaxing, and they shouldn't hurt. They'll help you stay limber and move better.


Question: What skin conditions can be treated with oregano oil?

Answer: Oregano oil in an oral or inhaled form is also used to try to treat respiratory tract conditions such as: Coughs Asthma Croup Bronchitis Oregano oil is also marketed as an aid for: Urinary tract infections Indigestion Heartburn Oregano oil, in a form that can be applied to the skin, has been used to try to treat: Acne Athlete's foot Dandruff Warts Gum disease Toothaches Skin infections Wounds Marketers of oregano oil claim a host of other applications as well.


Question: When should you call your doctor after a lumpectomy?

Answer: While you're recovering, call your doctor right away if you notice swelling in your arm or hand (lymphedema), a buildup of fluid under the skin, redness, or any symptoms of an infection.


Question: What does the doctor check for during a lumpectomy?

Answer: They may check your lymph nodes during the surgery, too. During a procedure called sentinel node biopsy, they'll inject a radioactive tracer or blue dye into the area around the tumor. The tracer or dye travels the same path that the cancer cells would take. That helps doctors spot any lymph nodes that need to be taken out for testing. The removed breast tissue and any lymph nodes are sent to a lab, where tests help identify the type of tumor, whether the disease has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether the cancer is fueled by hormones. Other tests help your doctor find out how the disease may act and how best to treat it. It may take several days to identify the type of tumor and get the results of these tests.


Question: What are symptoms of food poisoning?

Answer: Usually, it causes: Stomach pain Vomiting Diarrhea Stomach cramps Often, food poisoning can feel like the flu, because you might have fever, headache, and body aches along with your other things.


Question: What is campylobacter?

Answer: Campylobacter: You get this bacteria mainly through contaminated chicken or unpasteurized foods. It's unlikely to cause long-term problems for you and your baby, unless you have it at the time you give birth and pass it to your newborn.


Question: Do I have food poisoning?

Answer: It can be tricky to know when food poisoning is to blame for your sickness. Sometimes, germs from food can make you sick right away. Other times, they hang around in your body for days or even weeks before you have symptoms.


Question: How can you treat food poisoning at home?

Answer: If your case is mild enough to treat at home, work on rest and rehydration. Get fluids however you can: ice chips, small sips of water or clear liquids, or by drinking a sports drink with electrolytes in it. Wait until you're sure your vomiting is over before you try to eat. Take your first foods slowly and stick with bland, non-greasy fare.


Question: How can you get food poisoning?

Answer: You can get food poisoning when you eat foods contaminated with: Parasites Viruses Certain chemicals One of the most common forms of food poisoning in pregnant women is something called listeriosis, which comes from the bacteria listeria.


Question: What Is the most common form of food poisoning in pregnant women?

Answer: You can get food poisoning when you eat foods contaminated with: Parasites Viruses Certain chemicals One of the most common forms of food poisoning in pregnant women is something called listeriosis, which comes from the bacteria listeria. Pregnant women are 13 times more likely to get listeriosis than other people. It can lurk in ready-to-eat meats like hot dogs and cold cuts. Poultry, seafood, and dairy products can have it, too, especially if they're not pasteurized. It can grow even on foods that are cold in the refrigerator.


Question: What is Escherichia coli (E. coli)?

Answer: You can also get food poisoning from other things like: Escherichia coli ( E. coli): This bacteria lives in your gut naturally. Still, you can get sick if you eat contaminated fruits and vegetables, raw or undercooked meats, or unpasteurized milk and fruit juices with certain types of E. coli.


Question: How is food poisoning treated by a doctor?

Answer: She'll do tests on your blood or stool to find out what's making you sick. You may need treatment with antibiotics. She'll also want to be sure your body has enough fluids. You may need an IV to help your body rehydrate.


Question: When should you see a doctor about food poisoning?

Answer: Your food poisoning needs professional treatment if you're having: Signs of dehydration like excessive thirst, dry lips, little to no urine, or dizziness Vomiting or diarrhea that won't stop Severe pain in your abdomen A fever higher than 101 F Blood or pus in your stool Black or tarry stool Call your doctor right away if you have one or more of these problems.


Question: What is circadian rhythm disorder?

Answer: As always, maintaining good "sleep hygiene," or sleep-promoting behavior, is important to treating any sleep problem, including circadian rhythm disorders. Here are some tips: Go to sleep and wake up at the same time each day.


Question: What is chronotherapy for circadian rhythm disorder?

Answer: This behavioral treatment consists of gradually shifting the sleep time in accordance with your desired schedule. For example, if you have trouble getting to sleep at your desired bedtime, you would delay your bedtime by a few hours each night until you reach your desired bedtime hour. The reverse would be true if you are falling asleep earlier than your desired bedtime; you would then advance your bedtime by a few hours each night until the desired bedtime is achieved. Once your desired bedtime has been established, you must adhere to this schedule on a regular basis.


Question: How does gabapentin (Neurontin) work to treat fibromyalgia?

Answer: A small study shows that this muscle relaxant eases pain, fatigue, and tenderness.


Question: How do anti-seizure medicines work to treat fibromyalgia?

Answer: Antidepressants can sometimes give you a bunch of different side effects, like: Nausea Fatigue Dry mouth Blurred vision Constipation Dizziness Change in appetite Drugs that treat epilepsy seizures may also help ease your fibromyalgia pain. These medications prevent sensitive nerves from sending too many pain signals to the brain.


Question: How do serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors help to treat fibromyalgia?

Answer: They can help with pain, sleep problems, and sad moods. The two main SNRI drugs for fibromyalgia are duloxetine ( Cymbalta) and milnacipran ( Savella).


Question: How do tricyclics work to treat fibromyalgia?

Answer: They're an older form of antidepressant. Amitriptyline ( Elavil) is one of them. Low doses of these drugs relieve pain and fatigue, as well as improve sleep. But you may get side effects like drowsiness and weight gain.


Question: Should you take supplements to get more omega-3s?

Answer: Fish oil has both EPA and DHA. Algae oil has DHA and may be a good option for people who don't eat fish. Talk to your doctor about taking a supplement first. He or she may have specific recommendations, or warnings, depending on your health and the other medicines you take. There are also Omega 3 prescriptions available. Epanova, Lovaza, Omtryg, and Vascepa contain DHA/ DPA and are recommended for adults with triglycerides 500 mg/dl or above. Unlike fish oil supplements, these medications are approved and monitored for quality and safety by the FDA for specific use.


Question: How much omega-3s should people with heart disease take?

Answer: People with heart disease are usually advised to take 1 gram (1,000 milligrams) daily of a combination DHA / EPA from fish oil.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Fish oil supplements ( EPA+ DHA) may curb stiffness and joint pain. Omega-3 supplements also seem to boost the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory drugs.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help depression?

Answer: Some researchers have found that cultures that eat foods with high levels of omega-3s have lower levels of depression. The effects of Fish oil supplements on depression has been mixed. More research is needed to see if it can make a difference.


Question: Do omega-3 fatty acids affect bleeding conditions?

Answer: Omega-3 supplements ( DHA/ EPA) can make bleeding more likely. If you have a bleeding condition -- or take medicines that could increase bleeding, like apixaban ( Eliquis), betrixaban ( Bevyxxa), chopidogrel ( Plavix), prasugrel ( Effient), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), ticagrelor ( Brilinta), warfarin ( Coumadin), and some NSAIDs -- talk to a doctor before using any omega-3 supplements.


Question: If I have heart disease or a heart condition, how much omega-3 fatty acid should I consume?

Answer: People with heart disease are usually advised to take 1 gram (1,000 milligrams) daily of a combination DHA / EPA from fish oil. People with some health conditions may take doses of up to 4 grams a day -- but only under a doctor's supervision.


Question: Should I get omega-3 through a supplement?

Answer: He or she may have specific recommendations, or warnings, depending on your health and the other medicines you take. There are also Omega 3 prescriptions available. Epanova, Lovaza, Omtryg, and Vascepa contain DHA/ DPA and are recommended for adults with triglycerides 500 mg/dl or above. Unlike fish oil supplements, these medications are approved and monitored for quality and safety by the FDA for specific use.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help baby development?

Answer: DHA appears to be important for visual and neurological development in infants.


Question: What are side effects of omega-3 supplements?

Answer: Omega-3 supplements ( DHA/ EPA) can make bleeding more likely. If you have a bleeding condition -- or take medicines that could increase bleeding, like apixaban ( Eliquis), betrixaban ( Bevyxxa), chopidogrel ( Plavix), prasugrel ( Effient), rivaroxaban ( Xarelto), ticagrelor ( Brilinta), warfarin ( Coumadin), and some NSAIDs -- talk to a doctor before using any omega-3 supplements.


Question: Do omega-3 fatty acids induce side effects?

Answer: The most common side effects from fish oil are indigestion and gas. Getting a supplement with a coating might help.


Question: What are good sources of alpha-linolenic acid?

Answer: Good food sources of ALA are: Walnuts Flaxseed and flaxseed oil Canola oil Soybean oil Chia seeds While foods containing omega-3 fatty acids have health benefits, some -- like oils and nuts -- can be high in calories. So eat them in moderation.


Question: What are side effects from fish oil?

Answer: The most common side effects from fish oil are indigestion and gas. Getting a supplement with a coating might help.


Question: Is it bad to eat fatty fish to get more omega-3s?

Answer: These include: Anchovies Bluefish Herring Mackerel Marlin Orange roughy Salmon Sardines Sturgeon Lake trout Tuna While eating more fatty fish is a good idea, some are likely to have higher levels of ercury, polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs), or other toxins. These include mackerel, wild swordfish, tilefish, and shark.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help Alzheimer's disease and dementia?

Answer: Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Some research suggests that omega-3s may help protect against Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and have a positive effect on gradual memory loss linked to aging. But that's not certain yet.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help asthma?

Answer: A diet high in omega-3s lowers inflammation, a key component in asthma. But more studies are needed to show if fish oil supplements improve lung function or cut the amount of medication a person needs to control the condition.


Question: How do omega-3 fatty acids help ADHD?

Answer: Some studies show that fish oil can reduce the symptoms of ADHD in some children and improve their mental skills, like thinking, remembering, and learning. But more research is needed in this area, and omega-3 supplements should not be used as a primary treatment.


Question: What is alpha lipoic acid (ALA)?

Answer: ALA is an antioxidant. Antioxidants protect against damage to the body's cells. There are food sources of ALA such as yeast, organ meats like liver and heart, spinach, broccoli, and potatoes. However, ALA from food does not appear to produce a noticeable increase in the level of free ALA in the body. Some people take ALA supplements with the intent to improve a variety of health conditions. Scientific evidence for the health benefit of supplemental ALA has been inconclusive. Studies show that about 30% to 40% of the oral dose of an ALA supplement is absorbed. ALA may be better absorbed if it is taken on an empty stomach.


Question: What other conditions can alpha lipoic acid (ALA) help with?

Answer: ALA has been suggested as a potential aid in stopping or slowing the damage done by a variety of other health conditions from HIV to liver disease. However, much of the research is still early and evidence isn't conclusive. There has also been recent interest in supplemental ALA for weight loss. But again, there is no evidence that ALA has any effect on weight loss in humans, and more research needs to be done.


Question: What should you know about alpha lipoic acid (ALA)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Alpha-lipoic acid or ALA is a naturally occurring compound that's made in the body. It serves vital functions at the cellular level, such as energy production. As long as you're healthy, the body can produce all the ALA it needs for these purposes. Despite that fact, there has been a lot of recent interest in using ALA supplements. Advocates of ALA make claims that range from beneficial effects for treating conditions such as diabetes and HIV to enhancing weight loss. Research on the effects of ALA supplementation is sparse. What there is, though, does suggest some possible benefits.


Question: Can a saltwater rinse help a toothache?

Answer: Saltwater Rinse Until you can get to the dentist, one of the best things you can do is swish warm, salty water around in your mouth. A good mix is 1/2 teaspoon table salt to 8 ounces of water. Spit it out, don't swallow it.


Question: Can a cold compress help a toothache?

Answer: Cold Compress If your face is swollen, put an ice pack on your cheek. It may help ease the pain, especially if you've chipped your chopper or knocked it loose. Swelling could also mean you have an abscess, a sac of pus and gunk deep in the roots of your tooth. This can cause serious infection in your jaw and other teeth. Signs include fever and red gums.


Question: Can clove oil help a toothache?

Answer: Clove Oil This natural remedy numbs the pain. Rub it directly on the sore area, or soak a cotton ball and dab it against the tooth and gums. It may be as effective as benzocaine, the numbing ingredient in over-the-counter toothache gels.. Garlic When you crush one of these cloves, you release allicin, an oily liquid and natural disease fighter.


Question: Can tamoxifen or birth control pills cause endometrial cancer?

Answer: Postmenopausal women have a high risk for endometrial cancer if they: Got their first period early Went through menopause late Are obese Have diabetes or high blood pressure Have few or no children Have a history of infertility, irregular periods, or abnormal cells in the endometrium (called endometrial hyperplasia) Have a family history of endometrial, colorectal, or breast cancer Women taking the drug tamoxifen to treat or prevent breast cancer have a slightly higher risk of endometrial cancer. But women who have taken birth control pills are only half as likely to have endometrial cancer after menopause.


Question: Am I at risk for endometrial cancer?

Answer: More than 95% of endometrial cancer happens in women over 40. Postmenopausal women have a high risk for endometrial cancer if they: Got their first period early Went through menopause late Are obese Have diabetes or high blood pressure Have few or no children Have a history of infertility, irregular periods, or abnormal cells in the endometrium (called endometrial hyperplasia) Have a family history of endometrial, colorectal, or breast cancer Women taking the drug tamoxifen to treat or prevent breast cancer have a slightly higher risk of endometrial cancer.


Question: Do high-fat diets cause endometrial cancer?

Answer: High-fat diets, especially containing red meat, can increase the risk of cancer, including endometrial and colon cancer.


Question: What is endometrial cancer?

Answer: Most cancers of the uterus are endometrial cancer. If left untreated, endometrial cancer can spread to the bladder or rectum, or it can spread to the vagina, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and more distant organs. Fortunately, endometrial cancer grows slowly and, with regular checkups, is usually found before spreading very far.


Question: Can endometrial cancer be prevented?

Answer: Most endometrial cancer cannot be prevented. But there are certain things a woman can do to lower her risk. Taking birth control lowers the risk, but first talk with a doctor about possible pros and cons. Being healthy, eating well, and watching your weight may help lower the risk.


Question: Can endometrial cancer spread?

Answer: If left untreated, endometrial cancer can spread to the bladder or rectum, or it can spread to the vagina, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and more distant organs. Fortunately, endometrial cancer grows slowly and, with regular checkups, is usually found before spreading very far.


Question: Do ovarian tumors lead to endometrial cancer?

Answer: Rare ovarian tumors can make estrogen and increase a woman's chance of having endometrial cancer.


Question: How hard is it to learn what foods I can and can't eat on a Low-FODMAP diet?

Answer: The goal is to figure out what foods trigger your digestive problems and create a diet that gives you all the nutrients you need but only includes the FODMAPs you can handle.


Question: What is the success rate of FODMAP diets?

Answer: But in a study published in the journal Gastroenterology, about 3 out of 4 people with IBS had their symptoms ease right away after starting a low- FODMAP diet and felt the most relief after 7 days or more on the plan. Remember, FODMAPs aren't bad. Many foods that are rich in them encourage the growth of good bacteria in the gut.


Question: Who should you work with if you're considering a low-FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: So it's a good idea to work with a gastroenterologist and a dietitian who can help you limit FODMAPs with a balanced diet that meets all your nutritional needs.


Question: Which foods are high in FODMAPs?

Answer: For example, these foods are high in FODMAPs: Anything made with wheat, barley, or rye Apples Artichokes Artificial sweeteners like in chewing gum Beans Cashews Cauliflower Dried fruits Garlic and onions High-fructose corn syrup Honey Ice cream Mushrooms Pistachios Watermelon Low- FODMAP foods include: Almond, coconut, rice, and soy milks Bananas Bell peppers Blueberries Carrots Cucumbers Grapes Oats Potatoes Quinoa Rice Spinach, kale, and other leafy greens Tangerines Tomatoes There are many other foods on the high and low lists.


Question: How can you introduce other foods after a FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: You might discover that you're only sensitive to one or two FODMAP carbs, not all of them. For instance, maybe dairy is a problem, but grains are OK for you. Or maybe you have trouble digesting high- FODMAP fruits or vegetables, but nothing else is a problem.


Question: How effective is avoiding FODMAPs for helping irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: But in a study published in the journal Gastroenterology, about 3 out of 4 people with IBS had their symptoms ease right away after starting a low- FODMAP diet and felt the most relief after 7 days or more on the plan. Remember, FODMAPs aren't bad. Many foods that are rich in them encourage the growth of good bacteria in the gut.


Question: Which foods are low in FODMAPs?

Answer: For example, these foods are high in FODMAPs: Anything made with wheat, barley, or rye Apples Artichokes Artificial sweeteners like in chewing gum Beans Cashews Cauliflower Dried fruits Garlic and onions High-fructose corn syrup Honey Ice cream Mushrooms Pistachios Watermelon Low- FODMAP foods include: Almond, coconut, rice, and soy milks Bananas Bell peppers Blueberries Carrots Cucumbers Grapes Oats Potatoes Quinoa Rice Spinach, kale, and other leafy greens Tangerines Tomatoes There are many other foods on the high and low lists.


Question: What is the goal of a FODMAP diet for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: The goal is to figure out what foods trigger your digestive problems and create a diet that gives you all the nutrients you need but only includes the FODMAPs you can handle.


Question: Do some people have trouble eating FODMAPs?

Answer: But some people are sensitive to them. FODMAPs draw water into your digestive tract, which could make you bloated. If you eat too much of them, they can hang around in your gut and ferment.


Question: What types of carbs are FODMAPs?

Answer: These types of carbs are FODMAPs: Fructose: Fruits, honey, high-fructose corn syrup, agave Lactose: Dairy Fructans: Wheat, onions, garlic Galactans: Legumes, such as beans, lentils, and soybeans Polyols: Sugar alcohols and fruits that have pits or seeds, such as apples, avocados, cherries, figs, peaches, or plums Avoiding FODMAPs doesn't help everyone.


Question: How can I figure out what FODMAP foods I can eat and which I can't?

Answer: Once your tummy calms down, you can bring back foods one at a time at a rate of one item per week. You might discover that you're only sensitive to one or two FODMAP carbs, not all of them.


Question: Which foods are high in FODMAP?

Answer: For example, these foods are high in FODMAPs: Anything made with wheat, barley, or rye Apples Artichokes Artificial sweeteners like in chewing gum Beans Cashews Cauliflower Dried fruits Garlic and onions High-fructose corn syrup Honey Ice cream Mushrooms Pistachios Watermelon Low- FODMAP foods include: Almond, coconut, rice, and soy milks Bananas Bell peppers Blueberries Carrots Cucumbers Grapes Oats Potatoes Quinoa Rice Spinach, kale, and other leafy greens Tangerines Tomatoes There are many other foods on the high and low lists.


Question: What is the goal of a FODMAP diet?

Answer: The goal is to figure out what foods trigger your digestive problems and create a diet that gives you all the nutrients you need but only includes the FODMAPs you can handle.


Question: Which foods are low in FODMAP?

Answer: For example, these foods are high in FODMAPs: Anything made with wheat, barley, or rye Apples Artichokes Artificial sweeteners like in chewing gum Beans Cashews Cauliflower Dried fruits Garlic and onions High-fructose corn syrup Honey Ice cream Mushrooms Pistachios Watermelon Low- FODMAP foods include: Almond, coconut, rice, and soy milks Bananas Bell peppers Blueberries Carrots Cucumbers Grapes Oats Potatoes Quinoa Rice Spinach, kale, and other leafy greens Tangerines Tomatoes There are many other foods on the high and low lists.


Question: What are things I should consider for my pet before using any flea or tick removal product?

Answer: Check with your vet before you use any flea or tick product. This is key if your dog has a history of seizures or is: Taking other drugs Old Sick A puppy Pregnant or nursing Allergic to flea products In these cases, the vet might suggest you use a special comb to pick up fleas, eggs, and ticks. Then you can drown the pests in a bowl of hot, soapy water.


Question: Why do I need to consider seasons when controlling fleas and ticks in my pets?

Answer: When should you treat your dog with flea or tick products? It depends on where you live. Fleas are worst during warm-weather months, but they can be inside your home all year long. Spring and summer are usually the heaviest time for ticks. But they can live year-round in some parts of the U. S. If you see signs of these pests on your pet, treat them right away. Otherwise, start treatment at the beginning of flea or tick season. Your vet can tell you when if you’re not sure. Some areas require year-round treatment.


Question: How can I manage fleas indoors?

Answer: Take these extra steps to manage fleas indoors: Vacuum daily, including carpets, cushioned furniture, baseboards, and the basement. Throw away the vacuum bag or thoroughly wash the canister after each use. Steam-clean regularly, especially areas where your dog sleeps. Wash pet and human bedding at least every 2 to 3 weeks.


Question: If you have pets, what should you consider when buying an insect killer for inside your home?

Answer: If you want to use an insect killer in your house, ask your vet or an exterminator which ones are safe around pets and children.


Question: Why should I separate my pets when using flea or tick removal products?

Answer: Plenty of products can keep them at bay, but you need to know how to use them safely.


Question: What are the symptoms of adenomyosis?

Answer: While some women diagnosed with adenomyosis have no symptoms, the disease can cause: Heavy, prolonged menstrual bleeding Severe menstrual cramps Abdominal pressure and bloating Adenomyosis is a common condition.


Question: Does adenomyosis cause infertility?

Answer: Because many women who have adenomyosis also have endometriosis, it is difficult to tell precisely what role adenomyosis may play in fertility problems. However, some studies have shown that adenomyosis may contribute to infertility.


Question: How is hormone therapy used to treat adenomyosis?

Answer: Adenomyosis can cause menstrual cramps, lower abdominal pressure, and bloating before menstrual periods and can result in heavy periods.


Question: How is uterine artery embolization used to treat adenomyosis?

Answer: In this minimally invasive procedure, which is commonly used to help shrink fibroids, tiny particles are used to block the blood vessels that provide blood flow to the adenomyosis. The particles are guided through a tiny tube inserted by the radiologist into the patient's femoral artery. With blood supply cut off, the adenomyosis shrinks.


Question: What techniques are used to diagnose adenomyosis?

Answer: A pelvic exam may reveal an enlarged and tender uterus. An ultrasound can allow a doctor to see the uterus, its lining, and its muscular wall. Though ultrasound cannot definitively diagnose adenomyosis, it can help to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms. Another technique sometimes used to help evaluate the symptoms associated with adenomyosis is sonohysterography. In sonohysterography, saline solution is injected through a tiny tube into the uterus as an ultrasound is given.


Question: How is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) used to diagnose adenomyosis?

Answer: Using MRI or transvaginal ultrasound, doctors can see characteristics of the disease in the uterus.


Question: How can adenomyosis be misdiagnosed?

Answer: However, the two conditions are not the same. While fibroids are benign tumors growing in or on the uterine wall, adenomyosis is less of a defined mass of cells within the uterine wall. An accurate diagnosis is key in choosing the right treatment.


Question: Who gets adenomyosis?

Answer: While some women diagnosed with adenomyosis have no symptoms, the disease can cause: Heavy, prolonged menstrual bleeding Severe menstrual cramps Abdominal pressure and bloating Adenomyosis is a common condition. It is most often diagnosed in middle-aged women and women who have had children. Some studies also suggest that women who have had prior uterine surgery may be at risk for adenomyosis. Though the cause of adenomyosis isn't known, studies have suggested that various hormones -- including estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and follicle stimulating hormone -- may trigger the condition.


Question: How is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) similar to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Answer: People with obsessive compulsive disorder ( OCD) have recurring and distressing thoughts, fears, or images (obsessions) that they cannot control. The anxiety (nervousness) produced by these thoughts leads to an urgent need to perform certain rituals or routines (compulsions). With BDD, a person's preoccupation with the defect often leads to ritualistic behaviors, such as constantly looking in a mirror or picking at the skin. The person with BDD eventually becomes so obsessed with the defect that his or her social, work, and home functioning suffers.


Question: Why is it hard to diagnose body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: Most experts agree that many cases of BDD go unrecognized. People with the disorder often are embarrassed and reluctant to tell their doctors about their concerns. As a result, the disorder can go unnoticed for years or never be diagnosed. One red flag to doctors is when patients repeatedly seek plastic surgery for the same or multiple perceived physical defects.


Question: What is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: Body dysmorphic disorder ( BDD) is a distinct mental disorder in which a person is preoccupied with an imagined physical defect or a minor defect that others often cannot see. As a result, people with this disorder see themselves as "ugly" and often avoid social exposure or turn to plastic surgery to try to improve their appearance.


Question: What are the warning signs of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: Some of the warning signs that a person may have BDD include: Engaging in repetitive and time-consuming behaviors, such as looking in a mirror, picking at the skin, and trying to hide or cover up the perceived defect Constantly asking for reassurance that the defect is not visible or too obvious Repeatedly measuring or touching the perceived defect Experiencing problems at work or school, or in relationships due to the inability to stop focusing about the perceived defect Feeling self-conscious and not wanting to go out in public, or feeling anxious when around other people Repeatedly consulting with medical specialists, such as plastic surgeons or dermatologists, to find ways to improve his or her appearance The exact cause of BDD is not known.


Question: How can medication help with treating body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: Medication: Certain antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) are showing promise in treating body dysmorphic disorder, as are antipsychotic medicines such as olanzapine, aripiprazole, or pimozide (either alone or in combination with an SSRI). No drug is formally FDA-approved for the treatment of BDD.


Question: What causes body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: One theory suggests the disorder involves a problem with the size or functioning of certain brain areas that process information about body appearance. The fact that BDD often occurs in people with other mental health disorders, such as major depression and anxiety, further supports a biological basis for the disorder.


Question: How is body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) diagnosed?

Answer: In diagnosing BDD, the doctor will likely begin his or her evaluation with a complete history and focused physical exam. If the doctor suspects BDD, he or she might refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, health care professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. The psychiatrist or psychologist makes a diagnosis based on his or her assessment of the person's attitude, behavior, and symptoms.


Question: What factors might lead to or trigger body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: Other factors that might influence the development of or trigger BDD include: Experience of traumatic events or emotional conflict during childhood Low self-esteem Parents and others who were critical of the person's appearance Pressure from peers and a society that equates physical appearance with beauty and value also can have an impact on the development of BDD.


Question: How can psychotherapy help with treating body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: Treatment for BDD likely will include a combination of the following therapies: Psychotherapy: This is a type of individual counseling that focuses on changing the thinking (cognitive therapy) and behavior (behavioral therapy) of a person with body dysmorphic disorder. The goal is to correct the false belief about the defect and to minimize the compulsive behavior.


Question: How can you prevent body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?

Answer: There is no known way to prevent BDD. However, it might be helpful to begin treatment in people as soon as they begin to have symptoms. Teaching and encouraging healthy and realistic attitudes about body image also might help prevent the development or worsening of BDD. Finally, providing the person with an understanding and supporting environment might help decrease the severity of the symptoms and help him or her better cope with the disorder.


Question: Does colorblindness cause other health problems?

Answer: The kind that's present at birth doesn't. Most people who are colorblind lead normal and complete lives. The condition might keep you from a job -- like a pilot -- that requires a certain level of color vision.


Question: Are symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA) linked to mood?

Answer: Symptoms aren't linked to mood. In other words, you may feel happy but start crying and not be able to stop. Or you could feel sad but start to laugh when you shouldn't. You might just cry or laugh a lot. Some people say the symptoms come on so quickly it's like a seizure. It's easy to mistake the symptoms for those of depression or bipolar disorder.


Question: What are the symptoms of pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What are other names for pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What should I do if I think I have  pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: Other brain conditions commonly linked to PBA include: Alzheimer's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS) Brain tumor Dementia Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Traumatic brain injury If you or someone you love is crying or laughing a lot and you don't know why, talk to a doctor. PBA is hard to diagnose because it mimics other problems like depression or other mood disorders. Tell the doctor about any symptoms, including when they happen and how long they last. It can help to keep a diary of crying and laughing episodes.


Question: What real emotions can come with having or caring for someone with pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: If you have PBA, you might get anxious or embarrassed in public. You might worry about a future episode and be tempted to cancel plans with friends or family. It can also lead to depression or anxiety. If you're caring for someone who has it, you might feel confused or frustrated. The emotional toll of the condition can greatly affect recovery and quality of life. It's important to seek care and treatment from a qualified doctor.


Question: What tests diagnose pseudobulbar affect (PBA)?

Answer: But to rule out a form of epilepsy that can cause similar symptoms, they might order an electroencephalogram ( EEG), a painless test that tracks your brain waves. Two questionnaires help to tell if the laughing and weeping are signs of PBA: Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale ( PLACS): The doctor asks you questions about the episodes, including how long they lasted, how they were tied to your mood and social situation, and how upset you felt afterward. Center for Neurologic Study- Lability Scale ( CNS- LS): You answer questions about your symptoms. How often do you have them? How do they make you feel?


Question: What is used to diagnose pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: Your doctor won't need to do tests to diagnose PBA. But to rule out a form of epilepsy that can cause similar symptoms, they might order an electroencephalogram ( EEG), a painless test that tracks your brain waves. Two questionnaires help to tell if the laughing and weeping are signs of PBA: Pathological Laughing and Crying Scale ( PLACS): The doctor asks you questions about the episodes, including how long they lasted, how they were tied to your mood and social situation, and how upset you felt afterward. Center for Neurologic Study- Lability Scale ( CNS- LS): You answer questions about your symptoms. How often do you have them? How do they make you feel? For example, " I find myself crying very easily" or " I'm easily overcome with laughter."


Question: What are the symptoms of pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What is pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: Pseudobulbar affect is a nervous system disorder that can make you laugh, cry, or become angry without being able to control when it happens.


Question: How is pseudobulbar affect diagnosed?

Answer: PBA is hard to diagnose because it mimics other problems like depression or other mood disorders. Tell the doctor about any symptoms, including when they happen and how long they last. It can help to keep a diary of crying and laughing episodes.


Question: What causes pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: Scientists believe that pseudobulbar affect may result from damage to the prefrontal cortex, the area of your brain that helps control emotions. Damage to other parts of the brain as well as changes in brain chemicals linked to depression and hyper moods (mania) could also play a role.


Question: What is the treatment for pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: In 2010, the FDA approved dextromethorphan/quinidine ( Nuedexta), the first drug for PBA.


Question: What are other names for pseudobulbar affect?

Answer: PBA has also been called: Emotional dysregulation Emotional incontinence Emotional lability Involuntary crying Pathological laughing and crying If you or someone you love has pseudobulbar affect, you might notice: Sudden, intense fits of crying or laughter that aren't controlled Crying or laughter that doesn't seem right for the situation Outbursts of frustration and anger Facial expressions that don't match emotions The outbursts can happen several times a day or many times a month.


Question: What is the goal of breast cancer surgery?

Answer: The goal of breast cancer surgery is to remove the tumor itself and a portion of surrounding tissue, while conserving as much of the breast as possible. Various breast cancer surgery techniques differ in the amount of breast tissue that is removed with the tumor, and that depends on the tumor location, extent of spread, and the individual's personal feelings. The surgeon also removes some lymph nodes under the arm as part of the operation so they can be tested for the presence of cancer cells. This will help your doctor plan your treatment after surgery.


Question: What is breast conserving surgery?

Answer: A specific surgical procedure may be recommended based on the size, location, or your genetic risk factors. Some of the procedures you may discuss with your doctor include: Breast conserving surgery (also known as lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, or quadrantectomy) - removes a portion of the breast Mastectomy - Removes the whole breast.


Question: What type of breast cancer surgery is mastectomy?

Answer: Some of the procedures you may discuss with your doctor include: Breast conserving surgery (also known as lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, or quadrantectomy) - removes a portion of the breast Mastectomy - Removes the whole breast. Types include: Total mastectomy Skin-sparing mastectomy Modified radical mastectomy Radical mastectomy (rarely performed) You should thoroughly discuss these surgical options with your doctor to achieve the best outcome. Whichever type of surgery is your best option, you will be able to return home after a short stay in the hospital.


Question: What are symptoms of esophagitis?

Answer: Irritation leading to esophagitis may be caused by any of the following: GERD, or gastroesophageal reflux disease Vomiting Surgery Medications such as aspirin and other anti-inflammatory drugs Taking a large pill with too little water or just before bedtime Swallowing a toxic substance Hernias Radiation injury as can occur following radiation treatment for cancer Symptoms of esophagitis include: Difficult and/or painful swallowing Heartburn A feeling of something of being stuck in the throat Chest pain Nausea Vomiting If you have any of these symptoms, you should contact your health care provider as soon as possible.


Question: What infections cause esophagitis?

Answer: This is a yeast infection of the esophagus caused by the same fungus that causes vaginal yeast infections. The infection develops in the esophagus when the body's immune system is weak, such as in people with diabetes or HIV.


Question: How is esophagitis diagnosed?

Answer: A test in which a long, flexible lighted tube, called an endoscope, is used to view the esophagus. Biopsy. During this test, a small sample of the esophageal tissue is removed and then sent to a laboratory to be examined under a microscope. Upper GI series (or barium swallow) . During this procedure, X-rays are taken of the esophagus after drinking a barium solution.


Question: How is esophagitis treated?

Answer: Possible treatments include: Medications that block acid production such as heartburn drugs Antibiotics, anti-fungals, or antivirals to treat an infection Pain medications that can be gargled or swallowed Corticosteroid medication to reduce inflammation Intravenous (by vein) nutrition to allow the esophagus to heal and to prevent dehydration and malnutrition Endoscopy to remove any lodged pill fragments Surgery to remove the damaged part of the esophagus While being treated for esophagitis, there are certain steps you can take to limit or reduce discomfort: Avoid spicy foods such as those with pepper, chili powder, curry, and nutmeg.


Question: What are boils?

Answer: This is the most common type of skin infection. It's usually caused by staph bacteria. It's a pocket of pus that forms over a hair follicle or oil gland. Your skin gets red and swollen. If it breaks open, pus likely will drain out.