Question: What are more common causes of hypokalemia (low levels of potassium in the blood)?

Answer: If you have hypokalemia, that means you have low levels of potassium in your blood. It may be because too much potassium is leaving through your digestive tract. It's usually a symptom of another problem. Most commonly, you get hypokalemia when: You vomit a lot You have diarrhea Your kidneys or adrenal glands don't work well You take medication that makes you pee (water pills or diuretics) It's possible, but rare, to get hypokalemia from having too little potassium in your diet.


Question: What are symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer: If your problem is temporary, or you're only slightly hypokalemic, you might not feel any symptoms. Once your potassium levels fall below a certain level, you might experience: Weakness Fatigue Muscle cramps or twitching Constipation Arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythms) Hypokalemia can affect your kidneys. You may have to go to the bathroom more often. You may also feel thirsty. In some cases it's necessary to get your potassium injected by IV.


Question: When should  you call the doctor about problems after you have a hysteroscopy?

Answer: Just like any medical procedure, you could have some complications from a hysteroscopy, including: Problems from the anesthesia Infection Tearing or damage to your cervix, though this is rare Problems with gas or fluid from the uterus Damage to nearby organs like the bladder, bowel, or ovaries Pelvic inflammatory disease If you experience symptoms like a fever, severe abdominal pain, or heavy bleeding after the procedure, call your doctor immediately or go to the emergency room.


Question: How is a hysteroscopy done?

Answer: A hysteroscopy can either be in a hospital or at your doctor's office. You can be either awake or under general anesthesia during the procedure. If you're awake, your doctor will give you medicine to help you relax. She'll also use medication or tools called dilators to help open your cervix. She'll likely use a tool called a speculum to keep your vagina open. If you've ever had a Pap smear, your doctor has probably used one during that procedure, too. Next, she'll gently insert the hysteroscope through the cervix into your uterus. Then she'll push gas or a liquid-like saline through the hysteroscope into your uterus to expand it. This will give her a clear view of its lining and the opening of your fallopian tubes through the hysteroscope.


Question: What will happen during a hysteroscopy?

Answer: During a hysteroscopy, your doctor inserts a hysteroscope -- a thin tube with light on the end -- into your vagina. She'll be able to see into your cervix and inside your uterus. If she finds anything abnormal, she can take a sample for later testing.


Question: When do you get hysteroscopy?

Answer: If you're awake, your doctor will give you medicine to help you relax. This will give her a clear view of its lining and the opening of your fallopian tubes through the hysteroscope.


Question: What are the symptoms of a corneal ulcer?

Answer: Red eye Severe pain Feeling that something is in your eye Tears Pus or thick discharge draining from your eye Blurry vision Pain when looking at bright lights Swollen eyelids A white round spot on the cornea that is visible with the naked eye if the ulcer is very large Change in vision Severe pain Feeling that there is something in your eye Obvious discharge draining from your eye History of scratches to the eye or exposure to chemicals or flying particles Because corneal ulcers are a serious problem, you should see your ophthalmologist (a medical doctor who specializes in eye care and surgery).


Question: Is surgery done for corneal ulcers?

Answer: If the ulcer cannot be controlled with medications or if it threatens to perforate the cornea, you may require an emergency surgical procedure known as corneal transplant.


Question: What is a corneal ulcer?

Answer: Scratches on the edge of your contact lens can scrape the cornea's surface and make it more open to bacterial infections.


Question: What is the outlook for people with a corneal ulcer?

Answer: Discard and replace the contact lenses at the interval specified by your doctor A corneal ulcer is a true emergency. Without treatment, the ulcer can spread to the rest of your eyeball, and you can become partially or completely blind in a very short period of time. Your cornea may also perforate, or you could develop scarring, cataracts, or glaucoma. With the proper treatment, corneal ulcers should improve within 2-3 weeks. If scars from previous corneal ulcers impair vision, a corneal transplant may be needed to restore normal vision.


Question: When should you seek medical care for a  corneal ulcer?

Answer: Red eye Severe pain Feeling that something is in your eye Tears Pus or thick discharge draining from your eye Blurry vision Pain when looking at bright lights Swollen eyelids A white round spot on the cornea that is visible with the naked eye if the ulcer is very large Change in vision Severe pain Feeling that there is something in your eye Obvious discharge draining from your eye History of scratches to the eye or exposure to chemicals or flying particles Because corneal ulcers are a serious problem, you should see your ophthalmologist (a medical doctor who specializes in eye care and surgery).


Question: How can contact lenses damage your cornea?

Answer: Contact lenses can damage your cornea in many ways. Scratches on the edge of your contact lens can scrape the cornea's surface and make it more open to bacterial infections. Similarly, tiny particles of dirt trapped underneath the contact lens can scratch the cornea. Bacteria may be on the lens or in your cleaning solutions and, thus, get trapped on the undersurface of the lens. If your lenses are left in your eyes for long periods of time, these bacteria can multiply and cause damage to the cornea. Wearing lenses for extended periods of time can also block oxygen to the cornea, making it more susceptible to infections.


Question: What causes corneal ulcers?

Answer: Viral infections are also possible causes of corneal ulcers. Tiny tears to the cornea may also cause corneal ulcers. These tears can come from direct trauma; scratches; or particles, such as sand, glass, or small pieces of steel. Disorders that cause dry eyes can leave your eye without the germ-fighting protection of tears and cause ulcers. Disorders that affect the eyelid and prevent your eye from closing completely, such as Bell's palsy, can dry your cornea and make it more vulnerable to ulcers. Chemical burns or other caustic (damaging) solution splashes can injure the cornea.


Question: What medications are used to treat corneal ulcers?

Answer: Bacterial infections cause corneal ulcers and are common in people who wear contact lenses. Pain can also be controlled with special eyedrops that keep your pupil dilated. If the ulcer cannot be controlled with medications or if it threatens to perforate the cornea, you may require an emergency surgical procedure known as corneal transplant. If you do not need hospitalization, your ophthalmologist will prescribe eyedrops and pain medications for you to take regularly at home.


Question: What happens during a viral culture test for herpes?

Answer: For this test, your doctor scrapes or swabs one of your sores to take a sample. A lab then checks the sample for the herpes virus. It can take up to 7 days to get your results. This test is best used within 48 hours of when you first see symptoms. After that time, the level of herpes virus starts to drop. That means there's a higher chance the test could say you don't have herpes when you really do.


Question: What results should I expect from a herpes test?

Answer: You get genital herpes by having sex -- vaginal, oral, or anal -- with someone who already has it. A ânegativeâ viral culture or PCR result could mean you don't have genital herpes. You don't need to do anything to prepare for these tests. A small amount of blood is sent to a lab that then checks it for herpes âantibodies.â Those are something your body makes to fight the virus. You might get a blood test if you think you have been exposed but you don't have any symptoms.


Question: What are tests that a doctor administers to check for herpes?

Answer: You get genital herpes by having sex -- vaginal, oral, or anal -- with someone who already has it. To check for herpes, your doctor usually does a physical exam and then likely orders one of these tests: Viral culture Polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) test Blood test If you get a âpositiveâ result from the viral culture or PCR tests, it likely means you have herpes.


Question: What happens during a blood test for herpes?

Answer: For this test, your doctor scrapes or swabs one of your sores to take a sample. A lab then checks the sample for the herpes virus. You might get a blood test if you think you have been exposed but you don't have any symptoms. Labs may use different types of blood tests. With some you can get results the same day, but others may take up to 3 weeks.


Question: What is a genital herpes, and how do I get infected with it?

Answer: Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease. It's caused by two different viruses called herpes simplex type 1 ( HSV-1) and herpes simplex type 2 ( HSV-2). You get genital herpes by having sex -- vaginal, oral, or anal -- with someone who already has it. Talk to your doctor about getting tested. You might get a blood test if you think you have been exposed but you don't have any symptoms.


Question: What are the signs and symptoms of genital herpes?

Answer: You get genital herpes by having sex -- vaginal, oral, or anal -- with someone who already has it. If symptoms do show up, you might first feel tingling or burning near your genitals. You might then get blisters around your genitals, anus, thighs, or buttocks. They usually won't leave any scars. You might get a blood test if you think you have been exposed but you don't have any symptoms. With some you can get results the same day, but others may take up to 3 weeks.


Question: What happens during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for herpes?

Answer: For this test, your doctor scrapes or swabs one of your sores to take a sample. A lab then checks the sample for the herpes virus. This test is best used within 48 hours of when you first see symptoms. You're more likely to get this test if you have symptoms but it's been longer than 48 hours since they showed up.


Question: Should I take my genital herpes during pregnancy?

Answer: Women taking antiviral drugs for herpes -- either daily suppressive therapy or occasional therapy for outbreaks -- should consult their doctor about whether to take the drugs during pregnancy. The answer is not set in stone: You and your doctor have to discuss the risks and benefits to decide what's right for you.


Question: How can genital herpes be avoided while pregnant?

Answer: Pregnant women with genital herpes should be careful -- but not overly worried -- about passing the virus on to the baby. Unless you know for sure that your partner is herpes free, avoid sex altogether during the third trimester. If your partner gets cold sores (oral herpes), he or she should not perform oral sex on you during this time. Some doctors think all women should be tested for herpes when they get pregnant, especially if their sex partners have herpes. Ask your doctor if you or your partner should be tested.


Question: What are the effects of radiation treatment for testicular cancer?

Answer: This treatment uses X-rays or other high-energy beams to destroy cancer cells. Radiation may make you feel very tired. You may throw up -- or feel like you're going to -- or have diarrhea. These are side effects. If you have a testicle left, doctors will try to protect it during radiation. But the treatment can affect your sperm count. There's a bigger chance you will be infertile afterward. As with surgery, you might want to ask your doctor about banking your sperm before you start radiation.


Question: Do I have to go back for follow-up tests after testicular cancer treatment?

Answer: Your follow-ups usually will be scheduled every few months in the first few years, then less often over time. You can expect to get blood tests, scans, and other procedures to make sure your cancer hasn't come back.


Question: What lifestyle changes can I make to help with testicular cancer treatment?

Answer: Good eating habits, sleep, and exercise can also help you through treatment. If you smoke, you'll probably want to ask your doctor for help quitting.


Question: Will I survive testicular cancer?

Answer: About 95% of men will survive more than 5 years after it's diagnosed. That gives you plenty of room to think about your life after surgery.


Question: Can I still have sex if my lymph nodes are removed from testicular cancer?

Answer: If your doctor found that your cancer spread beyond the testicle, he may have taken out some of the lymph nodes in your abdomen as well. The procedure has a longer recovery and a higher chance of complications than removing a testicle. But you can still get erections and have sex after this kind of surgery.


Question: How can my doctor help me if my testicles are removed from testicular cancer?

Answer: If you still hope to father children, you might want to talk to your doctor about saving, or âbanking,â some of your sperm before surgery. Testosterone supplements, most often given through injections, skin patches or a gel, can boost levels of that hormone.


Question: Can I get a fake testicle if mine is removed because of testicular cancer?

Answer: After surgery, you may have concerns about how you look to a sexual partner, or in a locker room. Some men who have a testicle removed get a prosthetic, or artificial, testicle. A doctor can place one in the scrotum so you'll look and feel more like you did before. Most of these are made of silicone rubber on the outside. Inside they are filled with either saline, which is salt water, or a silicone gel.


Question: Can lymph node removal cause issues with sex?

Answer: One possible problem is your nerves that control ejaculation during sex might be damaged. If that happens, it can cause something called retrograde ejaculation: Your semen spurts backward into the bladder instead of forward through the penis. Doctors have found ways of avoiding those nerves. Talk with your doctor about this before surgery.


Question: Can you still father children if you have had testicular cancer?

Answer: If you had just one testicle taken out, you should be able to get erect and have sex after you recover. If both of them have to be removed, you can no longer make sperm or father children. And since the testicles also make the male hormone testosterone, you might have a lower sex drive.


Question: What happens if I get a woman pregnant and I have testicular cancer?

Answer: If you need chemotherapy or radiation after surgery, you should not try to get a woman pregnant. There's a greater chance of birth defects or health problems while you're going for treatments. You may want to wear a condom. Once your treatment is done, the chance of childbirth problems goes back to normal. Ask your doctor about how long to wait before trying to father a baby.


Question: Where can I go for support if I have testicular cancer?

Answer: Life with cancer can bring up strong emotions, even if your treatment goes well. You might have scars, lose your hair, lose weight or strength, or watch your body change in other ways that affect your mood. There are many groups that can connect you with people who have gone through the same thing. They can give advice, help you learn more about your illness or just provide moral support.


Question: What are the side effects of chemotherapy for testicular cancer?

Answer: The side effects of chemo can differ from one person to another, but you might: Feel sick in your stomach Lose hair Have less energy Have more chance of infection Have problems with your kidneys, lungs, or nerves Your doctor has ways to ease these. Talk with him about that before you start treatment.


Question: How can family therapist help?

Answer: Some of the things that family therapists can help with are: Conflicts between family members Substance abuse or addiction A family member's mental illness Financial problems or disagreements about money Problems in school Difficulties between siblings Children's behavior problems Caring for a family member with special needs Issues with extended family members A family member's illness or a death in the family Infidelity Separation or divorce How to plan for shared custody of children First, your therapist will talk to everyone in the family to help her understand what's going on.


Question: How can you find a family therapist?

Answer: You may be able to find the list online. Check the website of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy and search for a marriage and family therapist near you. Search the Internet for a family therapist in your area. To see if a family therapist is a good fit for you, ask her these questions: Are you trained in family therapy? Do you take my health insurance?


Question: What is family therapy?

Answer: She can help you find new ways to manage struggles, conflicts, and challenges. Your therapist will help family members communicate better, solve problems, and find new ways to work together. Family therapy can't always make a problem go away.


Question: How can you tell if the family therapist is a good fit for you?

Answer: How often you meet with a family therapist and how many sessions you'll need will depend on the specific issues you focus on in therapy. See if friends have a family therapist to recommend. What are your hours? How long does each session last? How many sessions do you think we'll need? Do you take my health insurance? How much does each session cost? Do I need to pay up front, or do I pay per session?


Question: Can stress trigger asthma?

Answer: When you're stressed, you may notice an increase more signs of anxiety and asthma. As your wheezing and coughing get worse, you get more anxious, which only ramps up your asthma symptoms. This makes for a vicious cycle that can spiral downward quickly. Learn about the link between anxiety and asthma, and talk to your doctor or a professional counselor about ways to reduce your anxiety to better control your asthma.


Question: What are the different types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Mental health professionals in the United States use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM) to diagnose all psychiatric conditions, including ADHD. The latest version divides it into three types: ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation (what used to be called ADD) ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation ADHD combined presentation Your child's diagnosis will depend on her specific symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation?

Answer: Symptoms include: Blurting out answers before a question is finished Constantly interrupting others Trouble waiting his turn Talks too much Fidgeting, tapping, and squirming Gets up when it's not appropriate (such as when the teacher is talking or in the middle of dinner) Running or climbing in inappropriate situations Unable to play quietly A child with this type has symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.


Question: What are the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: ADHD is a brain-based disorder. It can interfere with your child's everyday activities at home and at school. Kids who have it have trouble paying attention and controlling their behavior, and are sometimes hyperactive. Before she's diagnosed, you will want to note your child's symptoms. The CDC offers an ADHD checklist for children that may help you keep track of them.


Question: When is attention deficit disorder diagnosed?

Answer: ADD is diagnosed if a child under age 16 has 6 or more symptoms of inattention (5 or more for older teens) for at least 6 consecutive months but no signs of hyperactivity/impulsivity.


Question: What does it mean if your child has attention deficit disorder?

Answer: Kids with this condition aren't hyperactive. They don't have the high energy level seen in others with ADHD. In fact, children with this form may seem shy or "in their own world."


Question: What is attention deficit disorder?

Answer: ADD is a type of ADHD that doesn't involve constant movement and fidgeting.


Question: What are ways to ease discomfort from fibromyalgia while pregnant?

Answer: If you suffer with fatigue and ache all over, make sure you rest 20 to 30 minutes at least two or three times a day. To ease the achiness of tender point pain, try moist heat applications twice a day. A warm shower or bath is a good way to apply moist heat. Just make sure that the water temperature is 100 degrees Fahrenheit or lower and limit use to 15 -20 minutes at a time. Water that is warm enough to raise your body temperature to 101 ° F or higher, may cause birth defects. Also, use gentle stretching exercises and exercises recommended by your doctor for relief.


Question: What medications can I take for fibromyalgia during pregnancy?

Answer: For women who ache all over because of fibromyalgia during pregnancy, acetaminophen ( Tylenol and others) is often recommended. Still, it's best to avoid all medications without approval from your fibromyalgia doctor and obstetrician.


Question: Does lack of exercise make me grumpy?

Answer: Too much stress can lead to permanently low levels of serotonin. That, in turn, can lead to aggression and feelings of depression. Lack of exercise can aggravate low serotonin levels. On the other hand, increased levels of serotonin in the brain are associated with a calming, anxiety reducing effect. In some cases they are also associated with drowsiness. Having stable function in the brain circuits that use serotonin to send messages is linked with a positive mood. Talk to your health care provider about the level of activity that is right for you.


Question: How does fibromyalgia affect pregnancy?

Answer: Managing fibromyalgia during pregnancy is possible. Pregnant women with fibromyalgia may experience significant pain, fatigue, and psychological stress, especially in the first three months. With pregnancy, there are changes in the levels of estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones. For women who ache all over because of fibromyalgia during pregnancy, acetaminophen ( Tylenol and others) is often recommended.


Question: Are fibromyalgia medications safe during pregnancy?

Answer: There are few studies on fibromyalgia in pregnant women. Also, fibromyalgia symptoms seemed to be exacerbated during pregnancy. However, be sure you talk with your doctor before you stop any medicines.


Question: How are fibromyalgia and pregnancy connected?

Answer: As a result, they may be undertreated. In addition, the added stress of having a baby may cause fibromyalgia symptoms to flare, making you feel much worse. Is it any wonder that fibromyalgia symptoms are often misdiagnosed and thought to be a normal part of pregnancy? Learn all you can about fibromyalgia and pregnancy before you get pregnant.


Question: Where do cases of Lyme disease happen?

Answer: â It won't stop in the foreseeable future.â Most cases are clustered in 14 states in the Northeast and Upper Midwest, but Lyme has been reported as far south as Mexico, and increasingly, in Canada.


Question: What is the best way to prevent a tick bite to avoid Lyme disease?

Answer: Ticks can't fly or jump, but instead live in shrubs and bushes, and grab onto someone when they pass by. To avoid getting bitten: Wear pants and socks in the woods, areas with lots of trees, and while handling fallen leaves Wear a tick repellent on your skin and clothing that has DEET, lemon oil, or eucalyptus. For even more protection, use the chemical permethrin on clothing and camping gear. Shower within 2 hours after coming inside, if possible. Look at your skin and wash ticks out of your hair. Put your clothing and any exposed gear into a hot dryer to kill whatever pests might remain.


Question: What do I do if there's a tick under my skin with Lyme disease?

Answer: If parts of the tick remain in the skin, also try to remove them with the tweezers. After everything is out, clean the bite area with rubbing alcohol or soap and water. Mead says you're not likely to get infected if you remove the tick within 36 to 48 hours. Some people have an allergic reaction to ticks, so they'll notice a bite right away.


Question: How is Lyme disease diagnosed?

Answer: Doctors diagnose it based on symptoms and a history of tick exposure. Two-step blood tests are helpful if used correctly. But the accuracy of the test depends on when you got infected. In the first few weeks of infection, the test may be negative, as antibodies take a few weeks to develop. Tests aren't recommended for patients who don't have Lyme disease symptoms.


Question: What affects the prevalence of Lyme disease?

Answer: In some cases, symptoms can appear months after the bite. But the deer population has rebounded as reforestation took place over several decades, meaning the tick population has risen and expanded as well. Deer and white-footed mice, which transmit Lyme disease to ticks that bite them, are moving closer to humans as their habitats disappear, says Taege. Another reason: Warmer weather and mild winters may bring more people outside, raising their chances of being bitten, particularly in Lyme-prone areas, Taege says. â We've seen an expansion [of ticks] in areas in which the vectors live, and we've slowly seen more Lyme disease.â That doesn't mean you should be afraid of outdoor activities, as long as you take precautions to avoid tick bites, Aucott says.


Question: How prevalent is Lyme disease?

Answer: The CDC estimates there are more than 300,000 cases of Lyme infection in the U. S. each year -- or 10 times as many as what is reported. Infection is more common in males up to age 15 and between the ages of 40 and 60, says Taege. â These are people who are more likely to play outside, and go camping, hunting, and hiking,â he says.


Question: What areas have the most cases of Lyme disease?

Answer: Cases of Lyme disease -- traditionally more prevalent in the Northeast -- have now been found in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, a new study from Quest Diagnostics found. The CDC says 95% of confirmed cases in 2016 were in 14 states: Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin. In the Southern U. S., which is more prone to hot weather, ticks tend to stay under leaf litter and don't come up higher to feed much, Aucott says -- âticks don't like to dry out.â This means Southern ticks don't transmit Lyme as frequently because they don't tend to feed on humans.


Question: What symptoms does Lyme disease cause?

Answer: â Ten percent of people don't get better after antibiotics,â Aucott says. Scientists point to a variety of causes for the spread of Lyme infection.


Question: What are the early signs and symptoms of Lyme disease?

Answer: Early signs and symptoms include fever, chills, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, and swollen lymph nodes -- all common in the flu. In up to 80% of Lyme infections, a rash is one of the first symptoms, Aucott says. Heart palpitation or an irregular heartbeat Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord Shooting pains, numbness, or tingling in the hands or feet About 20% to 30% of Lyme rashes have a âbull's-eyeâ appearance -- concentric circles around a center point -- but most are round and uniformly red and at least 5 centimeters (about 2 inches) across, Aucott says. â Most are just red,â he says. â They do not have the classic ring within a ring like the Target logo.â The rash expands gradually over a period of days and can grow to about 12 inches across, the CDC says. It may feel warm to the touch, but it rarely itches or is painful, and it can appear on any part of the body.


Question: What should I do if a tick with Lyme disease bites my dog?

Answer: The more ticks in your region, the likelier it is that your furry pal will bring them home. â On the flip side, low rates of exposure in dogs is a good indicator that Lyme is not a problem in the area.â And they can get sick. About 10% of dogs with Lyme disease will become ill. Common symptoms, which may show up 7-21 days after a tick bite, are lameness -- your dog will appear to be walking on eggshells -- a fever, lethargy, and enlarged lymph nodes. Dogs also get antibiotics for treatment.


Question: What are tips to help me recover from oral surgery?

Answer: After your appointment, plan to spend the rest of the day resting. Bottom line is to follow directions and keep the area clean of food bits to prevent infection. For the first 24 hours, apply ice to your jaw for 30 minutes, remove it for 15 minutes, then do it again. Call your doctor or oral surgeon right away. Gently bite on folded gauze for a bit to help slow the flow. If the bleeding continues for more than 24 hours or is so heavy that the gauze needs to be changed more often, call your dentist or oral surgeon. Cool, soft foods after surgery are good. Look for infection, fever, swelling that lasts more than 2 days, and trouble swallowing or breathing.


Question: How does a food diary help track allergy triggers?

Answer: But one thing that can help is to keep a food diary. All you have to do is record what you eat and when you get allergy symptoms. Then look for patterns. Share the diary with your doctor or dietitian to help figure out the cause of your problems.


Question: What are moderate allergic reactions?

Answer: Moderate allergic reactions can include symptoms that spread to other parts of the body, including: Widespread itching Difficulty breathing Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening emergency in which the response to the allergen is sudden and affects the whole body.


Question: What are symptoms of mild allergy?

Answer: Mild allergy symptoms can include: Rash Localized itching Congestion Mild allergic reactions do not spread to other parts of the body. Moderate allergic reactions can include symptoms that spread to other parts of the body, including: Widespread itching Difficulty breathing Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening emergency in which the response to the allergen is sudden and affects the whole body.


Question: What are symptoms of severe allergy?

Answer: Moderate allergic reactions can include symptoms that spread to other parts of the body, including: Widespread itching Difficulty breathing Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening emergency in which the response to the allergen is sudden and affects the whole body. Allergy symptoms may within minutes progress to more serious symptoms, including: Itching of eyes or face Varying degrees of swelling of the mouth, throat, and tongue that can make breathing and swallowing difficult Hives Abdominal pain Cramps Vomiting Diarrhea Mental confusion or dizziness


Question: What's normal for a newborn girl's genitals?

Answer: Among other things, these hormones may have: Made the outside of the vagina ("labia majora" and the "clitoris") a little swollen and prominent Caused a thick, milky discharge in the vagina Most dramatically, at 2 or 3 days of age, your daughter may have a little bit of bleeding from her vagina. This is perfectly normal; it is caused by the withdrawal of the hormones she was exposed to in the womb. It will be her first and last menstrual period for another decade or so.


Question: How should you care for your baby girl's genitals?

Answer: Spread the labia and gently wash out the creases; there is no need to go any deeper. Nature takes care of naturally cleaning the inside of the vagina. Use warm water only -- there's no need for soaps. Wipe from front to back to avoid contamination of the vaginal area from stool. Remember, this sensitive tissue is the same as that inside the mouth.


Question: What aromatherapy essential oils should be avoided while pregnant?

Answer: Avoid these aromatherapy essential oils: calamus, mugwort, pennyroyal, sage, wintergreen, basil, hyssop, myrrh, marjoram, and thyme.


Question: What are alternative therapies for nausea in early pregnancy?

Answer: Nausea in early pregnancy: acupuncture, acupressure, ginger root (250 milligram capsules 4 times a day), and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, 25 milligram two or three times a day) work well.


Question: What are alternative therapies for backache during pregnancy?

Answer: Backache: chiropractic manipulation and physical therapy should be considered.


Question: What supplements should be avoided while pregnant?

Answer: Avoid these oral supplements: Arbor vitae, Beth root, Black cohosh, Blue cohosh, Cascara, Chaste tree berry, Chinese angelica ( Dong Quai), Cinchona, Cotton root bark, Feverfew, Ginseng, Golden seal, Juniper, Kava kava, Licorice, Meadow saffron, Pennyroyal, Poke root, Rue, Sage, St. John's wort, Senna, Tansy, White peony, Wormwood, Yarrow, Yellow dock, vitamin A (large doses can cause birth defects).


Question: What are safe alternative therapies for turning a breech baby?

Answer: Turning a breech baby: exercise, hypnosis, and traditional Chinese treatment (burning incense-like substance on the fifth toe) have proven beneficial.


Question: Are natural products safe during pregnancy?

Answer: Many pregnant women believe "natural" products can be safely used to relieve nausea, backache, and other annoying symptoms of pregnancy, but many of these so-called natural products have not been tested for their safety and effectiveness in non-pregnant women, much less in pregnant women. Therefore, it is very important to check with your doctor before taking any alternative therapies. He or she will not recommend a product or therapy until it is shown to be safe and effective.


Question: Should you inform your doctor about new medications if you are pregnant?

Answer: If you were taking prescription medications before you became pregnant, be sure to ask your doctor about the safety of continuing these medications as soon as you find out that you are pregnant. Be sure to discuss the risks and benefits of the newly prescribed medication with your doctor before taking the medication.


Question: How can staying slim affect chronic heartburn?

Answer: Another reason to lose weight: You'll respond better to heartburn medications.


Question: How is endoscopic treatment used for chronic heartburn?

Answer: The goal of this treatment is the same as surgery. But instead, your doctor puts a thin tube called an endoscope down your throat and into your esophagus. He then use stitches or heat to create scar tissue to tighten the sphincter and stop stomach acid from leaking. Newer treatments involve using implants (almost like a retaining wall) to keep acid from seeping out of the stomach. There's not a lot of information yet on how safe they are or how well they work in the long run.


Question: How can limiting alcohol affect chronic heartburn?

Answer: Alcohol can relax the muscles around the lower end of your esophogas, making it easier for acid to bubble up.


Question: How can wearing loose clothing affect chronic heartburn?

Answer: Tight clothing, including belts, can cause stomach contents to push upward.


Question: Which foods trigger chronic heartburn?

Answer: For many people, these are spicy and high-fat foods, chocolate, peppermint and other mints, coffee, citrus fruits or juices, tomato products, carbonated drinks, and onions.


Question: How can eating several small meals during the day affect chronic heartburn?

Answer: Your stomach produces acid based on how much food you eat. Less food means less acid. Don't overload your stomach.


Question: How can relaxing affect chronic heartburn?

Answer: Alcohol can relax the muscles around the lower end of your esophogas, making it easier for acid to bubble up.


Question: How can cigarettes affect chronic heartburn?

Answer: Smoking causes your body to make less saliva, a liquid that helps stamp out stomach acid. That can lead to burning in your esophagus. Tobacco may also cause your stomach to make more acid and relax the muscles at the lower end of your esophogas that can shut down the opening between the stomach and the esophagus. Chewing gum and sucking on lozenges can help you make more saliva.


Question: When is surgery needed to treat chronic heartburn?

Answer: The most common surgery for extreme heartburn is fundoplication. The surgeon wraps the top of your stomach around the bottom of your esophagus to strengthen it and help keep the acid where it belongs. This often can be done laparoscopically -- it involves only a small cut and typically lets you go home in 3 days or less.


Question: What is chronic heartburn?

Answer: That can lead to burning in your esophagus. Tobacco may also cause your stomach to make more acid and relax the muscles at the lower end of your esophogas that can shut down the opening between the stomach and the esophagus. If you have chronic severe heartburn, you may need medications. Make sure you're aware of the side effects of all the medication you take.


Question: How can raising the head of your bed affect chronic heartburn?

Answer: You can get them over the counter or with a prescription. The surgeon wraps the top of your stomach around the bottom of your esophagus to strengthen it and help keep the acid where it belongs.


Question: What is a dental cap?

Answer: If a large piece of tooth breaks off or the tooth has a lot of decay, the dentist may grind or file away part of the remaining tooth and cover it with a crown, or tooth-shaped cap, made to protect the tooth and improve its appearance. Permanent crowns can be made from metal, porcelain fused to metal, all resin, or all ceramic. If the entire top of the tooth is broken off but the root is still intact, the dentist or an endodontist (a dentist who specializes in root canals) may perform root canal therapy and place a pin or a post in the canal, and then build up enough of a structure onto which a crown can be made. Later, the dentist can cement the crown over the pin or post-retained restoration. If a front tooth is broken or chipped, a dental veneer can make it look whole and healthy again.


Question: Who gets rosacea?

Answer: For instance, your chances of getting the skin condition go up if you: Have light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes Are between ages 30 and 50 Are a woman Have family members with rosacea Had severe acne Smoke There isn't a cure for rosacea, but treatments can help you manage the redness, bumps, and other symptoms.


Question: What procedures treat rosacea?

Answer: Your doctor may also recommend some procedures to treat your rosacea, such as: Lasers that use intense light to get rid of blood vessels that have gotten bigger Dermabrasion, which sands off the top layer of skin Electrocautery, an electric current that zaps damaged blood vessels There's a lot you can do on your own.


Question: How should you care for skin with rosacea?

Answer: Use one that's a broad spectrum (blocks UVA and UVB rays) and SPF 30 or higher whenever you go outside. It's especially helpful in cold weather. Massage your face. Gently rub your skin in a circular motion. Put a green-tinted cover-up on your face to hide redness and broken blood vessels. Get out of the heat and sun and cool off in an air-conditioned room. Care for your eyes. If rosacea has made them red and irritated, use a watered-down baby shampoo or eyelid cleaner to gently clean your eyelids every day. Also put a warm compress on your eyes a few times a day.


Question: Which drugs treat hypersomnia?

Answer: These may include: Stimulants, such as methylphenidate ( Ritalin) or modafinil ( Provigil) Antidepressants, such as fluoxetine ( Prozac), citalopram ( Celexa), paroxetine ( Paxil), sertraline ( Zoloft) Sodium oxybate ( Xyrem) is used to treat excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy


Question: What are the symptoms of anthrax on your skin?

Answer: If you get anthrax through a cut or sore on your skin, you might have: A group of small, itchy blisters or a bump that looks like a bug bite A sore on your skin that shows up after the blisters (usually painless and appearing on the face, neck, arms, or hands) Swelling around the sore If you eat or drink something that contains the spores, such as the undercooked meat of an infected animal, your symptoms could include: Fever, chills Swelling in your neck or glands and pain when you swallow Nausea, loss of appetite, and vomiting, which may be bloody Diarrhea that may be bloody Headache Stomachache Redness in your eyes and face Fainting Pain and swelling in your abdomen If you breathe in anthrax spores, this is the most dangerous situation.


Question: What are the symptoms of eating anthrax?

Answer: If you get anthrax through a cut or sore on your skin, you might have: A group of small, itchy blisters or a bump that looks like a bug bite A sore on your skin that shows up after the blisters (usually painless and appearing on the face, neck, arms, or hands) Swelling around the sore If you eat or drink something that contains the spores, such as the undercooked meat of an infected animal, your symptoms could include: Fever, chills Swelling in your neck or glands and pain when you swallow Nausea, loss of appetite, and vomiting, which may be bloody Diarrhea that may be bloody Headache Stomachache Redness in your eyes and face Fainting Pain and swelling in your abdomen If you breathe in anthrax spores, this is the most dangerous situation.


Question: How is meningitis caused by anthrax diagnosed?

Answer: If you might have meningitis caused by anthrax, you may need to get a spinal tap, in which your doctor takes a bit of your spinal fluid to test.


Question: How is anthrax diagnosed in the skin?

Answer: If you have skin symptoms, your doctor may take a small sample of the affected skin to test in a lab. You might get an X-ray of your chest or CT scan if your doctor thinks you might have inhalation anthrax. And a stool test can look for signs of anthrax bacteria in order to diagnose gastrointestinal anthrax.


Question: How can you be exposed to anthrax?

Answer: Inject tainted heroin (known as âinjection anthrax,â it has happened only in northern Europe so far) Most people who get anthrax work with infected animals, or with animal products like wool or hide. If you get anthrax through a cut or sore on your skin, you might have: A group of small, itchy blisters or a bump that looks like a bug bite A sore on your skin that shows up after the blisters (usually painless and appearing on the face, neck, arms, or hands) Swelling around the sore If you eat or drink something that contains the spores, such as the undercooked meat of an infected animal, your symptoms could include: Fever, chills Swelling in your neck or glands and pain when you swallow Nausea, loss of appetite, and vomiting, which may be bloody Diarrhea that may be bloody Headache Stomachache Redness in your eyes and face Fainting Pain and swelling in your abdomen If you breathe in anthrax spores, this is the most dangerous situation.


Question: What are symptoms of breathing in anthrax spores?

Answer: If you get anthrax through a cut or sore on your skin, you might have: A group of small, itchy blisters or a bump that looks like a bug bite A sore on your skin that shows up after the blisters (usually painless and appearing on the face, neck, arms, or hands) Swelling around the sore If you eat or drink something that contains the spores, such as the undercooked meat of an infected animal, your symptoms could include: Fever, chills Swelling in your neck or glands and pain when you swallow Nausea, loss of appetite, and vomiting, which may be bloody Diarrhea that may be bloody Headache Stomachache Redness in your eyes and face Fainting Pain and swelling in your abdomen If you breathe in anthrax spores, this is the most dangerous situation. You could have: Flulike symptoms including fever, fatigue, body aches, and sore throat. These can last a few hours or days. Shortness of breath Nausea Coughing up blood Pain when you swallow An uncomfortable feeling in your chest Dizziness or confusion Sweating If it worsens, you could also have other symptoms like shock or trouble breathing, or develop a condition called meningitis, which means there is inflammation in the membraines surrounding your brain and spinal cord. This can be life-threatening.


Question: How is anthrax diagnosed in the blood?

Answer: You might also get other tests, depending on the part of your body that's affected. If you have skin symptoms, your doctor may take a small sample of the affected skin to test in a lab. You might get an X-ray of your chest or CT scan if your doctor thinks you might have inhalation anthrax.


Question: What causes anthrax?

Answer: Anthrax is caused by a type of bacteria called Bacillus anthracis. Again, it's rare in the United States, but it can live in the soil. The bacteria make spores, which are a form of the bacteria that live in a protective shell. These spores can survive for a long time, even years, in soil. You can get anthrax if spores get into your body, break open and release the bacteria, which make toxins (poison) that harm you.


Question: What are the symptoms of anthrax from illegal drugs?

Answer: If you get anthrax by injecting illegal drugs like heroin, you might have: A group of small blisters or bumps that may be itchy, or redness and swelling where you injected the drug Fever and chills A painless ulcer that replaces the bumps or blisters and has a black center Pockets of pus around the injection site, either under the skin or in your muscle If the disease gets worse, you could go into shock, develop meningitis, or your organs could stop working.


Question: How can you become infected with anthrax?

Answer: It usually only affects farm animals like cows and sheep. But it's possible to become infected if you're in contact with infected animals or products that come from them. Anthrax has also been found in people who have injected heroin. Others at risk for anthrax include people who work with anthrax in a lab or those exposed to it because of bioterroism. Anthrax isn't contagious, so you can't spread it to other people. You should see a doctor right away if you think you might have been exposed to it.


Question: How do you take PCSK9 inhibitors?

Answer: PCSK9 inhibitors are given as a shot every 2 or 4 weeks. You'll need to inject the medicine in your upper arm, stomach, or upper thigh. The doctor will teach you how to do it properly. The injection is usually easy with little pain. And you won't have to remember to take a pill every day.


Question: What makes PCSK9 inhibitors different from statins?

Answer: Statins work in a different way. One main way they work is to block an enzyme that your liver needs to make cholesterol. This lowers your LDL level. Statins are taken as pills, while PCSK9 inhibitors come only as shots. PCSK9 inhibitors can be used with statins to boost their benefit. The combination can lower LDL levels by more than half.


Question: Who shouldn't take PCSK9 inhibitors?

Answer: Most people with high cholesterol don't need PCSK9 inhibitors. The FDA has only approved alirocumab and evolocumab for people with genetic high cholesterol or serious heart disease including those who've already had a heart attack or stroke and who need their LDL cholesterol lower. If you don't have either of these conditions, your doctor will likely recommend another treatment.


Question: How effective are PCSK9 inhibitors at lowering LDL cholesterol?

Answer: In fact, one review of studies found that PCSK9 inhibitors slash LDL levels by an average of 47%. This protects your heart: The drugs were shown to reduce the risk of heart attack by 27%.


Question: Should you ask your doctor about PCSK9 inhibitors if you're at risk for a heart attack or stroke?

Answer: You're at risk for heart attack or stroke: If you already have heart disease and other medications, like statins, aren't working, your doctor may consider PCSK9 inhibitors.


Question: Can you be prescribed PCSK9 inhibitors with other drugs?

Answer: You're at risk for heart attack or stroke: If you already have heart disease and other medications, like statins, aren't working, your doctor may consider PCSK9 inhibitors.


Question: Should you ask your doctor about PCSK9 inhibitors if you have genetic high cholesterol?

Answer: You may want to ask your doctor about PCSK9 inhibitors if: You have genetic high cholesterol: About 600 thousand Americans have a genetic disorder called familial hypercholesterolemia. It affects how your body processes cholesterol. For most people with this condition, even the highest dose of statins won't bring their LDL cholesterol down to a healthy level.


Question: What are the serious risks of taking lithium for bipolar disorder?

Answer: People who take lithium also should consult with their doctor before taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, because those medications can increase lithium levels. There are a few serious risks to consider. The drug has been linked to certain birth defects and should be used with caution in pregnant women, especially during the first three months of pregnancy. The safety of breastfeeding while taking lithium is controversial and should be discussed in advance with your doctor. Also, in some people, long-term lithium treatment can interfere with kidney function or lead to permanent kidney damage -- which is why periodic monitoring of blood tests to measure kidney functioning is important.


Question: What is intravenous immunoglobulin therapy used for?

Answer: If you get IVIg, it can help strengthen your immune system so you can fight infections and stay healthy.


Question: How is immunoglobulin delivered?

Answer: During the therapy, prepared immunoglobulin is infused into your veins. A health care provider uses a needle to get into your vein. Then the medicine can flow from a bag through a tube into your arm. This takes about 2 to 4 hours. You'll probably go to an infusion center, hospital, clinic, or doctor's office to get the treatment.


Question: How can intravenous immunoglobulin therapy help?

Answer: In autoimmune diseases like lupus, the treatment may help your body raise low red-blood-cell counts. Not enough of these and you can become anemic and feel very tired. IVIg helps stop the white blood cells of people with lupus from destroying their red blood cells. In people with myositis, the treatment may block your immune system's destruction of muscle cells.


Question: What are the side effects of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy (IVIg)?

Answer: Most people tolerate IVIg well, but side effects can include low-grade fever, muscle or joint aches, and headaches just after your infusion. Call your doctor if you have a headache that doesn't get better after taking medicines. Get emergency medical help right away if you get hives, a tight feeling in your chest, or you wheeze. You might feel your best soon after your treatment, when the highest amount of immunoglobulin is in your body. As your body absorbs it , though, you may start to feel more weak or tired. You might feel your worst just before your next treatment.


Question: Is Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy (IVIg) used as a replacement medication or additional medication?

Answer: In some cases, you may take IVIg along with immunosuppressants or other meds.


Question: How often do you have intravenous immunoglobulin therapy?

Answer: Typically you'll have treatments every 3 to 4 weeks to keep your immune system strong. Your blood may break down about half of the immunoglobulin over that period, so you'll need another dose to keep fighting infections.


Question: Who can get intravenous immunoglobulin therapy?

Answer: Both children and adults can have this therapy.


Question: What is the dosage for intravenous immunoglobulin  therapy?

Answer: Your IVIg dosage depends on how much you weigh. The standard starting dosage is 400 to 600 mg/kg of your body weight per month.


Question: What are the side effects of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy?

Answer: Most people tolerate IVIg well, but side effects can include low-grade fever, muscle or joint aches, and headaches just after your infusion.


Question: When should you call a doctor about intravenous immunoglobulin therapy?

Answer: If you get IVIg, it can help strengthen your immune system so you can fight infections and stay healthy. Get emergency medical help right away if you get hives, a tight feeling in your chest, or you wheeze.


Question: What causes food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)?

Answer: You may notice that a couple of hours after your baby eats, she vomits over and over and then gets diarrhea. If you notice these signs, take your child to the hospital right away: Apparent confusion Cool or clammy skin Extreme thirst Pale or even blue skin Shallow breaths Sluggishness or tiredness Weak pulse The syndrome is caused by cells in your child's immune system that react badly to certain foods. This leads to a severe reaction in the gastrointestinal tract. About 40% to 80% of kids who have the allergy have family members who also have other types of allergies such as hay fever or eczema skin rashes. This will be done in a clinic or hospital.


Question: What triggers food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)?

Answer: But if your child has a rare allergy called food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome ( FPIES), the reaction may not happen until a few hours after he eats. You may notice that a couple of hours after your baby eats, she vomits over and over and then gets diarrhea. Milk and dairy products, soy or soymilk, and wheat or other grains are the most common foods that cause an attack. Some kids also can be allergic to foods like the ones below that we don't usually think of as triggers: Barley Chicken or turkey Fish Green beans Oats Peas Rice Squash Sweet potatoes If you think your child has FPIES, see an allergist or pediatric gastroenterologist (a doctor who specializes in children's digestion issues).


Question: What are symptoms of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)?

Answer: You may notice that a couple of hours after your baby eats, she vomits over and over and then gets diarrhea. Some children have symptoms that get worse over time, and they may not grow like they should. Severe attacks can lead to dehydration and shock. That can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure or body temperature. If you notice these signs, take your child to the hospital right away: Apparent confusion Cool or clammy skin Extreme thirst Pale or even blue skin Shallow breaths Sluggishness or tiredness Weak pulse The syndrome is caused by cells in your child's immune system that react badly to certain foods. This will be done in a clinic or hospital.


Question: How is food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) diagnosed?

Answer: But if your child has a rare allergy called food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome ( FPIES), the reaction may not happen until a few hours after he eats. You may notice that a couple of hours after your baby eats, she vomits over and over and then gets diarrhea. An APT involves putting a possible trigger food into a metal cap that's put on your child's skin for 48 hours to see if there's a reaction. But these tests can't confirm that your child has FPIES. The only way to tell for sure is to do something called an oral food challenge, or OFC. Your child will eat foods you think may be triggers to see if there's a reaction. This will be done in a clinic or hospital.


Question: What is food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES)?

Answer: Unlike other food allergies, this one won't make your child wheeze, break out in hives, or get a rash. Instead, he may vomit or get diarrhea. FPIES typically starts when your child has formula or solid food. Breast milk doesn't usually trigger it, but it is possible. Many kids outgrow the allergy by age 3 or 4. But you may not see symptoms until 2 to 8 hours later. This will be done in a clinic or hospital.


Question: How do hearing aids help with hearing loss?

Answer: Most people with permanent hearing loss can benefit from a hearing aid. You typically wear these tiny instruments in or behind your ear to make sounds louder. Things do sound different through a hearing aid though, so you should talk with your doctor to set realistic goals.


Question: What other devices can help with hearing loss?

Answer: TV-listening systems make it possible for you to hear the television or radio without turning the volume way up. Different kinds of phone-amplifying devices as well as captioned phones that let you read what your caller is saying make conversations possible on home and mobile phones. Cochlear implants are used mainly with young children, but they're becoming more popular among older adults with profound hearing loss.


Question: What are the treatments for hearing loss?

Answer: You may also: Have trouble following a conversation when more than one person speaks at once Think other people are mumbling or not speaking clearly Often misunderstand what others say and respond inappropriately Get complaints that the TV is too loud Hear ringing, roaring, or hissing sounds in your ears, known as tinnitus It depends on the type and source of your hearing loss. Prompt medical treatment for sudden hearing loss may raise your chance of recovery.


Question: How common is hearing loss?

Answer: Modern life has added a host of ear-damaging elements to the list, including some medications and plenty of sources of loud, ongoing noise. With so many untreatable cases of hearing loss, prevention is the best way to keep hearing long-term. If you've already lost some hearing, there are ways to stay connected and communicate with friends and family. Advanced age is the most common cause of hearing loss.


Question: What conditions play a role in hearing loss?

Answer: Certain conditions, including age, illness, and genetics, may play a role in hearing loss. Modern life has added a host of ear-damaging elements to the list, including some medications and plenty of sources of loud, ongoing noise.


Question: How do medications cause hearing loss?

Answer: Certain medications can impair hearing or balance. More than 200 drugs and chemicals have a track record of triggering hearing and balance side effects in addition to their disease-fighting abilities. Some antibiotics Some chemotherapy drugs Aspirin Loop diuretics A drug used to treat malaria Several drugs for erectile dysfunction Sudden hearing loss, the rapid loss of 30 decibels or more of hearing ability, can happen over several hours or up to 3 days.


Question: How can infection or ear wax cause hearing loss?

Answer: Infection or ear waxcan block ear canals and lessen hearing.


Question: What medications are used to treat hearing loss?

Answer: Hearing loss caused by infection can often be cleared up with antibiotics. If you think your hearing loss stems from medication use, talk with your doctor about drug options.


Question: What is the best way to keep good long-term hearing?

Answer: If you've already lost some hearing, there are ways to stay connected and communicate with friends and family. In many cases, hearing fades so slowly you don't notice it.


Question: How can you take care of your ears to prevent hearing loss?

Answer: Most people with permanent hearing loss can benefit from a hearing aid. You typically wear these tiny instruments in or behind your ear to make sounds louder. TV-listening systems make it possible for you to hear the television or radio without turning the volume way up. For example, cross the street or cover your ears when you walk past a loud road construction site. If you work in a noisy workplace, talk to your employer about ear safety. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH) recommends that employers install barrier walls or mufflers in noisy plants to protect their workers' hearing.


Question: How can you tell that you might have hearing loss?

Answer: But you may become more and more cut off from the world of speech and sounds. You may also: Have trouble following a conversation when more than one person speaks at once Think other people are mumbling or not speaking clearly Often misunderstand what others say and respond inappropriately Get complaints that the TV is too loud Hear ringing, roaring, or hissing sounds in your ears, known as tinnitus It depends on the type and source of your hearing loss.


Question: How can a person with cystic fibrosis (CF) avoid germs when he visits the gym?

Answer: For instance: Wipe down equipment with an alcohol-based gel before you use it. Wash your hands after you touch any surface -- from treadmills to hairdryers. Stay at least 6 feet away from anyone who's sick.


Question: Why does a person with cystic fibrosis (CF) often need extra calories?

Answer: It doesn't make the enzymes it needs to help digest food. This affects how well your body gets nutrients. You use more energy to breathe, fight infections, and maintain your weight than other people do. That's why people who have CF often need about twice the calories the average person needs in a day. Work with your CF care team to find out how many daily calories you need and the best way to get them.


Question: Is exercise OK for people with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Answer: Not only is it OK to exercise, but doctors recommend it. Exercise helps clear mucus out of your lungs. It strengthens your heart and muscles. The stronger you feel, the easier it is to do everyday tasks. Choose activities that you enjoy and that keep you moving.


Question: What can you do to avoid germs if you have cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Answer: Frequently wash your hands with soap and water. Clean and disinfect your medical equipment properly. Don't share items that come into contact with saliva (straws or utensils) with other people -- even family. Avoid contact with dust or dirt. Stay current on your vaccines, including the flu vaccine, and ask family and friends to do the same. Stay at least 6 feet away from anyone who's sick.


Question: How can infections from germs affect your cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Answer: This can put you at risk for lung infections, which affect how well your lungs work. They can also cause lung disease to get worse. Exercise helps clear mucus out of your lungs. If you go to the gym, take steps to avoid germs.


Question: Is it helpful to visualize my route before I drive with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It might help to visualize your route before you go. Think about the roads you'll take and the things you usually see like traffic lights, houses, bridges, or shopping centers. Think about where you'll have to turn and what the streets look like. That can help you avoid getting confused or lost along the way.


Question: Will I need special equipment to help me drive if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Though you may have a few challenges as a driver, that doesn't mean you won't be allowed to do it at all, so don't be afraid to get an evaluation. Many people just need special equipment for the car to help them drive better. It's also a good idea to get checked before you buy a new car so you know what kind of vehicle or gear you might need ahead of time. One of the most common car modifications is a way to control the gas and brake with your hands. But there are other options, such as: Knobs or handles to help you steer Wider or larger mirrors Special seats to help you get in and out Lifts for stowing your other gear Ramps or lifts to accommodate a wheelchair You'll need some training to learn how to use this equipment, and you'll have to take a road test after you learn. Whether or not you need special equipment to drive, knowing how MS affects you can help you plan out your trips.


Question: What are certain tips to help drive more safely with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A few other tips for safer driving include: Avoid driving if you're sick or run down. Other illnesses can make your MS symptoms worse. Cut down on distractions. Turn off your phone and radio, and tell others in the car to keep conversation light or just enjoy the ride. Try not to drive when you know there will be heavy traffic. Avoid driving in bad weather.


Question: How can I use a GPS when I drive with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Some people with MS find it hard to program a GPS system or listen to one announce directions. So try the old-school method: Write directions down before you get in the car. It can help you remember them and make it easier for you to check them in case you get lost and have to pull over.


Question: What will the driver rehabilitation specialist examine to see if multiple sclerosis is affecting my driving?

Answer: The office test will review your health and driving history. The specialist will go over: Your medical history Your driving record How MS affects things you do every day, like getting dressed or bathing Your strength and coordination Your vision How fast your brain sorts information Your memory If things go well on the office test, then you'll have a road test.


Question: What will a road test examine to see if I can drive with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The specialist will go over: Your medical history Your driving record How MS affects things you do every day, like getting dressed or bathing Your strength and coordination Your vision How fast your brain sorts information Your memory If things go well on the office test, then you'll have a road test. This will see how well you: Get into and out of the car Store the gear you use to help you get around, like a cane or wheelchair Follow driving rules React to hazards on the road Move your foot between the gas pedal and brake Stay in your lane and change lanes safely Afterward, the specialist can tell you how MS might be affecting your driving and tell you what you can do to make it easier and safer.


Question: Does multiple sclerosis affect driving?

Answer: Multiple sclerosis ( MS) can make driving a challenge. It can affect the skills you need behind the wheel -- your vision, memory, reflexes, and how well you move your arms and legs. Your symptoms can come and go, sometimes in the same day. It might not be safe to drive during a flare-up, but it's usually OK to get back in the driver's seat after symptoms go away. For most people with the disease, though, some planning and the right tools can make driving easier and safer.


Question: Is it good to know if multiple sclerosis will affect my ability to drive?

Answer: Whether or not you need special equipment to drive, knowing how MS affects you can help you plan out your trips. For example, if you know you get tired easily, keep your time in the car short. If MS changes your vision, avoid driving at night.


Question: Should I get checked out by a driver rehabilitation specialist to determine if multiple sclerosis is affecting my ability to drive?

Answer: It can affect the skills you need behind the wheel -- your vision, memory, reflexes, and how well you move your arms and legs. Sometimes you'll notice when your MS symptoms affect your driving, like you can't move your foot from the gas pedal to the brake quickly. But other symptoms aren't so obvious. Whether or not you need special equipment to drive, knowing how MS affects you can help you plan out your trips. Think about where you'll have to turn and what the streets look like. Some people with MS find it hard to program a GPS system or listen to one announce directions.


Question: When should you call a doctor about a splinter?

Answer: Most splinters do not need the care of a health care provider. See a health care provider if: You can't remove the entire splinter. The splinter is deep in the skin or the wound is bleeding heavily. The splinter is under a fingernail or toenail. The health care provider may need to cut a notch in the nail to remove the splinter.


Question: Can zoledronic acid help treat osteoporosis?

Answer: Zoledronic acid ( Reclast, Zometa) is a once-yearly 15-minute infusion you get through a vein. It is a bisphosphonate that can increase bone strength and reduce fractures in the hip, spine, wrist, arm, leg, or rib. The most common side effects include bone pain, nausea, and vomiting. People whose kidneys don't work very well should avoid it or use it with caution.


Question: What can you do if you might have pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

Answer: Talk to your doctor if you're having trouble with shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, or swelling in your legs and ankles. They can do some tests to find out what's going on. It's important to get the right diagnosis so you can get the right treatment. The sooner you treat PAH, the easier it is to control.


Question: What causes pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

Answer: Some things make you more likely to get the disease: A family history of the condition Other diseases of the heart and lungs Obesity If you've used some street drugs, like cocaine, or diet medicines Living at high altitudes Most people get PAH when another illness has damaged their heart or lungs. The most common problems that raise your pulmonary blood pressure are: Heart problems: Conditions like mitral valve disease or long-term high blood pressure damage the left side of the heart to the point that it doesn't work well. That makes blood back up in the blood vessels of the lungs. Lung diseases: When there's a problem in your lungs, your body tries to protect its oxygen supply. It keeps the blood away from damaged areas and forces it into healthy areas. It can happen if you have sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD), and diseases that scar the lungs, like emphysema. Blood clots Other diseases, including some blood disorders, thyroid disease and other metabolic disorders, and immune system disorders that affect many different parts of the body, like sarcoidosis and vasculitis.


Question: What is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

Answer: Pulmonary arterial hypertension, or PAH, is a type of high blood pressure that affects the arteries in your lungs and the right side of your heart. It's a very serious condition that can change your day-to-day life. When you get the right diagnosis, though, you can get the care you need to ease your symptoms.


Question: What is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) like?

Answer: Many people have PAH for a long time before they realize something is wrong. The symptoms are subtle at first. You may just feel tired or out of shape. And your doctor may mistake your condition for something more common.


Question: What are the early symptoms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

Answer: The early symptoms are: Shortness of breath during normal physical activity Fatigue Chest pains A racing heartbeat As the disease gets worse, you may also have: Lightheadedness Fainting Swelling in your legs, hands, or belly Dry cough, sometimes with blood Blue lips or fingers Many people who get PAH are women between the ages of 30 and 60.


Question: What is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) like as it gets worse?

Answer: The early symptoms are: Shortness of breath during normal physical activity Fatigue Chest pains A racing heartbeat As the disease gets worse, you may also have: Lightheadedness Fainting Swelling in your legs, hands, or belly Dry cough, sometimes with blood Blue lips or fingers Many people who get PAH are women between the ages of 30 and 60.


Question: What happens to your body if you have pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)?

Answer: Your heart pumps blood through your arteries, sending oxygen to all parts of your body. In a single heartbeat, the left side of your heart sends the blood out to your body, and blood returns to the right side from your body. The right side then pumps it through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it swaps carbon dioxide for oxygen. The oxygen-filled blood goes back to the left side of the heart, and the process starts again with the next heartbeat. It's a short distance from your heart to your lungs. So normally, the right side doesn't have to pump very hard. But with PAH, blood doesn't move easily through the arteries in your lungs. Your heart works much harder to force it through. Over time, the heart muscle gets weak. It can become enlarged and stop working properly. When your blood doesn't flow well, your body doesn't get enough oxygen.


Question: How is shortness of breath (dyspnea) treated?

Answer: But your dyspnea treatment will depend on what's causing your shortness of breath. For example, if you have asthma, you may get an inhaler to use when you have a flare.


Question: What are symptoms of shortness of breath (dyspnea)?

Answer: When you have shortness of breath, you can't catch your breath or get enough air in your lungs. Your doctor might call it dyspnea. When you have dyspnea, you might feel: Out of breath Tightness in your chest Hungry for air (you might hear this called air hunger) Unable to breathe deeply Like you can't breathe (suffocation) It can be acute (sudden dyspnea) or chronic (long-lasting dyspnea). Acute dyspnea starts within a few minutes or hours. It can happen with other symptoms like a fever, rash, or cough. Chronic dyspnea can make you feel out of breath with everyday tasks, such as walking from room to room or standing up from a sitting position.


Question: Do X-rays help diagnose ulcerative colitis?

Answer: You'll have bloody diarrhea, belly cramps and pain, and you'll have the urge to poop, but you won't be able to (the doctor will call this tenesmus).


Question: How can stool sample tests help to diagnose ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Stool samples can help your doctor rule out an infection or parasite in your colon. They can also show if there's blood in your stool that you can't see.


Question: How can flexible sigmoidoscopy help in the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis?

Answer: He will put a bendable tube into your lower colon through your bottom. The tube has a small light and camera on the end. Your doctor might also use a small tool to take a piece of the lining of your lower colon. This is called a biopsy. A doctor in a lab will look at the sample under a microscope. Colonoscopy is the same process as flexible sigmoidoscopy, only your doctor will look at your whole colon, not just the lower part.


Question: What medicines may your doctor prescribe for ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Your doctor may prescribe a few different kinds of drugs, including: Antibiotics to fight infections and let your large intestine heal Medicine to lower inflammation in your colon and control your symptoms. Meds to help stop your immune system's attack on your colon Biologics are drugs made from proteins in living cells instead of chemicals.


Question: What's the goal of ulcerative colitis treatment?

Answer: There's no cure, and people usually have symptom flare-ups off and on for life. The main symptom of ulcerative colitis is bloody diarrhea. You may need a mix of diet changes, medication, or surgery to reach those goals. Your doctor may prescribe a few different kinds of drugs, including: Antibiotics to fight infections and let your large intestine heal Medicine to lower inflammation in your colon and control your symptoms.


Question: What does the virus that causes genital herpes (HSV-2) do in your body?

Answer: HSV-2 lives in the nerves. When it's active, it travels to the surface of the infected area (skin or mucous membrane) and makes copies of itself. This is called "shedding" because these new viruses can, at this time, rub off on another person. Then the virus travels back down the nerve to a ganglion (mass of nerve tissue), usually at the base of the spine, where it lies dormant for a while.


Question: What are some questions to ask your doctor about different treatments for psoriasis?

Answer: It's important to know about the side effects of any treatment your doctor recommends. Some questions you may want to ask include: What serious side effects should I watch for and when should I call for medical help? What can I do to help manage the side effects of my medication? What should I know about being in the sun? What are my options if I can't handle the side effects of this drug? Is it safe if I'm thinking about getting pregnant?


Question: How does light therapy treat psoriasis?

Answer: Ultraviolet light targeted at problem areas can help control psoriasis outbreaks. But it should be done only under a doctor's care. Common side effects are minor burns and a higher risk of skin cancer. It also can make you more sensitive to sunlight. With photochemotherapy, which includes a drug that makes the ultraviolet light work better, short-term side effects also include nausea, itching, and red skin.


Question: What are side effects of salicylic acid for psoriasis?

Answer: Salicylic acid: This helps get rid of dead skin cells. It also may irritate your skin. If you use it on your scalp over a long period, it could make your hair weak and possibly fall out.


Question: What are side effects of anthralin for psoriasis?

Answer: Anthralin: This medicine makes skin cells grow more slowly and helps get rid of scales. The most common side effect is skin irritation. It also can stain your skin as well as clothing, fabric, and even hard surfaces. It's best to let it stay on your skin only for a short time and then wash it off.


Question: What are the side effects of biologics to treat psoriasis?

Answer: Biologics: These are strong drugs made from living cells. Because they affect your immune system, they can raise your chances of a serious infection, including tuberculosis.


Question: What can treat psoriasis?

Answer: These include topical treatments you put on your skin, light therapy, pills, shots, and infusions (drugs put directly into your bloodstream with a small needle and a tube). Each comes with its own possible side effects. Your doctor can help you weigh the risks and benefits of any treatment.


Question: What are the side effects of retinoids that treat psoriasis?

Answer: When treatments like creams, ointments, shampoos, and phototherapy don't do enough to control your psoriasis, you may need to take medicine. Retinoids: These drugs made from vitamin A can raise your chances of liver problems. Your doctor will do regular blood tests to watch for that. They also bring a risk of birth defects, so women who take them shouldn't get pregnant for at least 3 years afterward. Other possible side effects include: Depression Dry, cracked skin or lips Hair loss Joint pain Nosebleeds Trouble seeing in the dark Methotrexate: This drug, usually taken as a pill or shot, slows the growth of skin cells and eases inflammation.


Question: What are side effects of coal tar for psoriasis?

Answer: Coal tar: This thick, black byproduct of coal can slow down the growth of skin cells, ease inflammation, help with itching and scaling, and make your skin look better. But it also can irritate and dry out your skin and make you more sensitive to sunlight.


Question: What are side effects of light therapy (phototherapy) for psoriasis?

Answer: Common side effects are minor burns and a higher risk of skin cancer. It also can make you more sensitive to sunlight. With photochemotherapy, which includes a drug that makes the ultraviolet light work better, short-term side effects also include nausea, itching, and red skin.


Question: What are the side effects from psoriasis skin treatments that have vitamin D in them?

Answer: Vitamin D: Topical treatments that have vitamin D, like calcipotriene and calcitriol, can irritate your skin.


Question: What are side effects of tazarotene for psoriasis?

Answer: Tazarotene: This is a retinoid cream, which means it's made from vitamin A. It can irritate your skin and make you more sensitive to sunlight. It's not recommended for women who are pregnant or plan to get pregnant because it can raise your chances of having a child with certain birth defects.


Question: What are some topical treatments that treat psoriasis?

Answer: These are medicines you rub on your skin, including your scalp. If you have mild or moderate psoriasis, one of these may be all you need to control it. In more severe cases, you may use one along with other treatments.


Question: What are side effects of corticosteroids for psoriasis?

Answer: Corticosteroids: These powerful drugs ease inflammation and can help a lot. But you shouldn't use them over a long period. They can make your skin thinner and may stop working as well.


Question: What are questions that I can ask for my doctor about psoriasis treatments and its side effects?

Answer: Some questions you may want to ask include: What serious side effects should I watch for and when should I call for medical help? What can I do to help manage the side effects of my medication? What should I know about being in the sun? What are my options if I can't handle the side effects of this drug? Is it safe if I'm thinking about getting pregnant?


Question: How much calcium do you need to get every day?

Answer: Here's how much calcium and vitamin D you need every day, according to the Institute of Medicine. Calcium Children 1-3 years old: 700 milligrams (mg) Children 4-8 years old: 1,000 mg Children 9-18 years old: 1,300 mg Adults 19-50: 1,000 mg Women 51 to 70: 1,200 mg Men 51 to 70: 1,000 mg Women and men 71 and over: 1,200 mg Vitamin D Age 1-70: 600 IU Age 71 and older: 800 IU Your doctor may recommend higher levels of calcium and vitamin D, especially if you aren't getting enough of them or are at risk for osteoporosis.


Question: What foods provide vitamin D?

Answer: Other foods that are high in calcium include: Spinach Kale Okra Collards Soybeans White beans Some fish, like sardines, salmon, perch, and rainbow trout Foods that are calcium-fortified, such as some orange juice, oatmeal, and breakfast cereal Foods that provide vitamin D include: Fatty fish, like tuna, mackerel, and salmon Foods fortified with vitamin D, like some dairy products, orange juice, soy milk, and cereals Beef liver Cheese Egg yolks To get vitamin D from food, fish is a good option. Three ounces of cooked salmon has more than 450 international units ( IU).


Question: How is joint replacement surgery done to treat knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Joint replacement surgery, or arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure in which joints are replaced with artificial parts made from metals or plastic. The replacement could involve one side of the knee or the entire knee. Joint replacement surgery is usually reserved for people over age 50 with severe osteoarthritis. The surgery may need to be repeated later if the prosthetic joint wears out after several years. But with today's modern advancements, most new joints will last over 20 years.


Question: What are the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee may include: pain that increases when you are active, but gets a little better with rest swelling feeling of warmth in the joint stiffness in the knee, especially in the morning or when you have been sitting for a while decrease in mobility of the knee, making it difficult to get in and out of chairs or cars, use the stairs, or walk creaking, crackly sound that is heard when the knee moves The diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis will begin with a physical exam by your doctor.


Question: Is surgery used to treat knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: If your doctor wants to treat the osteoarthritis in the knee with surgery, the options are arthroscopy, osteotomy, and arthroplasty.


Question: How do repetitive knee injuries play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: People with certain occupations that include a lot of activity that can stress the joint, such as kneeling, squatting, or lifting heavy weights (55 pounds or more), are more likely to develop osteoarthritis of the knee because of the constant pressure on the joint.


Question: How does weight play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Weight increases pressure on all the joints, especially the knees. Every pound of weight you gain adds 3 to 4 pounds of extra weight on your knees.


Question: How do other illnesses play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: People with rheumatoid arthritis, the second most common type of arthritis, are also more likely to develop osteoarthritis. People with certain metabolic disorders, such as iron overload or excess growth hormone, also run a higher risk of osteoarthritis.


Question: Who gets osteoarthritis of the knee?

Answer: Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. While it can occur even in young people, the chance of developing osteoarthritis rises after age 45. According to the Arthritis Foundation, more than 27 million people in the U. S. have osteoarthritis, with the knee being one of the most commonly affected areas. Women are more likely to have osteoarthritis than men.


Question: How does heredity play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: This includes genetic mutations that might make a person more likely to develop osteoarthritis of the knee. It may also be due to inherited abnormalities in the shape of the bones that surround the knee joint.


Question: How does gender play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Women ages 55 and older are more likely than men to develop osteoarthritis of the knee.


Question: What leads to osteoarthritis of the knee (degenerative arthritis of the knee)?

Answer: For others, osteoarthritis of the knee can result from injury or infection or even from being overweight. While it can occur even in young people, the chance of developing osteoarthritis rises after age 45. It may also be due to inherited abnormalities in the shape of the bones that surround the knee joint.


Question: What is osteoarthritis?

Answer: Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee may include: pain that increases when you are active, but gets a little better with rest swelling feeling of warmth in the joint stiffness in the knee, especially in the morning or when you have been sitting for a while decrease in mobility of the knee, making it difficult to get in and out of chairs or cars, use the stairs, or walk creaking, crackly sound that is heard when the knee moves The diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis will begin with a physical exam by your doctor.


Question: What causes knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: The most common cause of osteoarthritis of the knee is age. Almost everyone will eventually develop some degree of osteoarthritis. However, several factors increase the risk of developing significant arthritis at an earlier age. Repetitive stress injuries.


Question: How is osteoarthritis of the knee treated?

Answer: Symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee may include: pain that increases when you are active, but gets a little better with rest swelling feeling of warmth in the joint stiffness in the knee, especially in the morning or when you have been sitting for a while decrease in mobility of the knee, making it difficult to get in and out of chairs or cars, use the stairs, or walk creaking, crackly sound that is heard when the knee moves The diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis will begin with a physical exam by your doctor. The treatment plan will typically include a combination of the following: Weight loss. Using devices such as braces.


Question: How is arthroscopy done to treat knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: Your doctor may order additional testing, including: X-rays, which can show bone and cartilage damage as well as the presence of bone spurs magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scans MRI scans may be ordered when X-rays do not give a clear reason for joint pain or when the X-rays suggest that other types of joint tissue could be damaged. Surgery. Arthroscopy uses a small telescope (arthroscope) and other small instruments. The surgery is performed through small incisions. The procedure is often used on younger patients ( ages 55 and younger) in order to delay more serious surgery.


Question: How does athletics play a role in knee osteoarthritis?

Answer: However, several factors increase the risk of developing significant arthritis at an earlier age. That means athletes should take precautions to avoid injury. However, it's important to note that regular moderate exercise strengthens joints and can decrease the risk of osteoarthritis. In fact, weak muscles around the knee can lead to osteoarthritis.


Question: Why is it important to control my blood sugar if I have diabetes?

Answer: Managing type 1 and type 2 diabetes well can delay or prevent complications that affect your eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes doubles your risk for heart disease and stroke, too. Fortunately, controlling your blood sugar will also make these problems less likely.


Question: What are the kinds of chest retractions?

Answer: In adults, they're also caused by: Asthma Pneumonia A bad allergic reaction Epiglottitis, when the tissue that covers your windpipe swells up The kind of chest retractions you have depends on their location. Subcostal retractions: When your belly pulls in beneath your rib cage Substernal retractions: If your belly pulls beneath your breastbone Suprasternal retractions: When the skin in the middle of your neck sucks in. It's also called a tracheal tug. Superclavical retractions: Happen on the part of your neck above your collarbone Intercostal retractions: Happen between each rib Wherever they're happening, chest retractions mean your body's not getting enough air.


Question: What are some diet tips if you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?

Answer: You can track what you eat by keeping a journal or working with a nutritionist. Once you learn some easy tips on what foods to avoid or substitute, the diet will become second nature. Some ways to get started: Stay away from prepackaged, highly processed, and deep-fried foods. Avoid butter, margarine, salad dressing, and mayonnaise. Try vegetable oil instead. Choose lean meat like chicken, fish, and turkey and avoid red or fatty meat like beef and bacon. Limit drinks with alcohol or a lot of sugar. Choose nonfat or low-fat dairy. Eat a wide variety of fruits, veggies, and whole grains.


Question: Should you exercise if you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)?

Answer: If you have heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia ( He FH), you'll need to make some long-term changes to manage the disease. Even if you eat an ideal diet and are a healthy weight, it's important to stay active. Do some aerobic exercise -- activity that gets your heart pumping -- for at least 30 minutes, 4 or more times a week, to help lower the levels of fats and cholesterol in your blood. Some ways to stay active are walking, jogging, swimming, dancing, biking, climbing stairs at work, or playing sports. Talk to your doctor about how to make these changes in the safest way for you.


Question: What does a liver scan indicate?

Answer: Liver scans can do several important jobs: Check for liver cancer, hepatitis and cirrhosis Make tumors, abscesses, or cysts of the liver or spleen visible Help doctors see whether and how liver disease is advancing Watch the progress of treatment Look at damage to the liver or spleen from an accident Scan for any unexplained pain There are few risks for most people when having a liver scan.


Question: What should I keep in mind after a liver scan?

Answer: Like any medical test or procedure, you will have to prepare for your liver scan: Tell the radiologist if you're allergic to any medications, dyes, latex, or iodine Remove your jewelry Be ready to lie still on your back for at least 30 minutes When the scan is over, drink plenty of fluids afterward and go to the bathroom as often as possible to help flush out any remaining radionuclide. You can get back to your normal activities, unless your doctor tells you otherwise. If you notice swelling or redness around the IV site, call your doctor.


Question: Are there risks to getting a liver scan?

Answer: Liver scans can do several important jobs: Check for liver cancer, hepatitis and cirrhosis Make tumors, abscesses, or cysts of the liver or spleen visible Help doctors see whether and how liver disease is advancing Watch the progress of treatment Look at damage to the liver or spleen from an accident Scan for any unexplained pain There are few risks for most people when having a liver scan. Although the injection might cause a bit of discomfort, the amount of radioactive material you receive is tiny. Your liver and spleen, or your bone marrow, will absorb it. A patient might be allergic to the tracers, but this is very rare. You need to tell your doctor if you're pregnant, suspect you're pregnant, or if you're breastfeeding.


Question: How can I prepare for a liver scan?

Answer: Like any medical test or procedure, you will have to prepare for your liver scan: Tell the radiologist if you're allergic to any medications, dyes, latex, or iodine Remove your jewelry Be ready to lie still on your back for at least 30 minutes When the scan is over, drink plenty of fluids afterward and go to the bathroom as often as possible to help flush out any remaining radionuclide.


Question: Why would my doctor order a liver-spleen scan?

Answer: It makes proteins and cholesterol your body uses in digestion. It helps turn food into energy, and along with the spleen it acts as a filter that flushes harmful wastes. But if your liver is injured or diseased, it can have trouble doing its job. If that happens, your doctor might order a liver-spleen scan to find out what's wrong. The scans give your doctor tons of valuable information. Liver scans can do several important jobs: Check for liver cancer, hepatitis and cirrhosis Make tumors, abscesses, or cysts of the liver or spleen visible Help doctors see whether and how liver disease is advancing Watch the progress of treatment Look at damage to the liver or spleen from an accident Scan for any unexplained pain There are few risks for most people when having a liver scan.


Question: Can estrogen help treat osteoporosis?

Answer: Estrogen: While estrogen, another hormone, can help with osteoporosis in women who have been through menopause, it also has serious side effects, such as: Blood clots Breast cancer Endometrial cancer Heart disease Because of this, the FDA suggests taking only the smallest dose for the shortest possible time and only if you're highly likely to get fractures.


Question: How do bisphosphonates help treat osteoporosis?

Answer: This is the most commonly used class of medicines to treat osteoporosis in men and women. They work by slowing the rate of bone loss.


Question: How can lung function test help in the diagnosis of shortness of breath?

Answer: This measures how well your lungs work and lets your doctor know if something is blocking or keeping them from using air properly. It can also show how well your lungs can transport and use oxygen. One type of lung function test is called spirometry. You breathe into a mouthpiece that connects to a machine and measures your lung capacity and air flow. Your doctor may also have you stand in a box that looks like a telephone booth to check your lung capacity. This is called plethysmography.


Question: When should you see a doctor because of shortness of breath?

Answer: Your doctor can do some basic tests to help you get to the bottom of your shortness of breath. If shortness of breath keeps you from doing your regular daily activities, that's reason enough to call the doctor. But definitely schedule an appointment if you have trouble breathing along with any of these symptoms: Shortness of breath when you're resting or lying down Fever, chills, night sweats Fast, fluttering heartbeats Wheezing At your appointment, your doctor will ask a few questions about your medical history and do a physical exam.


Question: How can oxygen test help in the diagnosis of shortness of breath?

Answer: Also called pulse oximetry, this helps your doctor measure how much oxygen is in your blood. She'll place a clothespin-like sensor on your finger, which uses light to detect oxygen. Other than the pressure of the sensor, you won't feel anything.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose shortness of breathing?

Answer: But definitely schedule an appointment if you have trouble breathing along with any of these symptoms: Shortness of breath when you're resting or lying down Fever, chills, night sweats Fast, fluttering heartbeats Wheezing At your appointment, your doctor will ask a few questions about your medical history and do a physical exam. This might include listening to your heart and lungs for signs of congestion, murmur, or anything else unusual. The results of the exam may lead her to order a few tests to help figure out what else might be causing your breathing problems.


Question: How can chest X-ray help in the diagnosis of shortness of breath?

Answer: It's painless and easy -- a radiology technologist can do one in about 15 minutes. The results can tell them whether or not conditions such as anemia or heart failure are making you short of breath.


Question: What do probiotics do?

Answer: Among other things, probiotics help send food through your gut by affecting nerves that control gut movement. Researchers are still trying to figure out which are best for certain health problems. Some common conditions they treat are: Irritable bowel syndrome Inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) Infectious diarrhea (caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites) Diarrhea caused by antibiotics There is also some research that shows they're useful for problems in other parts of your body. For example, some people say they have helped with: Skin conditions, like eczema Urinary and vaginal health Preventing allergies and colds Oral health The FDA regulates probiotics like foods, not like medications.


Question: How can you use probiotics safely?

Answer: For example, some people say they have helped with: Skin conditions, like eczema Urinary and vaginal health Preventing allergies and colds Oral health The FDA regulates probiotics like foods, not like medications. Unlike drug companies, makers of probiotic supplements don't have to show their products are safe or that they work. Ask your doctor if taking probiotics is a good idea for you. In general, probiotic foods and supplements are thought to be safe for most people, though some people with immune system problems or other serious health conditions shouldn't take them. In some cases, mild side effects might include an upset stomach, diarrhea, gas, and bloating for the first couple of days after you start taking them. They may also trigger allergic reactions. Stop taking them and talk to your doctor if you have problems.