Question: What are some bedroom dust-busting tips for dust allergies?

Answer: Bedroom Dust- Busting Tips Put airtight, plastic dust-mite covers on pillows, mattresses, and box springs. Use pillows filled with polyester fibers instead of kapok or feathers. Wash bedding in very hot water (over 130 F) once a week. The water needs to be this hot to kill dust mites. Dry the bedding in a hot dryer. If your bedroom is in a basement with a concrete floor, move upstairs if you can. Concrete stays damp and creates the moist, humid environment dust mites love.


Question: What are some tips for around the house to prevent dust allergies?

Answer: Around the House Clean bare floors often with a damp mop or cloth. Vacuum carpets once or twice a week. Use a vacuum with a HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filter. If your dust allergy is severe, ask your doctor if replacing wall-to-wall carpeting with hardwood or vinyl floors would help. Wash throw rugs in hot water. Vacuum upholstered furniture such as sofas. Wood, leather, plaster, or metal furniture is better for dust allergies. Replace drapes with roll-up window shades. If you must have curtains, wash them in hot water each season. Get rid of stuffed animals, soft toys, and other dust collectors.


Question: What are the symptoms of dust allergies?

Answer: Dust allergy symptoms are similar to those of pollen allergies: Red, itchy, watery eyes Itchy, runny, stuffy nose Sneezing To get rid of these tiny creatures in your home, keep in mind their living habits.


Question: What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors relative to antidepressants?

Answer: There are three types: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) are some of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants available. They include citalopram ( Celexa), escitalopram ( Lexapro), fluvoxamine ( Luvox), paroxetine ( Paxil), Prozac, and sertraline ( Zoloft). Another drug, olanzapine ( Symbyax), is approved by the FDA specifically for treatment-resistant depression. It's a combination of the SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine ( Prozac) and another drug approved for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia called olanzapine ( Zyprexa). Aripiprazole ( Abilify), quetiapine ( Seroquel), and brexpiprazole ( Rexulti) have been FDA approved as add-on therapy to antidepressants for depression. Plus, doctors often use other drugs in combination for treatment-resistant depression. Also, the drugs vilazodone ( Viibryd) and vortioxetine ( Trintellix - formelrly called Brintellix) are among the newest antidepressants that affect serotonin. Both drugs affect the serotonin transporter (like an SSRI) but also affect other serotonin receptors to relieve major depression.


Question: What are serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors relative to antidepressants?

Answer: Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs) are among the newer types of antidepressant. As the name implies, they block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. They include duloxetine ( Cymbalta), venlafaxine ( Effexor), desvenlafaxine ER ( Khedezla), levomilnacipran ( Fetzima), and desvenlafaxine ( Pristiq).


Question: How are monoamine oxidase inhibitors used as antidepressants?

Answer: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs) include selegiline ( Emsam), isocarboxazid ( Marplan), phenelzine ( Nardil), and tranylcypromine ( Parnate). These drugs seem to work a little differently. Monoamine oxidase is a natural enzyme that breaks down serotonin, epinephrine, and dopamine. MAOIs block the effects of this enzyme. As a result, the levels of those neurotransmitters might get a boost. The downside is that MAOIs also prevent the body's ability to break down other medicines metabolized by this enzyme (such as Sudafed, or stimulants) -- raising the risk for high blood pressure -- as well as an amino acid called tyrosine, which is found in certain foods like aged meats and cheeses. MAOIs also shouldn't be combined with other medicines that can raise serotonin (such as certain migraine medicines, or other antidepressants), because that can cause a buildup of excessive serotonin (called "serotonin syndrome"), which could be life threatening.


Question: What are serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors relative to antidepressants?

Answer: Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor ( SARIs) appear to act in two ways. They prevent the reuptake of serotonin. But they also prevent serotonin particles that are released in a synapse from binding at certain undesired receptors and redirect them instead to other receptors that can help nerve cells within mood circuits function better. Examples include nefazodone ( Serzone) and trazodone.


Question: What should you keep in mind when taking antidepressants?

Answer: When taking an antidepressant for treatment-resistant depression, you have to be patient. Some people start an antidepressant and expect that it will work right away. After all, when you drink a few cups of coffee, or a few glasses of wine, you feel it pretty fast. People naturally expect the same kind of instant results with antidepressants. But that's just not how antidepressants work. No one knows exactly why, but they can take weeks or months before they gain their full effect. When you're taking an antidepressant, it's important to adjust your expectations and to try to be patient.


Question: How does immunotherapy for cancer work?

Answer: The shots put your immune system on alert, but they didn't make you sick. Over time, your doses got bigger. That helped you build a tolerance to the allergen. In other words, you became immune. Those allergy shots were a type of immunotherapy. So are vaccines for diseases like measles and mumps. How does that relate to cancer? The disease starts when one cell in your body goes rogue. Researchers hope immunotherapy treatment will harness the power of your body's natural defenses to fight cancer cells, just like it would with a germ, virus, or allergy. One approach is to tell your system to stage a full-out assault on cancer cells. Another is to try to make your defenses stronger. Researchers are exploring many ways to help your immune system recognize and destroy cancer cells.


Question: What is the future of immunotherapy as a cancer treatment?

Answer: Researchers are trying to find ways to help your immune system fight cancer, and to better understand your defenses and how they protect you. Science is also looking at how to combine immunotherapy with other treatments to make them work even better. Researchers are even looking into what happens when you pair two types of immunotherapy. One big question that still remains: Why does this -- like traditional treatments -- work for one patient, but not another? Study -- and with it, discovery -- goes on.


Question: What is adoptive T-cell immunotherapy for cancer?

Answer: This is designed to boost your key immune cells. Basically, researchers remove T cells (white blood cells in your immune system) from your tumor, then figure out which ones are fighting the growth the most. Once that's known, scientists genetically engineer the genes in those cells to be stronger and return them to your system through an IV. This approach shows a lot of promise in the treatment of many different types of cancer.


Question: Why is immunotherapy an important way to treat cancer?

Answer: These molecules treat many different types of cancer.


Question: What does surgery do for cubital tunnel syndrome?

Answer: These include surgeries that: Result in simple decompression of the ulnar nerve Shift the nerve to the front of the elbow Move the nerve under a layer of fat, under the muscle, or within the muscle Trim the bump of the inner portion of the elbow -- the medial epicondyle -- under which the ulnar nerve passes If you undergo surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome, recovery may involve restrictions on lifting and elbow movement, and rehabilitation therapy.


Question: How can you treat mild cases of cubital tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Mild cases of cubital tunnel syndrome often respond to physical therapies such as: Avoidance of undue pressure on the elbow during daily activities Wearing a protective elbow pad over the "funny bone" during daily activities Wearing a splint during sleep to prevent over-bending of the elbow In cases where splinting doesn't help or nerve compression is more severe, about 85% of patients respond to some form of surgery to release pressure on the ulnar nerve.


Question: What are the causes of radial tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Radial tunnel syndrome is caused by increased pressure on the radial nerve, which runs by the bones and muscles of the forearm and elbow. Causes include: Injury Noncancerous fatty tumors (lipomas) Bone tumors Inflammation of surrounding tissue Symptoms of radial tunnel syndrome include: Cutting, piercing, or stabbing pain at the top of the forearm or back of the hand, especially when you try to straighten your wrist and fingers.


Question: What are the first treatments for radial tunnel syndrome?

Answer: Conservative treatments for radial tunnel syndrome include medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce soft tissue swelling, corticosteroid injections to relieve inflammation and pressure on the radial nerve, and wrist and/or elbow splints to reduce irritation of the radial nerve.


Question: When are you more likely to get cubital tunnel syndrome?

Answer: You're more likely to develop cubital tunnel syndrome if you: Repeatedly lean on your elbow, especially on a hard surface Bend your elbow for sustained periods, such as while talking on a cell phone or sleeping with your hand crooked under your pillow Sometimes, cubital tunnel syndrome results from abnormal bone growth in the elbow or from intense physical activity that increases pressure on the ulnar nerve.


Question: Should my specialists for multiple sclerosis keep in touch?

Answer: If you have more than one specialist on your team, make sure they stay in touch. This is especially important if you have another health condition besides MS. Use only one pharmacy if you can.


Question: How do I make the most of multiple sclerosis doctor visits?

Answer: It's important to be able to discuss any concerns you have about your multiple sclerosis. Do your best to find a doctor who you're comfortable with -- someone who respects and listens to you. Think about other factors, too, like travel time for office visits and insurance coverage.


Question: What should I tell my doctor about my multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Let your doctor know if: You feel hopeless or like you can't handle the disease. You're afraid of any part of treatment, like needles or side effects. You've had a bad experience with other health care providers. You're confused by different messages from members of your health care team.


Question: How do you treat chlamydia and gonorrhea be treated?

Answer: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: These STDs are treated with antibiotics. You should begin taking them if tests show you have the infection or if you have been exposed to it, even though you may not have symptoms. Your sex partners will also have to be treated regardless of whether they have symptoms. Certain strains of gonorrhea have become resistant to some antibiotics, so you may have to take more than one drug to fight gonorrhea.


Question: Can you treat an STD at home?

Answer: Don't try to treat an STD yourself. These diseases are contagious and serious. You must see a doctor. Bacterial STDs can be cured with antibiotics if treatment begins early enough. Viral STDs cannot be cured, but you can manage symptoms with medications. There is a vaccine against hepatitis B, but it will not help if you already have the disease.


Question: What kinds of tests can find STDs?

Answer: STDs may be detected during a physical exam; through Pap smears; and in tests of blood, urine, and genital and anal secretions.


Question: What is the role of hiatal hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Some doctors believe a hiatal hernia may weaken the LES and increase the risk for gastroesophageal reflux. Hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach moves up into the chest through a small opening in the diaphragm (diaphragmatic hiatus). The diaphragm is the muscle separating the abdomen from the chest. Recent studies show that the opening in the diaphragm helps support the lower end of the esophagus. Many people with a hiatal hernia will not have problems with heartburn or reflux. But having a hiatal hernia may allow stomach contents to reflux more easily into the esophagus. Coughing, vomiting, straining, or sudden physical exertion can cause increased pressure in the abdomen resulting in hiatal hernia. Obesity and pregnancy also contribute to this condition. Many otherwise healthy people age 50 and over have a small hiatal hernia. Although considered a condition of middle age, hiatal hernias affect people of all ages. Hiatal hernias usually do not require treatment. However, treatment may be necessary if the hernia is in danger of becoming strangulated (twisted in a way that cuts off blood supply) or is complicated by severe GERD or esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus). The doctor may perform surgery to reduce the size of the hernia or to prevent strangulation.


Question: How is an endoscopy used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Endoscopy is an important procedure for individuals with chronic GERD. By placing a small lighted tube with a tiny video camera on the end (endoscope) into the esophagus, the doctor may see inflammation or irritation of the tissue lining the esophagus (esophagitis). If the findings of the endoscopy are abnormal or questionable, biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue) from the lining of the esophagus may be helpful.


Question: What are the symptoms of heartburn related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Heartburn, also called acid indigestion, is the most common symptom of GERD and usually feels like a burning chest pain beginning behind the breastbone and moving upward to the neck and throat. Many people say it feels like food is coming back into the mouth leaving an acid or bitter taste. The burning, pressure, or pain of heartburn can last as long as 2 hours and is often worse after eating. Lying down or bending over can also result in heartburn. Many people obtain relief by standing upright or by taking an antacid that clears acid out of the esophagus. Heartburn pain is sometimes mistaken for the pain associated with heart disease or a heart attack, but there are differences. Exercise may aggravate pain resulting from heart disease, and rest may relieve the pain. Heartburn pain is less likely to be associated with physical activity.


Question: How can cigarette smoking affect gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Cigarette smoking weakens the LES. Stopping smoking is important to reduce GERD symptoms.


Question: What if heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms persist?

Answer: People with severe, chronic esophageal reflux or with symptoms not relieved by the treatments described above may need more complete diagnostic evaluation. Doctors use a variety of tests and procedures to examine a patient with chronic heartburn.


Question: What is the treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Doctors recommend lifestyle and dietary changes for most people needing treatment for GERD. Treatment aims at decreasing the amount of reflux or reducing damage to the lining of the esophagus from refluxed materials.


Question: Does gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) require surgery?

Answer: A small number of people with GERD may need surgery because of severe reflux and poor response to medical treatment. However, surgery should not be considered until all other measures have been tried. Fundoplication is a surgical procedure that increases pressure in the lower esophagus. The doctor can perform it through a laparoscope (small holes through the belly) or through open surgery. The Stretta procedure is minimally invasive. The doctors goes down the esophagus with a small tube and uses radiofrequency to tighten the barrier between the esophagus and stomach. With LINX surgery, your doctor wraps a band of titanium beads around the lower part of the esophagus to prevent stomach acids from splashing back up into the esophagus. Your doctor performs this procedure using a laparoscope.


Question: What is gastroesophageal reflux?

Answer: Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. In normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES) opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and closes to prevent food and acidic stomach juices from flowing back into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach's contents to flow up into the esophagus. The severity of GERD depends on LES dysfunction as well as the type and amount of fluid brought up from the stomach and the neutralizing effect of saliva.


Question: Which foods and beverages should you avoid to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Avoiding foods and beverages that can relax the LES is often recommended. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, caffeine, and alcoholic beverages. Foods and beverages that can irritate a damaged esophageal lining, such as citrus fruits and juices, tomato products, and pepper, should also be avoided if they cause symptoms.


Question: How are esophageal manometric and impedance studies used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Esophageal manometric and impedance studies -- pressure measurements of the esophagus -- occasionally help identify low pressure in the LES or abnormalities in esophageal muscle contraction.


Question: What are the side effects of antacids for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Long-term use of antacids, however, can result in side effects, including diarrhea, altered calcium metabolism (a change in the way the body breaks down and uses calcium), and buildup of magnesium in the body. Too much magnesium can be serious for patients with kidney disease. If antacids are needed for more than 2 weeks, a doctor should be consulted.


Question: What other factors contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Dietary and lifestyle choices may contribute to GERD. Certain foods and beverages, including chocolate, peppermint, fried or fatty foods, coffee, or alcoholic beverages, may trigger reflux and heartburn. Studies show that cigarette smoking relaxes the LES. Obesity and pregnancy can also play a role in GERD symptoms.


Question: How are proton pump inhibitors (or acid pumps) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Another type of drug, the proton pump inhibitor (or acid pump), inhibits an enzyme (a protein in the acid-producing cells of the stomach) necessary for acid secretion. Some proton pump inhibitors include dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid), pantoprazole ( Protonix), and rabeprazole ( Aciphex).


Question: How common is heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: More than 60 million American adults experience heartburn at least once a month, and more than 15 million adults suffer daily from heartburn. Many pregnant women experience daily heartburn. Recent studies show that GERD in infants and children is more common than previously recognized and may produce recurrent vomiting, coughing, and other respiratory problems.


Question: When is an upper GI series performed to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: An upper GI series may be performed during the early phase of testing. This test is a special X-ray that shows the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). While an upper GI series provides limited information about possible reflux, it is used to help rule out other diagnoses, such as peptic ulcers.


Question: When is pH testing used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: For patients in whom diagnosis is difficult, doctors may measure the acid levels inside the esophagus through p H testing. Testing p H monitors the acidity level of the esophagus and symptoms during meals, activity, and sleep. Newer techniques of long-term p H monitoring are improving diagnostic capability in this area.


Question: How are antacids used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Along with lifestyle and diet changes, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription treatments. Antacids can help neutralize acid in the esophagus and stomach and stop heartburn. Many people find that nonprescription antacids provide temporary or partial relief. An antacid combined with a foaming agent helps some people. These compounds are believed to form a foam barrier on top of the stomach that prevents acid reflux from occurring.


Question: What is the outlook for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Although GERD can limit daily activities and productivity, it is rarely life-threatening. With an understanding of the causes and proper treatment, most people will find relief.


Question: What are the complications of long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Sometimes GERD results in serious complications. Esophagitis can occur as a result of too much stomach acid in the esophagus. Esophagitis may cause esophageal bleeding or ulcers. In addition, a narrowing or stricture of the esophagus may occur from chronic scarring. Some people develop a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This condition can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.


Question: How can I lower my risk of type 2 diabetes if I have gestational diabetes?

Answer: To lower your risk: Try to keep your weight in a healthy range. Not sure what that is? Ask your doctor. Eat a good diet that includes lots of vegetables, whole grains, fruits, and lean protein. Make exercise a habit.


Question: What should I look out for when buying whole grains?

Answer: Some foods that appear to contain whole grains really don't. You need to look carefully at food labels. Don't be fooled by: Terms like "enriched." Enriched wheat contains only part of the grain. Foods labeled "containing whole grain," "made from whole grain," or "multigrain." They may not be 100% whole grains. Look for "whole grain" as the first ingredient listed. The food's color. For example, bread may be brown only because it contains added ingredients, like molasses.


Question: What is one whole-grain food serving for people with type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Examples of one whole-grain food serving: 1/2 cup of cooked brown rice 1/2 cup of cooked oatmeal 1 slice of whole-grain bread 1/2 cup of whole wheat pasta Ask your doctor or a dietitian about how to fit whole grains into your diet. Together you can design a plan that fits your tastes, and helps you gain better control over your blood sugar.


Question: Should I start taking fiber supplements if I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Although it's best to get fiber from food sources such as whole grains, fiber supplements can also help you increase your fiber intake. Examples include psyllium and methylcellulose. Be sure to increase your fiber intake slowly to help prevent gas and cramping.


Question: How much whole grain should I be eating if I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Even though whole grains are healthy, you don't want to eat unlimited amounts. How much of these grains you can eat depends on how well you're managing your blood sugar. A good guide is to eat about three servings of whole grains each day.


Question: Why are whole grains good better for people with type 2 diabetes?

Answer: The reason whole wheat bread and brown rice are better for you than white bread and white rice is in the way the grains are processed.


Question: What are the mental, emotional, and behavioral symptoms of nicotine withdrawal?

Answer: Like physical symptoms, how much you are affected mentally and emotionally when you quit smoking will be different for everybody. But assume you will deal with some or all of the following signs of withdrawal: Anxiety. Smoking relieves stress, so your anxiety can skyrocket when you quit. It tends to pop up around 3 days in and can last a couple of weeks. Depression. It can start the first day you quit but is generally gone within a month. But if you have a history of anxiety and/or depression, yours could last longer and you might need extra help from your doctor to manage your symptoms. Irritability. You might have a short fuse -- even find yourself angry -- from time to time as you deal with the physical symptoms. It's normal and should pass. Mental fog. You'll probably have a hard time concentrating as the nicotine wears off and leaves your body.


Question: What is the most common cause of dementia?

Answer: Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Between 60% to 80% of people with dementia have Alzheimer's. But there are as many as 50 other causes of dementia.


Question: What are cortical dementias?

Answer: Cortical dementias happen because of problems in the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain. They play a critical role in memory and language. People with these types of dementia usually have severe memory loss and can't remember words or understand language. Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease are two forms of cortical dementia.


Question: How should you treat irritated skin caused by household cleaning products?

Answer: Avoiding the offending substance is the best way to prevent skin irritation. But if you do come in contact with an unfriendly cleaner and get a rash as a result, call your dermatologist. A prescription ointment or cream can help relieve the itching and redness. If the cream hasn't worked after about a week, your doctor might put you on a steroid medication.


Question: How does sensitive skin react to household cleaning products?

Answer: Sensitive skin that's been exposed to cleaning products can develop a red, swollen, itchy rash that dermatologists call contact dermatitis. There's no cure for housework, but identifying and avoiding the cleaning chemicals that inflame your skin can at least reduce your irritation when you have to do it.


Question: What can you wear to protect yourself from irritants in household cleaning products?

Answer: Protect your sensitive hands and arms by wearing waterproof gloves and long sleeves when you clean. If you're really sensitive, be careful about which type of gloves you buy. Latex gloves themselves can cause a skin reaction. Plastic and vinyl are better options for anyone with a latex sensitivity.


Question: Can reading labels help you avoid skin irritation caused by household cleaning products?

Answer: Know exactly which chemicals are in the product you're using. Try to avoid products that contain ingredients you've had a reaction to in the past. Follow directions on the label so you know you're using the cleaning product safely.


Question: Why shouldn't you mix household cleaning products?

Answer: Don't mix. Don't turn into a mad scientist. Mixing cleaning products is a dangerous experiment. Combining cleaning products is never a good idea. Cleaning products can produce dangerous fumes when combined with certain substances.


Question: What healthy habits can prevent the flu?

Answer: Get plenty of sleep. Eat a well-balanced diet. Take time to relax each day to manage your stress. And exercise at least half an hour 5 days a week.


Question: Do disinfectant sanitizers work for preventing the flu?

Answer: Alcohol-based hand disinfectants work great, too. Make sure your kids' teachers have plenty during flu season. Keep some in your desk and car, too.


Question: For how long do I need to wash my hands if I am sick?

Answer: This is the best way to prevent the spread of the flu. If you have young children, teach them to wash often with warm soapy water. Tell them to rub their hands and fingers while singing Happy Birthday to You -- twice. Once isn't enough time to get all the germs off.


Question: How can I avoid passing the flu to people close to me?

Answer: Keep your distance. It's easy to pass on germs when you live in close quarters, especially during the winter when we're all indoors. Avoid close contactwith colleagues, friends, or family members if you have the flu or a cold. Tell them you're sick and you don't want them to catch what you have.


Question: How long should I stay away from school or work if I have the flu?

Answer: If you feel sick, don't go to work. Keep ailing kids home from school, too. An adult can infect other people one day before symptoms show up and up to 5 days after they start. You could spread flu to others before you know you're sick. If you go back to work or school within 5 days after your symptoms started, chances you're still contagious.


Question: How do viruses spread from person to person?

Answer: Mainly from person to person in droplets that fly out when you cough or sneeze. These tiny drops from a sick person move through the air and land on the mouths or noses of others nearby. Germs are also passed along when you touch mucus droplets from someone else on a surface like a desk and then touch your own eyes, mouth, or nose before you get a chance to wash your hands. Viruses like the flu can live up to 24 hours or longer on plastic and metal surfaces like cafeteria tables, doorknobs, and cups.


Question: How does scraping the tumor treat basal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Scraping the tumor away and using electricity to kill cancer cells. You may hear your doctor call this "curettage and desiccation." First your doctor numbs your skin. Then he uses a curette, a tool that has spoon-like shape to scrape off the tumor. Your doctor controls your bleeding and kills any other cancer cells with an electric needle.


Question: How do you recognize tumors related to skin cancer?

Answer: The tumors start off as small shiny bumps, usually on your nose or other parts of your face. But you can get them on any part of your body, including your trunk, legs, and arms. If you've got fair skin, you're more likely to get this skin cancer.


Question: How does cutting out the tumor treat basal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Your doctor may call this an "excision." First he'll numb the tumor and the skin around it. Then he'll scrape the tumor with a spoon-shaped device. Next he'll cut out the tumor and a small surrounding area of normal-appearing skin and send it to a lab. If the lab results show there are cancer cells in the area around your tumor, your doctor may need to remove more of your skin.


Question: How does Mohs surgery treat basal cell carcinoma?

Answer: This is a technique that's named after the doctor who invented it. Your surgeon removes your tumor layer by layer. He takes out some tissue, then looks at it under a microscope to see if it has cancer cells, before moving on to the next layer.


Question: When is Mohs surgery recommended to treat basal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend this surgery if your tumor is: Large In a sensitive area of your body Has been there for a long time Came back after you had other treatments Creams and pills.


Question: What will your doctor do to diagnose basal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Your doctor will take a sample, or biopsy, of the growth. He will numb the area and remove some of the skin. Then he sends it to a lab, where it will be tested for cancer cells.


Question: How does radiation therapy treat basal cell carcinoma?

Answer: This treatment uses X-rays to destroy your cancer cells. It's done over several weeks.


Question: How does basal cell carcinoma grow?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Basal cell carcinoma usually grows very slowly and often doesn't show up for many years after intense or long-term exposure to the sun. You can get it at a younger age if you're exposed to a lot of sun or use tanning beds.


Question: What do my endometrial biopsy results mean?

Answer: You should get the lab results back in about a week. The possible causes of your abnormal bleeding could be: Polyps or fibroids (small or large growths in your uterus) An infection of your uterus, like endometritis Endometrial cancer A thyroid problem Your doctor will go over the results with you. Based on what they reveal, she'll also explain if any treatment is needed.


Question: Who gets tested for endometrial biopsy?

Answer: Your doctor may do this type of biopsy if your Pap test shows that you have âprecancerousâ cells in your uterus. She could also suggest one if you have any of these symptoms: Heavy or long periods Periods that don't come at the same time every month No periods Bleeding after menopause Bleeding after taking a breast cancer drug called tamoxifen A thickened uterine lining An endometrial biopsy can't fix or stop any of these symptoms. But it can help your doctor learn what may be wrong.


Question: What happens after an endometrial biopsy?

Answer: It's common to have some light spotting after this type of biopsy. You may also have some cramping. If so, ask your doctor which over-the-counter pain relievers are safe for you to take. Some, like aspirin, could make you bleed more. You can return to your normal routine as soon as you feel able, but skip sex until all your bleeding has stopped.


Question: What results can you expect from pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD?

Answer: You're usually able to do more things without becoming short of breath. In a large analysis of some programs, nearly all people in pulmonary rehab had seen their symptoms get better. Almost all of them reported feeling: Less short of breath More energetic More in control of their COPD Being in rehab may help prevent you from going to the hospital because of COPD flare-ups, or âexacerbations.â Even people with advanced lung disease can get something out of rehab. For people who keep up their exercise level, the benefits from pulmonary rehab can last for years.


Question: How does pulmonary rehabilitation help you manage your COPD?

Answer: Many pulmonary rehab programs offer group or one-on-one education sessions to help you learn to better manage your COPD. Sessions might focus on things such as: Understanding your medication treatment plan.


Question: How does pulmonary rehabilitation help with COPD?

Answer: Basically, it's a formal program that will build your fitness and help you breathe as well as you possibly can. Pulmonary rehab will help you with: Exercise Breathing techniques Nutrition Relaxation Emotional and group support Learning more about your medications Strategies for living better with COPD To join a program, you'll probably need a referral from your doctor and a test that shows you've had COPD in the past year.


Question: What is mangetic field therapy?

Answer: This uses magnetic or electrical fields to treat a number of musculoskeletal problems. Studies show that it may work for osteoarthritis and other pain conditions. Some studies have even shown that it may help fractures heal faster. Magnetic field therapy may not be safe if you're pregnant, have an implanted cardiac device, use an insulin pump, or take a drug given by patch.


Question: What is acupuncture?

Answer: This is a traditional Chinese medicine technique that uses needles to stimulate specific points around the body. The person who performs this therapy (an acupuncturist) sticks thin, sterile needles into your skin. The goal is to help your body's natural healing process kick in. Studies show that acupuncture can be effective in treating a number of conditions, like neck and back pain, nausea, anxiety, depression, insomnia, infertility, and more.


Question: How does guttate psoriasis start?

Answer: This type often starts in children or young adults. It happens in less than 2% of cases.


Question: What are the symptoms of generalized pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Sometimes it covers most of your body, which is called "generalized" pustular psoriasis.


Question: How common is nail psoriasis?

Answer: Up to half of those with psoriasis have nail changes. Nail psoriasis is even more common in people who have psoriatic arthritis, which affects your joints.


Question: What is the outlook for guttate psoriasis?

Answer: They often appear on your: Trunk Upper arms Thighs Scalp This type of psoriasis may go away within a few weeks, even without treatment. Some cases, though, are more stubborn and require treatment.


Question: What does plaque psoriasis cause?

Answer: Symptoms: Plaque psoriasis causes raised, inflamed, red skin covered with silvery, white scales. These patches may itch and burn. It can appear anywhere on your body, but it often pops up in these areas: Elbows Knees Scalp Lower back Treatments: Topical treatments: These go on your skin and are usually the first thing doctors try.


Question: What triggers guttate psoriasis?

Answer: Triggers include: Suddenly stopping your systemic psoriasis treatment An allergic drug reaction Severe sunburn Infection Medications such as lithium, antimalarial drugs, cortisone, or strong coal tar products Erythrodermic psoriasis may also happen if your psoriasis is hard to control.


Question: Should I attempt to stop psoriasis?

Answer: Knowing which kind of psoriasis you have helps you and your doctor make a treatment plan. Most people have only one type at a time. Sometimes, after your symptoms go away, a new form of psoriasis will crop up in response to a trigger.


Question: Where does guttate psoriasis often appear?

Answer: Guttate psoriasis causes small, pink-red spots on your skin. They often appear on your: Trunk Upper arms Thighs Scalp This type of psoriasis may go away within a few weeks, even without treatment.


Question: What can pustural psoriasis cause?

Answer: Symptoms include: Fever Chills Nausea Fast heart rate Muscle weakness Triggers include: Topical medicine (ointments you put on your skin) or systemic medicine (drugs that treat your whole body), especially steroids Suddenly stopping systemic drugs or strong topical steroids that you used over a large area of your body Getting too much ultraviolet ( UV) light without using sunscreen Pregnancy Infection Stress Exposure to certain chemicals This type is the least common, but it's very serious.


Question: What are common symptoms of psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Symptoms: Painful, stiff joints that are worse in the morning and after rest Sausage-like swelling of the fingers and toes Warm joints that may be discolored


Question: What should you do if you have symptoms of erythrodermic psoriasis?

Answer: Other symptoms include: Severe itching, burning, or peeling A faster heart rate Changes in body temperature If you have these symptoms, see your doctor right away. You may need to get treated in a hospital. This type of psoriasis can cause severe illness from protein and fluid loss. You may also get an infection, pneumonia, or congestive heart failure.


Question: What triggers pustular psoriasis?

Answer: Symptoms include: Fever Chills Nausea Fast heart rate Muscle weakness Triggers include: Topical medicine (ointments you put on your skin) or systemic medicine (drugs that treat your whole body), especially steroids Suddenly stopping systemic drugs or strong topical steroids that you used over a large area of your body Getting too much ultraviolet ( UV) light without using sunscreen Pregnancy Infection Stress Exposure to certain chemicals This type is the least common, but it's very serious.


Question: What are the symptoms of guttate psoriasis?

Answer: Guttate psoriasis causes small, pink-red spots on your skin. They often appear on your: Trunk Upper arms Thighs Scalp This type of psoriasis may go away within a few weeks, even without treatment.


Question: Where does inverse psoriasis usually appear?

Answer: This type usually found in these locations: Armpits Groin Under the breasts Skin folds around the genitals and buttocks Symptoms include: Patches of skin that are bright red, smooth, and shiny, but don't have scales Getting worse with sweating and rubbing Common triggers are: Friction Sweating Fungal infections This kind of psoriasis is uncommon and mostly appears in adults.


Question: What is nail psoriasis?

Answer: Up to half of those with psoriasis have nail changes. Nail psoriasis is even more common in people who have psoriatic arthritis, which affects your joints.


Question: What triggers erythrodermic psoriasis?

Answer: Triggers include: Suddenly stopping your systemic psoriasis treatment An allergic drug reaction Severe sunburn Infection Medications such as lithium, antimalarial drugs, cortisone, or strong coal tar products Erythrodermic psoriasis may also happen if your psoriasis is hard to control.


Question: How can inverse psoriasis worsen?

Answer: This type usually found in these locations: Armpits Groin Under the breasts Skin folds around the genitals and buttocks Symptoms include: Patches of skin that are bright red, smooth, and shiny, but don't have scales Getting worse with sweating and rubbing Common triggers are: Friction Sweating Fungal infections This kind of psoriasis is uncommon and mostly appears in adults.


Question: What causes a black eye?

Answer: Most black eyes are the result of blunt trauma that causes bleeding beneath the thin eyelid skin, producing the characteristic black and blue discoloration. A fracture deep inside the skull can also blacken both eyes, even though the eye area itself was not injured. People with sinusitis from allergies sometimes get "allergic shiners" -- darkening under the eyes caused by inflamed and engorged blood vessels -- but this is not the same thing as a black eye, which is caused by an injury.


Question: What is a black eye?

Answer: Like many bruises, a "shiner" is usually nothing to worry about and will disappear in 1-2 weeks. In some cases, however, a black eye is a warning sign of more serious injury to the eye or to the skull. Any damage to the eyeball that causes it to become red and swollen must be promptly evaluated by a doctor or an eye specialist. Blunt force eye injuries, as happens in fighting, competitive sports, and ordinary accidents, could involve an unsuspected detached retina, internal bleeding, or other serious problems. An orbital fracture involving one of the five delicate bones around the eye may trap an eye muscle or soft tissues. A fracture could also damage the optic nerve and permanently damage eyesight. If so, emergency surgery may be required to correct the condition. Most black eyes are the result of blunt trauma that causes bleeding beneath the thin eyelid skin, producing the characteristic black and blue discoloration.


Question: What do the test results from the CD4 let the doctor know?

Answer: Your test results help your doctor know how much damage has been done to your immune system and what's likely to happen next if antiretroviral treatment ( ART) is not initiated. All persons with HIV should be started on ART regardless of whether the CD4 count is high or low. The CD4 count should increase in response to effective ART.


Question: What medication can be taken to help low CD4 counts?

Answer: Persons with very low CD4 counts may need to take drugs to prevent specific opportunistic infections ( OIs) in addition to taking their ART. Once the CD4 count increases in response to ART, it may be possible to stop taking these OI medications.


Question: What else can affect your CD4 count?

Answer: Things other than the HIV virus can influence how high or low your CD4 count is, too. An infection like the flu, pneumonia, or a herpes simplex virus (including cold sores) can make your CD4 count go down for a while. Your CD4 count will go way down when you're having chemotherapy for cancer. To get the most accurate and helpful results for your CD4 count, try to: Use the same lab each time. Wait for at least a couple of weeks after you've been sick or gotten a shot before you get a test.


Question: When should you get a CD4 count test?

Answer: Right after you're diagnosed, you should get a CD4 count for a "baseline measurement." That gives your doctor something to compare future test results to. It may also indicate the need for drugs to prevent specific OIs in addition to the drugs you are taking for HIV. A viral load test 2 to 8 weeks after you start or change treatment helps your doctor decide how well the ART is working. A CD4 test will indicate whether the immune system is improving in response to ART. Then you should typically get a CD4 test every 3 to 6 months, or as often as your doctor recommends, to see how well your immune system is doing. Persons with low CD4 counts who are taking drugs to prevent specific OIs in addition to their ART may be able to stop these OI drugs as their immune system responds to ART. Persons with CD4 counts above 500 who maintain viral suppression may not need further CD4 testing.


Question: What is metatarsalgia?

Answer: The term describes pain and inflammation in the ball of the foot. It is often thought of as a symptom of other conditions, rather than as a specific disease. Frequency In the U. S., forefoot injuries, including metatarsalgia, are common in athletes who participate in high-impact sports.


Question: How is metatarsalgia diagnosed?

Answer: X-rays may be helpful in excluding other causes of forefoot pain. A bone scan can pinpoint places of inflammation. Ultrasound can help identify conditions such as bursitis or Morton neuroma that can be causing pain in the metatarsal region of the foot. The doctor may also ask for an MRI to help detect and diagnose many causes of pain in the metatarsal and midfoot regions. These can include traumatic disorders, circulatory conditions, arthritis, neuroarthropathies, and conditions that result in biomechanical imbalance.


Question: What medications are used in the recovery phase of metatarsalgia?

Answer: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, are useful; however, they rarely provide a long-term solution.


Question: What can make someone more likely to have forefoot problems?

Answer: The following factors can contribute to excessive localized pressure over the forefoot: High level of activity Prominent metatarsal heads Tight toe extensors (muscles) Weak toe flexors (muscles) Hammertoe deformity Hypermobile first foot bone Tight Achilles tendon Excessive pronation (side-to-side movement of the foot when walking or running) Ill-fitting footwear Some anatomical conditions may predispose individuals to forefoot problems. They include: A high arch A short first metatarsal bone or a long second metatarsal bone is often seen in people with a Morton toe; the normal forefoot balance is disturbed, resulting in the shift of an increased amount of weight to the second metatarsal.


Question: How common is metatarsalgia?

Answer: Frequency In the U. S., forefoot injuries, including metatarsalgia, are common in athletes who participate in high-impact sports.


Question: When should you see a doctor about an ankle sprain?

Answer: Most fully heal between 2 and 12 weeks after you hurt it. But if your pain is bothersome, especially when you put weight on the injured ankle, it's a good idea to see your doctor. She will be able to diagnose whether you have sprain and rule out any more serious injuries with similar symptoms. You should also see your doctor if the sprain doesn't seem to be improving over time. Remember, swelling is a natural response to an injury as your body rushes blood to the affected area to help heal it. Since your ankle is so far away from your heart, it takes time to pump blood to and away from the injury. Because of this, you may see swelling long after the ankle has healed. Speak to your doctor if you have: Prolonged pain Bruising Weakness Sprains can range from minor to severe.


Question: What is an ankle sprain?

Answer: This injury happens when the ligaments in your ankle tear or get stretched too much. Ligaments are the strong, stretchy bands that help stabilize your ankle. They hold the bones of your ankle together, but they allow for some movement. When there is too much movement, you may get a sprain.


Question: Where do ankle sprains most happen?

Answer: This causes the ligament on the outside of your ankle to stretch more than it is able to. Most ankle sprains happen when you're playing sports.


Question: What are the causes of an ankle sprain?

Answer: Most ankle sprains happen when you're playing sports. This is especially true for games where there's a lot of jumping or a chance of stepping on someone's foot. Those include: Basketball Soccer Volleyball Yet it's also just as easy to sprain your ankle by stepping off a curb the wrong way or taking a walk on the beach. You may have a greater chance for an ankle sprain if you've had one before. It's also more likely if you have weak muscles along the outside of the ankles. Even genetics can play a role. It's easier to turn your ankle and put strain on the ligament if your heel naturally turns more inward. That's known as âhindfoot varus.â One very clear sign of an ankle sprain is it hurts.


Question: What are symptoms of an ankle sprain?

Answer: That's known as âhindfoot varus.â One very clear sign of an ankle sprain is it hurts. A lot. Other symptoms you might have when your ankle is sprained: Tenderness to the touch Swelling Bruising Itching Cold or numb feet Stiffness If you tear your ligaments severely, you feel a pop or even hear a noise when the injury happens.


Question: What are the three grades of an ankle sprain?

Answer: Speak to your doctor if you have: Prolonged pain Bruising Weakness Sprains can range from minor to severe. Your doctor likely will put your sprain at one of three "grades" based on the amount of damage: Grade 1: Your ankle will probably feel sore and may be slightly swollen. In this case, the ligament has been overstretched but not torn. Grade 2: You have a partial tear in the ligament. This causes prolonged pain and swelling. It might prevent you from putting your full weight on the ankle. You may also notice bruising. This is because the tear has caused bleeding under your skin. Grade 3: This is a full tear of the ankle ligament. You may have heard a popping sound when it happened. This level of sprain causes severe pain, swelling and bruising. Because the ligament is no longer able to do its job, your ankle will feel unstable and will be unable to support any of your weight.


Question: Are cough medicines effective?

Answer: Not all doctors agree about the best way to treat a cough. Some don't think cough medicines are that effective. There are three common types of over-the-counter cough and cold medicines: Cough suppressants Oral expectorants Topical (creams or gels you put on your skin) They can be used to either stop your cough or loosen thick mucus to help you cough it up. When that's not enough, your doctor may prescribe a strong prescription cough medicine.


Question: Is there a cure for a cold?

Answer: There's no cure, but lots of medicines can give you some relief from the coughing, sneezing, and stuffiness that go with it. When you head to the pharmacy to look for an over-the-counter drug, keep in mind there's no such thing as a "perfect" cold medicine.


Question: How often can I use nasal sprays for congestion?

Answer: They work fast to open up your clogged nose. But if you use them for more than 3 days in a row, you may end up more stuffed up than you were before. Doctors call this the "rebound effect." Some side effects of nasal decongestants are having a hard time falling asleep, restlessness, and trouble peeing. You might try a saline spray instead of a nasal decongestant. It works more slowly, but it can loosen up the mucus in your nose without a rebound effect.


Question: How can I avoid pet allergens to prevent migraines?

Answer: Avoid pet allergens: Wash your hands after you touch any animal. If it lives in your home, keep it off your bed and out of your bedroom. Keep as few carpets and rugs in your home as you can. Wood floors, tile, and linoleum collect far less dander, the flakes of dead skin that cause most pet allergies. Vacuum any carpet you do have often.


Question: How can I control indoor allergens to prevent migraines?

Answer: Control indoor allergens: Keep your home free of dust. Clean with a wet mop instead of a broom. Use special covers on your box springs, mattress, and pillows to keep out dust mites. Wash your bedding each week in hot water, then dry on high heat.


Question: What else can I do to prevent migraines related to allergies?

Answer: No matter what kind of allergies you have, you can also: Drink plenty of fluids to keep your mucus thin. Water should be your first choice. Sip a cup of green tea each morning. It contains natural antihistamines, so it may give you some relief. Rinse out your nasal passages. Some people find relief by using a saline spray in their nose a few times a day, but a sinus rinse or neti pot may help more. They can remove allergens from your nose while cleaning your nasal lining. Try this once a day, or twice if your allergy symptoms are severe.


Question: How do allergies cause migraine headaches?

Answer: The link is complex. Doctors are still trying to figure it out. So far, they know that your nervous system, endocrine (hormonal) system, and immune system all play a role. If you get migraines, you have a sensitive nervous system. Your body tends to react very quickly, or overreact, to changes in your environment that it views as threats. On top of that, exposure to allergens (things you're allergic to) triggers your immune system to release certain chemicals. They can fuel inflammation throughout your body, all of which can set you up for a migraine. If you're prone to migraine headaches, your symptoms may be more severe during allergy season. Some people can also have ânonallergicâ triggers like perfume, the smell of gasoline, cigarette smoke, and weather changes.


Question: How do decongestants treat allergies?

Answer: These can help open stuffy nasal passages and ease sinus pressure.


Question: What is the difference between a migraine and a sinus headache?

Answer: But if you have migraine headaches, you have an actual condition called migraine which results in migraine headaches. True sinus headaches are quite rare. In fact, most people who think they're having one are really having a migraine.


Question: Which allergy treatment should I avoid to prevent migraines?

Answer: They may be a good choice if you can't avoid what you're allergic to or medicines haven't helped. One allergy treatment you may need to avoid is steroid nasal sprays. They might bring on a migraine or make it worse.


Question: How does immunotherapy treat allergies?

Answer: Allergy shots can help cut back on migraine headaches. Plus, once you start taking them, any headaches you do have may be less severe. They expose your body to tiny amounts of the things you're allergic to. They may be a good choice if you can't avoid what you're allergic to or medicines haven't helped.


Question: Where can I find a neti pot?

Answer: Neti pots are available over-the-counter at many drug stores, health food stores, and online retailers. They usually cost between $15 and $30.


Question: Does nasal irrigation with a neti pot ease sinus symptoms?

Answer: Research backs up these claims, finding that nasal irrigation can be an effective way to relieve sinus symptoms when used along with standard sinus treatments. For some people, nasal irrigation may bring relief of sinus symptoms without the use of medications.


Question: What does incentive spirometer look like?

Answer: It's made of plastic and is about the size of a small notebook. It has a mouthpiece that looks like a vacuum tube. When you inhale with it, the suction will move a disc or a piston up inside a clear cylinder. The deeper you breathe, the higher the piston rises. Most spirometers have numbers on the cylinder to show how much air you take in. They also may have a gauge to tell if you're inhaling at the right pace.


Question: Is animal therapy helpful for children with cancer?

Answer: The dog can ease stress and anxiety for anyone else in the room, and he enjoys the attention, too.


Question: Is distraction therapy helpful for children with cancer?

Answer: It could: Lower anxiety and fear Ease pain Improve communication with her health care team Rebuild self-esteem that she may have lost due to treatment The idea is to take your child's mind off the pain, procedures, or other unpleasant things that go with cancer. Almost any enjoyable activity can count: A younger kid could rock a baby. An older one could watch fun movies. You don't need a therapist for this technique. Kids can do it on their own. Whether they play video games or work on crafts, they're doing something good for themselves. It can ease pain, fear, and nausea.


Question: Is laughter therapy helpful for children with cancer?

Answer: There's science at work here: When you laugh, your body releases feel-good hormones called endorphins. That's why cancer centers and hospitals offer this therapy. Although research is limited, studies show a session can quickly improve many negative feelings. It can also: Ease pain Relax muscles Calm fears Improve mood Relieve stress Canines and Childhood Cancer, a research project run by the American Humane Association, aims to show how therapy dogs that visit hospitals can make kids healthier.


Question: Can acupuncture help relieve back pain?

Answer: One recent review of 22 acupuncture studies showed that it provided short-term relief from chronic back pain. It also showed there was greater improvement in pain for people who got acupuncture compared to those who received a âshamâ treatment. Other studies have found, though, that sham acupuncture can be as effective as actual acupuncture. Those studies also found that, compared to standard treatment, both actual acupuncture and sham acupuncture are more effective.


Question: Does exercise help prevent constipation?

Answer: Also, be sure to exercise regularly.


Question: How can you get fiber to prevent constipation?

Answer: Also, get sufficient fiber by eating: Fruits Vegetables Grains Fiber is critical, because most of our stool is actually made up of bacteria, and fiber provides the bacteria a good place to grow. Sounds strange, but the interaction results in a larger volume of stool and better bowel function.


Question: Can drinking water help prevent constipation?

Answer: Six to eight glasses a day is a good rule.


Question: What are symptoms of eye problems caused by high blood sugar?

Answer: Watch for these other skin symptoms: Hair loss on your toes, feet, or lower legs Brown patches of raised skin on the sides of your neck, armpit, or groin, called acanthosis nigricans The sooner you get treatment for eye problems, the better. Get help right away if you notice these warning signs: Blurred vision Trouble reading See rings around lights or dark spots Get very sensitive to sunlight and other bright light Can't see well at night Eye damage doesn't always cause symptoms, even when it's advanced. So it's important to see an eye doctor at least once a year for a thorough exam.


Question: How do I know if I have symptoms of heart disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: And if you have kidney disease, there could be no warning signs until your kidneys are damaged.


Question: What other diabetes-related skin symptoms should I watch for?

Answer: Watch for these other skin symptoms: Hair loss on your toes, feet, or lower legs Brown patches of raised skin on the sides of your neck, armpit, or groin, called acanthosis nigricans The sooner you get treatment for eye problems, the better.


Question: How are skin problems from high blood sugar treated?

Answer: You may notice symptoms like: Itching in moist folds of your skin, such as under your breasts, between fingers and toes, or in your armpits Itching, pain, or discharge in your vagina For uncircumcised men, itching under the foreskin Your doctor may prescribe medication for yeast infections, especially if you get them often.


Question: How can I catch health complications of diabetes if I don't have any symptoms?

Answer: Even without symptoms, though, you can catch these problems early, or make them less likely, with these steps: See your doctor at least once a year. Take your diabetes medication as prescribed. Try to lose weight if you're overweight. Eat healthy and don't skip meals. Exercise regularly. If you smoke, get help to quit. Work with your doctor to keep your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol under control.


Question: What are symptoms of nerve damage due to high blood sugar?

Answer: But it can also affect your stomach, bowels, bladder, genitals, heart, and other parts of your body. See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal.


Question: Is there anything I can do if I have nerve damage due to high blood sugar?

Answer: See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal. Some supplements and medications for pain, nausea, or sexual problems can also help.


Question: Can I have health complications of diabetes without having symptoms?

Answer: Call your doctor right away if you: Get very tired Lose weight Feel hungry a lot Get very thirsty and pee often Some serious health issues linked to diabetes may not have any symptoms, such as: Kidney disease High blood pressure Heart disease With diabetes, you may not have symptoms of heart disease even if you're having a heart attack. And if you have kidney disease, there could be no warning signs until your kidneys are damaged.


Question: What can help with keeping a normal blood sugar level if I have nerve damage?

Answer: See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal. Some supplements and medications for pain, nausea, or sexual problems can also help.


Question: When should I see my doctor about the warning signs of diabetes problems?

Answer: But it can also affect your stomach, bowels, bladder, genitals, heart, and other parts of your body. See your doctor right away if you get: Tingling, pain, or numbness in your hands or feet Stomach problems like nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea A lot of bladder infections or trouble emptying your bladder Problems getting or keeping an erection Dizzy or lightheaded If you have nerve damage, you can improve or slow its progress if you keep your blood sugar levels near normal.


Question: What tests are used to evaluate sexual problems?

Answer: Several tests can be used to evaluate the causes and extent of male sexual problems. They include: Blood tests -- These tests may be done to evaluate hormone levels as well as to check for diabetes, high cholesterol and other risk factors. Vascular assessment -- This involves an evaluation of the blood flow to the penis. A blockage in a blood vessel supplying blood to the penis may be contributing to erectile dysfunction. Sensory testing -- Particularly useful in evaluating the effects of diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage), sensory testing measures the strength of nerve impulses in a particular area of the body. Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity testing -- This test is used to monitor erections that occur naturally during sleep. This test can help determine if a man's erectile problems are due to physical or psychological causes.


Question: Who is affected by sexual problems?

Answer: They can occur in adults of all ages. Among those commonly affected are seniors, which may be related to a decline in health associated with aging. The most common sexual problems in men are ejaculation disorders, erectile dysfunction, and inhibited sexual desire.


Question: What is inhibited sexual desire?

Answer: Inhibited desire, or loss of libido, refers to a decrease in desire for, or interest in sexual activity. Reduced libido can result from physical or psychological factors. It has been associated with low levels of the hormone testosterone. It also may be caused by psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression; medical illnesses, such as diabetes and high blood pressure; certain medications, including some antidepressants; and relationship difficulties.


Question: When should I call my doctor about a sexual problem?

Answer: Many men experience a sexual problem from time to time. However, when the problems are persistent, they can cause distress for the man and his partner, and have a negative impact on their relationship. If you consistently experience sexual function problems, see your doctor for evaluation and treatment.


Question: What causes premature ejaculation?

Answer: Premature ejaculation, the most common form of sexual dysfunction in men, often is due to nervousness over how well he will perform during sex. But causes are often unclear. In some cases, premature and inhibited ejaculation are caused by a lack of attraction for a partner, past traumatic events, and psychological factors, including a strict religious background that causes the person to view sex as sinful. Certain drugs, including some antidepressants, may affect ejaculation, as can nerve damage to the spinal cord or back.


Question: How are male sexual problems diagnosed?

Answer: To diagnose a man's sexual problem, the doctor likely will begin with a thorough history of symptoms. He or she may order other tests to rule out any medical problems that may be contributing to the dysfunction. The doctor may refer you to other doctors, including a urologist (a doctor specializing in the urinary tract and male reproductive system), an endocrinologist (a doctor specializing in hormonal issues), a neurologist (a doctor specializing in disorders of the nervous system), sex therapists, and other counselors.


Question: How do sexual problems affect men?

Answer: The most common sexual problems in men are ejaculation disorders, erectile dysfunction, and inhibited sexual desire.


Question: How do hearing aids help with hearing loss?

Answer: Most people with permanent hearing loss can benefit from a hearing aid. You typically wear these tiny instruments in or behind your ear to make sounds louder. Things do sound different through a hearing aid though, so you should talk with your doctor to set realistic goals.


Question: What other devices can help with hearing loss?

Answer: TV-listening systems make it possible for you to hear the television or radio without turning the volume way up. Different kinds of phone-amplifying devices as well as captioned phones that let you read what your caller is saying make conversations possible on home and mobile phones. Cochlear implants are used mainly with young children, but they're becoming more popular among older adults with profound hearing loss.


Question: What are the treatments for hearing loss?

Answer: You may also: Have trouble following a conversation when more than one person speaks at once Think other people are mumbling or not speaking clearly Often misunderstand what others say and respond inappropriately Get complaints that the TV is too loud Hear ringing, roaring, or hissing sounds in your ears, known as tinnitus It depends on the type and source of your hearing loss. Prompt medical treatment for sudden hearing loss may raise your chance of recovery.


Question: How common is hearing loss?

Answer: Modern life has added a host of ear-damaging elements to the list, including some medications and plenty of sources of loud, ongoing noise. With so many untreatable cases of hearing loss, prevention is the best way to keep hearing long-term. If you've already lost some hearing, there are ways to stay connected and communicate with friends and family. Advanced age is the most common cause of hearing loss.


Question: What conditions play a role in hearing loss?

Answer: Certain conditions, including age, illness, and genetics, may play a role in hearing loss. Modern life has added a host of ear-damaging elements to the list, including some medications and plenty of sources of loud, ongoing noise.


Question: How do medications cause hearing loss?

Answer: Certain medications can impair hearing or balance. More than 200 drugs and chemicals have a track record of triggering hearing and balance side effects in addition to their disease-fighting abilities. Some antibiotics Some chemotherapy drugs Aspirin Loop diuretics A drug used to treat malaria Several drugs for erectile dysfunction Sudden hearing loss, the rapid loss of 30 decibels or more of hearing ability, can happen over several hours or up to 3 days.


Question: How can infection or ear wax cause hearing loss?

Answer: Infection or ear waxcan block ear canals and lessen hearing.


Question: What medications are used to treat hearing loss?

Answer: Hearing loss caused by infection can often be cleared up with antibiotics. If you think your hearing loss stems from medication use, talk with your doctor about drug options.


Question: How can I avoid sun damage?

Answer: To avoid sun damage: Stay indoors between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m., when the sun's burning rays are the strongest. Protect your skin with clothing, a hat, and sunscreen if you go outside.


Question: When should I call 911 for my heart failure symptoms?

Answer: If he shows any of these signs, get in touch with the doctor's office: Feeling of fullness in the stomach with a loss of appetite or nausea Extreme fatigue or less able to complete daily activities Respiratory infection or cough that gets worse Fast heart rate (above 100 beats per minute) New, irregular heartbeat Chest pain or discomfort during activity that goes away with rest Trouble breathing during regular activities or at rest Changes in sleep patterns, such as trouble sleeping or feels he needs to sleep a lot more than usual Pees less than usual Gets restless or confused Constant dizziness or lightheadedness Nausea or poor appetite Call 911 if he has: New chest pain or discomfort that is severe and unexpected. It can happen with or without shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, or weakness.


Question: Can heartburn meds bring on diarrhea?

Answer: Over-the-counter medicines you take for heartburn can cause diarrhea. When they do, it can be because they contain magnesium or calcium. If you have gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, you might take a type of drug called a proton pump inhibitor ( PPI). You also might take a PPI if you have an ulcer. It doesn't happen often, but some people who take these drugs get diarrhea. Some have a version caused by a serious bacterial infection called Clostridium difficile ( C. diff).


Question: How can antibiotics cause diarrhea?

Answer: Doctors don't really understand why antibiotics cause diarrhea. They think it's because the drugs kill bacteria that help your body digest food. Whatever the reason, just about any antibiotic can bring on diarrhea. If yours does, talk to your doctor. He may be able to give you a different one to try.


Question: What does PRICE mean for treating knee pain?

Answer: Some common home care techniques for knee pain that control inflammation and help to break the inflammatory cycle are protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation. This regimen is summarized by the memory device PRICE.


Question: How is Osgood-Schlatter disease described and treated?

Answer: Osgood- Schlatter Disease Description: Osgood- Schlatter disease occurs in adolescent athletes where repetitive extension of the knee causes inflammation and injury of the tibial tubercle (the bony protrusion at the top of the shin, just below the kneecap). Symptoms: Children suffering from this syndrome report pain at the tibial tubercle. This pain is typically worse when extending the leg. The tibial tubercle is tender to touch and over time begins to protrude more because the chronic inflammation stimulates the bone to grow. Treatment: Osgood- Schlatter disease is a self-limited condition that usually resolves as the the tibial tubercle stops growing with the end of adolescence (at about age 17 in males and age 15 in females). Treatment includes PRICE and NSAID therapy to minimize acute pain from activity. Physical therapy to identify limitations will reduce stress to the tibial tubercle and often includes strength training of the hip and core. In severe cases, splinting the knee for a few weeks may help reduce the pain and halt the inflammation cycle.


Question: How is bursitis described and treated?

Answer: Bursitis Description: As a result of trauma, infection, or crystalline deposits, the various bursae of the knee may become inflamed. Symptoms: Acute or chronic trauma causes a painful and often swollen knee from the inflammation of the bursae. A particularly common bursitis is prepatellar bursitis. This type of bursitis occurs in people who work on their knees. It is often referred to as housemaid's knee or carpet layer's knee. Another type of bursitis is anserine bursitis. The anserine bursa is located about 2 inches below the knee along the medial side of the knee. More commonly occurring in the overweight and in women, but also affecting athletes and others, anserine bursitis often causes pain in the region of the bursa and is often worse with bending the knee or at night with sleep. Treatment: Treatment will usually include home care with PRICE therapy and NSAIDs. Severe forms, however, can be treated with periodic steroid injections.


Question: What bones are in the anatomy of the knee?

Answer: Bones The knee joint involves four bones. The thighbone or femur comprises the top portion of the joint. One of the bones in the lower leg (or calf area), the tibia, provides the bottom weight-bearing portion of the joint. The kneecap or patella rides along the front of the femur. The remaining bone in the calf, the fibula, is not involved in the weight-bearing portion of the knee joint but provides ligament attachments for stability.


Question: What is the knee joint's main function?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The knee joint's main function is to bend, straighten, and bear the weight of the body, along with the ankles and hips. The knee, more than just a simple hinged joint, however, also twists and rotates. In order to perform all of these actions and to support the entire body while doing so, the knee relies on a number of structures including bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage.


Question: How is a fluid removal done to diagnose knee pain?

Answer: Fluid removal The knee and all bursae of the knee are filled with fluid. If your symptoms suggest infection or crystalline arthritis, such as gout, your physician may remove fluid, with a needle, from the knee. This fluid will then be analyzed to better clarify the diagnosis. Crystals, which suggest crystalline arthritis, often can be seen under the microscope. Infection may also be detected under a microscope by finding bacteria and pus in the fluid.


Question: What over-the-counter pain medicine is used for knee pain?

Answer: Over-the-counter pain medicine: Commonly used pain relievers, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) like naproxen ( Aleve or Naprosyn) and ibuprofen ( Advil or Motrin), also play a role in the treatment of knee pain. These drugs directly control pain and, at higher doses, act as anti-inflammatory agents, helping to break the inflammatory cycle.


Question: When should you call the doctor for knee pain?

Answer: When you are deciding whether to call the doctor about your knee pain, a good rule of thumb exists for most long-term knee injuries. If your symptoms have not gone away after trying a week of PRICE therapy and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain meds, you should set up an appointment with your doctor, physical therapist, or a sports medicine orthopaedic (bone and muscle) specialist to further evaluate the pain. This rule can also be applied to new knee injuries that are not disabling. Remember, however, that this rule should only serve as a guide. If you are concerned about the pain, you should call the doctor.


Question: How are X-rays, CT scans, and other tests used to diagnose knee pain?

Answer: X-rays, CT scans, and other tests Depending on your particular history and exam, the doctor may suggest X-rays of the knee. X-rays show fractures (broken bones) and dislocations of bones in the knee as well as arthritis and abnormally large or small joint spaces. Rarely, the doctor may order a CT scan (a 3-dimensional X-ray) of the knee to precisely define a fracture or deformity. Both X-rays and CT scans are excellent for diagnosing fractures. They both are also poor, however, at evaluating soft tissue structures of the knee, such as ligaments, tendons, and the menisci.


Question: When should you go to the hospital for knee pain?

Answer: If you are concerned about the pain, you should call the doctor.


Question: What tendons are in the anatomy of the knee?

Answer: Instead of connecting bones to other bones as ligaments do, tendons connect muscles to bones. The two important tendons in the knee are (1) the quadriceps tendon connecting the quadriceps muscle, which lies on the front of the thigh, to the patella and (2) the patellar tendon connecting the patella to the tibia (technically, this is a ligament because it connects two bones).


Question: How is arthroscopy used to diagnose knee pain?

Answer: This is a surgical procedure where the doctor will place a fiber optic telescope within the knee joint. The arthroscope is attached to a camera that relays real-time images to a video monitor. By doing so, the surgeon may be able to see small particles in the knee or to look more closely at damaged menisci or cartilage. The doctor may also be able to treat damage by shaving down torn cartilage or removing particles from the knee while looking at the inside of your knee on a video monitor.


Question: How are tendon ruptures described and treated?

Answer: Tendon Ruptures Description: Both the quadriceps and patellar tendons may rupture partially or completely. A quadriceps tendon rupture typically occurs in recreational athletes older than 40 years (this is the injury former President Clinton suffered while jogging), and a patellar tendon rupture typically occurs in younger people who have had previous tendonitis or steroid injections to the knee. Symptoms: Rupture of either the quadriceps or patellar tendon causes pain (especially when trying to kick or extend the knee). Those people with complete ruptures are unable to extend the knee. The patella is also often out of place either upward (with patellar tendon rupture) or downward (with quadriceps tendon rupture). Treatment: Tendon ruptures require urgent care. They typically need surgical repair, while a partial rupture may be treated with splinting alone.


Question: What ligaments are in the anatomy of the knee?

Answer: The knee includes four important ligaments, all of which connect the femur to the tibia: The anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL) provide front and back (anterior and posterior) and rotational stability to the knee. The medial collateral ligament ( MCL) and lateral collateral ligament ( LCL) located along the inner (medial) and outer (lateral) sides of the knee provide medial and lateral stability to the knee.


Question: What other signs and symptoms of knee pain demand emergency evaluation?

Answer: Other signs and symptoms that demand emergency evaluation: Unbearable pain Pain that does not improve with rest Pain that wakes you Drainage Large wounds Puncture wounds Swelling, if you are on a blood thinner (warfarin or Coumadin) or have a bleeding disorder (such as hemophilia) History: Even in today's world of technology, doctors rely on a detailed history and physical exam more than any single test.


Question: How are sprained and torn cruciate ligaments described and treated?

Answer: Sprained and Torn Cruciate Ligaments Description: An anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL) injury is a common sports injury generally caused by a hard stop or a violent twisting of the knee. The posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL) is stronger than the ACL and much less commonly torn. A PCL injury may happen with a serious blow, such as when the knee strikes the dashboard in a car accident; this is why a PCL injury is often associated with other ligament and bone injuries. Symptoms: If you tear your ACL, you may hear a pop. You will also notice your knee give way or become unstable and feel pain that is bad enough that you might feel like vomiting. This will, almost always, be followed by marked knee swelling over the next couple of hours because the ACL bleeds briskly when torn. Treatment: Surgical repair is often recommended for high-level athletes who demand optimal outcomes. Conservative treatment and knee braces may prove sufficient for those who do not demand quite so much from their knees.


Question: Are there different types of knee pain?

Answer: Knee pain, therefore, can arise from the knee itself or be referred from conditions of the hip, ankle, or lower back. All of the following sources of knee pain arise from the knee joint itself. In general, knee pain is either immediate (acute) or long-term (chronic). Acute knee pains can be caused by an acute injury or infection. Chronic knee pain is often from injuries or inflammation (such as arthritis) but can also be caused by infection.


Question: How can keeping limber and fit help with knee pain?

Answer: Keep Limber, Keep Fit Many knee problems are caused by tight or imbalanced musculature. Stretching and strengthening, therefore, also help to prevent knee pain. Stretching keeps your knee from being too tight and aids in preventing both patellofemoral syndrome and iliotibial band syndrome. Strengthening exercises, particularly of the quadriceps (straight leg raises and leg extensions are among the prescribed exercises), can help prevent knee injury and are essential to reducing arthritis and associated complications.


Question: How can you protect your knee?

Answer: Protect the Knee Wearing proper protection for the activity at hand can help avoid knee injuries. When playing volleyball or when laying carpet, protecting your knees may include kneepads. When driving, knee protection may include wearing a seatbelt to avoid the knee-versus-dashboard injuries as well as injuries to other parts of your body.


Question: What happens in a physical exam for knee pain?

Answer: Physical exam The doctor will likely have you disrobe to completely expose the knee. If possible, wear shorts to your appointment. The doctor will then inspect the knee and press around the knee to see exactly where it is tender. In addition, the doctor may perform a number of maneuvers to stress the ligaments, tendons, and menisci of the knee and evaluate the integrity of each of these.


Question: How is a dislocated kneecap (patella) described and treated?

Answer: Dislocated Kneecap (patella) Description: A common injury caused by direct trauma or forceful straightening of the leg, such as an injury that happens when serving in volleyball or tennis. Kneecap dislocation is more common in women, the obese, knock-kneed people, and in those with high-riding kneecaps. Symptoms: If you have this injury, you will notice the patella being out of place and may have difficulty flexing or extending your knee. Treatment: The doctor will move the patella back into place (reduce the dislocation). Even if the patella goes back into place by itself, it needs to be X-rayed for a fracture. After reducing the dislocation and ensuring the absence of a fracture, the doctors will treat these injuries by splinting the knee to allow the soft tissues around the patella to heal followed by strengthening exercises to keep the patella in line.


Question: What cartilage are in the anatomy of the knee?

Answer: Cartilage Cartilaginous structures called menisci (singular form is "meniscus") line the top of the tibia and lie between the tibia and the 2 knuckles at the bottom of the femur (called the femoral condyles). The menisci's primary job is to provide cushioning for the knee joint.


Question: What bursae are in the anatomy of the knee?

Answer: Bursae Bursae (one is a bursa) are fluid-filled sacs that help to cushion the knee. The knee contains 3 important groups of bursae: The prepatellar bursae lie in front of the patella. The Pes anserine bursae is located on the inner side of the knee about 2 inches below the joint. The infrapatellar bursae are located underneath the patella.


Question: How can staying slim help with knee pain?

Answer: Stay Slim Staying slim reduces the forces placed on the knee during both athletics and everyday walking and may, according to some medical research, reduce osteoarthritis. Keeping your weight down may also reduce the number of ligament and tendon injuries for similar reasons.


Question: How can exercising wisely help with knee pain?

Answer: Exercise Wisely If you have chronic knee pain, consider swimming or water exercises. In water, the force of buoyancy supports some of our weight so our knees aren't burdened. If you don't have access to a pool or do not enjoy water activities, at least try to limit hard pounding and twisting activities such as basketball, tennis, or jogging. You may find that your aching knees will act up if you play basketball or tennis every day but will not if you limit your pounding sports to twice a week. Whatever you do, respect and listen to your body. If it hurts, change what you are doing. If you are fatigued, consider stopping -- many injuries occur when people are tired.


Question: How is crystalline arthritis (gout and pseudogout) described and treated?

Answer: Crystalline Arthritis (gout and pseudogout) Description: These severely painful forms of arthritis are caused by sharp crystals that form in the knee and other joints. These crystals can form as a result of defects in the absorption or metabolism of various natural substances such as uric acid (which produces gout) and calcium pyrophosphate (pseudogout). Treatment: Treatment is aimed at controlling inflammation with anti-inflammatory medications, and at aiding the metabolism of the various chemicals that may lead to crystal formation.


Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis of the knee described and treated?

Answer: Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Knee Description: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is a connective tissue disease of the whole body that affects many joints, often the knee. Symptoms: In addition to knee pain, rheumatoid arthritis may produce morning stiffness and pain in other joints. Treatment: Treatment includes pain medications, anti-inflammatory medications, and prescription drugs (such as Rheumatrex) that are aimed at slowing disease progression.


Question: Can people with ocular albinism drive?

Answer: Children may have a hard time at school because they can't see things on a blackboard or screen.


Question: Do glasses help people with ocular albinism?

Answer: Bifocal glasses, prescription reading glasses, and contact lenses can help with vision. Some people also like using handheld magnifiers. And something as simple as having indoor lighting behind the shoulder instead of in front can help someone with ocular albinism see better.


Question: What should you know about breaking your nose?

Answer: When you've taken a blow to the nose and it's swollen and bleeding, you may wonder whether or not it's broken. If it is, your injury won't be unique. A broken nose (also called a nasal fracture) is the most common type of face injury. Noses stick out, so they're easy to break. It can happen in a car accident, during a sporting event, in a fistfight, or even during a clumsy encounter with a door. You might not be sure if it's broken.


Question: When should you see a doctor for a broken nose?

Answer: If you only have swelling and moderate pain, you may choose to wait to see your doctor. Your symptoms could improve, and you might get better on your own. But see your doctor if 3 to 5 days have passed and you notice any of the following: The pain and swelling aren't getting better. The swelling is gone, but your nose looks crooked. You have a hard time breathing, even after the swelling improves. You're having frequent nosebleeds. You have a fever.


Question: How is manual realignment done for a broken nose?

Answer: If your doctor decides your nose can be fixed without surgery, they'll have to do it within 1 to 2 weeks of your accident. If they wait any longer, the injury will begin to heal on its own, even if the bones are out of place. Your doctor will give you pain medication before the procedure. Then, they'll open your nostrils with a flat tool called a speculum. They'll use special instrument to align your broken bones and cartilage back in place. Your doctor will use packing inside your nose. They'll also put a dressing on the outside. That'll keep your nose in place while it heals. They may give you antibiotics to prevent infection.


Question: How can you reduce the swelling from a broken nose?

Answer: Reduce the Swelling Wrap an ice pack in a towel. Place it on your nose for 10 minutes, then remove for 10 minutes. Repeat. Don't put pressure on the ice pack -- you may hurt your nose. Put an ice pack or cold compress on your nose at least four times per day for the first 2 days after you get hurt.


Question: When is surgery needed for a broken nose?

Answer: Your doctor probably will choose this option if your nasal fracture is severe or has gone untreated for more than 2 weeks. The goal is to put your bones back in their proper place and reshape your nose, if necessary. You'll get pain medication for the procedure. You might also have to have nasal surgery to fix any breathing problems. In many cases, you can go home the day of surgery. But you may have to stay home for about a week due to swelling and bruising.


Question: How can you stop the bleeding from broken nose?

Answer: Do these things until you can get to a doctor: Stop the Bleeding Sit up -- don't lie down or lean back. Your nose needs to stay higher than your heart. Lean forward so that the blood won't run into the back of your throat. Pinch the soft part of your nose with your thumb and index finger, and hold it tightly for 5 minutes. If the bleeding hasn't stopped, pinch your nose again for 10 more minutes.


Question: What is the treatment for a broken nose?

Answer: Get emergency help if you have any of these things in addition to nose pain: A severe headache, neck pain, vomiting, or passing out Hard time breathing Bleeding that won't stop Clear, watery fluid draining from your nose If your doctor confirms that your nose is broken, they'll likely wait for the swelling to go down before deciding whether or not it needs to be fixed. If it does, they'll choose to fix it either with surgery or without. They'll know what's best, based on your injuries.


Question: How can you ease the pain from a broken nose?

Answer: Ease the Pain Take over-the-counter pain medicine as directed on the package (like acetaminophen or ibuprofen) as needed. Sleep with your head propped on extra pillows.


Question: Why do some people with tuberculosis not have symptoms?

Answer: That's because the germs that cause this illness can live in your body without making you sick. In fact, most people who get infected with TB are able to fight the germs before they spread. Doctors call this âlatent TBâ infection.


Question: How will my doctor help me manage diabetic enteropathy?

Answer: Your doctor will probably want to rule out other possible causes of your problem, like diet, medications, or diseases such as a thyroid disorder. If you have diabetic enteropathy, your doctor will try to find ways to help keep your blood sugar stable and control your symptoms.


Question: What is gastroparesis due to diabetes?

Answer: If diabetes damages this nerve, the food you eat slows down or stops on its way from the stomach to the small intestine. This is called gastroparesis (or delayed gastric emptying). It's more common in women than men.


Question: What GI diseases are common in people with diabetes other than gastroparesis, diabetic enteropathy, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

Answer: Other GI diseases that are more common in people with diabetes include: Hepatitis C (infection of the liver) Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) Hemochromatosis (iron buildup that leads to liver damage) Always see your doctor if you have gut problems that are new or just won't go away.


Question: What are symptoms of gastroparesis due to diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms include: Feeling full after just a few bites of food Stomach bloating or discomfort after a meal Throwing up, or feeling like you're going to throw up Upper stomach pain Sometimes gastroparesis makes it difficult to control your blood sugar levels. That might be your first sign that you have the disorder.


Question: What upper GI problems can be caused by diabetes and what can be done to manage it?

Answer: It can cause upper GI problems. Nerve issues in the esophagus may cause heartburn and make it hard for you to swallow. Your doctor will tell you what range you should keep your blood sugar in so you can control these symptoms. He might also prescribe or suggest antacids and the amount you should take.


Question: Is there a treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

Answer: There's no specific treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. But your doctor may recommend you keep your blood sugar under control, and he may suggest you lose weight. Or, he might prescribe medication to help your body better use insulin.


Question: What are the symptoms of diabetic enteropathy?

Answer: Diabetes-related damage to nerves in the intestines causes the food you eat to slow down or stop as your body processes it. That leads to constipation, and creates a breeding ground for unhealthy bacteria. As a result, you might have diarrhea (or a combination or constipation/diarrhea, which is the most common symptom of enteropathy). Stool might leak from your rectum, and you may find it hard to control bowel movements. The problem may get worse after you eat.


Question: How can dopaminergic agents help with treating periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)?

Answer: Dopaminergic agents: These drugs increased the levels of an important neurotransmitter (brain chemical) called dopamine, which is important in regulating muscle movements. These medications seem to improve the condition in some people but not in others. Widely used examples are a levodopa/carbidopa combination ( Sinemet) and pergolide ( Permax).


Question: How can gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonists help with treating periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD)?

Answer: GABA agonists: These agents inhibit release of certain neurotransmitters that stimulate muscle contractions. The result is relaxation of contractions. The most widely used of these agents in PLMD is baclofen ( Lioresal).


Question: Why are lutein and zeaxanthin good for your eyes?

Answer: Another showed that if you have macular degeneration, which causes damage to the middle of your retina and can take away your central vision, supplements with lutein and zeaxanthin can slow its progress.


Question: What is a safe upper limit for lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Safe upper limit: Researchers have not set an upper limit for either.


Question: Which other vitamins can be mixed with lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Note: Many studies combine these two nutrients with others such as vitamins C and E. It may be that the mix of nutrients does more for your eyes than any single one of them.


Question: Which foods contain lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Kale (1 cup) 23.8 mg Spinach (1 cup) 20.4 mg Collard greens (1 cup) 14.6 mg Turnip greens (1 cup) 12.2 mg Corn (1 cup) 2.2 mg Broccoli (1 cup) 1.6 mg


Question: Which foods are rich in lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Diets rich in these two nutrients may help hold off age-related eye diseases. For example, one study found that people who ate foods rich in zeaxanthin -- think âgreen veggiesâ like spinach, kale, and broccoli -- may be half as likely to get cataracts. Another showed that if you have macular degeneration, which causes damage to the middle of your retina and can take away your central vision, supplements with lutein and zeaxanthin can slow its progress. Note: Many studies combine these two nutrients with others such as vitamins C and E. It may be that the mix of nutrients does more for your eyes than any single one of them.


Question: How do lutein and zeaxanthin help protect your eyes?

Answer: Lutein and zeaxanthin can help protect your eyes from harmful high-energy light waves like ultraviolet rays in sunlight. Studies suggest that a high level of both in eye tissue is linked with better vision, especially in dim light or where glare is a problem.


Question: What happens when you take too much lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Potential risks: In excess, they may turn your skin slightly yellow. Research seems to show that up to 20 mg of lutein daily is safe.


Question: What is the safe upper limit for lutein and zeaxanthin for vision?

Answer: Safe upper limit: Researchers have not set an upper limit for either.


Question: What are the potential risks for lutein and zeaxanthin?

Answer: Potential risks: In excess, they may turn your skin slightly yellow. Research seems to show that up to 20 mg of lutein daily is safe.


Question: What is the recommended daily allowance for lutein and zeaxanthin for vision?

Answer: Recommended daily allowance: No RDA has been set for either nutrient.