Question: How can you deal with freezing due to Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Have someone place their foot in front of you, or visualize something you need to step over, to get moving again.


Question: What aids can help with Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Purchase a small battery-powered alarm pillbox to help you remember your medication schedule. Use a speaker phone or telephone headset to ease the problem of hand tremors while talking on the phone. Install an intercom system or purchase walkie-talkies to make contact within the home easier.


Question: How can periods of rest help manage Parkinson's disease?

Answer: You may need to plan at least one rest period every day. If you have swelling in your feet or ankles, elevate your legs when you are resting or sitting for prolonged periods. Avoid working long days. Rest between recreation and leisure activities.


Question: How can conserving energy help manage Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Using less energy with daily tasks can help you have more energy to do more activities during the day. You may need to cut down on some of your activities or use energy-saving devices or techniques. If daily self care or home care activities are too tiring, discuss this with your doctor.


Question: How can you prevent drooling from Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Suck on hard candy, lozenges, or gum to control excess saliva. Use a straw when drinking to strengthen the muscles of the lips, mouth, and throat.


Question: What are some bathing tips if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Use a shower chair if necessary. Use a hand-held hose for showering and bathing. Use a long-handled sponge or scrubbing brush. Use soap-on-a-rope, bath mitts, or sponges with soap inside or a soft soap applicator instead of bar soap. Use lukewarm water, as very hot water can cause fatigue. Sew straps on towels to make them easier to hold while drying. Place a non-skid rug on the floor outside the tub to dry your feet so you don't slip. Put a towel on the back of your chair and rub your back against it to dry.


Question: What are tips for standing up if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Bend slowly at the waist and touch your toes before trying to rise from a seated position. Once standing, remain in place for a few seconds before trying to walk. This will help you regain your balance. Place an additional cushion or book to add height to your chairs and add firmness, this will help you to decrease the distance when sitting or standing. To make it easier to get out of bed, tie a sheet to the bed post and knot the other end so you can grasp the sheet to rise to a sitting position.


Question: What are shopping tips for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Call ahead to make sure the store has the item you need. Call ahead to reserve a wheelchair or tri-wheel cart if you aren't planning to bring your own.


Question: What are some grooming tips if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Do all of your grooming (shaving, drying your hair, etc.) Use toothbrushes with built-up handles or use an electric toothbrush.


Question: What are cleaning tips for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Also choose clothing that opens in the front, not the back so you don't have to reach behind you. Use a long-handled sponge or scrubbing brush. In the bathroom, use an elevated toilet seat and/or safety rails to assist standing from a low surface.


Question: What are tips for getting dressed if you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Roll from side to side to get pants over your hips. Wear clothes that are loose fitting and have elastic waistbands. Choose wrap-around clothing instead of the pullover type. Wear clothing with large, flat buttons, zippers, or Velcro closures. Use a button hook to button clothing. Use a dressing stick if you have shoulder weakness to get your coat or shirt on or off. Use a zipper pull or attach a leather loop on the end of the zipper to zip pants or jackets. Wear slip-on shoes or buy elastic shoelaces that allow you to slip your shoes on and off without untying the laces.


Question: How should I help a person with Alzheimer's disease bathe themselves?

Answer: Use a hand-held showerhead, rubber bath mat, grab bars, and a shower stool to prevent falls. If he has trouble getting in and out of the tub, try sponge baths. To help relax him during bathing, play calming music and tell him what you are doing each step of the way. Give him as much privacy as you can. Put a towel over his shoulders and lap. Clean under the towel with a washcloth or sponge. If she tends to get anxious and hitting is a problem, give her a washcloth to hold.


Question: How should I help a patient with Alzheimer's disease with activities.

Answer: Stay active. Take a walk together every day to keep muscles strong, boost mood, and help with sleep. If he can't get around well, he may be able to use a stationary bike or resistance bands. Playing word games, doing puzzles, talking about current events, or gardening can fuel thinking and memory. Listening to music (and playing "name that tune") can also bring back fond thoughts. Be sensitive -- if you sense he feels frustrated or upset by an activity, try something else.


Question: How should I help a person with Alzheimer's disease groom themselves?

Answer: Use this checklist to help you help him with daily care: Show him how to brush his teeth step by step, or brush yours at the same time. Try an angled, long-handled, or electric toothbrush if you're brushing for him. If a woman wants to wear makeup, encourage it. Help her with lipstick and powder, if she wants. Skip eye makeup if it seems too hard for her to tackle. To keep shaving safe, use an electric razor instead of one with a blade.


Question: How should I help a person with Alzheimer's disease dress themselves?

Answer: Make it easier for him to dress on his own. Lay out his clothes in the order he puts them on, or hand him one piece of clothing at a time. If he wants to wear the same clothes every day, don't fight it. Buy 3 or 4 sets of them. Make sure he has loose clothes that are easy to put on. Shorts and pants with elastic waistbands and slip-on shoes are good. Skip shoelaces, buttons, and buckles.


Question: How should I help a person with Alzheimer's disease eat?

Answer: If he wants to wear the same clothes every day, don't fight it. Keep mealtime simple and calm. Turn off the TV and radio. Move unneeded items off the table. If having many foods at once confuses him, serve one thing at a time. Use solid-colored plates on a contrasting place mat so it's easier to tell her food from her plate and her plate from the table. Be patient, and give him plenty of time to eat. As it becomes harder for him to eat on his own, try finger foods like tuna sandwiches, steamed broccoli pieces, or orange segments. If swallowing is hard for him, serve softer foods like applesauce, cottage cheese, and scrambled eggs.


Question: What are BRAF inhibitors as a type of targeted therapy for melanoma?

Answer: Targeted therapies" shrink melanoma cells without harming healthy cells. Some target a gene change called " BRAF" that makes melanomas grow. Your doctor may call these drugs " BRAF inhibitors."


Question: What are side effects of chemotherapy for treating metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Chemo kills all kinds of fast-dividing cells, not just cancer cells. So it can cause side effects such as: Hair loss Appetite loss Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Greater chance of infection Tiredness Mouth sores Bruising or bleeding These problems should stop once you're done with chemo.


Question: What are side effects of targeted therapies for treating metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Side effects include: Thickened skin Headache Fever Fatigue Rash Some people who are treated with these medicines later get another, but less- serious, type of skin cancer. Your doctor will check your skin for signs of cancer during and after your treatment.


Question: How does radiation help in treating metastatic melanoma?

Answer: This uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells left behind after surgery. It also can ease pain from melanoma that has spread to the brain or bones. One type, called radiosurgery, treats melanoma that has spread to the brain. It aims the radiation right at the tumor to avoid damaging healthy brain cells around it.


Question: What are side effects of combination therapy (MEK and BRAF inhibitors) for treating metastatic melanoma?

Answer: Your melanoma is harder to treat when it spreads to other parts of your body. They shrink tumors and help some people live longer. Side effects include: Rash Diarrhea Swelling Some people take both MEK and BRAF inhibitors.


Question: What are the side effects of adalimumab (Humira) and adalimumab-atto (Amjevita) for Crohn's disease?

Answer: Redness, swelling, itching, pain, rash, or bruising of the skin where you got the shot Upper respiratory or sinus infections Headache Nausea What are some other potential side effects? All biologics can have side effects, including infections like tuberculosis and sepsis. These drugs don't cause tuberculosis, but they may trigger it in people already exposed to it. A few people have gotten cancers like lymphoma.


Question: How is natalizumab (Tysabri) used to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend this drug if you have moderate to severe Crohn's disease with signs of inflammation. If you take it, you can't use other biologics or drugs that block your immune system. How it's given: Your doctor will give it to you through an IV.


Question: How is certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) used to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: This drug also eases symptoms of moderate to severe Crohn's disease and helps to keep them from returning. How it's given: A shot under your skin What are the most common side effects?


Question: What are the side effects of certolizumab pegol (Cimzia) for Crohn's disease?

Answer: Rash Swelling Joint pain Upper respiratory tract infection Urinary tract infection What are other potential side effects? You may be more likely to get tuberculosis and sepsis. Your odds of getting other infections may be higher than most. Tell your doctor right away if you have an infection, or if you have a cough, fever, fatigue, or the flu. In rare cases, people get cancers like lymphoma. What are the most common side effects?


Question: How are infliximab (Remicade), infliximab-abda (Renflexis), and Infliximab-dyyb (Inflectra) used to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: These drugs may ease symptoms of moderate to severe Crohn's disease. They may also help keep them from coming back. These are abnormal connections between parts of your intestines, or from the intestines to your organs or skin. They often become infected and drain pus, mucus, or stool. How they're given: Your doctor will give them to you through an IV.


Question: How are adalimumab (Humira) and adalimumab-atto (Amjevita) used to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: These drugs may ease symptoms of moderate to severe Crohn's disease. They may also help keep them from coming back. How it's given: A shot under your skin What are the most common side effects?


Question: What are the side effects of natalizumab (Tysabri) for Crohn's disease?

Answer: Upper respiratory infections Urinary tract infections Headache Depression Fatigue Diarrhea Stomach pain Rash What are other potential side effects? This drug raises your odds of a rare but sometimes fatal brain infection called progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML). It can also cause allergic reactions and liver damage. What are the most common side effects?


Question: How are biologics used to treat Crohn's disease?

Answer: They target specific proteins in your body that cause inflammation. Your doctor may recommend this drug if you have moderate to severe Crohn's disease with signs of inflammation. If you take it, you can't use other biologics or drugs that block your immune system. Tell your doctor about all prescription and over-the-counter drugs, supplements, or natural remedies you take.


Question: I care for someone who has Parkinsonâs disease. What challenges am I likely to face?

Answer: This is a natural part of the disease. But it can make a caregiver feel that the person is being unnecessarily demanding or manipulative. While medications and surgery can provide significant relief of symptoms, they do not stop the progression of the disease. Depression is also very much a part of the disease. It is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of depression so you can help your loved one seek treatment promptly. Talk to your loved one face-to-face.


Question: I take care of someone with Parkinson's disease. What are tips on taking care of myself, too?

Answer: Take time for yourself. Learn as much as you can about your loved one's disease. Let your loved one participate. Don't try to do everything for your loved one. Although it's not easy to discuss these topics, you should be informed of your loved one's wishes regarding a living will, durable power of attorney, and do-not-resuscitate ( DNR) order. Set realistic goals for yourself and your loved one. Have someone you can talk to. And, if you are feeling depressed and having trouble coping, it's just as important to get care for yourself.


Question: How can a complete blood count help diagnose emphysema?

Answer: This simple blood test usually shows normal amounts of white and red blood cells. In advanced emphysema, your body produces more red blood cells to make up for decreased oxygen. These cells carry oxygen. If your white blood cell count is higher than normal, that's a possible sign of infection.


Question: How is a pulmonary function test (PFT) done to diagnose emphysema?

Answer: For this exam, you may sit inside an enclosed booth and breathe into a tube. This will allow your doctor to measure: How much air your lungs can hold How fast you can blow air out of your lungs How much air stays trapped in your lungs after you exhale Whether you're able to breathe better after using medicines you inhale, such as albuterol If you have normal lungs, you'll likely be able to empty most of the air from them in 1 second. If you have emphysema, it'll probably take longer.


Question: How does emphysema make you feel?

Answer: Your chest feels tight, you're out of breath much of the time, and you have a cough that won't go away. You may also experience wheezing.


Question: How can a chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) scan help diagnose emphysema?

Answer: If you have advanced emphysema, your lungs will appear to be much larger than they should be. A CT scan of your chest will show if the air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs have been destroyed. These make it hard for you to breathe out like normal.


Question: Why would you take arginine?

Answer: Because it relaxes blood vessels, arginine might have cardiovascular benefits for some people. Some studies have shown an immune-boosting effect. It seems to improve the symptoms of kidney inflammation and assists kidney function after a transplant. They include dementia, hypertension, cancer, male infertility, diabetes, and obesity. But the results have been inconclusive.


Question: How much arginine should you take?

Answer: One common dosage is 2 to 3 grams three times a day, although lower and higher doses have also been studied. The safety of long-term arginine supplement use is not clear. Ask your doctor for advice. They could interact with birth control medicines, hormone therapy drugs, blood thinners, some painkillers, and medicines for erectile dysfunction, heartburn, high blood pressure, and diabetes.


Question: What is arginine?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Arginine, or L-arginine, is an amino acid that is made in the body. As a supplement, it seems to help with several conditions, from migraines to inflammation. Arginine has become a popular supplement in the U. S. However, most people seem to have enough arginine in their bodies already. People with protein malnutrition, burns, infections, rapid growth, and other conditions might benefit from supplemental arginine.


Question: What causes dandruff?

Answer: Skin cells that grow and die off too fast are the problem. Exactly why that happens isn't clear. A very common fungus called malassezia may contribute to dandruff. This fungus lives on the scalp of most healthy adults without causing any problems. One theory is that the immune system of someone with dandruff may overreact to that fungus. Dandruff may get worse when you're stressed or sick. Cold, dry winters can trigger dandruff or make it worse, too.


Question: What is the best way to plan the day if I have Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Focus on things you enjoy and are able to do safely on your own. Take advantage of the times of the day when you feel best. It will be easier to get things done. Allow yourself the time to do what you need to do. Don't feel like you have to hurry or let other people rush you. If something gets too hard, take a break. Ask for help if you need it.


Question: What strategies can help you deal with memory problems if you have Alzheimer's disease??

Answer: To start: Keep a notebook or smartphone with you to keep track of important information, phone numbers, names, ideas you have, appointments, your address, and directions to your home. Put sticky notes around the house with reminders for yourself. Label cupboards and drawers with words or pictures that describe their contents. Ask a friend or family member to call and remind you of important things you need to do during the day, like taking medication and going to appointments. Keep photos of people you see often, and label the photos with their names.


Question: How do I take care of myself at home if I have Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: To make sure you're safe and have what you need at home, put some of these measures in place early so they become routine: Look into getting help with things like shopping, housekeeping, meals (including home-delivered ones), and transportation. The Area Agency on Aging or a local Alzheimer's organization can recommend some services. Ask a neighbor you trust to keep a set of your house keys. Ask a friend or family member to help you organize your closets and drawers to make it easier to find things. Keep a list of important and emergency numbers by the phone. Have family, friends, or a community service program call or visit daily to make sure everything is OK. Ask someone to check your smoke alarm regularly.


Question: Can you drive if you have Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Talk to your doctor at each visit about driving. At some point, it may no longer be safe for you to drive. Until that happens, try to drive only in areas that you know well so you won't get lost. Ask the Department of Motor Vehicles about testing your driving skills.


Question: What are tips on talking to someone if I have Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Don't feel like you have to hurry or let other people rush you. Keep these tips in mind when you're trying to talk with others: Always take your time, and don't feel like you need to rush. If you need to, ask the person you're speaking with to repeat what she's saying or to speak slowly. Avoid distracting noises, and find a quiet place to talk.


Question: How do I avoid getting lost if I have Alzheimer's disease?

Answer: Take directions with you, even if you're going somewhere you've been before. Ask for help if you need it. If you want to, you can explain that you have a memory problem. Just because you no longer drive doesn't mean you won't be able to get where you need to go. Choose someone you trust to handle your finances should you no longer be able to.


Question: Who gets exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

Answer: If the organ can't do its job, you can have digestive and other problems, such as: Loss of appetite Diarrhea Weight loss Loose, pale, oily, foul-smelling stools Stomach pain Gas and bloating Bone pain Muscle cramps Without treatment, EPI can make you malnourished -- you won't get enough important vitamins and nutrients from your diet -- and it can lead to other serious conditions, such as thinning bones (osteoporosis) or the blood condition anemia. EPI starts in people who have a damaged pancreas or a health condition that keeps the organ from working as it should. You might be at risk if you have: Surgery on your stomach, pancreas, or gallbladder A disorder that affects your pancreas, like cystic fibrosis, Shwachman- Diamond syndrome, or pancreatic cancer Stomach ulcers Celiac disease If you're on a low-fat diet for a pancreas-related condition, you might have EPI but no symptoms.


Question: How can cystic fibrosis cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

Answer: In this genetic disorder, your body makes a thick, sticky mucus that can block the pancreas and keep it from releasing enzymes. If you have cystic fibrosis, your doctor might want to test you for EPI. It's especially important to get pancreas problems diagnosed in children because they need the right amount of nutrients and vitamins to grow.


Question: What are symptoms of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

Answer: If the organ can't do its job, you can have digestive and other problems, such as: Loss of appetite Diarrhea Weight loss Loose, pale, oily, foul-smelling stools Stomach pain Gas and bloating Bone pain Muscle cramps Without treatment, EPI can make you malnourished -- you won't get enough important vitamins and nutrients from your diet -- and it can lead to other serious conditions, such as thinning bones (osteoporosis) or the blood condition anemia.


Question: Which specialist can diagnose exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

Answer: If you have cystic fibrosis, your doctor might want to test you for EPI. She may send you to a doctor who treats stomach diseases, called a gastroenterologist. This specialist will test you and recommend treatments that can help.


Question: How can chronic pancreatitis (CP) cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)?

Answer: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency ( EPI) is a condition that happens when there's a problem with your pancreas, mainly with how well it helps you digest food. Heavy alcohol use and smoking cause chronic pancreatitis, but some types of it also run in families. In this genetic disorder, your body makes a thick, sticky mucus that can block the pancreas and keep it from releasing enzymes.


Question: What are the symptoms of arrhythmias?

Answer: When symptoms of arrhythmias, or an abnormal heart rhythm, are present, they may include: Palpitations (a feeling of skipped heart beats, fluttering or "flip-flops" in your chest) Pounding in your chest Dizziness or feeling light-headed Fainting Shortness of breath Chest discomfort Weakness or fatigue (feeling very tired) Atrial fibrillation ( AF) is a type of arrhythmia.


Question: What are the symptoms of valve disease that causes heart failure?

Answer: If valve disease causes heart failure, symptoms may include: Swelling of your ankles or feet; swelling may also occur in your abdomen, which may cause you to feel bloated. Quick weight gain (a weight gain of two or three pounds in one day is possible.) Symptoms of heart valve disease do not always relate to the seriousness of your condition. You may have no symptoms at all and have severe valve disease, requiring prompt treatment. Or, as with mitral valve prolapse, you may have severe symptoms, yet tests may show minor valve disease.


Question: What are the symptoms of congenital heart defects in infants and children?

Answer: In adults, if symptoms of congenital heart disease are present, they may include: Shortness of breath Limited ability to exercise Symptoms of heart failure (see above) or valve disease (see above) Symptoms of congenital heart defects in infants and children may include: Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, fingernails, and lips) Fast breathing and poor feeding Poor weight gain Recurrent lung infections Inability to exercise Many people with heart muscle disease, or cardiomyopathy, have no symptoms or only minor symptoms, and live a normal life.


Question: What are the symptoms of heart muscle disease?

Answer: In adults, if symptoms of congenital heart disease are present, they may include: Shortness of breath Limited ability to exercise Symptoms of heart failure (see above) or valve disease (see above) Symptoms of congenital heart defects in infants and children may include: Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, fingernails, and lips) Fast breathing and poor feeding Poor weight gain Recurrent lung infections Inability to exercise Many people with heart muscle disease, or cardiomyopathy, have no symptoms or only minor symptoms, and live a normal life. Other people develop symptoms, which progress and worsen as heart function worsens. Symptoms of cardiomyopathy may occur at any age and may include: Chest pain or pressure (occurs usually with exercise or physical activity, but can also occur with rest or after meals) Heart failure symptoms (see above) Swelling of the lower extremities Fatigue Fainting Palpitations (fluttering in the chest due to abnormal heart rhythms) Some people also have arrhythmias. These can lead to sudden death in a small number of people with cardiomyopathy.


Question: What should you do if you think you're having a heart attack?

Answer: Call for emergency help (dial 911 in most areas). Immediate treatment of a heart attack is very important to lessen the amount of damage to your heart. Symptoms of heart valve disease may include: Shortness of breath and/or difficulty catching your breath; you may notice this most when you are doing your normal daily activities or when you lie down flat in bed.


Question: How does genital herpes affect HIV?

Answer: Having genital herpes can increase the risk of being infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and it can cause serious problems for people living with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). People who have genital herpes sores are more likely to be infected with HIV during intercourse.


Question: Is it harder to treat genital herpes and HIV when you have both?

Answer: Higher doses of antiviral drugs are often needed to treat herpes in people with HIV. Also, many people with HIV have strains of the herpes virus that are resistant to treatment with the standard antiviral drugs.


Question: What happens when you have both genital herpes and HIV?

Answer: Research shows that when the herpes virus is active, it may cause HIV to make more copies of itself (the process called replication) than it would otherwise. The more HIV replicates, the more of the body's infection-fighting cells it destroys, eventually leading to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). People infected with both HIV and the herpes virus may have longer-lasting, more frequent, and more severe outbreaks of herpes symptoms, because a weakened immune system can't keep the herpes virus under control as well as a healthy immune system can. If the virus is resistant, there are other possible treatment alternatives, including the drugs Foscarnet and cidofovir.


Question: What are other ways to be aroused when you have chronic pain?

Answer: Share your feelings and fears with your partner and listen to your partner's concerns. Fear of pain associated with sex: It is natural to worry that sexual intercourse will cause you more physical pain. If intercourse is undesirable, there are other ways to be aroused, including: Touching: Explore your partner's body through touch. This may include cuddling, fondling, stroking, massaging and kissing. Oral sex: This form of contact may be an alternative or supplement to traditional intercourse. Try different positions -- some may feel better than others.


Question: How can chronic pain cause problems with sex?

Answer: A healthy, intimate relationship can positively affect all aspects of your life. Share your feelings and fears with your partner and listen to your partner's concerns. Fear of failure to perform: Pain, depression, alcohol and medications all can affect sexual performance or the ability to get aroused or have an orgasm. Sometimes, failure to perform is caused by stress and anxiety. In many cases, patience and understanding can help in overcoming performance problems. Many medications can reduce your sexual ability and/or cause impotence. If you suspect a medication may be affecting your sexual performance, don't stop taking the drug without first consulting your health care provider. You can have a healthy and satisfying relationship in spite of chronic pain.


Question: What is Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS)?

Answer: Actually a group of more than 10 disorders, EDS is characterized by over-flexible joints, stretchy skin, and abnormal growth of scar tissue. Symptoms can range from mild to disabling. Depending on the specific form of EDS, other symptoms may include: A curved spine Weak blood vessels Bleeding gums Problems with the lungs, heart valves, or digestion Epidermolysis bullosa ( EB).


Question: What are inherited disorders of connective tissue?

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Question: What is epidermolysis bullosa (EB)?

Answer: People with EB have skin that is so fragile that it tears or blisters as a result of a minor bump, stumble, or even friction from clothing. Some forms of EB may involve the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, the muscles, or the bladder. Caused by defects of several proteins in the skin, EB is usually evident at birth.


Question: what is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Answer: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a condition of brittle bones, low muscle mass, and lax joints and ligaments. There are several types of this condition. Specific symptoms depend on the specific type and may include: Blue or gray tint to the whites of the eyes Thin skin Curved spine Breathing problems Hearing loss Teeth that break easily The disease occurs when a mutation in two genes responsible for type 1 collagen reduces the amount or quality of the protein. Type 1 collagen is important to the structure of bone and skin.


Question: What is mixed connective tissue disease?

Answer: People with MCTD have some features characteristic of several diseases, including lupus, scleroderma, polymyositis or dermatomyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis. When this occurs, doctors often make the diagnosis of mixed connective tissue disease. While many people with mixed connective tissue disease have mild symptoms, others may experience life-threatening complications.


Question: What is vasculitis?

Answer: Vasculitis is a general term for more than 20 different conditions characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels. These can affect blood flow to the organs and other body tissues. Vasculitis can involve any of the blood vessels.


Question: What is scleroderma?

Answer: Actually a group of more than 10 disorders, EDS is characterized by over-flexible joints, stretchy skin, and abnormal growth of scar tissue. Scleroderma. Systemic sclerosis also involves the blood vessels and major organs.


Question: Does being treated with radiation for cervical cancer increase the odds of getting other cancers?

Answer: After cervical cancer, you may be more likely to get: Lung cancer Mouth, throat, or larynx cancers Stomach, pancreas, bladder, or ureter cancers Vulvar, vaginal, colorectal or anal cancers If you were treated with radiation, your odds of getting stomach, vagina, vulva, rectum, and urinary bladder cancers are higher. And you may have an increased risk of certain other cancers like acute myeloid leukemia and bone cancer.


Question: If I have cervical cancer, will my daughter have it too?

Answer: Doctors do think, however, that cervical cancer may run in some families. So if you have it, your daughter is 2 to 3 times more likely to have it than someone whose mother did not. This could be because women in the same family are more likely to have a condition that makes it harder for them to fight HPV.


Question: How often should I be seeing my doctor once I've finished treatment for cervical cancer?

Answer: After treatment, you need to have regular follow-up appointments. There's no single recommended schedule, but you should have physical exams every 3 to 4 months for 2 years. Then every 6 months for the next few years, and then once a year after that. How often you have follow-up appointments will depend on your specific situation and how long it's been since you've finished your treatment. You should still get a Pap test every year.


Question: What happens if cervical cancer doesn't go away after your first treatment?

Answer: If your cancer doesn't go away after your first treatment, you may have to get regular treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation to keep the cancer under control. Your doctor will discuss your options with you.


Question: Does cervical cancer always come back in the same place?

Answer: It's impossible for your doctor to know how likely it is that your cancer will come back.


Question: Will I be able to get pregnant if I have early-stage cervical cancer?

Answer: If you have early-stage cancer, you may be able to have less aggressive treatments so you'll still be able to have children. You'll probably have to wait 6 to 12 months before you can try to get pregnant so you can heal. But you could still have problems having a baby because the treatments can affect your fertility. If you do get pregnant, your doctor will need to monitor you closely because you may be more likely to have a miscarriage or early delivery.


Question: Will I still be able to have kids if I have cervical cancer?

Answer: Because you have a history of cervical cancer, you will likely need to continue having screenings for years after your treatment.


Question: What cancers am I most likely to get after cervical cancer?

Answer: After cervical cancer, you may be more likely to get: Lung cancer Mouth, throat, or larynx cancers Stomach, pancreas, bladder, or ureter cancers Vulvar, vaginal, colorectal or anal cancers If you were treated with radiation, your odds of getting stomach, vagina, vulva, rectum, and urinary bladder cancers are higher.


Question: How can I reduce the risk of getting other cancers after cervical cancer?

Answer: Continuing to see your doctor for regular checkups, even if you're finished with treatment, can help you stay aware of symptoms. Eating a healthy diet, exercising, limiting alcohol, and avoiding tobacco products can help reduce your risks.


Question: Can I get pregnant if I've had radical hysterectomy or radiation treatment for cervical cancer?

Answer: If you have a radical hysterectomy or radiation treatment, you won't be able to become pregnant. But technologies like egg preservation or embryo preservation prior to getting treatment mean you can likely still have a biological child with the help of a surrogate. Talk to your doctor about all your options and concerns.


Question: Am I more likely to get other cancers if I have had cervical cancer?

Answer: Even if you've been treated for cervical cancer, that doesn't necessarily mean you can't get other types of cancers. In some cases, your chances of developing a second cancer could go up.


Question: Is it possible for cervical cancer to come back after treatment?

Answer: It's impossible for your doctor to know how likely it is that your cancer will come back. In some cases, your chances of developing a second cancer could go up. It's possible to pass an increased risk of cervical cancer to your daughter, but it's not likely.


Question: Is it normal to be nervous about cervical cancer?

Answer: Maybe you just found out you have it, or maybe you've already been through treatments and don't know what comes next. It's normal to wonder what your future holds. Knowing the answers to some common questions can help you better understand your situation and make the best choices. Even if you've been treated for cervical cancer, that doesn't necessarily mean you can't get other types of cancers.


Question: Can loud noises trigger migraines?

Answer: A loud or bothersome sound can bring on a migraine. It can often add to your stress level. Certain patterns of noise also can be a trigger. If you know you're going to be where loud sounds are common, wear earplugs. You could also listen to calming music or sounds with earbuds.


Question: Can using a computer trigger a migraine?

Answer: Sitting in front of your laptop or desktop for a long time can trigger migraine and tension-type headaches. This is especially true if you have a low-resolution monitor. They put more strain on your eyes.


Question: Can getting out of your routine trigger a migraine?

Answer: Migraine headaches can sometimes happen when you get out of your normal routine, like if you: Are away from the structure of work and everyday life, even if it's for a vacation Drink more or less coffee or tea than usual Get too much or too little sleep


Question: How can you prevent migraine if you're working on a computer?

Answer: You can: Put a glare screen over your monitor. Make sure no reflection from the sun hits the screen. Use a bigger font size. Good posture is important, too. It'll ease stress on your head, neck, and shoulders. Don't forget to get away from your computer for a few minutes every hour, too.


Question: What foods or drinks can bring a migraine?

Answer: What you eat could cause headaches. Some common culprits liked to migraine headaches include MSG and alcohol, especially: Chinese food Red wine If you think what you eat and drink may be the cause of your headaches, keep a food diary to track what you've eaten before a migraine hits. Then, see if staying away from those foods or drinks helps. It's important to know that migraine headaches can also come if you: Skip meals Eat unhealthy snacks instead of a meal Don't drink enough fluids Stop drinking coffee abruptly (withdrawal) Eat small, healthy snacks, and make sure you get enough water.


Question: How can I avoid the stress that can bring a migraine?

Answer: You can help avoid this if you: Eat healthy Exercise Get enough sleep Practice relaxation exercises, like yoga, or tai chi Staying out of stressful situations also can help. For example, if driving to work puts you under pressure, consider the bus or subway. That'll also let you relax by reading or listening to music.


Question: How can complementary medicine help cancer treatments?

Answer: They may ease the symptoms of cancer or the side effects of treatment.


Question: What creative therapies can be used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Creative therapies: This type of treatment includes music, dance, and art. How do they help? They can help lessen stress, fear, and worries from cancer and its treatments.


Question: How is guided imagery and visualization used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Guided imagery and visualization: These practices help you use your imagination to create an image that takes your mind off your cancer.


Question: How is progressive muscle relaxation used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Progressive muscle relaxation: In this technique, you'll switch between tensing and relaxing your muscles. How does it help? It can ease your pain and anxiety and help you sleep better.


Question: What is reiki?

Answer: Reiki: This touch therapy realigns your body's energy balance. How does it help? It can make it easier to manage pain, stress, and worry.


Question: What is yoga and tai chi?

Answer: Yoga and tai chi: These specific poses or sets of movements can be combined with deep breathing.


Question: How is biofeedback used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Biofeedback: This technique uses sensors and a monitor to help you gain control over body functions that are normally automatic -- like your heart rate and breathing. It can ease your pain and anxiety and help you sleep better.


Question: How are supplements used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Talk to your doctor before you try any complementary therapies. Yes, but it might cause mild side effects like aches and pains or a headache. Yes Supplements: These are vitamins, minerals, and herbs that you can take as a pill, tablet, capsule, or liquid. They may ease the symptoms of cancer or the side effects of treatment.


Question: How should complementary medicines be used alongside traditional cancer treatment?

Answer: Instead, you should use these therapies along with chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and other treatments your doctor prescribed. Talk to your doctor before you try any complementary therapies. Even "natural" therapies can have side effects and interactions, just like medical treatments. Creative therapies: This type of treatment includes music, dance, and art.


Question: What is reflexology?

Answer: But talk to your doctor before you start if you have depression or anxiety. Yes Reflexology: You or a practitioner can apply pressure to your hands and feet to help you relax. It may help with pain and anxiety.


Question: How is fitness used as complementary medicine?

Answer: Fitness: This includes aerobic activity like walking, biking, swimming, strength training, and flexibility exercises such as yoga or tai chi. It also helps control your weight, which can make it less likely that your cancer will come back. It can also boost your mood.


Question: How can acupuncture and acupressure be used as complementary medicine for the treatment of cancer?

Answer: Acupuncture and acupressure: These techniques insert thin needles or apply pressure to certain points on your skin. They include pain at the needle site, fatigue, and infections. Talk to your doctor if you're taking blood thinners. Meditation can help with pain and nausea from cancer treatment. Are they safe?


Question: What medications can prevent influenza A and B?

Answer: If you are pregnant you can only receive the injectable form.


Question: What are side effects of influenza vaccine?

Answer: Some people develop low fever and muscle aches as side effects of the vaccine.


Question: What do you need to know about the influenza vaccine?

Answer: The most effective way of preventing the flu is with an influenza vaccination. Every fall you should be immunized against strains that have developed since the previous outbreak. If you are vaccinated against three or more strains, you may still come down with flu, but symptoms are likely to be milder than they would have been had you not had an influenza vaccination.


Question: What types of influenza vaccine are available?

Answer: Because influenza is a serious threat, the CDC recommends vaccination for everyone 6 months of age and older and others at high risk of flu complications: Adults 65 and older Those with chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes and asthma Pregnant women People with a weakened immune system, like those with HIV/ AIDS The seasonal flu vaccine is available in three forms. This form is usually given as a single injection and is approved for people 6 months of age or older. Another form is given as a nasal spray called Flu Mist. This form of the vaccine is a live and weakened form of the flu and is approved for all healthy people 2-49 years of age who are not pregnant. If you are pregnant you can only receive the injectable form. There is also a âneedle-lessâ option for people 18-64 years old: the jet injector vaccine with Afluria, which uses a tool with high pressure to deliver the vaccine.


Question: What can you do to protect yourself from influenza other than getting vaccinated?

Answer: If you are vaccinated against three or more strains, you may still come down with flu, but symptoms are likely to be milder than they would have been had you not had an influenza vaccination. Here are more preventive measures you can take during flu season and to avoid getting swine flu: Wash your hands with soap and water, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer often. Quit smoking. The bad habit damages your respiratory tract. And watch the alcohol, since drinking, like smoking, can lower your resistance to infection in general. The virus is easily spread in the air. Keep up your resistance by following a good diet, drinking lots of fluids, and getting plenty of rest.


Question: What are the symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer: People with schizotypal personality disorder display a combination of odd behavior, speech patterns, thoughts, and perceptions. Other people often describe these individuals as strange or eccentric. Additional traits of people with this disorder include the following: Dressing, speaking, or acting in an odd or peculiar way Being suspicious and paranoid Being uncomfortable or anxious in social situations due to their distrust of others Having few friends and being extremely uncomfortable with intimacy Tending to misinterpret reality or to have distorted perceptions (for example, mistaking noises for voices) Having odd beliefs or magical thinking (for example, being overly superstitious or thinking of themselves as psychic) Being preoccupied with fantasy and daydreaming Tending to be stiff and awkward when relating to others Coming across as emotionally distant, aloof, or cold Genetics may play some role in the development of schizotypal personality disorder.


Question: What complications are associated with schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer: People with this disorder might be at risk for developing anxiety or depression. They also tend to have poor social skills and lack fulfilling relationships. Without treatment, people with this disorder can become even more uncomfortable in social situations, which can lead to greater isolation.


Question: What are some other disorders that someone with schizotypal personality disorder may have?

Answer: People with schizotypal personality disorder who also suffer from another disorder, such as anxiety or depression, might benefit from medication, such as an antidepressant or anti-anxiety drug.


Question: How is schizotypal personality disorder diagnosed?

Answer: Although there are no lab tests to specifically diagnose personality disorders, the doctor might use various diagnostic tests to rule out physical illness as the cause of the symptoms. If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she might refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, health care professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate someone for a personality disorder.


Question: What are personality disorders?

Answer: People with significant personality disorders generally also have poor coping skills and difficulty forming healthy relationships. Unlike people with anxiety disorders, who know they have a problem but are unable to control it, people with personality disorders generally are not aware that they have a problem and do not believe they have anything to control. Without treatment, people with this disorder can become even more uncomfortable in social situations, which can lead to greater isolation.


Question: What is psychotherapy for schizotypal personality disorder?

Answer: When they do seek treatment, it most often is due to a related disorder, such as depression or anxiety. Through treatment, people with this disorder can often be taught to recognize when they are distorting reality. The outlook generally improves for a person who is motivated to change and seeks and complies with treatment.


Question: How can schizotypal personality disorder be prevented?

Answer: People with this disorder might be at risk for developing anxiety or depression. However, assessing the risk for the disorder, such as having a family history of schizophrenia, might allow for early diagnosis and treatment.


Question: Can you get witch hazel naturally from foods?

Answer: Witch hazel is relatively safe.


Question: Why do people use  witch hazel?

Answer: As it turns out, witch hazel contains tannins, oils, and other substances that appear to: Lessen inflammation Draw tissue together Slow bleeding Today, you can find witch hazel in your local drugstore. People often use it as an astringent, which draws tissue together and constricts blood vessels. People apply witch hazel to the skin for a variety of problems, such as: Itching Inflammation Injury Insect bites Bruises and minor burns Varicose veins Hemorrhoids Applying witch hazel to the skin is the most common way it is used -- and the safest.


Question: Does witch hazel really work?

Answer: When taken that way it is used to try to treat conditions as varied as: Diarrhea Vomiting or coughing up blood Colitis Colds and fevers Tuberculosis Tumors Cancer There is no proof that taking witch hazel by mouth helps with these or any other conditions. Witch hazel may bring some relief from hemorrhoids or skin irritations and lessen minor bleeding. Witch hazel extracts contain antioxidant compounds that may protect against sunburn and aging from the sun. But the evidence is thin on its use for other conditions. Researchers have more work to do to demonstrate its effectiveness.


Question: Why would someone take witch hazel orally?

Answer: People apply witch hazel to the skin for a variety of problems, such as: Itching Inflammation Injury Insect bites Bruises and minor burns Varicose veins Hemorrhoids Applying witch hazel to the skin is the most common way it is used -- and the safest. People sometimes take witch hazel by mouth. When taken that way it is used to try to treat conditions as varied as: Diarrhea Vomiting or coughing up blood Colitis Colds and fevers Tuberculosis Tumors Cancer There is no proof that taking witch hazel by mouth helps with these or any other conditions.


Question: What is witch hazel?

Answer: Native Americans have long used the leaves and bark of the witch hazel plant as a folk remedy.


Question: What is the typical dose of witch hazel?

Answer: These are typical dosages of witch hazel: By mouth: 2 grams of dried leaves three times daily or as a tea On the skin: 5 to 10 grams of leaf and bark simmered in 250 milliliters of water or undiluted As an alcohol extract (commonly available in pharmacies): Saturate a piece of cloth and apply to the affected area. Rectal area. By suppository,use 0.1 to 1 gram leaf and bark applied one to three times daily. When applied to anal area, witch hazel water may be applied up to six times a day or after bowel movements. But even children tend to tolerate it well on the skin.


Question: What are the risks of taking witch hazel?

Answer: People sometimes take witch hazel by mouth. But the evidence is thin on its use for other conditions. Witch hazel is relatively safe. If you use witch hazel in appropriate amounts, your risks are relatively minor. But if you take high doses by mouth, it may cause kidney or liver damage. Although witch hazel contains a known cancer-causing ingredient, there's likely no need for concern. The amounts are very small. Because studies are limited, avoid using witch hazel if you are pregnant or breastfeeding. Interactions. There aren't any known interactions with drugs, foods, or other herbs and supplements.


Question: What are some problems you'll notice when you have Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Walking and balance problems.


Question: How is Parkinson's disease diagnosed?

Answer: A lot of it's based on your symptoms and health history, but it could take some time to figure it out. And part of the process is ruling out other conditions that look like Parkinson's. That's one reason it's important to go to a doctor who knows a lot about it. Early on, it's easy to miss. If you do have it, your doctor might use what's called the Hoehn and Yahr scale to tell you what stage of the disease you're in. It ranks how severe your symptoms are from 1 to 5, where 5 is the most serious.


Question: How do decongestant medications work?

Answer: Because the blood vessels inside your nose swell and block your airways. Over-the-counter decongestants can shrink these vessels and help you breathe easier. Check the label for the ingredients phenylephrine or pseudoephedrine. Decongestant nasal sprays work the same way. But be careful! Your nose can get even stuffier if you use them for more than 4 or 5 days in a row. Sometimes these products can make you nervous or irritable.


Question: Is chicken soup good for congestion?

Answer: Everything you heard about chicken soup is true: It really does help you feel better when you're sick. Sip a hot bowl to move mucus through your nose faster than plain hot water. It'll help you feel less stuffy, and it tastes good.


Question: How do I use steam for congestion?

Answer: Whether it's from a hot shower or piping hot cup of tea, steam can thin mucus and help it drain from your nose. For faster relief, pour boiling water into a large bowl. Cover your head with a towel, lean over the bowl, and breathe in the steam. You can do this three to four times a day.


Question: What if my congestion isn't going away?

Answer: Call your doctor if you've been congested for more than 2 weeks. If not, use these tips to breathe easier. Rinse the inside of your nose with a nasal irrigation kit or neti pot to soften, loosen, and wash out mucus and instantly relieve your stuffy head.


Question: How are lasers used to treat ocular melanoma?

Answer: Lasers: Your doctor uses infrared light to kill a small tumor and seal off the nearby blood vessels to keep the cancer from spreading. This typically involves sending a laser beam through your pupil at low power so it can attack the cancer cells without damaging your eye.


Question: Can ocular melanoma be treated?

Answer: If your ocular tumor is small or noncancerous, you might not have to get it treated right away. Your doctor may just want to check it regularly to see if it grows or causes problems. If caught before it spreads outside the eye, doctors can successfully treat most ocular melanomas.


Question: How is ocular melanoma diagnosed?

Answer: Doctors often notice a melanoma during a routine eye exam because the tumors usually are darker than the area around them or leak fluid. Your doctor may want to do additional tests: Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves are used to make images of the inside of your eye. Fluorescein angiography: You'll get a special dye put into your bloodstream through a vein in your arm. The dye will travel up to your eye. Your doctor then uses a special camera to take pictures of the inside of your eye. This can help them find any blockage or leak.


Question: What type of follow-up is required for ocular melanoma?

Answer: Your doctor probably will recommend you get regular CT scans or MRIs to make sure the cancer hasn't spread. A CT scan (computerized tomography) takes X-rays from different angles and puts them together to show a more complete picture. An MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make detailed images. Your doctor will focus on your liver, since that's where a new tumor is most likely to start. If it has, the earlier it's found, the more choices you have for treatment. Your treatment may damage your vision, so you also may need to see an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) regularly.


Question: Is ocular melanoma linked to ultraviolet rays?

Answer: Doctors don't know exactly what causes ocular melanoma. As with skin cancer, people with fair skin, blond or red hair, and light-colored eyes are more likely to get it. But unlike skin cancer, there's no hard evidence that links ocular melanoma to ultraviolet ( UV) rays, the kind you're exposed to from sunlight or a tanning bed.


Question: Is atypical mole syndrome linked to ocular melanoma?

Answer: People with something called atypical mole syndrome are more likely to develop melanoma on the skin and also may be more likely to get ocular melanoma. This condition can cause more than 100 moles to form on a person's body, some with abnormal shapes and sizes.


Question: What is the next step in ocular melanoma diagnosis after ultrasound and fluorescein angiography?

Answer: In rare cases, when these tests don't give a definite answer, your doctor might take some tissue from your eye to get a closer look under a microscope. This is called a biopsy.


Question: Is the risk for ocular melanoma hereditary?

Answer: Scientists are looking into whether parents can pass a higher risk for ocular melanoma to their children.


Question: What are the symptoms of ocular melanoma?

Answer: The cancer usually develops in the middle layer of the eyeball, which holds the blood vessels that feed your inner eye. You may not notice any symptoms at first. As a tumor grows, it can cause floating black spots, light flashes, or loss of eyesight. It sometimes changes the shape of your pupil (the dark circle in the middle of your eye). In other cases, the tumor forms on the iris, the part that gives your eye its color. If this happens, it's easier to spot early. Between 2% and 5% of people have a tumor in the conjunctiva -- the moist membrane that covers your eye.


Question: What is ocular melanoma?

Answer: Melanoma is a kind of cancer that develops in cells that give your skin, eyes, and hair their color. Melanoma usually shows up on the skin, but it also can happen in your eyes. When it does, doctors call it ocular melanoma. This is the most common form of eye cancer in adults, but it's still rare. Your odds of getting it are about 6 in 1 million. It can cause vision problems and can be serious if it spreads to other organs.


Question: How should you moisturize to help with psoriasis flare-ups?

Answer: After showering, moisturize your legs right away. Use a product your dermatologist recommends: something fragrance-free, hypoallergenic, and non-clogging. You may need to try several moisturizing lotions to find one that doesn't sting or irritate your skin.


Question: When should you apply medicated creams to help with psoriasis flare-ups?

Answer: If your doctor has prescribed a corticosteroid product, you may want to apply it at night so it has time to absorb. Corticosteroid creams and ointments can stop the overproduction of skin cells that make psoriasis plaques, but makeup may not stick to skin that has a heavy cream or ointment on it.


Question: How can you adjust your routine to help with psoriasis flare-ups?

Answer: But that doesn't mean you have to hide your skin in long pants. You can minimize and even conceal psoriasis patches on your legs. She may also recommend using an exfoliating salicylic acid cleanser a few times a week to remove extra flakes. Keep in mind that your legs may not be the same skin color as your face, so you may have to try different colors to see what works best at hiding your patches.


Question: How can menopause change your cholesterol levels relative to rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Before menopause, women appear to get a boost in HDL "good" cholesterol thanks to the hormone estrogen. It also appears to help control levels of LDL "bad" cholesterol. After menopause, when this benefit goes away, it's even more crucial to eat healthy foods to keep your cholesterol levels in check.


Question: What statistics does the American Heart Association recommend that I reach if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Some examples are: Plant-based oils such as canola, olive, peanut, safflower, and sesame Nuts and seeds such as flaxseed, sunflower, and walnuts The American Heart Association suggests you shoot for these numbers: Total fat: 25%-35% of your daily calories. If you're eating 1,200 calories, that's between 33 and 47 grams of fat. Saturated fat: Less than 7% of daily calories, or 9 grams of saturated fat. Trans fats: Avoid all trans fats. Cholesterol: Less than 300 milligrams per day. If you already have high LDL or you take cholesterol medicine, you should get less than 200 milligrams of cholesterol per day. Fiber: 25 to 30 grams per day, preferably from whole grains, fruits, veggies, and legumes.


Question: What foods help my heart and my rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: There's a good reason to go for this bargain. If you have rheumatoid arthritis, you've got a bigger chance of having problems with your heart. So make smart choices when you go to the supermarket or dine out. When you have RA, the inflammation that makes your joints sore, hot, and swollen can lead to clogged arteries, heart attacks, and strokes. Eat the right foods -- and avoid some bad ones -- and your heart and joints will be grateful.


Question: What foods are high in unsaturated fats?

Answer: On the other hand, foods that are high in unsaturated fats are good for your heart. Some examples are: Plant-based oils such as canola, olive, peanut, safflower, and sesame Nuts and seeds such as flaxseed, sunflower, and walnuts The American Heart Association suggests you shoot for these numbers: Total fat: 25%-35% of your daily calories.


Question: Should I watch my weight if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Try to lose extra pounds if you need to, or keep up the good work if you're at the right weight now. If you're not overweight, you'll be less likely to get heart disease, and you'll keep extra pressure off your joints. If you're heavier than you should be, losing weight may help lower inflammation, because fat cells make chemicals that cause it. If you want to keep a healthy weight, figure out how many calories you need each day, and don't eat more than you can burn off. If you want to shed pounds, eat fewer than you burn. Make it a habit to check calorie amounts in the foods you eat. You can get the info from packaged food labels, cookbooks, websites, and cellphone apps. Use it to help you make a meal plan. It can also help to keep a food diary for a while.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis cause inflammation?

Answer: When you have RA, the inflammation that makes your joints sore, hot, and swollen can lead to clogged arteries, heart attacks, and strokes. Eat the right foods -- and avoid some bad ones -- and your heart and joints will be grateful.


Question: How can you keep a healthy weight if you have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you want to keep a healthy weight, figure out how many calories you need each day, and don't eat more than you can burn off. If you want to shed pounds, eat fewer than you burn. Make it a habit to check calorie amounts in the foods you eat. You can get the info from packaged food labels, cookbooks, websites, and cellphone apps. Use it to help you make a meal plan. It can also help to keep a food diary for a while. Stay away from fatty snacks, and fill up on whole-grain foods, fruits, and vegetables that have lots of fiber. Because they're high in nutrients and low in calories, these foods will help you feel full. They're good for you and can help you maintain your weight.


Question: What foods cause high cholesterol levels relative to rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The main culprits in your diet are foods high in saturated fat, such as some meats, butter, cheese, whole milk, and processed foods.


Question: Which foods are good for your heart if you have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: On the other hand, foods that are high in unsaturated fats are good for your heart. Some examples are: Plant-based oils such as canola, olive, peanut, safflower, and sesame Nuts and seeds such as flaxseed, sunflower, and walnuts The American Heart Association suggests you shoot for these numbers: Total fat: 25%-35% of your daily calories.


Question: What should your meal plan consist of to help your heart and rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Some examples are: Plant-based oils such as canola, olive, peanut, safflower, and sesame Nuts and seeds such as flaxseed, sunflower, and walnuts The American Heart Association suggests you shoot for these numbers: Total fat: 25%-35% of your daily calories. If you're eating 1,200 calories, that's between 33 and 47 grams of fat. Saturated fat: Less than 7% of daily calories, or 9 grams of saturated fat. Trans fats: Avoid all trans fats. Cholesterol: Less than 300 milligrams per day. If you already have high LDL or you take cholesterol medicine, you should get less than 200 milligrams of cholesterol per day. Fiber: 25 to 30 grams per day, preferably from whole grains, fruits, veggies, and legumes.


Question: What can rheumatoid arthritis lead to?

Answer: When you have RA, the inflammation that makes your joints sore, hot, and swollen can lead to clogged arteries, heart attacks, and strokes.


Question: Can fiber help fight inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Studies suggest it reduces C-reactive protein ( CRP), a sign of inflammation found in the blood. A high CRP level can signal rheumatoid arthritis or heart disease. Stock up on fruits, vegetables, and other high-fiber foods.


Question: What are foods that can keep me healthy if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Stay away from fatty snacks, and fill up on whole-grain foods, fruits, and vegetables that have lots of fiber. On the other hand, foods that are high in unsaturated fats are good for your heart. Read labels carefully. The Nutrition Facts panel will tell you what's in each food or drink. If you take the time to think about your food choices, you'll find that what you eat can have big benefits for both your arthritis and your heart.


Question: What should you eat to avoid inflammation from rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: To fight inflammation, put foods that are high in omega-3 fatty acids on your shopping list. They can ease joint pain and lessen morning stiffness. Some good sources are fatty fish like salmon, trout, mackerel, tuna, sardines, and herring. Add two 3-ounce servings to your menu each week. Studies suggest it reduces C-reactive protein ( CRP), a sign of inflammation found in the blood. A high CRP level can signal rheumatoid arthritis or heart disease. Stock up on fruits, vegetables, and other high-fiber foods. It can also help to keep a food diary for a while.


Question: Which foods should you avoid to prevent inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: To fight inflammation, put foods that are high in omega-3 fatty acids on your shopping list. If you're heavier than you should be, losing weight may help lower inflammation, because fat cells make chemicals that cause it. They're good for you and can help you maintain your weight. The main culprits in your diet are foods high in saturated fat, such as some meats, butter, cheese, whole milk, and processed foods.


Question: How can a lower weight help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: They're good for you and can help you maintain your weight. If you take the time to think about your food choices, you'll find that what you eat can have big benefits for both your arthritis and your heart.


Question: What foods can cause inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: To fight inflammation, put foods that are high in omega-3 fatty acids on your shopping list. If you're heavier than you should be, losing weight may help lower inflammation, because fat cells make chemicals that cause it. They're good for you and can help you maintain your weight. The main culprits in your diet are foods high in saturated fat, such as some meats, butter, cheese, whole milk, and processed foods.


Question: Why would someone need radiation after a modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?

Answer: Depending on the size of your tumor and whether the cancer has spread to your lymph nodes, your doctor might recommend that you have radiation after your surgery. This helps kill any remaining cancer cells.


Question: What are the risks associated with having a modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?

Answer: Although research has found MRM to be generally safe and effective, like all surgical procedures it can have risks. They include: Bleeding Infection Swelling of the arm Pockets of fluid forming underneath the incision (called seromas) Risks from general anesthesia Some people have numbness in the upper arm after surgery. It's caused by damage to small nerves in the area where the lymph nodes are taken out. There is a good chance that you'll regain most of the feeling in your arm over time. Lymph nodes that are removed will be sent to a lab to see whether the cancer has spread to them.


Question: How effective is a modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?

Answer: It's especially helpful for treating early-stage breast cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes. Studies show MRM is as effective as a traditional radical mastectomy, but takes much less of a toll on a woman's appearance. Because of the success with MRMs, traditional radical mastectomies are rarely done today.


Question: What is the goal of modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?

Answer: The goal of the surgery is to remove the cancer but preserve as much of the skin and tissue as possible so that you can have breast reconstruction, if you chose.


Question: What happens during a modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?

Answer: MRM doesn't remove chest muscles like a traditional radical mastectomy does. During the procedure, the surgeon removes the breast, including the skin, breast tissue, areola, and nipple, and most of the lymph nodes under the arm. The lining over the large muscle in the chest is also removed, but the muscle itself is left in place. Following a traditional radical mastectomy, women often have a hollow in the chest. Because the chest muscle is kept in place with an MRM, this doesn't happen.


Question: What happens after a modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?

Answer: After your surgery, you'll stay in the hospital for one or two nights. Thin plastic tubes will be placed in your breast area and attached to small suction devices to drain any fluid. You'll need to keep these drains in for up to 3 weeks. The hospital staff will show you how to care for them until your follow-up visit with the doctor. Your doctor will prescribe medication for any pain you feel after surgery. After a week or two, you can usually treat your discomfort with over-the-counter pain relievers. There's a good chance that you'll feel tired after your surgery. Try to take a break and rest during the 2 weeks following your surgery.


Question: What is a modified radical mastectomy (MRM)?

Answer: The goal of the surgery is to remove the cancer but preserve as much of the skin and tissue as possible so that you can have breast reconstruction, if you chose. Keep in mind, not all women can have a modified radical mastectomy, and there are many surgical options for breast cancer.


Question: What should I expect from a chigger bite?

Answer: Once chiggers latch on to your pants or shirt, they crawl around until they find a patch of skin. There, they use sharp, jaw-like claws to make tiny holes. Next, they inject saliva that turns some of your cells into mush.


Question: Why do chiggers bite?

Answer: To a chigger, those liquefied cells are food. When they get on you, they can stay attached to your skin for several days while they eat.


Question: Where can chigger bites happen on my body?

Answer: Chigger bites can happen anywhere on your body, but they often show up in clusters around the waist or lower legs. You may not notice anything wrong at first, but in a few hours you'll start to itch. The itching usually lasts for several days and can sometimes keep you awake at night. You may also notice that your skin turns red and has bumps, blisters, or a hive-like rash that may take a week or two to heal.


Question: Where do chiggers live?

Answer: $('.ua_type_mobile .article table').css('width','100%'); You can travel across the globe, but you can't escape these pests. Chiggers live in every country. Their favorite spots are moist, grassy areas like fields, forests, and even your lawn. You can also find them near lakes and streams.


Question: Do chigger bites get better on their own?

Answer: But if yours are still bothering you after a few days, see your doctor. In rare cases, you may need steroid shots to calm itching and swelling. Your doctor may also ask you to take antibiotics if your bites become infected.


Question: Can I get diseases from chigger bites?

Answer: Chiggers don't spread diseases but scratching could break the skin and lead to irritation or an infection.


Question: When are chigger bites most common?

Answer: In the U. S., chigger bites are most common in the late spring, summer, and early fall. The bugs are active when the ground temperature is between 77 and 86 degrees F, and they die when it gets colder than 42.


Question: What should I do if I get chigger bites?

Answer: If you think you've been around some chiggers, give yourself a full body check. You may be able to see tiny red dots, either moving very quickly or attached to your skin. Your first step: Take a bath or shower and scrub your skin with soap and water. This washes off any chiggers that are still on you. Using hot water, wash your clothes and any blankets or towels that touched the ground to kill any bugs that are still hanging on. Then treat your bites with an over-the-counter anti-itch cream or ointment, like menthol, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone. You can also get relief if you take antihistamine pills or use a cold compress.


Question: What is the life cycle of a chigger?

Answer: Adult chiggers don't bite. It's the babies, called larvae, that you have to watch out for. They're red, orange, yellow, or straw-colored, and no more than 0.3 millimeters long. After they hatch from eggs, the babies don't fly and don't travel very far on their own. They tend to stay clumped together in large groups on leaves and grass, usually less than a foot off the ground, and attach to animals or people as they pass by.


Question: What should I know about chigger bites?

Answer: You might be out for a stroll in the park with your kids. !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } They're called chiggers -- bugs so small you need a magnifying glass to spot them. They aren't dangerous, but their bites can leave you with a powerful urge to scratch. Don't let them get the best of you! Learn how to soothe your irritated skin and find out how to prevent bites the next time you go outside.


Question: What are chiggers?

Answer: Scientists call these creatures "trombiculid mites." Technically, these critters aren't insects. They're "arachnids," in the same family as spiders and ticks.


Question: How can I prevent chigger bites?

Answer: You may also notice that your skin turns red and has bumps, blisters, or a hive-like rash that may take a week or two to heal. Some studies show that natural sprays may help keep chiggers away. Try ones that have oils made from citronella, tea tree, jojoba, geranium, or lemon grass. And of course, don't make yourself an easy target for a hungry chigger. Wear long sleeves and long pants, with your pant legs tucked into long socks. These simple tips lower your odds of getting chigger bites. Then you can enjoy the great outdoors -- itch-free!


Question: How can chigger bites affect men?

Answer: It causes swelling, itching, and trouble peeing. This can last for a few days to a few weeks. You can also get relief if you take antihistamine pills or use a cold compress.


Question: What is choroiditis?

Answer: Choroiditis: A form of uveitis, or inflammation of the uvea, the eye's middle layer. It causes the layer beneath your retina to become inflamed.


Question: What is presbyopia?

Answer: Presbyopia: When your eye can no longer change focus to see objects close up. It isn't a disease, but a part of the eye's natural aging process. It affects everyone at some point in life. It usually shows up around age 40 to 45.


Question: What is macular edema?

Answer: Macular edema : A swelling of the macula that makes it hard to see. It usually results from injury or disease.


Question: What is the retina?

Answer: Retina: The thin layer of nerves that lines the back of your eye. It senses light and signals your optic nerve and brain to create images.


Question: What is the iris?

Answer: Iris: The colored membrane around your pupil. It expands and contracts to control the amount of light that gets into your eye.


Question: What is achromatopsia?

Answer: Achromatopsia: A lack of certain receptors in your retinas. Your vision won't be sharp, and you could be nearly or completely colorblind. It's an inherited condition.


Question: What is a vitrectomy?

Answer: Vitrectomy: In this surgical procedure, the vitreous humor is removed from your eyeball and replaced with a clear salt solution or temporarily with a gas bubble. It can help when scars or blood in your vitreous blocks your vision.


Question: What is the definition of legal blindness?

Answer: Legal blindness: When your vision, in both eyes, can't be corrected to better than 20/200. Or when you have a visual field of 20 degrees or less. ( Your eye doctor may call this tunnel vision.)


Question: What is astigmatism?

Answer: Astigmatism : When your cornea is shaped more like a football than a basketball. It causes blurry vision. You can fix it with glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.


Question: What is the definition of ocular?

Answer: Ocular: Of or related to your eye.


Question: What is the pupil?

Answer: Pupil: The round, dark central opening in your eye. This is where light comes in.


Question: What is photocoagulation?

Answer: Photocoagulation: A type of laser surgery used to stop bleeding or repair damaged tissue. It's most often used to treat retinal conditions like complications from diabetes. It also helps treat eye tumors.


Question: What is the vitreous humor?

Answer: Vitreous humor: The clear gel-like substance in the center of your eyeball.


Question: What is the definition of visual acuity?

Answer: Visual acuity: How well you see as measured on an eye chart.


Question: What is an ophthalmoscope?

Answer: Ophthalmoscope: An instrument that examines your retina. There are two types: Direct: Examines the center of your retina Indirect: Checks your entire retina Optic nerve: It carries light signals from your retina to your brain, which turns them into images.


Question: What is enucleation?

Answer: Enucleation: When your eye is surgically removed.


Question: What is the definition of visual field?

Answer: Visual field: Your entire range of sight, including peripheral vision.


Question: What is legal blindness?

Answer: Legal blindness: When your vision, in both eyes, can't be corrected to better than 20/200. Or when you have a visual field of 20 degrees or less. ( Your eye doctor may call this tunnel vision.)


Question: What is the definition of ophthalmoscope?

Answer: Ophthalmoscope: An instrument that examines your retina. There are two types: Direct: Examines the center of your retina Indirect: Checks your entire retina Optic nerve: It carries light signals from your retina to your brain, which turns them into images.


Question: What is your visual field?

Answer: Visual field: Your entire range of sight, including peripheral vision.


Question: What are beta-blockers?

Answer: Beta-blocker s: Medicated eye drops that treat glaucoma. They cause your eye to makes less aqueous humor, and that lowers pressure inside it.


Question: What is strabismus?

Answer: Strabismus: When your eyes aren't aligned and can't point in the same direction at the same time. Crossed eyes is one type of strabismus.


Question: What is pinkeye?

Answer: Pinkeye: See conjunctivitis.


Question: What is the definition of intraocular?

Answer: Intraocular: Of or related to the inside of your eye.


Question: What is the definition of amblyopia?

Answer: Amblyopia: A condition also known as "lazy eye" that starts in childhood. Because one or the other eye is not used all the time to provide a sharp image, vision doesn't develop the way it should in that eye. If it isn't treated, one eye will always be weaker.


Question: What is hyperopia?

Answer: Hyperopia: When it's hard to see objects up close, but things farther away are clearer. The common name for this is farsightedness.


Question: What is the KAMRA inlay?

Answer: Cornea: The clear front outer layer of your eye. When it's healthy, you'll have clear, sharp vision.


Question: How is surgery used to treat pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is very hard to control. But if it is caught early and the cancer hasn't spread beyond the pancreas, it can be treated with surgery. This offers the best outcome for pancreatic cancer. The surgery is called a " Whipple procedure," or pancreaticoduodenectomy, and is named after Dr. George Hoyt Whipple, the surgeon who pioneered it. If possible, the surgeon removes the malignant tumor, leaving as much of the normal pancreas as possible to allow continued pancreatic function. Less often, the entire pancreas must be removed. If a patient undergoes a total pancreatectomy, a lifelong regimen of replacement enzymes and hormones, including insulin, must be administered.


Question: What are other treatments for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: These treatments may also be given before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it possible for surgery to be performed or used as a means of relieving symptoms, such as pain. Prescription medications, usually narcotics, are given to help manage pain associated with advanced pancreatic cancer.


Question: Can pancreatic cancer be treated if it hasn't spread beyond the pancreas?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is very hard to control. But if it is caught early and the cancer hasn't spread beyond the pancreas, it can be treated with surgery. This offers the best outcome for pancreatic cancer. The surgery is called a " Whipple procedure," or pancreaticoduodenectomy, and is named after Dr. George Hoyt Whipple, the surgeon who pioneered it. If possible, the surgeon removes the malignant tumor, leaving as much of the normal pancreas as possible to allow continued pancreatic function. Less often, the entire pancreas must be removed. If a patient undergoes a total pancreatectomy, a lifelong regimen of replacement enzymes and hormones, including insulin, must be administered.


Question: How can I prevent pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Pancreatic cancer is not easily prevented, but you can take measures to reduce your risk. If you work around certain chemicals, dyes, or pesticides that are known to increase the risk for pancreatic cancer, take precautions to avoid unnecessary exposure to both materials and fumes. Cigarette smoking doubles the risk of pancreatic cancer when compared to non-smokers.


Question: What is endoscopic ultrasonography for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Endoscopic ultrasonography ( EUS) uses an ultrasound device connected to the end of a small flexible tube that is inserted into the mouth and is about 85% to 90% accurate in diagnosing pancreatic cancer.


Question: Is there any point to treatment for advanced pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Thus the disease is often diagnosed after it has advanced and spread. However, even at later stages, treatment can improve quality of life by controlling uncomfortable symptoms and complications of the disease.


Question: Can a biopsy be used to diagnose pancreatic cancer?

Answer: A tissue sample for biopsy can also be extracted through the scope. If a biopsy confirms cancer, further tests are done to determine how far the disease has advanced.


Question: What imaging tests are used to diagnose pancreatic cancer?

Answer: These treatments may also be given before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it possible for surgery to be performed or used as a means of relieving symptoms, such as pain.


Question: How can the timing of diagnosing pancreatic cancer affect the outcome?

Answer: Unfortunately, pancreatic cancers have subtle, and vague symptoms. Thus the disease is often diagnosed after it has advanced and spread. However, even at later stages, treatment can improve quality of life by controlling uncomfortable symptoms and complications of the disease.


Question: What causes plantar warts?

Answer: Plantar warts, like all warts, are caused by a virus that invades the skin through tiny cuts or scrapes. The warts may not appear for weeks or months after the initial exposure. Because most people build immunity to the virus with age, plantar warts are more common in children than in adults. They also are common in people who have weak immune systems, such as those with HIV/ AIDS and taking corticosteroid or immunosupressive medication.


Question: What are symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: What you experience depends on the severity of the condition: Stiffness and pain in the lower back, buttocks, and hips upon waking in the morning or after a period of inactivity Back pain relieved by movement and exercise Difficulty bending the spine Pain in the hips and difficulty walking Pain in the heels and soles of the feet Pain in the jaw, the temporomandibular joint ( TMJ) Bent-over posture Straightening of the normal curvature of the spine Loss of appetite, weight loss Fatigue, decreased energy Eye swelling, redness, and pain Sensitivity to light Difficulty taking a deep breath (because expanding the chest is difficult and painful) Heart failure Heart block (problems with the flow of the electrical impulses that control your heart muscle) Bowel inflammation like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis You develop symptoms such as persistent lower-back pain, especially if it is stiff in the morning but improves with movement and exercise You have redness or swelling in the eye, or are abnormally sensitive to light; you could have iritis, a condition commonly associated with ankylosing spondylitis.


Question: What is the Beta phase of Focus T25?

Answer: For another 5 weeks, you switch to the more challenging Beta phase, which includes another set of five 25-minute workouts: Core cardio Speed 2.0 Rip't circuit Dynamic core Upper focus In each video, Shaun focuses on one area at a time -- upper body, lower body, cardio -- for about a minute each until you fatigue the body part. Then you move on to another area.


Question: Which areas of the body are targeted by Focus T25?

Answer: The cardio segments burn fat throughout the body and include some core exercises. Although many of the routines in the Alpha phase of the workout are lower-body focused, you do get an arm workout from exercises like burpees and planks, where you have to support your full body weight on your hands. Legs: Yes. Lunges, deadlifts, and squats all work those back-end muscles. The Ab Intervals DVD in the Alpha phase includes exercises for the back. The Upper Focus DVD in the Beta phase works the back, too.


Question: How should I pick my doctor for colorectal cancer treatment?

Answer: Choosing a doctor for your treatment is a big decision. Ask your primary care doc or someone else you trust to recommend some. You can then ask which hospitals they work in and if they take your insurance. Try to talk with your top choices in person or on the phone to make sure you feel comfortable with them. Most importantly, check that they, and their treatment center, have experience with your type of cancer.


Question: Where can I find a support group for people with colorectal cancer?

Answer: Look for one through your hospital, or connect with other people who have colorectal cancer through an online group like the American Cancer Society's Cancer Survivors Network. All support groups are different. You might have to try a few before you find one you click with.


Question: What is the role of hiatal hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Some doctors believe a hiatal hernia may weaken the LES and increase the risk for gastroesophageal reflux. Hiatal hernia occurs when the upper part of the stomach moves up into the chest through a small opening in the diaphragm (diaphragmatic hiatus). The diaphragm is the muscle separating the abdomen from the chest. Recent studies show that the opening in the diaphragm helps support the lower end of the esophagus. Many people with a hiatal hernia will not have problems with heartburn or reflux. But having a hiatal hernia may allow stomach contents to reflux more easily into the esophagus. Coughing, vomiting, straining, or sudden physical exertion can cause increased pressure in the abdomen resulting in hiatal hernia. Obesity and pregnancy also contribute to this condition. Many otherwise healthy people age 50 and over have a small hiatal hernia. Although considered a condition of middle age, hiatal hernias affect people of all ages. Hiatal hernias usually do not require treatment. However, treatment may be necessary if the hernia is in danger of becoming strangulated (twisted in a way that cuts off blood supply) or is complicated by severe GERD or esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus). The doctor may perform surgery to reduce the size of the hernia or to prevent strangulation.


Question: How is an endoscopy used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Endoscopy is an important procedure for individuals with chronic GERD. By placing a small lighted tube with a tiny video camera on the end (endoscope) into the esophagus, the doctor may see inflammation or irritation of the tissue lining the esophagus (esophagitis). If the findings of the endoscopy are abnormal or questionable, biopsy (removing a small sample of tissue) from the lining of the esophagus may be helpful.


Question: What are the symptoms of heartburn related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Heartburn, also called acid indigestion, is the most common symptom of GERD and usually feels like a burning chest pain beginning behind the breastbone and moving upward to the neck and throat. Many people say it feels like food is coming back into the mouth leaving an acid or bitter taste. The burning, pressure, or pain of heartburn can last as long as 2 hours and is often worse after eating. Lying down or bending over can also result in heartburn. Many people obtain relief by standing upright or by taking an antacid that clears acid out of the esophagus. Heartburn pain is sometimes mistaken for the pain associated with heart disease or a heart attack, but there are differences. Exercise may aggravate pain resulting from heart disease, and rest may relieve the pain. Heartburn pain is less likely to be associated with physical activity.


Question: How can cigarette smoking affect gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Cigarette smoking weakens the LES. Stopping smoking is important to reduce GERD symptoms.


Question: What if heartburn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms persist?

Answer: People with severe, chronic esophageal reflux or with symptoms not relieved by the treatments described above may need more complete diagnostic evaluation. Doctors use a variety of tests and procedures to examine a patient with chronic heartburn.


Question: What is the treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Doctors recommend lifestyle and dietary changes for most people needing treatment for GERD. Treatment aims at decreasing the amount of reflux or reducing damage to the lining of the esophagus from refluxed materials.


Question: Does gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) require surgery?

Answer: A small number of people with GERD may need surgery because of severe reflux and poor response to medical treatment. However, surgery should not be considered until all other measures have been tried. Fundoplication is a surgical procedure that increases pressure in the lower esophagus. The doctor can perform it through a laparoscope (small holes through the belly) or through open surgery. The Stretta procedure is minimally invasive. The doctors goes down the esophagus with a small tube and uses radiofrequency to tighten the barrier between the esophagus and stomach. With LINX surgery, your doctor wraps a band of titanium beads around the lower part of the esophagus to prevent stomach acids from splashing back up into the esophagus. Your doctor performs this procedure using a laparoscope.


Question: What is gastroesophageal reflux?

Answer: Therefore, gastroesophageal reflux is the return of the stomach's contents back up into the esophagus. In normal digestion, the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES) opens to allow food to pass into the stomach and closes to prevent food and acidic stomach juices from flowing back into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when the LES is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach's contents to flow up into the esophagus. The severity of GERD depends on LES dysfunction as well as the type and amount of fluid brought up from the stomach and the neutralizing effect of saliva.


Question: Which foods and beverages should you avoid to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Avoiding foods and beverages that can relax the LES is often recommended. These foods include chocolate, peppermint, fatty foods, caffeine, and alcoholic beverages. Foods and beverages that can irritate a damaged esophageal lining, such as citrus fruits and juices, tomato products, and pepper, should also be avoided if they cause symptoms.


Question: How are esophageal manometric and impedance studies used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Esophageal manometric and impedance studies -- pressure measurements of the esophagus -- occasionally help identify low pressure in the LES or abnormalities in esophageal muscle contraction.


Question: What are the side effects of antacids for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Long-term use of antacids, however, can result in side effects, including diarrhea, altered calcium metabolism (a change in the way the body breaks down and uses calcium), and buildup of magnesium in the body. Too much magnesium can be serious for patients with kidney disease. If antacids are needed for more than 2 weeks, a doctor should be consulted.


Question: What other factors contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Dietary and lifestyle choices may contribute to GERD. Certain foods and beverages, including chocolate, peppermint, fried or fatty foods, coffee, or alcoholic beverages, may trigger reflux and heartburn. Studies show that cigarette smoking relaxes the LES. Obesity and pregnancy can also play a role in GERD symptoms.


Question: How are proton pump inhibitors (or acid pumps) used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Another type of drug, the proton pump inhibitor (or acid pump), inhibits an enzyme (a protein in the acid-producing cells of the stomach) necessary for acid secretion. Some proton pump inhibitors include dexlansoprazole ( Dexilant), esomeprazole ( Nexium), lansoprazole ( Prevacid), omeprazole ( Prilosec), omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate ( Zegerid), pantoprazole ( Protonix), and rabeprazole ( Aciphex).


Question: How common is heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: More than 60 million American adults experience heartburn at least once a month, and more than 15 million adults suffer daily from heartburn. Many pregnant women experience daily heartburn. Recent studies show that GERD in infants and children is more common than previously recognized and may produce recurrent vomiting, coughing, and other respiratory problems.


Question: When is an upper GI series performed to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: An upper GI series may be performed during the early phase of testing. This test is a special X-ray that shows the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the upper part of the small intestine). While an upper GI series provides limited information about possible reflux, it is used to help rule out other diagnoses, such as peptic ulcers.


Question: When is pH testing used for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: For patients in whom diagnosis is difficult, doctors may measure the acid levels inside the esophagus through p H testing. Testing p H monitors the acidity level of the esophagus and symptoms during meals, activity, and sleep. Newer techniques of long-term p H monitoring are improving diagnostic capability in this area.


Question: How are antacids used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Along with lifestyle and diet changes, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription treatments. Antacids can help neutralize acid in the esophagus and stomach and stop heartburn. Many people find that nonprescription antacids provide temporary or partial relief. An antacid combined with a foaming agent helps some people. These compounds are believed to form a foam barrier on top of the stomach that prevents acid reflux from occurring.


Question: What is the outlook for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Although GERD can limit daily activities and productivity, it is rarely life-threatening. With an understanding of the causes and proper treatment, most people will find relief.


Question: What are the complications of long-term gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Sometimes GERD results in serious complications. Esophagitis can occur as a result of too much stomach acid in the esophagus. Esophagitis may cause esophageal bleeding or ulcers. In addition, a narrowing or stricture of the esophagus may occur from chronic scarring. Some people develop a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This condition can increase the risk of esophageal cancer.


Question: What is the treatment for chronic reflux and heartburn?

Answer: The doctor may perform surgery to reduce the size of the hernia or to prevent strangulation. These medicines include H2 blockers, which inhibit acid secretion in the stomach. H2 blockers include: cimetidine ( Tagamet), famotidine ( Pepcid), nizatidine ( Axid), and ranitidine ( Zantac).


Question: How much should you eat if you have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: Treatment aims at decreasing the amount of reflux or reducing damage to the lining of the esophagus from refluxed materials. Eating meals at least 2 to 3 hours before bedtime may lessen reflux by allowing the acid in the stomach to decrease and the stomach to empty partially. In addition, being overweight often worsens symptoms. Many overweight people find relief when they lose weight.