Question: When were new kinds of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs approved for treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The first of a new kind of DMARD, Jakinibs or JAK inhibitors, was approved in 2012. Sometimes called an âoral biologic,â this medicine is available as a pill rather than as a shot or an infusion, as with the other biologics. Jakinibs work from inside the cells to block the enzymes that alert the immune system to an invader.


Question: How are biologics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Most of the newest drugs are biologics, meaning they're made from human genes. These potent copycats may stop an overactive immune system. Because these drugs target specific steps in the inflammation process, they don't wipe out your entire immune system, as some other RA treatments do. For many people, a biologic drug can slow, modify, or stop the disease -- even when other treatments haven't helped much.


Question: How has the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) changed?

Answer: The past 20 years have brought many new ways to treat RA, and there are more around the corner. Here's how the face of treatment has changed. Then: Twenty years ago, your doctor told you to take over-the-counter or prescription drugs to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. You got a corticosteroid shot. The doctor waited to prescribe stronger medicines -- and choices were limited back then -- until your RA got worse. The approach was to treat flares, not the disease itself. Now: You and your rheumatologist tackle RA head-on -- and early. You'll take powerful medicine from the start -- prescription drugs that work to stop the disease before it causes major damage. There are several to choose from or combine if the first ones don't work.


Question: Are older disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: While there are more choices than ever to treat RA, researchers also have found new promise in some old treatments. Recent studies show that some of the first DMARDs -- hydroxychloroquine ( Plaquenil), methotrexate ( Otrexup, Rheumatrex, Trexall), and sulfasalazine ( Azulfidine, Azulfidine EN-tabs) -- when combined, may work as well as methotrexate plus a biologic. This âtriple therapy,â as it's called, gives you and your doctor another approach if methotrexate alone is not working. It's also an option if you're wary of biologics because of their side effects or high cost.


Question: Are corticosteroids used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Corticosteroids, including prednisone, act quickly to control inflammation. These strong drugs have strong side effects, so doctors limit the dose and how long you take them.


Question: Are there different categories of drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Doctors draw from three main groups of FDA-approved medicines: 1.


Question: How do cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation treat liver cancer?

Answer: Cryotherapy, or freezing the tumor, and radiofrequency ablation ( RFA), using radio waves to destroy the tumor, may be used to treat some cases of liver cancer.


Question: Should I be screened routinely for liver cancer?

Answer: However, studies haven't determined if screening is beneficial for people who are not at increased risk. To diagnose liver cancer, a doctor must rule out other causes of liver dysfunction. Patients at high risk include patients with a condition called hemochromatosis, chronic hepatitis, and alcoholics.


Question: How is radiation therapy used for liver cancer?

Answer: Radiation therapy can be given in various ways, but has its limitations due to the liver's low tolerance to radiation. When used, the role of radiation is to alleviate symptoms outside of the liver or to relieve pain within the liver by shrinking the tumor. Radioembolization therapy uses substances to cut off the blood supply to the tumor.


Question: How is advanced liver cancer treated?

Answer: Chemotherapy and low-dose radiation may control the cancer's spread and ease pain, however these are of modest benefit in this type of cancer. Most patients receive painkilling medication along with drugs to relieve nausea, improve appetite, and reduce abdominal or lower body swelling. The drug sorafenib ( Nexavar) is the first drug to significantly improve the overall survival with advanced liver cancer and is considered the drug of choice for such patients. People with advanced liver cancer may choose to join clinical trials testing new approaches to treatment.


Question: What is laparoscopy in liver cancer diagnosis?

Answer: Laparoscopy, using tools and cameras through small incisions, is useful for detecting small tumors, determining the extent of cirrhosis, or obtaining a biopsy, and confirm previous tests, among other things.


Question: How are blood tests used to diagnose liver cancer?

Answer: Additional tests include: Blood tests that measure tumor markers -- the levels of these substances rise in the blood if someone has a particular cancer -- can aid diagnosis. Liver cancers secrete a substance called alpha fetoprotein ( AFP) that is normally present in fetuses but goes away at birth. An elevated AFP in adults may indicate liver cancer as it is produced in 70% of liver cancers. Elevated levels of iron may also be a tumor marker.


Question: Is liver cancer curable?

Answer: Any liver cancer is difficult to cure. Primary liver cancer is rarely detectable early, when it is most treatable. Secondary or metastatic liver cancer is hard to treat because it has already spread. The liver's complex network of blood vessels and bile ducts makes surgery difficult. Most treatment concentrates on making patients feel better and perhaps live longer.


Question: What is high-functioning autism?

Answer: It's an informal one some people use when they talk about people with an autism spectrum disorder who can speak, read, write, and handle basic life skills like eating and getting dressed. They may live independently, and are a lot like anyone else.


Question: Is high-functioning autism part of the autism spectrum?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } For a long time, however, only people with very severe symptoms were diagnosed with autism. Starting in the 1990s, milder forms were recognized, including high-functioning autism and Asperger's syndrome, which share many of the same symptoms. Then in 2013, the American Psychiatric Association grouped the autism-related disorders into one term: autism spectrum disorder, or ASD.


Question: When does my baby need an eye exam ASAP?

Answer: During this first year, be on the lookout for signs of eye or vision problems: Strabismus: His eyes aren't aligned and don't move together. Nystagmus: His eyes seem to jump or wiggle around longer than after the first 3 months Any eye injury or physical change that concerns you. Any sign that his sight isn't developing properly.


Question: Why does my baby need all these follow-up exams?

Answer: The eye exam your baby had at birth is a great start -- but it's only a start. If he has problems, you'll want to find them during the first year so treatment can start while his eyes are still developing.


Question: What should a well-baby visit include?

Answer: Every well-baby visit should include: A family history of eye health or vision problems. A penlight exam of eyelids and eyeballs: Are his pupils the same size? Are his eyelids firm, not droopy? Is there any sign of infection, disease, tearing problems, or allergy? Do his eyes, lids, and lashes appear normal? Eye movement check (each eye and both together): How well does your baby follow an object (often a toy) as the doctor moves it about? Both eyes should respond the same. If not, there could be a problem. Light reaction test: You'll take your baby into a darkened room so his pupils can open up. That gives the doctor a better view inside his eyes. The doctor will use a tool to look for a red reflex in your baby's eyes. He'll check them one at a time and then together. An abnormal response could signal problems like cataracts or tumors.


Question: What should the doctor examine my baby for at 6 months of age?

Answer: At every routine doctor visit during the first year, your baby should be checked by his regular pediatrician to make sure: Each eye focuses His eyes are straight He doesn't have an internal eye disease If you catch and treat eye conditions early, you'll spare your child lifelong vision issues and boost his overall health.


Question: What are symptoms of bipolar mania?

Answer: Symptoms of bipolar disorder can fall between two extreme mood states: Bipolar depression, which includes feelings of being sad, hopeless, helpless, and worthless Bipolar mania, which includes feelings of elation and exuberance coupled with increased energy and activity and little need for sleep In addition, people with bipolar disorder can have manic episodes that occur simultaneously with depressive symptoms, or vice versa. When a manic or depressive episode simultaneously includes symptoms of the opposite pole, that episode is said to have "mixed features." Symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder may consist of the following: Depressed mood and low self-esteem Excessive crying spells Low energy levels and an apathetic view of life Sadness, loneliness, helplessness, feelings of guilt Slow speech, fatigue, and poor coordination and concentration Insomnia or oversleeping Thoughts of suicide or dying Changes in appetite (overeating/not eating) Unexplainable body aches and pains Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities Euphoria or irritability Excessive talking; racing thoughts Inflated self-esteem Unusual energy; less need for sleep Impulsiveness, a reckless pursuit of gratification -- shopping sprees, impetuous travel, more and sometimes promiscuous sex, high-risk business investments, fast driving Hallucinations and or delusions (psychotic features such as these may be involved in about one out of every two of cases of bipolar mania) Bipolar disorder is treated with medications to stabilize mood.


Question: What are symptoms of bipolar depression?

Answer: Symptoms of the depressive phase of bipolar disorder may consist of the following: Depressed mood and low self-esteem Excessive crying spells Low energy levels and an apathetic view of life Sadness, loneliness, helplessness, feelings of guilt Slow speech, fatigue, and poor coordination and concentration Insomnia or oversleeping Thoughts of suicide or dying Changes in appetite (overeating/not eating) Unexplainable body aches and pains Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities Euphoria or irritability Excessive talking; racing thoughts Inflated self-esteem Unusual energy; less need for sleep Impulsiveness, a reckless pursuit of gratification -- shopping sprees, impetuous travel, more and sometimes promiscuous sex, high-risk business investments, fast driving Hallucinations and or delusions (psychotic features such as these may be involved in about one out of every two of cases of bipolar mania) Bipolar disorder is treated with medications to stabilize mood.


Question: How does family counseling work in the treatment for bipolar disorder?

Answer: Family counseling: Bipolar disorder extends beyond the patient and can affect the entire family. Families are frequently involved in outpatient therapy as they receive education about bipolar disorder and work with the therapist and patient to learn how to recognize early warnings of an impending manic or depressive episode.


Question: Why is it important to be aware of early warning signs of bipolar disorder?

Answer: While bipolar disorder cannot be prevented, it's important to be aware of early warning signs of an impending episode of bipolar depression or bipolar mania. Early recognition of bipolar warning signs and seeing your doctor regularly can allow you to monitor your mood and medications and keep illness from escalating. In fact, although treating bipolar disorder moods is critical, there is a convincing case supported by scientific studies that the prevention of further mood episodes should be the greatest goal.


Question: What are symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: Symptoms of bipolar disorder can fall between two extreme mood states: Bipolar depression, which includes feelings of being sad, hopeless, helpless, and worthless Bipolar mania, which includes feelings of elation and exuberance coupled with increased energy and activity and little need for sleep In addition, people with bipolar disorder can have manic episodes that occur simultaneously with depressive symptoms, or vice versa. When a manic or depressive episode simultaneously includes symptoms of the opposite pole, that episode is said to have "mixed features."


Question: How can vaccines protect your child from meningitis?

Answer: Vaccines can protect your child against five of the bacteria that cause meningitis, including the ones most common in the U. S. The types are called A, B, C, W, and Y.


Question: When will you need first get a meningitis vaccine?

Answer: Teens and young adults have higher odds of getting meningitis, so many schools now require the vaccine at some point in grades 7-12. Many colleges and the military do, too, since living in close quarters like dorms and barracks can also raise your chance of getting it.


Question: What are the types of meningitis vaccines for children and young adults?

Answer: For children and young adults, there are mainly two kinds of meningitis vaccines: Meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( Men ACWY) to protect against types A, C, W, and Y Meningococcal B vaccines ( Men B) to prevent type B Doctors strongly recommend one dose of a Men ACWY vaccine for kids when they're 11 or 12 years old, then a booster at age 16.


Question: Who can get meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPSV4)?

Answer: It's for those 56 and older who will likely only need one dose and: Haven't had a Men ACWY vaccine before Live in an area that has a meningitis A, C, W, or Y outbreak Travel somewhere where meningitis is common People 56 and older who need more than one dose or already had a Men ACWY shot can stick with the Men ACWY vaccine.


Question: What do you need to do daily to lower your blood sugar if you have diabetes?

Answer: There are four things you need to do every day to lower high blood sugar: Eat healthy food.


Question: What should I keep in mind daily about meals if I use insulin?

Answer: If You Use Insulin Give yourself an insulin shot. Eat about the same amount of food each day at about the same time. Don't skip meals, especially if you've already given yourself an insulin shot. Your blood sugar may go too low.


Question: What are some factors for healthy food for people with diabetes?

Answer: The foods on your diabetes eating plan are the same ones that are good for everyone. Try to stick to things that are low in fat, salt, and sugar and high in fiber, like beans, fruits, vegetables, and grains.


Question: What are urine tests for diabetes?

Answer: Urine Tests: You may need to test your urine or blood for ketones when you are sick or if your blood sugar is over 240 before eating a meal. Your body makes ketones when there is not enough insulin in your blood. They can make you very sick. You can buy strips for testing urine ketones at a drugstore. Also, some blood glucose meters can detect ketones with specialized strips. Your doctor or diabetes educator will show you how to use testing monitors correctly. Call your doctor right away if you find ketones when you test. You may have something called ketoacidosis. If not treated, it can cause death.


Question: What are four things someone with diabetes should do every day?

Answer: There are four things you need to do every day to lower high blood sugar: Eat healthy food.


Question: Where are some good places on the body for an insulin shot?

Answer: Good places on your body for a shot are: The outside part of your upper arms Around your waist and hips The outside part of your upper legs Avoid areas with scars and stretch marks. Ask your doctor or nurse to check your skin where you give your shots.


Question: How does exercise affect someone who does not use insulin?

Answer: If You Don't Use Insulin See your doctor before starting an exercise program. Test your blood sugar before and after exercising if you take diabetes pills. You want it no lower than 70 or no higher than 240.


Question: What should someone do who does not use insulin and has diabetes?

Answer: If You Don't Use Insulin Follow your meal plan. Don't skip meals, especially if you take diabetes pills. Your blood sugar may go too low. Skipping a meal can make you eat too much at the next meal. It may be better to eat several small meals each day instead of one or two big ones.


Question: How can eating right help someone with diabetes?

Answer: Eating right will help you: Reach and stay at a weight that is good for you Keep your blood sugar in a good range Prevent heart and blood vessel disease Ask your doctor for the name of a dietitian who can work with you on an eating plan for you and your family. Your dietitian can help you plan meals with foods that you and your family like and that are good for you.


Question: How does eating healthy food help diabetes?

Answer: The foods on your diabetes eating plan are the same ones that are good for everyone. Try to stick to things that are low in fat, salt, and sugar and high in fiber, like beans, fruits, vegetables, and grains. Eating right will help you: Reach and stay at a weight that is good for you Keep your blood sugar in a good range Prevent heart and blood vessel disease Ask your doctor for the name of a dietitian who can work with you on an eating plan for you and your family. Your dietitian can help you plan meals with foods that you and your family like and that are good for you.


Question: What is a hemoglobin A1c test?

Answer: The Hemoglobin A1c Test: This shows what your average blood sugar was for the past 3 months. It shows how much sugar is sticking to your red blood cells. The doctor does this test to see what level your blood sugar is most of the time.


Question: Why is it important to test blood sugar every day?

Answer: You need to know how well you are taking care of your diabetes. You need to know if you are lowering your blood sugar. The best way to find out is to test your blood. If it has too much or too little sugar in it, your doctor may need to change your eating, exercise, or medicine plan. Some people test their blood once a day. Others do it three or four times a day. Your doctor may want you to test before eating, before bed, and sometimes in the middle of the night. Ask your doctor how often and when you should test your blood sugar.


Question: What should someone with diabetes write down every day in their notebook?

Answer: If you haven't eaten for more than an hour or if your blood sugar level is less than 100-120, have something like an apple or a glass of milk before you exercise.


Question: Why should someone with diabetes keep daily records?

Answer: By keeping daily records of your blood and urine tests, you can tell how well you are taking care of your diabetes. Show your book to your doctor.


Question: What are diabetes pills and injections to lower blood sugar?

Answer: Insulin and diabetes pills and shots are the kinds of medicines used to lower blood sugar. These can include: Dulaglutide ( Trulicity) Exenatide ( Byetta) Exenatide Extended Release ( Bydureon) Liraglutide ( Victoza) Pramlintide ( Symlin) Semaglutide ( Ozempic) If You Need Insulin This is you if your body has stopped making insulin or if it doesn't make enough.


Question: How do I deal with insulin needles?

Answer: At first, you may be a little afraid to give yourself a shot. But most people find that the shots hurt less than they expected. The needles are small and sharp and do not go deep into your skin. Always use your own needles, and never share them with anyone else. Your doctor or diabetes educator will tell you how to throw away used needles safely.


Question: What causes vaginal cancer?

Answer: The following things can also increase your chances of developing vaginal cancer: Drinking alcohol Having cervical cancer or pre-cancer Having HIV Smoking Many cases of vaginal cancer aren't linked to any specific causes.


Question: How is vaginal cancer diagnosed and treated?

Answer: If a pelvic exam or a Pap test shows there might be cancer, your doctor may want to take a closer look with a procedure called colposcopy. She'll use a lighted magnifying instrument -- a colposcope -- to check your vagina and cervix for anything abnormal. She might take tissue samples at the same time. A specialist will study the samples under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. If she finds cancer, your doctor will choose a treatment based on many factors. These include how close the cancer is to other organs, which type of cancer is present, how advanced it is, whether you've had a hysterectomy, and if you've had radiation treatment in your pelvic area.


Question: When does vaginal cancer happen?

Answer: It's a very uncommon disease. The vagina -- also known as the birth canal -- is a hollow channel that goes from the opening of your uterus to the outside of your body. There are two main types of vaginal cancer: Squamous cell carcinoma : This is by far the more common of the two. It happens when cancer forms in the flat, thin cells that line the vagina.


Question: How does chemotherapy treat vaginal cancer?

Answer: This kills or stops the growth of cancer cells using medications. You might take them by mouth or get them through an IV. If you have squamous cell vaginal cancer, your doctor might prescribe a chemo treatment in lotion or cream form. Many patients lose their sex drive when they get chemo. Plus, the physical side effects, like nausea, hair loss, and changes in body weight can cause feelings of insecurity. Knowing that the physical side effects will improve when treatment stops can help a lot.


Question: What is adenocarcinoma of the vagina?

Answer: Adenocarcinoma: This type starts in the glandular cells in the lining of the vagina. These cells make mucus and other fluids. Of the two main types, it's the more likely to spread to other areas. These include the lymph nodes (organs that filter harmful substances in the body) in the groin area and the lungs.


Question: How is clear cell carcinoma linked to vaginal cancer?

Answer: Clear cell carcinoma: This is an even rarer form of adenocarcinoma. It's been linked with women whose mothers took a hormone called diethylstilbestrol ( DES) in the early months of pregnancy. Between 1938 and 1971, doctors often prescribed this medication to pregnant women to prevent miscarriage and other problems. Doctors stopped using it in 1971. But just how long do you remain at risk if your mother was given DES? That remains unknown. Women who haven't been exposed to it can still get vaginal cancer, but the chances are very small. If DES isn't a factor, clear cell carcinoma is most likely to happen after menopause.


Question: What are the symptoms of vaginal cancer?

Answer: But the disease often doesn't come with any warning signs. Your doctor might find it during a routine exam or Pap test. Other symptoms can include feeling a lump in your vagina, pain in your pelvis, and painful sex. If you notice any of these things, it doesn't mean you have vaginal cancer. You could just have an infection. But it's important to get it checked out.


Question: What can you do to get a good night's sleep?

Answer: If a medical problem like spasticity, bladder trouble, or depression is keeping you awake, talk to your doctor about treatments that relieve those conditions. A consistent bedtime routine can also be a big help. Try these tips: Relax in the evening before you go to bed. Try to not rehash the day's problems or worry about tomorrow's schedule. If it's hard to turn your brain off, try routines that can help you wind down, like meditation or breathing exercises. Go to bed when you're tired. Try to hit the sack at about the same time every night. If you can't fall asleep after 10-15 minutes, get up. Don't lie in bed and watch the clock or count the cracks in the wall. Find something to do that's relaxing to you, such as working on a puzzle, reading, or writing a letter to a friend. Rather than watching TV, which doesn't require effort, do something active so that your natural tiredness can build up. But don't do that activity while you're in bed -- keep the sheets for sleeping and sex.


Question: What tips can help me get a better night's sleep with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A consistent bedtime routine can also be a big help. Try these tips: Relax in the evening before you go to bed. Try to not rehash the day's problems or worry about tomorrow's schedule. If it's hard to turn your brain off, try routines that can help you wind down, like meditation or breathing exercises. Go to bed when you're tired. Try to hit the sack at about the same time every night. If you can't fall asleep after 10-15 minutes, get up. Don't lie in bed and watch the clock or count the cracks in the wall. Find something to do that's relaxing to you, such as working on a puzzle, reading, or writing a letter to a friend. Rather than watching TV, which doesn't require effort, do something active so that your natural tiredness can build up. But don't do that activity while you're in bed -- keep the sheets for sleeping and sex.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about sleep?

Answer: If you still can't seem to get enough sleep, talk to your doctor. She can help you figure out what's going on. She can also refer you to a sleep specialist if necessary.


Question: How can multiple sclerosis affect your sleep?

Answer: People with multiple sclerosis often have trouble sleeping soundly, but the problems may not be due to the disease itself. Stress, spasticity in arms or legs, inactivity, or depression that can come along with MS can interfere with a good night's rest. In some cases, MS lesions at certain spots within the brain may also keep someone from sleeping normally.


Question: What are some tips for a good night's sleep?

Answer: Follow these tips, too: Try not to sleep during the day. If you nap, don't snooze for too long or near bedtime. Avoid caffeine and alcohol within 4-6 hours of bedtime. Don't smoke before you go to sleep or during the night. If running to the bathroom is keeping you awake, try to drink less in the evenings. Get your recommended amount of fluids during the day instead. And use the restroom right before you go to bed. Don't go to bed hungry or soon after a heavy meal. If your stomach is growling, eat a light snack or drink a glass of warm milk. Exercise regularly, preferably during the day. Avoid vigorous exercise 3 hours before bedtime. Set your alarm to wake you up at the same time every day, even on days when you're off work and on the weekends.


Question: What are some tips to get the best outcome from stage IV colon cancer?

Answer: Follow these tips: Eat a well-balanced diet Stay at a healthy weight Exercise most days of the week Don't smoke Get all of the cancer screening tests your doctor recommends If you have tried a few colon cancer treatments and they didn't work, or they stopped working, you may have another option: a clinical trial.


Question: What does palliative care for stage IV colon cancer entail?

Answer: Your doctors should also help you manage any pain that you have as a result of the cancer. Your social, emotional, and spiritual health may also need support as you deal with such a serious illness. Palliative care does all of that. It's not the same as hospice, and it's not only for people who are near death. You'll still get all your other medical care to fight the cancer. Palliative care is in addition to, not instead of, other treatments. The National Cancer Institute states that palliative care "should begin at diagnosis" and focus on your quality of life. Doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and social workers are some of the health professionals who help with that. They can be an invaluable resource as you go through the disease.


Question: If one of my kids is in the hospital, how can I make my other children feel included if they can't go to the hospital?

Answer: At times when children may not be permitted to visit the hospital, ask siblings to draw pictures or make cards to put in the sick child's room. Ask them to collect some of the sick child's personal items, such as books or stuffed animals, to be sent to the hospital.


Question: Who can help a family deal with a child's serious illness?

Answer: 9- to 12-year-olds: Problems in school, behavioral and/or academic Aggression Withdrawal from regular activities Extreme weight change and eating disorders Suicidal thoughts Teens: Anger Guilt Weight change and eating disorders Substance abuse Opposition to or defiance of parents; struggling to become more independent from parents while parents may cling more to the child Suicidal thoughts Many hospitals have groups or organized therapeutic activities for siblings of seriously ill children. Caregivers also refer families to community resources, including summer camps and other recreational programs. Pediatric psychiatrists and licensed clinical social workers are trained to help families manage grief and the demands of caring for a chronically ill child Child-life specialists give individualized attention to siblings of sick children.


Question: Which medical conditions are often accompanied by anal fissures?

Answer: Anal fissures are seen more often with certain medical conditions, such as: Anal cancer Leukemia STDs and HIV Complications from other conditions, like Crohn's or ulcerative colitis They're caused by trauma or injury that stretches your anal canal.


Question: How can I keep anal fissures from coming back?

Answer: To help these fissures heal and keep them from coming back: Eat a healthy diet that has plenty of fiber. Stay well-hydrated. Avoid being constipated.


Question: Who gets anal fissures?

Answer: But you can have them at any age, even though your risk generally goes down as you get older.


Question: What causes knee pain?

Answer: Probably 95% of knee pain caused by arthritis is osteoarthritis, which is caused by âwear and tearâ on the joints. Other types, like rheumatoid arthritis, are much less common causes of knee pain. What kind of injuries can cause knee pain? They're usually twisting injuries to the knee: ACL, meniscus, or ligament injuries.


Question: When do I need to see a doctor about my knee pain?

Answer: If you've an injury and your knee swells, you need to see your doctor. Even if the swelling goes away, you need to have your knee examined -- you might have injured something inside the joint. If you have arthritis pain and the bad days outnumber the good, you should see your doctor.


Question: How common are high triglyceride levels?

Answer: If you do, you're hardly alone. Overall, more than a third of adults in the U. S. have high triglyceride levels, a type of fat in the blood.


Question: Can mitral valve regurgitation cause fatigue and shortness of breath?

Answer: That's mitral valve regurgitation. These can vary from person to person, but you may find yourself feeling some of the following: Fatigue and shortness of breath: The blood coming through the left side of your heart fuels your body, bringing oxygen from your lungs to your cells. If some of that blood is flowing back into the heart instead, you might end up feeling tired or lightheaded, particularly if you've been active. In severe cases, you can find yourself feeling tired or short of breath even when you're at rest.


Question: How can you manage stress to avoid headaches?

Answer: Keep track of things like: When your headache begins, where you have pain, how long it lasts, and whether treatment works What and how much you eat Any vitamins or supplements you take Exercise Social and work activities Details of your menstrual cycle How you're feeling each day and your level of stress Amount of sleep you get Try to identify what types of stressful situations or events trigger your headache, and take steps to avoid them. Other tips you can try: Eat healthy foods. Get 30 minutes of exercise a day. Try relaxation techniques like meditation. Get enough sleep. Turn to family and friends for support. Smile and laugh to ease your tension.


Question: How can I manage stress to avoid headaches?

Answer: Keep track of things like: When your headache begins, where you have pain, how long it lasts, and whether treatment works What and how much you eat Any vitamins or supplements you take Exercise Social and work activities Details of your menstrual cycle How you're feeling each day and your level of stress Amount of sleep you get Try to identify what types of stressful situations or events trigger your headache, and take steps to avoid them. Other tips you can try: Eat healthy foods. Get 30 minutes of exercise a day. Try relaxation techniques like meditation. Get enough sleep. Turn to family and friends for support. Smile and laugh to ease your tension.


Question: What are some stressful situations that may trigger your migraine?

Answer: Some stressful situations that may trigger your migraine are: Tension at work Marriage or relationship problems Unemployment, financial problems, or low income Childhood trauma, including your parents' divorce, physical abuse, or hospital stays Anxiety, tension, and nervousness Changes in your life, such as having a baby, switching jobs, or moving to a new home Juggling responsibilities or struggling to balance work and life Lack of sleep Stress about your surroundings, such as loud noises or harsh lights New routines or travel A migraine headache itself can cause stress, which in turn triggers more headaches later on.


Question: How do I know if stress is triggering my migraine?

Answer: Research shows that a stressful event or a particularly stressful day often occurs 2 to 3 days before a migraine attack. To see if this is true for you, keep a migraine diary. Over the course of a few months, it can help you find patterns in when you get headaches and help you pinpoint what kinds of stress may make it more likely for you get them.


Question: How do you know if stress is triggering your migraine?

Answer: Research shows that a stressful event or a particularly stressful day often occurs 2 to 3 days before a migraine attack. To see if this is true for you, keep a migraine diary. Over the course of a few months, it can help you find patterns in when you get headaches and help you pinpoint what kinds of stress may make it more likely for you get them.


Question: How can medications help with generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer: Medication for Anxiety Medication is useful for alleviating the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and is often prescribed in conjunction with other therapies. Some types of anxiety drugs can be habit-forming and are usually prescribed on a short-term or as-needed basis. Different anxiety disorders have different medication regimens. Some are preventive and some are designed to cure the problem.


Question: How can deep breathing help treat generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer: Since anxiety is often accompanied by shallow breathing, deep breathing exercises can also be helpful. Try the following form of yoga breathing: Lie on your back in a comfortable place. Breathe in slowly through your nose, using your diaphragm to suck air into your lungs while allowing your abdomen to expand. ( Put your hand on your abdomen just below the navel to make sure the abdomen is being pushed up and out by the diaphragm.) After the abdomen is expanded, continue to inhale as deeply as possible. When you breathe out, reverse the process: Contract the abdomen while exhaling slowly and completely. Repeat several times.


Question: What does therapy for generalized anxiety disorder involve?

Answer: Therapy for Anxiety Psychotherapy, with or without medication, is often considered a fundamental aspect of treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. Several specific forms of psychotherapy have been described in research studies as helpful for alleviating the symptoms of GAD. Two -- psychodynamic psychotherapy and supportive-expressive therapy -- focus on anxiety as an outgrowth of feelings about important relationships. Another form of psychotherapy, called cognitive-behavioral therapy, involves learning behavioral relaxation techniques as well as restructuring patterns of thinking that foster anxiety. Biofeedback is another helpful tool. In a series of sessions with a therapist, you watch your own brain-wave patterns on an electroencephalograph and gradually learns to control the waves. This teaches you to achieve a more relaxed state at will. Practitioners estimate that after about a dozen sessions, you will be able to exert control over mental activity without the help of the therapist or monitoring instrument.


Question: How can relaxing visualization help with generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer: Relaxing visualization can also help. A therapist or meditation trainer suggests relaxing images for a person to hold in mind. Once the image is in place, the person imagines soothing sensations such as pleasant scents and sounds. Eventually people can learn to do this themselves when they anticipate -- or find themselves in -- stressful situations.


Question: How do I know if I have generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The first step is to rule out the possibility that your symptoms are being caused by a medical condition that is not psychiatric. Among the conditions that produce symptoms similar to those of anxiety are hyperthyroidism or other endocrine problems, too much or too little calcium, low blood sugar, and certain heart problems. Certain medicines also can sometimes cause anxiety. A thorough evaluation by your health care provider will determine if any of these conditions are the cause of your symptoms. If no other medical culprit can be found and the symptoms seem out of proportion to any situation you are facing, you may be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.


Question: How are antidepressants used to treat generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer: Antidepressants, particularly the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs), are widely used to treat and prevent a variety of anxiety disorders. Examples of SSRIs that are commonly used to treat chronic anxiety include citalopram ( Celexa), escitalopram ( Lexapro), fluoxetine ( Prozac), paroxetine ( Paxil), and sertraline ( Zoloft). The antidepressants duloxetine ( Cymbalta) and venlafaxine ( Effexor), SNRIs (serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors) which act on the brain chemicals serotonin and norephinephrine, and some of the tricyclic antidepressants like imipramine ( Tofranil), may also help. Antihistamines (such as hydroxyzine) and beta-blockers (such as propranolol) can help mild cases of anxiety as well as performance anxiety, a type of social anxiety disorder. Antidepressants such as SSRIs or SNRIs or tricyclics need to be taken daily whether or not you have anxiety on that particular day, as prescribed by your health care provider. Antihistamines or beta-blockers are usually taken only when needed for anxiety, or immediately before an anxiety-provoking event (for example, taking propranolol shortly before giving a speech). Finally, certain anticonvulsant medicines, such as gabapentin ( Neurontin) and pregabalin ( Lyrica), are also beginning to show value in treating some forms of anxiety in initial research studies If you have acute anxiety (panic attack), you will likely need to take an anti-anxiety medicine as well.


Question: How long does it take for a broken collarbone to heal?

Answer: Usually, a broken collarbone will heal on its own. You just need to give it time.


Question: What are the symptoms of a broken collar bone?

Answer: A broken collarbone is usually pretty obvious. You might feel a crack when it happens. Afterward, you will probably have: Pain and swelling Difficulty moving your arm and shoulder A grinding feeling when you try to raise your arm Sagging in your shoulder A bump around the area of the break To diagnose a broken collarbone, your doctor will give you a thorough physical exam.


Question: How do you diagnose a broken collarbone?

Answer: Afterward, you will probably have: Pain and swelling Difficulty moving your arm and shoulder A grinding feeling when you try to raise your arm Sagging in your shoulder A bump around the area of the break To diagnose a broken collarbone, your doctor will give you a thorough physical exam. You will need X-rays to confirm the break.


Question: When should you call your healthcare provider about a stye?

Answer: In most cases, styes don't require medical care. Call your health care provider if: The stye doesn't heal in a week or 10 days. The stye becomes more painful or swollen after several days of home treatment. The person also has fever or chills. The person develops vision problems. The person has recurring styes. The entire eyelid or eye itself is red or swollen. Redness spreads to around the eye or the cheek. The person has an abnormal immune system (for example, people with diabetes or HIV, patients receiving treatment for cancer, organ transplant recipients).


Question: How can you protect yourself from infections if you have a stye?

Answer: Keep the area clean and avoid touching or rubbing the eyes. Don't squeeze the sty. Don't use eye make-up or wear contact lenses.


Question: When should I see a doctor about my stye?

Answer: In most cases, styes don't require medical care. Call your health care provider if: The stye doesn't heal in a week or 10 days. The stye becomes more painful or swollen after several days of home treatment.


Question: How do I protect my eyes from infection when I have a stye?

Answer: Keep the area clean and avoid touching or rubbing the eyes. Don't squeeze the sty. Don't use eye make-up or wear contact lenses.


Question: How are bladder stones diagnosed?

Answer: When that happens, you might: Have blood in your urine Feel burning or pain when you pee Find it hard to pee, or that you're going in stops and starts Have pain in your lower belly -- and for men, in your penis and testicles Go more than usual, especially at night See urine that's cloudy or darker than normal Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and start with a physical exam, feeling your lower belly to check your bladder. You may then have: Cystoscopy. Your doctor places a small tube with a camera -- a cystoscope -- in your urethra and sends it up to your bladder to look for stones. Imaging. This can help find the location and size of any bladder stones and look to see whether urine is blocked anywhere. Your doctor might use CT, X-ray, or ultrasound. Urine test. Your doctor will check your urine for anything unusual and to see whether you might have a urinary tract infection.


Question: What are symptoms of bladder stones?

Answer: When that happens, you might: Have blood in your urine Feel burning or pain when you pee Find it hard to pee, or that you're going in stops and starts Have pain in your lower belly -- and for men, in your penis and testicles Go more than usual, especially at night See urine that's cloudy or darker than normal Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and start with a physical exam, feeling your lower belly to check your bladder.


Question: How can I prevent bladder stones?

Answer: That's not always possible, but there are some options: Bladder diverticula: You could get surgery to remove them. Treating an enlarged prostate may sometimes prevent the diverticula from forming in the first place. Men with a larger-than-usual prostate: Medicine or surgery may help. Nerve damage: Medicine or a different catheter could make bladders stones less likely. Women with cystocele: Surgery may be needed to support the bladder and other pelvic organs. Aside from that, make sure to drink plenty of water to help keep the minerals in your urine from turning into crystals and forming bladder stones. Ask your doctor how much you should drink each day. And be sure to check with your doctor if you have any problems peeing, such as pain, stopping and starting over and over, or peeing too often.


Question: How might transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and ultrasound help you manage pain?

Answer: Although there are no products that take pain away completely, there are some that you and your doctor could consider. TENS and ultrasound. TENS, uses a device to send an electric current to the skin over the area where you have pain. Ultrasound sends sound waves to the places you have pain. Both may offer relief by blocking the pain messages sent to your brain.


Question: How can relaxation help you manage pain?

Answer: Meditation and deep breathing are two techniques to try. You could also picture a peaceful scene, do some gentle stretching, or listen to music you love. Another technique is to scan your body slowly in your mind and consciously try to relax each part of your body, one by one, from head to toe. Any healthy activity that helps you unwind is good for you and can help you feel better prepared to manage your pain.


Question: What problems can chronic pain cause?

Answer: Some examples include: Headaches Low back pain Cancer pain Arthritis pain Pain caused by nerve damage It can cause tense muscles, problems with moving, a lack of energy, and changes in appetite. It can also affect your emotions. Some people feel depressed, angry, or anxious about the pain and injury coming back. Chronic pain doesn't always have an obvious physical cause.


Question: What is the TNM system for lung cancer staging?

Answer: Lung cancer staging often uses the letters T, N, and M: T stands for your tumor's size and where it's located in your lungs or body. N stands for node involvement. This means whether or not your cancer has spread to your lymph nodes near your lungs. M stands for metastasis. This means whether or not your cancer has spread. Lung cancer can spread to your other lung or your liver, bones, brain, kidneys, adrenal glands, or other parts of your body. Your doctor can stage your tumor with these letters, and then be more specific with the numbers 0-4. She'll measure the size of your tumor in centimeters to give it a number. The higher the number, the more your tumor has grown or spread. She might also use X as a number. This means the tumor can't be measured or it's unclear how far it has spread.


Question: How is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) described?

Answer: Non-small cell lung cancer ( NSCLC) is a more common type of lung cancer than small cell. One way to describe NSCLC is by its clinical or pathologic stage. Your doctor might use imaging scans to tale pictures of the inside of your body to see what clinical stage it is in. In order to confirm the diagnosis, she may do a biopsy, in which she takes a small piece of tissue from the tumor and looks at it under a microscope.


Question: How is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) staged using the TNM system?

Answer: The most common way to stage your NSCLC tumor is by using the TNM system with the numbers X, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 after each letter. Number and letter combinations describe: Your tumor's width measured in centimeters, or if it's too tiny to be measured at all Where your tumor is located in your lung If there's more than one tumor in the same lung If your airways are partly blocked or clogged enough to cause a lung collapse or pneumonia If the tumor has spread to your lymph nodes or other organs Doctors may also use general stages for NSCLC. Yours may use the TNM system and numbers to stage your cancer in each of these: Occult stage: Cancer cells can be picked up in the mucus you cough up. Your tumor can't be seen on imaging scans or a biopsy. It's also called hidden cancer. Stage 0: Your tumor is very small. Cancer cells haven't spread into your deeper lung tissues or outside your lungs. Stage I: Cancer is in your lung tissues but not your lymph nodes. Stage II: The disease may have spread to your lymph nodes near your lungs. Stage III: It has spread further into your lymph nodes and the middle of your chest. Stage IV: Cancer has spread widely around your body. It may have spread to your brain, bones, or liver.


Question: What are the basic steps to caring for your teeth and gums?

Answer: There are five basic steps to caring for teeth and gums: Brushing Flossing Rinsing Eating right Visiting the dentist Brush at least twice a day.


Question: How often should I visit my dentist?

Answer: Avoid snacking on: Candies, cookies, cakes, and pie Sugary gum Crackers, breadsticks, and chips Dried fruits and raisins Visit your dentist at least once every six months. To maintain healthy teeth and gums, it's important to have regular check-ups and professional cleanings. You should also see your dentist if you have pain in your teeth or mouth or bleeding, swollen gums.


Question: What are dental sealants, and how can the help my dental health?

Answer: Sealant is a material used to coat the top, chewing surfaces of the teeth. This coating protects the tooth from decay and usually lasts a long time, but can only be placed on a tooth without decay. It is usually placed on children's teeth as they get their permanent teeth.


Question: How can I eat right for dental health?

Answer: These foods produce the most acids in the mouth and the longer they stay in the mouth, the more they can damage the teeth. Hard "sucking candies" are especially harmful because they stay in the mouth a long time. Snacking on sugary foods can lead to tooth decay, because most people don't brush after snacks. Starchy snack foods, like potato chips, stick to the teeth. Avoid snacking on: Candies, cookies, cakes, and pie Sugary gum Crackers, breadsticks, and chips Dried fruits and raisins Visit your dentist at least once every six months.


Question: How do osmotic laxatives treat constipation that comes from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: These pull water back into your colon, which softens your stool so it's easier to get it out of your body. They are fairly safe to take for long-lasting constipation. Just make sure you drink plenty of water when you take them to avoid getting dehydrated.


Question: Do stimulant laxatives have side effects?

Answer: Side effects can include diarrhea, upset stomach, vomiting, and stomach cramping.


Question: Where can you buy stimulant laxatives?

Answer: You can buy many brands over the counter at the pharmacy.


Question: Can osmotic laxatives cause problems for people suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: Osmotic laxatives can cause problems for some people, like bloating, diarrhea, and dehydration. In rare cases, some of them may lead to kidney or heart disease. These laxatives include milk of magnesia, magnesium citrate, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, and lactulose. You can buy many brands over the counter at the pharmacy.


Question: How can poison ivy, oak, or sumac cause skin allergy?

Answer: This natural rubber is part of many products, such as: Condoms Balloons Disposable gloves Baby bottles Poison ivy, oak, or sumac. A type of oil in these plants called urushiol causes allergic reactions.


Question: What can trigger eczema?

Answer: They include: Animal dander Cleaning products Dust Narrowing down a culprit can be tricky.


Question: How can I relieve the symptoms of skin allergy?

Answer: Here's how: Wear loose clothing. Put cool compresses on the area or take a cool shower. Use calamine lotion and hydrocortisone creams. Soak in an oatmeal or milk bath.


Question: How can I prevent a skin allergy?

Answer: Your doctor can help you figure out exactly what the cause of your allergy is. You may get a patch test. Tiny amounts of allergens are put on your skin. You'll be asked to keep that area dry. After a few days, those areas are checked to see if you get a reaction. If you do touch a potential allergen, wash the area with soap and water as soon as possible. Most skin allergies fade on their own. In the meantime, relieve the symptoms.


Question: What is eczema?

Answer: You may hear this called âatopic dermatitis.â It's a chronic allergic condition that usually begins in childhood. About 11% of Americans have it. Experts aren't certain what leads to it. They do know certain triggers can make your skin itchy, red, and dry. They include: Animal dander Cleaning products Dust Narrowing down a culprit can be tricky.


Question: What everyday things have nickel in them?

Answer: Here are the most common kinds: Contact dermatitis.


Question: What are symptoms of contact dermatitis?

Answer: They include: Redness Swelling Cracking Burning Blisters Bumps Scaly patches Rashes You usually don't get a reaction right away. It can take anywhere from a few hours to 10 days. Typically, it takes from 12 hours to 3 days. Even with treatment, symptoms can last 2 to 4 weeks.


Question: What is a skin allergy?

Answer: That's when you encounter something your body thinks is dangerous, called an allergen. Your immune system overreacts, and releases antibodies to fight off these âinvaders.â That fight triggers symptoms like a rash or swelling.


Question: Which household items can have latex in them?

Answer: This natural rubber is part of many products, such as: Condoms Balloons Disposable gloves Baby bottles Poison ivy, oak, or sumac.


Question: What household products have ingredients that can cause skin allergy?

Answer: Your skin can react to common preservatives and metals in these things around your home: Cleaners Sunscreens Cosmetics Hair dye Antiperspirants Antibiotic creams.


Question: What body part does tendinitis affect?

Answer: Tendinitis can occur in almost any area of the body where a tendon connects a bone to a muscle. The most common places are: Base of the thumb Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Achilles tendon The symptoms of tendinitis include: Pain at the site of the tendon and surrounding area.


Question: What do you do it tendinitis doesn't get better?

Answer: Corticosteroids (often called simply "steroids") are often used because they work quickly to decrease the inflammation and pain. Physical therapy. This can be very beneficial, especially for a "frozen shoulder." Physical therapy includes range-of-motion exercises and splinting (thumb, forearm, bands). Surgery. This is only rarely needed for severe problems not responding to other treatments.


Question: When should you see a doctor about tendinitis?

Answer: You should see your doctor if you experience any of the following: Fever (over 100 degrees Fahrenheit) Swelling, redness, and warmth General illness or multiple sites of pain Inability to move the affected area These could be signs of another problem that needs more immediate attention.


Question: How long does it take tendinitis to get better?

Answer: Tendinitis may take weeks to months to go away, depending on the severity of your injury.


Question: Who gets tendinitis?

Answer: Anyone can get tendinitis, but it is more common in adults, especially those over age 40. As tendons age they tolerate less stress, are less elastic, and are easier to tear.


Question: How do you prevent tendinitis?

Answer: To avoid tendinitis, try these tips when performing activities: Take it slow at first. Gradually build up your activity level. Use limited force and limited repetitions. Stop if pain occurs. Do something else. Try again later and if pain recurs, stop that activity for the day.


Question: What are symptoms of tendinitis?

Answer: The most common places are: Base of the thumb Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Achilles tendon The symptoms of tendinitis include: Pain at the site of the tendon and surrounding area. Pain may gradually build up or be sudden and severe, especially if calcium deposits are present. Loss of motion in the shoulder, called "adhesive capsulitis" or frozen shoulder.


Question: What are risk factors for tendinitis?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } There are many activities that can cause tendinitis, including: Gardening Raking Carpentry Cleaning house Shoveling Painting Scrubbing Tennis Golf Skiing Throwing and pitching Incorrect posture at work or home or poor conditioning before exercise or playing sports also increases a person's risk. Other risk factors for tendinitis include: An abnormal or poorly placed bone or joint (such as length differences in your legs or arthritis in a joint) that stresses soft-tissue structures. Stresses from other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, thyroid disorders, or unusual medication reactions. Overuse or doing too much too soon when the tendons aren't used to making a movement or doing the task taken on. Tendinitis is common in "weekend warriors," people that play and exercise hard only on weekends. Occasionally an infection can cause tendinitis, especially infection from a cat or dog bite to the hand or a finger.


Question: Can easing your stress help you feel better if you have primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?

Answer: It can make many symptoms worse, including fatigue.


Question: How can watching your salt help with treating primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?

Answer: Choose low-salt and no-salt foods when possible. Too much salt can cause swelling.


Question: Can cutting back on alcohol help if you have primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?

Answer: If you drink alcohol, you should stop or at least cut back. It's your liver's job to process what you drink. Drinking can make your already damaged liver work even harder.


Question: Should you eat low-fat foods to help treat primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?

Answer: Watch the fat in your diet, especially if you aren't at your ideal weight or have fatty liver.


Question: How can skipping raw shellfish help with treating primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)?

Answer: It can be home to bacteria that could cause a serious infection. Primary biliary cholangitis affects your immune system, so you're more likely to get this kind of infection.


Question: Is exercise OK if you have asthma?

Answer: Regular exercise can help you control your asthma. It can strengthen lung muscles, make it easier to manage your weight, and boost your immune system. Instead: Try different kinds of activities that are less challenging. Avoid weather conditions that might trigger symptoms.


Question: How often should you get exams for breast lumps?

Answer: If you have a high risk for breast cancer, get a mammogram every year. You may start getting them at a younger age, too. You may also get ultrasound screenings, too. Breast MRI screening tests, in addition to mammogram, is sometimes used in certain women with a high risk of breast cancer. Talk with your doctor to decide what's best for you.


Question: How are benign breast conditions caused by fibroadenomas or intraductal papillomas treated?

Answer: Fibroadenomas can be surgically removed.


Question: How are benign breast conditions caused by fibrocystic changes treated?

Answer: They don't require treatment, but your doctor may recommend ways to ease monthly tenderness.


Question: Does a breast lump mean infection?

Answer: Sometimes a painful lump, with or without redness, is the first sign of an infection. Mastitis is an infection most common in breastfeeding moms. It happens when bacteria get into the mammary ducts through your nipple. Infection happens in small pockets. You'll feel tender, warm lumps in your breast. For relief, try a hot shower and let the warm water flow over your breasts. A warm compress can also help. Sometimes your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic.


Question: When should you call your doctor about breast lumps?

Answer: If you notice any breast changes, call your doctor right away to get it checked, but don't panic. Most breast lumps are benign, which means they're not cancer. Benign breast lumps usually have smooth edges and can be moved slightly when you push against them. They are often found in both breasts.


Question: What causes benign breast lumps?

Answer: There are several common causes, including normal changes in breast tissue, breast infections, or injury.


Question: How are benign breast conditions caused by traumatic fat necrosis treated?

Answer: It can be hard to tell if a lump from traumatic fat necrosis is that or something else until your doctor does a biopsy. These usually don't need to be treated. But if the lump bothers you, the doctor can remove it.


Question: What will happen during your appointment for breast lumps?

Answer: Clear or bloody fluid coming out of the nipple Red skin on your breast or nipple The doctor will ask questions about your health history. They'll perform a breast exam to feel for lumps or other changes in the breast tissue and under your arms. If there's fluid coming out of your nipple, the doctor may order blood tests to check hormone levels and collect a sample to check for abnormal cells. They may also do a mammogram or ultrasound to see if the lump is solid or filled with fluid. Your doctor may order a test called a biopsy. He'll take a tiny sample of the lump with a needle or small cut and send it to a lab.


Question: How often does breast tissue change?

Answer: Breast tissue changes during a woman's entire life. It is sensitive to changing hormone levels during the menstrual cycle.


Question: What will your doctor prescribe to treat pruritus?

Answer: Your doctor may also prescribe medication to treat pruritus, including antihistamines and topical steroids. Rarely, steroid pills and antibiotics may also be needed.


Question: How is pruritus treated?

Answer: Anyone can get pruritus but certain groups of people are more susceptible to the condition, including: People with seasonal allergies, hay fever, asthma, and eczema People with diabetes People with HIV/ AIDS and various types of cancer, especially those with leukemia or lymphoma Pregnant women The elderly Finding the cause of the itching and treating any underlying skin disease is the first step in solving pruritus. If a drug reaction is suspected, switching to a different medication may be helpful to reduce the itching. However, most drug reactions have a rash along with itching.


Question: What is the best way to prevent pruritus?

Answer: The best way to prevent pruritus is to take care of your skin. To protect skin: Use skin creams and lotions that moisturize your skin and prevent dryness. Use sunscreens regularly to prevent sunburns and skin damage. Use mild bath soap that won't irritate your skin. Take a bath or shower in warm -- not hot -- water. Avoid certain fabrics, such as wool and synthetics, that can make skin itch. Switch to cotton clothing and bed sheets. Since warm, dry air can make skin dry, keep the thermostat in your house down and use a humidifier. To relieve itching, place a cool washcloth or some ice over the area that itches, rather than scratching.


Question: What are types of digoxin?

Answer: Types of digoxin include: Digoxin ( Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps, Digitek) Digitoxin ( Crystodigin) Digoxin is usually taken once a day.


Question: What are some general guidelines for taking digoxin?

Answer: While taking this drug, your doctor may tell you to take and record your pulse daily. He or she will tell you how rapid your pulse should be. If your pulse is slower than recommended, contact your doctor about taking digoxin that day. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory so your response to the drug can be monitored. You may have electrocardiograms ( ECGs) and blood tests, and your dose may be adjusted. This medication may cause drowsiness. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this drug affects you.


Question: What diet should you follow while taking digoxin?

Answer: Follow your doctor's dietary advice, which may include: following a low-sodium diet, taking a potassium supplement, or including high-potassium foods (such as bananas and orange juice) in your diet.


Question: What should you be aware of if you are taking diuretics with digoxin?

Answer: If you experience an increase in side effects after taking your medications together, contact your doctor. You may need to change the times you are taking each medication.


Question: What are the side effects of the ketogenic diet for epilepsy?

Answer: If she stops the ketogenic diet suddenly, it could trigger seizures. Right after your child starts the diet, she may feel tired. Other side effects include: Constipation Kidney stones Slow growth and low weight Weak bones (which may be more likely to break) High cholesterol If your child has side effects, tell her doctor. You may be able to treat them with changes to her diet or medication. If the side effects are too much for your child, ask the doctor about other epilepsy diets, like the modified Atkins diet and the low glycemic index treatment diet. They can be a little easier to handle.


Question: What are some tips to help with restless legs syndrome (RLS)?

Answer: Here are 10 steps you can take to lessen the symptoms of RLS and get you sleeping better: Avoid or limit alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine for at least several hours before bedtime. Review all the medications you take (prescription and nonprescription) with your doctor. Exercise every day. Stretch your legs at the beginning and end of each day. Massage your legs regularly. Avoid eating a heavy meal close to bedtime. Maintain a regular sleep schedule. Avoid daytime naps. Use your bed only for sleeping or sex. Try not to use bedtime as worry time. Have your blood tested for iron levels and kidney function. Soak your legs in warm water.


Question: What questions should I ask before taking part in a clinical trial for ADHD?

Answer: What is the purpose of the study? What has previous research of this treatment shown? What is likely to happen in my case with or without the treatment? Are there standard treatments for this condition? How does this study compare with standard treatment options?


Question: Are people told that they might be given a placebo in an ADHD clinical trial?

Answer: However, a person is told this is a possibility before deciding whether or not to take part in a study.


Question: What clinical trials have been conducted for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in children?

Answer: These have included trials measuring drug treatment, behavioral treatment, and/or combined treatments for children. Some clinical trials involving children have tested the potential roles that lead exposure, exposure to other neurotoxins, and psychosocial situations (involving aspects of social and psychological behavior) might play in causing ADHD.


Question: If there is no standard treatment, how do clinical trials for ADHD compare new treatments?

Answer: When no standard treatment exists for a condition, some studies compare a new treatment with a placebo (a look-alike pill/infusion that contains no active drug).


Question: How can I find information on the most recent clinical trials regarding ADHD?

Answer: For the most current listing of clinical trials in the field of ADHD, please consult the website www.clinicaltrials.gov and conduct a search under the term ADHD.


Question: What happens to your leg if DVT is formed?

Answer: Your leg could: Swell Hurt or feel tender, maybe like a cramp Feel warm Look red or discolored Have veins that stick out If a clot moves to your lungs, you may: Cough up blood Have pain in your chest Feel your heart beat fast Have trouble breathing Hurt when you breathe Call your doctor if you notice anything unusual or worrisome after a leg injury.


Question: What will happen if blood clot moves to your lungs?

Answer: Your leg could: Swell Hurt or feel tender, maybe like a cramp Feel warm Look red or discolored Have veins that stick out If a clot moves to your lungs, you may: Cough up blood Have pain in your chest Feel your heart beat fast Have trouble breathing Hurt when you breathe Call your doctor if you notice anything unusual or worrisome after a leg injury.


Question: What are the symptoms of Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?

Answer: The classic symptoms of HSP are rash, joint pain and swelling, abdominal pain, and/or related kidney disease, including blood in urine. Before these symptoms begin, patients may have two to three weeks of fever, headache, and muscular aches and pains. Rarely, other organs, such as the brain, heart, or lungs, may be affected.


Question: What causes Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?

Answer: The body's immune system is believed to play a role in targeting the blood vessels involved. An abnormal immune response to an infection may be a factor in many cases. Approximately two-thirds of the cases of HSP occur days after symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection develop. Some cases of HSP have been linked to vaccinations for typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, measles, or hepatitis B; foods, drugs, chemicals, and insect bites. Some experts also say that HSP is associated with the colder weather of fall and winter.


Question: What is Henoch-Schonlein Purpura?

Answer: Henoch- Schonlein purpura ( HSP) is a disease involving inflammation of small blood vessels. It most commonly occurs in children. The inflammation causes blood vessels in the skin, intestines, kidneys, and joints to start leaking. The main symptom is a rash with numerous small bruises, which have a raised appearance, over the legs or buttocks.


Question: How is Henoch-Schonlein Purpura diagnosed?

Answer: The diagnosis of HSP may be clear when the typical rash, arthritis, and abdominal pain are present. A doctor may order some tests to rule out other diagnoses, confirm the diagnosis, and assess its severity. Occasionally, when the diagnosis is uncertain, particularly if the only symptom is the classic rash, your doctor may perform biopsies of the skin or kidney. Urine and blood tests will likely be done to detect signs of kidney involvement and may need to be repeated during follow-up to monitor any changes in kidney function.


Question: Does Henoch-Schonlein Purpura affect your kidneys?

Answer: In most patients, the kidney impairment is mild and goes away without any long-term damage. It's important to monitor the kidney problems closely and make sure they clear up, since about 5% of patients may develop progressive kidney disease. About 1% may go on to develop total kidney failure.


Question: What can I do to prevent cancer?

Answer: Tips for cancer prevention include: Avoid smoking. If you do smoke, quit. Avoid too much sun exposure and wear sunscreen outdoors. Eat a nutritious diet and exercise regularly. Maintain a healthy weight. Get proper cancer screening for your age, gender, and risk factors. Take proper precautions around carcinogens and industrial chemicals, such as wearing gloves and making sure there is enough ventilation. Watch your alcohol intake.


Question: How often should I see my doctor if I am postmenopausal?

Answer: Even if you are postmenopausal, getting regular check-ups and preventive screening tests such as pelvic exams, Pap smears, breast exams, and mammograms are among the most important things you can do for yourself. How often you need a check-up depends on your health history. Talk to your doctor to determine how often you should be seen.


Question: What are some tips for caring for an epinephrine auto-injector?

Answer: Keep the device in a dark place and at room temperature. Check the expiration date often. If it's expired, replace it. But remember, it's better to use expired epinephrine in an emergency than nothing at all. If the auto-injector has a window, check the liquid. If it isn't clear, replace the unit. Keep more than one auto-injector with you at all times. Wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace.


Question: What physical problems can cause Ganser syndrome?

Answer: Another factor that may contribute to Ganser syndrome is a desire to avoid responsibility or an unpleasant situation. There are also physical problems that may cause the symptoms of Ganser syndrome.


Question: How is Ganser syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: In addition, doctors must rule out any possible physical problems, such as stroke or head injury, as the cause of the symptoms before considering a diagnosis of Ganser syndrome. If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, he or she may refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interviews and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a factitious disorder. The doctor bases his or her diagnosis on the exclusion of actual physical or mental illness and his or her observation of the patient's attitude and behavior. It is difficult to predict whether and when symptoms of Ganser syndrome are likely to go away.


Question: When can I return to regular activities if I have heart failure?

Answer: You can resume your regular activities as soon as you feel better, but follow your doctor's guidelines. Increase your activities slowly, and always listen to your body so you know when it's time to take a rest break.


Question: When can I go back to work if I have heart failure?

Answer: If you have been in the hospital for your heart failure, your doctor will tell you how soon you can return to work after you go home. Your return to work will be based on your overall health, symptoms, and your rate of recovery.


Question: What are some energy conserving tips for those with heart failure?

Answer: Simplify your tasks and set realistic goals. Don't think you have to do things the same way you've always done them. Plan your activities ahead of time. Do not schedule too many activities to do in one day. Do the things that take more energy when you are feeling your best. If needed, rest before and after activities. If you become tired during an activity, stop and rest. You may need to finish it on another day or when you feel less tired. Also, do not plan activities right after a meal. Get a good night's sleep. Be careful not to nap too much during the day or you might not be able to sleep at night. Ask for help. Divide the tasks among family and friends. If needed, use devices and tools that assist you, such as a walker, shower chair, hand-held shower head, bedside toilet, or long-handled tools for dressing (such as a shoe horn). Wear clothes that have zippers and buttons in the front so you don't have to reach behind you. Do all of your grooming (shaving, drying your hair, etc.) while sitting. If your doctor says it's OK, you may climb steps. You may need to rest part of the way if you become tired. Try to arrange your activities so you do not have to climb up and down stairs many times during the day. Avoid extreme physical activity. Do not push, pull, or lift heavy objects (more than 10 pounds). For more energy-saving tips, tell your doctor you would like to speak to an occupational therapist or cardiac rehabilitation specialist. Sometimes, cardiac rehabilitation can help increase your energy levels and help you get your strength back.


Question: When can you return to work if you have heart failure?

Answer: Your return to work will be based on your overall health, symptoms, and your rate of recovery. You should try to work as long as you are able. If you have a job that requires a lot of physical work, you may need to change some of your job-related activities. This may involve job re-training or taking disability. Talk to your doctor about the type of job you have. Your doctor can help you decide if your job will affect your heart condition and if you need to make changes.


Question: What are some traveling tips for those with heart failure?

Answer: By following these traveling tips, your vacation will be more enjoyable: Always take all of your medications with you and make sure you have enough medications to last throughout your trip. If you are traveling by plane, carry your medications with you. Never check them with your luggage. You may need a letter from your doctor that verifies all of your medications, especially if you are traveling internationally. Pack this letter with your drugs. Always wear your Emergency Medical Identification. Make sure you have your doctor's phone number. Be careful to avoid infection when traveling. In areas where the water might be unsafe, drink bottled water or other beverages (order beverages without ice). Swim only in chlorinated pools. Select food with care to avoid illness.


Question: What can help make your transition back to work easier if you have heart failure?

Answer: The following tips should make your transition back to work easier. Plan periods of rest. Be sure to get plenty of rest. You may need to plan at least one rest period every day. When you rest, keep your feet up to keep the swelling in your legs down. Conserve your energy. Using less energy with daily tasks can help you have more energy to do more activities during the day. You may need to cut down on some of your activities or use energy-saving devices or techniques. If daily self care or home care activities are too tiring, tell your doctor.


Question: How long should I avoid exercise after a catheter ablation procedure?

Answer: Avoid intense exercise for about 3 weeks after your procedure, too.


Question: What tests will I undergo before having a catheter ablation to treat atrial fibrillation (AFib)?

Answer: Before your procedure, you doctor may ask you to get some tests. They will tell your doctor more about your heart and overall health. They may include: Blood test Chest X-ray CT scan or MRI of your chest Echocardiogram The day before your ablation, you should not eat or drink anything after midnight.


Question: What can I expect after a catheter ablation procedure?

Answer: It can take several weeks for the work done during your procedure to turn into scar tissue. You might not have a normal heartbeat until the scar tissue forms. Your heart arrhythmia could seem the same or worse until then. You may need to take blood thinners for 3 months after your ablation. You may get antacids or anti-inflammatory drugs, too. Sometimes the procedure has to be repeated to work. Your doctor will check your heart rhythm in the days and weeks after your procedure to see if that's something you'll need.


Question: What is catheter ablation?

Answer: Catheter ablation is a way to treat heart irregular heartbeats, or arrhythmias, like atrial fibrillation ( AFib), atrial flutter, or supraventricular tachycardia ( SVT). It destroys the tissue that's causing your heartbeat to get off course. This creates scar tissue inside your heart. This scar tissue is a good thing. It will help your heartbeat stay in rhythm. Your cardiologist (a doctor who specializes in treating hearts) won't have to cut into your chest to do this procedure. The catheter is a long, flexible tube that he inserts into a blood vessel and guides into your heart.


Question: What are the risks of having a catheter ablation procedure?

Answer: Your doctor should explain your risks to you. But common risks include: Bleeding, an infection, or pain where your catheter went into your skin Blood clots Accidental damage to tissues in your body Accidental damage to your heart Catheter ablation gets rid of heart arrhythmias like AFib, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia ( SVT) for most people.


Question: How does a surgeon create scar tissue for a catheter ablation?

Answer: Doctors can use these energy sources to create the scar tissue: Radiofrequency waves Microwaves Lasers Cryothermy (this freezes tissue) You may have to stay in the hospital overnight after your ablation so your doctor and nurses can keep an eye on you while you recover.


Question: Can I take a shower after a catheter ablation procedure?

Answer: You can take a shower, but for the first 5 days don't use very hot water or soak in the bath. Gently pat dry near your wound.


Question: Will I have to stay in the hospital after a catheter ablation?

Answer: Doctors can use these energy sources to create the scar tissue: Radiofrequency waves Microwaves Lasers Cryothermy (this freezes tissue) You may have to stay in the hospital overnight after your ablation so your doctor and nurses can keep an eye on you while you recover. You'll probably rest in bed about 6 to 8 hours after the procedure. Some people leave the hospital the same day. Most people go home the next morning.


Question: What will happen when you go to your doctor's office regarding drug allergies?

Answer: A physical exam : Your doctor will carefully check you -- especially your skin -- to see if you have a rash or hives. Some questions: Your doctor will want details about the medicines you've been using, your symptoms, and your health. Blood tests: If you've had a serious skin reaction, your doctor may ask for these to check how your organs are working and to see if there are any other signs of an allergic reaction. Other tests: Depending on your case, your doctor may need to see some other things, like a chest X-ray. Treatment: If your symptoms are severe, your doctor will give you medicine to help control the reaction.


Question: What does the lymphatic system do when you are sick?

Answer: They wait, poised for duty, in many different places in your body, including your: Thymus Spleen Tonsils Blood vessels Lymph nodes Small intestine Adenoids Blood vessels Your lymphatic system is like an inner highway that carries white blood cells through your body. When you're sick, you might notice your lymph nodes -- small glands in your neck, groin, armpits, and behind your knees -- are swollen. This is normal. It means your immune system has kicked into high gear to get rid of infection. Lymph nodes are also filters for your immune system. They catch germs and dead or damaged cells and destroy them.


Question: How do white blood cells react to germs?

Answer: It reads a tell-tale âfingerprintâ of proteins on the surface of cells, so it can tell the difference between your own cells and what shouldn't be there. Your white blood cells aim to destroy the unwelcome guests.


Question: How do white blood cells form and where do they live?

Answer: They get their start in your bone marrow. They have a short life -- ranging from a few days to a few weeks -- so your body constantly makes more. There are different types, and they all have the same goal: to fight infection. They wait, poised for duty, in many different places in your body, including your: Thymus Spleen Tonsils Blood vessels Lymph nodes Small intestine Adenoids Blood vessels Your lymphatic system is like an inner highway that carries white blood cells through your body.


Question: How does your immune system react to foreign bodies?

Answer: It releases white blood cells and other chemicals that destroy these threats. Or it causes a reaction, like a sneeze, to boot out a virus in your nose. It's an elite squad of agents that zap invaders -- like bacteria, viruses, and fungi -- ASAP.


Question: How does infection occur?

Answer: You nick your skin and bacteria get in. Or you rub your eyes, not realizing that the doorknob you touched had a cold virus on it. Or you ate something that maybe wasn't cooked or cleaned as well as it should have been. And just like that, you've got an unwanted guest in your body.


Question: How can a person with cystic fibrosis (CF) avoid germs when he visits the gym?

Answer: For instance: Wipe down equipment with an alcohol-based gel before you use it. Wash your hands after you touch any surface -- from treadmills to hairdryers. Stay at least 6 feet away from anyone who's sick.


Question: Why does a person with cystic fibrosis (CF) often need extra calories?

Answer: It doesn't make the enzymes it needs to help digest food. This affects how well your body gets nutrients. You use more energy to breathe, fight infections, and maintain your weight than other people do. That's why people who have CF often need about twice the calories the average person needs in a day. Work with your CF care team to find out how many daily calories you need and the best way to get them.


Question: Is exercise OK for people with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

Answer: Not only is it OK to exercise, but doctors recommend it. Exercise helps clear mucus out of your lungs. It strengthens your heart and muscles. The stronger you feel, the easier it is to do everyday tasks. Choose activities that you enjoy and that keep you moving.


Question: What can you do at home to recover after a total knee replacement?

Answer: If you go home instead of to a rehab clinic, keep these tips in mind: Help your wound heal. Don't soak it in water until it's sealed and healed. Ask your doctor for advice on when showering after surgery is safe. Eat right. Even if you don't have an appetite after the operation, make sure to eat nutritious foods. Your doctor may also suggest an iron supplement or fiber-rich foods to lower possible problems with medications. Move your new knee. Chances are you'll get a walking plan that starts inside and then takes you outside as you get stronger. On top of that, you'll do PT moves a few times a day at home.


Question: How can you stay fit after a total knee replacement?

Answer: You can: Walk Swim Golf Go on light hikes Bike Dance


Question: Who gets gout?

Answer: It's also more common in men over 40. Women are more likely to get it after menopause.


Question: Do you need surgery for a hernia?

Answer: Your doctor will likely recommend it if any of these things happen: Tissue (such as the intestine) becomes trapped in the abdominal wall. This is called incarceration. If left untreated, it may lead to strangulation. That's when the blood supply to the tissue gets cut off. The hernia becomes strangulated. This can cause permanent damage and is a surgical emergency. Strangulated organs, usually your intestines, will die, and if not removed quickly, you can become seriously ill. Call your doctor right away if you have a fever or nausea, sudden pain that gets worse, or a hernia that turns red, purple, or dark. The hernia causes pain or discomfort, or it's growing larger.


Question: How is laparoscopic surgery done for a hernia?

Answer: Laparoscopic surgery: In this surgery, your abdomen is inflated with a harmless gas. This gives the surgeon a better look of your organs. He'll make a few small incisions (cuts) near the hernia. He'll insert a thin tube with a tiny camera on the end (laparoscope). The surgeon uses images from the laparoscope as a guide to repair the hernia with mesh. For laparoscopic surgery, you'll receive general anesthesia. Recovery is usually faster with laparoscopic surgery: On average, patients are back to their normal routine a week sooner than with open surgery.


Question: What increases the chance of high blood pressure for African-Americans?

Answer: Being African- American is a risk factor for developing high blood pressure. Others include: Increased age Excessive weight A family history of high blood pressure Having diabetes Inactivity High dietary salt and fat Low intake of potassium Smoking The more risk factors you have, the more likely it is that you have high blood pressure or will develop it in the future.


Question: How does high blood pressure affect African-Americans differently?

Answer: These problems include stroke, kidney disease, blindness, dementia, and heart disease.


Question: What are anti-angiogenesis drugs for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: Cancer cells need blood vessels to "feed" them oxygen-rich blood so they can grow and survive. Bevacizumab ( Avastin), ramucirumab ( Cyramza), and ziv-aflibercept ( Zaltrap) block a protein called VEGF, which helps blood vessels grow. Without a blood supply, the tumors "starve." You may get these drugs along with chemo.


Question: What are EGFR inhibitors in stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: Cetuximab ( Erbitux) and panitumumab ( Vectibix) slow cancer growth by blocking a protein called EGFR that helps cancer cells grow. These drugs don't work well in cancers that have changes (mutations) to a gene called RAS. Your doctor will test you to make sure you don't have the RAS gene change before you get one of these drugs.


Question: What are the side effects of targeted therapy for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: Side effects depend on which drug you get. They can include: Loss of appetite Fatigue Diarrhea Weight loss Dry mouth Sores in the mouth or throat Rash Weakness Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs Serious side effects are rare.


Question: What are immune checkpoint inhibitors for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: Nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) block PD-1 protein on immune cells called T cells. They help shrink and stop the growth of tumors.


Question: What are the side effects of chemotherapy for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: There are several kinds of chemo drugs used to treat stage IV colon cancer. You may get more than one of them. Sometimes, doctors combine chemo with targeted therapy (see below). Chemo drugs can cause side effects like: Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Numbness, tingling, and weakness from nerve damage in your feet and hands Mouth sores More infections than usual You've probably heard of people losing their hair when they get chemotherapy.


Question: When would stage IV colon cancer patients get chemotherapy?

Answer: You may get chemotherapy before surgery to shrink tumors so they're easier to remove. Chemo is sometimes given after surgery to destroy any cancer cells left behind. You might get only chemo if you can't have surgery.


Question: What are the side effects of ablation or cryotherapy for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: Side effects from these treatments are usually mild and can include: Fever Infection Bleeding Targeted therapies block substances that cancer cells need to grow and spread.


Question: What are targeted therapies for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: Side effects from these treatments are usually mild and can include: Fever Infection Bleeding Targeted therapies block substances that cancer cells need to grow and spread. They slow or stop cancer growth while sparing healthy cells. This means you may have fewer side effects than you would with chemo drugs.


Question: What are the side effects of radiation?

Answer: Radiation can have side effects such as: Fatigue Skin redness Diarrhea Bloody stools These side effects should stop once your treatment ends.


Question: What happens after the cancerous part of the colon is removed?

Answer: After removing the part of your colon that has cancer, your surgeon may sew the ends of your intestines together so that stool can continue to pass through. You might get a colostomy, which attaches the end of your colon to an opening in your belly, where waste will leave your body. Some people only need to use a pouch while they heal from surgery. Once the colostomy is removed, you can use the bathroom normally again.


Question: How soon can someone go home after receiving ablation or cryotherapy?

Answer: Either way, you'll wear a pouch on the outside of your body to collect waste.


Question: What treatments are best for stage IV colon cancer?

Answer: Which treatment you get depends on where in your body the cancer has spread. It often spreads to the liver. It also can reach the lungs, lining of the abdomen, or lymph nodes in other parts of your body. You'll get the treatment that's most likely to work for you.


Question: How often does chemotherapy make the hair of stage IV colon cancer patients fall out?

Answer: But the types of chemo drugs used to treat stage IV colon cancer usually don't make hair fall out. Your doctor has ways to help you manage chemo side effects and feel better during treatment. Side effects should improve once you finish treatment.


Question: What are the serious side effects of targeted therapy for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: They can include: Slow wound healing Severe bleeding or bruising A hole in the wall of the stomach or intestine Your doctor may suggest you try: Immune checkpoint inhibitors.


Question: How often do stage IV colon cancer patients receive radiation?

Answer: You'll get radiation therapy 5 days a week for a certain number of weeks. For this treatment, you'll visit your doctor's office or a hospital. A machine will aim the X-rays at your body. This is called external-beam radiation therapy. There are other types of radiation: Stereotactic radiation therapy comes from a machine outside your body.


Question: What is stereotactic radiation therapy?

Answer: There are other types of radiation: Stereotactic radiation therapy comes from a machine outside your body. It targets a small area, like an area in the lung or liver where the disease has spread.


Question: What happens after surgery for stage IV colon cancer patients?

Answer: If there isn't enough colon left, the end of your small intestine will be attached to the opening. This is called an ileostomy. Either way, you'll wear a pouch on the outside of your body to collect waste. After surgery, you might be in some pain. Some people have bowel problems like constipation or diarrhea. These side effects often go away. It might take a few weeks or months for your bowel habits to get back to normal after surgery. If the tumor blocks your colon, the surgeon could put in a tube called a stent to keep the bowel open. You'll get that stent put in during a colonoscopy.


Question: What is brachytherapy?

Answer: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.


Question: What will the surgeon remove during stage IV colon cancer surgery?

Answer: Your surgeon will remove the part of your colon, liver, or lungs where the cancer is. She will also remove nearby lymph nodes, because cancer can spread through them to other parts of your body.


Question: How can you prevent back pain?

Answer: Try sleeping on your side, with a medium-firm mattress.


Question: What besides pain are symptoms of back problems?

Answer: Back pain -- whether a dull ache or shooting -- is just one sign that something's going on with your back. You may also have feelings in your legs or arms: Radiating pain Numbness Tingling Weakness Uncontrolled peeing or pooping could mean a serious problem like spinal cord compression. Call your doctor right away.


Question: When should you see your doctor about back pain?

Answer: You should see a doctor: After you get hurt, like in a fall or accident When the pain gets in the way of your daily activities If it lasts longer than 6 weeks, or spreads During your exam, your doctor will test your range of motion -- unless you can't move -- and check how well your nerves are working.


Question: Can rinsing and spitting after surgery cause dry socket?

Answer: That includes people who: smoke have poor oral hygiene have wisdom teeth pulled have greater-than-usual trauma during the tooth extraction surgery use birth control pills have a history of dry socket after having teeth pulled Rinsing and spitting a lot or drinking through a straw after having a tooth extracted also can raise your risk of getting dry socket.


Question: What are the symptoms of dry socket?

Answer: Instead of a dark blood clot, there will just be whitish bone. The pain typically starts about 2 days after the tooth was pulled. Over time it becomes more severe and can radiate to your ear. Other symptoms of dry socket include bad breath and an unpleasant smell and taste in your mouth.


Question: How does dry socket develop?

Answer: The socket is the hole in the bone where the tooth has been removed. After a tooth is pulled, a blood clot forms in the socket to protect the bone and nerves underneath. Sometimes that clot can become dislodged or dissolve a couple of days after the extraction. That leaves the bone and nerve exposed to air, food, fluid, and anything else that enters the mouth. This can lead to infection and severe pain that can last for 5 or 6 days.


Question: What happens during an upper endoscopy?

Answer: During an upper endoscopy, an endoscope is easily passed through the mouth and throat and into the esophagus, allowing the doctor to view the esophagus, stomach, and upper part of the small intestine.


Question: What is an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)?

Answer: Endoscopic ultrasound or EUS combines upper endoscopy and ultrasound examination to obtain images and information about various parts of the digestive tract.


Question: What is an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography?

Answer: A special form of endoscopy called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography, or ERCP, allows pictures of the pancreas, gallbladder, and related structures to be taken. ERCP is also used for stent placement and biopsies.


Question: Who performs an endoscopy?

Answer: Overall, endoscopy is very safe; however, the procedure does have a few potential complications, which may include: Perforation (tear in the gut wall) Reaction to sedation Infection Bleeding Pancreatitis as a result of ERCP Your internist or family doctor may perform sigmoidoscopy in their office. However, all of the other endoscopy procedures are usually performed by gastroenterology specialists (gastroenterologists). Other specialists such as gastrointestinal surgeons also can perform many of these procedures.


Question: Is endoscopy safe?

Answer: Overall, endoscopy is very safe; however, the procedure does have a few potential complications, which may include: Perforation (tear in the gut wall) Reaction to sedation Infection Bleeding Pancreatitis as a result of ERCP Your internist or family doctor may perform sigmoidoscopy in their office.