Question: What is the definition of a pacemaker?

Answer: Pacemaker: A small electronic device implanted under your skin. It sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to regulate your heart rhythm.


Question: What is the definition of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation?

Answer: ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation): If you can't provide oxygen for your own blood or enough blood circulation, you can be put on life support known as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The doctor withdraws blood from a large vein in and passes through a device that puts oxygen into it and takes carbon dioxide out before it goes back into your body.


Question: What is the definition of implantable cardioverter defibrillator?

Answer: Implantable cardioverter defibrillator ( ICD): An implant that monitors your heart rate and rhythm. When it finds a very fast, abnormal rhythm, it gives the heart muscle an electrical shock so it can beat in a normal rhythm again.


Question: What is the definition of restenosis?

Answer: Restenosis: Closing or narrowing of an artery that was previously opened with a procedure like angioplasty.


Question: What is the definition of stroke?

Answer: Stroke: A sudden loss of brain function caused by less blood flow to part of your brain. Causes include blood clots in the brain and bleeding into the brain.


Question: What is the definition of atrial flutter?

Answer: Atrial flutter: A heart rhythm that's too fast and causes the upper chambers (atria) to beat too fast and not in sync with the lower chambers (ventricles).


Question: What is the definition of ventricular tachycardia?

Answer: Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid, life-threatening rhythm that starts in the heart's lower chambers. It prevents your heart from filling with blood, and less blood is able to pump through the body.


Question: What is myocarditis?

Answer: Myocarditis: Inflammation of the myocardium (heart muscle).


Question: What is the definition of pulmonary hypertension?

Answer: Pulmonary hypertension: High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries.


Question: What is the definition of coronary artery bypass graft?

Answer: Coronary artery bypass graft: If your coronary artery disease results from heart failure, a doctor can take arteries or veins (called grafts) from other parts of your body to reroute blood flow around blocked heart arteries.


Question: What is the definition of atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries")?

Answer: Atherosclerosis ("hardening of the arteries"): Plaque builds up inside your arteries and can lead to coronary artery disease and other problems.


Question: What is the definition of aortic valve homograft?

Answer: Aortic valve homograft: When your doctor uses a human valve to replace your narrow or leaky aortic valve. This operation involves cardiopulmonary bypass.


Question: What is the definition of beta-blocker?

Answer: Beta-blocker: A drug that slows heart rate, lowers blood pressure, and controls angina. It protects you from future heart attacks if you've already had one.


Question: What is the definition of stent?

Answer: Stent: A small tube your doctor puts in during an angioplasty to keep the coronary artery open for blood flow. Permanent stents are made of metal mesh, while others are designed to dissolve.


Question: What is the definition of left ventricular assist device?

Answer: Left ventricular assist device ( LVAD): A device used to help your heart work when you have end-stage heart failure.


Question: What is the definition of cardiomyopathy?

Answer: Cardiomyopathy: A serious condition in which your heart doesn't pump as well as it should and becomes weak. It can lead to heart failure and valve problems.


Question: What is the definition of coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)?

Answer: Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis): A buildup of fatty material in the wall of the coronary artery that causes it to narrow. It can lead to heart failure.


Question: How do I treat impetigo?

Answer: If this does not help, seek care from your doctor. You may need a prescription medication. Topical mupirocin ointment, available only by prescription, is highly successful in treating mild forms of the infection. Don't try over-the-counter antibacterial ointments; they are too weak to kill strep and staph infections, and applying the ointment carelessly may actually spread the impetigo. If you have a more severe infection, you may need to take oral antibiotics.


Question: What should I do if someone in my household has impetigo?

Answer: Even if only one family member has impetigo, everyone in the household should follow the same sanitary regimen. Wash regularly with soap and water. This should help clear up mild forms of the infection. If this does not help, seek care from your doctor. You may need a prescription medication. Topical mupirocin ointment, available only by prescription, is highly successful in treating mild forms of the infection. Don't try over-the-counter antibacterial ointments; they are too weak to kill strep and staph infections, and applying the ointment carelessly may actually spread the impetigo. If you have a more severe infection, you may need to take oral antibiotics.


Question: What should I know about getting extra potassium to treat hypokalemia?

Answer: You can get more potassium by taking supplements. Most of these you can take by mouth. In some cases it's necessary to get your potassium injected by IV. For example: If your potassium level is dangerously low If taking supplements don't raise your potassium levels If your low potassium levels cause abnormal heart rhythms When your hypokalemia is a result of another medical condition, your doctor will help you treat that.


Question: How is hypokalemia treated?

Answer: For example: If your potassium level is dangerously low If taking supplements don't raise your potassium levels If your low potassium levels cause abnormal heart rhythms When your hypokalemia is a result of another medical condition, your doctor will help you treat that. If you have low potassium because of diuretics, he may take you off them. Sometimes that makes the condition go away. Always check with your doctor before you stop any medicine. Also, ask him before you take any potassium supplements. This might cause too much potassium to build up in your system, which could lead to hyperkalemia.


Question: What are less common causes of hypokalemia (low levels of potassium in the blood)?

Answer: Most commonly, you get hypokalemia when: You vomit a lot You have diarrhea Your kidneys or adrenal glands don't work well You take medication that makes you pee (water pills or diuretics) It's possible, but rare, to get hypokalemia from having too little potassium in your diet. Other things sometimes cause it, too, like: Drinking too much alcohol Sweating a lot Folic acid deficiency Certain antibiotics Diabetic ketoacidosis (high levels of acids called ketones in your blood) Laxatives taken over a long period of time Certain types of tobacco Some asthma medications Low magnesium Several syndromes can be associated with low potassium, such as: Cushing's syndrome Gitelman syndrome Liddle syndrome Bartter syndrome Fanconi syndrome Women tend to get hypokalemia more often than men.


Question: What syndromes are linked to hypokalemia (low levels of potassium in the blood)?

Answer: Other things sometimes cause it, too, like: Drinking too much alcohol Sweating a lot Folic acid deficiency Certain antibiotics Diabetic ketoacidosis (high levels of acids called ketones in your blood) Laxatives taken over a long period of time Certain types of tobacco Some asthma medications Low magnesium Several syndromes can be associated with low potassium, such as: Cushing's syndrome Gitelman syndrome Liddle syndrome Bartter syndrome Fanconi syndrome Women tend to get hypokalemia more often than men.


Question: When should I see a doctor about my IBS?

Answer: You think you've got it under control when along comes a new symptom, or the ones you already have just won't go away. Should you make a doctor's appointment or wait it out? If you're not sure, it's always best to get it checked. Whenever you have a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome that lasts a long time, or if you get a new symptom, see your doctor. If you usually take over-the-counter medications but now they don't ease problems like diarrhea, gas, or cramping, you also need to see a doctor.


Question: Are fever, vomiting, and anemia related to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: If you have one or more, or think you do, you should call your doctor. Any of these problems could point to another, more serious condition. Your doctor can help you figure out what's going on. Even if you don't think the problem is physically part of IBS, but it bothers you, tell your doctor. For example, if you're stressed out or anxious about it, or if you're losing sleep over the problem, let your doctor know.


Question: Is weight loss related to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Answer: If you find you're losing weight for no reason, it's time to get it checked out.


Question: How does weight loss affect irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: If you find you're losing weight for no reason, it's time to get it checked out.


Question: Is rectal bleeding a part of IBS?

Answer: It could just be a side effect from your irritable bowel syndrome constipation, caused by a tear in your anus. The bleeding also might be caused by a hemorrhoid. But if you have a large amount of blood in your stool, or if the bleeding just won't go away, you should get medical attention as soon as possible.


Question: What is radical nephrectomy?

Answer: The surgery for stage IV renal cell carcinoma is called a radical nephrectomy. A surgeon removes your whole kidney and some of the tissue around it. If your cancer hasn't spread much farther than your kidney, the procedure might cure you. Even if your cancer has spread, surgery could help you live longer. It can also relieve symptoms like pain and bleeding.


Question: What happens during radical nephrectomy?

Answer: During the procedure, the surgeon makes a cut in your side, back, or belly and removes: Your whole kidney The adrenal gland that's on top of the kidney Some of the fat around the organ Some nearby lymph nodes After surgery, you'll go to a recovery room.


Question: What causes acrocyanosis?

Answer: Acrocyanosis is caused by narrowing (constriction) of small arterioles (tiny arteries) toward the end of the arms and legs.


Question: How long can you use decongestants?

Answer: Decongestants come in oral or nasal spray forms. Decongestants are used to reduce swelling in the nasal passageways. However, nasal spray decongestants should not be used for more than a few days because, if they are used too long and then stopped, they can cause rebound symptoms.


Question: What is the best flu medicine?

Answer: The flu treatment you should take depends on your symptoms. For example, if you have nasal or sinus congestion, then a decongestant can be helpful.


Question: When should antihistamines be used for the flu?

Answer: If you have a runny nose, postnasal drip, or itchy, watery eyes -- then an antihistamine may be helpful for your flu symptoms. Antihistamines block the effect of "histamine," and help relieve such annoying symptoms as sneezing, itching, and nasal discharge.


Question: Which flu treatment is best for my sore throat?

Answer: Over-the-counter pain relievers and medicated lozenges and gargles can also temporarily soothe a sore throat. Get your doctor's approval before using any medications, including over-the-counter drugs, and don't use lozenges or gargles for more than a few days. Call your doctor if your throat is still sore after a couple of days or if it is severe. The medications could mask signs of strep throat, a bacterial infection that should be treated with antibiotics.


Question: Is it safe to take a decongestant if I have high blood pressure?

Answer: Decongestants can increase blood pressure and heart rate. Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are oral decongestants commonly available in over-the-counter products. Check with your doctor or pharmacist about safety.


Question: Can antibiotics help my flu symptoms?

Answer: Antibiotics cannot help flu symptoms. The flu is caused by a virus, and antibiotics only treat bacterial infections. Taking antibiotics needlessly may increase your risk of getting an infection later that resists antibiotic treatment. If you get a secondary bacterial infection with the flu virus, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic to treat the secondary infection.


Question: What does the virus that causes genital herpes (HSV-2) do in your body?

Answer: HSV-2 lives in the nerves. When it's active, it travels to the surface of the infected area (skin or mucous membrane) and makes copies of itself. This is called "shedding" because these new viruses can, at this time, rub off on another person. Then the virus travels back down the nerve to a ganglion (mass of nerve tissue), usually at the base of the spine, where it lies dormant for a while.


Question: How is presbyopia treated?

Answer: But there are a lot of ways to improve it. Readers: Yes, those cheap glasses you see at the drugstore can often do the trick. Pick the weakest pair that lets you see what you need to read. Bifocals work for many people. If you have glasses already, this might be the option for you. They're eyeglasses with two different prescriptions in one lens. The top part corrects for distance vision. The lower section helps you see objects up close. Progressive lenses are similar to bifocals, but there's a gradual or blended transition between the two prescriptions instead of separate sections Contact lenses can also treat presbyopia. You might try: Multifocal lenses, which come in soft or gas-permeable versions. Monovision lenses: One lens helps you see objects at a distance. The other is for close-up vision.


Question: What are the symptoms of presbyopia?

Answer: You'll notice: You need to hold reading material at arm's length.


Question: How do you know if you have presbyopia?

Answer: Blurred vision at a normal reading distance Headaches or fatigue from doing close work Your eye doctor can diagnose presbyopia with a thorough eye exam.


Question: How does presbyopia occur?

Answer: Presbyopia is often confused with farsightedness, but the two are different. Presbyopia happens when the natural lens in the eye gets less flexible. Farsightedness is from a misshaped eyeball that causes light rays to focus incorrectly once they have entered the eye.


Question: What other procedures can treat presbyopia?

Answer: KAMRA Inlay is an FDA-approved implant. That means a doctor will surgically place it in one eye. It can work for people with presbyopia who haven't had cataract surgery. Other procedures are available as well.


Question: How is a Raindrop Inlay used to treat presbyopia?

Answer: KAMRA Inlay is an FDA-approved implant. That means a doctor will surgically place it in one eye.


Question: How can you treat presbyopia?

Answer: But there are a lot of ways to improve it. Readers: Yes, those cheap glasses you see at the drugstore can often do the trick. Pick the weakest pair that lets you see what you need to read.


Question: How is presbyopia diagnosed?

Answer: Blurred vision at a normal reading distance Headaches or fatigue from doing close work Your eye doctor can diagnose presbyopia with a thorough eye exam.


Question: What are symptoms of fulminant hepatitis A infection?

Answer: You could have symptoms like: Spontaneous bleeding or easy bruising Confusion and changes in alertness Liver function that gets worse Yellowing of the skin and eyes that gets worse Make an appointment if you have any of the symptoms and you recently: Traveled out of the country, especially if you went to Mexico, South America, Central America, or anywhere without good sanitation Ate at a restaurant that reported a hepatitis A outbreak Found out someone close to you, like a roommate or caregiver, was diagnosed with hepatitis A Had sex with someone who has hepatitis A Ate raw shellfish Used illegal drugs When you see your doctor, he may spot some more signs that you've got the disease.


Question: How long do symptoms of hepatitis A last?

Answer: How long it lasts can vary from person to person. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. Some things to keep in mind: Mild hepatitis A may last 1 to 2 weeks. Most people are much better within 3 weeks. Young children who get symptoms usually get better within 2 months. If you have a severe infection, it can cause problems for several months. You may need to stay in the hospital. Some people have symptoms that can last more than 3 months or have problems that come and go for 3 to 9 months.


Question: When should you call your doctor about your child's cough?

Answer: Call 911 if your child: Is struggling for breath, can't talk, or grunts with each breath Is choking and unable to stop Has passed out or stopped breathing Has blue-tinged lips or fingernails Call your doctor right away if your child: Has trouble breathing or talking Persistent vomiting Turns red or purple when coughing Drools or has trouble swallowing Seems very sick or fatigued May have an object caught in their throat Has chest pain when breathing deep Is coughing blood or wheezing Has a weak immune system or is not fully immunized Is younger than age 4 months with a rectal temperature above 100.4 ° F ( Do not give fever medicine to infants.) Has a fever over 104 F, with no improvement in two hours after fever medicine


Question: When should you call 911 about your child's cough?

Answer: Call 911 if your child: Is struggling for breath, can't talk, or grunts with each breath Is choking and unable to stop Has passed out or stopped breathing Has blue-tinged lips or fingernails Call your doctor right away if your child: Has trouble breathing or talking Persistent vomiting Turns red or purple when coughing Drools or has trouble swallowing Seems very sick or fatigued May have an object caught in their throat Has chest pain when breathing deep Is coughing blood or wheezing Has a weak immune system or is not fully immunized Is younger than age 4 months with a rectal temperature above 100.4 ° F ( Do not give fever medicine to infants.)


Question: How much calcium should I get through supplements?

Answer: It depends on how much you're already getting in your diet. Adults need 1,000 milligrams of calcium (from all sources) every day, and that amount goes up with age. Women over 50 and men over 70 need 1,200 milligrams per day. If you think you need a supplement to boost your number, check with your doctor.


Question: What can happen if I get too much calcium?

Answer: High levels of the mineral in your blood can lead to kidney problems, as well as hardened blood vessels and tissue. Some studies also link high calcium intake, particularly from supplements, with a greater risk of heart disease, though the results aren't settled.


Question: What type of insulin do you need?

Answer: Insulin comes in four basic forms: Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes after injection. Its effects only last 2 to 3 hours. Regular- or short-acting insulin takes about 30 minutes to work and lasts for about 3 to 6 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin takes up to 4 hours to work fully. It peaks anywhere from 4 to 12 hours, and its effects can last for about 12 to 18 hours. Long-acting insulin begins to work in about 2 hours and then lasts up to a full day, steadily without a real peak. Your doctor can tell you which type will work best with your diabetes type and blood sugar level.


Question: What questions might your doctor ask you about insulin?

Answer: How do you feel while taking your insulin? Have you noticed any side effects? How are you responding to your insulin dose? Are you having any problems with high or low blood sugar? Have you had any trouble using your insulin syringe, pen, or pump? Do you know how to store and dispose of your used syringes or needles?


Question: What can I eat while taking insulin?

Answer: Ask your doctor for food recommendations to help your insulin work best. For instance, you'll want to know how much to eat at each meal, which types of foods are best for you to eat, whether you need to have snacks, and when you should eat. If you drink alcohol, ask your doctor if that's OK while you're taking insulin, and what your limit should be.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about the side effects of insulin?

Answer: The most common side effects are low blood sugar and weight gain. Ask your doctor what others you might have, and what to do if you get them.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about reusing syringes?

Answer: Doing so can lower your costs, but it is not without risk. Ask your doctor if that's safe for you, and how to keep your syringes clean so you don't get an infection. If you throw out your syringes after each use, ask how to safely dispose of them.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about when to take insulin?

Answer: It depends on things such as: The type of insulin you use (fast-acting, premixed, etc.) How much and what type of food you eat How much exercise you get Other health conditions you have The type of insulin delivery system (such as shots, pump, or inhaler) you use Your doctor may want you to take insulin a half-hour before meals, so it's available when sugar from food enters your bloodstream. Find out exactly when during the day you need to take each of your injections, and what to do if you forget to give yourself an injection.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about storing insulin?

Answer: Most insulin makers recommend storing it in the refrigerator, but injecting cold insulin can be uncomfortable. Make sure it's at room temperature before injecting. Ask your doctor whether to store your insulin in the fridge or at room temperature. Also find out how long your insulin will last, and how to tell if it has gone bad.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about the type of insulin I need if I am diabetic?

Answer: Insulin comes in four basic forms: Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within 30 minutes after injection. Its effects only last 2 to 3 hours. Regular- or short-acting insulin takes about 30 minutes to work and lasts for about 3 to 6 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin takes up to 4 hours to work fully. It peaks anywhere from 4 to 12 hours, and its effects can last for about 12 to 18 hours. Long-acting insulin begins to work in about 2 hours and then lasts up to a full day, steadily without a real peak. Your doctor can tell you which type will work best with your diabetes type and blood sugar level.


Question: What questions should I ask my doctor about where to inject insulin?

Answer: Most people inject it into their lower belly area, since it's easy to reach. ( Be sure to stay at least 2 inches from the belly button.) You can also inject insulin into your arms, thighs, or buttocks. Ask your doctor or diabetes educator to show you the right way to inject, including how to keep your needle and skin clean to prevent infections. Also learn how to rotate the injection site so you don't develop hard, fatty deposits under the skin from repeated injections.


Question: How do I know what diet changes to make if I use insulin?

Answer: Ask your doctor for food recommendations to help your insulin work best. For instance, you'll want to know how much to eat at each meal, which types of foods are best for you to eat, whether you need to have snacks, and when you should eat. If you drink alcohol, ask your doctor if that's OK while you're taking insulin, and what your limit should be.


Question: What can help with suicidal patients with schizophrenia?

Answer: If you know someone who is thinking or talking about suicide, get them help. You can call 911 or a crisis line, such as the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273-8255. If someone has schizophrenia and is not suicidal now, they need: Treatment for any depression symptoms Improvement in how well they follow their schizophrenia treatment People who can closely watch them, especially if they've had significant losses A safety plan that prepares for any failure to develope effective means of coping or a worsening of symptoms


Question: Which patients with schizophrenia are more likely to attempt suicide?

Answer: The classic person with schizophrenia who attempts suicide may: Be a male under age 30 Have a higher IQ Have been a high achiever as a teen and young adult Be painfully aware of schizophrenia's effect on him Suicide is also more likely in someone who is: Hopeless Socially isolated Living in a hospital In worsening health Suffering from a recent loss or rejection Lacking support from other people Having family stress or instability Fearing that their mental condition could worsen Too dependent on treatment or has lost faith in it Suicide among people with schizophrenia is also linked to: Long-term illness Family history of suicide Past or present history of depression Drug abuse Being very upset and impulsive Suicidal thoughts Greater number of prescriptions for schizophrenia medications and antidepressants Negative attitudes toward medication and not following their treatment plan Not being able to work and being dependent on others In general, the core symptoms of psychosis -- hallucinations and delusions -- seem to have a weaker link to suicide than symptoms such as: Hopelessness Negative outlook on life Sense of worthlessness Awareness that schizophrenia is negatively affecting how the person thinks Keep an eye out for signs that the person feels hopeless or that they have suffered a loss.


Question: How much melatonin does it take to help increase sleep?

Answer: A host of studies show that as little as 0.1 to .3 milligrams may be enough for most people. Experts suggest that the fast-release melatonin is possibly more effective as a sleep remedy than the slow-release formulas.


Question: What should you know about tryptophan as a natural sleep aid?

Answer: Yet some people who took tryptophan as a natural supplement developed a syndrome eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome ( EMS). Some people died. Scientists later believed the deaths were the result of taking the amino acid tryptophan. Not everyone who took tryptophan, however, experienced these side effects. In addition, not everyone who took tryptophan received help for insomnia. The influence of tryptophan on sleep continues to be studied in major sleep laboratories across the nation. While this amino acid is not available as a natural dietary supplement or sleep remedy, you can easily include tryptophan in your diet through food sources such as turkey, cheese, nuts, beans, eggs, and milk.


Question: How can melatonin help me sleep?

Answer: Scientific findings show that melatonin decreases the time it takes to fall asleep ("sleep latency"), increases feelings of "sleepiness," and may increase the duration of sleep. Melatonin has been used successfully for sleep enhancement in healthy individuals, as well as to reduce feelings of jet lag during global travels.


Question: How is 5-hydroxytryptophan used as a natural sleep aid?

Answer: 5- HTP is a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan. It is used to boost serotonin in the body. 5- HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) is also the precursor of melatonin, which regulates sleep cycles. Some findings show that 5- HTP may ease symptoms of depression and anxiety, but there isn't sufficient evidence to support its use for insomnia.


Question: When do you need stitches for bleeding?

Answer: How big is it? You'll want to see a doctor if the wound: Looks very deep, even if it's not especially long or wide Is more than a half-inch long Opens so wide that you can't get the edges together with just a little pressure Has ragged edges Has debris in it such as dirt, glass, or gravel How badly is it bleeding? You'll likely need stitches if the wound: Bleeds enough to soak through a bandage Keeps bleeding even after you apply direct pressure for 5 to 10 minutes Spurts blood What caused it?


Question: Why are stitches important?

Answer: When you need them, stitches are important because they: Give you support and strength while your skin closes up Lower your chances of bleeding and infection Minimize scars So it helps to know when to take care of a cut on your own and when you need to see a doctor.


Question: Which medical issues can cause uveitis?

Answer: Some that can trigger uveitis include: Herpes simplex virus, which causes cold sores Varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and shingles Tuberculosis ( TB), caused by bacteria you can breathe in Cytomegalovirus ( CMV), a common virus that often has no symptoms.


Question: What infections can cause uveitis?

Answer: Some that can trigger uveitis include: Herpes simplex virus, which causes cold sores Varicella zoster virus, which causes chickenpox and shingles Tuberculosis ( TB), caused by bacteria you can breathe in Cytomegalovirus ( CMV), a common virus that often has no symptoms. It can cause uveitis in people with weak immune systems. Mumps West Nile virus Lyme disease Cat-scratch disease AIDS Syphilis It's rare, but you can also get uveitis after fungal or parasite infections like histoplasmosis or toxoplasmosis.


Question: How do you get warmth back to someone with frostbite?

Answer: Unless absolutely necessary, the person should not walk on frostbitten toes or feet. Do not rewarm the skin until you can keep it warm. Warming and then re-exposing the frostbitten area to cold air can cause worse damage. Gently warm the area in warm water (not hot) or with wet heat until the skin appears red and warm. If no water is nearby, breathe on the area through cupped hands and hold it next to your body. Do not use direct heat from heating pads, radiator, or fires. Do not rub or massage the skin or break blisters.


Question: What is the follow-up care for frostbite?

Answer: Once you get medical care, the next steps depend on the particular case. At the hospital, a doctor will rewarm the area. The doctor may administer medication for pain or intravenous fluids if the person is dehydrated. The doctor may also give a tetanus vaccine. The person may be hospitalized for a few days. In severe cases they may require amputation of the frostbitten area to avoid gangrene.


Question: How does thyroid cancer develop and is it treatable?

Answer: Thyroid cancer develops when cells change or mutate. The abnormal cells begin multiplying in your thyroid and, once there are enough of them, they form a tumor. If it's caught early, thyroid cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer.


Question: Why do people get thyroid cancer?

Answer: But as it grows, you could notice any of the following problems: Neck, throat pain Lump in your neck Difficulty swallowing Vocal changes, hoarseness Cough There is no clear reason why most people get thyroid cancer. There are certain things, though, that can raise your odds of getting it.


Question: How common is papillary thyroid cancer?

Answer: If you have thyroid cancer, you probably have this type. It's found in up to 80% of all thyroid cancer cases. It tends to grow slowly, but often spreads to the nymph nodes in your neck. Even so, you have a good chance for a full recovery.


Question: How common is medullary cancer in thyroid cancer?

Answer: Medullary cancer is found in about 4% of all thyroid cancer cases. It's more likely to be found at an early stage because it produces a hormone called calcitonin, which doctors keep an eye out for in blood test results.


Question: Can inherited genetic syndromes cause thyroid cancer?

Answer: Some conditions, including cancer, come from the DNA you get from your parents.


Question: Are there over-the-counter antifungal medications for athlete's foot?

Answer: Many over-the-counter antifungal medications can be applied to the affected area. These creams should be used sparingly but regularly, at least once a day. An application the size of a chocolate chip should be adequate to cover the entire bottom of your foot.


Question: What are survival rates of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: The five-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients, according to the stage of their disease at diagnosis, who live at least five years after treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma. Many of these patients live longer than five years. Stage I: 90%-95% Stage II: 90%-95% Stage III: 85%-90% Stage IV: about 65% Long-term health problems may occur after being treated for Hodgkin lymphoma, including leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, breast cancer, heart disease, thyroid disease, lung disease, lung cancer, and infertility.


Question: What is refractory or recurrent Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: Refractory disease is the term used when the disease does not respond to initial therapy. Recurrent disease means that Hodgkin lymphoma has come back after it has been treated. This may occur shortly after treatment or, less commonly, years later.


Question: What tests do I need if a biopsy reveals that I have Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: If a biopsy reveals that you do have Hodgkin lymphoma, you may need additional tests to determine the extent, or stage, of the disease. Tests include blood tests, chest X-ray, computed tomography ( CT) scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis, and possibly the neck, and PET scans. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scans, bone scans, spinal tap (lumbar puncture), and bone marrow studies are useful under special circumstances. These tests will reveal the stage of the Hodgkin lymphoma and determine the best type of therapy.


Question: What are the stages of Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: Hodgkin lymphomais found in two or more lymph node areas on the same side of the diaphragm (the muscle beneath the lungs that moves up and down to help you breathe). Stage III. Hodgkinlymphoma is in lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm, or the cancer may also have extended to an area or organ adjacent to the lymph node or to the spleen. Stage IV. Hodgkin lymphoma has spread to one or more organs outside the lymphatic system such as the bone marrow or liver.


Question: When is autologous stem cell transplantation done for Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: In this procedure, higher doses of chemotherapy or total body irradiation are applied in an effort to destroy Hodgkin lymphoma cells that have survived standard therapy. As a side effect, the higher doses of therapy are likely to destroy normal blood and bone marrow cells. Therefore, normal bone marrow stem cells are taken from the patient's bloodstream before he or she undergoes chemotherapy or radiation. The stem cells are then frozen and saved and returned to the body intravenously after the treatment in order to repopulate the bone marrow. A new drug, brentuximab vedotin ( Adcetris), is designed to treat patients whose lymphoma has progressed after treatment with bone marrow stem cell transplantation or those who have had two chemotherapy treatments and are not eligible for transplant.


Question: How can brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) help treat Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: A new drug, brentuximab vedotin ( Adcetris), is designed to treat patients whose lymphoma has progressed after treatment with bone marrow stem cell transplantation or those who have had two chemotherapy treatments and are not eligible for transplant.


Question: What is the treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer: The goal of treatment for Hodgkin lymphoma is to eradicate the lymphoma cells without damaging normal cells in order to minimize treatment side effects. Talk with your doctor about any treatment-related side effects you experience.


Question: How can I help my child with ADHD do better in school?

Answer: You can do this by making sure your child is: Seated in a quiet area without clutter or distractions Given clear, concise instructions Encouraged to write each assignment in a notebook as it is given by the teacher Responsible for his or her own assignments; you should not do for your child what your child can do for himself. Well-hydrated and fed; a snack break can do wonders for helping to sustain attention. Try to choose healthy snacks which incorporate protein.


Question: Does driving pose more of a risk to teens with ADHD?

Answer: The following behaviors associated with ADHD impose serious driving hazards: Inattention Impulsivity Risk-taking Immature judgment Need for stimulation Discuss driving privileges with your teen in relation to the overall ADHD treatment plan.


Question: What are the risks of driving in teens with ADHD?

Answer: The following behaviors associated with ADHD impose serious driving hazards: Inattention Impulsivity Risk-taking Immature judgment Need for stimulation Discuss driving privileges with your teen in relation to the overall ADHD treatment plan. It is your responsibility to establish rules and expectations for safe driving behaviors. Be sure to include a discussion about the risks of texting and talking on the phone while driving.


Question: When should you call your doctor about taking warfarin for heart disease?

Answer: If you notice any of the following signs of bleeding or illness, pick up the phone. Weakness or more fatigue than usual, or looking pale (symptoms of anemia) Cuts that won't stop bleeding after pressure is applied for 10 minutes Coughing or vomiting blood (which may look like coffee grounds) Blood from the nose, gums, or ears Unusual color of the urine or stool (including dark brown urine, or red or black, tarry stools) Unusual bruising (black and blue marks on your skin) for unknown reasons Menstrual bleeding that is heavier or lasts longer than normal A fever or illness that gets worse A serious fall or a blow to the head Unusual pain or swelling Unusual headache Dizziness Difficulty breathing Your doctor may want to do a blood test, stop the warfarin, or prescribe medication to stop the bleeding. Also contact your doctor if you have any other symptoms that cause concern.


Question: What should you do before you travel if you're taking warfarin for heart disease?

Answer: Check in with your doctor before you travel. You may need to have a blood test and get your dose adjusted. While traveling, carry your medications with you at all times. Don't put medications in checked baggage, and don't leave them in the car.


Question: How can other medications affect the way warfarin for heart disease works?

Answer: Many medications and dietary supplements can affect the way warfarin works. These include: Prescription drugs Nonprescription pain medications including aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen Cough or cold remedies Herbal products, natural remedies, and nutritional supplements Products with vitamin K Before you take any new drug -- including over-the-counter medications, herbal products, vitamins, nutritional supplements, or medication prescribed by another doctor or dentist -- check with the doctor who monitors your warfarin.


Question: When is warfarin used to treat heart disease?

Answer: People with atrial fibrillation (an irregular heart rhythm), pulmonary embolism (blockage of a major blood vessel in the lung), and who have had artificial heart valve surgery or an orthopedic procedure like hip replacement or other types of bone surgery often take it.


Question: What activities can be risky when taking warfarin for heart disease?

Answer: Check with your doctor before starting any exercise or sports program. Your doctor may want you to avoid activities that may cause a serious fall or other injury. Wear or carry identification that says you're taking warfarin. Use a soft toothbrush. Brush and floss gently so your gums won't bleed. Be careful when using razors.


Question: How does moving around help comfort a crying baby?

Answer: Has your baby ever stopped crying after you picked her up and walked around? If so, you know that motion can be a fuss-buster. Many crying babies find comfort in smooth, rhythmic movements, like being rocked in a rocking chair, hammock, or infant swing. Take yours for a walk in a stroller or for a car ride -- just be sure she's safely strapped into her rear-facing car seat. Try out different types of motion to see what soothes your baby best. Don't place her on top of a vibrating appliance, such as a dishwasher or dryer, because she could fall.


Question: What are some ways to comfort a crying baby?

Answer: Try out different background sounds, like a white noise machine, a recorded heartbeat, the shower, or household appliances like dishwashers or washing machines.


Question: How can contact that comforts help your crying baby?

Answer: Your baby may relax when she feels like she did in the womb. Swaddle her in a blanket, or gently pat her on the back in a pattern like a heartbeat. Lie down with her against your side, or keep her close to your body in an infant sling as you walk around. A warm bath may also help.


Question: Do any foods help keep your teeth white?

Answer: Dig in to produce and calcium-rich foods: When you munch on fruits and veggies, it can help âscrubâ your teeth. Think about how clean your mouth feels after eating a fresh, crisp apple. High-calcium foods such as cheese can aid in keeping your teeth white.


Question: Can getting regular cleaning at your dentist's office help maintain white teeth?

Answer: Get regular cleanings at your dentist's office: Professional cleanings will remove plaque, which can pick up stains from what you eat and drink. Your dental hygienist can help keep teeth looking and feeling great.


Question: Are mouthwashes and rinses good for teeth whitening?

Answer: Mouthwashes and rinses: These often use a mild hydrogen peroxide solution to brighten your teeth. To give whitening mouthwashes a boost, some people rinse first, and then brush their teeth with a whitening toothpaste.


Question: Can avoiding tobacco help maintain white teeth?

Answer: Avoid tobacco: Cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and chewing tobacco can yellow your teeth. Kick tobacco, and you'll have whiter teeth as well as a healthier heart.


Question: Can antibiotics fight a cold?

Answer: Here's the plain truth: Colds are caused by viruses, and no antibiotic in the world can fight one. They only treat an infection that's brought on by another small living thing -- bacteria.


Question: What are the different types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Mental health professionals in the United States use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM) to diagnose all psychiatric conditions, including ADHD. The latest version divides it into three types: ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation (what used to be called ADD) ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation ADHD combined presentation Your child's diagnosis will depend on her specific symptoms.


Question: What are the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation?

Answer: Symptoms include: Blurting out answers before a question is finished Constantly interrupting others Trouble waiting his turn Talks too much Fidgeting, tapping, and squirming Gets up when it's not appropriate (such as when the teacher is talking or in the middle of dinner) Running or climbing in inappropriate situations Unable to play quietly A child with this type has symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.


Question: What are the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: ADHD is a brain-based disorder. It can interfere with your child's everyday activities at home and at school. Kids who have it have trouble paying attention and controlling their behavior, and are sometimes hyperactive. Before she's diagnosed, you will want to note your child's symptoms. The CDC offers an ADHD checklist for children that may help you keep track of them.


Question: When is attention deficit disorder diagnosed?

Answer: ADD is diagnosed if a child under age 16 has 6 or more symptoms of inattention (5 or more for older teens) for at least 6 consecutive months but no signs of hyperactivity/impulsivity.


Question: What does it mean if your child has attention deficit disorder?

Answer: Kids with this condition aren't hyperactive. They don't have the high energy level seen in others with ADHD. In fact, children with this form may seem shy or "in their own world."


Question: What is attention deficit disorder?

Answer: ADD is a type of ADHD that doesn't involve constant movement and fidgeting.


Question: What is the BRAT diet?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The BRAT diet ( Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast)was once a staple of most pediatricians' recommendations for children with an upset stomach. The idea was that it gave the gut a chance to rest and reduced the amount of stool produced. Experts now say the BRAT diet may not be the best option for children who are ill. Because BRAT diet foods are low in fiber, protein, and fat, the diet lacks enough nutrition to help a child's gastrointestinal tract recover.


Question: What will my physical therapist ask me during my first visit for multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If your MS symptoms make it hard to do your job, your therapist can take you through some tests and document the kind of trouble you're having.


Question: Can physical therapy help ease symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If your MS symptoms make it hard to do your job, your therapist can take you through some tests and document the kind of trouble you're having.


Question: When will I start working with a physical therapist to treat my multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You may start working with a physical therapist right after you get a diagnosis. You can schedule follow-up appointments with her when you need them. Some hospitals have physical therapists on staff who specialize in MS treatment. You will need to ask your doctor for a formal referral, but check with other people who have MS for suggestions on where to go in your area.


Question: What are the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis in the chest, lungs, and heart?

Answer: It doesn't happen often, but chest pain and shortness of breath can be symptoms of psoriatic arthritis. These might happen when the chest wall and the cartilage that links your ribs to your breastbone get inflamed. It's also rare, but your lungs or your aorta (the large blood vessel that leaves your heart) could be affected.


Question: How many people get psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Up to a third of people with psoriasis also get psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A). Most people are diagnosed between 30 and 50, but you can get it at any age. It causes inflammation, mainly in your joints. And it can affect other body parts, too.


Question: What are the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis in the tendons?

Answer: You could also get inflammation where a muscle connects to a bone, such as the Achilles tendon behind your heel. It might hurt to walk and climb stairs.


Question: What are the symptoms of psoriatic arthritis in the fingernails and toenails?

Answer: Many people with psoriatic arthritis see tiny dents, called pitting, and ridges in their nails.


Question: What causes chlamydia?

Answer: Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. The disease is spread by oral, vaginal, or anal sex.


Question: What should I expect if my baby gets infected with chlamydia?

Answer: Pregnant women are screened because it is so common to be without symptoms, and the consequences for the fetus/infant can be serious. Men with chlamydia may or may not have symptoms.


Question: What medications are used to treat dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer: In the case of dilated cardiomyopathy, it's aimed at making the heart stronger and getting rid of substances in the bloodstream that enlarge the heart and lead to more severe symptoms: Medications: To manage heart failure, most people take drugs, such as a: Beta blocker ACE inhibitor or an ARB Diuretic If you have an arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), your doctor may give you medicine to control your heart rate or make them happen less often. Blood thinners may also be used to prevent blood clots.


Question: When should you consider screening for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer: If you have a relative with dilated cardiomyopathy, ask your doctor if you should be screened for it. Genetic testing may also be available to find abnormal genes.


Question: What are the symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer: Many people with dilated cardiomyopathy have no symptoms. Some that do have only minor ones, and live a normal life. Others develop symptoms that may get worse as their heart gets sicker. Symptoms of DCM can happen at any age and may include: Shortness of breath Swelling of your legs Fatigue Weight gain Fainting Palpitations (fluttering in the chest due to abnormal heart rhythms) Dizziness or lightheadedness Blood clots in the dilated left ventricle because of pooling of the blood. If a blood clot breaks off, it can lodge in an artery and disrupt blood flow to the brain, causing a stroke. A clot can also block blood flow to the organs in the abdomen or legs. Chest pain or pressure Sudden death DCM can be inherited, but it's usually caused by other things, including: Severe coronary artery disease Alcoholism Thyroid disease Diabetes Viral infections of the heart Heart valve abnormalities Drugs that damage the heart It can also happen in women after they give birth.


Question: How can surgery treat dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer: Surgery: Your doctor may recommend a surgery for coronary artery disease or valve disease. You may be eligible for one to fix your left ventricle or one that gives you a device to help your heart work better.


Question: How can a heart transplant treat dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer: Heart transplant: These are usually just for those with end-stage heart failure. You'll go through a selection process. Hearts that can be used are in short supply. Also, you must be both sick enough that you need a new heart, and healthy enough to have the procedure.


Question: How does the doctor diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer: Your doctor will decide if you have DCM after he looks at things like: Your symptoms Your family history A physical exam Blood tests An electrocardiogram A chest X-ray An echocardiogram An exercise stress test Cardiac catheterization A CT scan An MRI Another test that's rarely done to find the cause of cardiomyopathy is called a myocardial biopsy, or heart biopsy.


Question: What lifestyle changes can you make to treat dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

Answer: Lifestyle changes: If you have heart failure, you should have less sodium, based on your doctor's recommendations. He may point you toward aerobic exercise, but don't do heavy weightlifting.


Question: What are the different kinds of mastectomy for breast cancer?

Answer: There are different kinds of mastectomy: Simple or total mastectomy takes off the whole breast, including your nipple. Modified radical mastectomy removes the whole breast and nipple and many of the lymph nodes under your arm. Radical mastectomy takes off the whole breast, lymph nodes, and the chest wall muscles under the breast. Partial mastectomy or lumpectomy removes just the tumor and some of the tissue around it. This is also called breast-conserving surgery. It's not used as often in men, because men have very little breast tissue.


Question: What is a male mastectomy?

Answer: Just like mastectomy in women, this surgery is done to remove a breast affected by cancer. Because men have so little breast tissue, doctors usually remove the whole breast. Your doctor may also remove some nearby lymph nodes. Those are tiny glands that are part of your body's immune system. He also might recommend that you have the other breast removed to keep you from getting cancer there as well. The earlier you're treated, the better your chances of being cured. If you have a mastectomy, your doctor can do another surgery afterward to help afterward to help reconstruct the area.


Question: What happens before a male mastectomy?

Answer: Discuss all your options with your doctor and find out about the benefits and risks of surgery and other treatments before you make a decision. You'll meet with your surgeon to find out what to expect. Let him know all the medicines and supplements you take, especially if you're on aspirin or blood thinners. You might have to stop taking certain medicines a week or two before the procedure.


Question: How can you check if your breast cancer has spread?

Answer: To see if your cancer has spread, you might have one of these during your surgery or afterward: Sentinel lymph node biopsy ( SLNB): Your doctor takes only a few lymph nodes from where the cancer is most likely to have spread. To find them, she puts a radioactive substance or a blue dye into the area around the tumor. Then a special device helps her find radioactivity in the nodes or nodes that have turned blue. A specialist will look at them under a microscope. If there are signs of cancer, your surgeon may do an ALND. Axillary lymph node dissection ( ALND): Your doctor takes 10 to 40 lymph nodes from under your arm. These are checked under a microscope to see if there are signs of cancer.


Question: What happens after a male mastectomy?

Answer: Once your surgery is done, you'll wake up from the anesthesia in a recovery room. If you don't have any issues, you'll go home later the same day or the next day. You'll have a bandage around your chest. Plastic or rubber tubes will drain fluid from your breast area or underarm. Your medical team will show you how to care for and empty the drains and measure the fluid that comes out. They'll probably need to stay in place for 1 to 2 weeks after your surgery.


Question: What is the outlook for schizophrenia?

Answer: If they get the proper care, which will probably include medication and psychotherapy, a kind of talk therapy, they are likely to do better.


Question: What lifestyles choices can make you more likely to have a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

Answer: You may have a higher risk if you: Drink a lot of alcohol Don't get enough exercise Eat too many foods high in cholesterol, saturated fats, and trans fats, and not enough fruits, veggies, and fiber Smoke Use drugs such as amphetamines, cocaine, and heroin Risks for women.


Question: How is a transient ischemic attack (TIA) different from a stroke?

Answer: The main difference is that a TIA only lasts a few minutes. The clot then gets pushed along, like a temporary clog in a pipe, or chemicals in your body quickly break it down. Normal blood flow returns to your brain before any lasting problems set in. Symptoms can last for up to 24 hours, but they're usually gone in an hour. Strokes, on the other hand, don't go away so quickly. That means some part of your brain goes without oxygen, and the longer that lasts, the more damage happens.


Question: How can you keep skin healthy as you age?

Answer: Try this: Hot water dries skin out, so take warm baths and showers. Wear sunscreen and protective clothing when you're outdoors. Check your skin often and tell your doctor if you notice changes, such as moles. If you smoke, this is another good reason to try to stop. It can cause wrinkles.


Question: How can you keep your eyes and ears healthy as you age?

Answer: Try this: Get your vision and hearing checked regularly. Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes outdoors. Wear earplugs to protect against or block loud noises.


Question: How can you keep your bones healthy as you age?

Answer: Try this: Make sure you get enough calcium and vitamin D. Good sources of calcium in your diet include dairy products, almonds, and vegetables such as broccoli and kale. Your doctor may also recommend calcium supplements. Vitamin D is vital to bone health because it helps the body absorb calcium and maintain bone strength.. Some people are able to get enough of this nutrient by spending time in sunlight. You can also get it from tuna, sardines, egg yolks, and fortified foods such as milk and many cereals. Ask your doctor whether you need a supplement.


Question: How can you keep your bladder healthy as you age?

Answer: Try this: If you get the urge to âgoâ a lot, see your doctor. In most cases, symptoms can be controlled or even cured. Try to avoid caffeine, alcohol, sodas, and foods high in acid. These can make the condition worse. Kegel exercises can tighten your pelvic floor muscles and may help with bladder control. Squeeze as if you're holding your pee. Wait five seconds, then relax for five seconds. Do this four or five times in a row several times a day. To avoid constipation, eat plenty of high-fiber foods such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Drink lots of water. Try to exercise every day. It can help get your bowels moving.


Question: How does aging affect your eyes and ears?

Answer: You may find it hard to focus on objects up close. You might need reading glasses for the first time. Perhaps you see more glare or find it hard to adapt to abrupt changes of light. When it comes to your hearing, you could have a hard time following conversations in a crowded room or hearing at high frequencies.


Question: How can you keep your gums healthy as you age?

Answer: Try this: Each day, brush twice and floss once to get rid of food and plaque between your teeth. It's the best way to help prevent gum disease and tooth loss. Also, see your dentist for regular checkups and cleanings.


Question: How can you keep your muscles healthy as you age?

Answer: Try this: Get some moderate exercise every day, such as a brisk walk or lifting light weights. It will help with muscle strength and function. Check with your doctor to see how much activity is right for you. Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins such as fish and chicken. Stay away from sugar and foods that are high in saturated fat. And eat smaller portions. You probably don't need as many calories as you once did.


Question: How does epilepsy affect ovulation?

Answer: Women with epilepsy have more anovulatory cycles than other women do. Some doctors think that as many as 40% of menstrual cycles in women with epilepsy do not release an egg. It depends on the woman, and it is not always the same every month. Some months a woman will release an egg, and some months she will not. In general, though, women with epilepsy do not ovulate as regularly as women without epilepsy.


Question: How can epilepsy affect your menstrual period?

Answer: If you have seizures that start around the last half of your menstrual cycle and continue through the second half of your cycle, then you might have another type of catamenial epilepsy. This is when a woman has menstrual cycles that do not release an egg. These are called "anovulatory" cycles.


Question: What is catamenial epilepsy?

Answer: Some women have a form of epilepsy called catamenial epilepsy. This refers to seizures that are affected by a woman's menstrual cycle. Doctors aren't completely sure how many women with epilepsy have this, but they think it's about 10% to 12%.


Question: How can I prepare for an electrocardiogram (EKG)?

Answer: Your doctor uses the EKG to: Assess your heart rhythm Diagnose poor blood flow to the heart muscle (ischemia) Diagnose a heart attack Evaluate certain abnormalities of your heart, such as an enlarged heart To prepare for an EKG: Avoid oily or greasy skin creams and lotions the day of the test. They interfere with the electrode-skin contact. Avoid full-length hosiery, because electrodes need to be placed directly on the legs. Wear a shirt that can be easily removed to place the leads on the chest.


Question: What can an electrocardiogram (EKG) do?

Answer: Your doctor uses the EKG to: Assess your heart rhythm Diagnose poor blood flow to the heart muscle (ischemia) Diagnose a heart attack Evaluate certain abnormalities of your heart, such as an enlarged heart To prepare for an EKG: Avoid oily or greasy skin creams and lotions the day of the test.


Question: What is a signal-averaged electrocardiogram (EKG)?

Answer: This is a painless test used to assess whether a person is at high risk of developing a potentially fatal heart arrhythmia.


Question: What is a holter monitor?

Answer: A holter monitor is a portable EKG that monitors the electrical activity of a person's heart, generally for one to two days, 24 hours a day. It is most often used when the doctor suspects an abnormal heart rhythm or ischemia (not enough blood flow to the heart muscle). It is a painless test; electrodes from the monitor are taped to the skin. Once the monitor is in place, you can go home and perform all of your normal activities (except showering). You will be asked to keep a diary of your activities and any symptoms you experience and when they occur.


Question: What is an event monitor?

Answer: If your symptoms are infrequent your doctor may suggest an event monitor. This is a device that, when you push a button, will record and store the heart's electrical activity for a few minutes. Each time you develop symptoms you should try to get a reading on the monitor. Event monitors are typically used for one month.


Question: What other types of biologics can your doctor give you for your rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: These include: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Golimumab ( Simponi) Infliximab ( Inflectra, Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade If the first anti- TNF you try doesn't work for you, your doctor will most likely try another one. If you still don't get relief, he may switch you to another type of biologic. These include: Abatacept ( Orencia), which blocks the immune system's T cells to lower inflammation Anakinra ( Kineret), which targets interleukin-1, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation. Your doctor will call this type of drug an " IL-1 blocker." Rituximab ( Rituxan), which targets certain B cells, which are part of your immune system Tocilizumab ( Actemra), which targets IL-6, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation. Your doctor will call this type of drug an " IL-6 blocker."


Question: What are usual biologic drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: When your doctor first prescribes you a biologic, it's usually an "anti- TNF" drug. These include: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Golimumab ( Simponi) Infliximab ( Inflectra, Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade If the first anti- TNF you try doesn't work for you, your doctor will most likely try another one.


Question: Do some people get more help from biologics than other people?

Answer: Some people get more help from biologics than others. Experts can't predict who'll respond well and who won't.


Question: What are the next steps when biologic drugs don't help your rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: And when you do, it may ease your symptoms or cause them to fade completely. You should start to feel better in 4 to 6 weeks, though sometimes it can take 3 to 6 months to work. Your doctor may also prescribe other medicines that work faster to help you in the meantime. But if your symptoms don't improve, let your doctor know. The goal is to find the best medicines for you as quickly as possible. Timely treatment helps protect your body from RA damage.


Question: What types of biologic drugs are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis if initial biologic drugs don't work?

Answer: These include: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Golimumab ( Simponi) Infliximab ( Inflectra, Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade If the first anti- TNF you try doesn't work for you, your doctor will most likely try another one. If you still don't get relief, he may switch you to another type of biologic. These include: Abatacept ( Orencia), which blocks the immune system's T cells to lower inflammation Anakinra ( Kineret), which targets interleukin-1, a chemical your body makes that causes inflammation.


Question: What biologics do doctors prescribe to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer: When your doctor first prescribes you a biologic, it's usually an "anti- TNF" drug. These include: Adalimumab ( Humira) Adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira Certolizumab ( Cimzia) Etanercept ( Enbrel) Golimumab ( Simponi) Infliximab ( Inflectra, Remicade) Infliximab-abda ( Renflexis), a biosimilar to Remicade Infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade If the first anti- TNF you try doesn't work for you, your doctor will most likely try another one.


Question: Why do biologic drugs seem to work for a while then become ineffective?

Answer: Sometimes, biologic drugs will help you for a while and then don't work as well. It's not clear why. If it happens to you, tell your doctor. He'll probably switch you to another biologic or add another type of RA drug, like methotrexate or sulfasalazine, so your treatment works better.


Question: What should I do if my biologic treatment doesnât help my rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: It may take some trial and error to find the biologic drug that works best for your rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), but there's a good reason to keep at it. Most folks eventually find one that helps. And when you do, it may ease your symptoms or cause them to fade completely. You should start to feel better in 4 to 6 weeks, though sometimes it can take 3 to 6 months to work. Your doctor may also prescribe other medicines that work faster to help you in the meantime. But if your symptoms don't improve, let your doctor know. The goal is to find the best medicines for you as quickly as possible. Timely treatment helps protect your body from RA damage.


Question: How can brown rice help with losing pregnancy weight for new moms?

Answer: You might be tempted to cut back on carbs to help lose the baby weight. Don't. Losing weight too quickly may cause you to make less milk and leave you feeling sluggish. Mix healthy, whole-grain carbs like brown rice into your diet to keep your energy levels up. Foods like brown rice provide your body the calories it needs to make the best-quality milk for your baby.


Question: How can blueberries help with losing pregnancy weight for new moms?

Answer: Breastfeeding moms should be sure to get two or more servings of fruit or juice each day. Blueberries are an excellent choice to help you meet your needs. These satisfying and yummy berries are filled with good-for-you vitamins and minerals, and they give you a healthy dose of carbohydrates to keep your energy levels high.


Question: How can eggs help with losing pregnancy weight for new moms?

Answer: Eggs are a versatile way to meet your daily protein needs. Scramble a couple of eggs for breakfast, toss a hard-boiled egg or two on your lunchtime salad, or have an omelet and salad for dinner. Opt for DHA-fortified eggs to boost the level of this essential fatty acid in your milk.


Question: How can legumes help with losing pregnancy weight for new moms?

Answer: Iron-rich beans, particularly dark-colored ones like black beans and kidney beans, are a great breastfeeding food, especially for vegetarians. They're a budget-friendly source of high quality, non-animal protein.


Question: What are some warnings about eating salmon for losing pregnancy weight for new moms?

Answer: One caution: The FDA recommends that breastfeeding women, women who are pregnant, and women who might get pregnant limit how much salmon they eat. The guidelines recommend an average of 12 ounces, or the equivalent of two main servings, per week. The reason is to limit the amount mercury your new child is exposed to. The mercury level in salmon is considered low. Some other fish, such as swordfish or mackerel, have a high amount of mercury and should be avoided altogether. The 12 ounces are an average. Eating more in 1 week -- such as having three servings instead of two -- won't hurt as long as you eat less the following week.


Question: How can lean beef help with losing pregnancy weight for new moms?

Answer: Boost your energy as a new mom with iron-rich foods like lean beef. A lack of iron can drain your energy levels, making it hard for you to keep up with the demands of a newborn baby. Nursing moms need to eat extra protein and vitamin B-12. Lean beef is an excellent source for both.


Question: How can leafy greens help with losing pregnancy weight for new moms?

Answer: Leafy green veggies like spinach, Swiss chard, and broccoli are filled with vitamin A, which is good for you and your baby. The benefits don't stop there. They're a good non-dairy source of calcium and contain vitamin C and iron. Green veggies are also filled with heart-healthy antioxidants and are low in calories.


Question: What are other causes of diarrhea?

Answer: Other causes include: Alcohol abuse Allergies to certain foods Diabetes Diseases of the intestines (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) Eating foods that upset the digestive system Infection by bacteria (the cause of most types of food poisoning) or other organisms Laxative abuse Medications Overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) Radiation therapy Running ( Some people get ârunner's diarrheaâ for reasons that aren't clear.)


Question: What can happen if I have diarrhea?

Answer: You may have: Bloating in your belly Cramps Thin or loose stools Watery stools An urgent feeling that you need to have a bowel movement Nausea and throwing up More serious symptoms include: Blood or mucus in your stool Weight loss Fever If you have watery stools more than three times a day and you're not drinking enough fluids, you could become dehydrated. That can be a serious problem if it's not treated.


Question: When should I call my doctor about my diarrhea?

Answer: Call your doctor right away if you have: Blood in your diarrhea or black, tarry stools A fever that is high (above 101 F) or that lasts more than 24 hours Diarrhea lasting longer than 2 days Nausea or throwing up that prevents you from drinking liquids to replace lost fluids Severe pain in your belly or rear end Diarrhea after coming back from a foreign country Also, call your doctor right away if you have diarrhea and any of these signs of dehydration: Dark urine Smaller than usual amounts of urine or, in a child, fewer wet diapers than usual Rapid heart rate Headaches Dry skin Crankiness Confusion Your doctor will ask about your medical history and what medications you take, as well as what you've eaten or had to drink recently.


Question: When should you call your doctor about diarrhea?

Answer: Call your doctor right away if you have: Blood in your diarrhea or black, tarry stools A fever that is high (above 101 F) or that lasts more than 24 hours Diarrhea lasting longer than 2 days Nausea or throwing up that prevents you from drinking liquids to replace lost fluids Severe pain in your belly or rear end Diarrhea after coming back from a foreign country Also, call your doctor right away if you have diarrhea and any of these signs of dehydration: Dark urine Smaller than usual amounts of urine or, in a child, fewer wet diapers than usual Rapid heart rate Headaches Dry skin Crankiness Confusion Your doctor will ask about your medical history and what medications you take, as well as what you've eaten or had to drink recently.


Question: Can diarrhea cause constipation?

Answer: Some cancers Surgery on your digestive system Trouble absorbing certain nutrients, also called âmalabsorptionâ Diarrhea may also follow constipation, especially for people who have irritable bowel syndrome.


Question: How can I feel better after diarrhea?

Answer: Your rectal area may become sore because of all the bowel movements that diarrhea brings. You may have itching, burning, or pain when you go to the bathroom. For relief, take a warm bath. Afterward, pat the area dry (don't rub) with a clean, soft towel. You may also try using a hemorrhoid cream or petroleum jelly on the affected area.


Question: What are symptoms of diarrhea?

Answer: You may have: Bloating in your belly Cramps Thin or loose stools Watery stools An urgent feeling that you need to have a bowel movement Nausea and throwing up More serious symptoms include: Blood or mucus in your stool Weight loss Fever If you have watery stools more than three times a day and you're not drinking enough fluids, you could become dehydrated.


Question: How can you feel better if you have diarrhea?

Answer: Your rectal area may become sore because of all the bowel movements that diarrhea brings. You may have itching, burning, or pain when you go to the bathroom. For relief, take a warm bath. Afterward, pat the area dry (don't rub) with a clean, soft towel. You may also try using a hemorrhoid cream or petroleum jelly on the affected area.


Question: When might you need a barium enema if you think you have irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: Another way your doctor might want to look at your large intestine is with an X-ray called a lower GI series, or barium enema. For this test, he puts a flexible tube into the rectum and fills the large intestine with barium, a liquid that lights up on X-rays.


Question: When might you need a colonoscopy if you think you have irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: Your doctor might order a colonoscopy, an exam that looks for polyps in your large intestine. Another option may be a test called a flexible sigmoidoscopy. During both procedures, your doctor puts a narrow, flexible tube with a camera into your rectum. He moves it into your body to examine part or all of the large intestine. During the colonoscopy, he may collect small sections of tissue from the large intestine and examine them under a microscope. It won't show if you have IBS, but you may learn if you've got other conditions like colitis or inflammatory bowel disease.


Question: Will my doctor examine my large intestine to figure out if I have IBS?

Answer: Another way your doctor might want to look at your large intestine is with an X-ray called a lower GI series, or barium enema. For this test, he puts a flexible tube into the rectum and fills the large intestine with barium, a liquid that lights up on X-rays.


Question: Will I need to provide stool samples to my doctor to figure out if I have IBS?

Answer: Finally, you may be asked to save a stool sample to be tested for blood, infection, or parasites. Your doctor will give you a container and instructions on where to send or take the kit for analysis.


Question: Will I need to have a colonoscopy to figure out if I have IBS?

Answer: Your doctor might order a colonoscopy, an exam that looks for polyps in your large intestine. Another option may be a test called a flexible sigmoidoscopy. During both procedures, your doctor puts a narrow, flexible tube with a camera into your rectum. He moves it into your body to examine part or all of the large intestine. During the colonoscopy, he may collect small sections of tissue from the large intestine and examine them under a microscope. It won't show if you have IBS, but you may learn if you've got other conditions like colitis or inflammatory bowel disease.


Question: What are stool samples used for if you think you have irritable bowel syndrome?

Answer: Finally, you may be asked to save a stool sample to be tested for blood, infection, or parasites. Your doctor will give you a container and instructions on where to send or take the kit for analysis.


Question: Will my doctor check to see how well I digest certain foods to figure out if I have IBS?

Answer: For instance, he may check to see if your body isn't able to absorb or digest certain ingredients, like dairy or a simple sugar called fructose. One way to find out is to see if your symptoms get better if you take them out of your diet.


Question: How do implanted devices help treat end-stage heart failure?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest surgery to implant a defibrillator in your chest. This device can shock your heart back into a healthy rhythm when it stops beating the right way. If you have a certain type of heart failure, you may have surgery to implant a special heart pump. It helps your heart do a better job of moving blood through your body.


Question: What do diuretics do to help with end-stage heart failure?

Answer: It will help your body shed some of the extra fluid that has gathered in your feet, ankles, legs, or belly.


Question: What does it mean if you have advanced or end-stage heart failure?

Answer: When you learn that you have advanced or end-stage heart failure, it means the treatments you've used in the past no longer work. But there may be other, new ways to manage your condition. Some methods are more aggressive than others. Talk to your doctor about your goals for treatment and quality of life. She can help you make choices that are right for you.


Question: How can you treat a nickel allergy?

Answer: Once a nickel allergy develops, it often lasts your whole life. But there are ways to ease your symptoms. The most important thing you can do is avoid contact with objects that can cause a reaction. For mild symptoms, a hydrocortisone cream and antihistamine pills you can buy at the drugstore may help. For more severe symptoms, you doctor may prescribe a steroid cream or a drug that works on your immune system. If your symptoms are very severe, your treatment may also include steroids that you take by mouth and antihistamine pills. If your skin is cracked or blistered, you should take off any metal jewelry right away and see your doctor for treatment to avoid getting an infection.


Question: How common are gallstones?

Answer: About a million new cases of gallstones are diagnosed in the U. S. each year. For reasons that are still unclear, women are two times more likely than men to be afflicted. Native Americans have the highest rates of gallstones in the U. S. because they have a genetic disposition to secrete high levels of cholesterol in bile (a contributing factor to gallstones.) Mexican- Americans also have high rates of gallstones. Gallstones are also more common in people over age 60, in those who are obese or have lost a lot of weight in a short amount of time, in those who have diabetes or sickle cell disease, and in women who have had multiple pregnancies and who take hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills.


Question: What are symptoms of liver disease in dogs?

Answer: Your dog's symptoms may include: Loss of appetite Weight loss Vomiting or diarrhea Increased thirst An unstable walk Increased need to pee Confusion Yellowish eyes, tongue, or gums (jaundice) Signs of weakness Blood in his pee or poop Seizures Ascites (a build-up of fluid in the belly) If your dog's liver disease isn't caught early, it can lead to a serious brain condition called hepatic encephalopathy.


Question: How do vets diagnose liver problems in dogs?

Answer: Other causes of liver disease may include: Some plants and herbs such as ragwort, certain mushrooms, and blue-green algae Molds that grow on corn Untreated heartworms Diabetes Issues with the pancreas Use of painkillers Fatty foods If your dog has some symptoms of liver problems, your vet may ask you about his diet and medications. The vet may want to do blood tests and X-rays or an ultrasound to get a picture of what is going on with your dog's liver. He may also want to take a biopsy -- remove a small tissue sample for testing.


Question: What causes liver problems in dogs?

Answer: Sometimes it's genetic. But it can also be brought on by infection or trauma to the area. Some diseases and medications can hurt your dog's liver. Other causes of liver disease may include: Some plants and herbs such as ragwort, certain mushrooms, and blue-green algae Molds that grow on corn Untreated heartworms Diabetes Issues with the pancreas Use of painkillers Fatty foods If your dog has some symptoms of liver problems, your vet may ask you about his diet and medications.


Question: How do you prevent liver disease in dogs?

Answer: Take him to the vet for his yearly exams and vaccinations. Make sure your vet is aware of any drugs or supplements he may take. Be mindful of what you feed your dog. Fatty foods can hurt his liver. And don't let your dog roam free in areas where there may be poisonous plants or insects.


Question: What is homocysteine?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Homocysteine is a common amino acid in your blood. You get it mostly from eating meat. High levels of it are linked to early development of heart disease. In fact, a high level of homocysteine is a risk factor for heart disease. It's associated with low levels of vitamins B6, B12, and folate, as well as renal disease.


Question: What are some hormonal imbalances of pancreatic cancer?

Answer: A few rare types of pancreatic cancer cause hormonal imbalances that produce their own symptoms, which might include: Episodes of weakness, sweating, rapid heartbeat, irritability, or skin flushing related to low blood sugar Severe watery diarrhea A new, unusual skin rash Severe gastrointestinal symptoms, such as stomach pain and watery diarrhea, which do not respond to antacids or ulcer medications If you experience any of these symptoms, call your doctor for a full physical exam.


Question: What symptoms of pancreatic cancer may arise as the cancer progresses?

Answer: Symptoms that may arise include: Significant weight loss accompanied by abdominal pain -- the most likely warning signs. Vague but gradually worsening abdominal pain that may decrease when leaning forward and increase when lying down. Pain is often severe at night and may radiate to the lower back. Digestive or bowel complaints such as diarrhea, constipation, gas pains, bloating, or belching. Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Jaundice, which is usually painless and is indicated by yellowish discoloration of the skin and eye whites, very dark urine, and light-colored stools. Sudden onset of glucose tolerance disorder, such as diabetes. Black or bloody stool, indicating bleeding from the digestive tract. Overall weakness. Enlarged liver and gallbladder. Itching. Blood clots in the legs. Mental status changes, such as a new onset of depression.


Question: What are symptoms of hormonal imbalances caused by pancreatic cancer?

Answer: A few rare types of pancreatic cancer cause hormonal imbalances that produce their own symptoms, which might include: Episodes of weakness, sweating, rapid heartbeat, irritability, or skin flushing related to low blood sugar Severe watery diarrhea A new, unusual skin rash Severe gastrointestinal symptoms, such as stomach pain and watery diarrhea, which do not respond to antacids or ulcer medications If you experience any of these symptoms, call your doctor for a full physical exam.


Question: What are general requirements before doing LASIK surgery?

Answer: Everyone considering LASIK or another refractive surgery should make the decision only after meeting with a refractive surgeon. General requirements include: Being age 18 or older Having healthy eyes Not needing a change in eyeglass or contact lens prescription over the past three years Having vision that refractive surgery can correct Most forms of refractive surgery may not be advisable for people who: Have a pre-existing eye disease Take certain prescription drugs known to affect vision or corneal healing Are pregnant or nursing Always ask your surgeon about the risks of surgery as well as the benefits.


Question: How long does it take to recover from a Stage 4 pressure sore?

Answer: Recovery time: A Stage 4 pressure sore could take anywhere from 3 months or much longer, even years, to heal.


Question: What do stages mean when you have pressure sores?

Answer: The stages are based on how deep the sores are, which can affect their treatment.


Question: How do you treat a Stage 1 pressure sore?

Answer: What to do: The first and most important thing to do with any pressure sore is to stop the pressure. Change your position or use foam pads, pillows, or mattresses. If you spend a lot of time in bed, try to move at least once every 2 hours. If you're sitting, move every 15 minutes. You may need someone to help you. Wash the sore with mild soap and water and dry it gently. It may help to eat a diet high in protein, vitamins A and C, and the minerals iron and zinc. These are all good for your skin. Also, drink plenty of water.


Question: How long does it take to recover from a Stage 1 pressure sore?

Answer: Recovery time: A Stage 1 pressure sore may go away in as little as 2 or 3 days. If it hasn't, call your doctor.


Question: How long does it take to recover from a Stage 2 pressure sore?

Answer: Recovery time: A Stage 2 pressure sore should get better in 3 days to 3 weeks.


Question: How do you treat a Stage 3 pressure sore?

Answer: She may remove any dead tissue and prescribe antibiotics to fight infection. You may also be able to get a special bed or mattress through your insurance.


Question: What is a pressure sore?

Answer: You may know pressure sores by their more common name: bed sores. They happen when you lie or sit in one position too long and the weight of your body against the surface of the bed or chair cuts off blood supply. You might get them if you're on bed rest or in a wheelchair.


Question: How is fatigue a symptom of heart failure?

Answer: When your heart doesn't pump right, the body starts to move blood from less vital parts like your arms and legs to the centers for survival -- the heart and brain. This can leave you feeling exhausted after everyday activities.


Question: What does it mean if you get fatigue if you have heart failure?

Answer: When your heart doesn't pump right, the body starts to move blood from less vital parts like your arms and legs to the centers for survival -- the heart and brain. This can leave you feeling exhausted after everyday activities.


Question: Can I stop heart treatment failure if my symptoms go away?

Answer: But even you've been carefully following doctor's orders, it's crucial to keep an eye out for the return of symptoms. That's because heart failure can be under control for a time and then become an issue again.


Question: What does it mean if you have a lack of appetite or nausea if you have heart failure?

Answer: Because blood is being moved away from your digestive system, your appetite may not be as big as it usually is. You might also feel sick to your stomach.


Question: How can aspirin help you during a heart attack?

Answer: Taking aspirin regularly can lower your risk of death from all causes, particularly among: The elderly People with heart disease People who are physically unfit People with coronary artery disease or atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) Those who have had a heart attack People who have had bypass surgery, angioplasty or stent placement to treat heart disease Folks who have had a transient ischemic attack ( TIA) or ischemic stroke If you have symptoms of a heart attack, call 911 right away. If you don't have an aspirin allergy, EMS personnel may ask you to chew one standard, 325-milligram aspirin slowly. It's especially effective if you take it within 30 minutes of your first symptoms. If you're at risk for heart disease, carrying an aspirin with you in case of emergency might be a lifesaving technique.


Question: When should you call a doctor about aspirin?

Answer: Contact him right away if you have: Severe stomach pain or heartburn Serious nausea or vomiting Blood in the urine or stool Nosebleeds Any unusual bruising Heavy bleeding from cuts Black, tarry stools Coughing up blood Heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected vaginal bleeding Vomit that looks like coffee grounds Facial swelling An asthma attack Ringing in the ears Severe headache Confusion Children younger than age 18 who are recovering from a viral infection such as the flu or chickenpox should not take aspirin.


Question: Who shouldn't take aspirin?

Answer: Contact him right away if you have: Severe stomach pain or heartburn Serious nausea or vomiting Blood in the urine or stool Nosebleeds Any unusual bruising Heavy bleeding from cuts Black, tarry stools Coughing up blood Heavy menstrual bleeding or unexpected vaginal bleeding Vomit that looks like coffee grounds Facial swelling An asthma attack Ringing in the ears Severe headache Confusion Children younger than age 18 who are recovering from a viral infection such as the flu or chickenpox should not take aspirin. Pregnant women (unless otherwise directed by your doctor) People about to have surgery Heavy drinkers Those with ulcers or any other bleeding problem Folks who take regular doses of other pain medications, such as Motrin (unless otherwise directed by your doctor) People allergic to aspirin Talk with your doctor about whether aspirin might be a good idea for you.


Question: What are side effects of aspirin?

Answer: Some common ones include: Nausea Upset stomach Nervousness Trouble sleeping Call your doctor if any of these become severe or do not go away.


Question: What conditions can seem like chronic fatigue syndrome?

Answer: Many people who have ME/ CFS have other conditions, too. If you get treated for those, it might also improve your chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue syndrome ME/ CFS can look a lot like âmonoâ (mononucleosis), Lyme disease, lupus, multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, sleep disorders, or depression.


Question: How is recurrent breast cancer treated?

Answer: Regional breast recurrence is rare. Treatment may include a combination of surgery, medication, and radiation. Treating a distant recurrence of breast cancer that has spread (called metastastic) can include: Hormone therapy and/or chemotherapy with or without Herceptin, depending if your cancer is hormone receptor ( ER) positive or positive for the HER2 gene. Using radiation therapy to shrink tumors or surgery to remove tumors. This is done to relieve pain or reduce other symptoms. Enrolling in clinical trials for new chemotherapy or hormone therapy agents.


Question: What should I know before I beign treatment for recurrent breast cancer?

Answer: Before treatment begins for metastatic breast cancer, the patient should be well-informed of all her options, including the risks and benefits of treatment. The focus of treatment for metastatic cancer is on extending life and having a good quality of life rather than cure.


Question: Who is most likely to have recurrent breast cancer?

Answer: Research shows breast cancer is more likely to come back after treatment in women who had: Cancer in the lymph nodes under the arms A large tumor An aggressive type of cancer Negative hormone receptors Positive HER2 receptor Breast cancer can recur or come back in three ways: The cancer can return at the original site.


Question: How can medications cause diarrhea?

Answer: Some of the most common include antacids containing magnesium, laxatives, digitalis, diuretics, a number of antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, cholesterol-lowering agents, lithium, theophylline, thyroid hormone, and colchicine.


Question: How are guanylate cyclase-C agonist laxatives used to treat constipation?

Answer: Guanylate cyckase- C agonist laxatives change stool consistency by increasing the amount of water into the GI lumen and increasing gastrointestinal movement. Plecanatide ( Trulance) is a prescription tablet for those suffering from chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. It's not recommended for patients younger than six. While effective in promoting regular bowel function, it carries the risk of diarrhea and pediatric patients could develop severe dehydration.


Question: How does fiber treat constipation?

Answer: Fiber works by increasing the water content and bulk of the stool, which helps to move it quickly through the colon. When taking fiber supplements, it's essential to drink enough water to minimize the possibility of flatulence and a possible obstruction.


Question: How are lubricant laxatives used to treat constipation?

Answer: As the name implies, lubricant laxatives make stools slippery. The mineral oil within these products adds a slick layer to the intestine's walls and stops the stool from drying out. Though highly effective, lubricant laxatives are best used as a short-term cure for constipation. Over a longer period, mineral oil can absorb fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine, and decrease certain prescription drugs from being fully absorbed into the body. Do not take mineral oil at the same time as other medications or supplements.


Question: What do laxatives for constipation contain?

Answer: Millions of Americans suffer with symptoms of constipation: Straining while having a bowel movement Hard stools A feeling of obstruction or incomplete evacuation Fewer than three bowel movements per week Laxatives contain chemicals that help increase stool motility, bulk, and frequency -- thus relieving temporary constipation. But when misused or overused, they can cause problems, including chronic constipation. A healthy diet filled with fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain products; regular exercise; and drinking at least eight cups of water daily can help prevent constipation in most people. Still, 85% of doctor visits for constipation result in a prescription for a laxative. So it's important to understand how laxatives work and how to use them safely.


Question: What are symptoms of bunions?

Answer: To determine if you may have a bunion, look for an angular, bony bump on the side of the foot at the base of the big toe. Sometimes hardened skin or a callus covers the bump.


Question: When should I call my doctor about my bunions?

Answer: If you have persistent pain when walking normally in otherwise comfortable, flat-soled shoes, you may be developing a bunion, bursitis, gout, or a bone spur in your foot. It's time to call the doctor.


Question: How do bunions feel?

Answer: There's often swelling, redness, unusual tenderness, and/or pain at the base of the big toe and in the ball of the foot. Eventually, the area becomes shiny and warm to the touch.


Question: What are questions about assisted living staff?

Answer: Is the staff appropriately trained? Did you receive a warm greeting from staff? Are staff personable and outgoing? Are staff appropriately dressed? Do staff members greet residents by their first names and interact warmly with them? Are staff available to meet scheduled and unscheduled needs? Are staff available to assist residents who experience memory, orientation, or judgment losses?


Question: How do I know if assisted living is for me?

Answer: Services often include: One to three meals a day Monitoring of medication Help with personal care, including dressing and bathing Housekeeping and laundry 24-hour emergency care Some medical services Social and recreational activities Talk with your family and caregivers about what services you need. Take time to consider what services are important to you before you visit assisted living communities. This step will help ease your transition. Think about these questions: Why do I want/need to change my living arrangements? What daily activities do I need help with (bathing, dressing, toileting, eating, remembering medications)? How often do I need help?


Question: What are questions about assisted living residents and atmosphere?

Answer: Do residents socialize with each other and appear happy and comfortable? Do residents, other visitors, and volunteers speak favorably about the facility? Do the residents seem to be appropriate housemates for you or your loved one?


Question: What are questions about individual features of normal units of assisted living facilities?

Answer: Daily activities include: Dressing Eating Mobility Hygiene and grooming Bathing and toileting Using the telephone Shopping Laundry Housekeeping in unit Transportation to doctor, hairdresser, or other activities Are different sizes and types of units available? Are units for single and double occupancy available? Do residents have their own lockable doors? Is a 24-hour emergency response system accessible from the unit? Are bathrooms private? Do they accommodate wheelchairs and walkers? Can residents bring their own furnishings? What may they bring? Do all units have a telephone and cable television? How is billing handled for these services? Is a kitchen area/unit provided with a refrigerator, sink, and cooking element? May residents keep food in their units? May residents smoke in their units? May they smoke in public areas?


Question: Are there any specific questions that I should ask about assisted living facilities?

Answer: Is there a written plan for the care of each resident? What is the procedure for assessing a potential resident's need for service? Are those needs reassessed periodically? Can a resident be discharged for refusing to comply with a care plan?


Question: What are questions about assisted living social and recreational activities?

Answer: Is there an activities program? Do residents participate in the neighboring community's activities? Do volunteers, including family members, come into the residence to conduct or help with programs? Does the facility require residents to undertake any chores or perform specific activities that benefit all residents? Are residents' pets allowed in the unit? Who is responsible for pet care? Does the residence have its own pets?


Question: What services do assisted living communities provide?

Answer: Services often include: One to three meals a day Monitoring of medication Help with personal care, including dressing and bathing Housekeeping and laundry 24-hour emergency care Some medical services Social and recreational activities Talk with your family and caregivers about what services you need. Take time to consider what services are important to you before you visit assisted living communities.