Question: What do I do if I get chemicals in my eye?

Answer: Caustic chemicals: Wash your eye with cool tap water or saline solution. Call your doctor or go to the emergency room. Continue to wash your eye with drops while you wait.


Question: Will safety glasses protect my eyes in the kitchen?

Answer: They can shield your eyes while you clean the oven with caustic chemicals or when you pour drain cleaners into the sink. They can also keep food irritants, like hot pepper oil, out of your eyes.


Question: What do I do if I get something in my eye?

Answer: You get something in your eye: Don't rub it. Pull the upper eyelid down over the lower eyelid. Blink several times. This lets your lower eyelashes sweep stuff out. If this doesn't help, rinse with water or saline solution. If you just can't get it out, call your doctor or go to the emergency room.


Question: How do caustic chemicals cause eye injuries in the kitchen?

Answer: Caustic chemicals: Wash your eye with cool tap water or saline solution. Call your doctor or go to the emergency room. Continue to wash your eye with drops while you wait. If you think a strong and harmful chemical such as drain or oven cleaner has splashed into your eye, it is helpful to position yourself under the shower with someone helping you to keep your eyelids open.


Question: How does someone treat an eye injury in the kitchen if they get hit in the eye?

Answer: You get hit in the eye: For a minor injury, gently hold a cold pack to the injured eye and call your eye doctor. If your eye is bleeding or you notice a change in your vision or pain when you move your eyes, call the doctor right away or go to the nearest emergency room.


Question: What should someone do if they get something in their eye in the kitchen?

Answer: You get something in your eye: Don't rub it. Pull the upper eyelid down over the lower eyelid. Blink several times. This lets your lower eyelashes sweep stuff out. If this doesn't help, rinse with water or saline solution. If you just can't get it out, call your doctor or go to the emergency room. With a few simple safety rules, you can avoid accidents and make cooking a trouble-free pleasure.


Question: What do I do if I get hit in the eye?

Answer: You get hit in the eye: For a minor injury, gently hold a cold pack to the injured eye and call your eye doctor. If your eye is bleeding or you notice a change in your vision or pain when you move your eyes, call the doctor right away or go to the nearest emergency room.


Question: What do I do if something is irritating my eye?

Answer: Eye irritants: Wash your eye right away. Use cool tap water or saline solution, the same stuff you use to clean your contacts. Blink your eye again and again to helps your tears flow.


Question: Should you leave the protruding bone alone in an ankle fracture?

Answer: Is bleeding uncontrollably Has a numb, cold, pale, or blue ankle/foot Is unable to move the foot Is in shock (faint, pale, with rapid shallow breathing) If a bone has broken through the skin, don't push it back into place. Cover the area with a clean bandage and seek immediate medical attention.


Question: When should you see a doctor about an ankle fracture?

Answer: Give an over-the-counter pain medication such as ibuprofen or aspirin.


Question: When should you call 911 about an ankle fracture?

Answer: Is bleeding uncontrollably Has a numb, cold, pale, or blue ankle/foot Is unable to move the foot Is in shock (faint, pale, with rapid shallow breathing) If a bone has broken through the skin, don't push it back into place.


Question: How can you control swelling from an ankle fracture?

Answer: Remove ankle bracelets or toe rings. If medical attention is not immediately available, apply RICE therapy: Rest ankle by having the person stay off of it. Use crutches if necessary. Ice area. Use an ice pack or wrap the ice in a clean cloth. Do not place ice directly against the skin. Compress by wrapping ankle lightly (not tightly) with an "ace" bandage or elastic ankle brace. Do not try to align the bones. Elevate ankle above heart level.


Question: What happens at a follow-up visit after an ankle fracture?

Answer: The doctor will examine and X-ray the ankle, leg, and foot. The doctor also may do a CT or CAT scan, or an MRI to determine if surgery is needed. If needed, the doctor will set the broken bone back in place and immobilize the ankle with a splint, cast, or other device. Surgery may be necessary to repair the break.


Question: Should you stop the bleeding from an ankle fracture?

Answer: Apply steady, direct pressure with a cloth for 15 minutes and elevate the wound. If blood soaks through, apply another cloth over the first and seek immediate medical attention.


Question: Does dairy make constipation worse?

Answer: Lots of milk and cheese can make your constipation worse. Do this: Kefir may be a safe choice, though. The strains of bacteria in this fermented drink -- made with milk from cows, goats, sheep, or even soy -- may help relieve your constipation.


Question: How do you know if you are constipated?

Answer: You may be if you're pooping twice or less a week, or if your stools are pellet-shaped, they're so hard and dry that they hurt, and you have to strain to pass them.


Question: What drugs make constipation worse?

Answer: These medicines come in pills, liquids, suppositories, and other forms. Do this: If your doctor thinks that laxatives might help, follow her orders about what kind to use, and try your best to limit your use.


Question: Does having a lot of stress make constipation worse?

Answer: Your colon is partly managed by your nervous system, which is like your body's electrical wiring. If you feel stressed or anxious, your gut may feel it, too. Do this: Talking to a therapist or learning relaxation techniques may help you feel better.


Question: Does eating processed foods make constipation worse?

Answer: Foods that have little or no fiber sit longer in your intestines. The extra time lets your colon soak up more water. That's a recipe for hard, dry stools.


Question: Does drinking alcohol make constipation worse?

Answer: Drink alcohol. Booze zaps your body of fluids, which can make your stools hard -- and harder to pass. Do this: Drink plenty of water instead.


Question: Where am I most likely to get nail fungus?

Answer: Speaking of the gym, it's a bad idea to kick off your shoes in places with lots of germs, like locker rooms, swimming pools, or public showers. If you visit a nail salon, it should be clean and licensed. Make sure the technician uses sterilized or single-use instruments (or bring your own). The same goes for polish -- bring your own bottle from home.


Question: What can you do to help with a broken wrist?

Answer: Regular X-rays to make sure your wrist is healing normally You will probably also want to: Elevate your wrist on a pillow or the back of a chair above the level of your heart for the first few days. This will ease pain and swelling. Ice the wrist. Do this for 15-20 minutes every two to three hours for two to three days. Be careful to keep the splint or cast dry while icing. Take over-the-counter painkillers. Ask your doctor about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), like ibuprofen, naproxen, or aspirin (except for children). They can help with pain and swelling. However, these drugs have side effects, such as an increased risk of bleeding and ulcers. They should be used only occasionally unless your doctor specifically says otherwise, as this may delay healing. Practice stretching and strengthening exercises of the fingers, elbow, and shoulder if your doctor recommends them.


Question: How long should I take antibiotics for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Answer: Your doctor will let you know. Typically, for an uncomplicated infection, you'll take antibiotics for 2 to 3 days. Some people will need to take these medicines for up to 7 to 10 days. For a complicated infection, you might need to take antibiotics for 14 days or more. A follow-up urine test can show whether the germs are gone. If you still have an infection, you'll need to take antibiotics for a longer period of time. If you get UTIs often, you may need to take low-dose antibiotics every day for 6 months or longer. And if sex causes your UTIs, you'll take a dose of the medicine right before you have sex. You can also take antibiotics whenever you get a new UTI.


Question: What will your doctor consider when choosing an antibiotic to treat a urinary tract infections (UTI)?

Answer: Your doctor will also consider these factors when choosing an antibiotic: Are you pregnant? Are you over age 65? Are you allergic to any antibiotics? Have you had any side effects from antibiotics in the past?


Question: When should you call your doctor about taking antibiotics for urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Answer: Your UTI symptoms should improve in a few days. Call your doctor if: Your symptoms don't go away Your symptoms get worse Your symptoms come back after you've been treated You have bothersome side effects from your antibiotics


Question: What are anticholinergic drugs for an overactive bladder?

Answer: Other behavioral tips for preventing incontinence include: Avoiding drinking caffeine or a lot of fluids before activities Not drinking fluids right before you go to bed In people with overactive bladder, muscles in the bladder wall contract at the wrong time. A group of drugs called anticholinergics combat this problem by blocking the nerve signals related to bladder muscle contractions. Research suggests that these drugs also might increase bladder capacity and decrease the urge to go.


Question: Can botox help treat an overactive bladder?

Answer: Botox, more commonly known for removing wrinkles, can be injected into the bladder muscle causing it to relax. This can increase capacity in the bladder and lessen contractions. Botox is only recommended for people who can't control symptoms with behavioral therapies or oral medications.


Question: Can negative thoughts and moods be symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: You may: Be down on yourself, other people, or the world Feel detached from other people, hopeless, or emotionally numb Changes in emotional and physical reactions.


Question: What kind of help is available for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression?

Answer: Prescription medicines and talk therapy can work well. Some treatments can help with depression and PTSD at the same time. For example, a counselor can help you let go of negative thoughts and habits, and put positive ones in their place. If you feel so low that you think about killing yourself, get help right away. Call a doctor or counselor, or talk to a loved one or minister. If you or someone near you might be in immediate danger, call 911 or a crisis line right away. You can reach the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 800-273- TALK (800-273-8255).


Question: Can changes in emotional and physical reactions be symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: You could: Be easily startled or frightened, or you might always be on guard for danger Do self-destructive things, like drinking too much alcohol or driving too fast Have trouble sleeping or concentrating If your symptoms go on for longer than 4 weeks, cause you a lot of distress, or get in the way of your home life or work, you may have posttraumatic stress.


Question: Do some people with posttraumatic stress disorder avoid people or things that are linked to their PTSD?

Answer: You might: Try to keep from thinking or talking about what happened Stay away from people, places, or activities that remind you of it Negative thoughts and moods.


Question: Can unwanted memories be a symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Answer: You might: Keep remembering what happened, even though that upsets you Have flashbacks, like you're reliving it Have an emotional or physical reaction when something reminds you of it Avoidance.


Question: Can I prevent acute bronchitis?

Answer: Here are some ways to lower your chances of getting bronchitis: Avoid cigarette smoke. Get the flu vaccine, since you might get bronchitis from the flu virus. Make sure your pertussis vaccine is up to date. Wash your hands often. Wear a mask when you're around things that bother your lungs, such as paint fumes.


Question: What are the symptoms of acute bronchitis?

Answer: You'll definitely have a cough, and you may have various problems with breathing, such as: Chest congestion, where your chest feels full or clogged A cough that may bring up a lot of mucus that's clear, white, yellow, or green Shortness of breath A wheezing or a whistling sound when you breathe You may also: Have body aches and chills Feel âwiped outâ Run a low fever Have a runny, stuffy nose Have a sore throat Even after the other symptoms are gone, the cough can last for a few weeks while your bronchial tubes heal and the swelling goes down. If it goes on much longer than that, the problem might be something else. Call your doctor if your cough: Brings up blood or mucus that thickens or darkens Keeps you awake at night Lasts more than 3 weeks Causes chest pain Has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak Comes along with unexplained weight loss You'll also want to call your doctor if you have a cough and you have: A foul-tasting fluid in your mouth (could be reflux) Fever over 100.4 F Wheezing or shortness of breath If you are 75 or older and you have an ongoing cough, you should call your doctor to figure out whether a visit is needed.


Question: When should I call my doctor about acute bronchitis?

Answer: Call your doctor if your cough: Brings up blood or mucus that thickens or darkens Keeps you awake at night Lasts more than 3 weeks Causes chest pain Has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak Comes along with unexplained weight loss You'll also want to call your doctor if you have a cough and you have: A foul-tasting fluid in your mouth (could be reflux) Fever over 100.4 F Wheezing or shortness of breath If you are 75 or older and you have an ongoing cough, you should call your doctor to figure out whether a visit is needed. Bronchitis can lead to pneumonia, though this is rare. Usually, it doesn't cause any other problems.


Question: What causes acute bronchitis?

Answer: Most often, the same viruses that give you a cold or the flu also cause bronchitis. Sometimes, though, bacteria are to blame. In both cases, as your body fights off the germs, your bronchial tubes swell and make more mucus. That means you have smaller openings for air to flow, which can make it harder to breathe.


Question: Is the Whipple procedure available for patients newly diagnosed with pancreatic cancer?

Answer: The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas.


Question: Who is a candidate for the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure. Some patients may be eligible for a minimally invasive (laparoscopic) Whipple procedure, which is performed through several small incisions instead of a single large incision. Compared to the classic procedure, the laparoscopic procedure may result in less blood loss, a shorter hospital stay, a quicker recovery, and fewer complications. The Whipple procedure isn't an option for the 40% of newly diagnosed patients whose tumors have spread (metastasized) beyond the pancreas. Only rarely is it an option for the 40% of patients with locally advanced disease that has spread to adjacent areas such as the superior mesenteric vein and artery, or for those whose tumors have spread to the body or tail of the pancreas.


Question: How many people survive after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Overall, the five-year survival rate after a Whipple procedure is about 20 to 25%. Even if the procedure successfully removes the visible tumor, it's possible that some cancer cells have already spread elsewhere in the body, where they can form new tumors and eventually cause death. The five-year survival rate is higher in node-negative patients (their cancer has not spread to nearby lymph nodes) than for node-positive patients.


Question: How long do patients stay in the hospital after a Whipple procedure?

Answer: Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications.


Question: What are other complications after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Other possible complications include: Weight loss. Most patients can expect to lose weight after the surgery. Diabetes. This condition can develop if too many insulin-producing cells are removed from the pancreas. However, patients who have normal blood sugar before surgery are unlikely to develop diabetes, and those who recently developed diabetes before surgery are even likely to improve.


Question: What other treatments do patients get after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: Regardless of node status, most patients receive chemotherapy, radiation, or both after surgery. However, cancer specialists have differing opinions on the best combination and the best drugs to use. It's not yet known if therapy works better before or after surgery. But some research suggests that therapy could allow a few patients who are initially thought to be ineligible for surgery to eventually undergo the Whipple procedure. Studies are ongoing.


Question: How long does the Whipple procedure take?

Answer: The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts.


Question: Where should the Whipple procedure be done?

Answer: Because the Whipple procedure continues to be one of the most demanding and risky operations for surgeons and patients, the American Cancer Society says it's best to have the procedure done at a hospital that performs at least 15 to 20 pancreas surgeries per year. The organization also recommends choosing a surgeon who does many such operations.


Question: Who should perform the Whipple procedure?

Answer: The Whipple procedure can take several hours to perform and requires great surgical skill and experience. The area around the pancreas is complex and surgeons often encounter patients who have a variation in the arrangement of blood vessels and ducts.


Question: What is it like for patients after the Whipple procedure?

Answer: At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover.


Question: What is the death rate for patients undergoing the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Since then, improvements in diagnosis, staging, surgical techniques, anesthesia, and postoperative care have reduced the short-term death rate to less than 4% in patients whose operation is performed at cancer centers by experienced surgeons. At some major centers, the reported death rate is less than 1%. But the rate may still be above 15% in patients who are treated at small hospitals or by less experienced surgeons.


Question: What is recovery from the Whipple procedure like?

Answer: Other possible surgical complications include: Infections Bleeding Trouble with the stomach emptying itself after meals After surgery, patients are usually hospitalized for a week before returning home. Because recovery can be slow and painful, they usually need to take prescription or over-the-counter pain medications. At first, patients can eat only small amounts of easily digestible food. They may need to take pancreatic enzymes -- either short-term or long-term -- to assist with digestion. Diarrhea is a common problem during the two or three months it usually takes for the rearranged digestive tract to fully recover.


Question: What is the Whipple procedure for pancreatic cancer?

Answer: Also known as pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple procedure involves removal of the "head" (wide part) of the pancreas next to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It also involves removal of the duodenum, a portion of the common bile duct, gallbladder, and sometimes part of the stomach. Afterward, surgeons reconnect the remaining intestine, bile duct, and pancreas.


Question: Which pancreatic cancer patients can have the Whipple procedure done?

Answer: Only about 20% of pancreatic cancer patients are eligible for the Whipple procedure and other surgeries. These are usually patients whose tumors are confined to the head of the pancreas and haven't spread into any nearby major blood vessels, the liver, lungs, or abdominal cavity. Intensive testing is usually necessary to identify possible candidates for the Whipple procedure.


Question: How can you prevent ingrown hair?

Answer: To prevent ingrown hairs, try these tips every time you shave: Every day, rub your face in a circular motion using a wet washcloth or an exfoliating scrub to tease out any stubborn ingrown hairs. Shave with a sharp, single-bladed razor. Wet your skin with warm water before shaving and apply a lubricating gel. Shave in the same direction your hair is growing. Use as few strokes of the razor as possible. That lessens the chance of a hair slipping back into your skin. Rinse the blade with water after every stroke. Don't shave too closely to your skin. Leave a little bit of stubble if you can. If you're using an electric razor, hold it slightly above the surface of your skin. Apply a cool washcloth to your skin after you shave to reduce irritation. You can also try other hair removal methods that are less likely to produce ingrown hairs. Those methods include depilatory creams that dissolve the hair, and a laser or electric current (electrolysis) to permanently remove the hair follicle.


Question: What should you know about an ingrown hair?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Ingrown hairs are hairs that have curled around and grown back into your skin instead of rising up from it. Sometimes, dead skin can clog up a hair follicle. That forces the hair inside it to grow sideways under the skin, rather than upward and outward. Sometimes, cutting naturally curly hair too closely will result in the sharpened end of the hair piercing the skin, causing an ingrown hair. Ingrown hairs aren't serious. But they can be irritating and embarrassing.


Question: What causes ingrown hair?

Answer: Anyone can get an ingrown hair. But the problem is more common in people who have very curly or coarse hair. Curly hair is more likely to bend back and re-enter the skin, especially after it's been shaved or cut. Also, people with high levels of certain sex hormones can have excessive hair growth, which makes it more likely to get ingrown hairs, especially after shaving. Many African- Americans, Latinos, and people with thick or curly hair develop a type of ingrown hair called pseudofolliculitis. More commonly known as "razor bumps," this collection of little bumps is common on the beard area after you've shaved, waxed, or tweezed to remove unwanted hair. The hair that grows back has a sharper edge, so it can more easily poke back through the skin and get trapped under the surface.


Question: How can you treat ingrown hair?

Answer: If it doesn't go away, an ingrown hair can become infected, darken the skin, or leave behind a scar, especially if you've been scratching or picking at it. If an ingrown hair is bothering you or has become infected, your doctor can make a small cut in your skin with a sterile needle or scalpel to release it. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine such as: Steroid medicine that you rub on your skin to bring down the swelling and irritation Retinoids ( Retin A) to remove dead skin cells and reduce the skin pigment changes that can occur from ingrown hairs Antibiotic that you take by mouth or rub onto your skin to treat an ingrown hair infection The gold standard for hair removal is laser. The 810 nm diode laser, the intense pulsed light device ( PL), and others are very efficient at hair removal.


Question: What are symptoms of sacroiliac joint dysfunction?

Answer: Symptoms Pain is often the main symptom, usually in the lower back and buttock and sometimes the back and upper leg. Aches from SI joint dysfunction usually show up on one side of the body rather than both sides. Low back and leg pain have many possible causes, so you'll need to work with your doctor to figure out if your SI joint is the reason you hurt.


Question: What causes sacroiliac joint dysfunction?

Answer: Causes The most common cause of SI joint dysfunction is injury from a car accident or fall. But it can also happen from: Sports injuries such as a football tackle Stress or injury to the joint over and over, such as from jogging for many years Older age One leg that's shorter than the other A spinal injury Scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine) Spinal surgery, especially operations that fuse the lower part of the spine, called the sacrum Pregnancy.


Question: What is congenital valve disease?

Answer: This form of valve disease most often affects the aortic or pulmonic valve. Valves may be the wrong size, have malformed leaflets, or have leaflets that are not attached correctly.


Question: What diagnostic tests can a doctor order to tell if you have heart valve disease?

Answer: After the physical exam, the doctor may order diagnostic tests. These may include: Echocardiography Transesophageal echocardiography Cardiac catheterization (also called an angiogram) By conducting some or all of these tests over time, your doctor can also see the progress of valve disease. This will help him or her make decisions about treatment.


Question: How are heart valve diseases diagnosed?

Answer: Your heart doctor can tell if you have heart valve disease by talking to you about symptoms, performing a physical exam, and performing other tests. During a physical exam, the doctor will listen to your heart to hear sounds the heart makes as the valves open and close. A murmur is a swishing sound made by blood flowing through a stenotic or leaky valve. A doctor can also tell if the heart is enlarged or if your heart rhythm is irregular. The doctor will listen to the lungs to hear if you are retaining fluid there, which shows the heart is not able to pump as well as it should. By examining your body, the doctor can find clues about circulation and the functioning of other organs.


Question: How many Americans are diagnosed with heart valve disease each year?

Answer: The American Heart Association website has a bacterial endocarditis wallet card that you may download; or call your local American Heart Association office or the national office at 1-800- AHA- USA1.


Question: What are the types of heart valve disease?

Answer: There are several types of heart valve disease: Valvular stenosis. This occurs when a heart valve doesn't fully open due to stiff or fused leaflets. The narrowed opening may make the heart work very hard to pump blood through it. This can lead to heart failure and other symptoms (see below). All four valves can develop stenosis; the conditions are called tricuspid stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, mitral stenosis, or aortic stenosis. Valvular insufficiency. Also called regurgitation, incompetence, or "leaky valve," this occurs when a valve does not close tightly. If the valves do not seal, some blood will leak backwards across the valve. As the leak worsens, the heart has to work harder to make up for the leaky valve, and less blood may flow to the rest of the body. Depending on which valve is affected, the condition is called tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, or aortic regurgitation.


Question: How is heart valve disease treated?

Answer: Heart valve disease treatment depends on the type and severity of disease. There are three goals of treatment for heart valve disease: protecting your valve from further damage; lessening symptoms; and repairing or replacing valves.


Question: What are some other causes of valve disease?

Answer: Other causes of valve disease include: coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease), syphilis (a sexually transmitted disease), high blood pressure, aortic aneurysms, and connective tissue diseases. Less common causes of valve disease include tumors, some types of drugs, and radiation.


Question: What causes heart valve disease?

Answer: Heart valve disease can develop before birth (congenital) or can be acquired sometime during one's lifetime. Sometimes, the cause of valve disease is unknown.


Question: What should be included in your action plan for status asthmaticus?

Answer: It's important to follow the asthma action plan that you made with your doctor, avoid your triggers, take your medicine, and keep up with your doctor appointments.


Question: How can your peak flow meter help with preventing status asthmaticus?

Answer: Use a peak flow meter several times a day. These devices help to check on how well your lungs are working. Start treatment immediately, according to your asthma action plan, if you notice a lower reading, even if you feel fine. Keep up with your doctor appointments to find out how well your lungs are doing and to make sure your medicines are working well.


Question: What is status asthmaticus?

Answer: Status asthmaticus is respiratory failure that comes with the worst form of acute severe asthma, or an asthma attack. If an attack comes on quickly and it doesn't respond to regular treatment, it can lead to status asthmatiscus, If it happens, you may have to go to the hospital to get it treated.


Question: When will you need immediate medical care for status asthmaticus?

Answer: If you have a bad asthma attack and your rescue inhaler or your nebulizer doesn't help, you need medical care right away. If you have a steroid medicine at home (such as prednisone), you can take a dose of it on your way to the emergency room.


Question: What is stage IV breast cancer?

Answer: Breast cancer cells have spread far away from the breast and lymph nodes right around it. The most common sites are the bones, lungs, liver, and brain. This stage is described as âmetastatic,â meaning it has spread beyond the region of the body where it was first found.


Question: What is stage II breast cancer?

Answer: The cancer has grown, spread, or both. IIA means the tumor in the breast is still small, if there's one at all. There may be no cancer in the lymph nodes, or it may have spread to as many as three. A stage IIB breast tumor is bigger -- it may be the size of a walnut or as big as a lime. It may or may not be in any lymph nodes.


Question: What is stage I breast cancer?

Answer: Starting at this level, breast cancer is called invasive, meaning it has broken free to attack healthy tissue. Stage 1 A means the cancer has spread into the fatty breast tissue. The tumor itself is no larger than a shelled peanut, or there may be no tumor Stage IB means some cancer cells, but just tiny amounts, have been found in a few lymph nodes.


Question: Should you use paper goods when someone in your home is sick?

Answer: Switch to paper goods. If everyone's sick, use paper towels instead of hand towels in the bathroom. Switch out glasses for paper cups, and toss them after one use. You'll be less likely to swap germs.


Question: What should you disinfect when someone in your home is sick?

Answer: You don't need to spend all day spraying every surface with disinfectant. You may just want to disinfect some heavily touched items -- like doorknobs, remote controls, and phones -- each day.


Question: How do flu shots help you prepare for flu season?

Answer: Get your kids to bed on time, too. Get your flu shot. One of the best ways to help keep the flu away from your home is to make sure your whole family gets vaccinated.


Question: What does a breast surgeon do for breast cancer?

Answer: A doctor who specializes in the surgical removal of breast tumors and lymph nodes while saving as much of the breast as possible. These doctors may also do biopsies to diagnose or treat the cancer.


Question: What does a plastic surgeon do for breast cancer?

Answer: A surgeon who specializes in breast reconstruction.


Question: What does a pathologist for breast cancer do?

Answer: A doctor who checks tissue samples under a microscope. They decide whether cancer is present, its size, whether the surgery removed all the cancer, and how many lymph nodes have cancer, if any.


Question: What does a surgical oncologist for breast cancer do?

Answer: Surgical oncologists perform biopsies and other operations such as removing a lump or a breast. These doctors have completed their general surgery training and have received additional training in surgical oncology.


Question: What does a radiation oncologist for breast cancer do?

Answer: A doctor trained in treating cancer with radiation.


Question: What other health care professionals may be involved in your breast cancer treatment?

Answer: Radiation oncologist. A doctor trained in treating cancer with radiation. Other health care professionals may be involved in your breast cancer treatment, including: Oncology nurses who have special skills and pass a certifying test Radiation technologist who helps place you in the correct treatment position and delivers the proper radiation dose to the proper site Radiation physicist who helps plan the radiation dosage and treatment field to make it as safe as possible Your primary care doctor can refer you to a specialist to treat your breast cancer.


Question: Should you look for a board-certified breast cancer specialist?

Answer: For example, there is no board certification for breast cancer surgery. Surgeons performing breast cancer surgery should be board-certified in general surgery, which gives them the basic skills needed to perform breast surgery. If doctors practice in specialties that do not have national boards, additional training such as fellowships and years of experience are usually good measures of their qualifications.


Question: What is the role of surgical oncologist in treating breast cancer?

Answer: A doctor who specializes in the surgical treatment of cancer. Surgical oncologists perform biopsies and other operations such as removing a lump or a breast. These doctors have completed their general surgery training and have received additional training in surgical oncology.


Question: What is a radiation oncologist?

Answer: A doctor trained in treating cancer with radiation.


Question: What breast cancer specialties don't have board certifications?

Answer: But some of the specialties that are important in cancer treatment don't have board certifications. Doctors who practice in these specialties are board-certified in a broader field. For example, there is no board certification for breast cancer surgery. Surgeons performing breast cancer surgery should be board-certified in general surgery, which gives them the basic skills needed to perform breast surgery.


Question: What does a radiologist do if you have breast cancer?

Answer: A doctor who is trained in reading X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, and other forms of imaging that look into the body.


Question: What is a medical oncologist?

Answer: A doctor who specializes in the medical treatment of cancer. Medical oncologists have a thorough knowledge of how cancers behave and grow and how to use medication to treat them. They also figure out the risk of the breast cancer coming back, as well as the need for more treatments (such as chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or radiation therapy).


Question: What does a radiologist do for breast cancer?

Answer: A doctor who is trained in reading X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds, and other forms of imaging that look into the body.


Question: What is the role of a pathologist in treating breast cancer?

Answer: A doctor who checks tissue samples under a microscope. They decide whether cancer is present, its size, whether the surgery removed all the cancer, and how many lymph nodes have cancer, if any.


Question: What does a breast surgeon do for someone with breast cancer?

Answer: A doctor who specializes in the surgical removal of breast tumors and lymph nodes while saving as much of the breast as possible. These doctors may also do biopsies to diagnose or treat the cancer.


Question: What are breast cancer specialists?

Answer: Specialists are doctors who have trained in a specific area of medicine. After finishing the training needed for their specialty, they must pass an exam given by the specialty board. Doctors who pass the national board exams become board-certified specialists. Doctors who have not completed the specialty board exam are "board-eligible" but are not yet specialists.


Question: What if a doctor's specialty doesn't offer board certification?

Answer: If doctors practice in specialties that do not have national boards, additional training such as fellowships and years of experience are usually good measures of their qualifications. Some specialists can subspecialize by completing more training in a particular area. They can sometimes become board-certified in the subspecialty, too.


Question: How can you exercise safely if you have heart disease?

Answer: Ask about things like pushups and situps. These involve straining muscles against other muscles or a heavy object. You may need to avoid them. Make sure that lifting and pushing heavy objects, and chores like raking, shoveling, mowing, and scrubbing, aren't off-limits. Chores around the house can drain some people. Do only what you can do without getting tired. Some drugs can greatly affect how your body handles exercise. Your doctor can let you know if you need to change your exercise plans because of what you're taking.


Question: What should breastfed babies' poop be like?

Answer: Breastfed babies: Make yellow poop that's speckled with little seeds--like mustard Poop one or more times a day, usually after they eat Formula-fed babies: Have tan, yellow, or greenish poop Poop once a day, sometimes more often What's normal: Poop can come in a rainbow of colors, changing to yellow, green, or brown.


Question: What does normal baby poop look like?

Answer: Breastfed babies: Make yellow poop that's speckled with little seeds--like mustard Poop one or more times a day, usually after they eat Formula-fed babies: Have tan, yellow, or greenish poop Poop once a day, sometimes more often What's normal: Poop can come in a rainbow of colors, changing to yellow, green, or brown. Some babies don't poop for a day or two -- even a week. You don't need to worry as long as your baby is still eating and gaining weight.


Question: What is not normal in a baby's poop?

Answer: What's not normal (time to call your doctor): Poop that is filled with mucus, water, or blood could be a sign of an allergy or infection. Solid, hard poop means your baby is probably constipated.


Question: What should formula-fed babies' poop be like?

Answer: Breastfed babies: Make yellow poop that's speckled with little seeds--like mustard Poop one or more times a day, usually after they eat Formula-fed babies: Have tan, yellow, or greenish poop Poop once a day, sometimes more often What's normal: Poop can come in a rainbow of colors, changing to yellow, green, or brown.


Question: What are symptoms of food intolerance?

Answer: Intolerances usually show up as stomach trouble like gas, pain, bloating, or diarrhea -- not the rashes, hives, and watery eyes that are common with allergies.


Question: What are FODMAPs?

Answer: Intolerances are often linked to things in the food, such as: Lactose, a natural sugar found in milk, cheese, and other dairy products Sulfites, for instance in wines, pickled foods, and sodas Gluten, a protein in wheat, barley, rye, and some other grains Fructose, a natural sugar found in most fruits and also in high-fructose corn syrup, a sweetener used in some soft drinks and some processed foods, like pastries and cereal FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides and polyols), carbohydrates that draw water into your intestine during digestion FODMAPs cause gas, bloating, and abdominal pain in some people (usually those with other digestive issues). Many plant foods contain FODMAPs, including apples, honey, garlic, and wheat.


Question: How can a hydrogen breath test help to diagnose a food intolerance?

Answer: Your doctor also may recommend a test called a hydrogen breath test, which you can take at her office. Depending on what she thinks your intolerance might be, she'll give you a drink with large amounts of lactose, fructose, sucrose, or glucose. She'll then test your breath every 15 minutes to check the amount of hydrogen or methane. If you have too much of one of these, it indicates your body isn't able to break it down. That likely means you have an intolerance. For this test to work the way it should, you may need to eat a low-carb diet for a few weeks before testing.


Question: What's the difference between a food allergy and a food intolerance?

Answer: An intolerance means your body has a hard time digesting a food or an ingredient in it, such as a dye or a chemical. That's different from an allergy. An allergy is when your body's immune system thinks the food is harmful and tries to fight it off.


Question: How do doctors diagnose a food intolerance?

Answer: Your doctor will ask about your medical history, the foods you eat, and your symptoms and may suggest some screening tests. You also may need to keep a detailed food and symptoms diary. Your doctor may suggest an exclusion diet: You'll stop eating foods that are the most common intolerance triggers. As these foods are slowly brought back into your eating plan, you and your care provider will keep track of your symptoms so you can see which foods or additives you are sensitive to.


Question: What foods are often linked to food intolerance?

Answer: Intolerances are often linked to things in the food, such as: Lactose, a natural sugar found in milk, cheese, and other dairy products Sulfites, for instance in wines, pickled foods, and sodas Gluten, a protein in wheat, barley, rye, and some other grains Fructose, a natural sugar found in most fruits and also in high-fructose corn syrup, a sweetener used in some soft drinks and some processed foods, like pastries and cereal FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides disaccharides monosaccharides and polyols), carbohydrates that draw water into your intestine during digestion FODMAPs cause gas, bloating, and abdominal pain in some people (usually those with other digestive issues).


Question: What is acanthosis nigricans?

Answer: Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance.


Question: What causes diabetic blisters?

Answer: Diabetic blisters (bullosis diabeticorum): In rare cases, people with diabetes develop skin problems, such as blisters that resemble burn blisters. These blisters can occur on the fingers, hands, toes, feet, legs, or forearms. Diabetic blisters usually are painless and heal on their own. These skin problems often occur in people who have severe diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. Bringing your blood sugar level under control is the medical treatment for this health condition.


Question: What is vitiligo?

Answer: Vitiligo: Vitiligo, a skin problem more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes, affects skin coloration. With vitiligo, the special cells that make pigment (the substance that controls skin color) are destroyed, resulting in patches of discolored skin. Vitiligo often affects the chest and abdomen, but may be found on the face around the mouth, nostrils, and eyes. Current treatment options for vitiligo include topical steroids and micropigmentation (tattooing). If you have vitiligo, you should use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on the discolored skin.


Question: How is necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin?

Answer: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum ( NLD) is thought to be caused by changes in the collagen and fat content underneath the skin. The overlaying skin area becomes thinned and reddened. Most lesions are found on the lower parts of the legs and can ulcerate if subjected to trauma. Lesions have fairly well defined borders between them and normal skin. Sometimes, NLD is itchy and painful. As long as the sores do not break open, treatment is not necessary. If the sores do break open, see your doctor for medical treatment.


Question: How does disseminated granuloma annulare show up in diabetics?

Answer: Disseminated granuloma annulare: This skin condition causes sharply defined, ring or arc-shaped areas on the skin. These rashes most often occur on the fingers and ears, but they can occur on the chest and abdomen. The rash can be red, red-brown, or skin colored. Medical treatment usually is not required, but sometimes a topical steroid medication, such as hydrocortisone, may help.


Question: How is digital sclerosis linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin?

Answer: Digital sclerosis: Digital sclerosis is a health condition in which the skin on your toes, fingers, and hands become thick, waxy, and tight. Stiffness of the finger joints also may occur. The medical treatment is to bring your blood sugar level under control. Lotions and moisturizers may help soften the skin.


Question: How is diabetic dermopathy linked to skin problems in diabetes associated with red blood supply to the skin?

Answer: Diabetic dermopathy: Also called shin spots, this skin condition develops as a result of changes to the blood vessels that supply the skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion of thin skin over the front lower parts of the lower legs. The patches do not hurt, although rarely they can be itchy or cause burning. Medical treatment generally is not necessary.


Question: How is acanthosis nigricans linked to diabetes and insulin resistance?

Answer: This is a skin problem that results in the darkening and thickening of certain areas of the skin especially in the skin folds. The skin becomes tan or brown and is sometimes slightly raised and described as velvety. Most often the condition, which typically looks like small warts, appears on the sides or back of the neck, the armpits, under the breast, and groin. Occasionally the top of the knuckles will have a particularly unusual appearance. Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance.


Question: What skin problems do atherosclerosis cause?

Answer: When the blood vessels supplying the skin become narrow, changes occur to the skin due to a lack of oxygen, such as hair loss, thinning and shiny skin especially on the shins, thickened and discolored toenails, and cold skin. Because blood carries the white blood cells that help fight infection, legs and feet affected by atherosclerosis heal more slowly when they are injured.


Question: What causes rashes and bumps in people with diabetes?

Answer: Rashes and bumps: Allergic reactions to foods, bug bites, and medicines can cause rashes, depressions, or bumps on the skin. It is especially important for people with diabetes to check for skin problems, such as rashes or bumps, in the areas where they inject their insulin.


Question: What is the appearance of eruptive xanthomas?

Answer: The bumps -- which are surrounded by red halos and are itchy -- usually are found on the face and buttocks. They also can be seen on the back side of the arms and legs as well as in the creases of the extremities. Treatment for eruptive xanthomatosis consists of controlling the level of fats in your blood. The skin eruptions will resolve over a few weeks. Drugs that control different types of fats in the blood (lipid-lowering drugs) may also be needed. Rashes and bumps: Allergic reactions to foods, bug bites, and medicines can cause rashes, depressions, or bumps on the skin.


Question: What bacterial infections are associated with diabetes?

Answer: Skin infections with the bacteria known as Staphylococcus are more common and more serious in people with diabetes which is not under control. These bacteria can result in 'boils', an inflamed nodule from a hair follicle, which can occur in areas where hair follicles can be irritated. Other infections include styes, which are infections of the glands of the eyelids, and bacterial nail infections. Most bacterial infections require medical treatment with antibiotics in the form of pills and/or creams.


Question: What is "candida albicans" and where does it occur in people with diabetes?

Answer: Fungal infections : A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" is responsible for many of the fungal infections causing skin problems in people with diabetes. Women in particular are prone to infection with this fungus in the vagina. Other commonly seen areas of infection include the corners of the mouth with what is known as "angular cheilitis," which feels like small cuts on the corners of the mouth. Fungus also can occur in between the toes and fingers and in the nails (onychomycosis). This fungus creates itchy, bright red rashes, often surrounded by tiny blisters and scales. These infections most often occur in warm, moist folds of the skin.


Question: What is diabetic dermopathy?

Answer: Diabetic dermopathy: Also called shin spots, this skin condition develops as a result of changes to the blood vessels that supply the skin. Dermopathy appears as a shiny round or oval lesion of thin skin over the front lower parts of the lower legs. The patches do not hurt, although rarely they can be itchy or cause burning. Medical treatment generally is not necessary.


Question: How do bacterial infections affect people with diabetes?

Answer: Bacterial infections: There are different kinds of bacterial infections commonly affecting the skin of those with diabetes. Skin infections with the bacteria known as Staphylococcus are more common and more serious in people with diabetes which is not under control. These bacteria can result in 'boils', an inflamed nodule from a hair follicle, which can occur in areas where hair follicles can be irritated. Other infections include styes, which are infections of the glands of the eyelids, and bacterial nail infections. Most bacterial infections require medical treatment with antibiotics in the form of pills and/or creams.


Question: How do fungal infections affect diabetics?

Answer: Fungal infections : A yeast-like fungus called " Candida albicans" is responsible for many of the fungal infections causing skin problems in people with diabetes. Women in particular are prone to infection with this fungus in the vagina. Other commonly seen areas of infection include the corners of the mouth with what is known as "angular cheilitis," which feels like small cuts on the corners of the mouth. Fungus also can occur in between the toes and fingers and in the nails (onychomycosis). This fungus creates itchy, bright red rashes, often surrounded by tiny blisters and scales. These infections most often occur in warm, moist folds of the skin. Three common fungal infections are: jock itch (red, itchy area on the genitals and the inside of the thighs), athlete's foot (affects the skin between the toes), and ringworm (ring-shaped, scaly patches that can itch or blister and appear on the feet, groin, chest and abdomen, scalp, or nails). Medicines that kill the fungus are usually needed to treat these infections. A rare but potentially fatal fungal infection with Mucormycosis is seen in people with diabetes. The infection usually starts in the nasal cavities and can spread to the eyes and brain.


Question: Does necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum need to be treated?

Answer: As long as the sores do not break open, treatment is not necessary. If the sores do break open, see your doctor for medical treatment.


Question: What causes itching in people with diabetes?

Answer: Itching: Itching skin, also called pruritus, can have many causes, such as a yeast infection, dry skin, or poor blood flow. When itching is caused by poor blood flow, the lower legs and feet are most often affected. Using lotion can help to keep your skin soft and moist, and prevent itching due to dry skin.


Question: What causes acanthosis nigricans?

Answer: Acanthosis nigricans usually strikes people who are very overweight. While there is no cure for acanthosis nigricans, losing weight may improve the skin condition. Acanthosis nigricans usually precedes diabetes and is considered to be a marker for the disease. There are other health conditions that also are known to cause acanthosis of the skin and these include acromegaly and Cushing syndromes. It is thought that this health condition is a skin manifestation of insulin resistance.


Question: How can people with diabetes prevent skin problems?

Answer: Keeping your diabetes under control is the most important factor in preventing these skin problems. Follow your health care provider's advice regarding nutrition, exercise, and medication. Keep your blood sugar level within the range recommended by your doctor. Proper skin care can also help reduce your risk of skin problems with diabetes.


Question: How is vitiligo linked to diabetes?

Answer: Vitiligo: Vitiligo, a skin problem more commonly associated with type 1 diabetes than type 2 diabetes, affects skin coloration. With vitiligo, the special cells that make pigment (the substance that controls skin color) are destroyed, resulting in patches of discolored skin. Vitiligo often affects the chest and abdomen, but may be found on the face around the mouth, nostrils, and eyes. Current treatment options for vitiligo include topical steroids and micropigmentation (tattooing). If you have vitiligo, you should use sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher to prevent sunburn on the discolored skin.


Question: What are the symptoms of chronic bronchitis?

Answer: Here are some other symptoms: Clear, yellow, white, or green phlegm No fever, although you might have a low fever at times Tenderness or soreness in your chest when you cough You feel tired all the time Whistling or wheezing while you breath A rattling feeling in your chest Chills If you have symptoms that last longer than 3 months, you might have a chronic case. Some signs include: A stubborn cough with clear, yellow, white, or green phlegm (for at least 3 months of the year, and for more than 2 years in a row) Wheezing Chest discomfort You should see your doctor if you have symptoms of acute bronchitis and also have ongoing lung, heart or other medical problems or are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.


Question: When should you call the doctor about bronchitis?

Answer: Some signs include: A stubborn cough with clear, yellow, white, or green phlegm (for at least 3 months of the year, and for more than 2 years in a row) Wheezing Chest discomfort You should see your doctor if you have symptoms of acute bronchitis and also have ongoing lung, heart or other medical problems or are infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Other times you should call your doctor: Your cough is so ongoing or severe that you can't sleep well or do your daily activities. Your cough keeps you awake at night. You cough up blood or mucus. Your cough lasts longer than a week. In otherwise healthy people, a cough from acute bronchitis can last 3 weeks. Your mucus becomes darker, thicker or increases in volume. Your cough has a barking sound and makes it hard to speak. It comes along with unexplained weight loss. If you have a fever above 100.4 F and a loss of appetite, wheezing or shortness of breath, and general achiness, see your doctor right away. Pneumonia may be the cause of your symptoms. Call 911 if you have chest pain or a hard time breathing.


Question: What will my doctor do if I was bitten by an animal?

Answer: The health care provider will make sure the wound is thoroughly clean and may prescribe antibiotics. The health care provider may numb the wound and look for any deeper damage. If there is any risk of rabies infection, the health care provider will recommend anti-rabies treatment. The person may require stitches, depending on how big the wound is and where it is located. The person may also require a tetanus shot or booster. The health care provider may recommend ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain.


Question: When should I call 911 about animal bites?

Answer: The person has been seriously wounded. Bleeding can't be stopped after 10 minutes of firm and steady pressure. Bleeding is severe. Blood spurts from the wound.


Question: How can I prevent nail fungus?

Answer: To prevent getting a nail fungus infection: Avoid walking barefoot in public areas, such as locker rooms. Keep the inside of your shoes dry and change socks frequently (100% cotton socks are recommended). Wear shoes that fit properly (shoes with a wide toe area and ones that don't press your toes). Use absorbent or antifungal powder.


Question: What are symptoms of nail fungus?

Answer: A nail fungus infection can make nails thick and discolored. Uncommonly, you may feel pain in your toes or fingertips.


Question: How do you treat ingrown toenails?

Answer: In mild cases, ingrown toenails may be treated with a 15-20-minute soak in warm water. Dry cotton can be placed under the corner of the nail. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing increasing pain, swelling, and drainage of the area. Minor surgery can be performed to remove the part of the nail that is poking into the skin.


Question: What are ingrown toenails?

Answer: Ingrown toenails can occur when the corner or side of the nail grows into the flesh of the toe. In many cases, ingrown nails occur in the big toe. The end result of this common condition is pain, redness, and swelling. Infection can occur in some cases.


Question: What causes ingrown toenails?

Answer: Some common causes of ingrown toenail include cutting the nails too short or not straight across, injury to the toenail, and wearing shoes that crowd the toenails.


Question: How is nail fungus diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor may be able to tell if you have a nail fungus infection by looking carefully at your nails. He or she may scrape some debris from under a nail and look at it under a microscope or send it to a lab to determine what kind of infection you have.


Question: What causes nail fungus?

Answer: Usually, nail fungus occurs when fungus enters the nail through a small trauma (cut or break) in the nail. Nail fungus is not caused by poor hygiene. Nail fungus can be spread from person to person. It may be hard to determine exactly where or how a fungal infection is acquired. However, a warm, wet place (for example, a locker room) is a good place for a fungus to grow.


Question: How can you prevent ingrown toenails?

Answer: You can prevent ingrown toenails by: Wearing shoes that fit properly Keeping toenails at a moderate length and trimming them straight across


Question: How can I help myself stick to exercising?

Answer: Get an exercise buddy to walk with you, or take fitness classes together. When someone else is counting on you to go for a hike, work out, or ride bikes, you'll be less likely to make an excuse. The two of you will keep each other on track, and you won't want to let each other down.


Question: How can I exercise if the weather is bad?

Answer: Who says you have to go outside? Walk laps in your house, or walk up and down the stairs. Play an active video game like Wii Fit. Put on some music and dance around. Go to the mall, or find a high school or YMCA with an indoor track, and walk in comfort.


Question: How can I fit in exercise if I don't have time?

Answer: But if you're tied up with work, school, or family activities, find little pockets of time whenever you can. Park farther away in the parking lot. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Walk around the field while the kids are at soccer practice. Be creative to fit in exercise. Little moments of movement add up to a more active lifestyle.


Question: What should I do if I don't know how to exercise?

Answer: You don't need to join a gym or find a personal trainer. Start out by simply going for a walk. Begin with a 5-minute walk and slowly build from there. You can also find free exercise videos online.


Question: Why is exercise important for people with diabetes?

Answer: Exercise does so many good things for you when you have diabetes. It lowers your blood sugar levels, can ease stress, and helps you lose extra weight.


Question: Which other cases of cancer is a radioembolization used for?

Answer: The disease may take one of two forms: Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the liver from a primary tumor elsewhere (such as colon or breast cancer) Cancer that first arises in the liver (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) Metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma are the cancers most often considered for radioembolization treatment. Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal.


Question: What are potential complications from radioembolization?

Answer: Radioembolization has a low rate of serious side effects. However, a small percentage of people have serious problems after radioembolization. Potential complications of radioembolization include: Severe ulcers in the stomach or small intestine Liver or gallbladder failure Dangerously low white blood cell count Radiation damage to the lungs Tests performed before radioembolization can reduce some of the risks of complications from the procedure.


Question: What kind of cancer can radioembolization be used for other than metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma?

Answer: Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal.


Question: Does radioembolization cause radiation damage?

Answer: In most cases, the surrounding healthy liver suffers minimal radiation damage after radioembolization. The radiation in the particles gradually disappears over a month. The leftover particles can safely stay put forever.


Question: What are the side effects of radioembolization?

Answer: Many people experience symptoms of fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and loss of appetite after radioembolization. These effects are usually mild or moderate, and most people leave the hospital within a day or two after the procedure.


Question: What are the effects of radioembolization?

Answer: In several small studies, radioembolization delayed progression of colorectal cancer after its spread to the liver. Radioembolization also has been shown to shrink hepatocellular carcinomas. So far there is a small amount of evidence that people who get radioembolization and chemotherapy for cancer in the liver live longer than people receiving chemotherapy only. Larger clinical trials are underway that should help answer questions about radioembolization's benefits. Many people experience symptoms of fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, and loss of appetite after radioembolization.


Question: What is often used in coordination with radioembolization?

Answer: Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal. Chemotherapy and radioembolization may be provided in combination to maximize the destruction of cancer cells.


Question: Is radioembolization combined with other cancer treatments?

Answer: Radioembolization has also been used for other forms of cancer affecting the liver, such as: Cholangiocarcinoma Breast cancer or lung cancer with liver metastasis Neuroendocrine tumors, such as carcinoid tumors, that have spread to the liver A type of sarcoma called gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST) Radioembolization is often used in coordination with more well-established cancer treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy: Radioembolization may be used on liver tumors too large for surgery to shrink them to allow surgical removal. Chemotherapy and radioembolization may be provided in combination to maximize the destruction of cancer cells.


Question: What kind of cancer is radioembolization most used for?

Answer: Radioembolization is used primarily to treat cancer in the liver. The disease may take one of two forms: Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the liver from a primary tumor elsewhere (such as colon or breast cancer) Cancer that first arises in the liver (such as hepatocellular carcinoma) Metastatic colorectal cancer in the liver and hepatocellular carcinoma are the cancers most often considered for radioembolization treatment.


Question: Has radioembolization been effective in studies?

Answer: In several small studies, radioembolization delayed progression of colorectal cancer after its spread to the liver. Radioembolization also has been shown to shrink hepatocellular carcinomas. So far there is a small amount of evidence that people who get radioembolization and chemotherapy for cancer in the liver live longer than people receiving chemotherapy only.


Question: Does radioembolization have any serious complications or side effects?

Answer: Radioembolization has a low rate of serious side effects. However, a small percentage of people have serious problems after radioembolization. Potential complications of radioembolization include: Severe ulcers in the stomach or small intestine Liver or gallbladder failure Dangerously low white blood cell count Radiation damage to the lungs Tests performed before radioembolization can reduce some of the risks of complications from the procedure.


Question: Do I need surgery for lichen sclerosus?

Answer: Surgery to remove patches on the genital area of women doesn't happen much, since the patches return. If a woman has severe vaginal scarring that causes problems with sex, surgery can help. But it's only an option once the condition is under control. Surgery to treat lichen sclerosus in men can be a good option. Doctors often do a circumcision, which is removing the foreskin of the penis. After that, the condition probably won't come back.


Question: What are ways to feel better when you have lichen sclerosus?

Answer: Add a few inches of warm water to your bathtub and relax. A bath can help with discomfort caused by itching and scratching. Talk to your doctor about over-the-counter antihistamine skin creams to help with any discomfort. Avoid tight clothing, perfumed genital sprays, harsh skin cleansers, and scented dryer or fabric sheets. It may also help to wear cotton underwear during the day and no underwear when sleeping at night.


Question: What should I do for lichen sclerosus on the genitals?

Answer: Although there's no cure for lichen sclerosus, there are treatments that can help. If you have it on your genitals, you should get it treated, even if you don't have symptoms. When left untreated, it can lead to problems with sex or urination. Patches on other parts of the body usually go away with time.


Question: What are treatments for lichen sclerosus?

Answer: Your doctor will probably first give you a steroid cream to put on the problem area. This can stop the itching. But it may take longer -- a few weeks or months --for the skin to return to a more normal appearance. You may need to use these creams or ointments for a long period of time to keep the condition from coming back. You'll need to keep up with your doctor appointments, since long-term use of steroid creams or ointments can make the skin become red or thin and cause stretch marks. The treatment can also cause genital yeast infections.


Question: What causes lichen sclerosus?

Answer: Doctors don't know why some people get lichen sclerosus. They think it may be due to genes, hormones, an infection, or some combination of these things. Another theory is that your immune system attacks your skin. It may even be caused by an old skin injury.


Question: How is lichen sclerosus diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor may do a physical exam and check on how your skin looks. He may order a biopsy, too. That means he will remove a small piece of your skin and send it to a lab to be viewed under a microscope. This will confirm or rule out the diagnosis.


Question: When should you see a doctor about shoulder and elbow bursitis?

Answer: If your symptoms don't get better with at-home treatments, see your doctor. She'll check to see if your problem comes from an infection.


Question: What is Imuran?

Answer: That means that it can theoretically halt the attack of the immune system on your nerves if you have multiple sclerosis. The drug can be used to slow the progression of MS in people who are not responding well to other treatments. Imuran may also be used with other disease-modifying therapies, such as Avonex, to boost their effect.


Question: What determines my proper dose of Imuran to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your white blood cell count and your weight will determine the dose that is prescribed. The starting dose is low and is slowly increased. Imuran is generally taken once or twice a day. It is available in 50 mg. tablets, which may be easily broken in half if necessary. Your prescription label tells you how much to take at each dose and how often to take it -- follow these instructions carefully and ask your pharmacist or doctor to explain any instructions that you do not understand. It is important that you take this medication regularly as prescribed; do not stop taking it and do not take more or less of the drug than is prescribed.


Question: What tips should I keep in mind while taking Imuran?

Answer: This discomfort is expected and will go away as your body gets used to the medication. If you have extreme nausea with vomiting, contact your doctor. While you are taking this medication, you may be asked to have regular blood tests (such as blood cell counts and liver function tests) to evaluate the medication's effectiveness and to monitor your response to the drug. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the lab. Your doctor may reduce or even stop Imuran when you are being treated for certain infections. This allows your body to effectively fight back. Be sure that you always have enough medication on hand. Check your supply before holidays or other occasions when you may be unable to fill your prescription. Do not have any vaccinations without your doctor's approval. Take precautions to avoid infection while taking this drug. Avoid anyone who may have an infection and report any signs of infection to your doctor.


Question: How would I take Imuran to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: In cases of multiple sclerosis, Imuran is generally taken orally, in the form of tablets.


Question: Does everyone experience the same side effects of Imuran therapy?

Answer: It's important to remember that not everyone experiences all of these side effects. This medication is generally well-tolerated. Even though some of the side effects could be very serious, remember that precautions will be taken to detect these side effects and treat them before they become harmful.


Question: What types of side effects are associated with Imuran?

Answer: Side effects of Imuran may include: Increased stomach irritation. Nausea and vomiting. Changes in hair color and texture along with hair loss -- these changes are usually temporary. Loss of appetite. Blood in the urine or stool. Unusual bruising. Fatigue. Development of mouth sores and ulcers. Liver damage. Increased risk of infection. Because Imuran is an immunosuppressive medication, it can lower the number of white blood cells in your blood, increasing the chance of infection.


Question: What signs mean I should call my doctor immediately when taking Imuran?

Answer: Keep this and other drugs out of the reach of children If you're taking Imuran, call your doctor right away if you have any of these warning signs of infection: Fever over 100 ° F (38 ° C). Sweats or chills. Skin rash. Pain, tenderness, redness, or swelling. Wound or cut that won't heal. Red, warm, or draining sore. Sore throat, scratchy throat or pain when swallowing. Sinus drainage, nasal congestion, headaches, or tenderness along upper cheekbones. Persistent, dry or moist cough that lasts more than two days. White patches in your mouth or on your tongue. Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Flu-like symptoms (chills, aches, headache, or fatigue) or generally feeling "lousy."


Question: How should I store Imuran?

Answer: Store Imuran at room temperature. DO NOT store this medication in direct heat or light. DO NOT store this medication in the bathroom, near the kitchen sink, or in other damp places. Heat or moisture may cause it to break down. Keep this drug in the container it came in, tightly sealed. Do not keep outdated medicine. Keep this and other drugs out of the reach of children If you're taking Imuran, call your doctor right away if you have any of these warning signs of infection: Fever over 100 ° F (38 ° C).


Question: When should you see a doctor about stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: Usually, ear problems related to a sinus issue aren't severe and don't last long. Most of the time, they go away on their own. See your doctor if: You have a fever. You have head, face, or ear pain, or swelling that doesn't get better with non-prescription medication. Your symptoms last for more than a week or keep coming back.


Question: How can you treat dizziness related to stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: Down lots of water in the evening. When you stay hydrated, it keeps nasal mucus thin. That helps it drain and means less nighttime stuffiness. A build-up of pressure in the inner ear, including pressure caused by sinus problems, can sometimes make you feel dizzy. No fast movements. Don't stand up too quickly or shake your head fast. Avoid caffeine , salt, alcohol, and tobacco products. These can affect your circulation, and minor changes in blood flow can affect your ears.


Question: How can temperature extremes help with stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: Avoid temperature extremes. They can make sinus-related ear problems worse. If your ears bother you, it isn't the time to go jogging on a hot day or build a snow fort with the kids.


Question: What medications can you use to treat stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: This can ease the pressure and pain.


Question: What is the connection between stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Your sinuses and ears are connected inside your head. So sinus congestion and stuffiness can affect the pressure in your ears. Treating the congestion may help. Clogged sinuses can mean more than a stuffy nose. You can also have pain, dizziness, and that muffled-ear sensation, like you're in a descending plane. You can take steps to relieve your ears once you know what the problem is, though.


Question: How can your posture affect stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: Keep your head up. If you bend forward with your head down, it can make the pressure worse. You'll want to skip yoga class until the sinus problem is over.


Question: How can a decongestant help with stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: Over-the-counter tablets or nasal sprays can ease sinus blockage which in turn can relieve clogged ears. But don't use nasal decongestant sprays for more than 3 days, or you will reboundâ¦ meaning the more you use it the more you need it because you're congested.


Question: How can you get moisture to help with stuffy ears and sinuses?

Answer: Use a nasal saline spray several times a day, or hold a warm, moist washcloth to your face. This can ease the pressure and pain. Humidifiers will also help keep your sinuses from drying out. Or you can sit in the bathroom with a hot shower running for 15 minutes to curb pain.


Question: How can I manage my psoriasis?

Answer: It's closely linked with a hard-to-treat type called pustular psoriasis, which affects the palms of your hands and the soles of your feet.


Question: Should I learn as much as I can about psoriasis?

Answer: If you also have relatives with the disease, you're nine times more likely to get it.


Question: How can surgery treat kidney stones?

Answer: Surgery: Another way doctors can get rid of a kidney stone is to cut a small hole in your back and through your kidney in order to remove the stone. If this procedure is done, you could have to stay in the hospital for several days.


Question: How can ureteroscopy treat  kidney stones?

Answer: Your doctor uses a thin, flexible scope to find and remove stones. No cuts are made in your skin. You'll sleep through this procedure. Your doctor will pass the scope through your bladder and ureter into your kidney. She uses a small basket to remove small stones. If the stones are larger, the doctor will pass a laser through the scope to break them up. Typically, you are able to go home on the same day.


Question: How can shock wave lithotripsy treat kidney stones?

Answer: It uses shock waves, which can blast the stone into little pieces. Then, the smaller pieces can more easily be passed in your urine. The treatment takes about an hour, and you can usually go home about an hour later. This treatment doesn't involve any surgical cuts, but there's still some pain. Your doctor will talk over your options with you: sedation, local anesthesia (you're given something to numb the pain but stay awake), general anesthesia (you're not awake during the procedure).


Question: Which foods should I stay away from if I've had kidney stones?

Answer: Avoid certain foods and soft drinks: If you have already had at least one kidney stone, it's a good idea to limit the animal protein you eat each day to a piece about the size of a deck of cards. Some foods, such as eggs, spinach, beets, chocolate, and nuts, as well as colas, have been linked to kidney stones.


Question: What type of kidney stones are struvite stones?

Answer: Struvite stones: Infections, especially in the urinary tract, can cause you to have this kind of stone.


Question: When should I call my doctor about kidney stones?

Answer: They include: Pain in your side or back, below the ribs, which is severe Pain in your groin and lower abdomen Pain that comes and goes and ranges in severity Painful urination and going more often than you usually do Urine that is cloudy, pink, red, or brown, or that has a bad smell Feeling like you need to pee all the time Fever and chills if you have an infection Small amounts of urine when you do go If you are in really bad pain, you probably want to see a doctor. Other signs you should quickly seek medical care include: Being sick to your stomach and throwing up, while in pain Being feverish and cold off and on, while in pain Having bloody urine or a hard time going How does your doctor know if you really do have a kidney stone?


Question: What can cause kidney stones?

Answer: Similarly, if you don't have enough urine in your body to water down the high concentration of minerals, stones can form. Other things that can make you more likely to get kidney stones include: diet diarrhea (which can dehydrate you) obesity certain medical conditions and medications a family history of kidney stones.


Question: How do auras affect the senses?

Answer: You may: Have food cravings Get "hyper" or cranky Be fatigued and yawn more Feel stiff, especially your neck Need to urinate more often Get constipated or have diarrhea Auras often start about an hour or so before the headache. They aren't just distorted vision, though. They can affect any of your senses. Blind spots (scotomas) Vision loss in part of one or both eyes Seeing zigzag patterns (fortification spectra) Seeing flashing lights (scintilla) Seeing, hearing, or smelling things that aren't really there (hallucinations) Prickling, tingling, or numbness (paresthesia) Trouble finding words or speaking (aphasia) The aura usually lasts less than an hour.


Question: What do migraines feel like?

Answer: Migraine pain is steady or throbs. You usually feel it on the front or side of your head, around the eyes. Adults are more likely to hurt on just one side. The headache may last from an hour to 3 days.


Question: Are migraines with auras life-threatening?

Answer: Though they can hurt a lot and make you feel "off," these headaches aren't life-threatening. There are things you can do as well as medications and devices that can help treat the symptoms and prevent migraine with auras.


Question: Is migraine with aura life threatening?

Answer: Though they can hurt a lot and make you feel "off," these headaches aren't life-threatening. There are things you can do as well as medications and devices that can help treat the symptoms and prevent migraine with auras.


Question: How long does migraine with aura last?

Answer: Some symptoms might continue into the headache phase. Migraine pain is steady or throbs. You usually feel it on the front or side of your head, around the eyes. Adults are more likely to hurt on just one side. The headache may last from an hour to 3 days.


Question: What are symptoms of migraine with aura?

Answer: Besides pain, other headache symptoms may include: Upset stomach or vomiting Hot flashes and chills Stuff or runny nose Dizziness or spinning (vertigo) Sore neck or jaw Sensitivity to light, sounds, smells, touch, or motion Confusion Your doctor will give you a physical exam and check your muscles, reflexes, speech, and senses to test the nerves in your head.


Question: What are common triggers of a migraine with aura?

Answer: Common ones include: Foods Medications Stress Being tired, sick, or hungry Hormone level changes Flickering or flashing light Air pressure or altitude changes A headache diary can help you and your doctor figure out what might be setting off your headaches.


Question: What pain relievers are used to treat a migraine with aura?

Answer: Over-the-counter pain-relievers like aspirin, acetaminophen, or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, may help. Your doctor can prescribe larger doses of NSAIDs. ( Do not use aspirin in anyone under the age of 19.)


Question: What drugs can prevent a migraine with aura?

Answer: You take these regularly to reduce the severity or frequency of the headaches. These include seizure medicines, blood pressure medicines (like beta blockers and calcium channel blockers), and some antidepressants. CGRP inhibitors are a new class of preventive medicine that your doctor may recommend if other medicines don't help.


Question: How can you relieve the symptoms of migraine with aura?

Answer: When you're having a migraine with aura, stay in a quiet, dark room. Try cold compresses or pressure on the painful areas. Over-the-counter pain-relievers like aspirin, acetaminophen, or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen, may help. Your doctor can prescribe larger doses of NSAIDs. ( Do not use aspirin in anyone under the age of 19.)


Question: Who is more likely to get migraine with aura?

Answer: Migraine often runs in families. They frequently begin in childhood and get worse through adolescence. Although more boys than girls have migraine, more adult women than men have them. Over time, you'll get fewer, and they become less common after age 50.


Question: Are prescription recipes used to treat a migraine with aura?

Answer: The prescription medications are called triptans and include such medicines as almotriptan ( Axert), eletriptan ( Relpax), frovatriptan ( Frova), naratriptan ( Amerge), rizatriptan ( Maxalt) and sumatriptan ( Imitrex). Ergots ( Migergot, Cafergot) may also be effective in treating migraine pain. Other medications can ease related symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.


Question: What blood tests are used to diagnose a migraine with aura?

Answer: Blood tests and imaging, such as X-ray, CT scan, or MRI, can help rule out other causes like an infection and bleeding.


Question: Where do migraine auras come from?

Answer: The aura which about 25% of migraine sufferers experience is believed to be due to this electrical wave moving across the part of your brain that processes signals from your senses.


Question: Can a headache diary help diagnose a migraine with  aura?

Answer: Common ones include: Foods Medications Stress Being tired, sick, or hungry Hormone level changes Flickering or flashing light Air pressure or altitude changes A headache diary can help you and your doctor figure out what might be setting off your headaches. Note the date and time of the migraine, any foods you ate, what you were doing, and any medication you took before the headache began. It may take several weeks to begin to see a pattern.


Question: What are liquid diets?

Answer: Like the name suggests, liquid diets mean you're getting all, or at least most, of your calories from drinks. Some liquid diets are limited to fruit or vegetable juices, or shakes, that replace all of your meals, taken three or four times a day. You do some of these diets on your own. Others need medical supervision. Other types of liquid diets replace just one or two meals (usually breakfast and lunch) with drinks, and then you eat a healthy dinner. You may also get snacks on some of these plans.


Question: How can I safely get on a liquid diet?

Answer: Pregnant or nursing women, and people who take insulin for diabetes, or anyone with a chronic illness shouldn't go on a liquid diet. If your doctor gives you the OK to go on a liquid diet, you should also see a registered dietitian, who can go over the diet with you and make sure you're getting enough calories and nutrition. Your dietitian might recommend that you take a vitamin or nutritional supplement while you're on the liquid diet. Before you choose a liquid diet plan, know what you're drinking. If you're considering one of the commercial diets, look at the daily values on the nutrition facts label. Be sure you're getting 100% of all the recommended vitamins and minerals. You may also want to pick a diet that is not too low in calories and contains plenty of protein and fiber to keep you feeling full while you lose the weight gradually. Liquid diets that include a solid meal or two per day, or that teach you healthier eating habits, will be more likely to help you keep the weight off in the long run.


Question: Can an automatic external defibrillator (AED) shock a person who is not in cardiac arrest?

Answer: No, the AED treats only a heart in an abnormal rhythm suitable for defibrillation. If a person is in cardiac arrest without such a rhythm, the heart will not respond to electric currents. CPR should be administered until medical help arrives.


Question: What is sudden cardiac death (SCD)?

Answer: Sudden cardiac death ( SCD) is a sudden, unexpected death caused by a lethal heart rhythm (sudden cardiac arrest). It is a leading cause of ''natural deaths'' in the U. S., causing about 295,000 adults to die each year. SCD is responsible for half of all heart disease deaths.


Question: Who can use an AED?

Answer: Most AEDs are designed to be used by non-medical people such as fire department personnel, police officers, lifeguards, flight attendants, security guards, teachers, and even family members of high-risk persons. The goal is to provide access defibrillation when needed as quickly as possible. CPR along with AEDs can dramatically increase survival rates for sudden cardiac arrest.


Question: Who can get sudden cardiac death (SCD)?

Answer: SCD occurs most frequently in adults in their mid-30s to mid-40s, and affects men twice as often as it does women. SCD is rare in children, although the exact prevalence is not known.


Question: How do you treat sudden cardiac death (SCD)?

Answer: Sudden cardiac arrest can be treated if addressed within the first few minutes. The American Heart Association promotes the following four steps, called "the chain of survival:" Early Access to Care. Quick contact with emergency care is essential. Call 911 (in most communities) or your local emergency number immediately. Early Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ( CPR). Learning CPR is the greatest gift you can give your family and friends. If performed properly (see below), CPR can help save a life until emergency medical help arrives. Early Defibrillation. In most adults, sudden cardiac death is related to ventricular fibrillation. Quick defibrillation (delivery of an electrical shock) is necessary to return the heart rhythm to a normal heartbeat. Many public places, such as malls, golf courses, and airports, have automated external defibrillators ( AEDs; see below) available for use in emergency situations. Early Advanced Care. After successful defibrillation, most patients require hospital care to treat and prevent future events. These four steps can increase survival as much as 90% if initiated within the first minutes after sudden cardiac arrest. Survival decreases by about 10% each minute longer.


Question: How can avoiding smoking prevent you from getting prediabetes?

Answer: Smoking is strongly linked to diabetes: People who smoke are 30% to 40% more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those who don't. And people with diabetes who continue smoking are more likely to develop complications such as heart disease and blindness. So the sooner you ditch the cigarettes, the better.


Question: What's the link between paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and aplastic anemia?

Answer: Scientists call this process âhemolysis.â Some doctors believe PNH is related to weak bone marrow. People with a certain type of anemia, called aplastic anemia, are more likely to get PNH. The reverse is also true: People with PNH are more likely to get aplastic anemia, though not everyone does. In this condition, your bone marrow stops making new blood cells.


Question: What will your doctor ask before getting a diagnosis for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)?

Answer: Your doctor will ask about your medical history and any symptoms you've noticed. He may also ask you: Have you noticed blood in your urine? What medications do you take? Have you had any signs of blood clots? Have you had any stomach or digestive problems? Have you been tested for aplastic anemia or a bone marrow disorder?


Question: How can eculizumab (Soliris) help with treating paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)?

Answer: Eculizumab ( Soliris). This drug prevents the breakdown of red blood cells. This can improve anemia, lower or stop the need for blood transfusions, and reduce blood clots. It can make you more likely to get a meningitis infection, so you may need to get a meningitis vaccine.


Question: What causes the symptoms of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)?

Answer: Symptoms of the disease are caused by: Broken red blood cells Too few red blood cells (which can cause anemia) Blood clots in your veins You could have many symptoms or just a few.


Question: What do you need to do when your paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) doesn't get better with usual treatments?

Answer: If your PNH doesn't get better with usual treatments, you may want to ask your doctor if you can take part in a clinical trial. These research studies try out new ways to treat PNH, before they're available to everyone. Ask your doctor what's involved and what you should consider before you sign up.


Question: What tests are done to diagnose paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)?

Answer: One will count of the number of blood cells you have. You will probably also get other tests, such as flow cytometry, which checks on whether your red blood cells have the proteins that should protect them. Your doctor may also check your iron levels or get a sample of your bone marrow. If you have symptoms of a blood clot, he'll use other tests to look for those, too.


Question: Are there surgical treatments for spinal compression fractures?

Answer: When chronic pain from a spinal compression fracture persists despite rest, activity modification, back bracing, and pain medication, surgery is the next step. Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time.


Question: What is kyphoplasty and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Kyphoplasty: This procedure helps correct the bone deformity and relieves the pain associated with spinal compression fractures. During the procedure: A tube is inserted through a half inch cut in the back into the damaged vertebrae. X-rays help ensure the accuracy of the procedure. A thin catheter tube -- with a balloon at the tip -- is guided into the vertebra. The balloon is inflated to create a cavity in which liquid bone cement is injected. The balloon is then deflated and removed, and bone cement is injected into the cavity. The cement mixture hardens in about 10 minutes. "


Question: Is spinal fusion surgery used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Spinal fusion surgery is sometimes used for spinal compression fractures to eliminate motion between two vertebrae and relieve pain. The procedure connects two or more vertebrae together, holds them in the correct position, and keeps them from moving until they have a chance to grow together, or fuse.


Question: How are vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Surgical procedures used to treat spinal fractures are: Vertebroplasty Kyphoplasty Spinal fusion surgery These procedures for spinal compression fractures involve small, minimally invasive incisions, so they require very little healing time. They also use acrylic bone cement that hardens quickly, stabilizing the spinal bone fragments and therefore stabilizing the spine immediately. Most patients go home the same day or after one night's hospital stay.


Question: Are there any drawbacks or side effects of spinal fusion surgery?

Answer: There are drawbacks to spinal fusion surgery. It eliminates the natural movement of the two vertebrae, which limits the person's movement. Also, it puts more stress on vertebrae next to the fusion - increasing the chance of fracture in those vertebrae. Even after healing is complete, patients may need to avoid certain lifting and twisting activities to prevent putting excess stress on the spine. "


Question: Are graft techniques used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: The patient's own bone or bone from a bone bank can be used to create a graft. The patient's own bone marrow or blood platelets -- or a bio-engineered molecule -- can be used to stimulate growth of bone for the procedure.


Question: What occurs during spinal fusion surgery?

Answer: Metal screws are placed through a small tube of bone and into the vertebrae. The screws are attached to metal plates or metal rods that are bolted together in the back of the spine. The hardware holds the vertebrae in place. This stops movement, allowing the vertebrae to fuse. Bone is grafted into the spaces between vertebrae. "