Question: What is biofeedback?

Answer: Biofeedback: a method used to help a person learn stress-reduction skills by providing information about muscle tension, heart rate, and other vital signs as the person attempts to relax; it is used to learn total body relaxation and also to gain control over certain bodily functions that cause tension and physical pain.


Question: What is an antihistamine?

Answer: Antiemetics: a class of medications used to treat nausea and/or vomiting Antihistamine: a drug that counteracts the action of histamine, an agent in the body that causes itching and flushing of the skin such as in an allergic reaction Anti-inflammatory: a type of medication used to decrease inflammation; this type of medication is most commonly used to treat the inflammation of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, but can also be useful in reducing the pain of certain types of headaches.


Question: What does episodic mean?

Answer: Epilepsy: a group of conditions marked by recurrent seizures over a prolonged period of time (with no identifiable short-term cause) Episodic: occurrences that come and go with or without a regular pattern Food additives: also called food preservatives; these are substances contained in certain foods that can trigger headaches.


Question: What is an electromyograph test?

Answer: Electromyograph ( EMG): a test that measures the electrical activity in the muscles to determine the amount of muscle tension; small, flat metal sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the skin (usually on the forehead). The electrodes measure the electrical activity in the muscles directly underneath the electrodes and adjoining muscles. The electrical activity of the muscles will be measured and displayed as numbers or electrical waves on a screen that the person can view.


Question: What is a hemorrhage?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory.


Question: What is aspartame?

Answer: Aspartame: an artificial sweetener that can cause a headache in some people Ataxia: impaired ability to coordinate movement; this symptom sometimes suggests a condition within the brain that may be causing headaches.


Question: What does anti-inflammatory mean?

Answer: Antiemetics: a class of medications used to treat nausea and/or vomiting Antihistamine: a drug that counteracts the action of histamine, an agent in the body that causes itching and flushing of the skin such as in an allergic reaction Anti-inflammatory: a type of medication used to decrease inflammation; this type of medication is most commonly used to treat the inflammation of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, but can also be useful in reducing the pain of certain types of headaches.


Question: What is encephalitis?

Answer: Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection; encephalitis is a serious cause of headache.


Question: What does chronic mean?

Answer: CAT scan: see computed axial tomography Chronic: ongoing or occurring over an extended period of time; a chronic headache occurs at least every other day or 15 days per month for at least six months.


Question: What is cyclic vomiting?

Answer: Confusional migraine: migraine associated with a temporary period of confusion often initiated by a minor head injury Cyclic vomiting: uncontrolled vomiting that occurs repeatedly over a certain period of time Decongestant medications: drugs that can be used to relieve headaches associated with sinus infections; decongestants help relieve headache symptoms, because they constrict blood vessels that cause headache pain.


Question: What is a confusional migraine?

Answer: Confusional migraine: migraine associated with a temporary period of confusion often initiated by a minor head injury Cyclic vomiting: uncontrolled vomiting that occurs repeatedly over a certain period of time Decongestant medications: drugs that can be used to relieve headaches associated with sinus infections; decongestants help relieve headache symptoms, because they constrict blood vessels that cause headache pain.


Question: What is an aneurysm?

Answer: Analgesic: pain-relieving medication Analgesic-rebound headache: see Rebound headache Aneurysm: a weak part of an artery in the brain that may bulge outward and occasionally rupture and bleed, leading to a condition called a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which produces a severe headache and stiff neck, and can sometimes be fatal Anticonvulsant: a type of medication used to treat convulsive seizures, or epilepsy; some of these types of medications are also used to prevent headaches, even when the headaches aren't associated with seizures.


Question: What is head trauma?

Answer: Guided imagery: see mental imagery relaxation Headache: a general term that refers to a persistent or lasting pain in the head region Head trauma: a physical injury to the head; head trauma can sometimes lead to headaches.


Question: What is a hormone headache?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory.


Question: What does idiopathic mean?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory.


Question: What is epilepsy?

Answer: Epilepsy: a group of conditions marked by recurrent seizures over a prolonged period of time (with no identifiable short-term cause) Episodic: occurrences that come and go with or without a regular pattern Food additives: also called food preservatives; these are substances contained in certain foods that can trigger headaches.


Question: What is adrenaline?

Answer: Acute recurrent headaches: see Migraines Adrenaline (epinephrine): the neurotransmitter of the adrenal gland that is secreted in moments of crisis; it stimulates the heart to beat faster and work harder, increases the flow of blood to the muscles, causes an increased alertness of mind, and produces other changes to prepare the body to meet an emergency. It is also a chemical messenger in the brain.


Question: What is a computed axial tomography (CAT) scan?

Answer: Common migraine: another term for migraine without aura Computed axial tomography ( CAT) scan: a diagnostic test in which X-rays and computers are used to produce an image of a cross-section of the body; a CT scan of the head may be recommended if you are getting daily or almost daily headaches. It can also be used to rule out other conditions that may contribute to headaches.


Question: What are secondary headaches?

Answer: Retinal migraine: temporary, partial, or complete loss of vision in one eye, along with a dull ache behind the eye that may spread to the rest of the head Secondary headaches: headaches that are the result of another medical condition; these include sinus and allergy-related headaches, as well as headaches that result from a head injury, trauma, or more serious condition, such as a tumor.


Question: What is a migraineur?

Answer: Migraineur: a person who has migraines Mixed headache syndrome: a combination of migraine and tension headaches Monoamine oxidase ( MAO) inhibitors: a class of drugs used to treat depression; they also help treat headaches.


Question: What is a neurologist?

Answer: Neurologist: a medical specialist with advanced training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles Neurology: the study of the nervous system Neuron: a nerve cell Neurotransmitter: a specialized chemical, produced in nerve cells, that permits the transmission of information between nerve cells Nitrite: a food additive that may trigger headaches in some people; nitrites are commonly found in processed meats, such as bacon, pepperoni, hot dogs, ham, sausage, luncheon meats, and deli-style meats and other cured or processed meats.


Question: What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

Answer: Electroencephalogram ( EEG): a test in which the electrical signals of the brain are recorded; electrical activity detected by electrodes, or sensors, placed on a person's scalp are transmitted to a machine that records the activity.


Question: What is a lumbar puncture?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory. This diagnostic procedure is only done to rule out conditions that may be affecting the brain and spinal cord. This test is used only if the symptoms warrant it. It can cause a headache for a few hours afterward.


Question: What is the definition of antidepressant?

Answer: Antidepressant: a type of medication used primarily to treat depression; some of these medications have been useful in treating headaches, even when headaches aren't associated with depression.


Question: What is the definition of anti-inflammatory?

Answer: Antiemetics: a class of medications used to treat nausea and/or vomiting Antihistamine: a drug that counteracts the action of histamine, an agent in the body that causes itching and flushing of the skin such as in an allergic reaction Anti-inflammatory: a type of medication used to decrease inflammation; this type of medication is most commonly used to treat the inflammation of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, but can also be useful in reducing the pain of certain types of headaches.


Question: What is the definition of paroxysmal torticollis?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What is the definition of status migrainosus?

Answer: Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses, the air-filled cavities on the face Spinal tap: see Lumbar puncture Status migrainosus: a rare and severe type of migraine that can last 72 hours or longer; the pain and nausea are so intense that people who have this type of headache must be hospitalized. Certain medications can cause this type migraine syndrome.


Question: What is the definition of sinuses?

Answer: Sinuses: air-filled cavities (spaces) located in your forehead, cheekbones, and behind the bridge of your nose; the sinuses produce a thin mucus that drains out of the channels of the nose.


Question: What is paroxysmal torticollis?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What is mental imagery relaxation?

Answer: Meningitis: an infection or inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord Menstrual migraine: see Hormone headache Mental imagery relaxation: also called guided imagery, it is a proven form of focused relaxation that helps create harmony between the mind and body; guided imagery coaches you in creating calm, peaceful images in your mind -- a "mental escape."


Question: What is a retinal migraine?

Answer: Retinal migraine: temporary, partial, or complete loss of vision in one eye, along with a dull ache behind the eye that may spread to the rest of the head Secondary headaches: headaches that are the result of another medical condition; these include sinus and allergy-related headaches, as well as headaches that result from a head injury, trauma, or more serious condition, such as a tumor.


Question: What is the definition of hormone headache?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory.


Question: What is the definition of endorphins?

Answer: Endorphins: hormone-like substances produced in the brain that have pain-relieving properties; some scientists believe that people who suffer from severe headaches have lower levels of endorphins than people who generally do not have headaches.


Question: What is the definition of abdominal migraine?

Answer: Abdominal migraine: a migraine, more common in children and adolescents, that is associated with cyclic vomiting (symptoms occur about once a month).


Question: What is paroxysmal vertigo?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What are seizures?

Answer: Sedative: medication that helps a person rest Seizures: an abnormal movement or behavior caused by unusual electrical activity in the brain Serotonin: a chemical messenger, called a neurotransmitter, which acts on blood vessels and pain control pathways in the brain; some medications which affect serotonin levels are used to prevent headaches.


Question: What is meningitis?

Answer: Meningitis: an infection or inflammation of the membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord Menstrual migraine: see Hormone headache Mental imagery relaxation: also called guided imagery, it is a proven form of focused relaxation that helps create harmony between the mind and body; guided imagery coaches you in creating calm, peaceful images in your mind -- a "mental escape."


Question: What is a tumor?

Answer: Tumor: an abnormal mass of tissue that may be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) Tyramine: a substance found naturally in some foods, formed from the breakdown of protein as foods age; generally, the longer a high-protein food ages, the greater the tyramine content.


Question: What are sinuses?

Answer: Sinuses: air-filled cavities (spaces) located in your forehead, cheekbones, and behind the bridge of your nose; the sinuses produce a thin mucus that drains out of the channels of the nose. When a sinus becomes inflamed -- usually as the result of an allergic reaction a tumor, or an infection -- the inflammation will prevent the outflow of mucus and cause a pain similar to that of a headache.


Question: What are narcotics?

Answer: Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot.


Question: What is monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

Answer: Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot.


Question: What are temporomanidbular joints?

Answer: Temporomandibular joints ( TMJ): the joints where the jaw attaches to the skull, just in front of the ears Tension-type headaches: the most common type of headaches among adults, thought to be caused by tightened muscles in the back of the neck and scalp; tension-type headaches are usually triggered by some type of environmental or internal stress.


Question: What is pharyngitis?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What is phonophobia?

Answer: Abortive medications: medications that are used to stop the headache process and prevent symptoms of migraines, including pain, nausea, sound and light sensitivity, etc.


Question: What is the definition of encephalitis?

Answer: Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain, usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection; encephalitis is a serious cause of headache.


Question: What is the definition of migraineur?

Answer: Migraineur: a person who has migraines Mixed headache syndrome: a combination of migraine and tension headaches Monoamine oxidase ( MAO) inhibitors: a class of drugs used to treat depression; they also help treat headaches.


Question: What is the definition of pseudotumor cerebri?

Answer: Pseudotumor cerebri: increased pressure within the head (intracranial) caused by buildup of excess fluid around the brain Raynaud's phenomena: abnormal sensitivity to cold, which is usually seen in the hands; signs include tingling, discomfort, decreased sensation, or color changes in the hands.


Question: What is the definition of ataxia?

Answer: Aspartame: an artificial sweetener that can cause a headache in some people Ataxia: impaired ability to coordinate movement; this symptom sometimes suggests a condition within the brain that may be causing headaches.


Question: What is the definition of head trauma?

Answer: Guided imagery: see mental imagery relaxation Headache: a general term that refers to a persistent or lasting pain in the head region Head trauma: a physical injury to the head; head trauma can sometimes lead to headaches.


Question: What is the definition of electroencephalogram?

Answer: Electroencephalogram ( EEG): a test in which the electrical signals of the brain are recorded; electrical activity detected by electrodes, or sensors, placed on a person's scalp are transmitted to a machine that records the activity.


Question: What are primary headaches?

Answer: Primary headaches: headaches that are not the result of another medical condition; these include migraine, tension, and cluster headaches.


Question: What is the trigeminal nerve?

Answer: Toxin: a poisonous substance Transformed migraines: coexisting migraine and tension-type headache; transformed migraines are chronic, daily headaches with a vascular quality Trauma: a physical injury Trigeminal nerve: the chief sensory nerve of the face Trigger: a factor that can set off a migraine in people who are predisposed to migraines; some common triggers include emotional stress, sensitivity to specific chemicals and preservatives in foods, caffeine, changing weather conditions, changes in female hormones, tension, excessive fatigue, skipped meals, or changes in normal sleep patterns.


Question: What is the definition of otitis?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What is the definition of immune system?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory.


Question: What is the definition of sinus headaches?

Answer: Sinus headaches: headaches associated with a deep and constant pain in the cheekbones, forehead, or bridge of the nose; the pain often occurs with other symptoms, such as nasal drainage, facial swelling, fever, or feeling of "fullness" in the ears.


Question: What is the definition of aspartame?

Answer: Aspartame: an artificial sweetener that can cause a headache in some people Ataxia: impaired ability to coordinate movement; this symptom sometimes suggests a condition within the brain that may be causing headaches.


Question: What are Botox injections?

Answer: Botox injections: the botulinum toxin is a toxin produced by bacteria that causes temporary muscle paralysis; itis commonly used for cosmetic reasons, such as treating wrinkles. Botox has been FDA approved to prevent chronic migraine headache in adults. The agency defines chronic headache as having a migraine headache 15 or more days per month with headaches lasting four hours a day or longer. To treat chronic headache, Botox is given about every three months as multiple injections around the head and neck.


Question: What is the definition of electromyograp?

Answer: Electromyograph ( EMG): a test that measures the electrical activity in the muscles to determine the amount of muscle tension; small, flat metal sensors, called electrodes, are attached to the skin (usually on the forehead). The electrodes measure the electrical activity in the muscles directly underneath the electrodes and adjoining muscles. The electrical activity of the muscles will be measured and displayed as numbers or electrical waves on a screen that the person can view.


Question: What is the definition of tyramine?

Answer: Tumor: an abnormal mass of tissue that may be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) Tyramine: a substance found naturally in some foods, formed from the breakdown of protein as foods age; generally, the longer a high-protein food ages, the greater the tyramine content. Many aged cheeses, red wine, other alcoholic beverages, and some processed meats have been reported to be high in tyramine.


Question: What is the definition of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

Answer: Migraineur: a person who has migraines Mixed headache syndrome: a combination of migraine and tension headaches Monoamine oxidase ( MAO) inhibitors: a class of drugs used to treat depression; they also help treat headaches. People taking MAO inhibitors must be careful not to eat foods containing tyramine, as this can cause increased blood pressure.


Question: What is the definition of vasoconstriction?

Answer: Vasoconstriction: a narrowing or closing (constriction) of a blood vessel Vasodilation: a swelling or opening (dilation) of a blood vessel


Question: What is the definition of transformed migraines?

Answer: Toxin: a poisonous substance Transformed migraines: coexisting migraine and tension-type headache; transformed migraines are chronic, daily headaches with a vascular quality Trauma: a physical injury Trigeminal nerve: the chief sensory nerve of the face Trigger: a factor that can set off a migraine in people who are predisposed to migraines; some common triggers include emotional stress, sensitivity to specific chemicals and preservatives in foods, caffeine, changing weather conditions, changes in female hormones, tension, excessive fatigue, skipped meals, or changes in normal sleep patterns.


Question: What is the definition of lumbar puncture?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory. This diagnostic procedure is only done to rule out conditions that may be affecting the brain and spinal cord. This test is used only if the symptoms warrant it. It can cause a headache for a few hours afterward.


Question: What is an ophthalmology evaluation?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What are preventive medications?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What are abortive medications?

Answer: Abortive medications: medications that are used to stop the headache process and prevent symptoms of migraines, including pain, nausea, sound and light sensitivity, etc. ; they are most effective when used at the first sign of a migraine to stop the process which causes the headache pain.


Question: What is a bruit?

Answer: Bruit: (pronounced bru-ee) a noise heard by a health care provider through a stethoscope that may indicate the blockage of blood flow through an artery.


Question: What are antiemetics?

Answer: Antiemetics: a class of medications used to treat nausea and/or vomiting Antihistamine: a drug that counteracts the action of histamine, an agent in the body that causes itching and flushing of the skin such as in an allergic reaction Anti-inflammatory: a type of medication used to decrease inflammation; this type of medication is most commonly used to treat the inflammation of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, but can also be useful in reducing the pain of certain types of headaches.


Question: What are rebound headaches?

Answer: Rebound headaches: headache that occurs from over-using medications for headache pain; exceeding label instructions or your doctor's advice can cause you to "rebound" into another headache. This is especially dangerous when the drug contains caffeine, an ingredient included in many medications to speed up the reaction of the other ingredients.


Question: What is caffeine?

Answer: Caffeine: a stimulating ingredient found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola beverages; caffeine is also a common ingredient used in combination medications for relief of headaches.


Question: What is an antidepressant?

Answer: Antidepressant: a type of medication used primarily to treat depression; some of these medications have been useful in treating headaches, even when headaches aren't associated with depression.


Question: What is a barbiturate?

Answer: Barbiturate: a type of medication that causes sedation and relaxation; barbiturates may be found in combination abortive headache medications. If used more than two to three times per week, these medications can be habit-forming.


Question: What is acupuncture?

Answer: Abscess: a localized collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces usually due to an infection Acupuncture: an ancient Chinese system of health care that involves procedures to stimulate anatomical points of the body; the procedure usually is done with very fine, solid needles, but pressure, magnets, electrical stimulation and other techniques can be used. Acupuncture stimulates the body's ability to resist or overcome illnesses and conditions by correcting energy imbalances. Acupuncture also prompts the body to produce chemicals that decrease or eliminate painful sensations.


Question: What are decongestant medications?

Answer: Confusional migraine: migraine associated with a temporary period of confusion often initiated by a minor head injury Cyclic vomiting: uncontrolled vomiting that occurs repeatedly over a certain period of time Decongestant medications: drugs that can be used to relieve headaches associated with sinus infections; decongestants help relieve headache symptoms, because they constrict blood vessels that cause headache pain. However, decongestants should only be used as directed, as they can be habit-forming.


Question: What is the definition of neurology?

Answer: Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot.


Question: What is the definition of common migraine?

Answer: Common migraine: another term for migraine without aura Computed axial tomography ( CAT) scan: a diagnostic test in which X-rays and computers are used to produce an image of a cross-section of the body; a CT scan of the head may be recommended if you are getting daily or almost daily headaches.


Question: What is the definition of analgesic?

Answer: Analgesic: pain-relieving medication Analgesic-rebound headache: see Rebound headache Aneurysm: a weak part of an artery in the brain that may bulge outward and occasionally rupture and bleed, leading to a condition called a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which produces a severe headache and stiff neck, and can sometimes be fatal Anticonvulsant: a type of medication used to treat convulsive seizures, or epilepsy; some of these types of medications are also used to prevent headaches, even when the headaches aren't associated with seizures.


Question: What is the definition of nitrite?

Answer: Neurologist: a medical specialist with advanced training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles Neurology: the study of the nervous system Neuron: a nerve cell Neurotransmitter: a specialized chemical, produced in nerve cells, that permits the transmission of information between nerve cells Nitrite: a food additive that may trigger headaches in some people; nitrites are commonly found in processed meats, such as bacon, pepperoni, hot dogs, ham, sausage, luncheon meats, and deli-style meats and other cured or processed meats. Some heart medications contain nitrates.


Question: What is the definition of temporomandibular joints?

Answer: Temporomandibular joints ( TMJ): the joints where the jaw attaches to the skull, just in front of the ears Tension-type headaches: the most common type of headaches among adults, thought to be caused by tightened muscles in the back of the neck and scalp; tension-type headaches are usually triggered by some type of environmental or internal stress.


Question: What is the definition of caffeine?

Answer: Caffeine: a stimulating ingredient found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola beverages; caffeine is also a common ingredient used in combination medications for relief of headaches.


Question: What is the definition of antiemetics?

Answer: Antiemetics: a class of medications used to treat nausea and/or vomiting Antihistamine: a drug that counteracts the action of histamine, an agent in the body that causes itching and flushing of the skin such as in an allergic reaction Anti-inflammatory: a type of medication used to decrease inflammation; this type of medication is most commonly used to treat the inflammation of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, but can also be useful in reducing the pain of certain types of headaches.


Question: What is the definition of symptomatic relief medications?

Answer: Stress: your reaction to any change that requires you to adjust or respond Symptomatic relief medications: drugs used to relieve symptoms associated with headaches, including the pain of a headache or the nausea and vomiting associated with migraine; these may include simple analgesics, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, antiemetics, or sedatives.


Question: What is the definition of abscess?

Answer: Abscess: a localized collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces usually due to an infection Acupuncture: an ancient Chinese system of health care that involves procedures to stimulate anatomical points of the body; the procedure usually is done with very fine, solid needles, but pressure, magnets, electrical stimulation and other techniques can be used.


Question: What is the definition of paroxysmal vertigo?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What is the definition of chronic?

Answer: CAT scan: see computed axial tomography Chronic: ongoing or occurring over an extended period of time; a chronic headache occurs at least every other day or 15 days per month for at least six months.


Question: What is the definition of ophthalmoplegic migraine?

Answer: Recurrent ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: Pain around the eye, including paralysis in the muscles surrounding the eye; this is an emergency medical condition, as the symptoms can be caused by pressure on the nerves behind the eye. Other symptoms of recurrent ophthalmoplegic neuropathy include a droopy eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, or other vision changes.


Question: What is sinusitis?

Answer: Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses, the air-filled cavities on the face Spinal tap: see Lumbar puncture Status migrainosus: a rare and severe type of migraine that can last 72 hours or longer; the pain and nausea are so intense that people who have this type of headache must be hospitalized.


Question: What is vasodilation?

Answer: Vasoconstriction: a narrowing or closing (constriction) of a blood vessel Vasodilation: a swelling or opening (dilation) of a blood vessel


Question: What is otitis?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What is the definition of trigeminal nerve?

Answer: Toxin: a poisonous substance Transformed migraines: coexisting migraine and tension-type headache; transformed migraines are chronic, daily headaches with a vascular quality Trauma: a physical injury Trigeminal nerve: the chief sensory nerve of the face Trigger: a factor that can set off a migraine in people who are predisposed to migraines; some common triggers include emotional stress, sensitivity to specific chemicals and preservatives in foods, caffeine, changing weather conditions, changes in female hormones, tension, excessive fatigue, skipped meals, or changes in normal sleep patterns.


Question: What is the definition of nervous system?

Answer: Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot. It also receives information, much of which is sent to the brain. This information is analyzed and coordinated by the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the spinal cord and brain.


Question: What is the definition of headache?

Answer: Guided imagery: see mental imagery relaxation Headache: a general term that refers to a persistent or lasting pain in the head region Head trauma: a physical injury to the head; head trauma can sometimes lead to headaches.


Question: What is the definition of preventative medications?

Answer: Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis.


Question: What is the definition of barbiturate?

Answer: Barbiturate: a type of medication that causes sedation and relaxation; barbiturates may be found in combination abortive headache medications. If used more than two to three times per week, these medications can be habit-forming.


Question: What is the definition of Arnold-Chiari deformity?

Answer: Arnold- Chiari deformity: a congenital abnormality in which the back part of the brain (cerebellum) and brain stem protrude down into the spinal canal through the large hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes; it may be associated with many other defects, including a certain form of spina bifida, and can cause headaches.


Question: What is the definition of secondary headaches?

Answer: Retinal migraine: temporary, partial, or complete loss of vision in one eye, along with a dull ache behind the eye that may spread to the rest of the head Secondary headaches: headaches that are the result of another medical condition; these include sinus and allergy-related headaches, as well as headaches that result from a head injury, trauma, or more serious condition, such as a tumor.


Question: What is the definition of tension-type headaches?

Answer: Temporomandibular joints ( TMJ): the joints where the jaw attaches to the skull, just in front of the ears Tension-type headaches: the most common type of headaches among adults, thought to be caused by tightened muscles in the back of the neck and scalp; tension-type headaches are usually triggered by some type of environmental or internal stress.


Question: What is the definition of tumor?

Answer: Tumor: an abnormal mass of tissue that may be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) Tyramine: a substance found naturally in some foods, formed from the breakdown of protein as foods age; generally, the longer a high-protein food ages, the greater the tyramine content.


Question: What is arnold-chiari deformity?

Answer: Arnold- Chiari deformity: a congenital abnormality in which the back part of the brain (cerebellum) and brain stem protrude down into the spinal canal through the large hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes; it may be associated with many other defects, including a certain form of spina bifida, and can cause headaches.


Question: What is hydrocephalus?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory.


Question: What is an abscess?

Answer: Abscess: a localized collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces usually due to an infection Acupuncture: an ancient Chinese system of health care that involves procedures to stimulate anatomical points of the body; the procedure usually is done with very fine, solid needles, but pressure, magnets, electrical stimulation and other techniques can be used.


Question: What is abdominal migraine?

Answer: Abdominal migraine: a migraine, more common in children and adolescents, that is associated with cyclic vomiting (symptoms occur about once a month).


Question: What does acute mean?

Answer: Acute: sudden; occurs quickly and generally, without warning Acute headaches: headaches that occur suddenly for the first time with symptoms that subside after a relatively short period of time; they are usually due to an illness, infection, cold, or fever.


Question: What is chronic fatigue syndrome?

Answer: Chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS): a condition of incapacitating fatigue; it may be associated with migraines.


Question: What is an analgesic?

Answer: Analgesic: pain-relieving medication Analgesic-rebound headache: see Rebound headache Aneurysm: a weak part of an artery in the brain that may bulge outward and occasionally rupture and bleed, leading to a condition called a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which produces a severe headache and stiff neck, and can sometimes be fatal Anticonvulsant: a type of medication used to treat convulsive seizures, or epilepsy; some of these types of medications are also used to prevent headaches, even when the headaches aren't associated with seizures.


Question: What is the definition of inflammation?

Answer: Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory.


Question: What is the definition of food additives?

Answer: Epilepsy: a group of conditions marked by recurrent seizures over a prolonged period of time (with no identifiable short-term cause) Episodic: occurrences that come and go with or without a regular pattern Food additives: also called food preservatives; these are substances contained in certain foods that can trigger headaches. MSG, nitrates, or phenylethalamine are examples of food additives.


Question: What is the definition of sedative?

Answer: Sedative: medication that helps a person rest Seizures: an abnormal movement or behavior caused by unusual electrical activity in the brain Serotonin: a chemical messenger, called a neurotransmitter, which acts on blood vessels and pain control pathways in the brain; some medications which affect serotonin levels are used to prevent headaches.


Question: What is the definition of retinal migraine?

Answer: Retinal migraine: temporary, partial, or complete loss of vision in one eye, along with a dull ache behind the eye that may spread to the rest of the head Secondary headaches: headaches that are the result of another medical condition; these include sinus and allergy-related headaches, as well as headaches that result from a head injury, trauma, or more serious condition, such as a tumor.


Question: What is the definition of monosodium glutamate?

Answer: Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot.


Question: What is the definition of a migraine trigger?

Answer: Toxin: a poisonous substance Transformed migraines: coexisting migraine and tension-type headache; transformed migraines are chronic, daily headaches with a vascular quality Trauma: a physical injury Trigeminal nerve: the chief sensory nerve of the face Trigger: a factor that can set off a migraine in people who are predisposed to migraines; some common triggers include emotional stress, sensitivity to specific chemicals and preservatives in foods, caffeine, changing weather conditions, changes in female hormones, tension, excessive fatigue, skipped meals, or changes in normal sleep patterns.


Question: What is the definition of sinusitis?

Answer: Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses, the air-filled cavities on the face Spinal tap: see Lumbar puncture Status migrainosus: a rare and severe type of migraine that can last 72 hours or longer; the pain and nausea are so intense that people who have this type of headache must be hospitalized.


Question: What is the definition of serotonin?

Answer: Sedative: medication that helps a person rest Seizures: an abnormal movement or behavior caused by unusual electrical activity in the brain Serotonin: a chemical messenger, called a neurotransmitter, which acts on blood vessels and pain control pathways in the brain; some medications which affect serotonin levels are used to prevent headaches. Serotonin is also responsible for controlling mood, attention, sleep, and pain.


Question: What is the definition of mixed headache syndrome?

Answer: Migraineur: a person who has migraines Mixed headache syndrome: a combination of migraine and tension headaches Monoamine oxidase ( MAO) inhibitors: a class of drugs used to treat depression; they also help treat headaches.


Question: What is the definition of neuron?

Answer: Neurologist: a medical specialist with advanced training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles Neurology: the study of the nervous system Neuron: a nerve cell Neurotransmitter: a specialized chemical, produced in nerve cells, that permits the transmission of information between nerve cells Nitrite: a food additive that may trigger headaches in some people; nitrites are commonly found in processed meats, such as bacon, pepperoni, hot dogs, ham, sausage, luncheon meats, and deli-style meats and other cured or processed meats.


Question: What conditions can cause fainting?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Many different conditions can cause fainting. These include heart problems such as irregular heart beats, seizures, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), anemia (a deficiency in healthy oxygen carrying cells), and problems with how the nervous system (the body's system of nerves) regulates blood pressure. Some types of fainting seem to run in families.


Question: How common is fainting?

Answer: Fainting is a common problem, accounting for 3% of emergency room visits and 6% of hospital admissions. It can happen in otherwise healthy people. A person may feel faint and lightheaded (presyncope) or lose consciousness (syncope).


Question: What does fainting mean?

Answer: Fainting is a particular problem for the elderly who may suffer serious injuries from falls when they faint. Most episodes are very brief. In most cases, the individual who has fainted regains complete consciousness within just a few minutes. Fainting is a common problem, accounting for 3% of emergency room visits and 6% of hospital admissions. It can happen in otherwise healthy people.


Question: What is fainting?

Answer: Heart or blood vessel problems that interfere with blood flow to the brain.


Question: How can conditions that interfere with the parts of the nervous system cause fainting?

Answer: Conditions that interfere with the parts of the nervous system that regulate blood pressure and heart rate. These conditions include diabetes, alcoholism, malnutrition, and amyloidosis (in which waxy protein builds up in the tissues and organs). If you take certain high blood pressure drugs, which act on your blood vessels, you may be more likely to suffer from fainting. If you are dehydrated, which may affect the amount of blood in your body and, thus, your blood pressure, you may be more likely to faint.


Question: How can hyperventilation cause fainting?

Answer: If you become intensely anxious or panicked and breathe too quickly, you may feel faint from hyperventilation (taking in too much oxygen and getting rid of too much carbon dioxide too quickly).


Question: How can diseases of the autonomic nervous system cause fainting?

Answer: The following can cause fainting, too: Diseases of the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system problems include acute or subacute dysautonomia, chronic post-ganglionic autonomic insufficiency, and chronic pre-ganglionic autonomic insufficiency. Conditions that interfere with the parts of the nervous system that regulate blood pressure and heart rate.


Question: What are treatments for campylobacter infection?

Answer: Most people get over the infection without medicine or special treatments. You should drink lots of fluids while you have diarrhea. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, don't take anything to prevent vomiting and diarrhea. That's your body's way of getting rid of the infection. If your immune system is weak, your doctor might prescribe medicine to fight the infection.


Question: When can you go back to school or work if you have a campylobacter infection?

Answer: To help reduce the spread of campylobacteriosis, try to avoid school or work or any public places until your stool is firm. If you still have diarrhea, stay home and try to stay hydrated if possible. A relapse is possible, but not likely.


Question: How many people in the United States get campylobacter infection?

Answer: About 1.3 million people are infected in the United States every year, and that doesn't include the many people who never report their symptoms or become officially diagnosed.


Question: What common antibiotics are used to treat several types of infection including campylobacter infection?

Answer: Doctors will often first try levofloxacin ( Levaquin). If you can't take it for some other reasons, they may prescribe one of these common antibiotics that are used to treat several types of infections: Azithromycin ( Zithromax, Zmax) Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro, Cetraxal, Ciloxan) Usually, the infection clears up within 2 to 10 days.


Question: How is campylobacter infection diagnosed?

Answer: To make an official diagnosis, your doctor may ask for a stool sample, which will be sent to a lab. Someone at your doctor's office will give you a special container in which to collect the sample. It can take several days to get the results. In rare cases, a doctor may order a blood test, but these results take even longer -- up to 2 weeks.


Question: When should you see a doctor about campylobacter infection?

Answer: When you have a weakened immune system, the bacteria can cause a very serious infection of your bloodstream. Some of the symptoms to watch for include: Diarrhea for more than 2 days Signs of dehydration (dark pee, dry mouth and skin, dizziness) Severe pain in your gut or rectum Fever of 102 F or more Diarrhea and vomiting are common campylobacteriosis symptoms, but they can also be symptoms of many other illnesses.


Question: How can you prevent campylobacter infection?

Answer: The most effective way to avoid campylobacteriosis is to cook poultry to at least 165 F. The meat should be white, not pink. You should never eat chicken that looks undercooked. Keep uncooked meat and poultry away from other foods, such as vegetables, by using separate cutting boards, utensils, and cooking surfaces. Wash your hands after touching a pet or pet feces. Make sure your child or anyone with diarrhea washes his or her hands well.


Question: What causes campylobacter infection?

Answer: The bacteria usually live in the digestive systems of animals, including poultry and cattle. You should never eat chicken that looks undercooked.


Question: What are complications of campylobacter infection?

Answer: If left untreated, campylobacteriosis may lead to serious consequences for a very small number of people. One example is a gallbladder infection (cholecystitis). It's a disorder in which your immune system attacks nerves in your body.


Question: What are the types of immunotherapy drugs that are approved for metastatic lung cancer?

Answer: Nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) both block a protein called PD-1 that normally keeps your immune system from attacking healthy cells and allows it to seek and destroy cancer cells. In order to get the drug, your tumor must have a substance called PD-1. The drug won't work if it isn't there. Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq) and durvalumab ( Imfinzi) target PD- L1. These drugs are used if your cancer cells have certain genetic markers. You take all three of these drugs intravenously (through the veins) every 2 or 3 weeks.


Question: Can you use immunotherapy drugs together if you have lung cancer?

Answer: Immunotherapy Drugs Together Early results hint that combining two checkpoint inhibitors might be more effective than using just one. Doctors are also testing immunotherapy drugs for lung cancer that have been approved to treat other types, like melanoma. One of these drugs, ipilimumab ( Yervoy), is being tested in combination with nivolumab to see if they work better together than chemotherapy alone.


Question: Can you have immunotherapy with chemotherapy if you have lung cancer?

Answer: Immunotherapy With Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a standard treatment for advanced lung cancer. Different types of chemo can be used alone or with one another. Some studies have shown using a mix of chemotherapy and immunotherapy as a first strike against NSCLC to be a good approach. It helps your immune system find and destroy cancer cells.


Question: Can you treat metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?

Answer: This advanced form of the disease can also be harder to treat. But new medicines that work your immune system or target substances found on or in cancer cells have emerged in the last few years. Often they're a game changer for people with one type of the disease, metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC).


Question: Can you have immunotherapy with radiation if you have lung cancer?

Answer: Immunotherapy With Radiation Right now radiation is used mostly to ease metastatic lung cancer symptoms. Some doctors think that treating lung tumors with radiation first will spark an immune response and help immunotherapy drugs find and kill cancer cells. However, they need to do more research to figure out what types of tumors will respond best to this treatment and what doses to give and how often.


Question: What is targeted therapy for cancer?

Answer: Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which kills the cells, targeted therapy stops them from multiplying. But these drugs usually work only if there are certain changes, which your doctor will call mutations, in your genes.


Question: What targeted therapies treat metastatic lung cancer?

Answer: Targeted Therapies These treatments can be used alone or with chemotherapy to treat lung cancer: Afatinib ( Gilotrif), dacomitinib ( Vizimpro), erlotinib ( Tarceva), gefitinib ( Iressa), necitumumab ( Portrazza), and osimertinib ( Tagrisso) all target a lung cancer cell protein called EGFR. They work if you need treatment in addition to chemotherapy. Bevacizumab ( Avastin) and ramucirumab ( Cyramza) are used with chemotherapy. They stop tumor growth by cutting off the âfoodâ -- nutrients, blood supply, and oxygen -- needed for them to grow. Alectinib ( Alecensa), brigatinib ( Alunbrig), ceritinib ( Zykadia), crizotinib ( Xalkori), and lorlatinib ( Lorbrena) are used for cancers with a gene rearrangement called ALK.


Question: What might your treatment process look like if you have metastatic lung cancer?

Answer: If that drug doesn't work like she expects, she might try one or more additional therapies, either at the same time or later to try to achieve the best results. If chemotherapy can't do this, your doctor may try other methods.


Question: How serious is lung cancer usually?

Answer: If that drug doesn't work like she expects, she might try one or more additional therapies, either at the same time or later to try to achieve the best results. It helps your immune system find and destroy cancer cells.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose appendicitis?

Answer: These tests can help diagnose appendicitis: Examination of your abdomen to look for inflammation Urine (pee) test to rule out a urinary tract infection Rectal exam Blood test to see whether your body is fighting an infection CT scans Ultrasound Appendicitis is almost always treated as an emergency.


Question: What are other symptoms of appendicitis?

Answer: Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting soon after belly pain begins Swollen belly Fever of 99-102 degrees Can't pass gas Other less common symptoms of appendicitis include: Dull or sharp pain anywhere in your upper or lower belly, back, or rear end Painful or difficult peeing Vomiting before your belly pain starts Severe cramps Constipation or diarrhea with gas If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor right away.


Question: How common is appendicitis?

Answer: In the U. S., 1 in 20 people will get appendicitis at some point in their lives. Although it can strike at any age, appendicitis is rare in children younger than 2.


Question: When should you call your doctor after an appendectomy?

Answer: After an appendectomy, call your doctor if you have: Uncontrolled vomiting Increased belly pain Dizziness/feelings of faintness Blood in your vomit or pee Increased pain and redness where your doctor cut into your belly Fever Pus in the wound Left untreated, an inflamed appendix will burst, spilling bacteria and debris into the abdominal cavity, the central part of your body that holds your liver, stomach, and intestines.


Question: How is appendicitis treated?

Answer: Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix. Generally, if your doctor suspects that you have appendicitis, they will quickly remove it to avoid a rupture. If you have an abscess, you may get two procedures: one to drain the abscess of pus and fluid, and a later one to take out the appendix. But some research shows that treating acute appendicitis with antibiotics may help you avoid surgery.


Question: How is appendicitis diagnosed?

Answer: Symptoms are often unclear or similar to those of other illnesses, including gallbladder problems, bladder or urinary tract infection, Crohn's disease, gastritis, kidney stones, intestinal infection, and ovary problems. It can be deadly unless it is treated quickly with strong antibiotics.


Question: What happens if you have appendicitis?

Answer: Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called an appendectomy, is the standard treatment for almost all cases of appendicitis. Sometimes, an abscess forms outside an inflamed appendix. Scar tissue then "walls off" the appendix from the rest of your organs. But an abscessed appendix can tear and lead to peritonitis.


Question: What should you expect from an appendectomy?

Answer: Before your appendix is taken out, you'll take antibiotics to fight infection. You'll usually get general anesthesia, meaning you'll be asleep for the procedure. If you have peritonitis, the surgeon will also clean out your belly and drain the pus. You can get up and move around within 12 hours after surgery. You should be able to go back to your normal routine in 2 to 3 weeks. If you had a laparoscopy, recovery is faster.


Question: How can I soothe a teething baby?

Answer: Try a cold pacifier, spoon, clean wet washcloth, or a solid (not liquid) refrigerated teething toy or ring. Some experts say frozen teething toys are too cold and may hurt your baby's mouth. A hard, unsweetened teething cracker can be comforting. If your baby is older than 6-9 months, you can offer cool water from a sippy cup, too. You can also massage her gums by gently rubbing them with your clean finger. If you're nursing your baby, try dipping your fingers in cool water and massaging her gums before each feeding. That may keep her from biting your nipple while nursing.


Question: What are the symptoms of HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: Other symptoms of HER2-positive breast cancer may include: Breast swelling A change in its shape Skin irritation or dimpling Pain in the breast or nipple Redness or thickness of the nipple or breast skin Discharge from the nipple (not breast milk) You may have noticed a difference in your breasts during a self-exam. Or you may have had a mammogram that showed a growth.


Question: How are the SPOT-light HER2 CISH and the Inform HER2 Dual ISH tests used to diagnosed HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: The SPOT- Light HER2 CISH and the Inform HER2 Dual ISH tests use stains that color HER2 genes in a tissue sample so they can be counted under a microscope.


Question: What causes HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: Doctors don't know the exact causes of breast cancer. Experts think it may be a combination of things, including your genes, environment, and lifestyle. You can't inherit a bad copy of the HER2 gene from a parent, and you won't pass it on to your children.


Question: How is the IHC test used to diagnose HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: She'll probably give you one or more of these tests: The IHC test uses certain antibodies that identify the HER2 protein in a sample of breast cancer tissue. If there is a lot of it, the cells change color in the sample.


Question: Where can you get support for HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: But new treatments like chemotherapy plus trastuzumab have boosted survival rates: 7-year disease-free: Around 93% 10-year disease-free: About 70%-75% Overall: 80%-85% The American Cancer Society is a good starting place to find the support you and your family may need throughout your treatment and afterward. You may want to join a support group. That's a good way to meet people who know what you're going through, because they've been through it, too. Let your family and friends know how you're feeling. Tell them what they can do to help you. They may want to help but don't know what to do. Also, consider talking with a counselor. That could help you handle the emotions that can come with having cancer.


Question: When might you need other tests to diagnose HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: Sometimes the results of a single test aren't clear. If that happens, your doctor may order another type.


Question: How is HER2-positive breast cancer diagnosed?

Answer: She'll probably give you one or more of these tests: The IHC test uses certain antibodies that identify the HER2 protein in a sample of breast cancer tissue. Because your breast cancer is HER2-positive, your doctor will treat it a special way.


Question: What is the treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: As a result, your breast cells grow and divide uncontrollably. About 1 of 5 of breast cancers are HER2-positive. How will the treatment make me feel? What if my cancer doesn't respond to the treatment? Because your breast cancer is HER2-positive, your doctor will treat it a special way. Targeted therapy: Doctors usually start HER2 treatment with special drugs called targeted therapies. It lowers the chances that your disease will come back.


Question: What should you expect if you have HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: There are two main types: Drugs that block estrogen receptors: Tamoxifen ( Nolvadex, Soltamox), toremifene ( Fareston), fulvestrant ( Faslodex) Drugs that lower estrogen levels (aromatase inhibitors, or AIs): Anastrozole ( Arimidex) Exemestane ( Aromasin) Letrozole ( Femara) Clinical trial: Ask your doctor if a clinical trial is a good option for you. These are studies that test treatments that aren't yet available to everyone to see how well they work and how safe they are. Many women do well with targeted treatments. Breast cancer of any kind is easier to treat when it's diagnosed early. If your disease spreads or comes back, there are still ways to treat it.


Question: What can help you while getting treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: How will the treatment make me feel? Radiation: You could get this treatment after surgery to lower the chances your cancer will return, or if your cancer has spread to other body parts. Exercise can help you feel better, but only when you're up for it. Stay nourished. If you don't have much of an appetite, eat smaller meals every few hours, rather than three big meals. That could help you handle the emotions that can come with having cancer.


Question: What is HER2-positive breast cancer?

Answer: HER2-positive breast cancer is a type of breast cancer in which breast cancer cells test positive for a protein receptor called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. About 1 of 5 of breast cancers are HER2-positive. While HER2 is more aggressive than other types of breast tumors, there are treatments that can help. You'll work with your doctor to review the treatment options and come up with a plan that's best for you. Doctors don't know the exact causes of breast cancer.


Question: Who is most likely to get breast cancer?

Answer: In the U. S., white and African- American women are more likely to get it than Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islander, and Native American women.


Question: What is the link between breast cancer and hormones?

Answer: A woman with dense breasts is 1.5 to 2 times more likely to get breast cancer. The more estrogen your body has made over time, the higher your risk. Alcohol is linked to breast cancer.


Question: Who is at a greater risk for breast cancer?

Answer: The risk goes up for women with certain types of benign breast lumps and for women who have had ovarian cancer. In about half of the cases, the woman has no known risk factors. Having a mother, sister, or daughter ("first-degree" relative) with breast cancer puts a woman at higher risk. Carriers of alterations in either of two genes, called BRCA1 or BRCA2, are at higher risk. There's a 69% chance that a woman with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene will get breast cancer by that age.


Question: What is the link between diet and breast cancer?

Answer: From 50 to 60, that goes up to 1 in 42. In the U. S., white and African- American women are more likely to get it than Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islander, and Native American women. Alcohol is linked to breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who drink one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who are moderate drinkers (2 to 3 drinks a day) have about a 20% higher risk.


Question: What are symptoms of colon and rectal cancer?

Answer: Both colon and rectal cancer are likely to cause many of the same symptoms, including: Stomach or gas pains Constipation or diarrhea Black, dark, or red colored stools, which can all indicate blood Feeling weak or tired Doctors also use the same approach to diagnose both types of colorectal cancer.


Question: What are treatments for colon cancer?

Answer: Your doctor will call this operation a partial colectomy. Most often, doctors can reconnect the separated sections of the colon after the surgery and you'll have normal bowel movements again. But sometimes, that can't happen. In those cases, you'll have an operation called a colostomy. Your surgeon will connect the colon to a hole in your abdomen, called an ostomy. You'll have a bag that attaches to the ostomy to collect bowel movements. If your colon cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or affects a thick section of the colon, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. For rectal cancer, surgery is the main treatment if doctors can completely remove your tumor.


Question: What is the difference between colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers?

Answer: If you or someone you're close to has it, you'll want to know what they have in common and how they differ. That will affect your treatment options and what you can expect -- or as doctors say, your prognosis. Both colon and rectal cancer affect the large intestine, which is the lowest part of the digestive system. Colon cancer can start anywhere in the colon, which is about 5 feet long and absorbs water from stool. Rectal cancer starts in the rectum, which is the last 12 centimeters (nearly 5 inches) of the colon. It's where the body stores stools until you have a bowel movement. Both colon and rectal cancer are likely to cause many of the same symptoms, including: Stomach or gas pains Constipation or diarrhea Black, dark, or red colored stools, which can all indicate blood Feeling weak or tired Doctors also use the same approach to diagnose both types of colorectal cancer.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose colon and rectal cancer?

Answer: You've probably heard of âcolorectal cancer,â but colon cancer and rectal cancer aren't the same. Both colon and rectal cancer are likely to cause many of the same symptoms, including: Stomach or gas pains Constipation or diarrhea Black, dark, or red colored stools, which can all indicate blood Feeling weak or tired Doctors also use the same approach to diagnose both types of colorectal cancer. You'll likely get a colonoscopy. Many people have small growths in the colon, called polyps, which aren't cancerous but may need to come out before they become a problem.


Question: What are the symtoms of irritant contact dermatitis?

Answer: Typical irritant contact dermatitis symptoms include: Dry, cracked skin Mild skin swelling Blisters or painful ulcers on the skin Stiff, tight-feeling skin This less common form is a true allergic reaction.


Question: What is photoallergic contact dermatitis?

Answer: This type happens only after the skin touches certain substances and then comes in contact with sunlight. These substances may include: Lime juice Sunscreens Aftershave lotions Antibiotics and some perfumes If you suspect that a certain product or substance is causing your dermatitis, avoid it and watch whether your rash improves.


Question: Can household products cause irritant dermatitis?

Answer: Also, if you do a lot of housework that exposes your skin to cleaning products, ranging from detergents to waxes, you can wear down your skin's protective barrier enough to develop irritant dermatitis.


Question: What are common substances that can trigger irritant contact dermatitis?

Answer: Some with sensitive skin can develop irritation from even mild soaps and detergents that they use frequently.


Question: What are common triggers of allergic contact dermatitis?

Answer: Common sources of allergic contact dermatitis include: Fragrances Preservatives Cosmetics Poison ivy Topical antibiotics Rubber or latex Metals in jewelry, such as nickel Some people are also allergic to over-the-counter topical triple-antibiotic ointments. All told, thousands of substances can cause allergic dermatitis.


Question: How can I find out if something triggers an allergic reaction?

Answer: These substances may include: Lime juice Sunscreens Aftershave lotions Antibiotics and some perfumes If you suspect that a certain product or substance is causing your dermatitis, avoid it and watch whether your rash improves.


Question: Can contact dermatitis go away?

Answer: To relieve itching, contact dermatitis is commonly treated with: Oral or topical steroids Oral antihistamines Skin emollients Oatmeal baths Once you're no longer exposed to the irritant or allergen, redness usually vanishes after a week. But itching, scaling, and temporary skin thickening may go on for days or weeks.


Question: What are symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis?

Answer: Symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis include: Reddened skin Darkened, leathery, cracked skin Dry, scaly patches of skin Burning or intense itching Blisters that ooze Hives Sun sensitivity Swelling in the eyes, face or genital area In addition, some people get a form called photoallergic contact dermatitis.


Question: What tests will your doctor do to figure out the source my skin irritation?

Answer: In fact, people can be exposed to a substance for long periods, even years, before developing an allergy. But your doctor may do patch testing to see if you're sensitive to various types of allergens that are known to cause dermatitis. Small patches of these substances are placed on your skin for one to two days so that your doctor can check if a rash develops.


Question: What should you do if you can't figure out the source of skin irritation?

Answer: He or she will quiz you about your job, household chores, hobbies, drug and cosmetics use, and other factors in order to gain clues about the root of the problem. If no irritation occurs in that spot after a week, you can try using the product.


Question: Are there things I can do to keep from getting contact dermatitis?

Answer: Some with sensitive skin can develop irritation from even mild soaps and detergents that they use frequently. For example: Once you've identified an offending substance, avoid it. If your skin makes contact, wash the substance off right away with soap and water. If you have sensitive facial skin, consider using gentle, soap-free, liquid cleansers. Or use a moisturizing soap that's free of fragrance and dyes. Don't scrub your face vigorously with a rough washcloth or buff puff. Instead, cleanse gently and pat dry. Avoid deodorant or antibacterial soaps. Choose moisturizers, sunscreens, and cosmetics that are fragrance-free and don't contain acids or botanical ingredients.


Question: What is irritant contact dermatitis?

Answer: This skin reaction tends to be more painful than itchy. When a person who has become sensitized to an allergen becomes exposed by touching the substance, symptoms, such as itching and skin inflammation, are often delayed.


Question: How can magnetic resonance arteriography (MRA) help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?

Answer: Magnetic resonance arteriography ( MRA): This test provides images of blood vessels to show where they may be blocked. In general, this is used to look at larger arteries (those of the neck or other parts of the body) rather than the small arteries supplying blood to the heart.


Question: What high blood pressure drugs can help with treating atherosclerosis?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe drugs to reduce high blood pressure and the risk of atherosclerosis. High blood pressure drugs include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and/or alpha blockers.


Question: What is the treatment for atherosclerosis?

Answer: In general, the treatment for atherosclerosis includes making changes to diet, increasing exercise, and often using medications to reduce blood cholesterol levels. Other treatments may include angioplasty and stenting for severe blockages. In some cases, open heart (bypass) surgery may even be required.


Question: How can carotid ultrasound help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?

Answer: Carotid ultrasound: This test uses ultrasound waves to provide pictures of blood flow in the arteries of the neck. Because atherosclerosis affects arteries in general, detecting blockages in the neck arteries suggests that it is highly likely that blockages are present in other parts of the circulatory system (including the coronary arteries).


Question: How can cardiac catheterization help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?

Answer: Cardiac catheterization: During this procedure, a catheter -- a small flexible tube -- is inserted into an artery and guided up to the coronary arteries, at which point dye is injected through the tube and observed as it flows inside those arteries. This allows the doctor an opportunity to directly locate and measure any blockages in the coronary arteries. During a cardiac catheterization, a cardiologist may also be able to open up any clogged arteries detected with a procedure called an angioplasty.


Question: How can computed tomography (CT) scan help in the diagnosis of atherosclerosis?

Answer: Computed tomography ( CT) scan: An X-ray and a computer are used to construct a cross-sectional image of the heart. This can provide information about the presence of calcium in heart arteries (an indication of underlying atherosclerosis). Some CT scanners are also able to provide much more detailed pictures of the heart arteries, yielding information similar to that obtained from a coronary angiogram.


Question: How is atherosclerosis related to high blood pressure?

Answer: Over time, this extra pressure can damage the arteries, making them more vulnerable to the narrowing and plaque buildup associated with atherosclerosis. The narrowed artery limits or blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscle, depriving the heart of oxygen. Your doctor may prescribe drugs to reduce high blood pressure and the risk of atherosclerosis.


Question: What conditions are associated with acquired ichthyosis?

Answer: People with the acquired form often have other conditions, such as: Underactive thyroid gland Kidney disease Sarcoidosis, a rare disease that causes patches of inflammation inside the body Cancer such as Hodgkin lymphoma HIV infection Some medicines might also trigger the condition: Cancer drugs such as hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), protease inhibitors (a class of drugs used to treat HIV infections), and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf).


Question: What are complications of ichthyosis in men?

Answer: Men with ichthyosis are also at increased risk for: Testicular cancer Undescended or hidden testicles Low sperm count Other complications include: Vision loss from damage to the cornea (the clear layer in the front of the eye) Brain and nervous system problems Sometimes it's so mild that it looks like regular dry skin.


Question: When do symptoms of inherited ichthyosis show up?

Answer: Nicotinic acid, which is used to treat high cholesterol In the inherited forms, symptoms appear at birth or in the first few months of life.


Question: Where do ichthyosis scales form?

Answer: The scales form on only some parts of the body, such as the: Trunk Stomach Buttocks Legs Face and scalp The scales can be white, gray, or dark brown. They might have thick or thin cracks running through them. Dryness and scaling get worse in cold, dry weather. They usually improve in warmer weather.


Question: What is inherited ichthyosis?

Answer: Inherited ichthyosis: This is caused by mutations, or changes, to genes. Genes are the codes that tell your body to make proteins, which determine how your body looks and functions. Ichthyosis gene mutations affect that proteins that protect your skin and keep it moist. They also affect how quickly skin cells multiply or are shed. Parents pass these genes to their children. Sometimes children whose parents don't have ichthyosis get the disease before birth.


Question: What is acquired ichthyosis?

Answer: Acquired ichthyosis: This starts in adulthood. Doctors don't know what causes it.


Question: What medicines might trigger acquired ichthyosis?

Answer: People with the acquired form often have other conditions, such as: Underactive thyroid gland Kidney disease Sarcoidosis, a rare disease that causes patches of inflammation inside the body Cancer such as Hodgkin lymphoma HIV infection Some medicines might also trigger the condition: Cancer drugs such as hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea), protease inhibitors (a class of drugs used to treat HIV infections), and vemurafenib ( Zelboraf).


Question: Besides scales, what are some other signs of ichthyosis?

Answer: Other signs of ichthyosis are: Skin redness Blisters Peeling Itchiness Pain Lines on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet Tight skin that makes it hard to move Many people with ichthyosis also have eczema, a red, itchy rash.


Question: What are least rare types of ichthyosis?

Answer: Some types only cause dry and scaly skin. Others cause problems inside the body, too. Most forms of the disease are very rare. The two least rare types are: Ichthyosis vulgaris. It affects about 1 out of every 250 people. X-linked recessive ichthyosis. It affects about 1 out of 6,000 people, but only males.


Question: Besides scaling, what are other complications of ichthyosis?

Answer: Men with ichthyosis are also at increased risk for: Testicular cancer Undescended or hidden testicles Low sperm count Other complications include: Vision loss from damage to the cornea (the clear layer in the front of the eye) Brain and nervous system problems Sometimes it's so mild that it looks like regular dry skin.


Question: Besides moisturizing creams, lotions, and ointments, what things can help manage ichthyosis?

Answer: Rub your skin with a pumice stone. Remove dead skin with a product that contains salicylic acid, glycolic acid, or lactic acid.


Question: What are treatments for ichthyosis?

Answer: It can't be cured, but treatments can help you manage dry and scaly skin. Rub cream, lotion, or ointment onto your skin every day to add moisture. Look for rich creams that have any of these ingredients: lanolin, alpha hydroxy acids, urea, or propylene glycol. Products with ceramides or cholesterol also keep skin moist. Apply the lotion right after you step out of the shower or bath, when your skin is still damp. This will help hold in moisture.


Question: If you have ichthyosis, what are some complications of scaling?

Answer: Scaling can lead to complications such as: Infections Dehydration Blocked sweat glands, which can lead to overheating Slow hair growth from scales on the scalp Burning more calories, because the skin has to work harder to turn over cells Ichthyosis can cause emotional issues, too. The scales can affect the way you look. People with this condition sometimes feel depressed and have low self-esteem. If you feel depressed or have low self-esteem, talk to a therapist or other mental health experts.


Question: How do chemotherapy drugs lead to hair loss?

Answer: Many different types of drugs are thought to cause hair loss, including: Acne medications containing vitamin A (retinoids) Antibiotics and antifungal drugs Antidepressants Birth control pills Anticlotting drugs Cholesterol-lowering drugs Drugs that suppress the immune system Drugs that treat breast cancer and other cancers Epilepsy drugs (anticonvulsants) High blood pressure medications (anti-hypertensives), such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics Hormone replacement therapy Mood stabilizers Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Parkinson's disease drugs Steroids Thyroid medications Weight loss drugs Chemotherapy drugs often lead to the anagen effluvium type of hair loss. As these drugs kill cancer cells throughout the body, they also can damage healthy cells, including hair matrix cells. The hair typically starts to fall out within two weeks of starting chemotherapy and progresses more rapidly after one to two months, according to the American Cancer Society. Hair loss is more common and severe in patients taking combinations of chemotherapy drugs than in those who take just one drug. Chemotherapy drugs that tend to cause hair loss include: adriamycin cyclophosphamide dactinomycin daunorubicin docetaxel doxorubicin etoposide fluorouracil ifosfamide irinotecan methotrexate nitrosureas paclitaxel tamoxifen topotecan vinorelbine It's important to review any medications you take, and discuss their potential side effects with your doctor and pharmacist.


Question: How do drugs cause hair loss?

Answer: During the anagen phase, which lasts for two to six years, the hair grows. During the telogen phase, which lasts about three months, the hair rests. At the end of the telogen phase, the hair falls out and is replaced by new hair. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Medications can lead to two types of hair loss: telogen effluvium and anagen effluvium. Telogen effluvium is the most common form of drug-induced hair loss. It usually appears within 2 to 4 months after taking the drug. This condition causes the hair follicles to go into their resting phase (telogen) and fall out too early. People with telogen effluvium usually shed between 30% to 70% more than the normal 100 and 150 hairs a day. Anagen effluvium is hair loss that occurs during the anagen phase of the hair cycle, when the hairs are actively growing. It prevents the matrix cells, which produce new hairs, from dividing normally. This type of hair loss usually occurs within a few days to weeks after taking the medication. It's most common in people who are taking chemotherapy drugs for cancer and is often severe, causing people to lose most or all of the hair on their head, as well as their eyebrows, eyelashes, and other body hairs. The severity of drug-induced hair loss depends on the type of drug and dosage, as well as your sensitivity to that drug.


Question: Do certain foods cause eczema?

Answer: The common offenders are: Milk Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts Wheat Fish Shellfish Soy While trigger foods can make eczema worse, experts don't think they're really the original cause. Instead, it seems to result from "leakiness" in the outer layer of skin that lets in irritants, germs, and allergens.


Question: What can you do to avoid food triggers of eczema?

Answer: Be methodical. Only eliminate one food at a time. If you ban dairy and gluten at the same time and symptoms get better, you won't know which one made the difference. Use a food diary to keep track of what you get rid of, and the changes that brings. Move slowly. A positive skin test isn't reason enough to cut out a food. Lots of kids test positive for foods that don't really cause symptoms. Plus, if you get rid of too many foods, you could cut out nutrients your child needs to grow and develop. So for his sake and yours, be sure before you take a food from your child's diet permanently. Work with your doctor. Keep using other treatments. Even if you find a trigger food, getting rid of it may not make the rash disappear. Stick with the other things your doctor recommends -- like skin ointments, lotions, and medicines. Continue to steer clear other allergens like dust mites, pollen, or pet dander, too.


Question: Which foods trigger eczema?

Answer: The common offenders are: Milk Eggs Peanuts Tree nuts Wheat Fish Shellfish Soy While trigger foods can make eczema worse, experts don't think they're really the original cause. Instead, it seems to result from "leakiness" in the outer layer of skin that lets in irritants, germs, and allergens. Some are obvious.


Question: Can food cause eczema flare-ups in children?

Answer: Up to 1 in 3 kids with eczema has a food allergy that could make symptoms worse. If you remove some choices, it could make a big difference.


Question: How can food trigger eczema?

Answer: Symptoms -- like swelling -- are side effects of your body's defenses. Eczema doesn't seem to be an allergic condition, but reactions from food can make it worse in some kids. It's more likely in babies and young children. Remember, 2 out of 3 kids with eczema don't have a food allergy at all.