Question: What causes very high alanine aminotransferase levels?

Answer: Slightly high ALT levels may be caused by: Alcohol abuse Cirrhosis (long-term damage and scarring of the liver) Mononucleosis Drugs such as statins, aspirin, and some sleep aids Moderately high ALT levels may be because of: Chronic (ongoing) liver disease Alcohol abuse Cirrhosis Blockage of the bile ducts Heart attack or heart failure (when your heart can't pump enough blood to your body) Kidney damage Muscle injury Damage to red blood cells Heat stroke Too much vitamin A Very high ALT levels can be caused by: Acute viral hepatitis An overdose of drugs such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) Liver cancer Sepsis ALT usually is done as part of a group of liver function tests called a liver panel.


Question: What is the role of the liver relative to an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: Your liver does a lot of important things for you: It makes a fluid called bile that helps your body digest food. It removes waste products and other toxins from your blood. It produces proteins and cholesterol. Diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis can damage your liver and prevent it from doing its many jobs.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: To find out what type of liver disease you have, your doctor might also test the levels of other enzymes and proteins found in your liver, including: Albumin Alkaline phosphatase Bilirubin Lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) Total protein Talk to your doctor to make sure you understand all of your liver test results. Also find out how these results might affect your treatment.


Question: How do you prepare for an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: You don't need any special preparation for the ALT test. Your doctor might ask you to stop eating or drinking a few hours before the test. Tell your doctor what prescription drugs or supplements you take. Some medicines can affect the results of this test.


Question: What are the risks in an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: The ALT blood test is safe. Risks are usually minor, and can include: Bleeding Bruising Infection Slight pain when the needle is inserted Fainting or feeling dizzy You should get your results in about a day.


Question: What causes moderately high alanine aminotransferase levels?

Answer: Slightly high ALT levels may be caused by: Alcohol abuse Cirrhosis (long-term damage and scarring of the liver) Mononucleosis Drugs such as statins, aspirin, and some sleep aids Moderately high ALT levels may be because of: Chronic (ongoing) liver disease Alcohol abuse Cirrhosis Blockage of the bile ducts Heart attack or heart failure (when your heart can't pump enough blood to your body) Kidney damage Muscle injury Damage to red blood cells Heat stroke Too much vitamin A Very high ALT levels can be caused by: Acute viral hepatitis An overdose of drugs such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) Liver cancer Sepsis ALT usually is done as part of a group of liver function tests called a liver panel.


Question: What other tests are done in addition to an alanine aminotransferase test?

Answer: To find out what type of liver disease you have, your doctor might also test the levels of other enzymes and proteins found in your liver, including: Albumin Alkaline phosphatase Bilirubin Lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH) Total protein Talk to your doctor to make sure you understand all of your liver test results.


Question: How should I protect my eye if I have an eye sore?

Answer: If the person wears contact lenses, take them out. Dark glasses may provide comfort. Do not flush, patch, rub, dab at, or place compresses on the eye.


Question: What happens when I go to the doctor for my eyesore?

Answer: The health care provider will examine the eye and test vision. Depending on the age of the person, the health care provider may also check the pressure within the eye and perform other tests. Depending on the cause, the health care provider may prescribe eye drops or oral medicines or both and may recommend consultation from an ophthalmologist (eye specialist). Follow up depends on the cause of pain but may require a visit to an ophthalmologist.


Question: When should I see a doctor about my eye sore?

Answer: See a health care provider for persistent pain, eye redness, change in vision, drainage from the eye, rashes around the eye, swelling of the eyelids, or fever.


Question: How can bloodwork help to diagnose transverse myelitis?

Answer: Bloodwork: Your doctor will test your blood for signs of illnesses with similar symptoms, like lupus, HIV, or another form of myelitis. He'll try to find out if transverse myelitis is a sign of a related illness, like MS.


Question: How is transverse myelitis related to multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Infections: Bacterial infections like Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and syphilis Fungal infections of the spinal cord, like aspergillus, blastomyces, coccidioides, and cryptococcus Parasites such as toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis, schistosomiasis, and angtiostrongyloid Viral Infections like varicella zoster, which causes chickenpox and shingles; enterovirus; and West Nile virus Multiple sclerosis ( MS): Transverse myelitis can be the first sign of MS, which destroys myelin in your brain and spinal cord. It can also signal a relapse. If it's early MS, you'll probably have symptoms on one side of your body only.


Question: What happens when you get a spinal tap to help diagnose transverse myelitis?

Answer: Spinal tap: For this test, your doctor puts a needle in between two vertebrae (bones in your back) to take a sample of the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. If it has more disease-fighting white blood cells or certain proteins than it should, you might have an infection.


Question: When can the symptoms of transverse myelitis get worse?

Answer: The first symptoms are usually: Pain in your lower back Sharp pain that moves down your legs and arms or around your chest and belly Weakness or paralysis in your legs or arms Sensitivity to touch, to the point where slight fingertip pressure causes pain Numbness or a pins-and-needles feeling in your toes, feet, or legs Muscle spasms Fever Loss of appetite Bladder and bowel control issues Once they start, symptoms can get worse within hours. Most of the time, they peak within 10 days. At that point, about half the people who get transverse myelitis lose control of their legs. Most have some numbness, tingling, or a burning sensation in their back, belly, arms, or legs. Almost all lose some bladder control. How much of your body is affected depends on which part of your spinal cord has the problem. The higher it is, the more problems you'll have.


Question: What is the outlook on transverse myelitis?

Answer: About a third of people with transverse myelitis get better and don't have much permanent damage. They can walk normally and have only small lingering issues. Another third have problems walking. They also may have muscle spasms, a less sensitive sense of touch, or trouble controlling their bladder. Continue Reading Below The remaining third are no longer able to walk and need help with many everyday activities. Doctors don't know why transverse myelitis affects some people more than others. They do think that the faster your symptoms show up, the harder it may be for you to recover. Early treatment and physical therapy can help.


Question: How can steroids help with treating transverse myelitis?

Answer: Steroids: They'll ease inflammation in your spine. You might get pills or have it put directly into your veins.


Question: How can plasma exchange therapy help treat transverse myelitis?

Answer: Plasma exchange therapy: If steroids don't lower your inflammation, this treatment, also called plasmapheresis, might. The doctor will replace your blood plasma (the liquid part that holds the blood cells). This might get rid of something in it that's causing your immune system to attack your body and keep it from damaging other organs.


Question: How does magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnose transverse myelitis?

Answer: Your doctor will run tests to figure out if you have transverse myelitis or some other condition. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) or computerized tomography ( CT) scan: These tests created detailed images of your insides. They'll show the doctor if something else is affecting your nerves, like a tumor, a slipped disk, or narrowing of the channel that holds your spinal cord.


Question: How does a spinal tap diagnose transverse myelitis?

Answer: Spinal tap: For this test, your doctor puts a needle in between two vertebrae (bones in your back) to take a sample of the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord. If it has more disease-fighting white blood cells or certain proteins than it should, you might have an infection.


Question: How is surgery done for larger tumors of skin cancer?

Answer: Larger tumors, lesions in high-risk locations, recurrent tumors, and lesions in cosmetically sensitive areas are removed by a technique called Mohs micrographic surgery. For this technique, the surgeon carefully removes tissue, layer by layer, until cancer-free tissue is reached.


Question: How is surgery done for small skin cancer lesions?

Answer: Small skin cancer lesions may be removed through a variety of techniques, including simple excision (cutting it away), electrodesiccation and curettage (scraping the tumor and then burning the tissue with an electric needle), and cryosurgery (freezing the area with liquid nitrogen).


Question: What is it like to live with skin cancer?

Answer: Living with skin cancer presents many new challenges for you and for your family and friends. You will probably have many worries about how the cancer will affect you and your ability to "live a normal life," that is, to care for your family and home, to hold your job, and to continue the friendships and activities you enjoy. Many people with a skin cancer diagnosis feel anxious and depressed. Some people feel angry and resentful; others feel helpless and defeated. For most people with skin cancer, talking about their feelings and concerns helps. Your friends and family members can be very supportive. They may be hesitant to offer support until they see how you are coping. Don't wait for them to bring it up. If you want to talk about your concerns, let them know.


Question: What should you do after your advanced cancerous melanoma treatment?

Answer: If you have advanced malignant melanoma, your oncologist may want to see you every few months. These visits may include total body skin exams, regional lymph node checks, and periodic chest X-rays and body scans. Over time, the intervals between follow-up appointments will increase. Eventually these checks may be done only once a year.


Question: What will your doctor talk about regarding skin cancer?

Answer: These conditions require the care of a dermatologist or specialist in skin cancers.


Question: What is it going to be like living with skin cancer?

Answer: You will probably have many worries about how the cancer will affect you and your ability to "live a normal life," that is, to care for your family and home, to hold your job, and to continue the friendships and activities you enjoy. Many people with a skin cancer diagnosis feel anxious and depressed. Some people feel angry and resentful; others feel helpless and defeated. For most people with skin cancer, talking about their feelings and concerns helps. Your friends and family members can be very supportive. They may be hesitant to offer support until they see how you are coping. Don't wait for them to bring it up. If you want to talk about your concerns, let them know. Some people don't want to "burden" their loved ones, or prefer talking about their concerns with a more neutral professional. A social worker, counselor, or member of the clergy can be helpful. Your dermatologist or oncologist should be able to recommend someone.


Question: What are the symptoms of skin cancer?

Answer: Skin cancer symptoms depend on the type of skin cancer that has developed.


Question: How can you prevent skin cancer?

Answer: You can reduce your risk of getting skin cancer by following these guidelines: Limit sun exposure. Attempt to avoid the sun's intense rays between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Apply sunscreen every day. Use a sunscreen with sun protection factor ( SPF) of at least 30 both before and every 60 to 80 minutes during outdoor exposure. Select products that filter both UVA and UVB light. The label will tell you. If you are likely to sunburn, wear a long-sleeved shirt, pants and a wide-brimmed hat. Avoid artificial tanning booths. Conduct monthly self-exams.


Question: How do you know if you have a cancerous melanoma related to skin cancer?

Answer: The majority of malignant or cancerous melanomas are brown-to-black pigmented lesions. Other signs of a cancerous melanoma include: A change in size, shape, color, or elevation of a mole The appearance of a new mole during adulthood, or new pain, itching, ulceration, or bleeding of an existing mole The following easy-to-remember guideline, " ABCDE," is useful for identifying malignant melanoma: Asymmetry -- One side of the lesion does not look like the other.


Question: How can you tell if you have skin cancer?

Answer: Skin Self- Exams Monthly skin self-exams improve your chances of finding a skin cancer early, when it has done a minimum of damage to your skin and can be treated easily. Regular self-exams help you recognize any new or changing features. The best time to do a self-exam is right after a shower or bath. Do the self-exam in a bright room; use a full-length mirror and a hand-held mirror. Learn where your moles, birthmarks, and blemishes are, and what they look like. Each time you do a self-exam, check these areas for changes in size, texture, and color, and for ulceration. If you notice any changes, call your primary care provider or dermatologist.


Question: How do you know if you have a malignant melanoma related to skin cancer?

Answer: Other signs of a cancerous melanoma include: A change in size, shape, color, or elevation of a mole The appearance of a new mole during adulthood, or new pain, itching, ulceration, or bleeding of an existing mole The following easy-to-remember guideline, " ABCDE," is useful for identifying malignant melanoma: Asymmetry -- One side of the lesion does not look like the other. Border irregularity -- Margins may be notched or irregular. Color -- Melanomas are often a mixture of black, tan, brown, blue, red, or white. Diameter -- Cancerous lesions can be larger than 6 mm across (about the size of a pencil eraser), although with early detection they will not reach this size. Evolution -- has a mole changed over time?


Question: Where can you get more information on skin cancer?

Answer: The American Cancer Society also has information about support groups throughout the U. S. National Cancer Institute, Cancer Information Service ( CIS) Toll-free: (800) 4- CANCER (800) 422-6237 TTY (for deaf and hard of hearing callers): (800) 332-8615 Skin Cancer Foundation 255 Lexington Avenue, 11th Floor New York, NY 10016 (212)754-5176 www.skincancer.org For information about clinical trials in skin cancer treatment, visit the National Institute of Health's Clinical Trials database.


Question: What should doctors check for when looking for skin cancer?

Answer: Have your primary health care provider or a dermatologist check any moles or spots that concern you. See your health care provider to check your skin if you notice any changes in the size, shape, color, or texture of pigmented areas (such as darker or a change in areas of skin or moles).


Question: What tests do you need if you have malignant melanoma?

Answer: If a biopsy shows that you have malignant melanoma, you may undergo further testing to determine the extent of spread of the disease, if any. This may involve blood tests, a chest X-ray, and other tests as needed.


Question: What do you need to know about skin cancers?

Answer: Here are the basics on skin cancers: The vast majority of skin cancers are basal cell carcinomas and squamous cells carcinomas. While malignant, these are unlikely to spread to other parts of the body. They may be locally disfiguring if not treated early. A small but significant number of skin cancers are malignant melanomas. Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive cancer that tends to spread to other parts of the body. These cancers may be fatal if not treated early.


Question: How common is skin cancer?

Answer: Almost 91,300 people are expected to be diagnosed with melanoma in the U. S. in 2018, and an estimated 12,000 people will die from some form of skin cancer the same year.


Question: What does a squamous cell carcinoma look like?

Answer: A squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC) is commonly a well-defined, red, scaling, thickened bump on sun-exposed skin. It may ulcerate and bleed, and left untreated, may develop into a large mass.


Question: What happens after a biopsy shows you have a malignant melanoma?

Answer: If a biopsy shows that you have malignant melanoma, you may undergo further testing to determine the extent of spread of the disease, if any. This may involve blood tests, a chest X-ray, and other tests as needed. This is only needed if the melanoma is of a certain size.


Question: How can you identify a cancerous melanoma?

Answer: Other signs of a cancerous melanoma include: A change in size, shape, color, or elevation of a mole The appearance of a new mole during adulthood, or new pain, itching, ulceration, or bleeding of an existing mole The following easy-to-remember guideline, " ABCDE," is useful for identifying malignant melanoma: Asymmetry -- One side of the lesion does not look like the other. Border irregularity -- Margins may be notched or irregular. Color -- Melanomas are often a mixture of black, tan, brown, blue, red, or white. Diameter -- Cancerous lesions can be larger than 6 mm across (about the size of a pencil eraser), although with early detection they will not reach this size. Evolution -- has a mole changed over time?


Question: What is the outcome of malignant melanoma related to skin cancer?

Answer: In most cases, the outcome of malignant melanoma depends on the thickness of the tumor at the time of treatment. Thin lesions are almost always cured by simple surgery alone. Thicker tumors, which usually have been present for some time but have gone undetected, may spread to other organs. Surgery removes the tumor and any local spread, but it cannot remove distant metastasis. Other therapies, such as radiation therapy, immunotherapy or chemotherapy, are used to treat the metastatic tumors.


Question: What are skin cancer web links?

Answer: The American Cancer Society also has information about support groups throughout the U. S. National Cancer Institute, Cancer Information Service ( CIS) Toll-free: (800) 4- CANCER (800) 422-6237 TTY (for deaf and hard of hearing callers): (800) 332-8615 Skin Cancer Foundation 255 Lexington Avenue, 11th Floor New York, NY 10016 (212)754-5176 www.skincancer.org For information about clinical trials in skin cancer treatment, visit the National Institute of Health's Clinical Trials database. For other valuable information, visit the following Web sites: American Academy of Dermatology American Cancer Society National Cancer Institute Media file 1: Skin cancer.


Question: What do you need to know about cancer?

Answer: Here are the cancer basics: As the cells multiply, they form a mass called a tumor. Tumors are cancerous only if they are malignant. This means that they encroach on and invade neighboring tissues (especially lymph nodes) because of their uncontrolled growth. Tumors may also travel to remote organs via the bloodstream. This process of invading and spreading to other organs is called metastasis. Tumors overwhelm surrounding tissues by invading their space and taking the oxygen and nutrients they need to survive and function.


Question: What does medical treatment for skin cancer entail?

Answer: Surgical removal is the mainstay of skin cancer treatment for both basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas.


Question: What follow-up treatment do you need if you have advanced malignant melanoma?

Answer: If you have advanced malignant melanoma, your oncologist may want to see you every few months. These visits may include total body skin exams, regional lymph node checks, and periodic chest X-rays and body scans. Over time, the intervals between follow-up appointments will increase. Eventually these checks may be done only once a year.


Question: How can you treat advanced cases of melanoma?

Answer: In advanced cases of melanoma, immune therapies, vaccines, or chemotherapy may be used. These treatments are typically offered as clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new therapies to see if they can be tolerated and work better than existing therapies.


Question: How common is skin cancer in the United States?

Answer: Although the number of skin cancers in the U. S. continues to rise, more skin cancers are being caught earlier, when they are easier to treat. Thus, illness and death rates have decreased.


Question: What does a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) look like?

Answer: A basal cell carcinoma ( BCC) usually looks like a raised, smooth, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin of the head, neck, or shoulders. Others signs include: Small blood vessels may be visible within the tumor. A central depression with crusting and bleeding (ulceration) frequently develops. A BCC often appears as a sore that does not heal.


Question: How can I tell if I have the early stages of skin cancer?

Answer: Many people, especially those who have fair coloring or have had extensive sun exposure, periodically check their entire body for suspicious moles and lesions. Have your primary health care provider or a dermatologist check any moles or spots that concern you. See your health care provider to check your skin if you notice any changes in the size, shape, color, or texture of pigmented areas (such as darker or a change in areas of skin or moles).


Question: Can skin cancer be cured?

Answer: Most skin cancer is cured surgically in the dermatologist's office.


Question: What are examinations like for skin cancer?

Answer: If you think a mole or other skin lesion has turned into skin cancer, your primary care provider will probably refer you to a dermatologist. The dermatologist will examine any moles in question and, in many cases, the entire skin surface. Any lesions that are difficult to identify, or are thought to be skin cancer, may then be checked.


Question: What does a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) look like?

Answer: A squamous cell carcinoma ( SCC) is commonly a well-defined, red, scaling, thickened bump on sun-exposed skin. It may ulcerate and bleed, and left untreated, may develop into a large mass.


Question: What are other important causes of skin cancer?

Answer: Other important causes of skin cancer include the following: Use of tanning booths Immunosuppression, or impairment of the immune system, which protects the body from germs or substances that cause an allergic reaction Exposure to unusually high levels of radiation, such as from X-rays Contact with certain chemicals, such as arsenic (miners, sheep shearers, and farmers) and hydrocarbons in tar, oils, and soot (which may cause squamous cell carcinoma) The following people are at the greatest risk of skin cancer: People with fair skin, especially types that freckle, sunburn easily, or become painful in the sun People with light (blond or red) hair and blue or green eyes Those with certain genetic disorders that deplete skin pigment , such as albinism and xeroderma pigmentosum (a disease in which DNA repair mechanisms, especially in response to ultraviolet light, is impaired) People who have already been treated for skin cancer People with numerous moles, unusual moles, or large moles that were present at birth People with close family members who have developed skin cancer People who had at least one severe sunburn early in life People with burns unrelated to sunburn People with indoor occupations and outdoor recreational habits Basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas are more common in older people.


Question: What does advanced skin cancer treatment entail?

Answer: In advanced cases of melanoma, immune therapies, vaccines, or chemotherapy may be used. These treatments are typically offered as clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies of new therapies to see if they can be tolerated and work better than existing therapies.


Question: How is anti-thyroid medication used for hyperthyroidism?

Answer: After you start using anti-thyroid medications, your symptoms should begin to disappear in about 6-8 weeks. But you'll typically need to keep taking the medication for about a year. At that time, your doctor will check to see if you can stop. You'll need regular checkups once you're off the medicine to make sure your hormone levels stay balanced.


Question: When do you need surgery to treat hyperthyroidism?

Answer: Doctors don't usually do surgery unless you're pregnant (and can't take anti-thyroid medicine) or have a large goiter or cancerous nodule.


Question: How is radioactive iodide treatment used for hyperthyroidism?

Answer: Thyroid hormone production can be slowed or stopped completely with: Radioactive iodide treatment Anti-thyroid medication Surgery If your doctor decides that radioactive treatment is best, you'll swallow a tablet or liquid with enough radioactive iodide to damage the cells of your thyroid gland so they can't make hormones. Sometimes you'll need more than one treatment to cut back hormone production to a normal level.


Question: Which products should you avoid if you have thyroid problems?

Answer: Avoid these products: Pseudoephedrine (found in over-the-counter cold remedies) can cause nervousness, insomnia, headache, and high blood pressure. Alkaloids, including caffeine, morphine, and quinine, can raise your blood pressure and heart rate.


Question: How do I know if I have ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: There is no specific test to diagnose ankylosing spondylitis, but imaging by X-ray and MRI may show evidence of inflammation of the sacroiliac joint between the sacrum (the triangular bone at the lowest part of the back) and the ilium (the bone felt on the upper part of the hip). Some symptoms may include: Inflammatory back pain (gradual in onset, lasting over three months, with stiffness and pain that is worse in the morning and improved with movement) Reduced mobility of the spine Reduced ability to expand the chest Your doctor may order a number of different blood tests that can suggest ankylosing spondylitis. For example, if you have the disorder, you are likely to have an increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (the rate at which red blood cells settle out of your blood) and increased levels of C-reactive protein (a protein that is usually not in blood at high levels but may be elevated in cases of inflammation).


Question: How can you clean a minor cut?

Answer: If it's a minor cut or scrape, here's what to do: Clean the Cut First wash your hands with soap and water. Then rinse the cut or scrape with cool water to remove dirt and debris. Hold the area under running water or pour clean water over it from a cup. Use soap to clean the wound. You don't need to use stronger cleaning solutions -- such as hydrogen peroxide, iodine, or rubbing alcohol -- to treat minor cuts and scrapes, as they may irritate the wound. Cool clean water should be fine for cleaning the wound.


Question: How should you cover a cut or scrape?

Answer: Cover the Cut or Scrape Once the bleeding has stopped and the wound is clean, you should cover it with a sterile bandage or gauze pad and tape. If the cut is small and is in an area that won't get dirty and be rubbed by your clothes, you may decide to leave it uncovered. But for most wounds, it's a good idea to cover them to help prevent infection or reopening the wound. Change the dressing or bandage every day or more often if it gets dirty. Antibiotic ointment can make infection less likely. Using a thin layer of antibiotic ointment before applying the bandage or gauze dressing will help keep cuts and scrapes clean and moist, and help curb scarring.


Question: How can you stop the bleeding of a minor cut or scrape?

Answer: Stop the Bleeding A small amount of blood can help clean out the wound. Smaller cuts and abrasions usually stop bleeding on their own. A cut to the head or hand may bleed more because those areas have a lot of blood vessels. To stop the bleeding, gently apply firm, direct pressure using a clean cloth or gauze. Continue to hold the pressure steadily. Don't raise the cloth or gauze to check on the wound, because that could cause the wound to start bleeding again. If blood seeps through the dressing, just put more on top and keep applying pressure. If the cut is on your hand or arm, you can help slow the bleeding by raising it above your head. If the cut spurts blood or if it doesn't stop bleeding, get medical help right away.


Question: What are the signs of an infection in a cut or scrape?

Answer: Watch for Signs of Infection If the wound isn't healing or you notice any of these signs of infection, call your doctor right away: Redness, swelling, and warmth Increasing pain Pus or drainage from the cut Fever Red streaks around the wound When the Wound Starts to Heal Small cuts and scrapes will form a scab and heal within a few days.


Question: When does a scrape or cut begin to heal?

Answer: Watch for Signs of Infection If the wound isn't healing or you notice any of these signs of infection, call your doctor right away: Redness, swelling, and warmth Increasing pain Pus or drainage from the cut Fever Red streaks around the wound When the Wound Starts to Heal Small cuts and scrapes will form a scab and heal within a few days. The scab helps protect the wound from dirt and germs while new skin grows underneath. Once a scab has formed, you may not need to use a bandage anymore. Although a healing wound or scab will itch, it's best not to scratch or pick at scabs. The scab will fall off on its own without your help, revealing the new skin underneath.


Question: When should you call the doctor about minor cuts or scrapes?

Answer: When to Call the Doctor Most minor cuts and abrasions don't need a doctor's care. But call your doctor if: The wound is on your face. The edges of the cut are jagged or gape open, the cut is deep (1/4 inch or more), or you can see fat or muscle. These are signs that you may need stitches. You can't get all of the dirt or debris out of the wound, or the wound was caused by something very dirty or rusty. You have a puncture wound or a cut and haven't had a tetanus shot in the past 5 years. The wound is from an animal or human bite. The injured area feels numb.


Question: What should you ask your doctor about a sprain or strain?

Answer: Make sure you have answers to these questions: What is my injury? What's OK for me to do? What activities should I avoid? What can I safely take for pain and how often? How long will my recovery take? What can I expect during that time? When is it safe to return to full activity? When do I need to get my injury re-evaluated?


Question: What are the different grades of a sprain?

Answer: If you have a sprain, your doctor may mention its âgradeâ: Grade I is stretching of the ligament or a very mild tear, with little or no instability at the joint. Grade II is a more serious but still incomplete tear, with some looseness in the joint. Grade III is a completely torn or ruptured ligament. This is not a broken bone, but can feel like one since it's often impossible to put weight on the joint or use the affected limb because the joint isn't stable.


Question: How long does it take to recover from a sprain or strain?

Answer: The time frame for recovery depends on the severity of the injury and can vary from person to person. It may take just a few days for a slight sprain of an ankle to heal, or it may take months for a knee that needs surgery to reconstruct it. For most mild to moderate sprains and strains, you can expect to regain full mobility within 3 to 8 weeks. More severe injuries can take months for a full recovery.


Question: Who's most likely to get strains?

Answer: Athletes in contact sports, like football, hockey, and boxing, have the biggest chance of strains. Even in noncontact sports like tennis, golf, or rowing, doing the same motions over and over can lead to strains of the hand and forearm.


Question: How can osteoarthritis cause pain in your knees and hips?

Answer: Osteoarthritis often attacks these joints, along with your hands and spine. Your shoulder, elbow, wrist, and ankle can also get arthritis, but this is less common.


Question: How can osteoarthritis cause noises?

Answer: You may hear a crunching sound from pieces of bone rubbing on each other.


Question: Is vasculitis serious?

Answer: Vasculitis can be very serious. In an extreme situation, when a segment of a blood vessel becomes weakened, it may then stretch and bulge (called an aneurysm). The wall of the blood vessel can become so weak that it ruptures and bleeds, possibly causing death. Fortunately, this is a very rare event. If a blood vessel becomes inflamed and narrowed, the blood supply to the area of the body it serves may be partially or completely blocked. If alternate blood vessels (called collateral blood vessels) are not available in sufficient quantity to carry the blood to such sites, the tissue supplied by the affected vessels will die. Because vasculitis can occur in any part of the body, any tissue or organ can be affected.


Question: What is the treatment for vasculitis?

Answer: Treatment of vasculitis depends entirely upon diagnosis and the affected organs. When vasculitis is the result of an allergic reaction, it may go away on its own and not require treatment. In other instances, when critical organs such as the lungs, brain, or kidneys are involved, aggressive and timely treatment is necessary.


Question: How serious is vasculitis?

Answer: Vasculitis can be very serious. In an extreme situation, when a segment of a blood vessel becomes weakened, it may then stretch and bulge (called an aneurysm). The wall of the blood vessel can become so weak that it ruptures and bleeds, possibly causing death. Fortunately, this is a very rare event. If a blood vessel becomes inflamed and narrowed, the blood supply to the area of the body it serves may be partially or completely blocked. If alternate blood vessels (called collateral blood vessels) are not available in sufficient quantity to carry the blood to such sites, the tissue supplied by the affected vessels will die. Because vasculitis can occur in any part of the body, any tissue or organ can be affected.


Question: What are the different types of vasculitis?

Answer: Some of the many forms of vasculitis may be restricted to particular organs. Examples include vasculitis that affects only the skin, eye, brain, or certain internal organs. There are also types of vasculitis that may affect many organ systems at the same time. Some of these generalized forms may be quite mild and may not require treatment. Others may be severe, affecting critical organs.


Question: What are the different forms of vasculitis?

Answer: Some of the many forms of vasculitis may be restricted to particular organs. Examples include vasculitis that affects only the skin, eye, brain, or certain internal organs. There are also types of vasculitis that may affect many organ systems at the same time. Some of these generalized forms may be quite mild and may not require treatment. Others may be severe, affecting critical organs.


Question: What causes vasculitis?

Answer: In many cases, the cause of vasculitis is unknown. In a few cases, however, the origins may be traced to recent or ongoing infections, such as those caused by certain viruses. Occasionally, an allergic reaction to a medication may trigger vasculitis.


Question: Are corticosteroids used to treat vasculitis?

Answer: Treatment generally consists of corticosteroid medications, or simply "steroids." Chemotherapy drugs (such as those used to treat cancer) are also used, but in doses usually lower than people with cancer may receive. The goal of this type of therapy is to suppress the abnormal immune response that has led to blood vessel damage. Other medications may include methotrexate or cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxin) and a biologic drug called tocilizumab ( Actemra). Tocilizumab is given as an injection under the skin to lower the dose of steroids that a person needs. This medicine may be used along with steroids.


Question: What people does vasculitis affect?

Answer: There are also types of vasculitis that may affect many organ systems at the same time.


Question: What does treatment of vasculitis consist of?

Answer: Treatment generally consists of corticosteroid medications, or simply "steroids." Chemotherapy drugs (such as those used to treat cancer) are also used, but in doses usually lower than people with cancer may receive. The goal of this type of therapy is to suppress the abnormal immune response that has led to blood vessel damage. Other medications may include methotrexate or cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxin) and a biologic drug called tocilizumab ( Actemra). Tocilizumab is given as an injection under the skin to lower the dose of steroids that a person needs. This medicine may be used along with steroids.


Question: How can I reduce the side effects of stimulant therapy for ADHD?

Answer: Clonidine and guanfacine can help reduce some of the side effects of stimulant therapy, especially sleeplessness and aggressive behavior. However, combining stimulants with one of these drugs is controversial, because there have been some deaths in children taking both stimulants and Catapres (a patch form of clonidine). It is not known whether these deaths were due to the combination of drugs, but caution should be exercised whenever such combinations are used.


Question: What are the advantages of non-stimulant drugs over stimulant medications for ADHD?

Answer: Nonstimulants don't tend to cause agitation, sleeplessness, or lack of appetite. They also don't pose the same risk of abuse or addiction. Plus, they have a longer-lasting and smoother effect than many stimulants, which can take effect and wear off abruptly.


Question: What ADHD-specific nonstimulants are used for treating ADHD?

Answer: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) is OK for children, teens, and adults. It seems to boost the amount of an important brain chemical called norepinephrine. This appears to increase a person's attention span and lessen their impulsive behavior and hyperactivity. Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) and Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) are approved for children ages 6 to 17. Doctors also prescribe them to adults. These two drugs have an effect on certain areas in the brain. Studies show they lower distractibility and improve attention, working memory, and impulse control.


Question: What are the side effects of antidepressants for ADHD?

Answer: The most common side effects of tricyclics include: Stomach upset Constipation Dry mouth Blurred vision Drowsiness Low blood pressure Weight gain Tremors Sweating Trouble peeing An overdose can be deadly.


Question: Is venlafaxine used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Venlafaxine ( Effexor and Effexor XR) is a newer antidepressant that boosts the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. It helps improve mood and concentration. It's not often used to treat ADHD, though.


Question: What are some tips to keep in mind when taking antidepressants for ADHD?

Answer: When taking one of these meds, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Take or plan to take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or nonprescription medications Have any medical problems now or have had any in the past including high blood pressure, seizures, heart disease and urinary problems Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency, or if you have had mental health problems, including depression, manic depression, or psychosis Get any depressive symptoms or feelings that you might harm yourself Start to have irregular heartbeats (heart palpitations) or fainting spells Keep these tips in mind if you take antidepressants or give them to your child: Always give the medication exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor with any problems or questions. Antidepressants usually take at least 2 to 4 weeks before you start to notice if they're working. Be patient, and don't give up before giving them a chance to work. Your doctor will probably want to start your medication at a low dose and raise it slowly over time until your symptoms are under control. It's best not to miss doses. You take most once or twice a day. If you miss a day or two of venlafaxine ( Effexor), it can cause an unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Tell your doctor if you notice any new or unusual side effects.


Question: How do monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors work to treat ADHD?

Answer: But they're rarely used because they sometimes have dangerous side effects and can cause serious problems when you take them with foods and other medications. They may help people if no other medications have worked. Examples include phenelzine ( Nardil) or tranylcypromine ( Parnate).


Question: Who should not take antidepressants for ADHD?

Answer: Don't take them if you: Have a history or a tendency toward manic behavior or manic depression (bipolar disorder). Have taken a MAO inhibitor antidepressant, such as phenelzine ( Nardil) or tranylcypromine ( Parnate), within the last 14 days. Bupropion ( Wellbutrin) can't be taken if you have any history of seizures or epilepsy. Talk about the pros and cons of antidepressants with your doctor to figure out if they might be right for you.


Question: Can I use anti-depressants to treat ADHD?

Answer: Several types of these can treat the disorder, too. They're sometimes the treatment of choice for children or adults who have ADHD and depression.


Question: What are the side effects of atomoxetine (Strattera) for the treatment of ADHD?

Answer: Atomoxetine might cause: Upset stomach Less appetite, which may cause weight loss Nausea Dizziness Fatigue Mood swings Other less-common risks include: Jaundice and liver problems. Call your doctor right away if you get yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. Suicidal thinking. There's a possibility that atomoxetine, like many antidepressant drugs, may slightly raise the risk of these thoughts in kids, teenagers, and young adults. Erections that last more than 4 hours. Serious allergic reactions. Some people get rashes, hives, or swelling, although this is rare.


Question: How does venlafaxine (Effexor and Effexor XR) work to treat ADHD?

Answer: Venlafaxine ( Effexor and Effexor XR) is a newer antidepressant that boosts the levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. It helps improve mood and concentration. It's not often used to treat ADHD, though.


Question: What are the side effects of taking high blood pressure drugs to treat ADHD?

Answer: The most common ones include: Drowsiness Lowered blood pressure Headache Dizziness Rarely, the drugs can cause irregular heartbeats.


Question: Who shouldn't take anti-depressants to treat ADHD?

Answer: Don't take them if you: Have a history or a tendency toward manic behavior or manic depression (bipolar disorder). Have taken a MAO inhibitor antidepressant, such as phenelzine ( Nardil) or tranylcypromine ( Parnate), within the last 14 days. Bupropion ( Wellbutrin) can't be taken if you have any history of seizures or epilepsy. Talk about the pros and cons of antidepressants with your doctor to figure out if they might be right for you.


Question: What should I tell my doctor before taking anti-depressants for ADHD?

Answer: When taking one of these meds, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Take or plan to take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or nonprescription medications Have any medical problems now or have had any in the past including high blood pressure, seizures, heart disease and urinary problems Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency, or if you have had mental health problems, including depression, manic depression, or psychosis Get any depressive symptoms or feelings that you might harm yourself Start to have irregular heartbeats (heart palpitations) or fainting spells Keep these tips in mind if you take antidepressants or give them to your child: Always give the medication exactly as prescribed.


Question: What should you tell your doctor before taking blood pressure drugs to treat ADHD?

Answer: When taking one of these meds for your ADHD, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Are taking or plan to take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or nonprescription medications Have any medical problems now or in the past, including low blood pressure, seizures, heart rhythm disturbances, and urinary problems Start having irregular heartbeats (heart palpitations) or fainting spells Also, keep these guidelines in mind: Always take or give the medication exactly as prescribed.


Question: What should I tell my doctor before taking high blood pressure drugs to treat ADHD?

Answer: When taking one of these meds for your ADHD, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Are taking or plan to take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or nonprescription medications Have any medical problems now or in the past, including low blood pressure, seizures, heart rhythm disturbances, and urinary problems Start having irregular heartbeats (heart palpitations) or fainting spells Also, keep these guidelines in mind: Always take or give the medication exactly as prescribed.


Question: What should I tell my doctor before taking non-stimulants for ADHD?

Answer: You should probably not take guanfacine ( Intuniv) if you: Have an allergy to any of the ingredients in it Take other products containing guanfacine, like the blood pressure medicine guanfacine hcl ( Tenex) Before you take this type of medicine, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Take any prescription medications for other conditions, like blood pressure drugs, antidepressants, sedatives, or antipsychotics Take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or over-the-counter medications Have any medical problems, including high or low blood pressure, seizures, heart disease, glaucoma, mental health issues, liver disease or jaundice, or kidney problems Have had an allergic reaction to any medications Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency Become agitated or irritable, or have suicidal thoughts If you and your doctor decide nonstimulants are right for you, take your medicine exactly as prescribed.


Question: What should you tell your doctor before taking nonstimulant and other drugs for ADHD?

Answer: When taking one of these meds, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Take or plan to take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or nonprescription medications Have any medical problems now or have had any in the past including high blood pressure, seizures, heart disease and urinary problems Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency, or if you have had mental health problems, including depression, manic depression, or psychosis Get any depressive symptoms or feelings that you might harm yourself Start to have irregular heartbeats (heart palpitations) or fainting spells Keep these tips in mind if you take antidepressants or give them to your child: Always give the medication exactly as prescribed.


Question: What should you tell your doctor before you take antidepressants for ADHD?

Answer: You should probably not take guanfacine ( Intuniv) if you: Have an allergy to any of the ingredients in it Take other products containing guanfacine, like the blood pressure medicine guanfacine hcl ( Tenex) Before you take this type of medicine, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Take any prescription medications for other conditions, like blood pressure drugs, antidepressants, sedatives, or antipsychotics Take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or over-the-counter medications Have any medical problems, including high or low blood pressure, seizures, heart disease, glaucoma, mental health issues, liver disease or jaundice, or kidney problems Have had an allergic reaction to any medications Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency Become agitated or irritable, or have suicidal thoughts If you and your doctor decide nonstimulants are right for you, take your medicine exactly as prescribed.


Question: What are the side effects of taking bupropion to treat ADHD?

Answer: Bupropion ( Wellbutrin) can't be taken if you have any history of seizures or epilepsy.


Question: Who shouldn't take high blood pressure drugs to treat ADHD?

Answer: They might not be a good fit if you have a history of low blood pressure or if you or a family member has had a heart problem.


Question: Who should not take blood pressure drugs to treat ADHD?

Answer: They might not be a good fit if you have a history of low blood pressure or if you or a family member has had a heart problem.


Question: What are the guidelines for using blood pressure drugs to treat ADHD?

Answer: When taking one of these meds for your ADHD, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Are taking or plan to take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or nonprescription medications Have any medical problems now or in the past, including low blood pressure, seizures, heart rhythm disturbances, and urinary problems Start having irregular heartbeats (heart palpitations) or fainting spells Also, keep these guidelines in mind: Always take or give the medication exactly as prescribed. Call your doctor about any problems or questions. It's best not to miss doses or patches, since this may cause the blood pressure to rise quickly, which may cause headaches and other symptoms. Your doctor will probably want to start the medication at a low dose and increase it gradually until your symptoms are under control. For very young children, clonidine tablets can be changed into a liquid by a compounding pharmacy. This will make it easier for them to take. Tablets can be crushed and mixed with food if you have to. Do not stop taking clonidine or guanfacine suddenly. This can cause an increase in blood pressure. These medications must be tapered off gradually.


Question: What is the effect of high blood pressure drugs for ADHD?

Answer: Experts aren't sure, but it's clear that they have a calming effect on certain areas of the brain.


Question: What are the side effects of tricyclics for the treatment of ADHD?

Answer: Tricyclics have the potential to cause certain heart defects, too. You may need ECG tests at a doctor's office to look for these problems.


Question: What are the side effects of taking MAO inhibitors to treat ADHD?

Answer: MAO inhibitors can cause a wide variety of side effects, including dangerously increased blood pressure when combined with certain foods or medications.


Question: Are blood pressure drugs normally used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Some drugs normally taken for high blood pressure, like clonidine ( Kavpay) and guanfacine hcl ( Tenex), may help control symptoms of the disorder. They also can help lower some of the side effects of stimulant meds, especially sleeplessness and aggressive behavior. They can be used alone or along with stimulants.


Question: Is it safe to take blood pressure drugs with stimulants to treat ADHD?

Answer: Some children taking both stimulants and clonidine hcl have died. It's unclear whether their deaths were due to the combination of drugs. If you take them together, your doctor should watch you closely to help lower your risk of problems. They can screen you for heart rhythm irregularities, check your blood pressure often, and do electrocardiograms or a pre-existing heart conditions. If your doctor thinks that taking these two medications has more possible benefits than risks, it may be a good option for you.


Question: What can I do to make sure my non-stimulant ADHD drugs work?

Answer: You should probably not take guanfacine ( Intuniv) if you: Have an allergy to any of the ingredients in it Take other products containing guanfacine, like the blood pressure medicine guanfacine hcl ( Tenex) Before you take this type of medicine, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Take any prescription medications for other conditions, like blood pressure drugs, antidepressants, sedatives, or antipsychotics Take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or over-the-counter medications Have any medical problems, including high or low blood pressure, seizures, heart disease, glaucoma, mental health issues, liver disease or jaundice, or kidney problems Have had an allergic reaction to any medications Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency Become agitated or irritable, or have suicidal thoughts If you and your doctor decide nonstimulants are right for you, take your medicine exactly as prescribed. Your doctor may order some lab tests once in a while to make sure the drug is working well and not causing you any problems.


Question: How do antidepressant drugs treat ADHD?

Answer: Several types of these can treat the disorder, too. They're sometimes the treatment of choice for children or adults who have ADHD and depression. Antidepressants seem to improve attention span, impulse control, hyperactivity, and aggressiveness. Children and teens who take them are often more willing to take direction and are less disruptive. But these drugs generally don't work as well as stimulants or nonstimulants to improve attention span and concentration. Antidepressants have the advantage of a low potential for abuse, and there is no evidence that they suppress growth or contribute to significant weight loss. Most of them work by boosting the levels of brain messenger-chemicals (neurotransmitters), such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.


Question: What are the side effects of taking tricyclic anti-depressants to treat ADHD?

Answer: The most common side effects of tricyclics include: Stomach upset Constipation Dry mouth Blurred vision Drowsiness Low blood pressure Weight gain Tremors Sweating Trouble peeing An overdose can be deadly. Tricyclics have the potential to cause certain heart defects, too.


Question: What are the side effects of taking venlafaxine to treat ADHD?

Answer: But they can cause some unpleasant side effects, like dry mouth, constipation, or urinary problems.


Question: What are the side effects of venlafaxine (Effexor) for the treatment of ADHD?

Answer: But they can cause some unpleasant side effects, like dry mouth, constipation, or urinary problems.


Question: What are the advantages of nonstimulants over stimulants for the treatment of ADHD?

Answer: Nonstimulants don't tend to cause agitation, sleeplessness, or lack of appetite. They also don't pose the same risk of abuse or addiction. Plus, they have a longer-lasting and smoother effect than many stimulants, which can take effect and wear off abruptly.


Question: What are the side effects of clonidine (Kapvay) for the treatment of ADHD?

Answer: Clonidine ( Kapvay) and Guanfacine ( Intuniv) side effects include: Sleepiness, fatigue, sedation Headache Dizziness Since it can cause drowsiness, make sure you know how it affects you before you drive or use heavy machinery. Rarer and more serious side effects include: Low blood pressure Heart rhythm changes Talk to your doctor about your medical history and go over all the risks.


Question: What are the side effects of guanfacine (Intuniv) for the treatment of ADHD?

Answer: Rarer and more serious side effects include: Low blood pressure Heart rhythm changes Talk to your doctor about your medical history and go over all the risks.


Question: Who shouldn't take clonidine?

Answer: You should probably not take atomoxetine ( Strattera) if you: Have been diagnosed with narrow angle glaucoma (a condition that causes pressure in the eyes and can lead to blindness) Use a depression drug called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor ( MAOI), like phenelzine ( Nardil) or tranylcypromine ( Parnate) Have an allergy to any of the ingredients in atomoxetine ( Strattera) Have jaundice or liver problems Don't take clonidine ( Kapvay) if you're allergic to it.


Question: What are side effects of atomoxetine?

Answer: Atomoxetine might cause: Upset stomach Less appetite, which may cause weight loss Nausea Dizziness Fatigue Mood swings Other less-common risks include: Jaundice and liver problems. Call your doctor right away if you get yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes. Suicidal thinking. There's a possibility that atomoxetine, like many antidepressant drugs, may slightly raise the risk of these thoughts in kids, teenagers, and young adults. Erections that last more than 4 hours. Serious allergic reactions. Some people get rashes, hives, or swelling, although this is rare.


Question: How are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Monoamine oxidase ( MAO) inhibitors are a group of antidepressants that can treat ADHD with some benefit. But they're rarely used because they sometimes have dangerous side effects and can cause serious problems when you take them with foods and other medications. They may help people if no other medications have worked. Examples include phenelzine ( Nardil) or tranylcypromine ( Parnate).


Question: How do anti-depressants work in the brain?

Answer: Most of them work by boosting the levels of brain messenger-chemicals (neurotransmitters), such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine.


Question: Who shouldn't take guanfacine?

Answer: You should probably not take guanfacine ( Intuniv) if you: Have an allergy to any of the ingredients in it Take other products containing guanfacine, like the blood pressure medicine guanfacine hcl ( Tenex) Before you take this type of medicine, be sure to tell your doctor if you: Are nursing, pregnant, or plan to become pregnant Take any prescription medications for other conditions, like blood pressure drugs, antidepressants, sedatives, or antipsychotics Take any dietary supplements, herbal medicines, or over-the-counter medications Have any medical problems, including high or low blood pressure, seizures, heart disease, glaucoma, mental health issues, liver disease or jaundice, or kidney problems Have had an allergic reaction to any medications Have a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency Become agitated or irritable, or have suicidal thoughts If you and your doctor decide nonstimulants are right for you, take your medicine exactly as prescribed.


Question: Who should take atomoxetine for ADHD?

Answer: Atomoxetine ( Strattera) is OK for children, teens, and adults. It seems to boost the amount of an important brain chemical called norepinephrine.


Question: Who should take clonidine and guanfacine for ADHD?

Answer: Clonidine ER ( Kapvay) and Guanfacine ER ( Intuniv) are approved for children ages 6 to 17. Doctors also prescribe them to adults. These two drugs have an effect on certain areas in the brain. Studies show they lower distractibility and improve attention, working memory, and impulse control.


Question: How is bupropion used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Options include: Desipramine ( Norpramin, Pertofrane) Imipramine ( Tofranil) Nortriptyline ( Aventyl, Pamelor) Bupropion ( Wellbutrin) is a different type of antidepressant that is very effective in treating ADHD in adults and children. It's generally well-tolerated, but it also has some side effects that may be a problem for some people who have anxiety or seizures.


Question: Who shouldn't take atomoxetine?

Answer: You should probably not take atomoxetine ( Strattera) if you: Have been diagnosed with narrow angle glaucoma (a condition that causes pressure in the eyes and can lead to blindness) Use a depression drug called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor ( MAOI), like phenelzine ( Nardil) or tranylcypromine ( Parnate) Have an allergy to any of the ingredients in atomoxetine ( Strattera) Have jaundice or liver problems Don't take clonidine ( Kapvay) if you're allergic to it.


Question: How do tricyclic antidepressants reduce side effects of ADHD stimulants?

Answer: The main kinds of these drugs used to treat ADHD are: Tricyclic antidepressants. They've been shown to be helpful and are relatively inexpensive. But they can cause some unpleasant side effects, like dry mouth, constipation, or urinary problems.


Question: What is the advantage of taking anti-depressants to treat ADHD?

Answer: Antidepressants have the advantage of a low potential for abuse, and there is no evidence that they suppress growth or contribute to significant weight loss.


Question: Who shouldn't take clonidine (Kapvay) for ADHD?

Answer: You should probably not take atomoxetine ( Strattera) if you: Have been diagnosed with narrow angle glaucoma (a condition that causes pressure in the eyes and can lead to blindness) Use a depression drug called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor ( MAOI), like phenelzine ( Nardil) or tranylcypromine ( Parnate) Have an allergy to any of the ingredients in atomoxetine ( Strattera) Have jaundice or liver problems Don't take clonidine ( Kapvay) if you're allergic to it.


Question: How do high blood pressure drugs treat ADHD?

Answer: How high blood pressure drugs work in treating ADHD is not yet known, but it is clear that they have a calming effect on certain areas of the brain.


Question: What blood pressure drugs are used to treat ADHD?

Answer: Some drugs normally taken for high blood pressure, like clonidine ( Kavpay) and guanfacine hcl ( Tenex), may help control symptoms of the disorder. They also can help lower some of the side effects of stimulant meds, especially sleeplessness and aggressive behavior. They can be used alone or along with stimulants.


Question: What tests will you need when you get post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: If you are prescribed PEP, your doctor will take blood specimens at the time you start and may want to get other tests, such as for sexually-transmitted diseases besides HIV. Follow-up testing will be needed to see if you have become infected with HIV.


Question: How soon do you have to start post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: PEP uses more drugs than Pr EP and is used for only one month.. You have to start PEP within 72 hours of exposure. After that, the treatment won't work. If you think you may have been exposed to HIV, get medical attention as soon as possible.


Question: Is kidney failure common from lupus nephritis?

Answer: Although lupus nephritis is a serious problem, most people who receive treatment do not go on to have kidney failure.


Question: How is lupus nephritis treated?

Answer: There are five different types of lupus nephritis. Treatment is based on the type of lupus nephritis, which is determined by the biopsy. Since symptoms and severity vary from person to person, treatments are individually tailored to meet a person's particular circumstances. Medications used in treatment can include: Corticosteroids. These strong anti-inflammatory drugs can decrease inflammation. Doctors may prescribe these until the lupus nephritis improves. Because these drugs can cause a variety of potentially serious side effects, they must be monitored carefully. Doctors generally taper down the dosage once the symptoms start to improve. Immunosuppressive drugs. These drugs, which are related to the ones used to treat cancer or prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, work by suppressing immune system activity that damages the kidneys. They include cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxan), azathioprine ( Imuran) and mycophenolate ( Cellcept). Medications to prevent blood clots or lower blood pressure if needed Even with treatment, loss of kidney function sometimes progresses.


Question: What happens if treatment of lupus nephritis does not stop loss of kidney function?

Answer: Medications to prevent blood clots or lower blood pressure if needed Even with treatment, loss of kidney function sometimes progresses. If both kidneys fail, people with lupus nephritis may need dialysis. Dialysis involves filtering the blood through a machine to remove waste products from the body. Ultimately, it may be necessary to have a kidney transplant. In those cases, people will need additional drugs to keep their immune system from rejecting the transplanted kidney.


Question: How is lupus nephritis diagnosed?

Answer: The diagnosis of lupus nephritis begins with a medical history, physical exam, and evaluation of symptoms. You doctor will likely order tests to make or confirm a diagnosis. Tests used in diagnosing kidney problems include urine tests, blood tests, imaging tests such as ultrasound, and kidney biopsy.


Question: What types of diets can help people with lupus nephritis?

Answer: Your doctor may also recommend that you eat a diet low in potassium, phosphorus, and protein if there is already loss of kidney function.


Question: What else should you know about orlistat (Xenical) as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: What else you should know: You should be on a low-fat diet (less than 30% of your daily calories from fat) before taking orlistat. Also, take a multivitamin at least 2 hours before or after taking orlistat, because the drug temporarily makes it harder for your body to absorb vitamins A, D, E, and K. Orlistat is the only drug of its kind that's approved in the U. S. All other prescription weight loss drugs curb your appetite, including the following.


Question: What are the side effects of Saxenda as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, low blood pressure, and increased appetite. Serious side effects can include raised heart rate, pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, kidney problems, and suicidal thoughts.


Question: What else should you know about Belviq as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: What else you should know: If you don't lose 5% of your weight after 12 weeks of taking Contrave, your doctor may tell you to stop taking it, because it's unlikely to work for you, the FDA says.


Question: What are the side effect of Qsymia as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: Side effects: The most common side effects are tingling hands and feet, dizziness, altered sense of taste, insomnia, constipation, and dry mouth. Serious side effects include certain birth defects (cleft lip and cleft palate), faster heart rate, suicidal thoughts or actions, and eye problems that could lead to permanent vision loss if not treated.


Question: What are the side effects of orlistat (Xenical) as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: Side effects include abdominal cramping, passing gas, leaking oily stool, having more bowel movements, and not being able to control bowel movements. These side effects are generally mild and temporary.


Question: What prescription weight loss drugs are most common?

Answer: Here's what you should know about the most common prescription weight loss drugs: orlistat, Belviq, Contrave, Saxenda, phentermine, and Qsymia.


Question: What are the side effects of Contrave as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: Side effects: The most common side effects include nausea, constipation, headache, vomiting, dizziness, insomnia, and dry mouth. Contrave has a boxed warning about the increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors associated with bupropion. The warning also notes that serious neuropsychiatric issues linked to bupropion have been reported. Contrave can cause seizures and must not be used in patients who have seizure disorders. The drug can also increase blood pressure and heart rate.


Question: What are the side effects of Belviq as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: Side effects: The most common side effects in people who don't have diabetes include headache, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, dry mouth, and constipation. The most common side effects in those who have diabetes are low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), headache, back pain, cough, and fatigue. People taking some depression medications with lorcaserin need to be monitored very closely for a rare but serious reaction that includes fever and confusion.


Question: What else should you know about Qsymia as a prescription weight loss drug?

Answer: What else you should know: If you don't lose at least 3% of your weight after 12 weeks on Qsymia, the FDA recommends that you stop taking it or that your doctor increase your dose for the next 12 weeks -- and if that doesn't work, you should gradually stop taking it.


Question: What causes long lasting liver infection?

Answer: This long-lasting liver infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus. It begins as an acute hepatitis that starts within the first 6 months of exposure to the virus.


Question: Who gets hepatitis C?

Answer: Most people catch the hep C virus when blood from someone who has it gets into their body. This can happen if you share needles to use drugs, or get stuck by one because you work in a hospital or doctor's office. People born to a mother have a 6% risk that they will get it, too.


Question: How common is it that someone would get hepatitis C from getting blood products or an organ?

Answer: The CDC recommends you get tested for hepatitis C if: You received blood from a donor who later found out they had hepatitis C You've ever injected drugs You had a blood transfusion or an organ transplant before July 1992 You got a blood product used to treat clotting problems before 1987 You were born between 1945 and 1965 You've had long-term kidney dialysis You have HIV You were born to a mother with hepatitis C Since July 1992, all blood and organ donations in the U. S. are tested for the hepatitis C virus. The CDC says it is now rare that someone getting blood products or an organ would get hepatitis C. You can have the disease and not have symptoms for years.


Question: In what ways is someone not able to get hepatitis C?

Answer: You can't get hepatitis C by touching, kissing, coughing, sneezing, sharing utensils, or breastfeeding.


Question: What can trigger Charcot foot?

Answer: But other things can cause nerve damage, too, including: Alcohol or drug abuse An infection Spinal cord disease or injury Parkinson's disease HIV Syphilis There's no specific cause for Charcot foot. But some things can trigger it: A sprain or broken bone that doesn't get treatment quickly A sore on your foot that doesn't heal An infection Foot surgery that heals slowly As these problems begin, you may not know that your foot is hurt since nerve damage keeps you from feeling pain. So the injury or sore gets worse as you walk on it. Then the bones in the foot begin to lose the calcium that makes them strong.


Question: What causes Charcot foot?

Answer: Charcot foot affects people who can't feel anything in their feet and ankles because of nerve damage. That's a common problem for people with diabetes. But other things can cause nerve damage, too, including: Alcohol or drug abuse An infection Spinal cord disease or injury Parkinson's disease HIV Syphilis There's no specific cause for Charcot foot.


Question: How can coenzyme Q10 help with cholesterol or triglycerides?

Answer: This powerful antioxidant can lower bad LDL cholesterol's ability to stick to the blood vessels of mice. However, scientists say that more research is needed to confirm whether it can work in humans. So, what about it does work? If you're taking a statin to lower your cholesterol and having muscle pain as a side effect, there is some proof that coenzyme Q10 can help ease it.


Question: How can niacin help with cholesterol or triglycerides?

Answer: This B vitamin can boost HDL âgood" cholesterol and lower LDL âbadâ cholesterol and triglycerides -- but only use it if your doctor advises you to. Only prescription-level doses impact cholesterol and triglycerides. Prescription-strength doses have side effects, which is one reason it should be taken under doctor supervision.


Question: How can soy protein supplements help with cholesterol or triglycerides?

Answer: Soy can lower total and LDL cholesterol levels a little. Eating soy protein instead of animal protein (like meat and full-fat dairy) will also help.


Question: What opportunistic infections can occur in children with HIV?

Answer: Some of the more common are: Failure to thrive, which means not gaining weight or growing like doctors expect Not having the skills or doing the things doctors expect a child that age would (not reaching developmental milestones) Brain or nervous system problems such as seizures, trouble walking, or doing poorly in school Being sick often with childhood illnesses such as an ear infection, a cold, an upset stomach, or diarrhea As with adults, when an HIV infection advances, kids start to develop infections that rarely affect healthy people but can be deadly for someone whose immune system isn't working well. These "opportunistic infections" include: Pneumocystis pneumonia, a fungal infection of the lungs Cytomegalovirus ( CMV) A kind of lung scarring called lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis ( LIP) Oral thrush or severe diaper rash from a yeast infection Children get pretty much the same treatment as adults: a combination of medications called ART (antiretroviral therapy).


Question: What role does an endocrinologist play on my diabetes care team?

Answer: Endocrinologist: An endocrinologist is a doctor who has special training and experience in treating people with diabetes. You should see yours regularly.


Question: What are some eye, nerve, kidney or cardiovascular problems with diabetes?

Answer: Also let your doctor know about any changes in your diet, exercise, or medicines and any new illnesses you may have gotten. Tell your doctor if you've had symptoms of eye, nerve, kidney, or cardiovascular problems such as: Blurred vision Numbness or tingling in your feet Persistent hand, feet, face, or leg swelling Cramping or pain in the legs Chest pain Shortness of breath Numbness or weakness on one side of your body Unusual weight gain When you have diabetes, you should get regular lab tests: Hemoglobin A1c Urine and blood tests for kidney function Lipid testing, which includes cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL You may need thyroid and liver tests, too.


Question: What is the podiatrist's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Podiatrist: For anyone with diabetes, which can cause nerve damage in the extremities, foot care is important. A podiatrist is trained to treat feet and problems of the lower legs. These doctors have a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine ( DPM) degree from a college of podiatry. They have also done a residency (hospital training) in podiatry.


Question: What role does a nurse educator play on my diabetes care team?

Answer: Nurse educator: A diabetes educator or diabetes nurse practitioner is a registered nurse ( RN) with special training and background in caring for and teaching people with diabetes. Nurse educators often help you with the day-to-day aspects of living with diabetes.


Question: What it the dentist's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Dentist: People with diabetes are at somewhat greater, and earlier, risk of gum disease. The excess blood sugar in your mouth makes it a nice home for bacteria, which can lead to infection. You should see your dentist every 6 months. Be sure to tell your dentist that you have diabetes.


Question: What role does a podiatrist play on my diabetes care team?

Answer: Podiatrist: For anyone with diabetes, which can cause nerve damage in the extremities, foot care is important. A podiatrist is trained to treat feet and problems of the lower legs.


Question: What lab tests should diabetes patients have?

Answer: Tell your doctor if you've had symptoms of eye, nerve, kidney, or cardiovascular problems such as: Blurred vision Numbness or tingling in your feet Persistent hand, feet, face, or leg swelling Cramping or pain in the legs Chest pain Shortness of breath Numbness or weakness on one side of your body Unusual weight gain When you have diabetes, you should get regular lab tests: Hemoglobin A1c Urine and blood tests for kidney function Lipid testing, which includes cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL You may need thyroid and liver tests, too.


Question: What is the primary doctor's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Primary doctor: Your primary care doctor is who you see for general checkups and when you get sick. This person is usually an internist or family medicine doctor who has experience treating people with diabetes, too. Because your primary care doctor is your main source of care, he or she will most likely head up your diabetes care team.


Question: What is the nurse educator's role in treating diabetes?

Answer: Nurse educator: A diabetes educator or diabetes nurse practitioner is a registered nurse ( RN) with special training and background in caring for and teaching people with diabetes. Nurse educators often help you with the day-to-day aspects of living with diabetes.


Question: What is systolic and diastolic blood pressure?

Answer: For example, a blood pressure reading is written as 120/80 mm Hg, or "120 over 80". The systolic pressure is 120 and the diastolic pressure is 80.


Question: What lifestyle changes can help treat high blood pressure?

Answer: Lifestyle changes for high blood pressure include: Losing weight Quitting smoking Eating a healthy diet, such as the DASH diet, which is high in fruits, vegetables, lean protein and whole grains and low in salt and fat Reducing the amount of salt in your diet Regular aerobic exercise (such as brisk walking) Limiting alcohol consumption Seeking treatment for sleep apnea Commonly prescribed high blood pressure drugs include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha-blockers (alpha-adrenergic antagonists).


Question: What drugs are commonly prescribed for high blood pressure?

Answer: Lifestyle changes for high blood pressure include: Losing weight Quitting smoking Eating a healthy diet, such as the DASH diet, which is high in fruits, vegetables, lean protein and whole grains and low in salt and fat Reducing the amount of salt in your diet Regular aerobic exercise (such as brisk walking) Limiting alcohol consumption Seeking treatment for sleep apnea Commonly prescribed high blood pressure drugs include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and alpha-blockers (alpha-adrenergic antagonists).


Question: How do I know if I need high blood pressure drugs?

Answer: There isn't always a clear answer. A lot depends on how high your blood pressure is and your general health. Your age also plays a role. Learn how you and your doctor can figure out when lifestyle changes are enough and when she needs to pull out the prescription pad.


Question: What will your doctor advise if you have high blood pressure after lifestyle changes?

Answer: At this level, your doctor is likely to prescribe medicine now to get your blood pressure under control.


Question: What do the numbers in a blood pressure reading mean?

Answer: Blood pressure is always shown with a top and bottom number -- like 130/90. The top number tells you the pressure when your heart beats. The bottom number lets you know the pressure between beats. Normal blood pressure is less than 120 and less than 80. If one or both of those numbers is higher, there's too much pressure in your arteries. It's like a tire pumped with too much air.


Question: What conditions can high blood pressure lead to?

Answer: High blood pressure raises your chances of getting a heart attack or stroke. If you have other medical problems -- like high cholesterol, diabetes, or heart disease -- your doctor will be quicker to recommend medication.


Question: How can age affect your risk of side effects from high blood pressure drugs?

Answer: While your odds of heart disease go up as you age, the risks of side effects from blood pressure medications -- like dizziness and falls -- can also get more serious. You need to weigh the benefits and risks. If you're age 80 or older and you have high blood pressure, your doctor may hold off on medication to protect you from side effects.


Question: Can I still exercise if I have a cold?

Answer: It's usually safe to do it as long as you listen to your body. You'll need to watch out for certain risky situations. Physical activity increases your heart rate, but so can some cold medicines. So a combo of exercise and decongestants can cause your heart to pump very hard. You may become short of breath and have trouble breathing. If you have asthma and a cold, make sure you talk with your doctor before you exercise. It may cause you to cough and wheeze more and make you short of breath.


Question: Is it good to exercise if I have a fever?

Answer: When your cold comes with a fever, exercise could stress your body even more. So wait a few days to get back to your regular exercise program. Also be careful about working out too hard when you have a cold. It can make you feel worse and slow down your recovery.


Question: Can exercise help prevent colds?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } If you're looking for a safe way to prevent colds, regular exercise may be the ticket. And you don't have to run a marathon, either. Moderate activity is all you need. Exercise improves your overall fitness, which can help boost your immune system -- the body's defense against infections.


Question: Can you exercise so much it makes you sick?

Answer: It's not a problem for most of us, but if you're an exercise fiend, make sure you take time for rest and recovery after periods of intense training. Your immune system works best when it isn't stressed. Scientists say athletes who train intensely without building in recovery time are more likely to get colds or flu. When workouts get too strenuous, the number of infection-fighting white blood cells in your body can go down. At the same time, your stress hormone cortisol may go up, which may interfere with the ability of certain immune cells to work right.


Question: How does exercise affect white blood cell count?

Answer: Researchers found that regular walking may lead to a higher number of white blood cells, which fight infections. In another study, researchers found that in 65-year-olds who did regular exercise, the number of T-cells -- a specific type of white blood cell -- was as high as those of people in their 30s.


Question: What are signs that I should stop exercising if I have a cold?

Answer: Stop your activity and get emergency medical help if you: Feel chest tightness or pressure Have trouble breathing or get very short of breath Get lightheaded or dizzy Have problems with balance


Question: How much exercise is necessary to reduce illness?

Answer: Some studies show that "moderate intensity" exercise may cut down the number of colds you get. That type of activity includes things like a 20- to 30-minute walk every day, going to the gym every other day, or biking with your kids a few times a week. In one study in the American Journal of Medicine, women who walked for a half-hour every day for 1 year had half the number of colds as those who didn't exercise.


Question: What are eosinophils?

Answer: When you have eosinophilic asthma, you have inflammation in your respiratory system caused by cells called eosinophils. Eosinophils are white blood cells. They're part of your body's immune system, and normally, they help you fight disease. One of their jobs is to help cause swelling. That may sound odd, but swelling is one of your body's key tools in fighting germs. But too much swelling can cause problems.


Question: What medications can help with treating eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: Usually, you need to take corticosteroid pills, which can have more side effects than an inhaler. Several biologics are approved to reduce the frequency of eosinophilic asthma attacks. These include: Benralizumab ( Fasenra) Mepolizumab ( Nucala) Reslizumab ( Cinqair) Your respiratory system is your body's system for breathing.


Question: How do I wrap my ankle when it has been sprained?

Answer: RICE stands for ârest, ice, compress, and elevate.â Here's how it works: Rest the ankle (use crutches if needed) Ice the ankle for 20 to 30 minutes every 2 to 3 hours for the first 2 days Compress (wrap) the ankle lightly -- not tightly -- with an elastic bandage or ankle brace For the first 48 hours, elevate (raise) the ankle higher than your heart whenever you're lying down Take the compression wrap out of the packaging and unroll it. Place a small section of the cloth just behind your toes and begin to wrap it in a spiral toward your heart. Each layer should cover about half the width of the previous one. Continue wrapping around the foot, heel, and ankle until every bit of skin -- up to several inches above the injury -- is covered.


Question: Is a walking pneumonia contagious?

Answer: It spreads through sneezes or coughs. But it spreads slowly. If you get it, you could be contagious (which means you could spread it to other people) for up to 10 days. Researchers think it takes a lot of close contact with an infected person for you to develop walking pneumonia. Still, there are widespread outbreaks every four to eight years.


Question: Can I get walking pneumonia more than once?

Answer: It's possible. You might have some immunity for a while, but it's unclear how long it lasts. If you do get it again, it may be milder than the first time.


Question: How can I prevent walking pneumonia?

Answer: There is no vaccine for mycoplasma infections, so you can't completely prevent it. There are things you can do, though, to reduce your chances of getting it: Exercise, eat a well-balanced diet, and get enough sleep. Doing these things will help keep your body healthy and better able to resist infection. Wash your hands often. It's one of the best ways to prevent germs from spreading. Don't smoke. Smoking damages the lungs, and damaged lungs are more likely to get infected. Cover your mouth with your sleeve when you cough or sneeze. And ask others to do the same. Coughing and sneezing are the main ways that these infections are spread.


Question: Is obesity and inactivity linked to pancreatic cancer?

Answer: In a study of 88,000 nurses, those who were obese (body mass index higher than 30) were more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. Those who exercised frequently were about half as likely to get pancreatic cancer, compared to those who did not exercise at all.


Question: What can you do to prevent pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Eliminating your risk factors for pancreatic cancer won't reduce your risk entirely. But eating a healthy diet, keeping a healthy weight, and exercising frequently will improve overall health, and reduce your risk of other health problems.


Question: Who is more likely to get pancreatic cancer?

Answer: People with any of the risk factors are at slightly higher risk than the general population: Genetics. Five percent to 10% of people with pancreatic cancer have an immediate family member who also had it. Several different genes have been associated with the increased risk, although no "pancreatic cancer gene" has yet been identified. Diabetes. People with diabetes are not necessarily more likely to get pancreatic cancer but the two have been linked. Smoking. Cigarette smoking is well known to increase the risk for pancreatic cancer. The more a person smokes, the higher the risk. Ten years after quitting smoking, the risk returns to about that of someone who never smoked. Obesity and inactivity. In a study of 88,000 nurses, those who were obese (body mass index higher than 30) were more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. Those who exercised frequently were about half as likely to get pancreatic cancer, compared to those who did not exercise at all. Pancreatic cysts and chronic pancreatitis. People who have one or both of these are at higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Diet. A diet high in fat and meat (especially smoked or processed meat) has been linked to pancreatic cancer in animal studies. Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables decreased pancreatic cancer risk in other studies. Still other studies suggest there's no identifiable link between diet and pancreatic cancer. Lycopene and selenium. Studies have shown low levels of these nutrients in some people who developed pancreatic cancer. That's not proof that low levels of lycopene and selenium cause pancreatic cancer, though. Any diet that includes lean meat and red or yellow vegetables should provide adequate lycopene and selenium.


Question: What are the chances of developing pancreatic cancer?

Answer: About one in 76 people will develop pancreatic cancer. This represents the average risk of the condition.


Question: Can I prevent pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Eliminating your risk factors for pancreatic cancer won't reduce your risk entirely. But eating a healthy diet, keeping a healthy weight, and exercising frequently will improve overall health, and reduce your risk of other health problems.


Question: Does having diabetes mean you're at a higher risk for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Diabetes.


Question: Can diet affect the risk for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: A diet high in fat and meat (especially smoked or processed meat) has been linked to pancreatic cancer in animal studies. Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables decreased pancreatic cancer risk in other studies. Still other studies suggest there's no identifiable link between diet and pancreatic cancer.


Question: How does DNA damage lead to pancreatic cancer?

Answer: No one knows exactly how the process of DNA damage leading to pancreatic cancer occurs. Analyzing pancreatic cancers removed by surgery shows certain mutations that occur in nearly all cases, and others that vary between people. Some of these mutations occur randomly. Others occur in response to things we do or experience in the environment. Some mutations may be inherited. When enough mutations accumulate, a cell becomes malignant and a tumor begins to grow.


Question: Can smoking cause pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Cigarette smoking is well known to increase the risk for pancreatic cancer. The more a person smokes, the higher the risk. Ten years after quitting smoking, the risk returns to about that of someone who never smoked.


Question: What questions can you ask your doctor about acromegaly?

Answer: If you find out you have acromegaly, you'll probably have a lot of questions. You may want to start by asking your doctor: What is acromegaly? What is causing my acromegaly? What treatment do you recommend? How will treatment change my symptoms? What will success look like? What are the side effects? How many other people with acromegaly have you treated? Am I likely to get this again?


Question: Which medicines can treat acromegaly?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend taking one of these medicines after surgery to help control or cure the disease and bring hormone levels back to normal: Somatostatin analogs (lanreotide or octreotide) Growth hormone receptor antagonists (pegvisomant) Dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine) Those drugs either lower the level of growth hormone in your blood or block the effects it has on your body.


Question: How does surgery treat acromegaly?

Answer: There are three ways to treat acromegaly: Surgery Medicine Radiation Surgery is often the first treatment for people with large tumors affecting vital areas, especially if they are pressing on nerves that harm your vision. The surgeon will remove the tumor from the base of the brain. To get to it, they'll make a small cut in your nose or the inside of your upper lip. In some cases, your doctor may have you take medicine before the surgery to shrink the tumor.


Question: What helps treat the pain from a slipped disk?

Answer: Loses bladder or bowel control Has weakness in the arms or legs Has numbness in the inner, upper part of the thighs Changing positions or shifting posture may reduce immediate discomfort. For example, laying on the back, with feet on a chair and knees at a 90-degree angle, can sometimes be quite comfortable for back problems. Apply a cold compress several times a day for no more than 20 minutes at a time. Give nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication (such as Motrin, Aleve, Advil or Naprosyn).


Question: What if I have diarrhea and I also have heart failure?

Answer: If you have certain medical conditions such as heart failure, you may have to limit how much you drink. Ask your doctor how much is OK for you.


Question: What do I do if my sick child seems dehydrated?

Answer: If your sick child shows signs of dehydration, give him oral rehydration solutions such as Ceralyte, Infalyte, or Pedialyte. Sports drinks and fruit juices are helpful too, but they don't have the best balance of water, sugar, and salt. If your child has diarrhea and isn't vomiting, you can offer small amounts of these drinks often until he starts to make normal amounts of urine again.


Question: Is water enough to rehydrate my body?

Answer: Water is just part of the answer. It rehydrates the body. But you'll still need the salts. If you have diarrhea or if you're vomiting, most experts recommend drinking rehydration solutions -- special fluids that give your body salt and water. You can also drink juice that has some potassium and broth for sodium -- they aren't substitutes for rehydration solutions, but they may help mild dehydration not become worse.


Question: How do I take in fluids if I'm nauseated?

Answer: If you're nauseated, it may be hard to keep fluids down. You can sip water, suck on ice, or try a frozen ice pop. These methods will help you stay hydrated without having to drink as much.


Question: What are symptoms of dehydration?

Answer: Being thirsty isn't the only clue that you're dehydrated. For adults, other signs include: You pee less often than normal. Your urine is dark-colored. You have muscle cramps. You're easily fatigued. You feel light-headed. You don't sweat as much as normal.


Question: What are the symptoms of kidney disease?

Answer: The symptoms of kidney disease include: High/worsening blood pressure Decrease in amount of urine or difficulty urinating Edema (fluid retention), especially in the lower legs A need to urinate more often, especially at night As with high blood pressure, you may not realize that you have kidney disease.


Question: How can I prevent kidney disease from high blood pressure?

Answer: However, certain groups are at higher risk, including: African- Americans Hispanic- Americans Native Americans Natives of Alaska People who have diabetes People with a family history of high blood pressure and kidney disease To prevent kidney damage from high blood pressure: Try to keep your blood pressure controlled. Make sure you get your blood pressure checked on a regular basis. Eat a proper diet. Get moderate exercise, such as walking, 30 minutes daily. Take the medication your doctor prescribes. For patients who have high blood pressure and kidney disease, the most important treatment is to control your blood pressure through lifestyle changes.


Question: What is the leading cause of kidney disease?

Answer: High blood pressure (hypertension) is a leading cause of kidney disease and kidney failure (end-stage renal disease). Hypertension can cause damage to the blood vessels and filters in the kidney, making removal of waste from the body difficult. Once a person is diagnosed with end-stage renal disease, dialysis -- a blood-cleansing process -- or kidney transplantation are necessary.


Question: How is kidney disease diagnosed?

Answer: The symptoms of kidney disease include: High/worsening blood pressure Decrease in amount of urine or difficulty urinating Edema (fluid retention), especially in the lower legs A need to urinate more often, especially at night As with high blood pressure, you may not realize that you have kidney disease. Certain laboratory tests can indicate whether your kidneys are eliminating waste products properly. These tests include serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen ( BUN); elevated levels of either can indicate kidney damage. Proteinuria, an excess of protein in the urine, is also a sign of kidney disease.


Question: How can you manage sound sensitivity caused by migraine?

Answer: To manage sound sensitivity: Avoid concerts, movies, big parties, or other places you know will be loud. Wear noise-canceling headphones or earplugs. Cover your windows with heavy drapes (which will block light, too), and install thick carpet to absorb sounds in your home. Turn on a white noise machine. This gentle sound can drown out louder noises. You might not want to avoid sound entirely. If you surround yourself with silence, you can become even more sensitive, and that could lead to headaches that are more painful.


Question: When should you see a doctor for sun poisoning?

Answer: Seek immediate medical care for these symptoms: A sunburn that forms blisters, covers a large area, or is very painful Facial swelling Fever and chills Upset stomach Headache, confusion, or faintness Signs of dehydration Follow the basics of sun safety: Wear a sunscreen that has an SPF of at least 30 and says "broad-spectrum" on the label, which means that it protects against the sun's UVA and UVB rays.


Question: What are symptoms of solar urticaria?

Answer: Symptoms may develop within minutes of exposure to sun. If large areas of skin are involved, symptoms may include: Itchiness Redness Raised areas on the skin (hives or wheals) Wheezing Dizziness Loss of consciousness Although the rash usually goes away within hours, you may experience the reaction off and on throughout the years.


Question: What is autogenic training as a form of meditation for pain?

Answer: This technique uses visual imagery and body awareness to help you relax. The person imagines being in a peaceful place and then focuses on different physical sensations, such as heaviness of the limbs or a calm heartbeat. People may practice on their own, creating their own images, or be guided by a therapist.