Question: How does heart failure happen?

Answer: Heart failure, on the other hand, usually develops gradually. The heart muscle becomes weaker and has trouble pumping blood to nourish the cells in your body. This is a chronic condition that gradually gets worse. But medications can help you live longer and better with it.


Question: What are symptoms of a heart attack?

Answer: They include: Heart valve disease Congenital heart defects Infections Irregular heartbeat Problems with the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) HIV/ AIDS Chemotherapy Thyroid disease Alcohol overuse Lung disease Symptoms of a heart attack vary from person to person. They also can be different for men and women. But some signs of heart attacks are more common than others. They include: Pain or feeling of pressure in the center of the chest. It might feel like the area is being squeezed or like heartburn. The pain may last for several minutes or come and go. It can be mild or severe. Chest pain is the most common symptom. But some people don't have it at all. Pain and discomfort in your upper body, such as your neck, jaw, arms, back and stomach above your belly button. Trouble breathing. Nausea or vomiting, lightheadedness, feeling very tired and breaking out in a cold sweat. This is more common in women, as is shortness of breath.


Question: Are heart failure and heart attacks different?

Answer: They have some common causes. But they also differ in key ways. Coronary artery disease is at the root of both heart attack and heart failure.


Question: What are the symptoms of delusional disorder?

Answer: Delusional disorder : The key symptom is having a delusion (a false, fixed belief) involving a real-life situation that could be true but isn't, such as being followed, being plotted against, or having a disease. The delusion lasts for at least 1 month.


Question: What are the symptoms of psychotic disorder due to another medical condition?

Answer: Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition: Hallucinations, delusions, or other symptoms may happen because of another illness that affects brain function, such as a head injury or brain tumor.


Question: What are the symptoms of brief psychotic disorder?

Answer: Brief psychotic disorder: People with this illness have a sudden, short period of psychotic behavior, often in response to a very stressful event, such as a death in the family. Recovery is often quick -- usually less than a month.


Question: What are causes of psychotic disorders?

Answer: Doctors don't know the exact cause of psychotic disorders. Researchers believe that many things play a role. Some psychotic disorders tend to run in families, which means that the disorder may be partly inherited. Other things may also influence their development, including stress, drug abuse, and major life changes.


Question: What antipsychotics are used to treat psychotic disorders?

Answer: Older antipsychotics include: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Loxapine ( Loxitane) Perphenazine ( Trilafon) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Newer "atypical antipsychotics" include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Asenapine ( Saphris) Brexpiprazole ( Rexulti) Cariprazine ( Vraylar) Clozapine ( Clozaril) Iloperidone ( Fanapt) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Olanzapine ( Zyprexa) Paliperidone ( Invega) Paliperidone palmitate ( Invega Sustenna, Invega Trinza) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Ziprasidone ( Geodon) Doctors usually first prescribe the newer ones because they have fewer and more tolerable side effects than older antipsychotics.


Question: What are the symptoms of substance-induced psychotic disorder?

Answer: Substance-induced psychotic disorder: This condition is caused by the use of or withdrawal from drugs, such as hallucinogens and crack cocaine, that cause hallucinations, delusions, or confused speech.


Question: What are the symptoms of psychotic disorders?

Answer: The main ones are hallucinations, delusions, and disordered forms of thinking.


Question: What are the symptoms of schizoaffective disorder?

Answer: Schizoaffective disorder: People have symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder.


Question: Can psychotic disorders be prevented?

Answer: But the sooner treatment starts, the better. It helps to prevent symptoms. Seeking help as soon as possible can help the person's life, family, and relationships. For people who are at high risk for psychotic disorders, such as those who have a family history of schizophrenia, avoiding drugs such as marijuana and alcohol may help to prevent or delay these conditions.


Question: How can you recover from psychotic disorders?

Answer: Each person being treated for a psychotic disorder may respond to therapy differently. Some will show improvement quickly. For others, it may take weeks or months to get symptom relief. Some people may need to continue treatment for an extended period of time. Some, such as those who have had several severe episodes, may need to take medication indefinitely. In these cases, the medication usually is given in as low a dose as possible to minimize side effects.


Question: What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer: There are different types of psychotic disorders, including: Schizophrenia: People with this illness have changes in behavior and other symptoms -- such as delusions and hallucinations -- that last longer than 6 months. It usually affects them at work or school, as well as their relationships.


Question: What do doctors prescribe to treat psychotic disorders?

Answer: Older antipsychotics include: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Loxapine ( Loxitane) Perphenazine ( Trilafon) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Newer "atypical antipsychotics" include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Asenapine ( Saphris) Brexpiprazole ( Rexulti) Cariprazine ( Vraylar) Clozapine ( Clozaril) Iloperidone ( Fanapt) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Olanzapine ( Zyprexa) Paliperidone ( Invega) Paliperidone palmitate ( Invega Sustenna, Invega Trinza) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Ziprasidone ( Geodon) Doctors usually first prescribe the newer ones because they have fewer and more tolerable side effects than older antipsychotics. Some of the medications are available by injection and only need to be taken once or twice a month. This can be easier to manage than remembering to take a daily pill.


Question: What are the symptoms of paraphrenia?

Answer: Paraphrenia: This condition has symptoms similar to schizophrenia. It starts late in life, when people are elderly.


Question: How is psychotherapy used in psychotic disorders?

Answer: Psychotherapy: There are different types of counseling -- including individual, group, and family therapy â that can help someone who has a psychotic disorder. Most people with psychotic disorders are treated as outpatients, meaning they don't live in institutions. But sometimes people need to be hospitalized, such as if they have severe symptoms, are in danger of hurting themselves or others, or can't care for themselves because of their illness.


Question: What are other possible symptoms of psychotic disorders?

Answer: Other possible symptoms of psychotic illnesses include: Disorganized or incoherent speech Confused thinking Strange, possibly dangerous behavior Slowed or unusual movements Loss of interest in personal hygiene Loss of interest in activities Problems at school or work and with relationships Cold, detached manner with the inability to express emotion Mood swings or other mood symptoms, such as depression or mania People don't always have the same symptoms, and they can change over time in the same person.


Question: What can also be  affected if you have psychotic disorders?

Answer: People with certain psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, may also have problems in parts of the brain that control thinking, perception, and motivation. In schizophrenia, experts believe that nerve cell receptors that work with a brain chemical called glutamate may not work properly in specific brain regions. That glitch may contribute to problems with thinking and perception. These conditions usually first appear when a person is in his or her late teens, 20s, or 30s. They tend to affect men and women about equally.


Question: How does medication treat psychotic disorders?

Answer: Medication: The main type of drug that doctors prescribe to treat psychotic disorders are âantipsychotics.â Although these medicines aren't a cure, they are effective in managing the most troubling symptoms of psychotic disorders, such as delusions, hallucinations, and thinking problems.


Question: What are psychotic disorders?

Answer: Medication: The main type of drug that doctors prescribe to treat psychotic disorders are âantipsychotics.â Although these medicines aren't a cure, they are effective in managing the most troubling symptoms of psychotic disorders, such as delusions, hallucinations, and thinking problems.


Question: What are the symptoms of shared psychotic disorder (folie Ã  deux)?

Answer: Shared psychotic disorder (also called folie Ã deux): This illness happens when one person in a relationship has a delusion and the other person in the relationship adopts it, too.


Question: What is the outlook for people with psychotic disorder?

Answer: The depends on the type of psychotic disorder and the person who has it. But these disorders are treatable, and most people will have a good recovery with treatment and close follow-up care.


Question: What are the symptoms of schizophreniform disorder?

Answer: Schizophreniform disorder: This includes symptoms of schizophrenia, but the symptoms last for a shorter time: between 1 and 6 months. Some people may need to continue treatment for an extended period of time.


Question: What is it like to have a severe psychotic disorder?

Answer: But even severe psychotic disorders usually can be treated. It starts late in life, when people are elderly.


Question: How can you make changes in your eye-care routine to prevent eye fatigue?

Answer: Your eye-care routine: Apply a washcloth soaked in warm water to tired, dry eyes (keep your eyes closed). Use artificial tears to refresh your eyes when they feel dry. To help prevent dry eyes while indoors, use an air cleaner to filter dust and a humidifier to add moisture to the air.


Question: What happens if you have eye fatigue?

Answer: Your eyes are burning, itchy, and tired. It's a common condition but rarely serious. You can take simple steps to prevent or ease this problem.


Question: What can happen if you have symptoms of eye fatigue?

Answer: Be on the lookout for: Sore or irritated eyes Trouble focusing Dry or watery eyes Blurred or double vision Increased sensitivity to light Pain in the neck, shoulders, or back These symptoms can lower your productivity. If you stay awake long hours working, you can make the problem worse. Sleep refreshes your eye with essential nutrients. Lack of sleep may lead to repeated eye irritation.


Question: How do digital devices lead to eye fatigue?

Answer: This naturally refreshes the eyes. But studies suggest that people only blink about half as often while looking at a computer or other digital device. This can result in dry, tired, itchy, and burning eyes.


Question: How do you know if you need treatment for eye fatigue?

Answer: What you're feeling could be a sign of a deeper condition that requires treatment. This is especially important if you have headaches or other problems like: Eye discomfort Double vision A big change in vision Anything that requires intense eye use can cause fatigue.


Question: When should you see a doctor about your eye fatigue?

Answer: If the problem doesn't go away, make an appointment for a full eye exam. The doctor can make sure your symptoms aren't linked to a problem like an eye muscle imbalance or dry eye. He can also tell if your glasses or contact lens prescription is up to date and good for computer use.


Question: When is eye fatigue a serious problem?

Answer: This is especially important if you have headaches or other problems like: Eye discomfort Double vision A big change in vision Anything that requires intense eye use can cause fatigue.


Question: How do you know if you have eye fatigue?

Answer: The doctor can make sure your symptoms aren't linked to a problem like an eye muscle imbalance or dry eye.


Question: How can I change my work environment to prevent eye fatigue?

Answer: Your work environment: Change lighting to get rid of glare and harsh reflections. Use an adjustable chair. Place a document holder next to your computer screen.


Question: How can I prevent eye fatigue?

Answer: Make some simple changes to: Your computer screen: Place it 20-26 inches away from your eyes and a little below eye level. Regularly clean off dust and fingerprints from the surface. Smudges can reduce contrast and create problems like glare and reflections. Choose screens that tilt and swivel. Use a glare filter for your screen.


Question: How can you make changes to your computer screen to prevent eye fatigue?

Answer: Regularly clean off dust and fingerprints from the surface. Smudges can reduce contrast and create problems like glare and reflections. Choose screens that tilt and swivel. Use a glare filter for your screen. Place a document holder next to your computer screen.


Question: Can I get eye fatigue from lack of sleep?

Answer: You can take simple steps to prevent or ease this problem. Sleep refreshes your eye with essential nutrients. Lack of sleep may lead to repeated eye irritation.


Question: Is eye fatigue common?

Answer: You can take simple steps to prevent or ease this problem. The problem is expected to grow as more people use smartphones and other handheld digital devices, which force your eyes to work harder than usual as they strain to focus on tiny words.


Question: Can I get eye fatigue from using digital devices?

Answer: This is especially important if you have headaches or other problems like: Eye discomfort Double vision A big change in vision Anything that requires intense eye use can cause fatigue. Some of the most common are: Reading Writing Driving If you look at bright light or spend time in a place that's too dim, it can also tire your peepers. Some estimates say computer-related eye symptoms may be responsible for up to 10 million eye doctor visits a year. If you stay awake long hours working, you can make the problem worse.


Question: How can I reduce stress about things that I can't change if I have diabetes?

Answer: Ask yourself these three questions: " Will this be important 2 years from now?" " Do I have control over these circumstances?" " Can I change my situation?" If you can make things better, go for it. If not, is there a different way to handle it that would be better for you?


Question: Can stress affect diabetes?

Answer: Ask your doctor for recommendations if you'd like to see a psychologist or counselor.


Question: How can I destress if I have diabetes?

Answer: Practice muscle relaxation, deep breathing, meditation, or visualization. Your doctor may know of classes or programs that teach these skills. You can also check for apps that do that.


Question: What exercises can help reduce my stress if I have diabetes?

Answer: You'll feel better.


Question: How can I reduce stress if have diabetes?

Answer: Find something to appreciate in each important area of your life, such as your family, friends, work, and health. That perspective can help you get through tough times. Be kind to yourself. Do you expect too much from yourself? It's OK to say "no" to things that you don't really want or need to do. Tap the power of exercise.


Question: Are there side effects of corticosteroids used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Whether you get them depends a lot on the strength of the corticosteroid, how large an area you spread it on, and how long you use it. To lower your risk, your doctor may look for the weakest one that can get the job done in the shortest time. Some common side effects that could happen to you: Thinning of your skin Changes in skin coloring You bruise easily Stretch marks Skin gets reddish Broken blood vessels Increased hair growth in localized areas Infections You become sensitive to light Corticosteroids can be absorbed through your skin and sometimes cause health problems such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and a hormonal problem called Cushing's syndrome.


Question: When are weaker coricosteroids best to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Weaker corticosteroids are best if you need to use it on sensitive areas such as your face, groin, or breasts. Your doctor may also prescribe a lower-strength version if you have to use it for a long time. Mild to mid-strength ones can be used for children.


Question: When are stronger corticosteroids used to treat psoriasis?

Answer: You may need a stronger one if you have a severe form of psoriasis. It's also a good choice for spots with thicker skin, such as your palms or the soles of your feet.


Question: What are the side effects of using topical corticosteroids to treat psoriasis?

Answer: To lower your risk, your doctor may look for the weakest one that can get the job done in the shortest time. Some common side effects that could happen to you: Thinning of your skin Changes in skin coloring You bruise easily Stretch marks Skin gets reddish Broken blood vessels Increased hair growth in localized areas Infections You become sensitive to light Corticosteroids can be absorbed through your skin and sometimes cause health problems such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and a hormonal problem called Cushing's syndrome. When you put it on your skin, use a small amount and only on the area that needs treatment.


Question: How do you use topical corticosteroids to treat psoriasis?

Answer: The two of you will work together to find the strength and dose that works best for you. Your doctor will tell you how often to apply the medicine. Don't overdo it. When you put it on your skin, use a small amount and only on the area that needs treatment. Skin only. Never use a topical corticosteroid on your eyes unless your doctor tells you to. It can cause glaucoma or cataracts. Keep an eye on the calendar. Use this treatment only for as long as your doctor says you should. Don't stop suddenly. If you do it can cause your psoriasis to flare up. To keep that from happening, your doctor will slowly decrease the amount you use.


Question: What are some tips for using a topical corticosteroid for psoriasis?

Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe a lower-strength version if you have to use it for a long time. A few simple tips can help you get the best results -- and keep you safe, too: Follow instructions. Skin only. Never use a topical corticosteroid on your eyes unless your doctor tells you to. It can cause glaucoma or cataracts. Don't stop suddenly. If you do it can cause your psoriasis to flare up.


Question: What activities do I have to avoid while I have mononucleosis?

Answer: Since your spleen, which is an organ in your abdomen, often becomes enlarged when you have mono, it's more likely to rupture. So you will need to avoid contact sports such as football and soccer, probably for about 3-4 weeks. Your doctor can let you know when it's OK to get back to those activities.


Question: What medication can help with mononucleosis?

Answer: In case mono has affected your liver, check with your doctor before you take acetaminophen. Don't give aspirin to children or teens. It's been linked to a disease called Reye's syndrome, a serious illness that can be life-threatening. Call 911 if you or your child is having any trouble breathing. If your sore throat is so severe that you have trouble breathing or eating, your doctor may give you prednisone, a steroid.


Question: How is mononucleosis diagnosed?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Mononucleosis, or "mono," has a wide range of symptoms, which can make it hard to diagnose. You'll need to see your doctor to find out if you have it. Your doctor will give you a complete physical exam. You may get a throat culture to rule out strep throat, which has symptoms that are similar to mono. Your doctor may also take a sample of blood to check for abnormal white blood cells.


Question: When will I get better from mononucleosis?

Answer: Most people start to recover from mononucleosis within 2 weeks, though some symptoms, such as fatigue, can take 3-4 weeks or even longer to go away. So a common treatment plan for mono is rest with a gradual return to normal activity. The goal is to ease your symptoms and treat any complications that happen.


Question: What is a heterophile antibody test in relation to mononucleosis?

Answer: You may also get a heterophile antibody test. It checks your blood for special antibodies that your body makes to fight off a viral infection. But it's not specific to mono. This test isn't always accurate, especially in younger children, and it takes several days for it to show the presence of the antibodies after a child starts to feel ill. The âmonospotâ is one test that checks for heterophile antibodies.


Question: What does the treatment for arthritis include?

Answer: Treatment depends on the severity of the pain and disability. Treatment includes: Anti-inflammatory or analgesic painkillers Splints for the fingers or wrist Heat Physical therapy If these treatments do not provide relief, surgery may be recommended.


Question: What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Answer: This is one of the most common nerve disorders of the hand. It causes pain in the: Palm and some fingers of the hand Wrist Forearm Often the pain is worse at night than during the day. Carpal tunnel syndrome can also cause: Weakness Tingling Numbness You may especially feel it in your thumb, index finger, and middle finger. This can make it hard to grip objects.


Question: What are the symptoms of fractures related to hand pain?

Answer: Besides pain, after a fracture you may have: Stiffness Swelling Loss of movement If you have fractured a finger, for example, you may not be able to move it fully. Your injured finger could be swollen and in some cases slightly shorter than usual. There are several types of fractures: Simple (broken bone is aligned and stable) Complex (break may cause bone to shift or become displaced, making treatment more difficult) Comminuted (bones broken in more than one place) Compound (broken bone breaks through skin) Fracture treatment depends on the type of the break.


Question: What is the treatment for de Quervain's tendinitis?

Answer: Pain relief treatments include: A splint to rest the thumb and wrist Anti-inflammatory medications Cortisone shots Surgery may be an option if symptoms remain severe after you have tried other treatments.


Question: How does carpal tunnel syndrome happen?

Answer: The median nerve controls sensation and muscle impulses in the thumb and most of the fingers (except for the pinkie finger and the half of the ring finger that's closest to the pinkie finger). The median nerve passes through the carpal tunnel. The carpal tunnel is a structure made up of bones and connective tissues that is located at the base of the hand. It is in this narrow space that the median nerve is pinched by inflamed or irritated tendons or other swelling.


Question: How can you get de Quervain's tendinitis?

Answer: New mothers can get it from holding their baby in an awkward position. Wrist fractures can also make you more likely to get de Quervain's.


Question: How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated?

Answer: Common treatments include: Resting the hand and wrist Anti-inflammatory or analgesic painkillers Wrist splints Steroid shots Physical therapy Your doctor may suggest surgery if your symptoms last for 6 months or more.


Question: What are the different types of fractures?

Answer: There are several types of fractures: Simple (broken bone is aligned and stable) Complex (break may cause bone to shift or become displaced, making treatment more difficult) Comminuted (bones broken in more than one place) Compound (broken bone breaks through skin) Fracture treatment depends on the type of the break.


Question: What are the symptoms of trigger finger?

Answer: It causes pain on the thumb side of the wrist. The median nerve controls sensation and muscle impulses in the thumb and most of the fingers (except for the pinkie finger and the half of the ring finger that's closest to the pinkie finger). When it affects the hand, it causes: Pain Swelling Stiffness Bony nodules may also form at the middle or end joints of the fingers. The sheath itself may thicken, too. All of this prevents the smooth movement of the tendons. Eventually, the tendon may become stuck when you try to straighten a bent finger or thumb. You may also feel a catching sensation when the finger or thumb locks in place, and then a pop as the tendon is released. Doctors don't know what causes trigger finger.


Question: How are fractures treated?

Answer: Casts or splints are often used for simple breaks. You may need pins, wires, or plates to treat more complicated fractures. Surgery might also be needed to set the broken bone completely. Treatment depends on the severity of the pain and disability.


Question: When am I most likely to get trigger finger?

Answer: Doctors call this stenosing tenosynovitis. You're more likely to get it if you have: Rheumatoid arthritis Gout Diabetes Women get the condition more often than men do. And trigger finger is more common in adults between ages 40 and 60.


Question: What is surgical biopsy?

Answer: Doctors rarely use this method on the thyroid. It requires making an opening in your neck to remove the node. It may even mean removing half your thyroid. Because it's surgery, you'll get medicines to put you under during the operation. It also means a longer recovery.


Question: What happens after getting thyroid biopsy?

Answer: When you get a thyroid biopsy, your doctor will take a little bit of your thyroid or lumps (known as nodules) growing on it to test in a lab. Ask your doctor when you should find out. What happens next depends on what the biopsy showed. If it's not cancer and you don't have other symptoms, you and your doctor may do âwatchful waiting.â That means follow-up visits on a schedule to check on things, like a change to a nodule or a new one showing up. If it's cancer, you'll likely need surgery. Most thyroid cancers can be treated.


Question: What is a thyroid biopsy?

Answer: Nodules are very common in the thyroid, which is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. Although they can cause different problems, they're usually not cancer. You might also get a biopsy without a nodule if you're in a lot of pain and your thyroid is growing quickly.


Question: When might your doctor suggest a thyroid biopsy?

Answer: A biopsy helps your doctor find the cause of a nodule or goiter. But you don't need it for all thyroid problems. You might also get a biopsy without a nodule if you're in a lot of pain and your thyroid is growing quickly. If it's not cancer and you don't have other symptoms, you and your doctor may do âwatchful waiting.â That means follow-up visits on a schedule to check on things, like a change to a nodule or a new one showing up.


Question: What is the final word on the Glycemic Index Diet?

Answer: The Final Word The glycemic index diet was developed to help people with diabetes manage their blood sugar, and that's what it's best for. For those with diabetes or prediabetes, this diet is an important piece in the big picture of taking charge of the food you eat and staying healthy and active.


Question: How does the Glycemic Index Diet work?

Answer: Sticking to a low glycemic index diet may help prevent conditions like diabetes and heart disease. But it's not certain that this diet can help you lose weight any better or faster than a low-fat, low-carb, generally healthy diet. One study showed that people on a low-glycemic diet lost more fat than those on a high-glycemic diet with the same calories. Overall, the scientific evidence is mixed and unable to show consistent findings.


Question: What is neuropathy?

Answer: Neuropathy: Nerve damage; people who have had diabetes that is not well controlled may develop nerve damage.


Question: What is the definition of renal?

Answer: Renal: Relating to the kidneys.


Question: What is the definition of juvenile-onset diabetes?

Answer: Juvenile-onset diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What are the adrenal glands?

Answer: Adrenal glands: Two endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys and make and release stress hormones, such as epinephrine (adrenaline), which stimulates carbohydrate metabolism; norepinephrine, which raises heart rate and blood pressure; and corticosteroid hormones, which control how the body utilizes fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals, and helps reduce inflammation. They also produce sex hormones like testosterone and can produce DHEA and progesterone.


Question: What are fats?

Answer: The results should show an elevated blood glucose of more than 200 mg/d L. Fats: Substances that help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; they are also the main way the body stores energy. In food, there are many types of fats -- saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and trans fats. To maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as near the normal ranges as possible, the American Diabetes Association recommends limiting the amount of saturated fats and cholesterol in our diets. Saturated fats contribute to blood levels of LDL (''bad'') cholesterol. The amount of saturated fats should be limited to less than 10% of total caloric intake, and the amount of dietary cholesterol should be limited to 300 mg/day.


Question: What are injection sites?

Answer: Injection sites: Places on the body where people can inject insulin most easily.


Question: What is an artery?

Answer: Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body; arteries are thicker than veins and have stronger, more elastic walls. Arteries sometimes develop plaque within their walls in a process known as "atherosclerosis." These plaques can become fragile and rupture, leading to complications associated with diabetes, such as heart attacks and strokes.


Question: What is the definition of adverse effect?

Answer: Adverse effect: Harmful effect.


Question: What is ultralente insulin?

Answer: Ultralente insulin: A type of insulin that is long-acting; usually, the action of this type of insulin works for 25-36 hours after injection. This type of insulin has an onset of action four to five hours after injecting and works most powerfully at eight to 14 hours after injection. Other types of long-acting insulin include nsulin detemir ( Levemir) and iinsulin glargine ( Lantus).. Unit of insulin: The basic measure of insulin; U-100 is the most common concentration of insulin.


Question: What are fats and what role do they play in diabetes?

Answer: The results should show an elevated blood glucose of more than 200 mg/d L. Fats: Substances that help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; they are also the main way the body stores energy. In food, there are many types of fats -- saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and trans fats. To maintain your blood cholesterol and triglyceride (lipid) levels as near the normal ranges as possible, the American Diabetes Association recommends limiting the amount of saturated fats and cholesterol in our diets. Saturated fats contribute to blood levels of LDL (''bad'') cholesterol. The amount of saturated fats should be limited to less than 10% of total caloric intake, and the amount of dietary cholesterol should be limited to 300 mg/day.


Question: What is non-insulin dependent diabetes?

Answer: Non-insulin dependent diabetes: Former term for type 2 diabetes.


Question: What is a bunion?

Answer: Bunion: Bump or bulge on the first joint of the big toe caused by the swelling of a sac of fluid under the skin and abnormalities in the joint; women are usually affected because of tight fitting or pointed shoes or high heels that put pressure on the toes, forcing the outward movement of the joint. People with flat feet or low arches are also prone to bunions. Shoes that fit well and are padded can prevent bunions from forming. Bunions may lead to other problems, such as serious infection from the big toe putting pressure on other toes.


Question: What does blood pressure mean?

Answer: Blood pressure: The measurement of the pressure or force of blood against the blood vessels (arteries); blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first number or top number is called the systolic pressure and is the measure of pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pushes more blood into the arteries. The second number, called the diastolic pressure, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. The ideal blood pressure for non-pregnant people with diabetes is 130/80 or less.


Question: What does brittle diabetes mean?

Answer: Brittle diabetes: When a person's blood sugar level often shifts very quickly from high to low and from low to high.


Question: What are adrenal glands?

Answer: Adrenal glands: Two endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys and make and release stress hormones, such as epinephrine (adrenaline), which stimulates carbohydrate metabolism; norepinephrine, which raises heart rate and blood pressure; and corticosteroid hormones, which control how the body utilizes fat, protein, carbohydrates, and minerals, and helps reduce inflammation. They also produce sex hormones like testosterone and can produce DHEA and progesterone.


Question: What is a urologist?

Answer: Urologist: A doctor who specializes in treatment of the urinary tract for men and women, as well as treatment of the genital organs for males.


Question: What is injection site rotation?

Answer: Injection site rotation: Changing the areas on the body where a person injects insulin; by changing the area of injection, the injections will be easier, safer, and more comfortable. If the same injection site is used over and over again, hardened areas, lumps, or indentations can develop under the skin, which keep the insulin from being used properly. These lumps or indentations are called "lipodystrophies."


Question: What is regular insulin?

Answer: Regular insulin: A type of insulin that is rapid-acting.


Question: What is a jet injector?

Answer: Jet injector: A device that uses high pressure to push insulin through the skin and into the tissue.


Question: What is polyphagia?

Answer: Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes. When insulin levels are decreased or there is insulin resistance, the cells of the body do not get enough sugar, and hunger develops. People with polyphagia often lose weight, even though they are eating more than normal, because the excess calories are lost in the urine as sugar (glucose).


Question: What is the definition of vascular?

Answer: Vascular: Relating to the body's blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).


Question: What is obesity?

Answer: Obesity: A term uses to describe excess body fat; it is defined in terms of a person's weight and height, or his/her body mass index ( BMI). A BMI over 30 is classified as being obese. Obesity makes your body less sensitive to insulin's action. Extra body fat is thought to be a risk factor for diabetes.


Question: What is laser treatment?

Answer: Laser treatment: The use of a strong beam of light (laser) to heal a damaged area; a person with diabetes might receive laser treatments to heal blood vessels in the eye.


Question: What is an anomaly?

Answer: Anomaly: Birth defects; deviation from the norm or average.


Question: What is the definition of brittle diabetes?

Answer: Brittle diabetes: When a person's blood sugar level often shifts very quickly from high to low and from low to high.


Question: What is emergency medical identification?

Answer: Emergency medical identification: Cards, bracelets, or necklaces with a written message, used by people with diabetes or other medical problems to alert others in case of a medical emergency, such as coma.


Question: What is the definition of blood pressure?

Answer: Blood pressure: The measurement of the pressure or force of blood against the blood vessels (arteries); blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first number or top number is called the systolic pressure and is the measure of pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and pushes more blood into the arteries. The second number, called the diastolic pressure, is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats. The ideal blood pressure for non-pregnant people with diabetes is 130/80 or less.


Question: What is polydipsia?

Answer: Polydipsia: Excessive thirst that lasts for long periods of time; may be a sign of diabetes. Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes.


Question: What is insulin-dependent diabetes?

Answer: Insulin-dependent diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What is insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome?

Answer: Insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome: This syndrome is defined by a cluster of medical conditions that raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A diagnosis is important, because you can make health improvements that lessen the risk. Insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome is diagnosed when a person has 3 or more of the following: Blood pressure equal to or higher than 130/85 mm Hg Fasting blood sugar (glucose) equal to or higher than 100 mg/d L Large waist circumference (a waistline of 40 inches or more for men; 35 inches or more for a woman) Low HDL cholesterol (under 40mg/d L for men; under 50 mg/d L for women) Triglycerides equal to or higher than 150 mg/d L Insulin shock: A severe condition that occurs when the level of blood sugar drops quickly.


Question: What is the glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)?

Answer: Glycated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c): This is an important blood test to determine how well you are managing your diabetes; hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. It can also attach to sugar in the blood, forming a substance called glycated hemoglobin or a Hemoglobin A1 C. The test provides an average blood sugar measurement over a 6- to 12-week period and is used in conjunction with home glucose monitoring to make treatment adjustments. The ideal range for people with diabetes is generally less than 7%. This test can also be used to diagnose diabetes when the Hb A1c level is equal to or greater than 6.5%.


Question: What is the definition of asymptomatic?

Answer: Asymptomatic: No symptoms; no clear sign that disease is present.


Question: What does cardiovascular mean?

Answer: Cardiovascular: Relating to the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).


Question: What is a hormone?

Answer: Hormone: A chemical released in one organ or part of the body that travels through the blood to another area, where it helps to control certain bodily functions; for instance, insulin is a hormone made by the beta cells in the pancreas and when released, it triggers other cells to use glucose for energy.


Question: What is the Somogyi effect?

Answer: Somogyi effect: Also called "rebound effect," it occurs when there is an upward swing in blood sugar from an extremely low level of glucose in the blood to a very high level. It usually happens during the night and early morning hours. People who experience high levels of blood sugar in the morning may need to test their blood sugar levels in the middle of the night. If blood sugar levels are repeatedly low, addition of an evening snack or a lowering of insulin doses may be recommended.


Question: What is stevia?

Answer: Stevia: A natural sugar substitute that has no calories; Truvia is the brand name for a sweetener made from the stevia leaf.


Question: What is rapid-acting insulin?

Answer: Rapid-acting Insulin: Covers insulin needs for meals eaten at the same time as the injection; this type of insulin is used with longer-acting insulin.


Question: What is the retina?

Answer: Retina: The center part of the back lining of the eye that senses light; it has many small blood vessels that are sometimes harmed when a person has had diabetes for a long time. Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels in the retina of the eye.


Question: What are triglycerides?

Answer: Triglyceride: Fats carried in the blood from the food we eat; most of the fats we eat, including butter, margarines, and oils, are in triglyceride form. Excess triglycerides are stored in fat cells throughout the body.


Question: What is insulin resistance, or metabolic, syndrome?

Answer: Insulin resistance syndrome or metabolic syndrome: This syndrome is defined by a cluster of medical conditions that raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A diagnosis is important, because you can make health improvements that lessen the risk.


Question: What is vaginitis?

Answer: Vaginitis: An inflammation or infection of the vaginal tissues; a woman with this condition may have itching or burning or vaginal discharge. Women who have diabetes may develop vaginitis more often than women who do not have diabetes.


Question: What is human insulin?

Answer: Human insulin: Bio-engineered insulin very similar to insulin made by the body; the DNA code for making human insulin is put into bacteria or yeast cells and the insulin made is purified and sold as human insulin.


Question: What is the pancreas?

Answer: Pancreas: An organ behind the lower part of the stomach that is about the size of a hand; it makes insulin so the body can use sugar for energy.


Question: What does polydipsia mean?

Answer: Polydipsia: Excessive thirst that lasts for long periods of time; may be a sign of diabetes. Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes.


Question: What is a vein?

Answer: Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.


Question: What does polyphagia mean?

Answer: Polyphagia: Excessive hunger and eating; may be a sign of diabetes. When insulin levels are decreased or there is insulin resistance, the cells of the body do not get enough sugar, and hunger develops. People with polyphagia often lose weight, even though they are eating more than normal, because the excess calories are lost in the urine as sugar (glucose).


Question: What are ketone bodies?

Answer: Ketone bodies: Often simply called ketones, one of the products of fat burning in the body; when there is not enough insulin, your body is unable to use sugar (glucose) for energy and your body breaks down its own fat and protein. When fat is used, ketone bodies, an acid, appear in your urine and blood. A large amount of ketones in your system can lead to a serious condition called ketoacidosis. Ketones can be detected and monitored in your urine at home using products such as Ketostix, Chemstrips, and Acetest. When your blood sugar is consistently greater than 250 mg/dl, if you are ill or if you are pregnant and have diabetes, ketones should be checked regularly.


Question: What is dehydration?

Answer: Dehydration: Large loss of body water; if a person with diabetes has a very high blood sugar level, it causes increased water loss through increased urination and therefore, extreme thirst.


Question: What is periodontal disease and how does it relate to diabetes?

Answer: Periodontal disease: Damage to the gums and tissues around the teeth; people who have diabetes are more likely to have periodontal disease than people who do not have diabetes.


Question: What is an ophthalmologist?

Answer: Ophthalmologist: A doctor who treats people with eye diseases.


Question: What is a carbohydrate?

Answer: Carbohydrate: One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy; carbohydrates are mainly sugars and starches that the body breaks down into glucose (a simple sugar that the body can use to feed its cells).


Question: What is a unit of insulin?

Answer: Other types of long-acting insulin include nsulin detemir ( Levemir) and iinsulin glargine ( Lantus).. Unit of insulin: The basic measure of insulin; U-100 is the most common concentration of insulin. U-100 means that there are 100 units of insulin per milliliter (ml) of liquid. For the occasional patient who has severe insulin resistance, insulin is available as a U-500 form.


Question: What is polyuria?

Answer: Polyuria: Increased need to urinate often; a common sign of diabetes.


Question: What is a podiatrist?

Answer: Podiatrist: A health professional who diagnoses and treats foot problems.


Question: What is a coma?

Answer: Coma: An emergency in which a person is not conscious; may occur in people with diabetes because their blood sugar is too high or too low.


Question: What is high blood pressure?

Answer: High blood pressure: A condition when the blood flows through the blood vessels at a force greater than normal; high blood pressure strains the heart, harms the arteries, and increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney problems; also called "hypertension." The goal for blood pressure in people with diabetes is less than 130/80.


Question: What are insulin receptors?

Answer: Insulin receptors: Areas on the outer part of a cell that allow insulin in the blood to join or bind with the cell; when the cell and insulin bind together, the cell can take glucose from the blood and use it for energy.


Question: What is sucralose?

Answer: Sucralose: An artificial sweetener that is 600 times sweeter than sugar; can be used in cooking. Splenda is a brand name of sucralose.


Question: What is an insulin reaction?

Answer: Insulin reaction: Another term for hypoglycemia in a person with diabetes; this occurs when a person with diabetes has injected too much insulin, eaten too little food, or has exercised without eating extra food.


Question: What is glaucoma?

Answer: Glaucoma: An eye disease associated with increased pressure within the eye; glaucoma can damage the optic nerve and cause impaired vision and blindness.


Question: What is juvenile-onset diabetes?

Answer: Juvenile-onset diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What is late-onset diabetes?

Answer: Late-onset diabetes: Former term used for type 2 diabetes.


Question: What are exchange lists?

Answer: Exchange lists: A way of grouping foods together to help people on special diets stay on the diet; each group lists food in a serving size. A person can exchange, trade, or substitute a food serving in one group for another food serving in the same group. The lists put foods into six groups: starch/bread, meat, vegetables, fruit, milk, and fats. Within a food group, one serving of each food item in that group has about the same amount of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and calories.


Question: What is intermediate-acting insulin?

Answer: Intermediate-acting Insulin: Covers insulin needs for about half the day or overnight; this type of insulin is often combined with rapid- or short-acting insulin.


Question: What is sucrose?

Answer: Sucrose: Table sugar; a form of sugar that the body must break down into a more simple form before the blood can absorb it and take it to the cells.


Question: What does injection site rotation mean for diabetics?

Answer: Injection site rotation: Changing the areas on the body where a person injects insulin; by changing the area of injection, the injections will be easier, safer, and more comfortable. If the same injection site is used over and over again, hardened areas, lumps, or indentations can develop under the skin, which keep the insulin from being used properly. These lumps or indentations are called "lipodystrophies."


Question: What does metabolism mean?

Answer: Metabolism: All of the physical and chemical processes in the body that occur when food is broken down, energy is created and wastes are produced.


Question: What are oral diabetes medications?

Answer: Oral diabetes medications: Medications that people take to lower the level of sugar in the blood; oral diabetes medications are prescribed for people whose pancreas still produces some insulin. These medications are not used in diabetes during pregnancy.


Question: What does Mg/dL mean?

Answer: Mg/d L (milligrams per deciliter): Measurement that indicates the amount of a particular substance such as glucose in a specific amount of blood.


Question: What does "renal" mean?

Answer: Renal: Relating to the kidneys.


Question: What is a vitrectomy?

Answer: Vitrectomy: A procedure in which the gel from the center of the eyeball is removed because it has blood and scar tissue that blocks vision; an eye surgeon replaces the clouded gel with a clear fluid.


Question: What does adverse effect mean?

Answer: Adverse effect: Harmful effect.


Question: What is Acidosis?

Answer: Acidosis: Too much acid in the body, usually from the production of ketones like acetone, when cells are starved; for a person with diabetes, the most common type of acidosis is called "ketoacidosis."


Question: What are antibodies?

Answer: Antibodies: Proteins that the body produces to protect itself from foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses.


Question: What is blood glucose?

Answer: Blood glucose: See glucose.


Question: What is advantame?

Answer: Advantame: An FDA-approved sugar substitute similar to Aspartame; it can be used as both a tabletop sweetener and as an ingredient in cooking. Advantame can also be used in baked goods, soft drinks and other non-alcoholic beverages, chewing gum, candies, frostings, frozen desserts, gelatins and puddings, jams and jellies, processed fruits and fruit juices, toppings and syrups.


Question: What is adult-onset diabetes?

Answer: Adult-onset diabetes: A term for type 2 diabetes that is no longer used, because this type of diabetes is now commonly seen in children; "non-insulin dependent diabetes" is also considered an incorrect phrase in describing type 2 diabetes, because patients with this type of diabetes may at some point require insulin.


Question: What does "Acute" mean for people with diabetes?

Answer: Acute: Abrupt onset that is usually severe; happens for a limited period of time.


Question: What is intermittent claudication?

Answer: Intermittent claudication: Pain in the muscles of the legs that occurs off and on, usually while walking or exercising; the pain results from atherosclerosis of the blood vessels feeding the muscles of the lower extremities. Claudication usually increases with age and is most common in people in their sixth or seventh decade of life. Risk factors for developing narrowing of the arteries that can cause claudication include smoking cigarettes, high blood pressure, and diabetes. Drugs are available to treat this condition.


Question: What is Acesulfame-k?

Answer: Acesulfame-k: An artificial sweetener used in place of sugar; it contains no carbohydrates or sugar; therefore, it has no effect on blood sugar levels. This sweetener is often used in conjunction with other artificial sweeteners in processed low-calorie foods. It is also used as a tabletop sweetener under the brand names Sunette, Sweet One, and Swiss Sweet.


Question: What does asymptomatic mean?

Answer: Asymptomatic: No symptoms; no clear sign that disease is present.


Question: What is sugar?

Answer: Sugar: A class of carbohydrates that tastes sweet; sugar is a quick and easy fuel for the body to use. Some types of sugar are lactose, glucose, fructose, and sucrose.


Question: What is albumuria and how does it affect people with diabetes?

Answer: Albuminuria: When kidneys become damaged, they start to leak protein in the urine. Albumin is a small, abundant protein in the blood that passes through the kidney filter into the urine easier than other proteins. Albuminuria occurs in about 30%-45% of people who have had type 1 diabetes for at least 10 years. In people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the kidneys may already show signs of small amounts of protein spillage, called "microalbuminuria." This may be from the result of diabetes or from other diseases seen in conjunction with diabetes, like high blood pressure. Protein in the urine increases the risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. It also means that the person is at a particularly high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease.


Question: What is a callus?

Answer: Shoes that fit well and are padded can prevent bunions from forming. Bunions may lead to other problems, such as serious infection from the big toe putting pressure on other toes. Callus: A small area of skin, usually on the foot, that has become thick and hard from rubbing or pressure; calluses may lead to other problems, such as serious infection.


Question: What is Acetone?

Answer: Acetone: A chemical formed in the blood when the body breaks down fat instead of sugar for energy; if acetone forms, it usually means the cells are starved. Commonly, the body's production of acetone is known as "ketosis." It occurs when there is an absolute or relative deficiency in insulin so sugars cannot get into cells for energy. The body then tries to use other energy sources like proteins from muscle and fat from fat cells.


Question: What are antigens?

Answer: Antigens: Substances that cause an immune response in the body, identifying substances or markers on cells; the body produces antibodies to fight antigens, or harmful substances, and tries to eliminate them.


Question: What is an optometrist?

Answer: Optometrist: A person professionally trained to test the eyes and to detect and treat eye problems, as well as some diseases, by prescribing and adapting corrective lenses.


Question: What is a risk factor?

Answer: Risk factor: Anything that increases the chance of a person developing a disease or condition.


Question: What does vascular mean?

Answer: Vascular: Relating to the body's blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).


Question: What is a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG)?

Answer: Fasting plasma glucose test ( FPG): The preferred method of screening for diabetes; the FPG measures a person's blood sugar level after fasting or not eating anything for at least 8 hours. Normal fasting blood glucose is less than 100 milligrams per deciliter or mg/d L. A fasting plasma glucose greater than 100 mg/d L and less than126 mg/d L implies that the person has an impaired fasting glucose level but may not have diabetes. A diagnosis of diabetes is made when the fasting blood glucose is greater than 126 mg/d L and when blood tests confirm abnormal results. These tests can be repeated on a subsequent day or by measuring glucose 2 hours after a meal. The results should show an elevated blood glucose of more than 200 mg/d L. Fats: Substances that help the body use some vitamins and keep the skin healthy; they are also the main way the body stores energy.


Question: What is background retinopathy?

Answer: Background retinopathy: This is the mildest form of eye disease caused by diabetes; it can be associated with normal vision. With a longer duration of diabetes or with uncontrolled blood sugars, eye damage can progress to more serious forms.


Question: What is retinopathy?

Answer: Retinopathy: A disease of the small blood vessels in the retina of the eye.


Question: What is sorbitol?

Answer: Sorbitol: A sugar -- produced from fruits -- that the body uses slowly; it is a sweetener used in diet foods and is called a "nutritive sweetener" because it has four calories in every gram, just like table sugar and starch. These compounds are used in many foods labeled as ''sugar free'' and ''no sugar added'' and can raise your blood glucose. Because a food is labeled ''sugar free,'' it doesn't necessarily mean carbohydrate-free.


Question: What is an ulcer?

Answer: Ulcer: A break in the skin; a deep sore. People with diabetes may develop ulcers from minor scrapes on the feet or legs, from cuts that heal slowly, or from the rubbing of shoes that don't fit well. Ulcers can become infected and should be treated promptly.


Question: What is saccharin?

Answer: Saccharin: An artificial sweetener that is used in place of sugar because it has no calories and does not increase blood sugar; it is sold as Sugar Twin and Sweet' N Low.


Question: What is a cardiologist?

Answer: Cardiologist: A doctor who takes care of people with heart disease; a heart specialist.


Question: What is a neurologist?

Answer: Neurologist: A doctor who treats people who have problems of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and nerves).


Question: What is neuropathy in diabetes?

Answer: Neuropathy: Nerve damage; people who have had diabetes that is not well controlled may develop nerve damage.


Question: What does "regular insulin" mean?

Answer: Regular insulin: A type of insulin that is rapid-acting.


Question: How does laser treatment work for diabetes?

Answer: Laser treatment: The use of a strong beam of light (laser) to heal a damaged area; a person with diabetes might receive laser treatments to heal blood vessels in the eye.


Question: What does hypoglycemia mean?

Answer: Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar; the condition often occurs in people with diabetes. Most cases occur when there is too much insulin and not enough glucose in your body.


Question: What does obesity mean?

Answer: Obesity: A term uses to describe excess body fat; it is defined in terms of a person's weight and height, or his/her body mass index ( BMI). A BMI over 30 is classified as being obese. Obesity makes your body less sensitive to insulin's action.


Question: What is blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

Answer: Blood urea nitrogen ( BUN): A product of metabolism that is excreted in the urine; it is measured in the blood as an indirect measure of how well the kidney is functioning. Increased BUN levels in the blood may indicate early kidney damage, meaning the kidneys aren't effectively excreting BUN.


Question: What is fructose?

Answer: Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey; fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods, but this type of sweetener is typically not recommended for people with diabetes, because it could have a negative effect on blood sugar.


Question: What dose peak action mean for diabetics?

Answer: Peak action: The time when the effect of something is as strong as it can be, such as when insulin is having the most effect on blood sugar.


Question: What is an artery and what role does it play in diabetes?

Answer: Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body; arteries are thicker than veins and have stronger, more elastic walls. Arteries sometimes develop plaque within their walls in a process known as "atherosclerosis." These plaques can become fragile and rupture, leading to complications associated with diabetes, such as heart attacks and strokes.


Question: What are sulfonylureas?

Answer: Sulfonylureas: Pills or capsules that people take to lower the level of sugar in the blood; these oral diabetic medications work to lower your blood sugar by making your pancreas produce more insulin.


Question: What does insulin-dependent diabetes mean?

Answer: Insulin-dependent diabetes: Former term used for type 1 diabetes.


Question: What is short-acting insulin?

Answer: Short-acting Insulin: Covers insulin needs for meals eaten within 30-60 minutes; includes humulin or novolin, or Velosulin (in an insulin pump).


Question: What is an Alpha cell?

Answer: Alpha cell: A type of cell in an area of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans; alpha cells make and release a hormone called "glucagon." Glucagon functions in direct opposition to insulin -- it increases the amount of glucose in the blood by releasing stored sugar from the liver.


Question: What is a Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)?

Answer: Certified Diabetes Educator ( CDE): A health care professional who is certified by the American Association of Diabetes Educators ( AADE) to teach people with diabetes how to manage their condition.


Question: What is an emergency medical identification?

Answer: Emergency medical identification: Cards, bracelets, or necklaces with a written message, used by people with diabetes or other medical problems to alert others in case of a medical emergency, such as coma.


Question: What is the dawn phenomenon?

Answer: Dawn phenomenon: A rise in blood sugar levels in the early morning hours.


Question: What is urine testing?

Answer: Urine testing: Checking urine to see if it contains ketones; if you have type 1 diabetes, are pregnant and have diabetes, or have gestational diabetes, your doctor may ask you to check your urine for ketones. This is an easy test done at home with a dipstick measure.


Question: What does a mixed dose mean for diabetics?

Answer: Mixed dose: A prescribed dose of insulin in which two types of insulin are combined and injected at once; a mixed dose commonly combines a fast-acting and longer-acting insulin. A mixed dose can either come in a pre-mixed syringe or mixed at the time of injection. A mixed dose may be prescribed to provide better blood sugar control.


Question: What does gangrene mean?

Answer: Gangrene: The death of body tissues, usually due to a lack of blood supply, especially in the legs and feet.


Question: What is a jet injector for diabetes?

Answer: Jet injector: A device that uses high pressure to push insulin through the skin and into the tissue.


Question: What is a calorie?

Answer: Calorie: Energy that comes from food; some foods have more calories than others. Fats have more calories than proteins and carbohydrate.


Question: What is a glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)?

Answer: Glycated hemoglobin test ( Hb A1c): This is an important blood test to determine how well you are managing your diabetes; hemoglobin is a substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues. It can also attach to sugar in the blood, forming a substance called glycated hemoglobin or a Hemoglobin A1 C. The test provides an average blood sugar measurement over a 6- to 12-week period and is used in conjunction with home glucose monitoring to make treatment adjustments. The ideal range for people with diabetes is generally less than 7%. This test can also be used to diagnose diabetes when the Hb A1c level is equal to or greater than 6.5%.


Question: What is protein?

Answer: Protein: One of three main classes of food; proteins are made of amino acids, which are called the "building blocks of the cells." Cells need protein to grow and to mend themselves. Protein is found in many foods, like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, legumes, and dairy products.


Question: What is an urologist?

Answer: Urologist: A doctor who specializes in treatment of the urinary tract for men and women, as well as treatment of the genital organs for males.


Question: What is a lipid?

Answer: Lipid: Another term for a fat or fat-like substance in the blood; the body stores fat as energy for future use, just like a car that has a reserve fuel tank. When the body needs energy, it can break down lipids into fatty acids and burn them like glucose. Excess amounts of fats in the diet can cause fat buildup in the walls of the arteries -- called "atherosclerosis." Excess amounts of calories from fats or other nutrients can lead to an increase in weight gain.


Question: What is blood glucose monitoring or testing?

Answer: Blood glucose monitoring or testing: A method of testing how much sugar is in your blood; home blood-glucose monitoring involves pricking your finger with a lancing device, putting a drop of blood on a test strip and inserting the test strip into a blood-glucose-testing meter that displays your blood glucose level. Blood-sugar testing can also be done in the laboratory. Blood-glucose monitoring is recommended three or four times a day for people with insulin-dependent diabetes. Depending on the situation, glucose checks before meals, two hours after meals, at bedtime, in the middle of the night, and before and after exercise, may be recommended. Home blood glucose monitoring: A way in which a person can test how much sugar is in the blood; also called "self-monitoring of blood glucose."


Question: What is an antidiabetic agent?

Answer: Antidiabetic agent: A substance that helps people with diabetes control the level of sugar in their blood (see insulin, oral diabetes medication). Oral diabetes medications: Medications that people take to lower the level of sugar in the blood; oral diabetes medications are prescribed for people whose pancreas still produces some insulin.


Question: What is albuminuria?

Answer: Albuminuria: When kidneys become damaged, they start to leak protein in the urine. Albumin is a small, abundant protein in the blood that passes through the kidney filter into the urine easier than other proteins. Albuminuria occurs in about 30%-45% of people who have had type 1 diabetes for at least 10 years. In people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, the kidneys may already show signs of small amounts of protein spillage, called "microalbuminuria." This may be from the result of diabetes or from other diseases seen in conjunction with diabetes, like high blood pressure. Protein in the urine increases the risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. It also means that the person is at a particularly high risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. These lumps or indentations are called "lipodystrophies."


Question: What is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?

Answer: People who have had diabetes for a long time may develop nephropathy. Peripheral vascular disease ( PVD): An abnormal condition that affects the blood vessels outside the heart, usually the hands and feet; often occurs as a result of decreased blood flow and narrowing of the arteries from atherosclerosis; people who have had diabetes for a long time may develop PVD.


Question: What is home blood glucose monitoring?

Answer: Home blood glucose monitoring: A way in which a person can test how much sugar is in the blood; also called "self-monitoring of blood glucose." Home glucose monitoring tests whole blood (plasma and blood cell components); thus, the results can be different from lab values, which test plasma values of glucose. Typically, the lab plasma values can be higher than the glucose checks done at home with a glucose monitor. Self-blood glucose monitoring: See home blood glucose monitoring.


Question: What is peripheral vascular disease?

Answer: People who have had diabetes for a long time may develop nephropathy. Peripheral vascular disease ( PVD): An abnormal condition that affects the blood vessels outside the heart, usually the hands and feet; often occurs as a result of decreased blood flow and narrowing of the arteries from atherosclerosis; people who have had diabetes for a long time may develop PVD.


Question: What is a lancet?

Answer: Lancet: A fine, sharp pointed needle for pricking the skin; used in blood sugar monitoring. Self-blood glucose monitoring: See home blood glucose monitoring.


Question: What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA): A severe, life-threatening condition that results from hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), dehydration, and acid buildup that needs emergency fluid and insulin treatment; DKA happens when there is not enough insulin and cells become starved for sugars. An alternative source of energy called ketones becomes activated. A large amount of ketones in your system can lead to a serious condition called ketoacidosis.


Question: What is a glucose tolerance test?

Answer: Fasting plasma glucose test ( FPG): The preferred method of screening for diabetes; the FPG measures a person's blood sugar level after fasting or not eating anything for at least 8 hours. Glucose tolerance test: A test to determine if a person has diabetes; the test is done in a lab or doctor's office in the morning before the person has eaten. First, a sample of blood is taken in the fasting state. Then the person drinks a liquid that has sugar in it. Two hours later, a second blood test is done. A fasting blood sugar equal to or greater than 126 mg/dl is considered diabetes. If the two-hour test result shows a blood sugar equal to or greater than 200 mg/dl, the person is considered to have diabetes. A two-hour blood glucose between 140 mg/dl and 199 mg/dl is classified as impaired glucose tolerance.


Question: What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes: See type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes: A type of diabetes in which the insulin produced is either not enough or the person's body does not respond normally to the amount present; therefore, glucose in the blood cannot get into the body's cells for use as energy. This results in an increase in the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.


Question: What are focal seizures?

Answer: Focal seizures are different. They're less intense and usually last no more than a minute or two. Part of their body, like an arm, might get stiff or go floppy. You may see repeated, rhythmic, or jerking movements in one place or that spread to different body parts. The person could zone out or stare at nothing. They may or may not realize what's happening but can't control it. When it's over, they won't remember a thing.


Question: When should you call 911 for someone having a seizure?

Answer: Get medical help when: It's a child's first seizure. The seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes. Another seizure begins soon after the first. The person doesn't "wake up" after the movements have stopped. The person was injured during the seizure. If you're concerned that something else may be wrong, or the person has another medical condition such as heart disease or diabetes, call a doctor.


Question: What can you do for someone having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?

Answer: It's all about taking precautions. For someone having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure: Give them room. Keep other people back. Clear hard or sharp objects, like glasses and furniture, away. Cushion their head. Loosen clothing around their neck, if you can safely. Don't try to hold them down or stop their movements. Don't put anything in their mouth. Contrary to popular myth, you can't swallow your tongue during a seizure. But putting something in their mouth could damage their teeth, or they might bite you. If their head isn't moving, turn it to one side. Look at your watch at the start of the seizure, so you can time its length. Remember, this probably isn't an emergency, although it may look like one. After the jerking stops, gently place them on their side, to help keep their airway clear.


Question: What can you do for someone having a mild seizure?

Answer: They're frightening to watch, and someone who has one rarely knows or remembers what's happening. They won't answer if you talk to them. Clear hard or sharp objects, like glasses and furniture, away. Reassure them and explain what they missed if they're confused or frightened. Don't give them anything to drink or eat until they've completely recovered.


Question: Do atherectomies work as well as bypass surgery for treating atherosclerosis?

Answer: These procedures have good commonsense appeal, but they don't work as well as stenting or bypass surgery. They are rarely used, and only in special cases. Usually, atherectomy is used to improve the success of placing a stent.


Question: What medicines might your doctor recommend after you get surgery to open blocked arteries?

Answer: After stenting or coronary bypass surgery, most people should take a daily regimen of anti-atherosclerosis medication that includes: A statin, to lower cholesterol levels An aspirin, to prevent blood clots Plavix (clopidogrel), Effient (prasugrel), or Brilinta (ticagrelor) also work to prevent clots, especially if a stent was placed. They are normally taken for one month up to a year depending on the type of stent. Blood pressure drugs, especially beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) inhibitors Also important are three lifestyle habits proven to reduce heart disease: Exercise 30 minutes most days of the week Eat 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily Most of all, don't smoke


Question: What are the two types of atherectomies for arteries blocked by atherosclerosis?

Answer: The particles dissipate without causing major damage. Directional atherectomy: A rotating blade cuts slices of plaque, which are captured by the catheter and removed from the body.


Question: What is a stent and how is it used during an angioplasty for treating advanced atherosclerosis?

Answer: A stent is a tiny cylinder of wire mesh. During an angioplasty, a balloon on the catheter tip is inflated inside a blockage to open it. Stents can be placed during this process and are left behind once the balloon and catheter are removed. Stents can relieve chronic symptoms of chest pain (angina), or reopen a blocked artery during a heart attack. Coronary angioplasty with stenting has a low complication rate. The recovery time is often less than one day.


Question: What is coronary bypass surgery for treating advanced atherosclerosis?

Answer: In an angioplasty, a doctor first introduces a catheter (a narrow tube) into an artery in the leg or arm. He or she sews this healthy vessel onto the coronary artery, rerouting blood around the clogged artery. Coronary artery bypass surgery -- or CABG (pronounced "cabbage") -- is the most commonly performed bypass surgery. CABG can provide relief from chest pain caused by atherosclerosis. Bypass surgery also leads to increased survival in people with diabetes or with multiple or severely blocked coronary arteries.


Question: How do you treat advanced atherosclerosis?

Answer: Narrowed arteries can frequently be reopened with one of two treatments: stenting or bypass surgery. Because these atherosclerosis treatments come with risks, they are typically reserved for emergencies or when medications fail. Which is the better treatment for the late stages of atherosclerosis -- stents or bypass surgery? Sometimes treatment with drugs can't control chronic chest pain.


Question: Are there alternative therapies for essential tremor?

Answer: Currently, there is no evidence that alternative treatments are beneficial in treating Essential Tremor. Patients who have tremors that worsen with emotional stress may find relaxation therapies helpful at temporarily easing symptoms. Some herbal supplements may make tremor worse. Always consult your doctor before trying any alternative therapy.


Question: What should you tell your doctor about before taking Mysoline?

Answer: Before taking Mysoline, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are pregnant or nursing Are taking any medications ( Mysoline may interact with several different types of drugs.) Have kidney or liver problems Have blood count problems In addition, you should avoid alcoholic beverages while taking Mysoline. Do not stop taking the drug suddenly or switch brands without first consulting with your health care provider.


Question: How is Neurontin used in treating essential tremor?

Answer: Experts use Neurontin for short-term treatment of Essential Tremor affecting the hands, although it is not known how the drug works. In most cases, it is not used in conjunction with other drugs. Side effects of Neurontin are rare but include: Sedation Walking difficulties Irritability Weight gain Some people with Essential Tremor report symptom relief after drinking a glass of wine or a cocktail.


Question: What is Mysoline for essential tremor?

Answer: Primidone ( Mysoline) is an anti-seizure drug that is also effective for treating essential tremor. It is most useful for people with hand tremor.


Question: What can benzodiazepines do to help  essential tremor?

Answer: Benzodiazepines ( Ativan, Klonopin, Valium, and Xanax) may help people whose Essential Tremor is not improved by other drugs. These drugs appear to relieve tremors associated with emotional stress or anxiety. Side effects of benzodiazepines include confusion, memory loss, and sedation. For most people this is not a good long-term solution.


Question: Why are drug treatments used for essential tremor?

Answer: Topiramate ( Topamax), another drug used to treat epilepsy and migraine, helps some people. With the use of medication, people with essential tremor may see improvement in their ability to control their tremor and improvement in activities such as drinking from a cup or using food utensils. More specialized motor functions, such as being able to thread a needle, may still be too difficult. However, for most people, essential tremor is not disabling. For most people this is not a good long-term solution.


Question: What is Topiramate (Topamax)?

Answer: Topiramate ( Topamax), another drug used to treat epilepsy and migraine, helps some people. It is most useful for people with hand tremor. It is important to start with a very low dose and slowly increase the dose to avoid sleepiness. Many patients may experience a feeling of mental dullness or drowsiness and should consult with their doctor about adjusting the dose. As many as 30% to 40% of people do not tolerate this drug in higher doses.


Question: How can I prevent tonsillitis?

Answer: Hand washing remains crucial in preventing the spread of viruses and bacteria that cause tonsillitis. Avoid prolonged contact with anyone who has strep throat and has not been taking antibiotics for at least 24 hours. To be certain, avoid people who have been ill until such time as you are sure they no longer are.


Question: Why do people get tonsillectomy?

Answer: In the last 30 years, although tonsillectomy is frequently performed for recurrent infections, the most common reason for removing tonsils is tonsil-enlargement (hypertrophy) causing obstructive symptoms such as snoring, sleep apnea, and difficulty swallowing.


Question: How do you know if your child's tonsillitis is due to a virus or bacteria?

Answer: Your pediatrician will examine your child's tonsils and take a throat swab to check for strep throat. The test can be done with results available during the office visit. This is the rapid strep test. If this is negative a culture is done for confirmation which takes 24-48 hours. If the throat culture is negative for bacteria, the infection is probably caused by a virus and requires only treatment for relief of symptoms.


Question: How can you move your body to help with ADHD?

Answer: Move your body: Exercise is good for everyone, but it can do more than improve your heart health if you have ADHD. Even a little regular exercise can ease ADHD symptoms. After you exercise, you'll feel more focused and have more energy to stay on task. Shoot for 20 to 30 minutes a day. If you work in an office, a brisk walk during lunch may be the ticket to beating your brain's afternoon slump.


Question: How can you control clutter to help with ADHD?

Answer: Control clutter: Another way to quiet your brain is to clear your space of things you don't need. It can prevent distractions, and it can help you stay organized because you'll have fewer things to tidy up. Go paperless -- take your name off junk mailing lists and pay bills online. Get some organizational helpers like under-the-bed containers or over-the-door holders. Ask a friend to help if it seems like you're swimming in a sea of debris and you don't know where to start.


Question: How can you reward yourself to help with ADHD?

Answer: Reward yourself: Sticking to a task can be easier when there's a mood booster at the end. Before you tackle a project, decide on a reward for yourself once you're done. Positive reinforcement can help you stay the course.


Question: How can you quiet your mind to help with ADHD?

Answer: Quiet your mind by quieting your space: When it's time to buckle down and get something done, take away the distractions. Use noise-canceling headphones to drown out sounds. Put your phone on silent. Work in a room with a door you can close. If you can do your job from home, set up the space in a way that helps you focus.


Question: How can you learn to say no to help with ADHD?

Answer: Learn to say no: Impulsive behavior can be a side effect of having ADHD. This means your brain might bite off more than it can handle. If you find yourself overwhelmed, try to say no to a few things. Ask yourself: Can I really get this done? Be honest with yourself and with others about what's possible and what's not. Once you get comfortable saying no, you'll be able to enjoy the things you say yes to even more.


Question: How can you be realistic about time to help with ADHD?

Answer: Be realistic about time: Your brain is wired differently than other people's, and it may take you longer to get things done. That's OK. Figure out a realistic time frame for your daily tasks -- and don't forget to build in time for breaks if you think you'll need them.


Question: How can you make a schedule to help with ADHD?

Answer: Make a schedule: Choose a time that's quiet and unhurried -- maybe at night before you go to bed -- and plan out the next day, down to the task. Use a reminder app, timer, or alarm to help you stick to that schedule. Alternate things you want to do with ones you don't to help your mind stay engaged.


Question: What is it like to have ADHD?

Answer: It can prevent distractions, and it can help you stay organized because you'll have fewer things to tidy up. Even a little regular exercise can ease ADHD symptoms.


Question: What does what you eat when working out depend on if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: What to eat depends on a few things: How high your blood sugar is before you work out How long you'll be at it What time of day you plan to do it How your body reacts to exercise Check your blood sugar.


Question: When is the best time to eat after working out if I have diabetes?

Answer: Even if you don't need a snack right after you work out, you'll still need to build your energy back to help your muscles recover. The best time to eat is between 30 minutes and 2 hours after you're done.


Question: What should you eat if you plan on working out for at least an hour if you have diabetes?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein. These choices have it and less than 5 grams of carbs each: 15 almonds 1 tablespoon peanut butter 1 hard-boiled egg 1 piece of string cheese Many people with diabetes find that snacks with a ratio of 3 grams of carbs to 1 gram of protein work well.


Question: Should I eat protein before working out if I have diabetes?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein. These choices have it and less than 5 grams of carbs each: 15 almonds 1 tablespoon peanut butter 1 hard-boiled egg 1 piece of string cheese Many people with diabetes find that snacks with a ratio of 3 grams of carbs to 1 gram of protein work well. There's no need to take a protein supplement. Your food has enough.


Question: Is it normal for my blood sugar to still be low for up to 24 hours after exercise?

Answer: Your sugar level can drop for up to 24 hours after moderate or intense exercise. If it's still below 100 mg/dl at bedtime, double up on your snack. If you take insulin, ask your doctor if it's OK to lower your dose at bedtime.


Question: How do I know what I should eat before or after working out if I have diabetes?

Answer: What to eat depends on a few things: How high your blood sugar is before you work out How long you'll be at it What time of day you plan to do it How your body reacts to exercise Check your blood sugar.


Question: What should you eat when you work out if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: You'll need to fuel up the right way before, during, and after you work out. If you can manage your diabetes with diet and exercise alone, you don't need a pre-workout snack any more than someone without the disease. But if you take insulin or a drug that pushes your pancreas to make it, you might have to think before you snack.


Question: How can I prepare for long exercise sessions if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you take insulin or diabetes meds, ask your doctor if you need to make adjustments for exercise. If you're going to head out for a bike trip, marathon, or day-long hike, take some snacks with you. Food may not be easy to carry around if you're in a race. Glucose gels and tablets or sports drinks can be good options. Count the carbs like you would with food. Tip: Your body will absorb carbs more quickly if they're in liquids and gels. This can come in handy if you're going full tilt.


Question: What are easy snacks with 30 grams of carbs?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein.


Question: What should you do after you work out if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If your next regularly scheduled meal or snack is 30-60 minutes later, 15 grams of carbs should hold you. If your next meal or snack is more than an hour away, have about 15 grams of carbs and 7 or 8 grams of protein. Your sugar level can drop for up to 24 hours after moderate or intense exercise. If it's still below 100 mg/dl at bedtime, double up on your snack. If you take insulin, ask your doctor if it's OK to lower your dose at bedtime. Even if you don't need a snack right after you work out, you'll still need to build your energy back to help your muscles recover. The best time to eat is between 30 minutes and 2 hours after you're done.


Question: Which snacks have 13 grams of carbs if you have diabetes?

Answer: These snacks offer 15 grams of carbs with little prep time: 1 small piece of fresh fruit (4 ounces) 1 slice of bread (1 ounce) or 1 (6-inch) tortilla 1/2 cup of oatmeal 2/3 cup of plain fat-free yogurt or sweetened with sugar substitutes These have 30 grams of carbs: 1/2 peanut butter sandwich (1 slice whole wheat bread with 1 tablespoon peanut butter) and 1 cup milk 1 English muffin and 1 teaspoon low-fat margarine 3/4 cup whole grain, ready-to-eat cereal and 1/2 cup fat-free milk If your reading is below 150 mg/dl and you plan to work out for at least an hour, choose something with protein.


Question: How do you know what to eat before you work out if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: If your reading is between 200 and 300 mg/dl and you've already eaten at least once that day, you probably don't need to eat anything. But you do need to check for ketones if it's over 250. Your body makes them when it burns fat for fuel instead of sugar. Don't exercise if you have them. If your reading is over 300, ask your doctor if exercise is OK. Otherwise, grab a snack with 15-30 grams of carbs. The lower your blood sugar is before you start and the longer you plan to work out, the larger your snack should be, up to 30 grams of carbs. You'll probably have to try a few options and amounts to see what works best. Check your blood sugar every hour.


Question: Do I need to eat certain things before working out if I have diabetes?

Answer: You'll need to fuel up the right way before, during, and after you work out. If you can manage your diabetes with diet and exercise alone, you don't need a pre-workout snack any more than someone without the disease. But if you take insulin or a drug that pushes your pancreas to make it, you might have to think before you snack. If you take insulin or diabetes meds, ask your doctor if you need to make adjustments for exercise.


Question: What should you do if you work out in the morning and have diabetes?

Answer: What to eat depends on a few things: How high your blood sugar is before you work out How long you'll be at it What time of day you plan to do it How your body reacts to exercise Check your blood sugar. Exercising on an empty stomach in the morning can raise it. But food sends a signal to your pancreas to make insulin, which keeps it at a safe level. If you take insulin or diabetes meds, ask your doctor if you need to make adjustments for exercise.


Question: How often should I check my blood sugar during a long exercise session?

Answer: What to eat depends on a few things: How high your blood sugar is before you work out How long you'll be at it What time of day you plan to do it How your body reacts to exercise Check your blood sugar. How many carbs your snacks should have depends on how much longer you plan to exercise and what your reading says. The idea is to eat enough carbs to keep you from having a low reading or just plain conking out, but not so many that your levels spike. It may take a few tries to figure out the right balance.


Question: What do my blood sugar levels indicate regarding exercise?

Answer: If your reading is between 200 and 300 mg/dl and you've already eaten at least once that day, you probably don't need to eat anything. But you do need to check for ketones if it's over 250. Your body makes them when it burns fat for fuel instead of sugar. Don't exercise if you have them. If your reading is over 300, ask your doctor if exercise is OK. Check your blood sugar every hour.


Question: Who are physical therapists and what kind of pain do they treat?

Answer: Physical Therapists What they treat: These professionals work with people recovering from injury or surgery. Physical therapists may use massage, stretching, heat, ice, and exercise to help ease your pain and increase your mobility. How to find one: Go to the website of the American Physical Therapy Association (apta.org).


Question: How can diabetes affect my oral health?

Answer: The good news: Good habits will help keep your mouth healthy. Diabetes can make you more likely to have cavities and fungal infections. Other potential problems include: Difficulty fighting off infections, including those that might lead to gum disease Slower healing time after dental surgery Dry mouth, called xerostomia, is common among people with diabetes. Saliva is important to oral health -- it helps wash away food particles and keep the mouth moist. When you don't produce enough moisture, bacteria thrive, tissues can get irritated and inflamed, and your teeth can be more prone to decay.


Question: What are ways to take care of my teeth while dealing with diabetes?

Answer: Make sure you brush at least twice a day and floss once a day. Use an antibacterial mouth rinse twice a day to help curb bacteria that can cause plaque buildup on teeth and gums. Check your mouth for inflammation or signs of bleeding gums. If you notice either, let your dentist know as soon as possible. Have your teeth professionally cleaned every 6 months, or even every 3 or 4 months. Give her the names of all prescription and over-the-counter drugs you take. Make sure your diabetes is well controlled.


Question: When should I see a doctor right away about my drug allergy?

Answer: Difficulty breathing or wheezing Tightness in the throat or a feeling that the airways are closing Hoarseness or trouble speaking Swollen lips, tongue, or throat Nausea, abdominal pain, or vomiting Fast heartbeat or pulse Anxiety or dizziness Loss of consciousness Hives and trouble breathing Other symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) Had severe reactions in the past See a doctor immediately for these symptoms: A fast-spreading painful red or blistered area on the skin Swollen face, tongue, or lips, even without breathing difficulty or increase in swelling Top layer of skin peels off in sheets without blistering Scalded-looking raw areas of flesh Discomfort Fever Condition spreading to eyes, mouth, and genitals Call the doctor as soon as possible if the person has: Skin rash, itching, a feeling of warmth, or hives See Severe Allergic Reaction Treatment.


Question: When should I get medical attention for a drug allergy?

Answer: Difficulty breathing or wheezing Tightness in the throat or a feeling that the airways are closing Hoarseness or trouble speaking Swollen lips, tongue, or throat Nausea, abdominal pain, or vomiting Fast heartbeat or pulse Anxiety or dizziness Loss of consciousness Hives and trouble breathing Other symptoms of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) Had severe reactions in the past See a doctor immediately for these symptoms: A fast-spreading painful red or blistered area on the skin Swollen face, tongue, or lips, even without breathing difficulty or increase in swelling Top layer of skin peels off in sheets without blistering Scalded-looking raw areas of flesh Discomfort Fever Condition spreading to eyes, mouth, and genitals Call the doctor as soon as possible if the person has: Skin rash, itching, a feeling of warmth, or hives See Severe Allergic Reaction Treatment.


Question: How can I control itching caused by drug allergy?

Answer: For a mild reaction: Give an adult an over-the-counter antihistamine. Check with a doctor before giving an antihistamine to a child. Use cool compresses on the area or have the person take cool showers. Avoid strong soaps, detergents, and other chemicals. Stay in a cool room. Have the person wear loose-fitting, lightweight clothes. For a rash, apply calamine lotion.


Question: What is different about breast cancer in younger women?

Answer: Diagnosing breast cancer in women under 40 years old is more difficult, because their breast tissue is generally denser than in older women. By the time a lump in a younger woman's breast can be felt, the cancer may be advanced. In addition, breast cancer in younger women can be aggressive and less likely to respond to treatment. Women who are diagnosed at a younger age also are more likely to have a mutated BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene. Delays in diagnosing breast cancer can cause problems. Many younger women ignore the warning signs -- such as a breast lump or unusual nipple discharge -- because they believe they're too young to get breast cancer. They may assume a lump is a harmless cyst or other growth. Some doctors may also dismiss breast lumps in young women as cysts.


Question: What are the treatment options for breast cancer in younger women?

Answer: Treatment options include: Surgery: either a lumpectomy, which involves removing the tumor and some surrounding tissue, or a mastectomy, which is the removal of a breast. Radiation is generally used following a lumpectomy, and chemotherapyand hormone therapy often are recommended after surgery to help destroy any remaining cancer cells and prevent a return. Breast cancer treatment can affect your sexuality, fertility, and pregnancy. If you'd like to have children, talk to your doctor it before you begin treatment.


Question: How are treatment decisions for breast cancer in young women made?

Answer: Treatment decisions are made based whether or not it has spread beyond the breast, as well as the woman's general health and personal circumstances.


Question: What puts you at risk for breast cancer?

Answer: The following put you at higher risk: A personal history of breast cancer or some noncancerous breast diseases A family history of breast cancer, particularly in a mother, daughter, or sister History of radiation treatments to the chest before age 40 Having a specific genetic defect such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation Getting your period before age 12 For some women, your age when you had your first child Other risk factors include heavy alcohol use, high intake of red meat, dense breasts, obesity, and race.


Question: Should women under age 40 get mammograms?

Answer: In general, regular mammograms aren't recommended for women under 40 years of age, in part because breast tissue tends to be dense, making mammograms less effective. The American Cancer Society recommends women ages 40 to 44 should have a choice to start yearly screening mammograms if they would like. Women ages 45 through 54 should have a mammogram each year and those 55 years and over should continue getting mammograms every 1 to 2 years.. Most experts believe the low risk at that age doesn't justify the exposure to radiation or the cost of mammography. But mammograms may be recommended for younger women with a family history of breast cancer and other risk factors.


Question: Can birth control pills affect your risk for breast cancer?

Answer: Other studies, however, show no such effect. Most experts believe the low risk at that age doesn't justify the exposure to radiation or the cost of mammography.