Question: How can you keep yourself from getting bored with exercises if you have diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes and Exercise: Change It Up It happens: You think you've finally found an exercise routine you can stick with forever. At last you'll be in shape, you sigh. Then, a few weeks or months later, the routine fizzles out -- and the yoga mat, squash racquet, or Rollerblades gather dust in the garage. When this happens, don't get down on yourself or give up. If you have diabetes, being active is too important for your health. As soon as you feel yourself getting bored with a routine, try something else. Some people seem wired to jog five times a week for their whole lives, rain or shine. The rest of us aren't. That's nothing to be ashamed of -- you may just need to mix it up sometimes. Try new things to keep moving fun. That could be your key to better health and good diabetes control.


Question: How can I add exercise into my current daily activities?

Answer: Add to your daily activity. Exercise doesn't only happen when you're suited up in workout gear. Add a little extra movement during the day when you can. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Park farther away from the grocery store so you have to take more steps to get there. Take a less direct route into the house. Any extra movement counts.


Question: How intense does my exercise for diabetes need to be?

Answer: Diabetes and Exercise: Ideas to Get You Moving Best Diabetes Exercises Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, just about any activity that gets your heart rate up or builds strength is a good idea. Anything from line dancing to table tennis can work.


Question: How much strength training do I need if I have diabetes and why?

Answer: 2 to 3 sessions of strength training each week. The more muscle mass you have, the better your body can process blood sugar. Working muscles first use stored sugars and then blood sugars for energy. Muscle also burns more calories than fat. Lifting weights, sit-ups, pushups, and resistance exercises will help.


Question: Why is it important for diabetics to stay hydrated while exercising?

Answer: You lose water when you exercise, and that can upset your blood sugar levels. Make sure to drink water before, during, and after exercise to make up for what you lose. This is even more important if have nerve damage from diabetes. Talk to your doctor about the best fluids to drink while exercising, especially if you take insulin or a drug that can lower your blood sugar.


Question: How can I start exercising if I have diabetes and haven't exercised before?

Answer: Diabetes and Exercise: Ideas to Get You Moving Diabetes and Exercise: Getting Started Start slowly. If you haven't exercised in a while, begin with just 5 to 10 minutes a day. Build up by adding a few minutes or repetitions each week.


Question: Can I lift weights if I have diabetes?

Answer: Starting a weight-training program can improve your glucose levels and how you feel. You want your routine to work major muscle groups in your upper and lower body and your core. If you have vision damage or kidney problems from diabetes, though, weightlifting can hurt blood vessels and worsen some conditions. In that case, talk to your doctor before you start lifting weights.


Question: How can I protect my feet while exercising if I have diabetes?

Answer: Nerve damage and blood flow problems from diabetes can lead to foot wounds, so be careful. Get a good pair of sneakers that feels comfortable. Before and after exercise, check your feet for sores, blisters, or other signs of irritation. If you notice any, get treatment right away.


Question: Do I need to have snacks on me while exercising if I have diabetes?

Answer: Have a snack with you in case your blood sugar level drops low while you exercise.


Question: How can temperature affect my blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: Watch the temperature. If it's very hot or cold, watch your blood sugar. Your body uses insulin differently at extreme temperatures.


Question: Who usually gets a tailbone (coccyx) injury?

Answer: The majority of coccyx injuries occur in women, because the female pelvis is broader and the coccyx is more exposed.


Question: What exams and tests are used for a tailbone (coccyx) injury?

Answer: The entire vertebral column (spine) may be examined. A neurologic exam may be performed. A rectal exam may also be performed. For this exam, the doctor inserts a finger into your rectum to feel the area of the coccyx and determine if there is a dislocation or a fracture that can be felt and if direct pressure against the coccyx reproduces your pain. Rarely, if the cause of discomfort is unknown, a local anesthetic may be injected into the tailbone area to determine whether the origin of the pain is from the coccyx or another part of the vertebral column. X-rays may be taken to determine whether there is a fracture or dislocation. However, X-rays occasionally may not reveal these injuries. Some doctors recommend X-rays in both the standing and seated positions to better determine the presence of a fracture or dislocation.


Question: How will a doctor know for sure if you had a stroke?

Answer: At the hospital, a doctor will examine the person and run tests to confirm the diagnosis and to see if the stroke was caused by clots or from bleeding in the brain. Tests may include an MRI or a CT scan.


Question: Who can get primary liver cancer?

Answer: Children and adults can both get primary liver cancer, but it's more common when you're older. There are different types and many ways to treat it.


Question: How is embolization therapy (reduced blood flow) used to treat liver cancer?

Answer: Embolization therapy (reduced blood flow): Your liver gets blood from two blood vessels. Most normal liver cells get it from one blood vessel and cancer cells get it from the other. With embolization therapy, your doctor cuts off the blood flow to the cancer cells to kill the tumor.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat liver cancer?

Answer: Chemotherapy: This uses medications to treat cancer. For liver cancer, it's usually done with a pump placed in your body so the medicine goes right to your liver, not your whole body. Chemotherapy that you take by mouth or injection isn't usually helpful for liver cancer.


Question: How is surgery used to treat primary liver cancer?

Answer: Surgery: If you have just one small tumor and your cancer hasn't spread, you may have surgery to remove it along with part of your liver. If you have liver disease though, that's not an option. You may get a liver transplant instead, but these aren't too common.


Question: What is the treatment for primary liver cancer?

Answer: These depend on your age, overall health, how advanced the cancer is, and what you prefer. Different treatments can have different side effects, and you may need more than one.


Question: What is the diagnosis for primary liver cancer?

Answer: When they do show up, you may have very general symptoms such as: Fever Feeling like you might throw up No desire to eat Weakness or feeling more tired than usual You may also have: A hard lump on the right side of your belly just below your ribcage Pain on the upper right side of your belly or in your right shoulder blade and back Swelling in your belly Weight loss for no reason White, chalky stool or dark urine Yellowish eyes and skin Typically, your doctor starts with a physical exam to check for lumps or anything else that seems unusual. You'll also talk about your health history. Your doctor may then do: Blood tests to look for certain substances that could be signs of cancer Imaging, such as CT, MRI, and ultrasound to see how many tumors you have and where they are located A biopsy, where cells or tissues are removed to see if they're cancerous.


Question: What is the most common type of liver cancer?

Answer: Hepatocellular cancer ( HCC) is by far the most common type of cancer that starts in the liver. Most people who get it also have an ongoing (or âchronicâ) liver disease, such as cirrhosis. It's found more often in men than women.


Question: What causes primary liver cancer?

Answer: It's often not clear what causes liver cancer, but you may be more likely to get it if you have: Chronic hepatitis B virus ( HBV) or chronic hepatitis C virus ( HCV) infection, both of which can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer Cirrhosis, a chronic liver disease caused by hepatitis or years of heavy drinking Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -- common with obese people, even if they don't drink Certain liver diseases, such as hemochromatosis (when your body absorbs too much iron) and Wilson's disease (when your body absorbs too much copper) Type 2 diabetes If you're very overweight or drink heavily for many years, you're more likely to get cirrhosis, which can make you more likely to get liver cancer. Also, if you've eaten foods with aflatoxins, you have a higher chance of getting this cancer. Aflatoxins are poisons made by a fungus that grows on some crops, such as corn and peanuts, when they aren't stored the right way.


Question: When should you seek emergency help for thunderclap headaches?

Answer: If you have one, get emergency medical attention. The cause, which can be life-threatening, is often some kind of bleeding in or around your brain.


Question: What activities could trigger a thunderclap headache?

Answer: Narrowed blood vessels surrounding the brain Inflamed blood vessels Extremely high blood pressure in late pregnancy Some activities such as the following could trigger a thunderclap headache: Hard physical labor Taking certain drugs, including illegal ones Hitting warm or hot water too fast, such as when you first enter a shower or bath Your doctor will probably ask you questions, like: Have you had other headaches like this?


Question: When should I seek emergency help for a thunderclap headache?

Answer: If you have one, get emergency medical attention. The cause, which can be life-threatening, is often some kind of bleeding in or around your brain.


Question: What is the first step in treating headaches and migraines?

Answer: Keeping a headache or migraine diary is the first step toward keeping pain from disrupting your life.


Question: When should I keep a daily headache diary?

Answer: Possible signs include: Irritability Depression Frequent yawning Feeling especially excitable If headaches plague you, keep a daily headache diary. That way you can look back a day or two before a headache starts for signs of what may have triggered your headache. Record any irritability or other prodromal signs. Also, if you think weather is a factor, record any of the common weather and environmental triggers listed above. Keep a detailed diary for three months to allow the variable patterns of your headaches to show up.


Question: Are people who get headaches in extreme weather more sensitive to the environment?

Answer: Experts believe that people who get frequent headaches have a greater sensitivity to changes in the environment. They also have a lower threshold to the pain response. The reason, they suspect, is that people who get migraine headaches have likely inherited this sensitivity.


Question: What can you do to cope with headaches and migraines?

Answer: Possible signs include: Irritability Depression Frequent yawning Feeling especially excitable If headaches plague you, keep a daily headache diary. That way you can look back a day or two before a headache starts for signs of what may have triggered your headache. Record any irritability or other prodromal signs. Also, if you think weather is a factor, record any of the common weather and environmental triggers listed above. Keep a detailed diary for three months to allow the variable patterns of your headaches to show up. In your headache diary, write the following: Your headache symptoms: where you feel the pain, what the pain feels like, and any other symptoms, such as vomiting or sensitivity to noise, smells, or bright light The time your headache started and ended Any food and beverages you had (common triggers include chocolate, caffeine, and foods with the preservatives MSG and nitrates) Any changes in the weather, such as storms, high winds, or high humidity Any treatment you tried, and whether it helped or made the headache worse Some experts believe that people link their headaches to weather more than is actually true.


Question: Why does the weather trigger headaches and migraines?

Answer: As noted earlier, there is a theory that headaches triggered by extreme weather are a protective, or defensive, response because they lead the person to seek a more hospitable environment. Experts believe that people who get frequent headaches have a greater sensitivity to changes in the environment. They also have a lower threshold to the pain response. The reason, they suspect, is that people who get migraine headaches have likely inherited this sensitivity. The survey cited earlier also found that two out of three headache sufferers had not discussed environmental triggers with their doctors. Nearly half of them, though, had been plagued by headaches for more than 20 years.


Question: Should I get antibiotics for a cold?

Answer: Antibiotics fight bacteria, but that won't help your cold, which is caused by a virus. But your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic if you have some complications. For instance, if your sinuses are blocked and can't drain properly, you can get inflammation and a bacterial infection. The symptoms may be a runny or stuffy nose, pain and pressure in your face, and a headache. Also, you can sometimes get an ear infection after a cold, and you might need antibiotics to treat it. Symptoms include ear pain, fever, or a feeling of fullness in the ears.


Question: What is the difference between a cold and the flu?

Answer: These illnesses are caused by different viruses. They have similar symptoms, so it can be hard to tell them apart. In general, cold symptoms are much milder than flu symptoms. The symptoms of a cold include things like: Sore throat Stuffy nose Runny nose Cough Mild fever The flu, on the other hand, often causes higher fever, chills, body aches, and fatigue.


Question: What are the best over-the-counter medicines for a cold?

Answer: Over-the-counter medicines can give you relief from aches and fever: Aspirin. People under age 20 should not take it because of the risk of Reye's syndrome. Decongestants. They can help make breathing easier. But don't use sprays for more than 3 days because they can cause swelling in passageways in your nose and make your symptoms worse. Saline nasal sprays. They can also open breathing passages and may be used freely. Cough preparations. They aren't hugely effective. For minor coughs, water and fruit juices probably help the most. The FDA says that over-the-counter cough and cold medicines should not be given to children under age 4. For relief from a sore throat, try gargling with salt water.


Question: Why does washing your hands prevent colds?

Answer: If people cough or sneeze into their hands without a tissue, they can spread the virus to every surface they touch. If you touch that same spot, you'll pick it up. If you touch your eyes, nose, or mouth, you've just infected yourself.


Question: When should I stay home if I have a cold?

Answer: You're contagious for the first few days of your cold, so it's best to stay home then. You need to be careful about coughing and sneezing around other people. Also, you will get better quicker if you get some rest.


Question: What are the best fluids to drink when you have a cold?

Answer: Avoid drinks with caffeine like coffee, tea, and colas. They may rob your body of fluids. When it comes to food, follow your appetite. If you're not really hungry, try simple things like white rice or broth. Chicken soup is comforting, plus the steam helps break up nasal congestion. Ginger seems to settle an upset stomach. A hot toddy may help you sleep, but be careful about drinking alcohol if you also take cold remedies.


Question: How does Crohn's disease affect you?

Answer: Crohn's disease most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine. That part is called the ileum. The disease can, though, occur in any part of the large or small intestine, stomach, esophagus, or even the mouth. It can occur at any age, but it is most common between ages 15 and 30.


Question: Should pregnant women undergo testing for Crohn's disease?

Answer: When you are pregnant and have Crohn's disease, you may safely undergo any of the following if they're needed: colonoscopy sigmoidoscopy upper endoscopy rectal biopsy abdominal ultrasound X-rays and CT (computed tomography) scans, though, should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans appear to be safe during pregnancy.


Question: What vitamins should you take if you have Crohn's disease and are planning to be pregnant?

Answer: If you are taking vitamins before becoming pregnant, you can continue taking them. If you are taking sulfasalazine, you need to be particularly sure you get enough folic acid. Folic acid prevents neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida. Sulfasalazine blocks the absorption of folic acid.


Question: Are biologic drugs for Crohn's disease safe to use during pregnancy?

Answer: Biologic drugs such as adalimumab ( Humira), adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira, infliximab ( Remicade), and infliximab-abda ( Renflexis) and infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), biosimilars to Remicade, seem to be safe for use during pregnancy. They also do not appear to be secreted in breast milk.


Question: What tests are used to check for conditions that can cause muscular dystrophy?

Answer: The doctor may use different tests to check for conditions that can cause muscle weakness. Blood tests.


Question: What are clinical trials for muscular dystrophy?

Answer: Scientists also are looking for new ways to treat muscular dystrophy in clinical trials. These trials test new drugs to see if they are safe and if they work. They often are a way for people to try new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for your child.


Question: What are the symptoms of muscular dystrophy?

Answer: For most types of muscular dystrophy, symptoms start to show up in childhood or in the teen years. In general, children with the condition: Fall down often Have weak muscles Have muscle cramps Have trouble getting up, climbing stairs, running, or jumping Walk on their toes or waddle Some will also have symptoms like: A curved spine (called scoliosis) Droopy eyelids Heart problems Trouble breathing or swallowing Vision problems Weakness in the muscles of the face Your doctor will need to check different parts of your child's body to know if he has muscular dystrophy.


Question: Can Alzheimer's disease be cured?

Answer: Right now, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease. Once a person starts showing signs â memory loss and problems with learning, judgment, communication, and daily life -- there aren't any treatments that can stop or reverse them. But there are medicines that can ease some of the symptoms in some people. They can slow down how quickly the disease gets worse, and help the brain work better for longer. It's important to talk to your doctor about which option may work best for you.


Question: How will my doctor choose a treatment for my Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Your doctor will help you choose the best treatment based on a few things about you, including: Your age, overall health, and medical history How severe your disease is How well a medicine or therapy will work for you and your lifestyle Your preferences or those of your family or caregivers Some drugs curb the breakdown of a chemical in the brain, called acetylcholine, that's important for memory and learning.


Question: What are decongestant sprays?

Answer: Decongestant sprays shrink swollen blood vessels and tissues in your nose that cause congestion. Oxymetazoline hydrochloride ( Afrin, Dristan, Sinex) and phenylephrine hydrochloride ( Neo- Synephrine) are some examples of these medicines. You can buy them over the counter. Don't use decongestant nasal sprays longer than three days. Using them longer can actually make your nose more stopped up. Ask your doctor before using them if you have glaucoma or high blood pressure that's not under control.


Question: Is cromolyn safe to use for allergies?

Answer: Cromolyn sodium is safe for most people. Ask your doctor before using it if you have wheezing from asthma or sinus pain. Side effects can include sneezing and nasal burning.


Question: What are examples of steroid nasal sprays?

Answer: Examples of steroid nasal sprays available by prescription include beclomethasone ( Beconase, Qnasl), ciclesonide ( Zetonna), fluticasone furoate ( Veramyst), and mometasone ( Nasonex). Three medications can be purchased over the counter -- budesonide ( Rhinocort Allergy), fluticasone ( Flonase Allergy Relief), and triamcinolone ( Nasacort Allergy 24 HR). Side effects can include headache, sore throat, nosebleed, or cough.


Question: What are steroid nasal sprays?

Answer: These sprays work very well to reduce congestion, sneezing, and itchy, watery eyes. They also help stop a drippy nose. They're often the first drug recommended for allergies, but it takes about a week before you'll notice your symptoms getting better.


Question: What is the National Comprehensive Cancer Network  (NCCN)?

Answer: The National Comprehensive Cancer Network ( NCCN) is a nonprofit alliance of 27 cancer centers throughout the U. S. Experts from NCCN cancer centers diagnose and treat all cancers, with a particular focus on complex, aggressive, or uncommon cancers.


Question: When should you call your doctor about eczema?

Answer: You develop an itchy rash and have a family history of eczema or asthma. The inflammation doesn't respond within a week to treatment with over-the-counter hydrocortisone creams. You may need more aggressive forms of treatment. You develop yellowish to light brown crust or pus-filled blisters over existing patches of eczema. This may indicate a bacterial infection that should be treated with an antibiotic. During a flare-up of eczema, you are exposed to anyone with a viral skin disease such as cold sores or genital herpes. Having eczema puts you at increased risk of contracting the herpes simplex virus. You develop numerous painful, small, fluid-filled blisters in the areas of eczema. You may have eczema herpeticum, a rare but potentially serious complication caused by the herpes simplex virus.


Question: Whatâs the purpose of clinical trials for lymphoma drugs and treatments?

Answer: Major pharmaceutical companies continually research and develop new cancer drugs and treatments, which must be shown to be safe and effective before they are FDA approved for use and doctors can prescribe them to patients. Through lymphoma clinical trials, researchers test the effects of new medications or treatment regimens on a group of volunteers with lymphoma. Following a strict protocol and using carefully controlled conditions, researchers evaluate the drugs under development and measure the ability of the new drug to treat lymphoma, its safety, and any possible side effects.


Question: How is vitiligo diagnosed and treated?

Answer: There's no known way to prevent or cure the condition. But you can improve the appearance of affected skin with cosmetics and corticosteroid creams. Your doctor can also try re-pigmenting the white skin using UV light therapy or lightening the skin in unaffected areas, or a skin graft.


Question: Who's likely to get vitiligo?

Answer: Up to 2% of the population and an estimated 2 to 5 million Americans have the condition. It doesn't matter if you're a man or a woman. In most cases, it develops early in life, between ages 10 and 30. It will almost always show up before age 40. Vitiligo may run in families. You're more likely to get it when someone else in your family has it, too, or when people in your family get gray hair prematurely. Autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune thyroid disease ( Hashimoto's thyroiditis) or type 1 diabetes, can also raise your odds.


Question: What are the symptoms of vitiligo?

Answer: You'll often lose pigment quickly on several areas of your skin. After the white patches appear, they may stay the same for a while, but later on, they might get bigger. You may have cycles of pigment loss and stability. Vitiligo commonly affects body folds (such as armpits), places that have been injured in the past, and areas exposed to sun, around moles, or around body openings. It can also affect eyelids and hair. It's rare for pigment to return once the white patches have developed.


Question: How do insulin pumps deliver insulin?

Answer: Between meals and overnights, a small amount of insulin is constantly delivered to keep the blood sugar in the target range. This is called the basal rate. When food is eaten, a bolus dose of insulin can be programmed into the pump. You can measure how much of a bolus you need using calculations based on the grams of carbohydrates consumed.


Question: Why should I use an insulin pump for diabetes?

Answer: Some health care providers prefer the insulin pump for diabetes because its slow release of insulin mimics how a normally working pancreas would release insulin. One large study concluded the insulin pump is a safe and valuable treatment option for those with poorly controlled blood sugar. Another advantage of the insulin pump is that it frees you from having to measure insulin into a syringe.


Question: How is dementia treated?

Answer: Dementia treatment is directed toward managing symptoms, and identifying whether or not there may be a reversible cause. Medicines such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., galantamine, donepezil) can sometimes help to slow the progression of cognitive changes, but quite often the effects of medicines are only modest and cannot prevent eventual worsening of the underlying condition. Agitation and other emotional concerns are generally addressed as part of the overall treatment plan.


Question: How are skin and arthritis conditions associated with hepatitis C?

Answer: Skin and Arthritis Conditions and Hepatitis C Two skin conditions, lichen planus and porphyria cutanea tarda, have been associated with chronic hepatitis C virus. Porphyria cutanea tarda may resolve with successful interferon therapy for the hepatitis C virus. There have been cases, however, where lichen planus actually worsened during interferon treatment. In addition, many hepatitis C virus patients have autoimmune antibodies, such as anti-nuclear antibody, anti-smooth muscle antibodies, and rheumatoid factor. But true rheumatoid arthritis is uncommon in people with hepatitis C virus.


Question: How is cryoglobulinemia relative to hepatitis C diagnosed?

Answer: In this test, the cryoglobulins are identified when the blood sample is exposed to the cold (cryo means cold). In addition, a finding of typical inflammation of small blood vessels in certain tissue biopsies (for example, the skin or kidney) supports the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia. Symptoms of cryoglobulinemia often resolve with successful treatment of the hepatitis C virus infection. B-cell non- Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hepatitis C B-cell non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph tissue, has also been associated with chronic hepatitis C virus. The cause is thought to be the excessive stimulation by the hepatitis C virus of B-lymphocytes, which results in the abnormal reproduction of the lymphocytes.


Question: How is B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with hepatitis C?

Answer: B-cell non- Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hepatitis C B-cell non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph tissue, has also been associated with chronic hepatitis C virus. The cause is thought to be the excessive stimulation by the hepatitis C virus of B-lymphocytes, which results in the abnormal reproduction of the lymphocytes. Interestingly, treatment with interferon therapy and some newer direct-acting antiviral treatments have caused some cases of hepatitis C virus-associated low-grade (not very active) non- Hodgkin's lymphoma to go into remission. However, most individuals with hepatitis C virus-associated high-grade non- Hodgkin's lymphoma will require the usual anti-cancer therapies.


Question: How can exposure and response prevention (ERP) help with treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Answer: Exposure and response prevention ( ERP). This is a specific form of CBT. As the name suggests, you'll be exposed to the things that trigger your anxiety, a little at a time. You'll learn new ways to respond to them in place of your repetitive rituals. ERP is a process you may do one-on-one with your mental health professional or in group therapy, either by yourself or with your family there.


Question: How can I get more protein after getting breast cancer surgery?

Answer: Your body needs more of it than usual after your operation. It needs it to repair cells, fight infection, and heal incisions. Here's what you can do to get more: Add protein powder or dry milk to meals. Add grated cheese to vegetables, potatoes, rice, and salads. Eat high-protein snacks such as almonds, peanuts, and cheese. Right after surgery, boost your protein without worrying about calories. It will help you heal and get your strength back. If you need to lose weight, you can focus on that later.


Question: What are common symptoms after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: Nausea and vomiting are common after surgery, and you're even more likely to have these symptoms if you've also had chemotherapy or radiation. Other symptoms include a loss of appetite or desire to eat, and "wasting syndrome," when your body wastes away from lack of nutrition. It's often accompanied by weight loss and weakness.


Question: Why is lycopene necessary after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: This is one type of antioxidant. It puts the red in tomatoes and the pink in pink grapefruit. It might help fight breast cancer.


Question: Why is exercise necessary after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: A good cardio workout improves your self-esteem, mood, and health. And after breast cancer surgery, you'll need to be active. Being overweight is linked to breast cancer coming back. Losing extra pounds through exercise may help you restore your health and improve your chances of avoiding more cancer. Fatigue often lingers after surgery. It may be worse if you've also had chemotherapy and radiation. Exercise can boost your energy. Most experts say some form of regular exercise is good, even if you start with short walks around the block.


Question: Why is soy necessary after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: These are nutrients similar to the estrogen in your body. Sources of them include soybeans (edamame), tofu, soy milk, and miso soup. Some researchers think they can help protect against the kind of breast cancer that needs estrogen for its growth, but others don't. Ask your doctor whether eating one to three servings of soy a day would help you. It's possible it may interfere with hormone therapy or some other treatment.


Question: What are some dietary guidelines to follow after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: Eat low-fat protein, such as roasted chicken and baked fish, rather than steak, sausages, or other high-fat meats. Try to have five servings of a wide variety of vegetables and fruits each day. Avoid processed meats linked to cancer. These include bacon, bologna, hot dogs, ham, and smoked meats. Choose whole-grain bread and brown rice, rather than white bread and white rice. Cut back on alcohol. Limit yourself to one drink a day if you're a woman or two if you're a man. Talk to your doctor about any diet changes you're making, especially when recovering from surgery or when getting chemotherapy. You don't want to starve your body of important nutrients that it needs to recover.


Question: Why are antioxidants necessary after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: Many vegetables, fruits, nuts, and other foods have them. Good choices include broccoli, liver, carrots, blueberries, and mangoes. Antioxidants protect your cells from damage. Dietitians say you should eat a balanced diet with a variety of fresh foods to get them. It's better for you than taking supplements.


Question: How often should someone exercise after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: Aim to get 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week -- unless your doctor says not to. Go slowly and safely in the months after your surgery.


Question: How do soy help patients recover from breast cancer surgery?

Answer: Soybeans contain phytoestrogens. These are nutrients similar to the estrogen in your body. Sources of them include soybeans (edamame), tofu, soy milk, and miso soup. Some researchers think they can help protect against the kind of breast cancer that needs estrogen for its growth, but others don't. Ask your doctor whether eating one to three servings of soy a day would help you. It's possible it may interfere with hormone therapy or some other treatment.


Question: How can beta-carotene help with recover from breast cancer surgery?

Answer: Carrots, apricots, yams, and other vegetables and fruits get their orange color from beta-carotene. Eating foods that have a lot of it may lower the risk of breast cancer returning, some studies suggest.


Question: Why is protecting yourself necessary after breast cancer surgery?

Answer: For the first days and weeks after your surgery, you'll need to focus on protecting your incision and any other tender areas. Don't carry heavy things like children or groceries.


Question: How long does withdrawal last when you quit smoking?

Answer: They're strongest when you first quit but will usually go away within 10 to 14 days. You may still want to smoke, especially with certain people or during situations where you're used to smoking. If you smoke again, start over. Most people quit three times before they're successful. Plan ahead and think about what you'll do next time you get the urge to smoke.


Question: Can what you drink help you quit smoking?

Answer: Drink plenty of fluids, but limit alcoholic and caffeinated beverages. They may be triggers that make you want to smoke.


Question: How can quitting smoking help prevent heart disease?

Answer: The nicotine in smoke: Reduces how much oxygen your heart gets Raises your blood pressure Speeds up your heart rate Makes blood clots more likely, which can lead to heart attacks or strokes Harms the insides of your blood vessels, including those in your heart Soon after you stop, your odds of getting heart disease or high blood pressure will drop. After 1 to 2 years of not smoking, you'll be much less likely to get heart disease.


Question: What does a hamstring strain feel like?

Answer: Mild hamstring strains may not hurt too much. But severe ones can be agonizing, making it impossible to walk or even stand.


Question: What are rare symptoms of malignant hypertension due to brain swelling?

Answer: Other symptoms of malignant hypertension include: Blurred vision Chest pain (angina) Difficulty breathing Dizziness Numbness in the arms, legs, and face Severe headache Shortness of breath In rare cases, malignant hypertension can cause brain swelling, which leads to a dangerous condition called hypertensive encephalopathy. Symptoms include: Blindness Changes in mental status Coma Confusion Drowsiness Headache that continues to get worse Nausea and vomiting Seizures High blood pressure, in general, makes it difficult for kidneys to filter wastes and toxins from the blood.


Question: What are complications of malignant hypertension?

Answer: Untreated, malignant hypertension causes death. Complications of malignant hypertension also may include: Aortic dissection, which is a sudden rupture of the main blood vessel leaving the heart Coma Fluid in the lungs, called pulmonary edema Heart attack Heart failure Stroke Sudden kidney failure Immediate medical treatment decreases your chances for life-threatening complications.


Question: What are the main symptoms for malignant hypertension?

Answer: The main symptoms of malignant hypertension are a rapidly increasing blood pressure of 180/120 or higher and signs of organ damage. Usually, the damage happens to the kidneys or the eyes. Other symptoms depend on how the rise in blood pressure affects your organs. A common symptom is bleeding and swelling in the tiny blood vessels in the retina. The retina is the layer of nerves that line the back of the eye. It senses light and sends signals to the brain through the optic nerve, which can also be affected by malignant hypertension. When the eye is involved, malignant hypertension can cause changes in vision.


Question: What are other symptoms of malignant hypertension?

Answer: Other symptoms of malignant hypertension include: Blurred vision Chest pain (angina) Difficulty breathing Dizziness Numbness in the arms, legs, and face Severe headache Shortness of breath In rare cases, malignant hypertension can cause brain swelling, which leads to a dangerous condition called hypertensive encephalopathy.


Question: How is malignant hypertension treated?

Answer: The doctor will also ask for imaging tests, including: Echocardiogram to check heart function and blood flow through the heart Electrocardiogram ( ECG) to check the heart's electrical function Chest X-ray to look at the shape and size of the heart structures and to detect fluid in the lungs Other imaging tests to evaluate the kidneys and their arteries Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency and needs to be treated in a hospital, often in an intensive care unit. The doctor will consider your symptoms and overall health when deciding what treatment plan is best for you. The goal of treatment is to carefully lower your blood pressure within a matter of minutes. You will receive blood pressure medicines through an IV, which is the quickest way to treat extremely high blood pressure. Once blood pressure is at a safe level, the medications may be switched to oral forms. If you develop kidney failure, you may need kidney dialysis. Other treatments depend on your specific symptoms and possible causes of the malignant hypertension.


Question: Why can malignant hypertension cause kidney problems?

Answer: Symptoms include: Blindness Changes in mental status Coma Confusion Drowsiness Headache that continues to get worse Nausea and vomiting Seizures High blood pressure, in general, makes it difficult for kidneys to filter wastes and toxins from the blood. It is a leading cause of kidney failure. Malignant hypertension can cause your kidneys to suddenly stop working properly.


Question: What imaging tests will a doctor use to check for malignant hypertension?

Answer: The doctor will also ask for imaging tests, including: Echocardiogram to check heart function and blood flow through the heart Electrocardiogram ( ECG) to check the heart's electrical function Chest X-ray to look at the shape and size of the heart structures and to detect fluid in the lungs Other imaging tests to evaluate the kidneys and their arteries Malignant hypertension is a medical emergency and needs to be treated in a hospital, often in an intensive care unit.


Question: What causes malignant hypertension?

Answer: In many people, high blood pressure is the main cause of malignant hypertension. Missing doses of blood pressure medications can also cause it. In addition, there are certain medical conditions that can cause it. They include: Collagen vascular disease, such as scleroderma Kidney disease Spinal cord injuries Tumor of the adrenal gland Use of certain medications, including birth control pills and MAOIs Use of illegal drugs, such as cocaine Malignant hypertension is rare.


Question: How does vitamin D help joint pain?

Answer: Research shows that people with low levels of vitamin D may have more joint pain.


Question: How do omega-3s help joint pain?

Answer: Omega-3 Fatty Acids Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oil and other foods, encourage the body to produce chemicals that help control inflammation. This supplement may help ease stiffness caused by inflammation in people with rheumatoid arthritis, but more research is needed.


Question: What supplements may help arthritis?

Answer: Glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3, and green tea are just a few of them.


Question: How does glucosamine help joint pain?

Answer: Glucosamine Glucosamine helps keep the cartilage in joints healthy and may have an anti-inflammatory effect. Natural glucosamine levels drop as people age.


Question: How does green tea help joint pain?

Answer: Green tea Green tea contains compounds that have powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may be helpful in combating join pain.


Question: How do foods fight cancer?

Answer: People who eat more fruits and veggies tend to get less cancer. That may be because those foods are high in antioxidants -- chemicals that fight the cell damage that leads to cancer. You can find antioxidants in fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, and other plant-based foods, as well as in supplements. But research suggests that getting them from food works better than getting them from pills. Some supplements may raise your risk of getting cancer.


Question: What can you eat to prevent ovarian cancer?

Answer: Ovarian cancer: Soybeans or foods made with soy (like tofu) could lower your odds of getting ovarian cancer. Tea, especially green tea, may also keep it at bay. But not all research supports these findings.


Question: What can you eat to prevent pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer: Belly fat is linked to a higher risk of this type, especially for women. A diet high in red and processed meat could also play a role. Limit these foods, and slim down if you're overweight.


Question: What can you eat to prevent colorectal cancer?

Answer: Colorectal cancer: If you have a spare tire, you're more likely to get this cancer. Do you eat lots of red or processed meat? That can also play a role. So can chemicals called nitrates, which are often added to lunch meat, ham, hot dogs, and bacon. You should also cut back on meats that are fried, broiled, or grilled over an open flame. When animal products cook at high temperatures, they form chemicals that cause cancer. Make sure any meat you eat doesn't burn, and skip the blackened or charred parts. To lower your risk, eat foods with fiber, especially whole grains. Calcium and vitamin D may also protect you.


Question: What can you eat to prevent uterine cancer?

Answer: Uterine cancer: Extra belly fat can make you more likely to get this type. It could be that overweight women make more estrogen, which often fuels cancer growth. Stick to a diet and exercise plan that helps you lose extra belly fat and keep it away.


Question: What can you eat to prevent lung cancer?

Answer: Lung cancer: Smoking is the biggest risk factor here. But many studies show that people who eat at least five servings of fruit and vegetables a day are less likely to get it than those who don't.


Question: What can you eat to prevent prostate cancer?

Answer: Prostate cancer: If you're a man, chowing down on tomatoes, soy, beans, and other legumes could lower your prostate cancer risk. Add cruciferous veggies -- broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage -- to the mix, too. Several studies have linked high levels of calcium, or large amounts of dairy foods, to higher odds of prostate cancer. Don't take calcium unless your doctor recommends it.


Question: What can you eat to prevent breast cancer?

Answer: Here's the list: Breast cancer: People who eat lots of veggies, fruit, poultry, fish, and low-fat dairy products have lower rates of this type of cancer.


Question: What can you eat to prevent digestive cancer?

Answer: Digestive cancers: Obesity often brings on acid reflux, which boosts your chances of cancer in the esophagus and stomach. A healthy weight can keep your risk low. Avoid beverages and foods that are hot enough to burn you. They can damage cells in your mouth, throat, and esophagus and may raise your chances of getting one of these cancers. Salty food has been linked to higher odds of stomach cancer. Processed meat could also make it more likely.


Question: What is the basic health rules that can help fight cancer?

Answer: Obesity is linked to several types of cancer, so it's smart to follow an eating plan that helps you keep your weight as low as you can without being underweight. Cancer experts say it's key to avoid high-calorie processed foods and sugary beverages like soda, sweet tea, and juice-flavored drinks. They have lots of calories but won't help you feel full. Alcohol is also tied to several types of cancer. All types -- beer, wine, and spirits -- seem to raise your chances. Drink in moderate amounts. That means no more than one drink a day for women, and no more than two for men.


Question: How do I know if my plastic baby bottles have BPA in them?

Answer: The ban on BPA means you can confidently buy new plastic baby bottles, knowing that they are free of the potentially harmful chemical. If you are using older plastic bottles, for example bottles given to you by family members, check the recycling symbol on the bottom. The symbol #7 or the label PC (which stands for polycarbonate) is a sign that the bottle likely contains BPA. Bottles with the symbol #1, #2, or #4 are made of polyethylene, and #5 bottles are made of polypropylene. Both kinds of bottle can be used safely since neither type contains BPA.


Question: What are some tips on caring for baby bottles?

Answer: Here are some tips on caring for your child's baby bottle: Never store breast milk or formula in plastic bottles. Pour it into the bottle just before your baby is ready to eat. Throw out anything that is left over. Don't use hot water or a harsh cleaner on polycarbonate bottles, because this also can cause the plastic to break down more quickly. Instead, use a gentle cleaner and warm water. Replace any glass bottles that have cracks or chips in them.


Question: What should I know about an aortic aneurysm?

Answer: During your lifetime it will pump enough blood to fill about three supertankers. The aorta is the largest blood vessel in the body. Although your aorta is a tough, durable workhorse, sometimes its walls can weaken and bulge in what is called an aortic aneurysm. This could cause a leak that spills blood into your body. Some aortic aneurysms burst, some don't. Others force blood flow away from your organs and tissues, causing problems, such as heart attacks, kidney damage, stroke, and even death.


Question: What can cause an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Answer: Doctors don't really know what causes an abdominal aortic aneurysm, although they suspect a few things might play a role: Hardening of the arteries, which doctors also call atherosclerosis Smoking High blood pressure Genetic predisposition Doctors also think the risks increase if you injure yourself, have an infection, or if your blood vessels become inflamed.


Question: What are the main signs of chronic prostatitis (CP) or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS)?

Answer: The main symptom of CP/ CPPS is pain that lasts more than 3 months in at least one of these body parts: Penis (often at the tip) Scrotum Between your scrotum and rectum (the perineum) Lower abdomen You may also have pain when you pee or ejaculate. You might not be able to hold your urine, or you may have to pee more than 8 times a day. A weak urine stream is another common symptom of CP/ CPPS.


Question: When are you most likely to have problems with prostatitis?

Answer: You're more likely to have problems with your prostate if: You've had a UTI You've had a groin injury You use a urinary catheter You've had a prostate biopsy You have HIV/ AIDS You've had prostatitis before An inflamed or infected prostate gland is common in men of all ages. If you have prostatitis, your doctor can help you find ways to manage your symptoms and control your pain. Researchers are also trying to better understand what causes it. This will allow them to find more treatments that work.


Question: What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome (HHNS)?

Answer: This mostly affects elderly people. As glucose builds up in your blood, your body tries to get rid of it through your urine. At first, you pee a lot. Over time, you pee less, but when you do, it's very dark. This condition can lead to dehydration, coma, and death.


Question: What does having high blood sugar feel like?

Answer: The symptoms can include: Feeling thirstier than usual Blurred vision Having to pee more often Feeling hungrier than normal Numb or tingling feet You might also feel more tired than usual, get infections on your skin, or notice that cuts and sores take a long time to heal. Tell your doctor if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: How do I know if I have high blood sugar?

Answer: The symptoms can include: Feeling thirstier than usual Blurred vision Having to pee more often Feeling hungrier than normal Numb or tingling feet You might also feel more tired than usual, get infections on your skin, or notice that cuts and sores take a long time to heal. Tell your doctor if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome?

Answer: As glucose builds up in your blood, your body tries to get rid of it through your urine. At first, you pee a lot. Over time, you pee less, but when you do, it's very dark. This condition can lead to dehydration, coma, and death.


Question: What are complications of high blood sugar?

Answer: High glucose levels can affect you from head to toe. If they're out of control for a long time, you could have some or all of the following: Heart disease or heart attack Stroke Kidney damage Nerve damage Eye damage Skin problems Pick up the phone if your blood sugar is high and you have any of these symptoms: Trouble breathing Vomiting High levels of ketones in your urine Extreme thirst or a very dry mouth Having to pee too often Dry or flushed skin Breath that smells like fruit Confusion These are symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA).


Question: How can I prevent hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome?

Answer: Get medical help right away if you have any of these warning signs: Blood sugar level over 600 mg/d L Extreme thirst that may later go away Warm, dry skin that doesn't sweat Fever over 101 F Sleepiness or confusion Weakness on one side of your body Vision loss Hallucinations You can avoid many of these problems by keeping your blood sugar under control. Follow your doctor's advice about diet and exercise, take your medicine, keep up with your doctor visits, and check your levels often.


Question: How can I get diabetic ketoacidosis if I have high blood sugar?

Answer: When these build up, your blood becomes more acid-like. This can be life-threatening if it's not treated. This mostly affects elderly people. As glucose builds up in your blood, your body tries to get rid of it through your urine.


Question: When should I call my doctor if my blood sugar is high?

Answer: If they're out of control for a long time, you could have some or all of the following: Heart disease or heart attack Stroke Kidney damage Nerve damage Eye damage Skin problems Pick up the phone if your blood sugar is high and you have any of these symptoms: Trouble breathing Vomiting High levels of ketones in your urine Extreme thirst or a very dry mouth Having to pee too often Dry or flushed skin Breath that smells like fruit Confusion These are symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA).


Question: What are the warning signs of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome?

Answer: Get medical help right away if you have any of these warning signs: Blood sugar level over 600 mg/d L Extreme thirst that may later go away Warm, dry skin that doesn't sweat Fever over 101 F Sleepiness or confusion Weakness on one side of your body Vision loss Hallucinations You can avoid many of these problems by keeping your blood sugar under control.


Question: When should I get help if I have high blood sugar?

Answer: Get medical help right away if you have any of these warning signs: Blood sugar level over 600 mg/d L Extreme thirst that may later go away Warm, dry skin that doesn't sweat Fever over 101 F Sleepiness or confusion Weakness on one side of your body Vision loss Hallucinations You can avoid many of these problems by keeping your blood sugar under control.


Question: What should one expect after a root canal?

Answer: For the first few days following the completion of a root canal, the tooth may feel sensitive due to natural tissue inflammation, especially if there was pain or infection before the procedure. This sensitivity or discomfort usually can be controlled with over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin) or naproxen ( Aleve). Most patients can return to their normal activities the next day. Until your root canal procedure is completely finished -- that is to say, the permanent filling is in place and/or the crown, it's wise to minimize chewing on the tooth under repair. This step will help avoid recontamination of the interior of the tooth and also may prevent a fragile tooth from breaking before the tooth can be fully restored. Embed Asset Override As far as oral health care is concerned, brush, floss, and use an antiseptic mouthwash as you regularly would and see your dentist at normally scheduled intervals.


Question: How successful are root canals?

Answer: The root canal procedure is the treatment of choice. The only alternative to a root canal procedure is having the tooth extracted and replaced with a bridge, implant, or removable partial denture to restore chewing function and prevent adjacent teeth from shifting.


Question: How can you prevent a root canal?

Answer: Embed Asset Override Since some of the reasons why the nerve of a tooth and its pulp become inflamed and infected are due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures on a tooth and/or large fillings, following good oral hygiene practices (brushing twice a day, flossing at least once a day, and scheduling regular dental visits) may reduce the need for a root canal procedure. Trauma resulting from a sports-related injury can be reduced by wearing a mouth guard.


Question: Why does tooth pulp need to be removed?

Answer: When a tooth's nerve tissue or pulp is damaged, it breaks down and bacteria begin to multiply within the pulp chamber. The bacteria and other decayed debris can cause an infection or abscessed tooth. An abscess is a pus-filled pocket that forms at the end of the roots of the tooth. An abscess occurs when the infection spreads all the way past the ends of the roots of the tooth. In addition to an abscess, an infection in the root canal of a tooth can cause: Embed Asset Override Swelling that may spread to other areas of the face, neck, or head Bone loss around the tip of the root Drainage problems extending outward from the root. A hole can occur through the side of the tooth with drainage into the gums or through the cheek with drainage into the skin.


Question: What does a root canal require?

Answer: A root canal requires one or more office visits and can be performed by a dentist or endodontist. An endodontist is a dentist who specializes in the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the human dental pulp or the nerve of the tooth. The choice of which type of dentist to use depends to some degree on the difficulty of the root canal procedure needed in your particular tooth and the general dentist's comfort level in working on your tooth. Your dentist will discuss who might be best suited to perform the work in your particular case.


Question: What are potential complications after a root canal?

Answer: Despite your dentist's best efforts to clean and seal a tooth, new infections might emerge after a root canal. Among the likely reasons for this include: Embed Asset Override More than the normally anticipated number of root canals in a tooth (leaving one of them uncleaned) An undetected crack in the root of a tooth A defective or inadequate dental restoration that has allowed bacteria to get past the restoration into the inner aspects of the tooth and recontaminate the area A breakdown of the inner sealing material over time, allowing bacteria to recontaminate the inner aspects of the tooth Sometimes retreatment can be successful, other times endodontic surgery must be tried in order to save the tooth.


Question: What are alternatives to a root canal?

Answer: The only alternative to a root canal procedure is having the tooth extracted and replaced with a bridge, implant, or removable partial denture to restore chewing function and prevent adjacent teeth from shifting. These alternatives not only are more expensive than a root canal procedure but require more treatment time and additional procedures to adjacent teeth and supporting tissues.


Question: How is the tooth filled in a root canal?

Answer: If the root canal is not completed on the same day, a temporary filling is placed in the exterior hole in the tooth to keep out contaminants like saliva and food between appointments. At the next appointment, to fill the interior of the tooth, a sealer paste and a rubber compound called gutta percha is placed into the tooth's root canal. To fill the exterior access hole created at the beginning of treatment, a filling is placed.


Question: What damages a tooth's nerve and pulp in the first place?

Answer: A tooth's nerve and pulp can become irritated, inflamed, and infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures on a tooth, and/or large fillings, a crack or chip in the tooth, or trauma to the face.


Question: What is a root canal?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A root canal is a treatment used to repair and save a tooth that is badly decayed or becomes infected. During a root canal procedure, the nerve and pulp are removed and the inside of the tooth is cleaned and sealed. Without treatment, the tissue surrounding the tooth will become infected and abscesses may form. " Root canal" is the term used to describe the natural cavity within the center of the tooth. The pulp or pulp chamber is the soft area within the root canal. The tooth's nerve lies within the root canal.


Question: What is the cost of a root canal?

Answer: A ballpark estimate for the root canal treatment itself (not including a dental restoration following the procedure) performed by a general dentist could range from $500 to $1,000 for an incisor and $800 to $1,500 for a molar. The fees charged by endodontists could be up to 50% higher.


Question: What findings point to further tests in a physical exam and history for Crohn's disease?

Answer: You'll probably go through a combination of exams, lab tests, and imaging studies with these goals in mind: Rule out other health problems Make a clear diagnosis of Crohn's disease Find out exactly which part of the digestive tract is affected Your doctor will begin by gathering information about your health and your family health history. She'll do a physical exam and look for symptoms of Crohn's that usually include: Belly pain and cramps Blood in your poop Diarrhea Drainage from a painful sore near your anus Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Mouth sores Urgent bowel movements Weight loss Your doctor may request lab tests in order to look for problems that might be linked to Crohn's disease.


Question: How are lab tests used to diagnose Crohn's disease?

Answer: She'll do a physical exam and look for symptoms of Crohn's that usually include: Belly pain and cramps Blood in your poop Diarrhea Drainage from a painful sore near your anus Fatigue Fever Lack of appetite Mouth sores Urgent bowel movements Weight loss Your doctor may request lab tests in order to look for problems that might be linked to Crohn's disease. These tests check for signs of infection, inflammation, internal bleeding, and low levels of substances such as iron, protein, or minerals.


Question: How is barium given in the diagnosis for Crohn's disease?

Answer: When barium fluid is given by mouth, it is called an upper GI series. When barium fluid is placed in the rectum, it is called a barium enema. The barium fluid flows through your intestines and looks white on X-ray film. This makes it easier to view problem areas. With a barium X-ray, your doctor may be able to see ulcers, narrowed areas of the intestine, abnormal connections between organs, known as fistulae, or other problems.


Question: How do you know if you have Crohn's disease?

Answer: There isn't any single test that can diagnose Crohn's disease. This condition has many symptoms that are the same as those for other health problems. To make a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, your doctor is likely to gather information from multiple sources.


Question: What imaging studies are used to diagnose Crohn's disease?

Answer: If barium X-rays show some sign of disease, your doctor may request other X-rays or imaging studies.


Question: How can imaging studies help with diagnosing Crohn's disease?

Answer: Crohn's disease may appear anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. X-rays and other images can help identify the severity and location of Crohn's disease.


Question: How does a video capsule endoscopy help with diagnosing Crohn's disease?

Answer: Video capsule endoscopy: For video capsule endoscopy, you swallow a small capsule or pill that holds a miniature video camera. As it travels through your small intestine, it sends images of the lining to a receiver you wear on a belt around your waist. The doctor downloads the images and reviews them on a computer. They can provide detailed information about early, mild problems associated with Crohn's disease. This technique may be especially helpful if you have symptoms of Crohn's disease that can't be seen by other small bowel tests.


Question: When do you need other tests after your barium X-ray for Crohn's disease?

Answer: If barium X-rays show some sign of disease, your doctor may request other X-rays or imaging studies. These X-rays can help identify exactly how much of your digestive tract is affected by Crohn's disease.


Question: What two parts are in a pacemaker?

Answer: The pacemaker has two parts: the leads and a pulse generator. The pulse generator houses the battery and a tiny computer, and resides just under the skin of the chest. The leads are wires that are threaded through the veins into the heart and implanted into the heart muscle. They send impulses from the pulse generator to the heart muscle, as well as sense the heart's electrical activity. Each impulse causes the heart to contract. The pacemaker may have one to three leads, depending on the type of pacemaker needed to treat your heart problem.


Question: What will the temporary ID card of your pacemaker tell you?

Answer: Call your doctor if you notice: Increased drainage, bleeding, or oozing from the insertion site Increased opening of the incision Redness around the site Warmth along the site Increased body temperature (fever or chills) Your pacemaker settings will be checked before you leave the hospital. You will receive a temporary ID card that tells you: The type of pacemaker and leads you have. The date of the pacemaker implant. The name of the doctor who implanted the pacemaker. Within three months, you will receive a permanent card from the pacemaker company. Carry this card with you at all times in case you need medical attention at another hospital.


Question: What are the different types of pacemakers?

Answer: There are different types of pacemakers: Single-chamber pacemakers use one lead in the upper chamber (atria) or lower chamber (ventricles) of the right side of the heart. Dual-chamber pacemakers use one lead in the right atrium and one lead in the right ventricle of your heart. Biventricular pacemakers use three leads: one placed in the right atrium, one placed in the right ventricle, and one placed in the left ventricle (via the coronary sinus vein).


Question: What should I do after the pacemaker procedure?

Answer: Do not lift objects that weigh more than 10 pounds. Do not hold your arm above shoulder level for three weeks. Avoid activities that require pushing or pulling heavy objects, such as shoveling the snow or mowing the lawn. Stop any activity before you become overtired. Avoid golfing, tennis, and swimming for 6 weeks after the procedure. Try to walk as much as possible for exercise. Ask your doctor when you can resume more strenuous activities. Your doctor will tell you when you can go back to work, usually within a week after you go home. If you have the flexibility at your job, ease back to your regular works schedule.


Question: What happens after the pacemaker procedure?

Answer: You may be admitted to the hospital overnight. The nurses will monitor your heart rate and rhythm.


Question: How long will my pacemaker last?

Answer: Pacemakers may last five to 10 years and sometimes longer, depending on how often they are used. When the battery becomes low, it will need to be changed.


Question: What happens during the pacemaker procedure?

Answer: The endocardial pacemaker implant takes about one to five hours to perform. You will lie on a bed and the nurse will start an intravenous line ( IV) into your arm or hand. This is so you may receive medications and fluids during the procedure. You will be given a medication through your IV to relax you and make you drowsy, but it will not put you to sleep. The nurse will connect you to several monitors. The monitors allow the doctor and nurse to check your heart rhythm, blood pressure, and other measurements during the pacemaker implant. Your left or right side of your chest will be shaved and cleansed with a special soap. Sterile drapes are used to cover you from your neck to your feet. A strap will be placed across your waist and arms to prevent your hands from coming in contact with the sterile field. The doctor will numb your skin by injecting a local numbing medication. You will feel a pinching or burning feeling at first. Then, it will become numb. Once this occurs, an incision will be made to insert the pacemaker and leads. You may feel a pulling as the doctor makes a pocket in the tissue under your skin for the pacemaker. You should not feel pain. If you do, tell your nurse. After the pocket is made, the doctor will insert the leads into a vein and guide them into position using the X-ray machine. After the leads are in place, their function is tested to make sure they can increase your heart rate. This is called "pacing" and involves delivering small amounts of energy through the leads into the heart muscle. This causes the heart to contract. When your heart rate increases, you may feel your heart is racing or beating faster. It is very important to tell your doctor or nurse any symptoms you feel. Any pain should be reported immediately. After the leads are tested the doctor will connect them to your pacemaker. Your doctor will determine the rate of your pacemaker and other settings. The final pacemaker settings are done after the implant using a special device called a programmer.


Question: How often will I need to see my doctor?

Answer: A complete pacemaker check should be done six weeks after your pacemaker is implanted. This follow-up appointment is critical, because adjustments will be made that will prolong the life of your pacemaker. Then your pacemaker should be checked every three months on the telephone to evaluate battery function. Your nurse will explain how to check your pacemaker using the telephone transmitter. Once or twice a year you will need a more complete exam. If you have a biventricular pacemaker, you may need to visit the doctor's office or hospital more frequently to make sure your device is working properly and the settings do not need to be adjusted.


Question: Should I avoid certain electrical devices with a pacemaker?

Answer: Electric blankets, heating pads, and microwave ovens can be used and will not interfere with the function of your pacemaker. Cell phones should not be placed directly against the chest or on the same side as your pacemaker. You will need to avoid strong electric or magnetic fields, such as some industrial equipment; ham radios; high intensity radio waves (found near large electrical generators, power plants, or radiofrequency transmission towers); and arc resistance welders. Do not undergo any tests that require magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). When going through airport security, show your pacemaker card without going through the screening machine because the pacemaker will set off the security alarms. Your doctor or nurse can provide more information about what types of equipment may interfere with your pacemaker. If you have concerns about your job or activities, ask your doctor.


Question: What is pacemaker?

Answer: The normal, healthy heart has its own pacemaker that regulates the rate that the heart beats. However, some hearts don't beat regularly. A pacemaker can sometimes correct the problem. A pacemaker is a small device that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to maintain a suitable heart rate and rhythm. A pacemaker may also be used to treat fainting spells (syncope), congestive heart failure, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacemakers are implanted just under the skin of the chest during a minor surgical procedure.


Question: What is remission in migraines?

Answer: If you have them at least 15 days a month, you have chronic migraine. If you have fewer than 15 a month but more than one a year, you have occasional migraine. For some, these attacks can go into either partial or full remission: Partial remission happens when people with chronic migraine suddenly get fewer of them. If you have one 10 days or less a month instead of 15 days, your doctor may say your chronic migraine has gone into remission. Full remission happens when people with occasional migraine go an entire year without one.


Question: What causes remission in migraines?

Answer: Doctors don't know why some people with migraines go into remission. But research shows that certain things can make it more likely: Age: The number of migraine attacks you have each month is likely to drop over time. This is true for people 40 and older. Among women, a drop in hormone levels after menopause may be a factor. Being a man: Men are less likely to have migraines overall. But men who get them are more likely than women to go into remission. Your reaction to touch: Some people who get migraines become so sensitive to touch during an attack that feeling their clothing against their skin or someone lightly brushing against their shoulder is uncomfortable or even painful. If this doesn't happen when you have a migraine, you're more likely to go into remission. Number of headaches per month: Studies show that if you have chronic migraine, you're more likely to go into partial remission if you have fewer attacks. That means closer to 15 a month than to 30.


Question: How can you get heart failure?

Answer: Heart failure usually doesn't sneak up on people, but develops over time and for a number of reasons. It's important to know if you're more likely to get it so you can take the steps to help prevent it. Certain problems can make your heart work harder than it should and weaken the muscle. Some of these are: High blood pressure Diabetes Coronary artery disease Past heart attack Being too overweight Things like drinking too much alcohol, smoking, and using illegal drugs are all known to damage your heart.


Question: Should I talk to my doctor if I think I'm likely to have heart failure?

Answer: If you think you could be likely to have heart failure, talk to your doctor. She may start you on medications to help manage the condition.


Question: Should I use a stool to cook if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Don't stand while you cook. Sit and rest. You can wash dishes from a stool, too.


Question: Should I use a shower chair if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Even if you think you don't really need one, it can help you relax while you bathe without putting more stress on your joints. A showerhead that you can adjust or hold in your hand can help, too.


Question: Should I shop online if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It's easier and faster than trekking to the mall. Save your energy for the things you enjoy doing. If using a keyboard hurts, consider getting voice recognition software to do your online buying.


Question: Should I lug cleaning supplies up and down stairs if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Don't lug cleaning supplies up and down the stairs. Keep a stocked supply closet on each floor. Instead of carrying your vacuum, think about a lightweight rechargeable vacuum for each floor, too.


Question: How can I garden without pain if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Some benches have wheels that make them easier to move. Try working on raised beds instead of on the ground. Also, look for ergonomic garden tools that are easier to use.


Question: Should I get new kitchenware if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Think about buying some lightweight pots and pans and spoons and spatulas with thick, easy-to-grip handles.


Question: Should I have a plan for my daily activities if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: When you have RA, you may have less energy. So it helps to be well organized. If you want to get things done tomorrow, plan how you'll do it now. Keep your goals realistic, and don't forget to build in breaks.


Question: Should I divide up the day if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you switch things up, you'll get more done. Pace yourself -- especially on good days. Even if you wake up feeling like you can do anything, squeezing in too much can backfire.


Question: What are treatments for benign rolandic epilepsy?

Answer: Often in benign rolandic epilepsy, no treatment is needed or recommended. Seizures in benign rolandic epilepsy are usually mild, harmless, and infrequent. Virtually all children outgrow the condition. Children might benefit from treatment if they're having any of these problems related to benign rolandic epilepsy: learning difficulties problems thinking or concentrating behavior problems daytime seizures frequent seizures Anti-seizure medications like Tegretol (carbamazepine), Trileptal (oxcarbazepine), or Neurontin (gabapentin) are most often prescribed to treat benign rolandic epilepsy.


Question: What causes benign rolandic epilepsy?

Answer: No one knows what causes benign rolandic epilepsy. Children who have close relatives with epilepsy are slightly more likely to develop the condition.


Question: What medications are used to treat benign rolandic epilepsy?

Answer: Children might benefit from treatment if they're having any of these problems related to benign rolandic epilepsy: learning difficulties problems thinking or concentrating behavior problems daytime seizures frequent seizures Anti-seizure medications like Tegretol (carbamazepine), Trileptal (oxcarbazepine), or Neurontin (gabapentin) are most often prescribed to treat benign rolandic epilepsy.


Question: When might I need to call my doctor or 911 after a tonsil removal surgery?

Answer: Symptoms such as pain, snoring, and fever under 102 F are normal after surgery. But call your doctor if you notice these things: You feel weak, dizzy, lightheaded, or have a headache. This could mean you haven't had enough fluids. For your child: If's he's peeing only 2 to 3 times a day and crying without tears, that usually means he hasn't had enough to drink. You have a fever 102 F or higher. You throw up or still feel sick to your stomach more than 12 hours after surgery Go to the emergency room if you have: A hard time breathing Any bleeding (small bits of dark blood in your nose or spit are normal, but bright red blood means you need to be seen by a doctor.)


Question: What are the symptoms of urethritis?

Answer: The main symptom of urethra inflammation from urethritis is pain with urination (dysuria). In addition to pain, urethritis symptoms include: Feeling the frequent or urgent need to urinate Difficulty starting urination Urethritis can also cause itching, pain, or discomfort when a person is not urinating. Other symptoms of urethritis include: Pain during sex Discharge from the urethral opening or vagina In men, blood in the semen or urine You may get a diagnosis of urethritis when your doctor takes your medical history and asks you about your symptoms.


Question: What causes urethritis?

Answer: Most episodes of urethritis are caused by infection by bacteria that enter the urethra from the skin around the urethra's opening. Bacteria that commonly cause urethritis include: E. coli and other bacteria present in stool Gonococcus, which is sexually transmitted and causes gonorrhea. Chlamydia trachomatis, which is sexually transmitted and causes chlamydia.


Question: What are the treatments for urethritis caused by herpes simplex virus?

Answer: Urethritis due to herpes simplex virus can be treated with: Acyclovir ( Zovirax) Famciclovir ( Famvir) Valacyclovir ( Valtrex) Often, the exact organism causing urethritis cannot be identified.


Question: How is urethritis diagnosed?

Answer: Tests for urethritis can include: Physical examination, including the genitals, abdomen, and rectum Urine tests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other bacteria Examination of any discharge under a microscope Blood tests are often not necessary for the diagnosis of urethritis.


Question: What is urethritis, and what is its main symptom?

Answer: That's the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. Pain with urination is the main symptom of urethritis. Urethritis is commonly due to infection by bacteria. It can typically be cured with antibiotics.


Question: What age and racial groups are at higher risk for testicular cancer?

Answer: Men in their 20s and early 30s make up about half of all cases. Also, white men are as much as five times more likely than African- American or Asian- American men to develop testicular cancer. Being in the higher-risk groups does not mean you will get cancer. And you may not have any of these risk factors and could still develop it.


Question: How is a biopsy done to test for testicular cancer?

Answer: Biopsy: In a few cases, doctors will perform surgery to remove a small piece of the tumor and check it for cancer. That's called a biopsy, and you usually get the result quickly. It's rarely done because there's a chance the procedure could cause the cancer to spread. If your doctor finds a tumor, he'll do more tests to make sure cancer hasn't spread. Those tests might include X-rays or other types of scans.


Question: How is an ultrasound used to detect testicular cancer?

Answer: They include: An ultrasound: It uses sound waves to paint a picture of the testicles inside the scrotum. It's like the tests given to pregnant women to view a developing fetus. It can tell whether some growths are more likely to be cancer or might be something harmless.


Question: How is a blood test used to detect testicular cancer?

Answer: Blood test: In many cases, testicular cancers create proteins or enzymes that can be found in the blood. If they are elevated, it may help doctors determine which type of cancer you have or whether it has spread.


Question: What is the cordlike structure on top and in back of the testicle?

Answer: As you feel the testicle, you may notice a cordlike structure on top and in back of the testicle. This is called âthe epididymis.â It is about an inch long and is sensitive but should not be painful to touch. Do not mistake this for a lump.


Question: How is an ultrasound used to diagnose testicular cancer?

Answer: They include: An ultrasound: It uses sound waves to paint a picture of the testicles inside the scrotum. It's like the tests given to pregnant women to view a developing fetus. It can tell whether some growths are more likely to be cancer or might be something harmless. When you do this test, you usually lie on your back on an exam table. A technician spreads a clear gel over your scrotum that may feel a bit cool, then moves an ultrasound device over your scrotum.


Question: How is a biopsy used to diagnose testicular cancer?

Answer: Biopsy: In a few cases, doctors will perform surgery to remove a small piece of the tumor and check it for cancer. That's called a biopsy, and you usually get the result quickly. It's rarely done because there's a chance the procedure could cause the cancer to spread. If your doctor finds a tumor, he'll do more tests to make sure cancer hasn't spread. Those tests might include X-rays or other types of scans.


Question: How does a doctor get the blood for a testicular cancer blood test?

Answer: To get the blood, a doctor's aide will insert a thin needle into your arm to pull it out. You usually just feel a small prick.


Question: How is a blood test used to diagnose testicular cancer?

Answer: Blood test: In many cases, testicular cancers create proteins or enzymes that can be found in the blood. If they are elevated, it may help doctors determine which type of cancer you have or whether it has spread. To get the blood, a doctor's aide will insert a thin needle into your arm to pull it out. You usually just feel a small prick.


Question: Is there a test for detecting testicular cancer?

Answer: There's no standard test for detecting it, but sometimes your doctor will notice something not quite right during a routine exam. If he finds a sign, he has several tests he can use can confirm a diagnosis or rule it out.


Question: How do I check myself for testicular tumors?

Answer: Often, you can find a tumor by examining yourself. Here's how to do it: While standing, gently but firmly roll each testicle between your thumb and fingers and feel for anything abnormal. If you come across a small, hard lump, any pain, or swelling, check with your doctor.


Question: What are stromal tumors?

Answer: There are also growths called âstromal tumorsâ that are often benign but sometimes can be cancerous. They show up in the tissues that produce hormones inside the testicles. They account for about 5% of adult cases and about 20% for boys.


Question: When is the best time to examine my testicles for cancer?

Answer: Do the exam during or after a warm bath or shower. This relaxes the skin, making it easier to feel anything unusual.


Question: How is constipation defined for a baby?

Answer: Constipation isn't just about how often your baby poops. It's also about how tough it is for him to do it. If he has soft, easy-to-pass stools every 4-5 days, he's probably OK. On the other hand, you should talk to your doctor if he: Has a hard time going or seems uncomfortable Has hard stools Has poops that are bloody or black Doesn't poop at least once every 5 to 10 days If you're bottle feeding, try a different brand of formula -- after you check with your doctor.


Question: How can you ease your baby's constipation?

Answer: If he has soft, easy-to-pass stools every 4-5 days, he's probably OK. On the other hand, you should talk to your doctor if he: Has a hard time going or seems uncomfortable Has hard stools Has poops that are bloody or black Doesn't poop at least once every 5 to 10 days If you're bottle feeding, try a different brand of formula -- after you check with your doctor. Constipation should never be a reason to stop breastfeeding. Add a little dark fruit juice, like prune or pear, to your baby's bottle. Or just give her some extra water if she's older than 4 months -- no more than 1-2 ounces per day. But check with the doctor first. Remember that most babies who don't poop a lot are not truly "constipated" and don't need anything different from normal.


Question: Are there classes to help parents with ADHD behavioral therapy?

Answer: There are ADHD behavior therapy classes that train parents. Ask your child's doctor if classes are available in your area. They are sometimes listed under names such as: Behavioral management training for parents Behavioral parent training Parent behavior training Parent training During class, a therapist teaches you how to set and stick to rules and how to respond to ADHD behaviors.


Question: How does behavioral therapy for ADHD begin?

Answer: They: Strengthen good behaviors Limit disruptive behaviors Teach a child to how to express feelings in a peaceful way It starts with three basic steps: Set a clear goal for your child. Be specific and reasonable. Make sure your child understands what he is supposed to do. For example, complete a homework assignment by a certain time. Be consistent with rewards and consequences. Always reward your child for showing good behavior. Make sure he knows the consequence for unwanted behavior. And follow through on it. Use the rewards/consequence system consistently for his whole childhood. Doing so builds positive behavior.


Question: Who provides my child with behavioral therapy for ADHD?

Answer: The combined treatment is sometimes referred to as a âmultimodal approach.â The primary caregivers for behavioral therapy are the adults who are raising the child. Other people who spend time with your child, such as teachers or caregivers, help too. The idea is to surround your kid with people who will consistently and effectively encourage positive behavior and discourage the not-so-good stuff.


Question: What is behavioral therapy for ADHD and why would my doctor recommend it?

Answer: If your child has been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD), your doctor will probably recommend behavioral therapy as a treatment. No matter how old your child is, experts say it's the first step toward successfully managing ADHD symptoms. Behavioral therapy isn't psychotherapy or play therapy. It focuses on actions, not emotions. It can teach your child how to turn negative, disruptive energy into positive thoughts and actions. And it starts at home -- with you, the parent.


Question: What can I expect from an ADHD behavioral therapy class?

Answer: They are sometimes listed under names such as: Behavioral management training for parents Behavioral parent training Parent behavior training Parent training During class, a therapist teaches you how to set and stick to rules and how to respond to ADHD behaviors. Classes usually take place once a week for about 3 to 4 months. Research shows that this training not only helps nix your child's negative behavior, it'll bring the two of you closer together.


Question: Is behavioral therapy sufficient to treat ADHD?

Answer: The American Academy of Pediatrics ( AAP) recommends behavioral therapy along with medication for children ages 6 and older. The combined treatment is sometimes referred to as a âmultimodal approach.â The primary caregivers for behavioral therapy are the adults who are raising the child.


Question: What are the goals of behavioral therapy for ADHD?

Answer: Behavioral therapy teaches your child skills that will help him. They: Strengthen good behaviors Limit disruptive behaviors Teach a child to how to express feelings in a peaceful way It starts with three basic steps: Set a clear goal for your child.


Question: What are some techniques of ADHD behavioral therapy?

Answer: Specific behavioral therapy techniques include: Positive reinforcement: Reward your child for good behavior. Example: If you finish your homework properly and on time, you can play a video game. Token economy: This combines the reward and consequence ideas. Teachers often use this method by giving out things like star stickers, but the same principle should be used at home, too. Response cost: Unwanted behavior leads to a loss of privileges or rewards. Example: If you don't do your homework, you lose your computer time. Time out: This common consequence is often used when preschoolers use bad behavior. Example: If you hit your sister, you must sit quietly alone for a few minutes.


Question: What can teachers do to help a child with ADHD?

Answer: Teachers may use words to praise your child or provide calming objects that they can hold quietly while still paying attention to the lesson.


Question: How do flexitarians consume plant-based diets?

Answer: Some people call themselves "flexitarians" or "semi-vegetarians," meaning that they occasionally eat meat, poultry, pork, or fish. You might also hear the term "pescatarian," which means they eat a plant-based diet plus fish.


Question: How does a plant-based diet benefit my heart health?

Answer: You might also hear the term "pescatarian," which means they eat a plant-based diet plus fish. Start eating more fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.


Question: How do I make the switch to a plant-based diet?

Answer: Start eating more fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. Depending on how far you want to take it, you can cut back on animal products, or cut them out. Check with a dietitian to make sure you're getting the nutrients you need. For example, you'll need to take a supplement or look for foods fortified with vitamin B12 if you totally cut out animal products. You'll also want to check on whether you're getting enough iron, calcium, and zinc. If you decide to swap dairy products for rice milk, nut milk, soy milk, or other plant-based alternatives, check the label to see how much calcium and vitamin D you're getting.


Question: How should I get enough protein for my plant-based diet?

Answer: To get enough protein without meat, favor beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, quinoa, or tofu. You'll still need to stick with your doctor's guidelines about fat, calories, sugar, and salt. It's possible to get too much of those whether you eat animal products or not.


Question: What are common types of plant-based diets for heart health?

Answer: There are many different types of plant-based diets. The three most common ones are: Vegan : No animal products such as meat, eggs, or dairy products. Lacto-vegetarian: No meat or eggs, but dairy products are OK. Lacto-ovo-vegetarian: No meat, but dairy products and eggs are OK. You can eat a plant-based diet without going completely vegetarian.


Question: Are boys or girls more likely to have fragile X syndrome?

Answer: Boys are more likely to have fragile X than girls, and they have more severe symptoms. This is because girls have two copies of the X chromosome. Even if one X chromosome has the gene change, the other copy can be fine. Boys have one X and one Y chromosome. If the X chromosome has the gene change, they will have symptoms of fragile X syndrome.


Question: Is fragile X syndrome different in girls than in boys?

Answer: There are several, including: Trouble learning skills like sitting, crawling, or walking Problems with language and speech Hand-flapping and not making eye contact Temper tantrums Poor impulse control Anxiety Extreme sensitivity to light or sound Hyperactivity and trouble paying attention Aggressive and self-destructive behavior in boys Some children with fragile X also have changes to their face and body that can include: A large head A long, narrow face Large ears A large forehead and chin Loose joints Flat feet Enlarged testicles (after puberty) Symptoms are usually milder in girls. While most boys with fragile X have trouble with learning and development, girls usually don't have these issues. Girls with fragile X sometimes have trouble getting pregnant when they grow up. They might also go into menopause earlier than usual.


Question: How can you help your child with fragile X syndrome?

Answer: Options include: Special education to help with learning ( IEP and 504 are education plans that guide the school in providing support) Speech and language therapy Occupational therapy to help with daily tasks Behavior therapy Medicines to prevent seizures, manage ADD symptoms like hyperactivity, and treat other behavioral problems The earlier you start treatment, the better. Work with your child's doctor, teachers, and therapists to make a treatment program. Your child might also qualify for free special education services. To learn more about fragile X, join a support group. Or, reach out to an organization like the National Fragile X Foundation for advice and resources.


Question: How can I prevent blood clots if I have polycythemia vera?

Answer: Its symptoms may include: Pain in the upper right part of your belly Yellow color in your skin and the whites of your eyes Swelling in the belly or arms Bleeding in your digestive tract, from the esophagus or gut To prevent clots, your doctor will remove a small amount of blood with a treatment called phlebotomy. This is similar to giving blood during a blood drive. You may also get medicines like low-dose aspirin, hydroxyurea, or interferon alfa to thin your blood and stop your body from making too many blood cells.


Question: Can you live with polycythemia vera?

Answer: Many people with polycythemia vera ( PV) live a normal life with this rare blood cancer under control. The goal is to avoid complications like blood clots, which may happen because PV thickens your blood. To prevent those problems, your doctor will recommend treatments to improve your blood flow and help you feel better.


Question: How do I know if I have a blood clot if I have polycythemia vera?

Answer: Watch for signs of a clot, such as: Chest pain Shortness of breath Dizziness Pain and swelling in your leg Call your doctor or go to an emergency room right away if you have these signs.


Question: If I have polycythemia vera will I get blood clots?

Answer: These problems don't happen to everyone who has polycythemia vera. They're more likely if you're older than 60 or have already had a blood clot or complication. You'll want to work with your doctor to get a sense of your risk and how to lower it.


Question: What is gout and how does polycythemia vera cause it?

Answer: Gout is a type of arthritis. It's caused by the buildup of uric acid in your joints. Uric acid forms into hard crystals that leave the joints sore and swollen. You get gout when cells turn over too quickly in your body -- like in PV.


Question: How can I prevent itchiness with polycythemia vera?

Answer: To prevent itchiness: Keep the water cool when you shower or take a bath. Gently pat your skin dry when you get out of the water. Don't rub it dry. Use moisturizer every day. Your doctor may recommend an antihistamine or low-dose aspirin.


Question: What are the symptoms of an enlarged spleen because of polycythemia vera?

Answer: Doctors call this âsplenomegaly.â If your spleen is enlarged, you may have symptoms like: A feeling of fullness Swelling in your belly Weight loss Stomach pain If your enlarged spleen causes problems, you may need to take medicine for it, or you may need surgery to remove it.


Question: How does polycythemia vera cause myelofibrosis and leukemia?

Answer: After years of pumping out extra red blood cells, your bone marrow can become so filled with scar tissue that it can't make enough blood cells to meet your body's needs. Doctors call this condition myelofibrosis. It's rare, but abnormal bone marrow cells grow out of control. This can lead to acute myelogenous leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. Again, these problems aren't likely. Your doctor will closely follow your health to make sure you're doing well and staying free of complications.


Question: What are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer: Symptoms for malaria usually start about 10 to 15 days after the infected mosquito bite. Here are some things to keep in mind, though: Because the signs are so similar to cold or flu symptoms, it might be hard to tell what you have at first. Malaria symptoms don't always show up within 2 weeks, especially if it's a P. vivax infection. People who live in areas with lots of malaria cases may become partially immune after being exposed to it throughout their lives. A blood test can confirm whether you have malaria. Along with high fever, shaking chills and sweating, symptoms can include: Throwing up or feeling like you're going to Headache Diarrhea Being very tired (fatigue) Body aches Yellow skin (jaundice) from losing red blood cells Kidney failure Seizure Confusion Malaria can cause you to go into a coma. Children with severe malaria may get anemia, a condition that happens when you lose too many red blood cells. They may also have trouble breathing. In rare cases they can get cerebral malaria, which causes brain damage from swelling.


Question: What is an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: The alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) test is a blood test that checks for liver damage. Your doctor can use this test to find out if a disease, drug, or injury has damaged your liver.


Question: Why should your doctor order an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: Your doctor might recommend ALT if you have symptoms of liver disease or damage, such as: Stomach pain or swelling Nausea Vomiting Yellow skin or eyes (a condition called jaundice) Weakness Extreme tiredness (fatigue) Dark-colored urine Light-colored poop Itchy skin Here are some reasons you might get this test: You've been exposed to the hepatitis virus. You drink a lot of alcohol. You have a family history of liver disease. You take medicine that's known to cause liver damage. The ALT test can be done as part of a blood panel during a regular exam. If you've already been diagnosed with liver disease, your doctor can use the ALT test to see how well your treatment is working.


Question: When do you get results from an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: Risks are usually minor, and can include: Bleeding Bruising Infection Slight pain when the needle is inserted Fainting or feeling dizzy You should get your results in about a day.


Question: What causes slightly high alanine aminotransferase levels?

Answer: Slightly high ALT levels may be caused by: Alcohol abuse Cirrhosis (long-term damage and scarring of the liver) Mononucleosis Drugs such as statins, aspirin, and some sleep aids Moderately high ALT levels may be because of: Chronic (ongoing) liver disease Alcohol abuse Cirrhosis Blockage of the bile ducts Heart attack or heart failure (when your heart can't pump enough blood to your body) Kidney damage Muscle injury Damage to red blood cells Heat stroke Too much vitamin A Very high ALT levels can be caused by: Acute viral hepatitis An overdose of drugs such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) Liver cancer Sepsis ALT usually is done as part of a group of liver function tests called a liver panel.