Question: Why are microalbumin urine tests important for people with diabetes or high blood pressure?

Answer: When you find out about a health issue early on, you can often take steps to protect yourself and keep your body strong. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, one of the things to look out for is kidney disease. A microalbumin urine test helps because it can find kidney problems before they get too far.


Question: When should I get tested for kidney disease?

Answer: Your doctor will suggest one when you have: Type 1 diabetes. You'll get the test once a year starting 5 years from when you got the condition. Type 2 diabetes. You'll get the test once a year starting as soon as you find out you have it. High blood pressure Your doctor will talk to you about how often to get tested. You may also need to get tested if you: Are 65 or older with risk factors for heart or kidney disease Belong to an ethnic group more likely to get kidney disease, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians Have any family members who have or had kidney disease In these cases, talk to your doctor about when to start testing and how often you'll need it.


Question: What is a random albumin test?

Answer: They'll send you to a restroom and give you directions to pee into a cup. Your doctor will most likely ask the lab to check for creatinine as well as albumin. Creatinine is a normal waste product in your urine. When you measure both numbers, you get a clearer picture of what's happening.


Question: When should I start testing for kidney disease?

Answer: You may also need to get tested if you: Are 65 or older with risk factors for heart or kidney disease Belong to an ethnic group more likely to get kidney disease, including African Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and American Indians Have any family members who have or had kidney disease In these cases, talk to your doctor about when to start testing and how often you'll need it.


Question: What has been found about cinnamon and diabetes?

Answer: Several small studies have linked cinnamon to better blood sugar levels. Some of this work shows it may curb blood sugar by lowering insulin resistance. In one study, volunteers ate from 1 to 6 grams of cinnamon for 40 days. ( One gram of ground cinnamon is about half a teaspoon.) The researchers found that cinnamon cut cholesterol by about 18% and blood sugar levels by 24%. But in other studies, the spice did not lower blood sugar or cholesterol levels.


Question: What supplements lower blood sugar levels?

Answer: Use caution if you also take other supplements that lower blood sugar levels, including: Alpha lipoic acid Bitter melon Chromium Devil's claw Fenugreek Garlic Horse chestnut Panax Siberian ginseng Psyllium The same holds true with diabetes medications.


Question: Does cinnamon help diabetes?

Answer: Research findings have been mixed, and the American Diabetes Association dismisses cinnamon's use in diabetes treatment.


Question: What is thyroid cancer?

Answer: The job of your thyroid gland is to make hormones that help your body use energy, stay warm, and control your blood pressure and heart rate. Cancer happens when healthy cells in the gland change and grow out of control.


Question: How does age and gender affect risk of thyroid disease?

Answer: Women are three times more likely to get thyroid cancer than men. You can get it at any age. But women are often diagnosed in their 40s and 50s. Men tend to be older -- in their 60s and 70s -- when they find out they have it. And in men, thyroid cancer grows and spreads more quickly.


Question: Why is thyroid cancer so common?

Answer: On the list of most common cancers in the United States, thyroid cancer ranks fifth, and no other cancer is being diagnosed at a faster rate. One reason for this may be better tests. They allow doctors to find thyroid tumors that were too small to see in the past.


Question: How can you manage heavy sweating by packing a bag?

Answer: Pack a bag: Sometimes you might need to change your socks or your shirt after a sweating bout. You also might want to put antiperspirant on again. It can be a good idea to keep an emergency kit with a change of clothes and toiletries nearby.


Question: Can you take too much vitamin C?

Answer: Some studies have found that doses above 400 milligrams are not utilized by the body. Instead, the extra vitamin C is excreted in urine. The tolerable upper intake levels of a supplement are the highest amount that most people can take safely. Higher doses might be used to treat vitamin C deficiencies. But don't take more unless a doctor says so.


Question: Are there ways to manage the symptoms of Felty's syndrome?

Answer: If your RA is under control, you may not need treatment for FS. If you do need help with your symptoms, there are ways to manage them: Drugs that slow down the disease: low-dose methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Otrexup, Trexall) is often used to stop your FS from getting worse.


Question: What causes Felty's syndrome?

Answer: Doctors aren't sure what causes FS. Your white blood cells may have stopped fighting infections like they should. Or your bone marrow could be making abnormal white blood cells. Another theory is that your immune system attacks your white blood cells by mistake. FS doesn't always run in families, but some genes that raise your chances of getting it could be passed down to you.


Question: Is surgery used to treat Felty's syndrome?

Answer: Surgery: If your FS is severe and other treatments don't work, your doctor may recommend that your spleen be taken out. This could return your red and white blood cells to normal levels and may lower your risk of infection for an indefinite amount of time.


Question: Are there typical signs of Felty's syndrome?

Answer: Signs of FS are similar to those of rheumatoid arthritis. They also overlap other autoimmune diseases -- a disease in which your immune system attacks your own healthy cells -- like lupus. Because of that, FS can be hard to diagnose.


Question: Are blood tests used to diagnose Felty's syndrome?

Answer: Your doctor will also have you take a blood test. People with FS have very low levels of special white blood cells called neutrophils. These are important for fighting off bacterial infections.


Question: How risky is radon for causing lung cancer?

Answer: To put the risks of radon in perspective, about 21,000 people die each year from lung cancer related to radon. It's a serious home hazard, since it kills more people than falls in the home, drownings, and house fires. And keep in mind that smoking and radon are a bad combination. If you smoke and live in a home with high radon levels, your risk of getting lung cancer is especially high.


Question: What is auditory processing disorder (APD)?

Answer: Someone says, " Please raise your hand," and you hear something like " Please haze your plan." You tell your child, " Look at the cows over there," and he may hear, " Look at the clown on the chair." APD, also known as central auditory processing disorder, isn't hearing loss or a learning disorder. It means your brain doesn't "hear" sounds in the usual way. It's not a problem with understanding meaning.


Question: When should children get tested for auditory processing disorder (APD)?

Answer: Children usually aren't tested for APD until age 7 because their responses to the listening test may not be accurate when they're younger.


Question: What are the symptoms of auditory processing disorder (APD)?

Answer: APD can affect the way your child speaks as well as his ability to read, write, and spell. He may drop the ends of words or mix up similar sounds. It also can be hard for him to talk with other people. He may not be able to process what others are saying and come up with a response quickly.


Question: Who can get auditory processing disorder (APD)?

Answer: People of all ages can have APD. It often starts in childhood, but some people develop it later. Between 2% and 7% of kids have it, and boys are more likely to have it than girls. The disorder can lead to learning delays, so kids who have it may need a little extra help in school.


Question: How is auditory processing disorder (APD) diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor can use a hearing test to see if your child's issues are caused by hearing loss, but only a hearing specialist, called an audiologist, can diagnose APD. The audiologist will do a series of advanced listening tests in which your child will listen to different sounds and respond when she hears them. For instance, she might repeat them or push a button. The doctor also may attach painless electrodes to your child's ears and head to measure how her brain reacts to sound.


Question: How can auditory processing disorder (APD) affect your child?

Answer: Your child also may find it hard to: Follow conversations Know where a sound came from Listen to music Remember spoken instructions, particularly if there are multiple steps Understand what people say, especially in a loud place or if more than one person is talking Doctors don't know exactly what causes APD, but it may be linked to: Illness.


Question: What can auditory processing disorder (APD) be linked to?

Answer: APD may be linked to other things that cause similar symptoms. In fact, it may be part of the reason some people have dyslexia. And some experts think children are sometimes diagnosed with ADHD when they actually have APD.


Question: What is the treatment for auditory processing disorder (APD)?

Answer: There's no cure for APD, and the treatment is specific to each person. But it usually focuses on the following areas: Classroom support: Electronic devices, like an FM (frequency modulation) system, can help your child hear the teacher more clearly. And his teachers can suggest ways to help him focus his attention, like sitting toward the front of the class and limiting background noise. Making other skills stronger: Things like memory, problem solving, and other learning skills can help your child deal with APD. Therapy: Speech therapy can help your child recognize sounds and improve conversational skills. And reading support that focuses on specific areas where your child has trouble can be helpful as well. You can make a few changes at home, too. Cover hard floors with rugs to reduce echoes, and limit use of the TV, radio, and other noisy electronics.


Question: Where can I get help for clinical depression?

Answer: Once you decide to seek medical help, start with your primary care doctor. He or she can evaluate you to make sure that medicines or another illness are not the source of your symptoms. Your primary care doctor can also thoroughly assess your symptoms and provide treatment. If needed, he may refer you to a mental health care professional for care.


Question: How do physician assistants treat depression?

Answer: Physician Assistant: These medical health care givers are trained to identify symptoms of depression in patients and have some training in treating mental or psychiatric disorders under the supervision of a physician.


Question: Who treats clinical depression?

Answer: Health care providers in many different environments and specialties are trained to identify the presence of depression. The following are general health care providers who are qualified to treat depression: Physician: Primary care doctors (such as internists or family practice doctors) are primarily skilled in medical health care but also are trained to treat mental or psychiatric problems.


Question: How do social workers help treat depression?

Answer: Social Worker: These are specialists who provide mental health services for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of depression and other mental or psychiatric illness in individuals, families, and groups. Their goal is to enhance and maintain a person's physical, psychological, and social functioning.


Question: How do psychologists treat depression?

Answer: Psychologist: These are doctoral degree ( Ph D or Psy D) experts in psychology and are trained in counseling, psychotherapy, and psychological testing. Psychologists are not medical doctors and are not medically trained, and therefore are not licensed to prescribe medicines to treat mental illnesses except in a few states where legislation has permitted this.


Question: How do psychiatrists treat depression?

Answer: Psychiatrist: These are medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental or psychiatric illnesses. Psychiatrists are licensed to prescribe drugs as part of their treatment regimen and are also trained in psychotherapy, a form of "talking" therapy.


Question: How do physicians treat depression?

Answer: The following are general health care providers who are qualified to treat depression: Physician: Primary care doctors (such as internists or family practice doctors) are primarily skilled in medical health care but also are trained to treat mental or psychiatric problems. They can also screen you for depression. Physicians usually recommend specialized care for patients with more than mild symptoms of depression.


Question: Will I get any other tests in addition to a prothrombin time test?

Answer: This could be from taking supplements or eating foods high in vitamin K. It depends on what your doctor is looking for. For example, if your doctor thinks you might have a liver problem, you'll likely get more tests to check how your liver's working. If your doctor thinks you have a bleeding disorder, you may get tests to check for those, such as: PTT test Platelet count Thrombin time test von Willebrand factor test (looks for a genetic disorder that causes nosebleeds and other bleeding problems)


Question: What other disorders does a prothrombin time test check for?

Answer: Your doctor might also suggest you get this test to check for: Bone marrow problems Certain cancers, such as leukemia Immune system problems Lack of vitamin K, which is part of many clotting factors Liver problems (your liver makes the clotting factors) Normal blood clotting before you have surgery This test is a basic blood draw and takes just a few minutes.


Question: What happens during a prothrombin time test?

Answer: Your doctor might also suggest you get this test to check for: Bone marrow problems Certain cancers, such as leukemia Immune system problems Lack of vitamin K, which is part of many clotting factors Liver problems (your liver makes the clotting factors) Normal blood clotting before you have surgery This test is a basic blood draw and takes just a few minutes. A lab tech will: Clean the skin where the needle goes in Wrap a rubber strap around your upper arm -- this creates pressure to make your veins swell with blood Insert a thin needle into a vein, usually on the inside of your arm at your elbow or in the back of your hand Draw the blood Remove the rubber strap and put a bandage on your arm or hand In some cases, your doctor may use a finger stick instead, which will give you results more quickly.


Question: How does the doctor check for low blood pressure?

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Question: What tests are used to check for low blood pressure?

Answer: Other tests may be performed, such as an ECG (electrocardiogram) to measure heart rate and rhythm and an echocardiogram (an ultrasound test to visualize the heart). You may also have blood tests to look for anemia or problems with your blood sugar levels. More sophisticated home ECG monitoring (a Holter monitor or "event" monitor) may be necessary to check for heart problems that come and go or an irregular heart beat that can cause your blood pressure to drop suddenly. An exercise stress test or, less commonly, an electrophysiology test ( EP test) may also be helpful.


Question: What are the treatments for low blood pressure?

Answer: Depending on the cause of your symptoms, your doctor may tell you to increase your blood pressure by making these simple changes: Eat a diet higher in salt. Drink lots of nonalcoholic fluids. Limit alcoholic beverages. Drink more fluids during hot weather and while sick with a viral illness, such as a cold or the flu. Have your doctor evaluate your prescription and over-the-counter medications to see if any of them are causing your symptoms. Get regular exercise to promote blood flow. Be careful when rising from lying down or sitting. To help improve circulation, pump your feet and ankles a few times before standing up. Then proceed slowly. When getting out of bed, sit upright on the edge of the bed for a few minutes before standing. Elevate the head of your bed at night by placing bricks or blocks under the head of bed. Avoid heavy lifting. Avoid straining while on the toilet. Avoid standing still in place for long periods of time. Avoid prolonged exposure to hot water, such as hot showers and spas. If you get dizzy, sit down. It may be helpful to keep a chair or stool in the shower in case you need to sit; to help prevent injury, use a nonslip chair or stool designed for use in showers and bath tubs. To avoid problems with low blood pressure and lessen episodes of dizziness after meals, try eating smaller, more frequent meals. Cut back on carbohydrates. Rest after eating. Avoid taking drugs to lower blood pressure before meals. If needed, use elastic support (compression) stockings that cover the calf and thigh. These may help restrict blood flow to the legs, thus keeping more blood in the upper body.


Question: How is a "tilt table" test used to check for low blood pressure?

Answer: Some forms of postural hypotension may require a test called a "tilt table" test. This test evaluates the body's reaction to changes in position. The person lies on a table, is safely strapped in, and the table is raised to an upright position for up to an hour. Blood pressure, heart rate, and symptoms are recorded. Often, medications are given to help guide treatment.


Question: What food preservatives can trigger asthma?

Answer: Additives, such as sodium bisulfite, potassium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, potassium metabisulfite, and sodium sulfite, are commonly used in food processing or preparation and may be found in foods such as: Dried fruits or vegetables Potatoes (packaged and some prepared) Wine and beer Bottled lime or lemon juice Shrimp (fresh, frozen, or prepared) Pickled foods If you suspect that certain foods may be the cause of your asthma, discuss this with your doctor.


Question: Should I get allergy shots if I have asthma?

Answer: Consider Allergy Shots You can train your immune system to not overreact to allergy triggers. Doctors do this by giving you allergy shots (immunotherapy) for asthma. An allergy shot is a small amount of the substance that causes your allergy. By giving repeated shots of the substance over a period of time, your immune system eventually stops causing the allergic reaction. Ask your doctor if you are a candidate for allergy shots for preventing asthma.


Question: What happens when TNF causes too much inflammation?

Answer: Having the right amount of tumor necrosis factor in your body is important. If you're healthy, your body naturally takes care of this: It blocks any extra TNF you might have. That doesn't always happen in diseases like RA, so you end up with too much TNF in your blood. That leads to inflammation and painful symptoms.


Question: What is TNF?

Answer: If you have an immune system disease like rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), you may have heard your doctor use the term TNF. It's shorthand for tumor necrosis factor, a protein in your body that causes inflammation and helps coordinate the process.


Question: What are symptoms of spondylolisthesis?

Answer: Symptoms include: Lower back pain Muscle tightness and stiffness Pain in the buttocks Pain radiating down the legs (due to pressure on nerve roots) Spondylolisthesis is treated with the strengthening of supportive abdominal and back muscles through physical therapy.


Question: What's the treatment for spondylolisthesis?

Answer: Symptoms include: Lower back pain Muscle tightness and stiffness Pain in the buttocks Pain radiating down the legs (due to pressure on nerve roots) Spondylolisthesis is treated with the strengthening of supportive abdominal and back muscles through physical therapy. For patients who continue to have severe pain and disability after physical therapy, there is the option of surgical fusion (arthrodesis) of the vertebra to the bone below.


Question: How is epididymitis treated?

Answer: Treatment for epididymitis includes antibiotics (drugs that kill the bacteria causing the infection), bed rest, ice to reduce swelling, the use of a scrotal supporter, and anti-inflammatory medicines ( NSAIDS such as ibuprofen). Partners will need to be treated if the epididymitis is due to a sexually transmitted infection to prevent re-infection.


Question: What is epididymitis?

Answer: Epididymitis is inflammation of the epididymis. The epididymis is the coiled tube that lies on and around each testicle. It functions in the transport, storage, and maturation of sperm cells that are produced in the testicles. The epididymis connects the testicles with the vas deferens (the tubes that carry sperm).


Question: What problems are associated with hypogonadism?

Answer: When it occurs in adult men, hypogonadism may cause the following problems: Erectile dysfunction (the inability to achieve or maintain an erection) Infertility Decreased sex drive Decrease in beard and growth of body hair Decrease in size or firmness of the testicles Decrease in muscle mass and increase in body fat Lose of bone mass (osteoporosis) Enlarged male breast tissue Mental and emotional symptoms similar to those of menopause in women (hot flashes, mood swings, irritability, depression, fatigue) There are various causes of hypogonadism, including: Klinefelter's syndrome.


Question: How successful is testicular cancer treatment?

Answer: The success of testicular cancer treatment depends on the stage of the disease when it is first detected and treated. If the cancer is found and treated before it spreads to the lymph nodes, the cure rate is very high, greater than 98%. Even after testicular cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, treatment is highly effective, with a cure rate greater than 90%.


Question: What treatments are available for testicular cancer?

Answer: Surgery is the most common treatment for testicular cancer. Surgical treatment involves removing one or both testicles through an incision in the groin. In some cases, the doctor also may remove some of the lymph nodes in the abdomen. Radiation, which uses high-energy rays to attack cancer, and chemotherapy, which uses drugs to kill cancer, are other treatment options. Removing the one testicle should not lead to problems with having sex or children. The remaining testicle will continue making sperm and the male hormone testosterone. To re-establish a normal appearance, a man may be able to have a testicular prosthesis surgically implanted in the scrotum which looks and feels like a normal testicle.


Question: What are the symptoms of testicular cancer?

Answer: Symptoms of testicular cancer include a lump, irregularity or enlargement in either testicle; a pulling sensation or feeling of unusual heaviness in the scrotum; a dull ache in the groin or lower abdomen; and pain or discomfort (which may come and go) in a testicle or the scrotum.


Question: What is testicular trauma?

Answer: Because the testicles are located within the scrotum, which hangs outside of the body, they do not have the protection of muscles and bones. This makes it easier for the testicles to be struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, which occurs most often during contact sports. Males can protect their testicles by wearing athletic cups during sports. Trauma to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, and/or swelling. In most cases, the testes -- which are made of a spongy material -- can absorb the shock of an injury without serious damage. A rare type of testicular trauma, called testicular rupture, occurs when the testicle receives a direct blow or is squeezed against the hard bones of the pelvis. This injury can cause blood to leak into the scrotum. In severe cases, surgery to repair the rupture -- and thus save the testicle -- may be necessary.


Question: What is testicular cancer?

Answer: Testicular cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the testicles divide and grow uncontrolled. In some cases, certain benign (non-cancerous) tumors may progress and become cancer. Testicular cancer can develop in one or both testicles in men or young boys.


Question: What disorders affect the testicles?

Answer: Some of the more common conditions that affect the testicles include testicular trauma, testicular torsion, testicular cancer, epididymitis, and hypogonadism.


Question: What is hypogonadism?

Answer: Hypogonadism in men is a condition that occurs when the testicles (also called gonads) do not produce enough testosterone. Primary hypogonadism occurs when there is a problem or abnormality in the testicles themselves. Secondary hypogonadism occurs when there is a problem with the pituitary gland in the brain, which sends chemical messages to the testicles to produce testosterone. Hypogonadism can occur during fetal development, at puberty, or in adult men.


Question: When should you call a doctor or podiatrist about your diabetes-related skin issues?

Answer: When you have diabetes, your feet need special attention. Beyond a daily foot care routine, call your doctor or podiatrist right away if you: Don't see an improvement the next day after treating a minor problem, such as a cut. Have pain or discomfort that lasts for more than 2 days. Have a temperature. Notice any pus on the sore or near the wound.


Question: When should I call a doctor or podiatrist about skin problems if I have diabetes?

Answer: When you have diabetes, your feet need special attention. Beyond a daily foot care routine, call your doctor or podiatrist right away if you: Don't see an improvement the next day after treating a minor problem, such as a cut. Have pain or discomfort that lasts for more than 2 days. Have a temperature. Notice any pus on the sore or near the wound.


Question: How can you treat minor burns if you have diabetes?

Answer: Change the bandage at least once a day. Soothe the area with cool, clean running water. Don't try to break or pop any blisters. Gently wash the area with mild soap and warm water and pat dry. Cover the burn with a gauze pad. Secure that with hypoallergenic or paper tape.


Question: What should I do if I have a minor burn and I have diabetes?

Answer: Change the bandage at least once a day. Soothe the area with cool, clean running water. Don't try to break or pop any blisters. Gently wash the area with mild soap and warm water and pat dry. Cover the burn with a gauze pad. Secure that with hypoallergenic or paper tape.


Question: How can I protect my skin if I have diabetes?

Answer: To shield your skin from the cold or wind, cover your ears and face, including your nose, and wear a hat. Also, wear warm gloves and shoes or boots. Follow these guidelines, too: Use lip balm to prevent chapped lips. To prevent dry skin when the temperature drops, use a room humidifier to add moisture to heated indoor air. When you bathe or shower, use warm (not hot) water, and a mild, moisturizing soap. Don't take long baths or showers. Pat skin dry -- don't rub it. After washing and drying off, use a mild lotion to prevent dry skin. Avoid scratching dry skin. Apply moisturizer instead. Keep a bottle of lotion near the sink so you can use it after washing your hands. Limit products you use on your skin to lower your chances of having a reaction. If you're prone to acne, talk to your dermatologist before choosing a facial moisturizer. Some can cause acne or make it worse. Use products labeled "noncomedogenic" or "nonacnegenic."


Question: How should I keep in a first-aid kit for my hands and feet if I have diabetes?

Answer: Keep a first-aid kit close by to take care of your hands and feet. It should include: Antibacterial ointment Gauze pads Hypoallergenic or paper tape Prepackaged cleansing wipes (in case soap and water aren't available) Don't try to break or pop the blister.


Question: What should my first-aid kit for my skin include if I have diabetes?

Answer: Keep a first-aid kit close by to take care of your hands and feet. It should include: Antibacterial ointment Gauze pads Hypoallergenic or paper tape Prepackaged cleansing wipes (in case soap and water aren't available) Don't try to break or pop the blister.


Question: Which medicines can cause photophobia?

Answer: Some medicines can also cause photophobia, including: Antibiotics, such as doxycycline and tetracycline. Furosemide ( Lasix): This keeps your body from holding on to too much fluid. It's used to treat congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and other conditions. Quinine ( Qualaquin): This is a drug used to treat malaria.


Question: How can photophobia affect you?

Answer: It can cause pain whenever you're in bright sunlight or indoor light. You might want to blink or close your eyes. Some people also get headaches.


Question: Which brain conditions can cause photophobia?

Answer: A few brain conditions can cause photophobia, including: Meningitis (swelling of the protective coverings of your brain and spinal cord) Serious brain injury Supranuclear palsy (a brain disorder that causes problems with balance, walking, and eye movement) Tumors in your pituitary gland Some eye diseases cause this symptom, including: Dry eye Uveitis (swelling of the inside of your eye) Keratitis (swelling of your cornea, the clear layer that covers the colored part of your eye) Iritis (swelling of the colored ring around your pupil) Cataracts (cloudy coverings over the lenses of your eyes) Corneal abrasion (a scratch on your cornea) Conjunctivitis (inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear tissue that sits over the white part of your eye) Damage to your retina, the light-sensitive layer in the back of your eye Blepharospasm (a condition that makes your eyelids close uncontrollably) Photophobia may also affect some people who have these mental health conditions: Agoraphobia (a fear of being in public places) Anxiety Bipolar disorder Depression Panic disorder You can also get photophobia after you have LASIK or other surgery to fix vision problems.


Question: What should you do if you think you have photophobia?

Answer: If you think you have photophobia, see your eye doctor. She'll ask about your symptoms and any medical conditions you have. Then she'll check the health of your eyes and possibly your brain.


Question: How can caregiver support services help you deal with caregiver burnout?

Answer: These groups can provide resources and information about respite care and support groups.


Question: Can capsaicin help with treating diabetic nerve pain?

Answer: It's thought to control a chemical called substance P, which helps send pain signals through your nerves. It can help in the short term, but there are concerns about long-term use. That's because these same nerves play a role in wound healing, a process that's already a problem if you have diabetes.


Question: How is a heart attack diagnosed?

Answer: To diagnose a heart attack, an emergency care team will ask you about your symptoms and begin to evaluate you. The diagnosis of the heart attack is based on your symptoms and test results. The goal of treatment is to treat you quickly and limit heart muscle damage.


Question: What drugs are used during a heart attack?

Answer: Drugs used during a heart attack may include: Aspirin to prevent blood clotting that may worsen the heart attack Other antiplatelets, such as Brilinta, Effient, or Plavix, to prevent blood clotting Thrombolytic therapy ("clot busters") to dissolve any blood clots in the heart's arteries Any combination of the above Other drugs, given during or after a heart attack, lessen your heart's work, improve the functioning of the heart, widen or dilate your blood vessels, decrease your pain, and guard against any life-threatening heart rhythms.


Question: How is a cardiac catheterization used to diagnose a heart attack?

Answer: Cardiac catheterization, also called cardiac cath, may be used during the first hours of a heart attack if medications are not relieving the ischemia or symptoms. The cardiac cath can be used to directly visualize the blocked artery and help your doctor determine which procedure is needed to treat the blockage.


Question: How does the wound heal after a heart attack?

Answer: Healing of the heart muscle begins soon after a heart attack and takes about eight weeks. Just like a skin wound, the heart's wound heals and a scar will form in the damaged area. But, the new scar tissue does not contract. So, the heart's pumping ability is lessened after a heart attack. The amount of lost pumping ability depends on the size and location of the scar.


Question: What are the goals of drug therapy for a heart attack?

Answer: The goals of drug therapy are to break up or prevent blood clots, prevent platelets from gathering and sticking to the plaque, stabilize the plaque, and prevent further ischemia. These medications must be given as soon as possible (within one to two hours from the start of your heart attack) to decrease the amount of heart damage. The longer the delay in starting these drugs, the more damage can occur and the less benefit they can provide.


Question: When should you see a healthcare provider about bleeding under your nail (subungual hematoma)?

Answer: A nearby joint was also injured. More than a quarter of the nail is discolored or there is continuing, intense pain. Signs of infection develop, such as pus, redness, or heat around the nail, or a red streak extends from the wound. If less than a quarter of the nail is discolored and pain is manageable, home treatment may be enough.


Question: Which drugs treat hypersomnia?

Answer: These may include: Stimulants, such as methylphenidate ( Ritalin) or modafinil ( Provigil) Antidepressants, such as fluoxetine ( Prozac), citalopram ( Celexa), paroxetine ( Paxil), sertraline ( Zoloft) Sodium oxybate ( Xyrem) is used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy


Question: What should I do if I feel dizzy?

Answer: If you feel dizzy, sit or lie down at once. This will lower your chance of falling down. If you have vertigo, it may help to lie down in a dark, quiet place with your eyes closed.


Question: What can I feel during a spell of dizziness?

Answer: During a spell of dizziness, you may feel as though you're spinning or moving when you're not (that's called vertigo). You may also feel: Lightheaded or faint Unsteady on your feet Woozy, as though your head is heavy or floating Learn more about what to do when you're in the middle of a dizzy spell, when to call a doctor, and what might cause it.


Question: What are other causes of dizziness?

Answer: Some other causes of dizziness include: Medicines, such as antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, tranquilizers and sedatives. If you take medication for high blood pressure, it might lower your blood pressure too much, leaving you feeling faint. Anxiety disorders. These include panic attacks. Low iron levels in your blood. This is also called anemia. Other signs that you are anemic include fatigue, pale skin and weakness. Low blood sugar. This is also called hypoglycemia. This may be a problem if you are diabetic and use insulin. Other symptoms include sweating and anxiety.


Question: Can drinking water help my dizziness?

Answer: Drinking water may also give you fast relief, especially if you're dizzy because you're dehydrated.


Question: If I feel dizzy, what can I do to keep myself safe?

Answer: If you've had a series of dizzy spells, there are things you can do to make yourself safer. Here are some of them: Remove tripping hazards in your home, such as rugs on the floor, so that you're less likely to fall. Avoid alcohol, caffeine and tobacco, which can make symptoms worse. Drink enough fluids and get plenty of sleep. Be aware of things that trigger your dizziness, such as lights, noise, and fast movement, and try to be around them less or move more slowly.


Question: What should I do if I feel dizzy and have other symptoms?

Answer: You should seek help at once if you're dizzy and also have: Chest pain or shortness of breath Severe headache Sudden change in your vision or hearing, or trouble speaking Numbness or weakness A head injury High fever Stiffness in your neck Keeping you upright and balanced is not an easy job for the brain.


Question: Is feeling dizzy a serious problem?

Answer: Dizziness is a common problem and usually isn't serious.


Question: What drug-free methods may help with side effects of cancer treatment?

Answer: It may ease anxiety, pain, stress, and even nausea. Guided imagery : You'll think about a thing or a place that makes you happy.


Question: What natural remedies may help with cancer treatment?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you if these are safe -- and smart -- for you to take these: Ginger can help you manage nausea and vomiting from chemotherapy.


Question: What is acupuncture and can it help with cancer treatment?

Answer: This form of traditional Chinese medicine involves putting very thin needles into your skin to improve your body's energy flow. Some Westerners believe the needles stimulate your body's natural pain-killing chemicals. Acupuncture is most often used for pain, but it may also lessen other symptoms associated with cancer treatment, like: Nausea and vomiting Dry mouth Anxiety and hot flashes If you want to try it, let your doctor know.


Question: Should I take vitamins during cancer treatment?

Answer: Even though vitamins claim to improve health, many cancer doctors (oncologists) say you should avoid most of them while you're in treatment. St. John's wort, often used for depression, can cause some anticancer drugs to not work as well as they should. Antioxidant pills like vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, and beta-carotene can interfere with how well chemotherapy and radiation work.


Question: What should I ask my doctor before taking natural remedies with cancer treatment?

Answer: Your doctor can help you avoid pills or practices that may not be good for you. Follow these tips to start the conversation: Ask about nondrug ways to ease side effects. If she says that something you want to try can cause problems with your cancer treatment, ask for other options. Make a complete list of all supplements you take -- even multivitamins. Ask the doctor if any of them could have a bad effect on your treatment. Ask her to help you spot products or practices that don't live up to their claims.


Question: How can eczema or psoriasis cause itchy ears?

Answer: You can usually treat these problems with ear drops. In severe cases, you may also need to take steroid pills.


Question: How can skin allergies cause itchy ears?

Answer: The skin inside your ears can itch because of an allergic reaction. A beauty product like hair spray or shampoo could be the culprit. So can products that have nickel, like earrings. Plastic, rubber, or metal you put inside your ears, like earbuds or a hearing aid, can also cause a rash called contact dermatitis. To get relief, you'll need to figure out what you're allergic to and stop using it. Until then, your doctor may prescribe a steroid cream to stop your urge to scratch.


Question: How can food allergies cause itchy ears?

Answer: If you have hay fever or a pollen allergy, your ears may itch when you eat certain fruits, vegetables, or tree nuts. Known as oral allergy syndrome, you may notice this most during allergy season. The prickly feeling in your ears should stop as soon as you swallow the food or take it out of your mouth. In most cases, you don't need treatment. Still, speak to your doctor. She may test you to see how severe your allergy is. People with extreme food allergies may need to carry an epinephrine auto-injector.


Question: What are side effects of steroid shots for sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Steroid shots in the SI joint usually start working in 3 to 7 days. Most people feel a lot better and can move around much easier after they get one. You might have some side effects, such as: Anxiety High blood sugar if you have diabetes For women, changes in your period Warm, red skin, called flushing Trouble sleeping Bloating Side effects usually go away in a few days.


Question: How can medication help with treating sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Medication There are two reasons to use medication for sacroiliac joint dysfunction. The first is to bring down the swelling and irritation, called inflammation, in your joint. The second is to control pain. Take your medication the way your doctor tells you to, even if you start to feel better. If you stop taking it too soon, the inflammation might stick around and keep your joint from healing. That means the pain may come back.


Question: How can physical therapy help with treating sacroiliac (SI) joint pain?

Answer: Physical Therapy As medication eases pain and calms an inflamed SI joint, physical therapy can help the area become more flexible. A therapist can teach you exercises that will build strength and make your SI joint more mobile. You'll also learn ways to move that will hurt less.


Question: When should you call your doctor about erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: At the very least, your doctor can clear up misinformation, which often makes sexual problems worse. Sometimes taking medication for a short time can get you through a rough patch, too. Also talk to the doctor if it's painful to get an erection or difficult because your penis is curved (a condition called Peyronie's disease). If the problem doesn't go away, it could be an early warning sign of a more serious, larger condition. For example, the penile artery can get narrower because of coronary artery disease or diabetes.


Question: How can you tell if you have erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Can't get or keep an erection so you can have sex?


Question: What are symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Answer: If you have a urinary tract infection ( UTI), you may have: Pain or burning when you pee Pain in your lower belly, over the bladder (above your pubic bone) An urge to pee right away and often Only being able to pee out small amounts of urine at a time Low back pain Your urine may be: Cloudy Bloody Bad smelling Men can get UTIs, too.


Question: What might your urine be like if you have a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Answer: If you have a urinary tract infection ( UTI), you may have: Pain or burning when you pee Pain in your lower belly, over the bladder (above your pubic bone) An urge to pee right away and often Only being able to pee out small amounts of urine at a time Low back pain Your urine may be: Cloudy Bloody Bad smelling Men can get UTIs, too.


Question: What causes anemia in people with diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes often leads to kidney damage, and failing kidneys can cause anemia. Healthy kidneys know when your body needs new red blood cells. They release a hormone called erythropoietin ( EPO), which signals your bone marrow to make more. Damaged kidneys don't send out enough EPO to keep up with your needs. Often, people don't realize they have kidney disease until it's very far along. But if you test positive for anemia, it can be an early sign of a problem with your kidneys.


Question: What are signs that I have anemia?

Answer: When your brain and other organs don't get enough oxygen, you feel tired and weak. Other signs you may have anemia include: Shortness of breath Dizziness Headache Pale skin Chest pain Cold hands and feet Low body temperature Rapid heartbeat A complete blood count gives your doctor a good picture of what's going on in your blood.


Question: Can kidney dialysis cause anemia?

Answer: If you have kidney dialysis, you may have blood loss, and that can also cause anemia.


Question: What are the symptoms of anemia?

Answer: When your brain and other organs don't get enough oxygen, you feel tired and weak. Other signs you may have anemia include: Shortness of breath Dizziness Headache Pale skin Chest pain Cold hands and feet Low body temperature Rapid heartbeat A complete blood count gives your doctor a good picture of what's going on in your blood.


Question: How do doctors test for anemia?

Answer: Other signs you may have anemia include: Shortness of breath Dizziness Headache Pale skin Chest pain Cold hands and feet Low body temperature Rapid heartbeat A complete blood count gives your doctor a good picture of what's going on in your blood. It counts your red and white blood cells and platelets, and it checks whether the red blood cells are a normal size. It also checks the levels of hemoglobin in your blood and your blood volume. If your hemoglobin levels are low, you may be anemic. The normal ranges are 14 to 17.5 for men and 12.3 to 15.3 for women. If you have a lower percentage of red blood cells in your blood, you may be anemic.


Question: How is anemia because of high blood pressure and high blood sugar treated?

Answer: High blood pressure and high blood sugar cause the kidney damage that brings on anemia. If your doctor has prescribed you medication for either high blood pressure or high blood sugar, it's important that you take it. A good diet and regular exercise also help.


Question: How is anemia because of a lack of erythropoietin treated?

Answer: If your kidneys don't make enough EPO -- the hormone that boosts the level of red blood cells you make -- your treatment may be a synthetic version of the hormone. You'll get an injection every week or two, or you'll have it during dialysis. It raises hemoglobin for most people, but it may also increase your chances of a heart attack or stroke. Your doctor needs to watch you closely while you're on it If your anemia is severe, you may need a blood transfusion.


Question: What can affect the absorption of iron if I'm anemic?

Answer: Good sources of iron include: Iron-fortified breads and cereals Beans and lentils Oysters Liver Green leafy vegetables, especially spinach Tofu Red meat Fish Dried fruit, like prunes, raisins and apricots Your body absorbs iron better if you have it along with food that contains vitamin C, like fruits and vegetables. Coffee, tea, and calcium can make you absorb less of it. High blood pressure and high blood sugar cause the kidney damage that brings on anemia. If your doctor has prescribed you medication for either high blood pressure or high blood sugar, it's important that you take it. A good diet and regular exercise also help.


Question: How is anemia treated?

Answer: Your doctor may test you for: Iron deficiency Kidney failure Vitamin deficiency Internal bleeding Bone marrow health If you're anemic because your iron levels are low, it may help to eat iron-rich foods and take supplements. For people on kidney dialysis, it's best to get iron injected directly into a vein. If your kidneys don't make enough EPO -- the hormone that boosts the level of red blood cells you make -- your treatment may be a synthetic version of the hormone. You'll get an injection every week or two, or you'll have it during dialysis. It raises hemoglobin for most people, but it may also increase your chances of a heart attack or stroke. Your doctor needs to watch you closely while you're on it If your anemia is severe, you may need a blood transfusion.


Question: How does anemia affect the kidneys in diabetes patients?

Answer: Often, people don't realize they have kidney disease until it's very far along. But if you test positive for anemia, it can be an early sign of a problem with your kidneys. People with diabetes are more likely to have inflamed blood vessels. This can keep bone marrow from getting the signal they need to make more red blood cells.


Question: How can some medications affect the blood of diabetics?

Answer: And some medications used to treat diabetes can drop your levels of the protein hemoglobin, which you need to carry oxygen through your blood. These drugs include ACE inhibitors, fibrates, metformin, and thiazolidinediones. If you take one of these, talk to your doctor about your risk for anemia. If you have kidney dialysis, you may have blood loss, and that can also cause anemia.


Question: What should you eat and drink when you have the flu?

Answer: It's very important to drink a lot of fluids to keep the body hydrated. This helps loosen mucus. Limit drinks like coffee, tea, and colas with caffeine. They rob your system of fluids. As for eating, follow your appetite. If you're not really hungry, try eating simple foods like white rice or broth.


Question: Should I get antibiotics for the flu?

Answer: Antibiotics will not help treat the flu or a cold. Antibiotics kill bacteria, but they do not kill any viruses, including viruses that cause the flu or colds. However, the flu can weaken the immune system and open the door for bacterial infections. If your flu starts to get better and then gets worse, you may have a bacterial infection. See a doctor right away. Antibiotic treatment may be necessary.


Question: Which over-the-counter  medicines can help with the flu?

Answer: Decongestants can help you breathe by shrinking swollen mucous membranes in the nose. But talk to your doctor first if you have high blood pressure or heart disease. Saline nasal sprays can also help open breathing passages. Cough preparations, along with water and fruit juices, can help soothe a cough. If you use a multi-symptom cold medicine, choose the drug that matches your symptoms. And don't take two cold medicines with the same ingredients.


Question: When should I see my doctor if I have the flu?

Answer: If your symptoms are severe or aren't getting better after a week or if you are over 65 or have fever for more than 3 days, see a doctor. Also call a doctor right away if you have any chronic medical conditions and are exposed to the flu or develop any of the symptoms. Moreover, if an infant or young child has a fever or develops symptoms of the flu, get medical help. These symptoms are signs that flu may have developed into something serious like pneumonia. See a doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms: Difficulty breathing Persistent fever Vomiting or inability to keep fluids down Painful swallowing Persistent coughing Persistent congestion Persistent headache Because the flu virus can infect the lungs and it can cause a serious infection like pneumonia.


Question: How long should you stay home for the flu?

Answer: Stay at home while you have the flu, and for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone without the use of fever-reducing medicine. Once your fever is gone for a day, you're no longer contagious and can return to work or school. Also, you will recover more quickly if you get some rest.


Question: What's the best treatment for the flu?

Answer: There's no single "best" treatment for flu, but there are many ways you can ease symptoms. Prescription flu drugs can shorten the time you feel sick if taken when symptoms first appear. They work best when taken within 48 hours of symptoms, but they may also prevent severe disease if taken more than 48 hours after the first symptoms. Over-the-counter cold and flu drugs can offer some relief from fever, aches, stuffy nose, and cough. They don't "cure" the flu, but may help keep you more comfortable.


Question: How do prescription medications for the flu work?

Answer: The prescription drugs baloxavir marboxil ( Xofluza), oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), zanamivir ( Relenza), and peramivir ( Rapivab) were developed to cut short a bout with flu. They help shorten recovery time by one or two days. The drugs work best when taken within 48 hours of the first symptoms. However, clinical studies show the drugs still offer benefits when treatment starts more than 48 hours after symptoms begin. Oseltamivir ( Tamiflu) and zanamivir ( Relenza) can also be taken to help prevent the flu if you're been exposed to the virus.


Question: Why are people so concerned about the flu?

Answer: See a doctor right away if you have any of these symptoms: Difficulty breathing Persistent fever Vomiting or inability to keep fluids down Painful swallowing Persistent coughing Persistent congestion Persistent headache Because the flu virus can infect the lungs and it can cause a serious infection like pneumonia. And that's what worries people. If the flu develops into pneumonia, it may require hospitalization and can even lead to death. People with weak immune systems -- the elderly, pregnant women, infants, and people with chronic health problems -- are at highest risk of flu complications such as pneumonia. Others at high risk for complications include Native American and Alaskan Natives.


Question: How do cold symptoms typically progress?

Answer: Primary symptoms of flu are fever, fatigue, body aches, chills, headache, sore throat, and cough. The cough is a bronchial tube irritation and is usually not productive -- you're not coughing up gunk. The flu is usually at its worst for three to four days. The cough may linger longer. Recovery may take seven to 10 days. You may have lingering fatigue for several weeks.


Question: What is the purpose of a colostomy?

Answer: When the colon, rectum, or anus is unable to function normally because of disease or injury, or needs to rest from normal function, the body must have another way to eliminate the waste. A colostomy is an opening -- called a stoma -- that connects the colon to the surface of the abdomen. This provides a new path for waste material and gas to leave the body. A colostomy can be permanent or temporary.


Question: What are some warnings that can come with a colostomy?

Answer: In some cases of colostomy, skin irritation or infection can result from stool that leaks under the bag. A hernia can develop around a colostomy, and the bowel may become narrow. Taking good care of your stoma and eating a balanced diet can help you avoid these problems.


Question: What is a colostomy?

Answer: It also absorbs any remaining nutrients. The solid waste material is then passed through the colon to the rectum. From there, it is eliminated from the body through the anus. When the colon, rectum, or anus is unable to function normally because of disease or injury, or needs to rest from normal function, the body must have another way to eliminate the waste. A colostomy is an opening -- called a stoma -- that connects the colon to the surface of the abdomen.


Question: How will a colostomy change someone's life?

Answer: While still in the hospital after your surgery, you will be educated about the care of your colostomy and given some tips for making the necessary adjustments. Living with a colostomy will require a modification of your lifestyle. But with proper education and guidance, it can be manageable. Hopefully the following tips will help you adjust. And, keep in mind there are colostomy societies and support groups available to offer assistance. Monitor your medications. Some medicines can cause constipation or diarrhea. Eat a well-balanced diet. Avoid foods that cause excessive gas, such as cabbage, beans, and some nuts. A dietitian can help you choose a balanced diet that will help you avoid constipation and diarrhea and not interfere with your colostomy. Live your life. Having a colostomy is not the end of life as you know it. Modern colostomy supplies are designed to lie flat and are not noticeable under clothing. Most colostomy patients are able to return to work and to many of the activities -- including sex -- they enjoyed before surgery. Consider colostomy irrigation. Some people find that a process called colostomy irrigation, which uses an enema through the stoma, clears the colon for the day and a bag may not be necessary. Talk to your doctor to find out if you are a candidate. Be sure to talk with your doctor or the nurse about resuming your normal activities and about any concerns you have about living with your colostomy.


Question: How can surgery help with treating refractory epilepsy?

Answer: If you still have seizures after trying two or three anti-epilepsy drugs, your doctor might recommend brain surgery. It can help a lot if your epilepsy only affects one side of your brain. Doctors call that refractory partial epilepsy.


Question: What questions will your doctor ask to diagnose refractory epilepsy?

Answer: When you have a seizure, you may also: Black out Lose control of your bowels or bladder Stare into space Fall down suddenly Get stiff muscles Bite your tongue Your doctor has several ways to diagnose refractory epilepsy. They may ask you questions such as: How often do you have seizures? Do you ever skip doses of your medicine? Does epilepsy run in your family? Do you still have seizures after taking medicine?


Question: Can a ketogenic diet help with treating refractory epilepsy?

Answer: The ketogenic diet helps some people with epilepsy. It's a high-fat, low-protein, low-carb diet. You have to start it in a specific way and follow it strictly, so you need a doctor's supervision. Your doctor will watch closely to see whether or when you can lower any of your medication levels. Because the diet is so specific, you may need to take vitamin or mineral supplements. Doctors aren't sure why the ketogenic diet works, but some studies show that children with epilepsy who stay on the diet have a better chance of reducing their seizures or their medications.


Question: Does caffeine increase the risk of osteoporosis, heart disease, and cancer?

Answer: Here are the facts: Osteoporosis and caffeine. At high levels (more than 744 milligrams/day), caffeine may increase calcium and magnesium loss in urine. But recent studies suggest it does not increase your risk for bone loss, especially if you get enough calcium. You can offset the calcium lost from drinking one cup of coffee by adding just two tablespoons of milk. However, research does show links between caffeine and hip fracture risk in older adults. Older adults may be more sensitive to the effects of caffeine on calcium metabolism. If you're an older woman, discuss with your health care provider whether you should limit your daily caffeine intake to 300 milligrams or less. Cardiovascular disease and caffeine. A slight, temporary rise in heart rate and blood pressure is common in those who are sensitive to caffeine. But several large studies do not link caffeine to higher cholesterol, irregular heartbeats, or an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. If you already have high blood pressure or heart problems, though, have a discussion with your doctor about your caffeine intake. You may be more sensitive to its effects. Also, more research is needed to tell whether caffeine increases the risk for stroke in people with high blood pressure. Cancer and caffeine. Reviews of 13 studies involving 20,000 people revealed no relationship between cancer and caffeine. In fact, caffeine may even have a protective effect against certain cancers.


Question: Is caffeine harmful for women trying to get pregnant?

Answer: Many studies show no links between low amounts of caffeine (a cup of coffee per day) and any of the following: trouble conceiving miscarriage birth defects premature birth low birth rate At the same time, for pregnant women or those attempting pregnancy, the March of Dimes suggests fewer than 200 milligrams of caffeine per day. This is equal to one large cup of coffee per day. This recommendation comes because, in limited studies, women consuming higher amounts of caffeine had an increased risk for miscarriage.


Question: Does caffeine have a dehydrating effect?

Answer: However, the fluid you consume in caffeinated beverages tends to offset the effects of fluid loss when you urinate. The bottom line is that although caffeine does act as a mild diuretic, studies show drinking caffeinated drinks in moderation doesn't actually cause dehydration.


Question: What happens if you suddenly stop taking caffeine?

Answer: If you stop taking caffeine abruptly, you may have symptoms for a day or more, especially if you consume two or more cups of coffee a day. Symptoms of withdrawal from caffeine include: headache fatigue anxiety irritability depressed mood difficulty concentrating No doubt, caffeine withdrawal can make for a few bad days.


Question: Can caffeine can help you sober up?

Answer: Actually, research suggests that people only think caffeine helps them sober up. For example, people who drink caffeine along with alcohol think they're OK behind the wheel. But the truth is reaction time and judgment are still impaired.


Question: Does caffeine harm children?

Answer: Some kids are sensitive to caffeine, developing temporary anxiety or irritability, with a "crash" afterwards. Also, most caffeine that kids drink is in sodas, energy drinks, or sweetened teas, all of which have high sugar content. These empty calories put kids at higher risk for obesity. Even if the caffeine itself isn't harmful, caffeinated drinks are generally not good for kids.


Question: Is caffeine addictive?

Answer: Caffeine is a stimulant to the central nervous system, and regular use of caffeine does cause mild physical dependence. But caffeine doesn't threaten your physical, social, or economic health the way addictive drugs do.


Question: Does caffeine cause insomnia?

Answer: But it also gets rid of it quickly. Processed mainly through the liver, caffeine has a relatively short half-life. This means it takes about five to seven hours, on average, to eliminate half of it from your body. After eight to 10 hours, 75% of the caffeine is gone. For most people, a cup of coffee or two in the morning won't interfere with sleep at night. Consuming caffeine later in the day, however, can interfere with sleep. If you're like most people, your sleep won't be affected if you don't consume caffeine at least six hours before going to bed. Your sensitivity may vary, though, depending on your metabolism and the amount of caffeine you regularly consume. People who are more sensitive may not only experience insomnia but also have caffeine side effects of nervousness and gastrointestinal upset.


Question: What might cause sleepwalking?

Answer: You might also have the disorder if you're: Sleep deprived On a chaotic sleep schedule Stressed Drunk Taking drugs such as sedative-hypnotics (which promote relaxation or sleep), neuroleptics (used to treat psychosis), stimulants (which boost activity), and antihistamines (used to treat symptoms of allergy) Medical conditions that have been linked to sleepwalking include: Heart rhythm problems Fever Heartburn Nighttime asthma Nighttime seizures Obstructive sleep apnea (a condition in which you briefly stop breathing during sleep) Restless leg syndrome Psychiatric disorders, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, or dissociative states, such as multiple personality disorder


Question: What is sleepwalking and when does it happen?

Answer: The sleepwalker can't respond during the event and usually doesn't remember it. In some cases, he may talk and not make sense. Sleepwalking mostly happens in childhood, typically between the ages of 4 and 8. But adults can do it, too. When someone sleepwalks, they might quietly walk around their room.


Question: What illnesses happen with depression?

Answer: It's common for people to have other medical or mental health problems along with depression, such as anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobias, substance use disorders, and eating disorders. If you or a loved one has symptoms of depression or another mental illness, talk to your doctor. Treatments can help.


Question: Is childhood depression common?

Answer: Childhood depression is different from the normal "blues" and everyday emotions most kids feel. If your child is sad, it doesn't necessarily mean he has depression. It's when the sadness stays with him day after day that depression may be an issue. Or, if your child has disruptive behavior that interferes with normal social activities, interests, schoolwork, or family life, that may also be signs of a problem.


Question: How do you know if you have depression?

Answer: According to the DSM-5, a manual doctors use to diagnose mental disorders, you have depression when you have five or more of these symptoms for at least 2 weeks: A depressed mood during most of the day, especially in the morning You feel tired or have a lack of energy almost every day. You feel worthless or guilty almost every day. You have a hard time focusing, remembering details, and making decisions. You can't sleep or you sleep too much almost every day. You have almost no interest or pleasure in many activities nearly every day. You think often about death or suicide (not just a fear of death). You feel restless or slowed down. You've lost or gained weight. You may also: Feel irritable and restless Lose pleasure in life Overeat or stop feeling hungry Have aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that don't go away or get better with treatment Have sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings While these symptoms are common, not everyone with depression will have the same ones.


Question: Are there different types of depression?

Answer: There are a few types of depressive disorders that doctors can diagnose, including: Unipolar major depression Persistent depressive disorder, also called dysthymia, when depression lasts for at least 2 years Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, when children and teens get extremely irritable, angry, and often have intense outbursts that are more severe than a child's typical reaction Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, when a woman has severe mood problems before her period, more intense than typical premenstrual syndrome ( PMS) Substance-induced mood disorder ( SIMD), when symptoms happen while you're taking a drug or drinking alcohol or after you stop Depressive disorder due to another medical condition Other depressive disorders, such as minor depression Your depression may have other specific features, such as: Anxious distress.


Question: What is depression?

Answer: It's a normal reaction to loss or life's struggles. But when intense sadness -- including feeling helpless, hopeless, and worthless -- lasts for many days to weeks and keeps you from living your life, it may be something more than sadness. You could have clinical depression -- a treatable medical condition. According to the DSM-5, a manual doctors use to diagnose mental disorders, you have depression when you have five or more of these symptoms for at least 2 weeks: A depressed mood during most of the day, especially in the morning You feel tired or have a lack of energy almost every day.


Question: Do symptoms of depression vary?

Answer: You may also: Feel irritable and restless Lose pleasure in life Overeat or stop feeling hungry Have aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that don't go away or get better with treatment Have sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings While these symptoms are common, not everyone with depression will have the same ones. How severe they are, how often they happen, and how long they last can vary. Your symptoms may also happen in patterns. For example, depression may come with a change in seasons (a condition formerly called seasonal affective disorder).


Question: What are the warning signs of suicide from depression?

Answer: Anybody who thinks or talks about harming themselves should be taken very seriously. Do not hesitate to call your local suicide hotline right away. Call 800- SUICIDE (800-784-2433); 800-273- TALK (800-273-8255); or, for the hotline for the hearing impaired, call 800-799-4889. Or contact a mental health professional ASAP. If you intend or have a plan to commit suicide, go to the emergency room right away. Warning signs include: Thoughts or talk of death or suicide Thoughts or talk of self-harm or harm to others Aggressive behavior or impulsiveness Watch for these signs if your child or teen starts taking antidepressants. In some cases, people under 25 may have more suicidal thoughts in the first weeks of taking these medicines or when they take a different dose.


Question: Where can I get help for depression?

Answer: If you or someone you know has symptoms of the condition, talk to your doctor. He can evaluate you and offer you treatment or refer you to a mental health professional.


Question: When should you go to your doctor about vision problems?

Answer: A good rule of thumb: Go to the doctor if you have any unusual: Redness Irritation Pain Discharge Vision changes


Question: When should you call your doctor about vision problems?

Answer: Call the doctor about vision problems if you: Have symptoms of retinal detachment such as floaters or flashes of light in your vision. You need immediate treatment to save vision in that eye. Feel like a dark curtain covers part of your side vision. Call right away to rule out other serious causes of this problem, like stroke. Become unusually sensitive to bright light. You may have inflammation inside your eye (iritis/uveitis). Have a foreign object in your eye that won't come out with water. If you don't treat it, you could scar your eye or get an infection. Have discomfort when you wear contacts or have pain that won't go away even after you take the contact out. You may have a scratch, inflamed cornea (the doctor will call this keratitis), or a corneal ulcer. Get an eye injury that affects your vision. You might have internal bleeding or a fracture of the bone around your eye. This is a medical emergency.


Question: What are the symptoms of strabismus?

Answer: Symptoms include: Hazy vision that might be worse in bright light Weaker vision at night, particularly when driving; trouble seeing movement, details, or objects (especially street signs) Blinding or uncomfortable glare from automobile headlights or bright sunlight A need for brighter light for reading Colors look faded or yellow Double or triple vision (images overlap) in one eye only A normally dark pupil looks milky white or opaque (advanced cases) Painful inflammation and pressure within the eye (very advanced case) Strabismus: Your eyes don't move together as they should. Both eyes or just one could be crossed inward or outward. A child who has it may rub one or both eyes often. She could also squint, tilt her head, or close one eye to see things better.


Question: What are the symptoms of macular degeneration?

Answer: Macular degeneration : Dim or wavy vision, especially when you read. Straight lines often look crooked. Gradual, painless loss of precise central vision. Blank spots in your central field of vision.


Question: What are the symptoms of acute glaucoma?

Answer: Acute glaucoma: A sudden onset of severe throbbing eye pain, headaches, blurred vision, rainbow halos around lights, red eyes, nausea, and vomiting. It's a medical emergency.


Question: When should I go to the doctor for vision problems?

Answer: A good rule of thumb: Go to the doctor if you have any unusual: Redness Irritation Pain Discharge Vision changes


Question: What are the symptoms of night blindness?

Answer: Night blindness : It's hard to see objects in dim light.


Question: When should I call the doctor about vision problems?

Answer: Call the doctor about vision problems if you: Have symptoms of retinal detachment such as floaters or flashes of light in your vision. You need immediate treatment to save vision in that eye. Feel like a dark curtain covers part of your side vision. Call right away to rule out other serious causes of this problem, like stroke. Become unusually sensitive to bright light. You may have inflammation inside your eye (iritis/uveitis). Have a foreign object in your eye that won't come out with water. If you don't treat it, you could scar your eye or get an infection. Have discomfort when you wear contacts or have pain that won't go away even after you take the contact out. You may have a scratch, inflamed cornea (the doctor will call this keratitis), or a corneal ulcer. Get an eye injury that affects your vision. You might have internal bleeding or a fracture of the bone around your eye. This is a medical emergency.


Question: What are the symptoms of color blindness?

Answer: Color blindness : You have trouble with shades or intensity of colors. Because it's all about perception, you may not know there's a problem until the doctor finds it. This genetic condition mainly affects men.


Question: What is the first symptom of cataracts?

Answer: Cataracts : Because they develop slowly, your first symptom may be trouble with the vision test for your driver's license renewal. Or your doctor could spot it during a routine eye exam.


Question: What are the symptoms of farsightedness?

Answer: Farsightedness : Blurry vision when you look at close up objects. Near and far objects may both look fuzzy. The doctor will say you have hyperopia.


Question: What are the symptoms of congenital glaucoma?

Answer: Congenital glaucoma: This type affects infants. You'll notice teary or cloudy eyes, unusual sensitivity to light, and enlarged corneas. It can affect one or both eyes.


Question: How can executive function affect your abilities?

Answer: Executive function helps you: Manage time Pay attention Switch focus Plan and organize Remember details Avoid saying or doing the wrong thing Do things based on your experience Multitask When executive function isn't working as it should, your behavior is less controlled. This can affect your ability to: Work or go to school Do things independently Maintain relationships Executive function can be divided into two groups: Organization: Gathering information and structuring it for evaluation Regulation: Taking stock of your surroundings and changing behavior in response to it For example, seeing a piece of chocolate cake on a dessert cart at a restaurant may be tempting.


Question: How can you improve your work habits if you have problems with executive function?

Answer: To improve work habits: Make a checklist for getting through assignments. For example, a student's checklist could include such items as: get out pencil and paper; put name on paper; put due date on paper; read directions; etc. Meet with a teacher or supervisor on a regular basis to review work and troubleshoot problems.


Question: How can you improve time management if you have problems with executive function?

Answer: To improve time management: Create checklists, and estimate how long each task will take. Break long assignments into chunks, and assign time frames for completing each one. Use calendars to keep track of long-term assignments, due dates, chores, and activities. Write the due date on the top of each assignment.


Question: What are some problems with executive function?

Answer: It's a weakness in your brain's self-management system, particularly skills that help you: Pay attention Remember things Organize tasks Manage time Think creatively Some people are born with weak executive function. People with ADHD, depression, or learning disabilities often have problems with these skills. An injury to the front of the brain can harm your ability to stay on task. Damage from Alzheimer's disease or strokes may also cause problems.


Question: What are warning signs of problems with executive function in children?

Answer: Warning signs that a child may have problems with executive function include problems with: Planning projects Estimating how much time a project will take to complete Telling stories (verbally or in writing) Memorizing Starting activities or tasks Shifting plans when situations change Focusing only on one task Shutting down when parents or peers don't act as expected Because executive function problems aren't recognized as an official illness, there isn't a set of criteria you can use to diagnose someone.


Question: What is affected when executive function isn't working?

Answer: Executive function helps you: Manage time Pay attention Switch focus Plan and organize Remember details Avoid saying or doing the wrong thing Do things based on your experience Multitask When executive function isn't working as it should, your behavior is less controlled. This can affect your ability to: Work or go to school Do things independently Maintain relationships Executive function can be divided into two groups: Organization: Gathering information and structuring it for evaluation Regulation: Taking stock of your surroundings and changing behavior in response to it For example, seeing a piece of chocolate cake on a dessert cart at a restaurant may be tempting.


Question: What is vaginal contraceptive film?

Answer: The spermicide in it works for one to three hours. You should wait at least 15 minutes after inserting the film before having sex. And you must use a new film each time you have intercourse.


Question: How effective is vaginal contraceptive film?

Answer: As long as you use the film consistently -- and the right way -- it's 74%-94% effective. That means that out of 100 women who rely on it alone, six to 26 will get pregnant in a typical year. If the man also wears a condom, that helps prevent pregnancy. Together, spermicides (like that in the film) and condoms are about 97% effective.


Question: How can I prevent liver cancer?

Answer: Here are ways to reduce your risk of getting liver cancer: If you risk exposure to hepatitis, ask your doctor about getting immunized. Practice safe sex and avoid IV drug use. Drink alcohol only in moderation. If you work around chemicals linked to liver cancer, follow safety guidelines to avoid unnecessary contact. Before taking iron supplements, check with a doctor to make sure you really need them. Do not use anabolic steroids unless medically necessary.


Question: How do you treat pubic lice?

Answer: Pubic Lice Pubic lice can be treated with over-the counter medications containing pyrethrins or permethrin lotion 1%. Your sexual partners will also have to be treated. Crabs are also sometimes found on eyelashes or eyebrows. A nit comb or fingernails may be used if there are only a few live nits on them. Otherwise a special prescription eye ointment may be prescribed.


Question: How do you treat lice if you want to avoid the use of insecticides?

Answer: For those who prefer not to use topical products, a "combing only" technique may be effective. Wash the hair with ordinary shampoo and conditioner, and leave wet. With a fine-toothed comb, stroke slowly outward from the roots through one lock of hair at a time. Lice will land on the back of the comb, get caught between the teeth, or fall off. Space at least 30 strokes over the head. Repeat every three days. Because newborn lice do not lay eggs for the first week, all the lice should disappear after about two weeks of combing.


Question: How do you treat body lice?

Answer: Body Lice To treat body lice, wash the entire body with soap and water. If this is not effective, you may have to use pediculocide preparation -- either over-the-counter or prescription. As with a head lice infestation, you'll have to wash all clothing, towels, and bedding in hot water and dry in a hot dryer.


Question: What are pyrethrins for treating head lice?

Answer: Over-the-counter products with pesticides include: Pyrethrins are a common treatment that is available over the counter. Some studies suggest pyrethrins can affect cognitive development in children. More research is needed. Brand names include Rid, Triple X, Pronto, A-200. For best results, follow the directions exactly.


Question: How do you correct your vision?

Answer: They're practical, affordable, and safe. Contact lenses are good if you have an active lifestyle or don't like wearing eyeglasses. They work the same way as glasses but stay in place when you're on the move. Plus you can wear sunglasses with them, which helps if you spend a lot of time outside. There are many different brands, colors, and materials, so get yours fitted by an eye health pro. Corrective surgery changes the way your eye bends light. You don't get it done for looks. You do it because it helps you depend less on glasses or contacts. You may not need to correct your vision at all after it.


Question: What does visual acuity mean?

Answer: This checks your central vision -- how you make out the fine details of objects.


Question: What vision care does health insurance cover?

Answer: Most vision health insurance plans cover some or all costs of nonmedical-related vision care. Check with your provider to figure out what's covered. If you don't have vision health insurance, some doctors will set up a payment plan you can afford. If you have a medical eye problem, your regular health insurance will usually cover treatment.


Question: How often should I see an eye doctor?

Answer: Go right away if you have sudden vision loss, eye pain, or irritation. Your doctor can find most eye diseases during a routine exam. Many can be treated with success when you start early. If you have health problems, like diabetes, you may need to go to the eye doctor more often to keep tabs on any complications.


Question: How is visual acuity tested?

Answer: It's easy -- you'll read an eye chart. Simple tests, like the " Random E Test," can determine the visual acuity of infants or nonreaders.


Question: How does your health insurance cover eye health?

Answer: Most vision health insurance plans cover some or all costs of nonmedical-related vision care. Check with your provider to figure out what's covered. If you don't have vision health insurance, some doctors will set up a payment plan you can afford. If you have a medical eye problem, your regular health insurance will usually cover treatment.


Question: How is a biopsy used to diagnose peritoneal cancer?

Answer: A surgeon removes tissue by opening the abdomen during a laparotomy or by inserting tools through small holes in the abdomen (laparoscopy). If the doctor suspects cancer, he or she may remove one or more organs. A pathologist studies the tissue sample under a microscope to confirm a diagnosis of cancer.


Question: How is a paracentesis used to diagnose peritoneal cancer?

Answer: In cases where surgery is not possible or ascites could be due to other causes, the doctor may instead remove fluid for examination under a microscope. This is called paracentesis.


Question: How is peritoneal cancer related to ovarian cancers?

Answer: Peritoneal cancer acts and looks like ovarian cancer. This is mainly because the surface of the ovaries is made of epithelial cells, as is the peritoneum. Therefore, peritoneal cancer and a type of ovarian cancer cause similar symptoms. Doctors also treat them in much the same way. Despite its similarities with ovarian cancer, you can have peritoneal cancer even if your ovaries have been removed. Peritoneal cancer can occur anywhere in the abdominal space. It affects the surface of organs contained inside the peritoneum.


Question: How is a CA-125 blood test used to diagnose peritoneal cancer?

Answer: This test measures levels of a chemical in the blood called CA-125. If levels are high, peritoneal or ovarian cancer may be present. But CA-125 can be high for other reasons. So, this test cannot confirm a diagnosis of these cancers.


Question: What does hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal cancer consist of?

Answer: This is administration of heated chemotherapy into the peritoneum after surgery. This technique is common for peritoneal cancer that has spread from the appendix, colon, or stomach.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat peritoneal cancer?

Answer: The drugs for treating peritoneal cancer are similar to those used for ovarian cancer. You may receive these drugs by injection on an outpatient basis every one, two, or three weeks. Sometimes, chemotherapy is delivered directly into the abdomen through a catheter that was placed under the skin during surgery. This is called intraperitoneal chemotherapy. You also receive it about every three weeks, but it is a more complex treatment cycle.


Question: What is the prognosis for peritoneal cancer?

Answer: Peritoneal cancer can spread quickly because the peritoneum is rich in lymph and blood through which it can travel. Recurrence after treatment is common with peritoneal cancer. That's because this cancer is often diagnosed in an advanced stage. You may need more than one round of chemotherapy or other surgeries.


Question: How is peritoneal cancer treated?

Answer: You may have more than one type of treatment for peritoneal cancer. The type of treatment you have depends upon: The stage and grade of the cancer The size and location of the cancer Your age and overall health Treatments for peritoneal cancer include: Surgery.


Question: How similar is peritoneal cancer to ovarian cancer?

Answer: Peritoneal cancer acts and looks like ovarian cancer. This is mainly because the surface of the ovaries is made of epithelial cells, as is the peritoneum. Therefore, peritoneal cancer and a type of ovarian cancer cause similar symptoms. Doctors also treat them in much the same way.


Question: Can you still have peritoneal cancer if your ovaries are removed?

Answer: Despite its similarities with ovarian cancer, you can have peritoneal cancer even if your ovaries have been removed. Peritoneal cancer can occur anywhere in the abdominal space. It affects the surface of organs contained inside the peritoneum.


Question: How is HIPEC (hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy) used to treat peritoneal cancer?

Answer: This is administration of heated chemotherapy into the peritoneum after surgery. This technique is common for peritoneal cancer that has spread from the appendix, colon, or stomach.


Question: When do you need antibiotics for sinusitis?

Answer: If a secondary bacterial infection has developed in your sinuses, you'll need antibiotics. Your health care provider will probably prescribe them for about 10 to 14 days. Just remember that antibiotics will only work in cases of bacterial infection. They will not help with viruses. Also, you need to follow your health care provider's instructions and take all your antibiotic medicine, even if you start feeling better after a few days.


Question: What is the connection between sinusitis and asthma?

Answer: Many studies have shown a connection between sinus infections and asthma. One study showed that, when compared with those who only have asthma, people who have both sinusitis and asthma: Tend to have more severe asthma symptoms May have more severe asthma flares Are more likely to have disturbed sleep The risks of developing sinusitis may not be the same for everyone with asthma.


Question: How are sinusitis and asthma treated?

Answer: Treatment is important in preventing sinusitis from worsening. Again, since the conditions are linked, treating sinusitis may have the added benefit of improving your asthma symptoms. If you have sinusitis and asthma, your health care provider might recommend that you use: Steroid nasal sprays to reduce the swelling; easing the inflammation might allow the sinuses to drain normally. Decongestant or antihistamine medicines Always ask your health care provider before using nasal spray decongestants.


Question: How can you prevent sinusitis?

Answer: There's no sure-fire way of preventing sinusitis. But there are some things you can do to lower your risk: Use regular steroid sprays to prevent sinus inflammation. This is particularly important if you've had recurrent or chronic sinusitis. Avoid allergens and irritants, if you have allergies. Take your asthma medication as recommended. Keeping your asthma symptoms under control can reduce your risks of developing serious sinusitis.


Question: What triggers sinusitis?

Answer: Sinusitis is the inflammation or infection of these sinuses. Just like the lining of your nose, the sinuses can become irritated and swollen by allergens, viruses, or bacterial infection. Common triggers of sinusitis include: A cold or viral infection Air pollution and smog Airborne allergens Dry or cold air When the tissue in the sinuses gets irritated, it produces mucus.


Question: What is sinusitis?

Answer: While there are many sinuses in the body, the term is often used to refer to the paranasal sinuses. These are a group of four hollow cavities in your face, near the cheeks and eyes. They're connected to the nasal passageways and help warm up, moisten and filter the air you breathe in. Sinusitis is the inflammation or infection of these sinuses.


Question: Do allergies affect asthma and sinus infections?

Answer: For people with allergies, controlling exposure to allergens is key. Not only will it reduce your asthma symptoms, but it will also reduce your risk of sinus infections. Avoid any allergic triggers and irritants, like cigarette smoke. You can also ask your health care provider if allergy shots might be helpful.


Question: What is postnasal drip?

Answer: Postnasal drip is a lay term that refers to the sensation of nasal mucus that builds up or drains into the back of the throat. Your glands in the nose and throat produce mucus continuously (1 to 2 pints per day), that helps to cleanse the nasal membranes, helps warm the air you breathe, and traps inhaled foreign matter. Mucus also helps to fight infection.


Question: How can mucus lead to sinus pressure?

Answer: Common triggers of sinusitis include: A cold or viral infection Air pollution and smog Airborne allergens Dry or cold air When the tissue in the sinuses gets irritated, it produces mucus. If enough mucus and trapped air builds up, you feel painful pressure in the sinuses. These are the familiar signs of a sinus headache.


Question: When would surgery be needed for sinus problems?

Answer: Physical problems in the nasal passages can lead to chronic sinusitis. These include narrow nasal passages, a deviated septum, or polyps -- small lumps in the nose. Surgically correcting these problems -- or opening up chronically swollen, inflamed sinuses -- can sometimes resolve the problem.


Question: What causes sinus infections?

Answer: But some common signs are pain in these areas: Forehead Upper jaw and teeth Area around the eyes Neck, ear, and on the top of the head Severe sinusitis can also cause: Thick yellow or green mucus Bad-tasting postnasal drip Fever Weakness Fatigue Cough Usually, sinus infections are caused by viruses, like a cold virus. But if the sinuses have been blocked for too long, bacteria can invade, causing a secondary infection. Having multiple sinus infections can lead to chronic (long-term) sinusitis.


Question: What happens if you do have a seizure during labor?

Answer: Your doctor may give you IV medication to stop the seizure. If that doesn't work, you may have to have a caesarean section. Although most women with epilepsy have normal vaginal deliveries, they do have a higher rate of C-sections than other women. Sometimes, anticonvulsant drugs can also reduce the ability of the muscles of your uterus to contract. If this happens, your labor might not progress as well and a C-section may be your best option.


Question: How can epilepsy affect your fertility?

Answer: Before you try to conceive, you should talk to your neurologist and your obstetrician. Most doctors recommend that women with epilepsy be cared for by a high-risk obstetrician during their pregnancy. Both will want to monitor you closely throughout.


Question: What can help decrease the chance of birth defects if you have epilepsy?

Answer: Although the link between antiseizure medications and birth defects is not clear, your doctor may recommend that you take 4 mg per day of folic acid supplements one to three months before trying to get pregnant and throughout the first trimester of pregnancy.


Question: What should a female with elipesy know about the possibility of pregnancy?

Answer: Fortunately, most women with epilepsy give birth to normal, healthy babies, if you take precautions, your chance of having a healthy child is greater than 90%. There are increased risks. But working closely with your doctor can help minimize those risks. Before you try to conceive, you should talk to your neurologist and your obstetrician. Most doctors recommend that women with epilepsy be cared for by a high-risk obstetrician during their pregnancy. Both will want to monitor you closely throughout.


Question: Why do doctors prescribe tamoxifen for breast cancer?

Answer: There are different reasons, including: To treat breast cancer after surgery or radiation To treat cancer in one breast and reduce the risk of the disease in the other breast To prevent invasive breast cancer in women at high risk To treat the earliest stage of breast cancer, called ductal carcinoma in situ ( DCIS), after surgery and radiation To prompt ovulation in women with fertility problems To treat other cancers such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, melanoma, and brain tumors In higher than normal doses, tamoxifen may even kill some breast cancer cells that don't depend on estrogen.


Question: What are the treatments for pneumonia?

Answer: How your pneumonia is treated depends on what caused it and how bad your symptoms are. If you have bacterial pneumonia, your doctor will give you antibiotics to treat it. He'll also take steps to prevent complications. If your pneumonia was caused by a virus, time and rest are key to your recovery. Viral pneumonia usually gets better on its own in 1 to 3 weeks. But your doctor may recommend treatment that includes: Drinking lots of fluids to loosen the gunk in your lungs Lots of rest Medicines to control your fever (ibuprofen or acetaminophen) If it becomes severe, you may have to stay in the hospital for treatment.


Question: What can I do to treat cold sores?

Answer: Like canker sores, they often heal on their own in a week or so. But since you can spread the virus that causes them to other people, start treatment as soon as you notice one forming. Medications you can try include over-the-counter remedies and prescription antiviral drugs. Ask your doctor or dentist if either type of treatment could help you.


Question: What can you do to get relief from canker sores?

Answer: To ease irritation, don't eat spicy, hot foods or anything with a high acid content, such as tomatoes or citrus fruits. Most canker sores disappear in a week to 10 days. For relief, try over-the-counter "numbing" medicine that you put directly on the sore. If you get canker sores often, your dentist may prescribe a steroid ointment.


Question: Can stress lead to teeth grinding?

Answer: Stress may make you clench and grind your teeth. This can happen during the day or at night, and often without your realizing it. If you already clench and grind your teeth, stress could make the habit worse. It can lead to problems with a joint known as TMJ that's located in front of your ear where the skull and lower jaw meet.


Question: What can you do to help stop teeth grinding caused by stress?

Answer: Your dentist may recommend a night guard, worn as you sleep, or another appliance to help you stop or curb your grinding. During the day, try to keep your teeth slightly apart when you're not eating.


Question: Who talks in their sleep?

Answer: Many people talk in their sleep. Half of all kids between the ages of 3 and 10 years old carry on conversations while asleep, and a small number of adults -- about 5% -- keep chit-chatting after they go to bed. The utterances can take place occasionally or every night. A 2004 poll showed that more than 1 in 10 young children converse in their sleep more than a few nights a week. Girls talk in their sleep as much as boys. And experts think that sleep talking may run in families.


Question: What are other causes of sleep talking?

Answer: Other things that can cause sleep talking include: Certain medications Emotional stress Fever Mental health disorder Substance abuse It is a good idea to see a sleep specialist if your sleep talking occurs suddenly as an adult or if it involves intense fear, screaming, or violent actions.


Question: How is talking in your sleep treated?

Answer: A sleep specialist will ask you how long you've been talking in your sleep. You'll have to ask your bed partner, roommate -- even your parents -- this question. Keep in mind, you may have started sleep talking in childhood. There are no tests needed to diagnose sleep talking. However, your doctor may order tests, such as a sleep study or sleep recording (polysomnogram), if you have signs of another sleep disorder. Sleep talking rarely requires treatment. However, severe sleep talking may be the result of another more serious sleep disorder or medical condition, which can be treated. Talk to your doctor about your treatment options.


Question: What are the symptoms of talking in your sleep?

Answer: It's hard to tell if you've been talking in your own sleep. Usually, people will tell you they've heard you shout out during the night or while you were napping. Or maybe someone might complain that your sleep talking is keeping him or her up all night.


Question: What is genetic counseling for if you have a risk of having a baby with Down syndrome?

Answer: They're highly trained in genetic conditions, as well as helping people talk through challenging issues. They can speak to you about risks, walk through possible results, and help you figure out which tests might make the most sense for you. If you have a higher risk of having a baby with Down syndrome, you might want to talk to a genetic counselor before you get pregnant, but it can be very helpful after, too.


Question: When you're pregnant, how does the chorionic villus sampling (CVS) test for Down syndrome work?

Answer: Chorionic villus sampling ( CVS) tests cells from the placenta, which passes nutrients from mother to baby. Your doctor gets the cells either through your cervix or with a needle through your belly. It can be done at 10 to 12 weeks -- earlier than you can get an amnio -- but has a slightly higher chance of causing a miscarriage or other problems.