Question: When is surgery used to treat osteoarthritis?

Answer: Most cases of spinal osteoarthritis can be treated without surgery, but surgery is sometimes performed.


Question: How is osteoarthritis of the spine treated?

Answer: Blood tests to exclude other diseases Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) to show possible damage to discs or narrowing of areas where spinal nerves exit In most cases, treatment of spinal osteoarthritis is geared toward relieving the symptoms of pain and increasing a person's ability to function. The goal is to have a healthy lifestyle. Initial treatment may include losing weight if needed and then, for everyone, maintaining a healthy weight. It may also include exercise. Besides helping with weight management, exercise can also help: increase flexibility improve attitude and mood strengthen the heart improve blood flow make it easier to do daily tasks Some of the exercises associated with osteoarthritis treatment include swimming, walking, and water aerobics.


Question: What exercises are associated with osteoarthritis treatment?

Answer: Besides helping with weight management, exercise can also help: increase flexibility improve attitude and mood strengthen the heart improve blood flow make it easier to do daily tasks Some of the exercises associated with osteoarthritis treatment include swimming, walking, and water aerobics. Exercise may be broken down into the following categories: Strengthening exercises. These exercises seek to make muscles that support the joints stronger. They work through resistance with the use of weights or rubber bands. Aerobic exercises. These are exercises that make the heart and circulatory system stronger. Range-of-motion exercises. These exercises increase the body's flexibility.


Question: What is osteoarthritis of the spine?

Answer: Sometimes, osteoarthritis produces spurs that put pressure on the nerves leaving the spinal column. This can cause weakness and pain in the arms or legs. Osteoarthritis of the spine may cause stiffness or pain in the neck or back.


Question: What are other treatments for osteoarthritis?

Answer: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) are also available over-the-counter in certain strengths. Examples include aspirin, naproxen sodium ( Aleve), and ibuprofen ( Motrin or Advil). Topical ointments and creams are also available to treat pain. They are applied to the skin in the area that hurts, but generally, these are not effective. Examples of topical drugs include Ben- Gay and Aspercreme. Your doctor may also recommend prescription drugs to treat symptoms, as there are no medications that reverse the process. These may include prescription painkillers, mild narcotics, or injections of corticosteroids around the spinal column called epidural steroid injections. It is important to understand that these injections do not correct the underlying problem and are sometimes used without clear indication of long-term benefit.


Question: What is an ankle sprain or ankle injury?

Answer: An unnatural twisting motion can happen when the foot is planted awkwardly, when the ground is uneven, or when an unusual amount of force is applied to the joint. Such injuries to the ligaments or tendons of the ankle happen during athletic events, while running or walking, or even doing something as simple as getting out of bed. Ankle injuries can be painful and can make it hard to carry out your daily activities. Ligaments, which provide the connection between the bones of the ankle, are injured when more than normal stretching force is applied to them.


Question: When do I need follow-up care for an ankle sprain?

Answer: Follow-up for ankle sprains is needed only if the ankle is not healing well. This could indicate there is a previously undetected fracture or torn ligaments. Go to a doctor for follow-up care if either of the following is true. Your ankle continues to hurt after 2 weeks Any swelling persists or worsens Ankle sprain prevention can be as simple as wearing the right shoes or as complicated as balance training for athletes.


Question: Will anti-inflammatories help a sprained ankle?

Answer: Anti-inflammatory pain medications will reduce the pain and combat the swelling. Several are available over-the-counter, such as ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil) and naproxen ( Aleve). But check with your doctor first if you have any medical problems or take any other medicines.


Question: Can ankle sprains be prevented?

Answer: Compression can help keep down swelling. Your ankle continues to hurt after 2 weeks Any swelling persists or worsens Ankle sprain prevention can be as simple as wearing the right shoes or as complicated as balance training for athletes. Wear the proper shoes for the activity. You should always wear stable shoes that give your ankle the proper support. High-top basketball shoes are a good choice. ( High heels or platform shoes are not the best choice if you're trying to prevent an ankle sprain.) If you are participating in a sport, you might want to consider having a weak ankle taped to offer extra support. If you have repeated sprains, wearing an ankle brace while playing may help as well. Make sure that the playing field is clear of any holes or obstacles. Check with your doctor first.


Question: What are signs of an ankle fracture?

Answer: The following conditions suggest you might have a fracture, or you may need a splint for pain control. Severe or uncontrolled pain Foot or ankle is misshapen or extremely swollen Cannot walk without pain Severe pain when pressing over the medial or lateral malleolus, the bony bumps on each side of the ankle The doctor will check to see if a fracture or other serious injury has happened to require immediate care. But check with your doctor first if you have any medical problems or take any other medicines.


Question: What causes an ankle sprain?

Answer: An unnatural twisting motion can happen when the foot is planted awkwardly, when the ground is uneven, or when an unusual amount of force is applied to the joint. Note it is turned inward.


Question: Should I use ice on an ankle sprain?

Answer: Put the ankle joint at rest by wearing a brace or splint. Ice will counteract the increased blood flow to the injured area. It will reduce the swelling, redness, and warmth. Applied soon after the injury, ice will prevent much of the inflammation from happening. Compression wraps, such as Ace bandages, do not provide much support to prevent movement of the ankle, and you should not apply them tightly.


Question: When should you call your doctor about an ankle sprain?

Answer: A follow-up visit 1-2 weeks after the injury is advisable to help with flexibility and strengthening exercises. The indications to go to a hospital's emergency department are similar to those for which to call the doctor. Severe or uncontrolled pain Foot or ankle is misshapen or extremely swollen Cannot walk without pain Severe pain when pressing over the medial or lateral malleolus, the bony bumps on each side of the ankle The doctor will check to see if a fracture or other serious injury has happened to require immediate care. X-rays are often, but not always, needed to make sure that a fracture is not present.


Question: What does deep vein thrombophlebitis affect?

Answer: Deep vein thrombophlebitis affects the larger blood vessels, usually deep in the legs. Large blood clots can form, which may break off and travel to the lungs. This is a serious condition called pulmonary embolism.


Question: What are risk factors for thrombophlebitis?

Answer: Some risk factors for thrombophlebitis include the following: Prolonged inactivity - Staying in bed or sitting for many hours, as in a car or on an airplane, creating stagnant or slow flow of blood from the legs in a dependent position ( This pooling of blood in the legs leads to thrombus formation.) Sedentary lifestyle - Not getting any exercise Obesity Smoking cigarettes Certain medical conditions, such as cancer or blood disorders, that increase the clotting potential of the blood Injury to your arms or legs Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills Pregnancy Varicose veins Superficial phlebitis There is usually a slow onset of a tender red area along the superficial veins on the skin.


Question: What does superficial phlebitis affect?

Answer: Superficial phlebitis affects veins on the skin surface. The condition is rarely serious and, with proper care, usually resolves rapidly. Sometimes people with superficial phlebitis also get deep vein thrombophlebitis, so a medical evaluation is necessary.


Question: What are symptoms of superficial phlebitis?

Answer: Sedentary lifestyle - Not getting any exercise Obesity Smoking cigarettes Certain medical conditions, such as cancer or blood disorders, that increase the clotting potential of the blood Injury to your arms or legs Hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills Pregnancy Varicose veins Superficial phlebitis There is usually a slow onset of a tender red area along the superficial veins on the skin. A long, thin red area may be seen as the inflammation follows a superficial vein. This area may feel hard, warm, and tender. The skin around the vein may be itchy and swollen. The area may begin to throb or burn. Symptoms may be worse when the leg is lowered, especially when first getting out of bed in the morning. A low-grade fever may occur. Sometimes phlebitis may occur where a peripheral intravenous line was started. The surrounding area may be sore and tender along the vein. If an infection is present, symptoms may include redness, fever, pain, swelling, or breakdown of the skin.


Question: What are symptoms of deep vein phlebitis?

Answer: Deep vein phlebitis This can be similar in presentation to superficial phlebitis, but some people may have no symptoms. One may have pain and swelling throughout the entire limb. For example, the lower leg may swell for no apparent reason. Some people also get fever from a superimposed bacterial infection and skin discoloration or ulcers if the condition becomes chronic and was inadequately treated earlier.


Question: What is the outlook for superficial phlebitis?

Answer: Phlebitis in the superficial veins is rarely serious and usually responds to pain control, elevation, and warm compresses for 1-2 weeks.


Question: What is the medical treatment for superficial phlebitis?

Answer: If your evaluation shows superficial phlebitis and you are otherwise healthy, you can likely go home. You will need to use compression stockings and probably anti-inflammatory medications to control your symptoms. Additional management involves elevation of the arm/leg and application of warm compresses. Only a few cases require antibiotics.


Question: What causes superficial phlebitis?

Answer: Superficial phlebitis can be a complication due to a medical or surgical procedure. Injury to a vein increases the risk of forming a blood clot. Sometimes clots occur without an injury.


Question: What is the medical treatment for deep vein phlebitis?

Answer: If you have a history of deep vein thrombophlebitis, or if the phlebitis might possibly spread to the deep veins, you will need to take a blood thinner (anticoagulant). The duration of anticoagulant treatment is usually between 3-6 months. If you have signs of infection, you will need to take an antibiotic. If the superficial phlebitis has progressed to involve the deep veins, then it is a serious condition that may even require hospital admission for treatment and further evaluation.


Question: When should you seek medical care for phlebitis?

Answer: If you are not better in a week or two or if it gets any worse, get reevaluated to make sure you don't have a more serious condition. Your health care provider will examine you and ask questions about your symptoms.


Question: How is phlebitis diagnosed?

Answer: Call your health care provider if you have signs and symptoms of swelling, pain, and inflamed superficial veins on the arms or legs. D-dimer is a blood test that measures a substance that is released as a blood clot dissolves. If this blood test is negative, and you have no risk factors, then it is unlikely that you have a blood clot. Ultrasound can detect clots or blockage of blood flow, especially in larger, more proximal (upper leg) veins. A small hand-held instrument (probe) is pressed against your skin to help identify blood clots and where the obstruction is. This is a painless, noninvasive test. Occasionally a venogram is needed to identify blood clots in the smaller, more distal veins. This is an invasive procedure that requires injecting X-ray dye or contrast material into a vein on the foot, then an X-ray is taken of the flow of the dye up the leg.


Question: What is phlebitis?

Answer: Thrombophlebitis usually occurs in leg veins, but it may occur in an arm. The thrombus in the vein causes pain and irritation and may block blood flow in the veins. Phlebitis can occur in both the surface (superficial) or deep veins. phlebitis, blood clot in the arm, blood clot in the leg, deep venous thrombophlebitis, thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombophlebitis, superficial phlebitis, thrombus, inflammation of a vein, deep vein thrombophlebitis


Question: When do you need to go to the emergency department for evaluation?

Answer: If you have any of these signs and symptoms, go to a hospital emergency department for evaluation: High fever with any symptoms in an arm or leg Lumps in a leg Severe pain and swelling in an arm or leg New, unexplained significant shortness of breath, which could be the first tip-off that a blood clot has already traveled to your lung; call 911if you are having trouble breathing. phlebitis, blood clot in the arm, blood clot in the leg, deep venous thrombophlebitis, thrombophlebitis, superficial vein thrombophlebitis, superficial phlebitis, thrombus, inflammation of a vein, deep vein thrombophlebitis


Question: How can you treat phlebitis at home?

Answer: An anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can help lessen the pain and inflammation of superficial phlebitis. If you increase your walking, you increase blood flow. This helps prevent blood clots from developing. Prescription leg compression stockings (knee or thigh high) improve your blood flow and may help to relieve your pain and swelling. Avoid bed rest for prolonged periods. If you have a history of deep vein thrombophlebitis, or if the phlebitis might possibly spread to the deep veins, you will need to take a blood thinner (anticoagulant).


Question: How can dogs get Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer: This chemical helps him respond to stress, control his weight, fight infections, and keep his blood sugar levels in check. But too much or too little of it can cause problems. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Cushing’s, which is also known as hypercortisolism and hyperadrenocorticism, can be tricky for a vet to diagnose, because it has the same symptoms as other conditions. The key is to let your vet know about anything that’s different about your pet.


Question: What are the symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs?

Answer: The condition mostly affects middle-aged and older dogs, and the warning signs may be harder to spot in the beginning. You might notice your dog: Is thirstier than usual Seems hungrier Pees more often; housebroken dogs may have indoor accidents.


Question: How is Cushing’s syndrome in dogs treated?

Answer: If Cushing’s syndrome comes from a tumor on your pet’s adrenal glands, the vet might be able to remove it with surgery, which will cure him of the problem. But if the tumor has spread to other parts of his body or he has other health problems, surgery may not be an option. Usually, a dog can live an active, normal life with medication to treat the condition, though he’ll need it for the rest of his life. Drugs are best for dogs with Cushing’s syndrome caused by the pituitary gland or for those with a tumor on their adrenal gland that can't be removed with surgery. The most common drug is trilostane ( Vetoryl). Your pup will need regular check-ups and blood tests to make sure his treatment is working.


Question: What are blood clotting disorders?

Answer: Some illnesses make your blood more likely to form clots. You could be born with one, or something may happen to you. These disorders can cause: Higher-than-normal levels of clot-forming substances, including fibrinogen, factor 8, and prothrombin Not enough blood-thinning (anticoagulant) proteins, including antithrombin, protein C, and protein S Trouble breaking down fibrin, the protein mesh that holds clots together Damage to the endothelium, the lining of the blood vessel Your lymphatic system doesn't have a pump like your blood circulation system does.


Question: What role does plaque play in peripheral artery disease?

Answer: Arteries move blood away from the heart. Peripheral arteries carry blood to other tissues and organs throughout your body. Both can have deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances on their inside walls. These deposits are known as plaque. Over time, plaque can build up, narrowing the vessel and making it hard for blood to flow.


Question: What is Buerger's disease?

Answer: Any condition that affects this system is considered vascular disease. This rare disease most often affects the small and medium sized arteries and veins in your arms and legs. They swell up and may get blocked by clots, cutting off blood supply to your fingers, hands, toes, or feet. These body parts will hurt, even when you're resting. If it's severe, you might need to amputate fingers or toes that have died. People with Buerger's disease may also have Raynaud's phenomenon. Although the cause is unknown, there's a strong association with tobacco use -- including cigars and chewing tobacco -- and secondhand smoke.


Question: What is vascular disease?

Answer: A system of flexible tubes -- some big, some very tiny -- move fluids throughout your body. This whole network of vessels is known as your vascular or circulatory system. " Any condition that affects this system is considered vascular disease. The diseases range from problems with your arteries, veins, and vessels that carry lymph to disorders that affect how blood flows. A disease can lead to your tissues not getting enough blood, a condition called ischemia, as well as other serious, even life-threatening, problems.


Question: How can a secondary lymphedema happen?

Answer: It relies on valves in the vessels and muscle contractions to keep the lymph moving. When vessels or nodes are missing or don't work right, fluid can build up and cause swelling, most often in your arms or legs. This is called lymphedema. A blockage or interruption of the lymphatic system is called secondary lymphedema. It can happen because of: Cancer and cancer treatments, including radiation Deep vein thrombosis ( DVT) Infection Scar tissue formation Serious injury Surgery


Question: What can damaged vein valves cause?

Answer: Unlike arteries, veins have flaps inside called valves. They're usually caused by: Conditions that slow blood flow or make blood thicker, such as congestive heart failure and certain tumors Damaged valves in a vein Damaged veins from injury or infection Genetic disorders that make your blood more likely to clot Hormones, such as estrogen from pregnancy and birth control pills Long bed rest or not being able to move much Surgery, especially some operations on your hips and legs Damaged vein valves or a DVT can cause long-term blood pooling and swelling in your legs, too. That's called chronic venous insufficiency. If you don't do anything about it, fluid will leak into the tissues in your ankles and feet. It may eventually make your skin break down and wear away.


Question: What are different problems of peripheral artery disease?

Answer: Peripheral arteries carry blood to other tissues and organs throughout your body. For example: Blockage in coronary arteries can cause chest pain (angina) or a heart attack. If it's in the carotid arteries that supply your brain, it can lead to a stroke or mini stroke, which is called a transient ischemic attack or TIA. Blockage in the kidneys can lead to trouble with how they work, uncontrolled high blood pressure, and heart failure. A blockage in a leg can lead to leg pain or cramps when you're active -- a condition called claudication -- skin color change, sores or ulcers, and your legs feeling tired. When you don't have any blood flow to a part of your body, the tissues could die.


Question: What is Raynaud's Phenomenon (Raynaud's Disease or Raynaud's Syndrome)?

Answer: Any condition that affects this system is considered vascular disease. This can temporarily shut down blood supply to the area, making your skin look white or bluish and feel cold or numb. The working conditions of some jobs bring on Raynaud's. Or the symptoms might be related to underlying diseases, including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. It happens when you're born without certain lymph vessels or when you have a problem with the tubes themselves.


Question: How does light therapy work in treating seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?

Answer: A full-spectrum bright light shines indirectly into your eyes. You sit about 2 feet away from a bright light -- about 20 times brighter than normal room lighting. The therapy starts with one 10- to 15-minute session per day. Then the times increase to 30 to 45 minutes a day, depending on your response. Don't look directly at the light source of any light box for long times to avoid possible damage to your eyes.


Question: Is melatonin linked to seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD)?

Answer: Some researchers link seasonal depression to the natural hormone melatonin, which causes drowsiness. Light affects the biological clock in our brains that regulates circadian rhythms -- a physiological function that may include mood changes when less sunlight is available in winter . Natural or "full spectrum" light can have an antidepressant effect.


Question: Do antidepressants treat seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD)?

Answer: There are different treatments, depending on the severity of your symptoms. Also, if you have another type of depression or bipolar disorder, the treatment may be different. Traditional antidepressants are often used to treat seasonal depression. Bupropion XL is currently the only medication that is FDA-approved specifically to prevent major depressive episodes in people with SAD.


Question: How can hormonal changes cause seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?

Answer: While we don't know the exact causes of SAD, some scientists think that certain hormones made deep in the brain trigger attitude-related changes at certain times of year. Experts believe that SAD may be related to these hormonal changes. One theory is that less sunlight during fall and winter leads to the brain making less serotonin, a chemical linked to brain pathways that regulate mood. When nerve cell pathways in the brain that regulate mood don't function normally, the result can be feelings of depression, along with symptoms of fatigue and weight gain.


Question: What can you do to treat seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD) if you can't go outside early in the morning?

Answer: Many doctors recommend that people with SAD get outside early in the morning to get more natural light. If this is impossible because of the dark winter months, antidepressant medications or light therapy (phototherapy) may help.


Question: How can you prevent seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?

Answer: Spend some time outside every day, even when it's cloudy. The effects of daylight still help. Begin using a 10,000 lux light box when fall starts, even before you feel the effects of winter SAD. Eat a well-balanced diet. This will help you have more energy, even if you're craving starchy and sweet foods. Exercise for 30 minutes a day, five times a week. Stay involved with your social circle and regular activities. Social support is very important.


Question: When should I call my doctor about seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?

Answer: If you feel depressed, fatigued, and irritable the same time each year, and these feelings seem to be seasonal in nature, you may have a form of SAD. Talk openly with your doctor about your feelings.


Question: What are the winter symptoms of seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder, or SAD)?

Answer: People with SAD have many of the normal warning signs of depression, including: Less energy Trouble concentrating Fatigue Greater appetite Increased desire to be alone Greater need for sleep Weight gain Less appetite Trouble sleeping Weight loss If you've been feeling depressed and have some of the above symptoms, see your doctor for an assessment.


Question: Who is commonly affected by seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?

Answer: In general, though, seasonal affective disorder starts in fall or winter and ends in spring or early summer. Some people with SAD have mild symptoms and feel out of sorts or irritable. Others have worse symptoms that interfere with relationships and work. Because the lack of enough daylight during wintertime is related to SAD, it's less often found in countries where there's plenty of sunshine year-round.


Question: What is seasonal depression (seasonal affective disorder)?

Answer: A rare form of seasonal depression, known as "summer depression," begins in late spring or early summer and ends in fall. In general, though, seasonal affective disorder starts in fall or winter and ends in spring or early summer. If you feel depressed, fatigued, and irritable the same time each year, and these feelings seem to be seasonal in nature, you may have a form of SAD.


Question: How do these drugs affect children with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Scientists haven't done as much research on how these drugs affect children as they have for adults. But the results of small studies have shown that they work well and are safe for kids. Doctors can also treat specific symptoms related to MS, such as muscle spasms, fatigue, and depression.


Question: What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) symptoms?

Answer: Symptoms such as fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle stiffness, and depression may not go away entirely after an attack. But there are many treatments to help relieve them, including physical and occupational therapy, counseling, and medications. Also, not every symptom your child might have is a result of the disease. Children with MS get the same illnesses other kids get. Fevers or infections may make MS symptoms worse for a little while, but they usually get better once the fever goes down or an infection is under control.


Question: What are some medications for children with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Medications for children with MS include: Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Your child will get these meds by injection -- either into the muscle or beneath the skin. The doctor or nurse can work with you on how to make them easier for your child. Teenagers may be able to give themselves the shots.


Question: Do children with multiple sclerosis have seizures?

Answer: The symptoms are similar to those in adults and may include: Problems with bladder or bowel control Weakness Problems with walking Vision changes Muscle spasms Sensory changes, tingling, or numbness Tremors Children also might have seizures and a total lack of energy that adults with the condition usually don't have.


Question: How are medications given to children to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Medications for children with MS include: Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Your child will get these meds by injection -- either into the muscle or beneath the skin. The doctor or nurse can work with you on how to make them easier for your child. Teenagers may be able to give themselves the shots. Scientists haven't done as much research on how these drugs affect children as they have for adults.


Question: What are the symptoms for multiple sclerosis treatment?

Answer: Symptoms such as fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle stiffness, and depression may not go away entirely after an attack. But there are many treatments to help relieve them, including physical and occupational therapy, counseling, and medications. Also, not every symptom your child might have is a result of the disease. Children with MS get the same illnesses other kids get. Fevers or infections may make MS symptoms worse for a little while, but they usually get better once the fever goes down or an infection is under control.


Question: What are multiple sclerosis symptoms of children?

Answer: The symptoms are similar to those in adults and may include: Problems with bladder or bowel control Weakness Problems with walking Vision changes Muscle spasms Sensory changes, tingling, or numbness Tremors Children also might have seizures and a total lack of energy that adults with the condition usually don't have.


Question: Can doctors treat specific symptoms of multiple sclerosis in children?

Answer: Symptoms such as fatigue, numbness or tingling, muscle stiffness, and depression may not go away entirely after an attack.


Question: How is multiple sclerosis (MS) different in children?

Answer: The first signs of the disease are different for children. It might start after a child has a nerve disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM). Most of the time, the symptoms of ADEM -- including headache, confusion, coma, seizures, stiff neck, fever, and major lack of energy -- go away after a few weeks. But some children will keep having problems that are the same as MS.


Question: Is multiple sclerosis different for children then for adults?

Answer: The first signs of the disease are different for children. It might start after a child has a nerve disorder called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM). Most of the time, the symptoms of ADEM -- including headache, confusion, coma, seizures, stiff neck, fever, and major lack of energy -- go away after a few weeks. But some children will keep having problems that are the same as MS.


Question: What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks in children?

Answer: Corticosteroid medications reduce inflammation in the brain and spinal cord during attacks. The main one is methylprednisolone ( Solu-medrol), which you get through an IV once a day for 3-5 days. Sometimes doctors prescribe a corticosteroid pill called prednisone for a short time after the IV medication.


Question: Is multiple sclerosis worse in children than adults?

Answer: But people who had the condition in childhood or adolescence can have physical disability at an earlier age. The disease also may cause greater challenges with thinking and emotions for children and teens, and may affect their schoolwork, self-image, and relationships with peers.


Question: How many children are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: Of the 400,000 diagnosed cases of MS in the U. S., 8,000 to 10,000 are in people younger than age 18. Neurologists think there are probably many more kids with MS that haven't been diagnosed. Multiple sclerosis may get worse more slowly in children than in adults.


Question: What medications has the FDA approved to treat multiple sclerosis in children?

Answer: Of the 400,000 diagnosed cases of MS in the U. S., 8,000 to 10,000 are in people younger than age 18. But doctors use some of them to treat children with the condition, but at a different dose than adults get. Medications for children with MS include: Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) Your child will get these meds by injection -- either into the muscle or beneath the skin.


Question: What is the cure for multiple sclerosis (MS) in children?

Answer: Corticosteroids can ease attacks, but they don't prevent them. But there are many treatments to help relieve them, including physical and occupational therapy, counseling, and medications.


Question: Do children get multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Of the 400,000 diagnosed cases of MS in the U. S., 8,000 to 10,000 are in people younger than age 18. Neurologists think there are probably many more kids with MS that haven't been diagnosed. Multiple sclerosis may get worse more slowly in children than in adults.


Question: What are anti-inflammatory inhalers?

Answer: Anti-inflammatory asthma inhalers prevent asthma attacks and reduce swelling and mucus in your airways. They include: Steroids ( Aerospan, Alvesco, Asmanex, Flovent, Pulmicort, and Qvar) Mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn sodium) For in-depth information, see Web MD's article on Asthma, Steroids, and Other Anti- Inflammatory Drugs.


Question: What drugs are in the inhaler?

Answer: Many inhalers contain steroids, like prednisone, to treat inflammation. Others have a type of drug called a bronchodilator to open up your airways. Some have both -- this is known as a combination inhaler.


Question: What is an asthma inhaler?

Answer: An asthma inhaler is a handheld device that delivers medication straight into your lungs. You get the drugs faster -- and with fewer side effects -- than you would if you took it by pill or IV.


Question: Do I need a spacer in my inhaler?

Answer: An asthma inhaler is a handheld device that delivers medication straight into your lungs. You push the inhaler, it sprays out the medicine, and you breathe it in. Not all inhalers are used with a spacer, so ask your pharmacist if you need one. Spacers with masks are available for use by small children or anyone else who can't breathe in through a standard spacer. See Web MD's articles for instructions on using an MDI inhaler with a spacer, without a spacer, and with a mask spacer.


Question: What is a nebulizer and how do they work?

Answer: Asthma inhalers can deliver drugs in a variety of ways. That makes them good for children or people with severe asthma who may not be able to use an HFA or DPI properly. This makes the device easier to use and helps get the medication into your lungs.


Question: How do you know if there is enough medicine in your inhaler?

Answer: You push the inhaler, it sprays out the medicine, and you breathe it in. Many inhalers contain steroids, like prednisone, to treat inflammation. The best way to tell how many doses remain is to mark the number of doses used on the inhaler and then toss it after you've used this number of puffs. You can find the total number of doses on the box or canister. Mark the date on your calendar when you expect to use all of the available puffs in the new inhaler, and replace it before then. Keep one or two extra quick-relief inhalers at home.


Question: What are hydrofluoroalkane inhalers or HFAs and how do they work?

Answer: They work like a spray can. You push the inhaler, it sprays out the medicine, and you breathe it in. A tube-like gadget called a spacer can help kids or people with trouble breathing use an HFA more easily. You can find the total number of doses on the box or canister.


Question: What are bronchodilator asthma inhalers?

Answer: Others have a type of drug called a bronchodilator to open up your airways. They include: Short-acting beta-agonists ( Pro Air HFA, Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, and Xoponex) Long-acting beta-agonists ( Foradil and Serevent). The combination inhalers containing both a long-acting beta-agonist and a steroid include Advair, Dulera, and Symbicort. Long-acting anticholinergics such as tiotropium bromide ( Spiriva Respimat), available for anyone ages 6 and older. This medicine can be used in addition to your regular maintenance medication. Combivent and Duo Neb inhalers contain both albuterol and ipratropium (a bronchodilator); albuterol and ipratropium may also be given using a nebulizer. For in-depth information, see Web MD's article on Bronchodilators: Relieving Asthma Symptoms.


Question: What are dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and how do they work?

Answer: Do you puff and breathe, or breathe and puff? Read the instructions carefully if you get a different brand, because they vary widely and the new one may not work like your old one. That makes them good for children or people with severe asthma who may not be able to use an HFA or DPI properly.


Question: How do I find a sex therapist?

Answer: Also, ask your doctor if he or she can recommend a therapist.


Question: Should my partner go to sex therapy with me?

Answer: Sex therapy is most effective when a man's sexual partner is willing to be part of the treatment. Studies have shown that for men with stress-related ED, having the partner involved in the therapy resolves the problem 50%-70% of the time. When the man must go through counseling alone, the results are somewhat lower.


Question: Does health insurance cover sex therapy?

Answer: Some insurance plans cover sex therapy. Once you select a therapist, call him/her to ask whether services are covered by your insurance provider. If payment cannot be worked out through insurance, many therapists can adjust their fees.


Question: How does sex therapy work for erectile dysfunction?

Answer: A typical session may be one hour every week or every other week. During the session, the counselor will give the patient "assignments" to do at home, such as: Reading books about sexuality Touching exercises that are designed to take away the pressure to perform during sex Practicing better sexual communication skills Sex therapy may be useful for treating erectile dysfunction if a man is able to have a normal erection during sleep, the results of his physical exam and blood tests are normal, and he is generally in good health. Sex therapy is most effective when a man's sexual partner is willing to be part of the treatment.


Question: What are ways to incorporate omega-3s into breakfast?

Answer: Try these options: A bowl of cereal with fortified milk, soy milk, or almond milk An omelet with fortified eggs Cold cereal or oatmeal with chopped walnuts, pumpkin seeds, ground flaxseeds, or chia seeds A breakfast shake with fortified milk, tofu, frozen berries, fruit juice, and ice Soups and salads with walnuts, flaxseeds, or chia seeds Leafy greens and albacore tuna salad with low-fat mayonnaise A tossed salad with walnut oil and balsamic vinegar A grilled salmon burger with fresh baby spinach Sardines in mustard or tomato sauce with flaxseed crackers A handful of walnuts and dried fruit Yogurt with chia seeds and fresh fruit Edamame (steamed green soybeans) with a little bit of salt Salmon, trout, or halibut.


Question: What is ALA omega-3?

Answer: Another type, called ALA, comes from plant foods like walnuts, canola oil, chia seeds, soy, flaxseeds, leafy green vegetables, and navy beans. Your body can change it into EPA and DHA, but it doesn't do this very well. Some cereals, milks, eggs, and yogurt are fortified with omega-3s.


Question: What are ways to incorporate omega-3s into dinner?

Answer: Your body can change it into EPA and DHA, but it doesn't do this very well. Some cereals, milks, eggs, and yogurt are fortified with omega-3s. Try these options: A bowl of cereal with fortified milk, soy milk, or almond milk An omelet with fortified eggs Cold cereal or oatmeal with chopped walnuts, pumpkin seeds, ground flaxseeds, or chia seeds A breakfast shake with fortified milk, tofu, frozen berries, fruit juice, and ice Soups and salads with walnuts, flaxseeds, or chia seeds Leafy greens and albacore tuna salad with low-fat mayonnaise A tossed salad with walnut oil and balsamic vinegar A grilled salmon burger with fresh baby spinach Sardines in mustard or tomato sauce with flaxseed crackers A handful of walnuts and dried fruit Yogurt with chia seeds and fresh fruit Edamame (steamed green soybeans) with a little bit of salt Salmon, trout, or halibut. Kale and white bean stew Navy bean and ham soup Chili with kidney beans and ground turkey Soybean pasta with ground turkey breast and light tomato sauce


Question: How does bad cell communication cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Sometimes cells send the wrong signals or don't pick up messages correctly. When these problems affect how your cells make and use insulin or glucose, a chain reaction can lead to diabetes.


Question: What lifestyle habits are risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may be able to help if you have: Prediabetes Heart and blood vessel disease High blood pressure, even if it's treated and under control Low HDL ("good") cholesterol High triglycerides Being overweight or obese Having a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds Having gestational diabetes while you were pregnant Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition with dark rashes around your neck or armpits Depression Other things that raise your risk of diabetes have to do with your daily habits and lifestyle. These are the ones you can do something about: Getting little or no exercise Smoking Stress Sleeping too little or too much You can't change what happened in the past.


Question: How can I avoid complications of type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Take your diabetes medications or insulin on time. Check your blood glucose. Eat right, and don't skip meals. See your doctor regularly to check for early signs of trouble.


Question: How does bad communication between cells cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Sometimes cells send the wrong signals or don't pick up messages correctly. When these problems affect how your cells make and use insulin or glucose, a chain reaction can lead to diabetes.


Question: How does extra weight cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Being overweight or obese can cause insulin resistance, especially if you carry your extra pounds around the middle.


Question: Who is more likely to get type 2 diabetes?

Answer: While certain things make getting type 2 diabetes more likely, they won't give you the disease. But the more that apply to you, the higher your chances of getting it are. Some things, you can't control: Age: 45 or older Family: A parent, sister, or brother with diabetes Ethnicity: African- American, Alaska Native, Native American, Asian- American, Hispanic or Latino, or Pacific Islander- American Some things are related to your health and medical history.


Question: How many people are affected by diabetes?

Answer: Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong disease that prevents your body from using insulin the right way. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. It's the most common type of diabetes. There are about 27 million people in the U. S. with type 2. Another 86 million have prediabetes: Their blood glucose is not normal, but not high enough to be diabetes yet.


Question: What is a fasting plasma glucose test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Fasting plasma glucose: This measures your blood sugar on an empty stomach. You won't be able to eat or drink anything except water for 8 hours before the test.


Question: What is an oral glucose tolerance test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT): This checks your blood glucose before and 2 hours after you drink a sweet drink to see how your body handles the sugar.


Question: How does too much glucose from your liver cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: When your blood sugar is low, your liver makes and sends out glucose. After you eat, your blood sugar goes up, and usually the liver will slow down and store its glucose for later. But some people's livers don't. They keep cranking out sugar.


Question: What can you do to prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Focus instead on what you can do now and going forward. Take medications and follow your doctor's suggestions to be healthy. Simple changes at home can make a big difference, too. Lose weight. Dropping just 7% to 10% of your weight can cut your risk of type 2 diabetes in half. Get active. Moving muscles use insulin. Thirty minutes of brisk walking a day will cut your risk by almost a third. Eat right. Avoid highly processed carbs, sugary drinks, and trans and saturated fats. Limit red and processed meats. Quit smoking.


Question: How does metabolic syndrome cause type 2 diabetes?

Answer: People with insulin resistance often have a group of conditions including high blood glucose, extra fat around the waist, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.


Question: What is the fasting plasma glucose test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Fasting plasma glucose: This measures your blood sugar on an empty stomach. You won't be able to eat or drink anything except water for 8 hours before the test.


Question: What should I stop eating to prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Avoid highly processed carbs, sugary drinks, and trans and saturated fats. Limit red and processed meats.


Question: What is insulin resistance?

Answer: It helps your cells turn glucose from the food you eat into energy. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their cells don't use it as well as they should. Doctors call this insulin resistance. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to try to get glucose into your cells. But eventually it can't keep up, and the sugar builds up in your blood instead.


Question: What other conditions are common in people with type 2 diabetes?

Answer: People with insulin resistance often have a group of conditions including high blood glucose, extra fat around the waist, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides.


Question: What is the oral glucose tolerance test for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT): This checks your blood glucose before and 2 hours after you drink a sweet drink to see how your body handles the sugar.


Question: What problems are caused by type 2 diabetes over time?

Answer: Over time, high blood sugar can damage and cause problems with your: Heart and blood vessels Kidneys Eyes Nerves, which can lead to trouble with digestion, the feeling in your feet, and your sexual response Wound healing Pregnancy The best way to avoid these complications is to manage your type 2 diabetes well.


Question: What is diabetes and how many people have it?

Answer: Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong disease that prevents your body from using insulin the right way. People with type 2 diabetes are said to have insulin resistance. It's the most common type of diabetes. There are about 27 million people in the U. S. with type 2. Another 86 million have prediabetes: Their blood glucose is not normal, but not high enough to be diabetes yet.


Question: How does body weight affect type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Being overweight or obese can cause insulin resistance, especially if you carry your extra pounds around the middle.


Question: What causes diabetes?

Answer: It helps your cells turn glucose from the food you eat into energy. People with type 2 diabetes make insulin, but their cells don't use it as well as they should. Doctors call this insulin resistance. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to try to get glucose into your cells. But eventually it can't keep up, and the sugar builds up in your blood instead.


Question: What are health or medical related risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Your doctor may be able to help if you have: Prediabetes Heart and blood vessel disease High blood pressure, even if it's treated and under control Low HDL ("good") cholesterol High triglycerides Being overweight or obese Having a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds Having gestational diabetes while you were pregnant Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) Acanthosis nigricans, a skin condition with dark rashes around your neck or armpits Depression Other things that raise your risk of diabetes have to do with your daily habits and lifestyle. Your doctor can test your blood for signs of type 2 diabetes.


Question: If I quit smoking will I prevent type 2 diabetes?

Answer: While certain things make getting type 2 diabetes more likely, they won't give you the disease. Work with your doctor to avoid gaining weight, so you don't create one problem by solving another. Your doctor can test your blood for signs of type 2 diabetes.


Question: What is borderline leprosy?

Answer: People with this type of leprosy have symptoms of both the tuberculoid and lepromatous forms.


Question: What is tuberculoid leprosy?

Answer: A mild, less severe form of leprosy. People with this type have only one or a few patches of flat, pale-colored skin (paucibacillary leprosy). The affected area of skin may feel numb because of nerve damage underneath. Tuberculoid leprosy is less contagious than other forms.


Question: How is leprosy treated?

Answer: Treatment depends on the type of leprosy that you have. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. Long-term treatment with two or more antibiotics is recommended, usually from six months to a year. People with severe leprosy may need to take antibiotics longer. Antibiotics cannot treat the nerve damage. Anti-inflammatory drugs are used to control nerve pain and damage related to leprosy. This may include steroids, such as prednisone. Patients with leprosy may also be given thalidomide, a potent medication that suppresses the body's immune system. It helps treat leprosy skin nodules. Thalidomide is known to cause severe, life-threatening birth defects and should never be taken by women who are pregnant or women who may become pregnant.


Question: What are the complications of leprosy?

Answer: Complications of leprosy can include: Blindness or glaucoma Disfiguration of the face (including permanent swelling, bumps, and lumps) Erectile dysfunction and infertility in men Kidney failure Muscle weakness that leads to claw-like hands or an inability to flex the feet Permanent damage to the inside of the nose, which can lead to nosebleeds and a chronic, stuffy nose Permanent damage to the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including those in the arms, legs, and feet Nerve damage can lead to a dangerous loss of feeling. A person with leprosy-related nerve damage may not feel pain when the hands, legs, or feet are cut, burned, or otherwise injured.


Question: What causes leprosy?

Answer: Leprosy is caused by a slow-growing type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae ( M. leprae). Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease, after the scientist who discovered M. leprae in 1873.


Question: What is traditional sling surgery?

Answer: With women, doctors use two types of sling surgery: Mid-urethral sling surgery is the most common. Traditional sling surgery is more involved than mid-urethral surgery. Your surgeon will take a strip of tissue from your stomach or thigh to make the sling, or they might use tissue from a donor. Then they'll make two cuts, one in your vagina and one in your belly. They'll stretch the sling through the cut in your stomach, then stitch it to the inside of your stomach wall. Men also can have sling surgery. The surgeon will make a small cut between the scrotum and anus and put the sling around part of the urethral bulb (the enlarged end of the urethra in men). This will squeeze and lift the urethra, which helps prevent leaks.


Question: What is sling surgery?

Answer: The sling is like a hammock that lifts and supports your urethra and the neck of your bladder (where your bladder connects to your urethra) to help prevent leaks. Lifestyle changes like losing weight and doing Kegel exercises may help if you have a mild case of urinary stress incontinence. But if you've tried those and still have symptoms that affect your quality of life, sling surgery might be an option. In most cases, it lessens or stops urine leaks. With women, doctors use two types of sling surgery: Mid-urethral sling surgery is the most common. The sling is then put under your urethra. Your surgeon will take a strip of tissue from your stomach or thigh to make the sling, or they might use tissue from a donor. That's a thin, flexible tube that helps drain pee from your body when you can't use the bathroom on your own.


Question: Who is sedation dentistry good for?

Answer: Sedation is most appropriate for people with a real fear or anxiety that is preventing them from going to the dentist. Sedation dentistry may also be appropriate for people who: have a low pain threshold can't sit still in the dentist's chair have very sensitive teeth have a bad gag reflex need a large amount of dental work completed Sometimes, children are given sedation if they are terrified of going to the dentist or refuse to cooperate during the visit.


Question: What is sedation dentristy?

Answer: Sedation can be used for everything from invasive procedures to a simple tooth cleaning. Sedation dentistry uses medication to help patients relax during dental procedures. It's sometimes referred to as "sleep dentistry," although that's not entirely accurate. Patients are usually awake with the exception of those who are under general anesthesia. Regardless of which type of sedation you receive, you'll also typically need a local anesthetic -- numbing medication at the site where the dentist is working in the mouth -- to relieve pain if the procedure causes any discomfort.


Question: What specific questions about lung cancer should I ask my doctor?

Answer: What kind of lung cancer do I have? Where is the cancer and how far has it spread? What stage is my cancer? What treatment do you recommend? Why? What are the side effects? What would help make them less of a problem? Can you remove my lung cancer with surgery? Will I need chemotherapy or radiation? Would newer types of medicine, such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy,also help me? Should I get a second opinion? Could I join a clinical trial? Will you help me find one? What other resources (like a support group or counselor) might be helpful? What lifestyle habits will help me as I go through treatment? Would integrative medicine help me feel better or ease side effects?


Question: Which other cases of cancer is a radioembolization used for?

Answer: The disease may take one of two forms: Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the liver from a primary tumor elsewhere (such as colon or breast cancer) Cancer that first arises in the liver (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) Metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma are the cancers most often considered for radioembolization treatment. Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal.


Question: What are potential complications from radioembolization?

Answer: Radioembolization has a low rate of serious side effects. However, a small percentage of people have serious problems after radioembolization. Potential complications of radioembolization include: Severe ulcers in the stomach or small intestine Liver or gallbladder failure Dangerously low white blood cell count Radiation damage to the lungs Tests performed before radioembolization can reduce some of the risks of complications from the procedure.


Question: What kind of cancer can radioembolization be used for other than metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma?

Answer: Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal.


Question: Does radioembolization cause radiation damage?

Answer: In most cases, the surrounding healthy liver suffers minimal radiation damage after radioembolization. The radiation in the particles gradually disappears over a month. The leftover particles can safely stay put forever.


Question: What are the side effects of radioembolization?

Answer: Many people experience symptoms of fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and loss of appetite after radioembolization. These effects are usually mild or moderate, and most people leave the hospital within a day or two after the procedure.


Question: What are the effects of radioembolization?

Answer: In several small studies, radioembolization delayed progression of colorectal cancer after its spread to the liver. Radioembolization also has been shown to shrink hepatocellular carcinomas. So far there is a small amount of evidence that people who get radioembolization and chemotherapy for cancer in the liver live longer than people receiving chemotherapy only. Larger clinical trials are underway that should help answer questions about radioembolization's benefits. Many people experience symptoms of fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and loss of appetite after radioembolization.


Question: What is often used in coordination with radioembolization?

Answer: Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal. Chemotherapy and radioembolization may be provided in combination to maximize the destruction of cancer cells.


Question: Is radioembolization combined with other cancer treatments?

Answer: Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal. Chemotherapy and radioembolization may be provided in combination to maximize the destruction of cancer cells.


Question: What kind of cancer is radioembolization most used for?

Answer: Radioembolization is used primarily to treat cancer in the liver. The disease may take one of two forms: Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the liver from a primary tumor elsewhere (such as colon or breast cancer) Cancer that first arises in the liver (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) Metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma are the cancers most often considered for radioembolization treatment.


Question: Has radioembolization been effective in studies?

Answer: In several small studies, radioembolization delayed progression of colorectal cancer after its spread to the liver. Radioembolization also has been shown to shrink hepatocellular carcinomas. So far there is a small amount of evidence that people who get radioembolization and chemotherapy for cancer in the liver live longer than people receiving chemotherapy only.


Question: Does radioembolization have any serious complications or side effects?

Answer: Radioembolization has a low rate of serious side effects. However, a small percentage of people have serious problems after radioembolization. Potential complications of radioembolization include: Severe ulcers in the stomach or small intestine Liver or gallbladder failure Dangerously low white blood cell count Radiation damage to the lungs Tests performed before radioembolization can reduce some of the risks of complications from the procedure.


Question: How are tests done before radioembolization?

Answer: These include routine blood tests and an evaluation of blood flow, including an initial angiogram. The first angiogram serves as a test run, allowing a doctor to make sure the arteries of the abdomen and liver are suitable for radioembolization. Potential complications of radioembolization include: Severe ulcers in the stomach or small intestine Liver or gallbladder failure Dangerously low white blood cell count Radiation damage to the lungs Tests performed before radioembolization can reduce some of the risks of complications from the procedure.


Question: What happens before a radioembolization?

Answer: These include routine blood tests and an evaluation of blood flow, including an initial angiogram. The first angiogram serves as a test run, allowing a doctor to make sure the arteries of the abdomen and liver are suitable for radioembolization. Potential complications of radioembolization include: Severe ulcers in the stomach or small intestine Liver or gallbladder failure Dangerously low white blood cell count Radiation damage to the lungs Tests performed before radioembolization can reduce some of the risks of complications from the procedure.


Question: What is radioembolization?

Answer: Radioembolization is most often used on cancers in the liver. Radioembolization is sometimes used for patients who may not be able to undergo other treatments. Experts are still determining its ideal uses. The particles stay in the tumor, blocking blood flow to cancer cells, killing them, and shrinking the tumor.


Question: What is vertical banded gastroplasty?

Answer: Vertical banded gastroplasty ( VBG) also involves a plastic band placed around the stomach. In addition, the surgeon staples the stomach above the band into a small pouch.


Question: What are the different types of restrictive surgery for weight loss?

Answer: In a restrictive surgery, a surgeon uses one of a variety of techniques to reduce the size of the stomach. After restrictive surgery, you'll feel full faster, eat less, and lose weight. The full names for the three types of restrictive surgery for weight loss are: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding Vertical banded gastroplasty Sleeve gastrectomy The surgeon uses laparoscopy (which involves small cuts in the belly) to place an adjustable silicone band around the upper part of the stomach.


Question: What is sleeve gastrectomy?

Answer: In a sleeve gastrectomy, more than half of your stomach is removed, leaving behind a thin vertical sleeve about the size of a banana. Because part of your stomach is removed, this surgery is not reversible.


Question: What is gastric banding surgery?

Answer: The full names for the three types of restrictive surgery for weight loss are: Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding Vertical banded gastroplasty Sleeve gastrectomy The surgeon uses laparoscopy (which involves small cuts in the belly) to place an adjustable silicone band around the upper part of the stomach. Squeezed by the silicone band, the stomach becomes a pouch with about an inch-wide outlet.


Question: What is recovery like after breast implantation?

Answer: Your breasts will be covered with gauze after the surgery. You may have drainage tubes, which will be removed in a few days. You may need to wear a surgical bra as you heal. You'll need to take it easy for a few days after your breast augmentation surgery. For instance, you shouldn't do any heavy lifting for up to six weeks after getting your implants. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen may help relieve discomfort. Your doctor may also prescribe pain medication for you. You will probably have some swelling in the area where the surgery was done. Over time, the swelling should ease and the scars will fade.


Question: How should you pick your surgeon for breast implants?

Answer: You may be less likely to have complications later on if you choose a surgeon who has had at least five years of surgical training and at least two years' experience in plastic surgery.


Question: When can you get breast implants?

Answer: You may be less likely to have complications later on if you choose a surgeon who has had at least five years of surgical training and at least two years' experience in plastic surgery.


Question: How can you maintain breast implants?

Answer: Breast implants are not designed to last a lifetime. You may need to have the implants replaced if you have complications or if the size and shape of your breasts change over time. Women who have silicone gel-filled implants will need to get an MRI scan three years after the implant surgery and then MRI scans about every two years to check for silent rupture. If your implants rupture, you will need to have them removed or replaced.


Question: How long does a breast implant take?

Answer: You may have drainage tubes, which will be removed in a few days.


Question: What happens before a breast implant?

Answer: Your surgeon may ask you to stop taking certain medications a few days or weeks before your surgery. You can get breast augmentation done as an outpatient procedure, or you may stay overnight in the hospital.


Question: What are the different types of breast implants?

Answer: Saline-filled implants are silicone shells filled with sterile salt water (saline). Some are pre-filled and others are filled during the implant operation. Silicone gel-filled implants are silicone shells filled with a plastic gel (silicone). Although many women say that silicone gel implants feel more like real breasts than saline, they pose more of a risk if they leak. Both saline and silicone come in different sizes and have either smooth or textured shells. Each has its own pros and cons, so it is a matter of preference.


Question: How is a breast implant procedure done?

Answer: The surgeon will make a cut under your breasts, under your arms, or around your nipples, depending on your body, the type of implant, and how much enlargement is being done. The surgeon will put the breast implant into a pocket above or below your chest muscle. After the implant is in place, the surgeon will close the cuts with sutures or surgical tape.


Question: Why do people get breast implants?

Answer: That can be done for reconstructive purposes, such as after mastectomy for breast cancer, or for cosmetic reasons. Having breast implants can make it more difficult to get a mammogram, but special X-ray views can be done.


Question: How can high blood pressure cause right-side heart failure?

Answer: It measures how hard your heart pumps blood through your arteries. The higher your blood pressure, the harder your heart is working to pump it. That means over time, your heart muscles can thicken and weaken because of the extra work they do.


Question: How can coronary artery disease cause right-side heart failure?

Answer: This is the most common form of heart disease and cause of heart failure. When you have coronary artery disease, plaque blocks your arteries, causing blood flow to your heart muscle to slow or even stop.


Question: What causes right-side heart failure?

Answer: Sometimes it just happens. But usually it's left-side heart failure that causes right-side heart failure. As the left chamber of your heart loses some of its ability to pump, blood continues to back up -- sometimes into your lungs. Heart failure is a long-term condition that gets worse over time. In most cases, you get it because you have other health issues that have damaged or weakened your heart.


Question: How is right-side heart failure treated?

Answer: There is no cure for heart failure, but there are treatments for its symptoms. Talk to your doctor. She may suggest medications to make you more comfortable. In some cases, a procedure or surgery may be necessary. Your doctor will also suggest you do some things differently to reduce the stress on your heart. These might include: Lose weight, or stay at a weight that feels best. Quit smoking. Exercise. Eat a diet high in lean protein, low-fat dairy, whole grains, fresh fruits, and vegetables. Cut back on of sodium, saturated fats (found in meats and full-fat dairy products), added sugars, and carbs. Get enough rest.


Question: How can an arrhythmia cause right-side heart failure?

Answer: This is when your heart has an irregular heartbeat. It may beat too fast, too slow, or just not the way it should. Most of the time, arrhythmia is harmless. But it can also make your heart pump an insufficient amount of blood through the body. If it's not treated, it could weaken your heart over time.


Question: How do you know if you have right-side heart failure?

Answer: When your heart is working normally, it pumps oxygen-rich blood through your lungs and to the rest of your body. The left ventricle, or left chamber, of the heart provides most of the heart's pumping power. So when you have left-side heart failure, your heart can't pump enough blood to your body. The right ventricle, or right chamber, moves âusedâ blood from your heart back to your lungs to be resupplied with oxygen. So when you have right-side heart failure, the right chamber has lost its ability to pump. That means your heart can't fill with enough blood, and the blood backs up into the veins. If this happens, your legs, ankles, and belly often swell.


Question: What other long-term health conditions can cause right-side heart failure?

Answer: Diabetes, HIV, and thyroid problems are examples of health issues that do not go away and eventually could play a part in heart failure.


Question: How can damaged heart valves cause right-side heart failure?

Answer: The higher your blood pressure, the harder your heart is working to pump it. Damaged heart valves. Eventually, it will become weakened.


Question: How can lung disease cause right-side heart failure?

Answer: This is the most common form of heart disease and cause of heart failure. Your doctor may call this âcor pulmonale.â Other long-term health conditions.


Question: How can congenital heart defects cause right-side heart failure?

Answer: If you were, it could increase your odds of heart failure. Diabetes, HIV, and thyroid problems are examples of health issues that do not go away and eventually could play a part in heart failure.


Question: What are the symptoms of right-side heart failure?

Answer: That means your heart can't fill with enough blood, and the blood backs up into the veins. If this happens, your legs, ankles, and belly often swell. This is when your heart has an irregular heartbeat. This symptom is called edema. As your heart failure gets worse, you may also see some of these symptoms: It's hard to breathe. Your neck veins are swollen. Your pulse is fast or feels âoff.â Your chest hurts. You're gaining weight from excess fluid. You don't feel like eating. Your skin is cold and sweaty. You're very tired. You're confused and forget things. She may suggest medications to make you more comfortable.


Question: Can medications I take for other conditions affect my heart failure?

Answer: So work closely with your doctor to manage problems like: Abnormal heart valves Heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy) Inflammation of the heart (myocarditis) Heart defects Abnormal heart rhythm such as atrial fibrillation Drugs you take for other conditions can sometimes harm your heart. For instance, some medicines make your body hold on to more salt, which raises blood pressure. Others damage your heart muscle, or interact with drugs you take to control your heart failure. Drugs that can be a problem if you have heart failure include some, but not all treatments for: Asthma Cancer Colds and allergies Depression Diabetes Erectile dysfunction Heart arrhythmia High blood pressure Migraine headaches medicines Pain Seizures Some herbal supplements can worsen heart failure, too.


Question: What can I do to manage my heart failure?

Answer: See your doctor if you: Feel more tired than usual Can't catch your breath Cough or wheeze a lot Suddenly gain weight or your legs and feet get swollen, which means you're holding on to extra fluid Feel dizzy or light-headed Have more trouble exercising than usual Can't eat Feel confused Notice your heart beats very fast Lifestyle changes and medicine can help you manage heart failure and prevent your symptoms from getting worse. Keep up with a healthy routine, including things like: Eat lots of fruits, veggies, and lean protein Limit salt, sugar, and saturated fat Drop pounds if you're overweight Get regular exercise Take the medicines you've been prescribed to lower your blood pressure and cut the workload on your heart Don't stop your medicine or change the dose unless you get the OK from your doctor.


Question: Is it OK to stop taking my heart failure medicine?

Answer: Keep up with a healthy routine, including things like: Eat lots of fruits, veggies, and lean protein Limit salt, sugar, and saturated fat Drop pounds if you're overweight Get regular exercise Take the medicines you've been prescribed to lower your blood pressure and cut the workload on your heart Don't stop your medicine or change the dose unless you get the OK from your doctor.


Question: What is sudden heart failure?

Answer: Heart failure, which means your ticker can't pump as well as it should, can sometimes quickly get worse. In that case, it's called acute or sudden heart failure.


Question: How can you prevent sudden heart failure from happening?

Answer: To prevent it from happening to you, watch for the warning signs that your heart failure is getting worse. See your doctor if you: Feel more tired than usual Can't catch your breath Cough or wheeze a lot Suddenly gain weight or your legs and feet get swollen, which means you're holding on to extra fluid Feel dizzy or light-headed Have more trouble exercising than usual Can't eat Feel confused Notice your heart beats very fast Lifestyle changes and medicine can help you manage heart failure and prevent your symptoms from getting worse.


Question: How can you control your blood pressure?

Answer: Bring down your numbers with diet, exercise, weight loss, and blood pressure medicines if you need them. To avoid heart problems, eat a heart-healthy diet, get more active, and take medicine to lower your blood sugar if your doctor tells you to. This puts added strain on your heart.


Question: What symptoms indicate severe illness rather than the flu?

Answer: You might also have: Severe aches in muscles and joints Pain and tiredness around your eyes Weakness or extreme fatigue Warm, flushed skin and red, watery eyes A headache A dry cough A sore throat and runny nose Adults with seasonal flu don't usually vomit or have diarrhea, but children might. Some symptoms can mean your illness is severe. Get immediate medical help if you have any of the following: Trouble breathing or shortness of breath Pain or pressure in your chest or belly Sudden dizziness Confusion Severe vomiting In most cases, the best way to treat it is to: Rest at home.


Question: What should I do if I have the flu?

Answer: Get immediate medical help if you have any of the following: Trouble breathing or shortness of breath Pain or pressure in your chest or belly Sudden dizziness Confusion Severe vomiting In most cases, the best way to treat it is to: Rest at home. Drink plenty of fluids. Avoid contact with other people.


Question: Do antiviral drugs for the flu work?

Answer: are Native American or Alaska native These medicines -- baloxavir marboxil ( Xofluza), oseltamivir ( Tamiflu), peramivir ( Rapivab), or zanamivir ( Relenza) -- work best when you take them within 48 hours after your symptoms start. They can shorten the length of your illness by a day if you take them within this early window. They might help even after 2 days. Your doctor may want you to take antiviral drugs if you have a high risk of complications from the flu.


Question: When is flu season?

Answer: You might also have: Severe aches in muscles and joints Pain and tiredness around your eyes Weakness or extreme fatigue Warm, flushed skin and red, watery eyes A headache A dry cough A sore throat and runny nose Adults with seasonal flu don't usually vomit or have diarrhea, but children might. Get immediate medical help if you have any of the following: Trouble breathing or shortness of breath Pain or pressure in your chest or belly Sudden dizziness Confusion Severe vomiting In most cases, the best way to treat it is to: Rest at home. This first outbreak is soon followed by an uptick in other groups, including parents.


Question: How do I know if I have the flu?

Answer: Is it a cold, or do you have the flu? You might also have: Severe aches in muscles and joints Pain and tiredness around your eyes Weakness or extreme fatigue Warm, flushed skin and red, watery eyes A headache A dry cough A sore throat and runny nose Adults with seasonal flu don't usually vomit or have diarrhea, but children might.


Question: How many teeth does a child have, and what are they called and where are they found?

Answer: A child's mouth contains 20 initial teeth, called primary teeth, baby teeth, or deciduous teeth, consisting of the following teeth types: 4 second molars 4 first molars 4 cuspids (also called canine or eye teeth) 4 lateral incisors 4 central incisors For each set of four teeth, two teeth are located in the upper arch (one on each side of the mouth) and two are located in the lower arch (one on each side of the mouth). To find out when primary teeth begin to appear, see the primary eruption illustration and the Teeth Eruption Charts. The adult mouth contains 32 permanent teeth, consisting of the following teeth types: 4 third molars (also called wisdom teeth) 4 second molars (also called 12-year molars) 4 first molars (also called 6-year molars) 4 second bicuspids (also called second premolars) 4 first bicuspids (also called first premolars) 4 cuspids (also called canine or eye teeth) 4 lateral incisors 4 central incisors To find out when permanent teeth begin to appear, see the permanent eruption illustration and the Teeth Eruption Charts.


Question: How many permanent teeth does an adult have, and what are they called?

Answer: The adult mouth contains 32 permanent teeth, consisting of the following teeth types: 4 third molars (also called wisdom teeth) 4 second molars (also called 12-year molars) 4 first molars (also called 6-year molars) 4 second bicuspids (also called second premolars) 4 first bicuspids (also called first premolars) 4 cuspids (also called canine or eye teeth) 4 lateral incisors 4 central incisors To find out when permanent teeth begin to appear, see the permanent eruption illustration and the Teeth Eruption Charts.


Question: What are the parts of a tooth?

Answer: Each tooth consists of three main parts - the crown, the neck and root. The crown is the visible part of the tooth. A protective layer called enamel covers the crown. The neck is the area of the tooth between the crown and the root. The root is the portion of the tooth that extends through the gum and into the bone of the jaw.


Question: Should I take copaxone if I am pregnant or breastfeeding?

Answer: Chest pain or tightness A fast or irregular heartbeat Anxiety Flushing Trouble breathing You shouldn't take the drug if you're pregnant. If you're planning to get pregnant, ask your doctor whether you need to change your medication routine before you try to have a baby. Also ask your doctor if it's safe to take the drug while you're breastfeeding.


Question: What is plegridy and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You can take this interferon less often than the other types -- a shot every 2 weeks. The way it's made makes it last longer in your body.


Question: What is betaseron and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: This comes as a shot that goes into the layer of fat just under your skin. You'll need it every other day.


Question: What are common side effects of medications used to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: When you take these medicines, you might have other health problems, such as: Flu-like symptoms, such as fatigue, chills, fever, muscle aches, and sweating during the first weeks of treatment. To keep those from slowing you down, it's best to take the shot at bedtime. You can take pain and fever relievers, like acetaminophen or ibuprofen, before each injection and during the 24 hours after one to help relieve these problems. Swelling, redness, and pain at the place where you get the shot. If the spot gets hard, call your doctor. Don't give yourself another shot into that site. Trouble with your mood. You might feel sadness, anxiety, irritability, guilt, trouble concentrating, confusion, and have a hard time sleeping or eating. Tell your doctor about these symptoms right away.


Question: Can interferon drugs affect certain parts of the body?

Answer: Interferons also can affect your blood cells and how your liver and thyroid gland work. A few people who took Avonex had severe liver injury or liver failure. Your doctor will give you regular blood tests to be sure your body is working as it should.


Question: What is Copaxone and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Glatiramer acetate ( Copaxone) is another drug that makes relapses happen less often for people with MS. It's a man-made version of a protein that's part of the protective coating around the nerves in your body. You get it as an injection under your skin three times per week. Doctors don't know exactly how Copaxone works, but it seems to alter the way the immune system behaves.


Question: What is Avonex and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You take it once a week as a shot into your muscle. People who start taking it in the early stages of multiple sclerosis may be able to go longer before any physical disabilities begin or get worse.


Question: How do interferon beta medications treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: They might also slow down how quickly symptoms get worse and help people have less physical disability over time. There are five types of interferon beta on the market in the U. S. They're FDA-approved for relapsing forms of MS: Avonex.


Question: What is rebif and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You get this drug three times per week as an injection under your skin.


Question: What are the side effects of copaxone?

Answer: Pain, redness, and swelling where you get the injection. You should change the place where you give yourself the shot each time. Your doctor should give you a schedule that tells you when to pick a new spot. Chest pain or tightness A fast or irregular heartbeat Anxiety Flushing Trouble breathing You shouldn't take the drug if you're pregnant.


Question: Do interferon drugs affect a person's mood?

Answer: Since the meds can cause depression or make it worse, people who've had the condition before need to keep an eye on their mood. Let a doctor know about any changes in how you feel.


Question: Who shouldn't use interferon drugs to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: When you take them, be sure to use birth control. Chest pain or tightness A fast or irregular heartbeat Anxiety Flushing Trouble breathing You shouldn't take the drug if you're pregnant.


Question: What is extavia and how does it treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Betaseron. This one also comes as an injection that goes just under the skin every other day.


Question: What are interferons and how are they related to multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Three forms -- alpha, beta, and gamma -- control the activity of your immune system. But doctors also can use a man-made version of these forms to treat MS, especially interferon beta. The way it's made makes it last longer in your body.


Question: What are ways to help my partner deal with erectile dysfunction (ED)?

Answer: Learn as much as you can about ED. The more you know, the better prepared you'll be able to help your partner. Remind him that ED isn't a reflection on his masculinity, and that it hasn't changed how you feel about him. You're affected, too. Find other ways to please and satisfy each other so that he doesn't feel pressured to perform. Offer to go with him to the doctor. Remind him to let his doctor know how he's doing. Keep up the other intimate parts of your relationship. Feeling close to each other can include more than sex.


Question: What can I do at home to prevent another heart attack?

Answer: Heart attack survivors are advised to exercise with other people rather than alone during the first months of recovery. Reducing stress may be one of the risk factors that you can control to help prevent a heart attack and aid recovery. Many techniques promote relaxation -- among them, meditation, biofeedback, and yoga. You may find that a particular mind/body technique helps you to focus on positive thoughts. You may also find, as many others have, that sharing thoughts and emotions with a support group is extremely beneficial. Stay in touch with friends and family. Research shows that people with poor social support are more vulnerable to heart disease.


Question: How can a high-fiber diet help treat constipation in children?

Answer: This means loading your child's plate with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables, high-fiber cereals, whole grain breads (look for at least 3-5 grams of fiber per serving), and a variety of beans and other legumes, like chickpeas and lentils. Two good sources of fiber that kids are often happy to eat are trail mix (let them make their own) and popcorn with minimal salt or butter. Foods containing probiotics, like yogurt, can also promote good digestive health. While focusing on fiber, don't forget fluids. If your child is eating plenty of high-fiber food but not getting enough fluid to help flush it through his system, you can make matters worse. Your child should be drinking plenty of water throughout the day, along with some milk. Limit sugary drinks to 4 ounces a day in younger children and 6-8 ounces in school-aged kids.


Question: What are the symptoms of constipation in children?

Answer: Besides the obvious painful bowel movements, look for these typical signs: Stomach pain and bloating Bleeding with bowel movements Soiling accidents Sometimes a constipated child might actually appear to have diarrhea, which can be confusing. What's happening here is that a large formed stool has gotten stuck in your child's rectum, and somewhat liquid stool gets passed around it. When a child is constipated, he has less frequent bowel movements, and when he does âgo,â his stool is dry, hard, and painful to pass.


Question: What should I know when using a stool softener to treat constipation in children?

Answer: These are safe in children, but should be used under the supervision of your pediatrician. Two common mistakes that parents make when giving their child a stool softener for constipation is not using a large enough dose, or stopping it too soon. For example, you might think that you can stop giving a stool softener after your child's first normal-looking bowel movement, but stopping too soon may just set your child up for another bout of constipation. Some children may need to stay on a stool softener for a few weeks. Your doctor can advise you on the right dosing schedule for your child.


Question: What is the best treatment for constipation in children?

Answer: Instead of suggesting, â Do you need to go to the bathroom?â simply say, â Time to go to the bathroom now.â You'll get the best results if you combine all three of these approaches. A high-fiber diet isn't likely to clear up a serious case of constipation on its own without the help of a stool softener; on the other hand, once your child stops taking a stool softener, if he stays on a low-fiber diet and doesn't get enough healthy fluids, the problem is likely to happen again.


Question: What causes constipation in children?

Answer: There are many possible causes for constipation, including: Withholding stool. This means that your child is trying to hold his bowel movements in -- maybe because he's stressed about potty training, maybe because he doesn't want to use the toilet in certain places (like school), or maybe because he's afraid of a painful bathroom experience. ( Constipation can become a vicious cycle -- if it hurts to âpoopâ once, the child may be more fearful of going the next time.) A diet that's low in fiber or doesn't include enough liquids (or both) Side effects of certain medications There are three primary treatments for most cases of constipation, and they usually work hand-in-hand.


Question: How can regular toilet time help treat constipation in children?

Answer: This means that your child is trying to hold his bowel movements in -- maybe because he's stressed about potty training, maybe because he doesn't want to use the toilet in certain places (like school), or maybe because he's afraid of a painful bathroom experience. Particularly for a younger child, you may get better results by telling, not asking. Instead of suggesting, â Do you need to go to the bathroom?â simply say, â Time to go to the bathroom now.â You'll get the best results if you combine all three of these approaches.


Question: What are anti-leukotriene drugs for asthma?

Answer: Montelukast ( Singulair), zafirlukast ( Accolate), and zileuton ( Zyflo) are pills that help long-term asthma control. These drugs shut down the effects of molecules called leukotrienes, which trigger airway inflammation.


Question: What is immunotherapy for asthma?

Answer: Some people with mild to moderate allergic asthma choose to get allergy shots from a doctor. This is called immunotherapy. Allergy shots contain small amounts of what you're allergic to. When you get the shots over time, your body gets used to having those substances around, and it reacts less to them. Not only can allergy shots improve your asthma symptoms, sometimes they can prevent a flare. Also, the FDA has approved three under-the-tongue tablets that can be taken at home. All 3 have a black box warning about the potential for life-threatening allergic reactions, so they should not be given to patients with severe, unstable, or uncontrolled asthma.


Question: Can medications help with rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: As a first-line treatment, your doctor may suggest: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) Corticosteroids Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) NSAIDs and corticosteroids can help relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Only DMARDs can stop the disease from taking a toll on your joints. That's why doctors often start treatment with these drugs as soon as you're diagnosed. In many cases, they can prevent joint deformities.


Question: When do you need surgery for rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: If you have severe joint deformity -- painful, crooked fingers and toes -- surgery may be an option. It won't cure your RA, but it can improve the deformity, ease pain, and help your joints work better. Some common types of surgery include: Synovectomy -- removal of the lining of the joint, called the synovium Joint replacement Joint fusion (fusing the bones in the joint together) Bunion surgery


Question: What happens in rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: The tissue releases chemicals that cause swelling, or inflammation. Inflammation wears down bone and cartilage, the tissue that cushions the ends of bones that make up a joint. Swelling can also stretch out tissues that help keep the joint in place. All this damage can lead to unstable joints with bones that don't line up the way they should.


Question: Will you need surgery for rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: Not unless the deformity has a big impact on your life. For damaged fingers, your doctor or a hand therapist can provide splints and exercises. Warm wax baths (your doctor might call it paraffin) may ease pain. A hand therapist may also suggest new ways to use your hands that can lessen pain and protect your joints.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis attack your joints?

Answer: When you have RA, your immune system attacks your joints: Immune cells gather inside the joint lining. They form a layer of abnormal tissue. The tissue releases chemicals that cause swelling, or inflammation.


Question: When are you more likely to get rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: You're more likely to get deformities if you have high levels of two substances in your blood: C-reactive protein ( CRP) and rheumatoid factor ( RF). Ask your doctor about your risk and what you can do to protect your joints.


Question: What do you need to know about rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: Joints became deformed. The disease is one of many causes of deformed joints. The good news: RA medications may prevent, slow, or stop the damage that leads to deformed joints. Plus, there are many ways to ease pain and improve how well your joints work if you already have crooked or bent fingers and toes. You're more likely to get deformities if you have high levels of two substances in your blood: C-reactive protein ( CRP) and rheumatoid factor ( RF). Early in the disease, RA tends to attack the small joints of your hands and feet. For damaged fingers, your doctor or a hand therapist can provide splints and exercises. Comfortable shoes can also make it easier to walk with bunions.


Question: What are the types of rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: Early in the disease, RA tends to attack the small joints of your hands and feet. This can lead to several types of deformities, including: Ulnar drift. Also called a buttonhole deformity. Your middle finger joint bends downward (toward your palm), while your top finger joint bends away from the palm. Swan-neck deformity. The base of your big toe (where it attaches to the foot) gets larger and sticks out. This may force your big toe to press against the second toe, forcing it to overlap the third. Describes different types of deformities: Toe bends upward from the ball of your foot Toe bends downward, toward the sole of your shoe, at the middle joint Toe bends downward at the top joint (by the toenail) Yes. Some common types of surgery include: Synovectomy -- removal of the lining of the joint, called the synovium Joint replacement Joint fusion (fusing the bones in the joint together) Bunion surgery


Question: What are some tips to make it more comfortable to walk if you have rheumatoid arthritis joint deformities?

Answer: Ask your doctor about your risk and what you can do to protect your joints. Claw toe. These tips can make it more comfortable to walk: Put a special pad in your shoe to reduce pressure on the ball of your foot. Try shoes that have an extra-deep toe box. Ask a shoe repair shop to stretch the toe box where you need extra room. Comfortable shoes can also make it easier to walk with bunions.


Question: Is airplane ear muffling your hearing?

Answer: It happens when the air pressure in your middle ear and the air pressure around you aren't in synch. Airplane ear doesn't just happen on planes. Anything that limits the way your eustachian tube -- which helps your ear keep the right air pressure -- works can increase your risk. Some common activities and conditions that can lead to airplane ear include: Diving Middle ear infection (otitis media) Sinus infection Common cold Hay fever A mild case of airplane ear can cause muffled hearing or some hearing loss, a feeling of "stuffiness" inside your ear, and possibly pain. goes away when you yawn, swallow, or chew gum. But if it lasts more than a few hours or seems severe, call your doctor. She may recommend decongestant sprays or pills, antihistamines, or over-the-counter pain relievers.


Question: Is ear wax muffling your hearing?

Answer: Earwax (cerumen) helps protect your ears from infection. When you talk or chew, you help move the wax from the inside to the outside of your ear where it dries and flakes off. Cleaning inside your ear canal, especially with cotton swabs, can push wax deeper into the ear. That can cause a wax buildup (cerumen impaction) that can make it hard for you to hear with the affected ear. Other things can cause earwax buildup as well. For example, the shape of the canals can make it hard to clear the wax, and hearing aids or earplugs also can cause it. You may also notice: A feeling of fullness in the ear Pain Ringing (tinnitus) Itchiness Discharge Odor A few drops of mineral oil, baby oil, glycerin, or hydrogen peroxide in your ear can soften the wax and help clear it out. If that doesn't work, see your doctor. He may use a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water to try to flush it out or use special tools to remove the wax and improve your hearing.


Question: Is tinnitus causing your hearing to be muffled?

Answer: Your hearing could be muffled because of ringing, buzzing, hissing, whistling, or clicking that isn't really there, known as tinnitus. It's one of the most common health issues in the U. S. -- about 15% of Americans have some form of it. Tinnitus isn't a disease -- it's a symptom of some other health condition. More than 200 disorders can cause it. Some of the more common ones include: Age-related hearing loss Certain drugs, including some antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), and water pills or diuretics Common cold Earwax buildup Head or neck injury Meniere's disease Noise-induced hearing loss Sinus pressure Temporomandibular joint disorder, or TMJ (an issue with your lower jaw where it connects to your skull) Depending on the condition that causes it, tinnitus can go away on its own or you might have it for a long time. There's no specific cure for it, but some treatments can help. These include sound therapy, behavioral therapy, and hearing aids in the case of hearing loss. If your hearing does not improve, make sure to see your doctor to find out what it is and what to do about it.