Question: What are the main things that lead to type 2 diabetes?

Answer: With all three, your body can't make or use insulin. This type usually starts in childhood. The main things that lead to it are: Obesity or being overweight. Research shows this is a top reason for type 2 diabetes. Because of the rise in obesity among U. S. children, this type is affecting more teenagers. Impaired glucose tolerance. Prediabetes is a milder form of this condition. It can be diagnosed with a simple blood test. If you have it, there's a strong chance you'll get type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes often starts with cells that are resistant to insulin. That means your pancreas has to work extra hard to make enough insulin to meet your body's needs. Ethnic background. Diabetes happens more often in Hispanic/ Latino Americans, African- Americans, Native Americans, Asian- Americans, Pacific Islanders, and Alaska natives. Gestational diabetes. If you had diabetes while you were pregnant, you had gestational diabetes. This raises your chances of getting type 2 diabetes later in life. Sedentary lifestyle. You exercise less than three times a week. Family history. You have a parent or sibling who has diabetes. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS) have a higher risk. If you're over 45 and overweight or if you have symptoms of diabetes, talk to your doctor about a simple screening test.


Question: What are the main things that lead to type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Your pancreas stops making insulin. You have type 1 diabetes for life. The main things that lead to it are: Family history. If you have relatives with diabetes, chances are higher that you'll get it, too. Anyone who has a mother, father, sister, or brother with type 1 diabetes should get checked. A simple blood test can diagnose it. Diseases of the pancreas. They can slow its ability to make insulin. Infection or illness. Some infections and illnesses, mostly rare ones, can damage your pancreas. This raises your chances of getting type 2 diabetes later in life.


Question: What are the main risk factors for gestational diabetes?

Answer: The main things that lead to it are: Obesity or being overweight. Gestational diabetes. Having glucose intolerance or gestational diabetes in the past makes you more likely to get it again. Family history. If a parent or sibling has had gestational diabetes, you're more likely to get it. The older you are when you get pregnant, the higher your chances are. Ethnic background. Nonwhite women have a greater chance of developing it.


Question: What are some steps to take to delay or prevent diabetes?

Answer: If you have it, there's a strong chance you'll get type 2 diabetes. Manage your blood pressure. Keep your weight within or near a healthy range. Get 30 minutes of exercise on most days. Eat a balanced diet.


Question: What is internal gangrene?

Answer: Types of wet gangrene include: Internal gangrene: If gangrene occurs inside the body due to blocked blood flow to an internal organ, then it is referred to as internal gangrene. This is usually related to an infected organ such as the appendix or colon.


Question: What conditions increase your risk of gangrene?

Answer: Any condition that affects blood flow increases your risk of gangrene, including: Diabetes Atherosclerosis Peripheral arterial disease Smoking Trauma or serious injury Obesity Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition in which the blood vessels that supply the skin become intermittently narrowed) Weakened immune system There are two main types of gangrene: Dry gangrene: More common in people with blood vessel disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, dry gangrene usually affects the hands and feet.


Question: How are antibiotics used to treat gangrene?

Answer: Antibiotics are used to treat and prevent infections. These are usually given by intravenous injection into a vein.


Question: How is maggot therapy used to treat gangrene?

Answer: Maggots provide a non-surgical way to remove dead tissue. When used to treat gangrene, maggots from fly larvae (specially bred in a laboratory so they are sterile) are placed on the wound, where they consume the dead and infected tissue without harming healthy tissue. They also help fight infection and speed up healing by releasing substances that kill bacteria.


Question: How is oxygen therapy used to treat gangrene?

Answer: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be used in some cases of wet gangrene or ulcers related to diabetes or peripheral artery disease. During treatment, the patient is put in a specially designed chamber filled with oxygen at a higher pressure than oxygen found in the outside air. The theory is that this high level of oxygen saturates the blood and encourages healing of the dying tissue. Oxygen therapy may also reduce the growth of bacteria that cannot thrive in an oxygen-rich environment.


Question: What is gas gangrene?

Answer: It occurs when infection develops deep inside the body, such as inside muscles or organs, usually as a result of trauma. The bacteria that causes gas gangrene, called clostridia, release dangerous toxins or poisons that wreak havoc throughout the body, along with gas which can be trapped within body tissue. As the condition progresses, the skin may become pale and gray, and make a crackling sound when pressed, due to the gas within the tissue. Gas gangrene warrants immediate medical treatment. Without treatment, death can occur within 48 hours.


Question: What is dry gangrene?

Answer: Any condition that affects blood flow increases your risk of gangrene, including: Diabetes Atherosclerosis Peripheral arterial disease Smoking Trauma or serious injury Obesity Raynaud's phenomenon (a condition in which the blood vessels that supply the skin become intermittently narrowed) Weakened immune system There are two main types of gangrene: Dry gangrene: More common in people with blood vessel disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, dry gangrene usually affects the hands and feet. It develops when blood flow to the affected area is impaired, usually as a result of poor circulation. In this type, the tissue dries up and may be brown to purplish-blue to black in color and often falls off. Unlike other types of gangrene, infection is typically not present in dry gangrene. However, dry gangrene can lead to wet gangrene if it becomes infected.


Question: How can you prevent gangrene from happening again?

Answer: Often vascular surgery, such as bypass surgery or angioplasty, is needed to restore blood flow. Medication to prevent blood clots may be used in some cases.


Question: What are symptoms of dry gangrene?

Answer: You may notice the following symptoms at the site of the dry gangrene: Dry and shriveled skin that changes color from blue to black and eventually sloughs off Cold and numb skin Pain may or may not be present Symptoms of wet gangrene may include: Swelling and pain at the site of infection Change in skin color from red to brown to black Blisters or sores that produce a bad-smelling discharge (pus) Fever and feeling unwell A crackling noise that comes from the affected area when pressed Internal gangrene usually is painful in the area of the gangrene.


Question: What are symptoms of sepsis related to gangrene?

Answer: Symptoms of sepsis may include: Low blood pressure Rapid heartbeat Shortness of breath Change in body temperature Light-headedness Body pain and rash Confusion Cold, clammy, and pale skin If you think you or a loved one may have sepsis, go to the emergency room immediately.


Question: What is the outlook for gangrene?

Answer: Gangrene is a serious medical condition that requires immediate medical treatment. While most people with dry gangrene recover fully with treatment, gangrene that involves an infection can be life-threatening. The sooner you get treatment, the better your chances of recovery. If you have ongoing and unexplained pain in any area in your body, fever, a wound that is slow to heal, or you notice a change in skin color, make an appointment to see your doctor right away or go to the emergency room.


Question: What is gangrene?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Gangrene is a condition that occurs when body tissue dies. It is caused by a loss of blood supply due to an underlying illness, injury, and/or infection. Fingers, toes, and limbs are most often affected, but gangrene can also occur inside the body, damaging organs and muscles. There are different types of gangrene and all require immediate medical attention.


Question: What are symptoms of wet gangrene?

Answer: You may notice the following symptoms at the site of the dry gangrene: Dry and shriveled skin that changes color from blue to black and eventually sloughs off Cold and numb skin Pain may or may not be present Symptoms of wet gangrene may include: Swelling and pain at the site of infection Change in skin color from red to brown to black Blisters or sores that produce a bad-smelling discharge (pus) Fever and feeling unwell A crackling noise that comes from the affected area when pressed Internal gangrene usually is painful in the area of the gangrene.


Question: How is surgery used to treat gangrene?

Answer: Also called debridement, the dead tissue is surgically removed to prevent the spread of infection. In some situations, amputation (removal of the affected limb, finger or toe) may be required.


Question: What is wet gangrene?

Answer: Wet gangrene: Unlike dry gangrene, wet gangrene almost always involves an infection. Injury from burns or trauma where a body part is crushed or squeezed can rapidly cut off blood supply to the affected area, causing tissue death and increased risk of infection. The tissue swells and blisters and is called "wet" because of pus. Infection from wet gangrene can spread quickly throughout the body, making wet gangrene a very serious and potentially life-threatening condition if not treated quickly.


Question: What is Fournier's gangrene?

Answer: Fournier's gangrene: Also a rare condition, Fournier's gangrene is caused by an infection in the genital area. Men are affected more often than women. If the infection gets into the bloodstream, a condition called sepsis, it can be life-threatening.


Question: What causes gangrene?

Answer: Not only does it transport oxygen and nutrients throughout your body to feed cells, it delivers disease-fighting antibodies that protect your body from infection. When blood cannot travel freely throughout the body, your cells cannot survive, infection can develop, and tissue can die from gangrene. Believe it or not, maggots still play a role in modern medicine.


Question: How can I avoid spreading a sexually transmitted disease?

Answer: To prevent giving an STD to someone else: Stop having sex until you see a doctor and are treated. Follow your doctor's instructions for treatment. Use condoms whenever you have sex, especially with new partners. Don't resume having sex unless your doctor says it's OK. Return to your doctor to get rechecked. Be sure your sex partner or partners also are treated.


Question: Does using condoms with nonoxynol-9 prevent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Answer: Current recommendations are to avoid using condoms with nonoxynol-9. To prevent giving an STD to someone else: Stop having sex until you see a doctor and are treated.


Question: What should you do first and foremost to prevent getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?

Answer: People who are drunk or on drugs often fail to have safe sex. Consider that not having sex is the only sure way to prevent STDs.


Question: When is it time to call the doctor if I have a gout attack?

Answer: You have a higher risk of gout if you: Are overweight Eat foods high in purines (anchovies, asparagus, dried beans, liver, sardines, gravy, beer, and animal organs) Drink too much alcohol Take certain medicines A gout attack will usually go away in about 3 to 10 days. But you can feel better sooner if you treat it. To be sure that you have gout, see your doctor. He'll examine you, and he might do some tests.


Question: How common is gout?

Answer: In the U. S., about 1 person in 50 gets gout. It's more common in men than in women and children. And it tends to run in families. You have a higher risk of gout if you: Are overweight Eat foods high in purines (anchovies, asparagus, dried beans, liver, sardines, gravy, beer, and animal organs) Drink too much alcohol Take certain medicines A gout attack will usually go away in about 3 to 10 days.


Question: What are ways to fight gout?

Answer: The good news is that gout can be controlled with medicine. To manage the pain, apply ice, raise the affected area, rest, and take a pain reliever such as ibuprofen. These steps can help prevent another gout attack: Exercise and eat a balanced diet to control your weight. Drinking lots of water may help prevent uric acid stones. Stay away from sugary drinks. Avoid alcohol. Eat less meat and seafood. Get protein from things like low-fat dairy products (yogurt, cheese, milk). Take medicines to lower uric acid levels. People with gout usually do quite well once they learn to manage an attack and prevent future attacks. The first step is see your doctor to make sure that gout is the real cause of those red, painful, swollen joints.


Question: What tests will help determine if I have gout?

Answer: These test help your doctor know if you have gout, or something else with similar symptoms: Joint fluid test. Fluid is taken from the painful joint with a needle. The fluid is studied under a microscope to see if the crystals are there. Blood test. A blood test can check the level of uric acid. A high level of uric acid doesn't always mean gout. X-ray. Images of the joints will help rule out other problems. Ultrasound. This painless test uses sound waves to look areas of uric acid.


Question: How do I know if I have gout?

Answer: That's because some of the signs are like those for other conditions. Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by too much uric acid in the blood. It can form tiny crystals that settle in your joints. An attack often starts with pain in the big toe, but it can spread or involve other joints. It may happen after an illness or injury. Gout usually affects just one joint at a time. But if it isn't treated, other joints may hurt too. Attacks that came from time to time may become constant. But you can feel better sooner if you treat it. To be sure that you have gout, see your doctor.


Question: What other conditions can gout look like?

Answer: An attack often starts with pain in the big toe, but it can spread or involve other joints. Pseudogout ( SUE-doh-gout) is another form arthritis. The crystals formed in this condition are made of calcium pyrophospate, not uric acid. But like regular gout, the attack comes on all of a sudden. Joints become swollen, warm, painful, and stiff. Reactive arthritis is a reaction to infection that has similar signs. Psoriatic arthritis and infectious arthritis can look like gout, too.


Question: What medications are used to treat bipolar disorder?

Answer: They use medications called mood stabilizers, which include anticonvulsants such as: Carbamazepine ( Tegretol) Lamotrigine ( Lamicta) Lithium Oxcarbazepine ( Trileptal) Valproate ( Depakote) Atypical antipsychotic medications can also stabilize mood. They include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Asenapine ( Saphris) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Sometimes, doctors prescribe a combination of drugs, such as a mood stabilizer and an antidepressant.


Question: What are the depressive symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: Manic symptoms include: Severe changes in mood, either extremely irritable or overly silly and elated Overly-inflated self-esteem, grandiosity More energy Can go with very little or no sleep for days without tiring Talks too much and too fast, changes topics too quickly, or can't be interrupted Distracted, attention moves constantly from one thing to the next Hypersexuality, with more sexual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors; uses explicit sexual language More goal-directed activity or physical agitation Doesn't care about risk, takes on risky behaviors or activities Depressive symptoms include: Sad or irritable mood that doesn't go away Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed Big change in appetite or body weight Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping Physical agitation or slowing Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt Difficulty concentrating Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Bipolar disorder is primarily a mood disorder.


Question: How common is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder?

Answer: Some studies have shown that children and teens diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than adults to also be diagnosed with ADHD.


Question: What are the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer: Manic symptoms include: Severe changes in mood, either extremely irritable or overly silly and elated Overly-inflated self-esteem, grandiosity More energy Can go with very little or no sleep for days without tiring Talks too much and too fast, changes topics too quickly, or can't be interrupted Distracted, attention moves constantly from one thing to the next Hypersexuality, with more sexual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors; uses explicit sexual language More goal-directed activity or physical agitation Doesn't care about risk, takes on risky behaviors or activities Depressive symptoms include: Sad or irritable mood that doesn't go away Loss of interest in activities they once enjoyed Big change in appetite or body weight Difficulty sleeping or oversleeping Physical agitation or slowing Loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt Difficulty concentrating Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Bipolar disorder is primarily a mood disorder.


Question: How common is bipolar disorder?

Answer: The reason isn't entirely clear. The higher rate could be the result of more awareness on the part of health professionals. There are those, though, who say it could be a result of a lack of parenting that leads to behaviors that are tagged as mental illness or other conditions misdiagnosed as bipolar disorder. Some studies have shown that children and teens diagnosed with bipolar disorder are more likely than adults to also be diagnosed with ADHD.


Question: How is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treated?

Answer: Treatment for ADHD includes medications and behavioral therapy. ADHD medications can be psychostimulants, nonstimulants, or antidepressants. These include: Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine ( Adderall, Addera XR) Atomoxetine ( Strattera) Bupropion ( Wellbutrin) Dexmethylphenidate ( Focalin, Focalin XR) Guanfacine ( Intuniv) Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate ( Vyvanse) Methylphenidate ( Concerta, Ritalin) Mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product ( Mydayis) If your doctor suspects your child has bipolar disorder or ADHD, ask how the diagnosis was made and review all of the information that went into it.


Question: What are the symptoms of bipolar disorder in children?

Answer: The definition of mania is not so clear for bipolar disorder in childhood. Some experts say that being irritable, cranky, and negative may be the only signs of mania in children with bipolar disorder. And other experts argue that childhood bipolar disorder may not even be the same disease as adult bipolar disorder.


Question: How is bipolar disorder different from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Bipolar disorder is a persistent and difficult mental illness. ADHD affects attention and behavior; it causes symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While ADHD is chronic or ongoing, bipolar disorder is usually episodic, with periods of normal mood interspersed with depression, mania, or hypomania.


Question: When should you call your doctor about suspected bipolar disorder in children and teens?

Answer: Symptoms of ADHD can have some overlap with symptoms of bipolar disorder. If your child or teenager has five or more symptoms that last for at least a week, call your doctor to get help. With medications and/or psychotherapy, mental health professionals can help stabilize your child's moods. Treatment can also lessen or get rid of the depressed or manic thoughts and behaviors.


Question: What is undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, or poorly treated bipolar disorder associated with?

Answer: But the condition is still difficult to diagnose. When it happens in childhood or adolescence, it can completely disrupt a family's life. Bipolar disorder that's undiagnosed, misdiagnosed, or poorly treated is linked with: Higher rates of suicide attempts and completions Poorer academic performance Difficult relationships Higher rates of substance abuse Multiple hospitalizations In adults, bipolar disorder is marked by mood changes that go from depression to mania.


Question: What are the symptoms of optic neuritis?

Answer: This condition usually comes on quickly, over a few hours or days. You may notice some of these symptoms: Pain when you move your eyes Blurred vision Loss of color vision Trouble seeing to the side A hole in the center of your vision Blindness in rare cases Headache -- a dull ache behind your eyes Adults usually get optic neuritis in only one eye, but children may have it in both.


Question: How do I know if I have optic neuritis?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you have optic neuritis, she'll refer you to a doctor who treats eye diseases, called an ophthalmologist. You'll likely have a routine eye exam to check: Your color vision The smallest letters you can read on a chart Your side, or peripheral, vision She'll also use a test called magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI).


Question: What does it mean if you have optic neuritis?

Answer: It can happen all of a sudden. Your vision gets dim or blurry. You can't see colors. Your eyes hurt when you move them. It's a common problem for people living with multiple sclerosis ( MS). The symptoms can seem scary, but most people recover fully, often without treatment.


Question: How do you know if you have optic neuritis?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you have optic neuritis, she'll refer you to a doctor who treats eye diseases, called an ophthalmologist. You'll likely have a routine eye exam to check: Your color vision The smallest letters you can read on a chart Your side, or peripheral, vision She'll also use a test called magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). It creates a detailed picture of your brain and helps your doctor look for damaged areas called lesions. She may inject dye into a vein in your arm. It will make your optic nerve and brain easier to see. Other tests your doctor might use include: Pupillary reaction test: The doctor will shine a bright light in front of your eyes to see how they respond.


Question: Will a doctor use an MRI to determine if I have optic neuritis?

Answer: She may inject dye into a vein in your arm. It will make your optic nerve and brain easier to see.


Question: Can heat make optic neuritis flare up if I have multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If you have MS, heat can make optic neuritis symptoms flare up again, too -- usually after a hot shower, exercise, fever, or a bout of the flu. Once you cool off, the problems usually go away.


Question: What is the outlook if you have optic neuritis?

Answer: Once your vision is back to normal, you can get optic neuritis again, especially if you have MS. If your symptoms return, be sure to tell your doctor. Report any new symptoms or those that get worse, too.


Question: How long does it take to recover from optic neuritis?

Answer: Some people get better in a few weeks, even without treatment. For others, it can take up to a year. And a few people never fully regain their sight. Even when other symptoms clear up, they may still have trouble with night vision or seeing colors.


Question: Do people recover from optic neuritis?

Answer: Some people get better in a few weeks, even without treatment. For others, it can take up to a year. And a few people never fully regain their sight. Even when other symptoms clear up, they may still have trouble with night vision or seeing colors.


Question: What can trigger optic neuritis?

Answer: If you have MS, heat can make optic neuritis symptoms flare up again, too -- usually after a hot shower, exercise, fever, or a bout of the flu. Once you cool off, the problems usually go away.


Question: What is the treatment for optic neuritis?

Answer: The condition often goes away on its own. To help you heal faster, your doctor will probably give you high-dose steroid drugs through an IV. This treatment may also lower your risk of other MS problems or delay its start if it's the cause.


Question: How can you be affected by optic neuritis?

Answer: You may notice some of these symptoms: Pain when you move your eyes Blurred vision Loss of color vision Trouble seeing to the side A hole in the center of your vision Blindness in rare cases Headache -- a dull ache behind your eyes Adults usually get optic neuritis in only one eye, but children may have it in both.


Question: Do adults get optic neuritis in both eyes?

Answer: You may notice some of these symptoms: Pain when you move your eyes Blurred vision Loss of color vision Trouble seeing to the side A hole in the center of your vision Blindness in rare cases Headache -- a dull ache behind your eyes Adults usually get optic neuritis in only one eye, but children may have it in both.


Question: What is optic neuritis and is it related to multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It can happen all of a sudden. Your vision gets dim or blurry. You can't see colors. Your eyes hurt when you move them. It's a common problem for people living with multiple sclerosis ( MS). The symptoms can seem scary, but most people recover fully, often without treatment.


Question: How is optic neuritis treated?

Answer: The condition often goes away on its own. To help you heal faster, your doctor will probably give you high-dose steroid drugs through an IV. This treatment may also lower your risk of other MS problems or delay its start if it's the cause.


Question: Is optic neuritis a symptom of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It can happen all of a sudden. Optic neuritis is one of the most common symptoms of the relapsing-remitting form of MS. But it can also happen when you take certain medications or if you have diabetes.


Question: What are other treatments for optic neuritis?

Answer: In special cases, your doctor may suggest other treatments, such as: Intravenous immune globulin ( IVIG): You may also hear it called plasma exchange. This is a medication made from blood. You get it through a vein in your arm. It's costly, and doctors aren't completely sure that it works. Vitamin B12 shots. It's rare, but optic neuritis can happen when the body has too little of this nutrient. In these cases, doctors can prescribe extra vitamin B12.


Question: What special treatments might my doctor assign for optic neuritis?

Answer: In special cases, your doctor may suggest other treatments, such as: Intravenous immune globulin ( IVIG): You may also hear it called plasma exchange. This is a medication made from blood. You get it through a vein in your arm. It's costly, and doctors aren't completely sure that it works. Vitamin B12 shots. It's rare, but optic neuritis can happen when the body has too little of this nutrient. In these cases, doctors can prescribe extra vitamin B12.


Question: Can optic neuritis return after it goes away?

Answer: You can get this treatment long-term if you have optic neuritis and your brain MRI shows you have lesions. If your symptoms return, be sure to tell your doctor. Report any new symptoms or those that get worse, too.


Question: How common is optic neuritis?

Answer: It can happen all of a sudden. Optic neuritis is one of the most common symptoms of the relapsing-remitting form of MS.


Question: How does optic neuritis affect vision?

Answer: We don't know why, but sometimes your immune system attacks the fatty coating called myelin that covers and protects your optic nerve. When the myelin is damaged or missing, your optic nerve can't send the right signals to your brain. This can lead to changes in your vision. The test measures the speed at which your optic nerve sends signals to your brain.


Question: What is optic neuritis?

Answer: We don't know why, but sometimes your immune system attacks the fatty coating called myelin that covers and protects your optic nerve. When the myelin is damaged or missing, your optic nerve can't send the right signals to your brain. This can lead to changes in your vision. The test measures the speed at which your optic nerve sends signals to your brain.


Question: What does targeted therapy for sarcoma mean?

Answer: Radiation can shrink the tumor before surgery or kill cancer cells that are left after surgery.


Question: What are the symptoms of soft tissue sarcomas?

Answer: We don't yet know what causes sarcoma, but we do know some things that raise the risk of developing one: Other people in your family have had sarcoma You have a bone disorder called Paget's disease You have a genetic disorder such as neurofibromatosis, Gardner syndrome, retinoblastoma, or Li- Fraumeni syndrome You're been exposed to radiation, perhaps during treatment for an earlier cancer Soft tissue sarcomas are hard to spot, because they can grow anywhere in your body. Most often, the first sign is a painless lump. As the lump gets bigger, it might press against nerves or muscles and make you uncomfortable or give you trouble breathing, or both. There are no tests that can find these tumors before they cause symptoms that you notice.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose sarcoma?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you may have a sarcoma, you'll probably need a full exam and tests, including: A sample of cells from the tumor, called a biopsy Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, an ultrasound, or an MRI, to help see inside your body A bone scan, if you might have osteosarcoma How your sarcoma is treated depends on what type you have, where in your body it is, how developed it is, and whether or not it has spread to other parts of your body, or metastasized.


Question: How are targeted therapies used to treat sarcoma?

Answer: Radiation can shrink the tumor before surgery or kill cancer cells that are left after surgery.


Question: What are the signs of a sarcoma?

Answer: We don't yet know what causes sarcoma, but we do know some things that raise the risk of developing one: Other people in your family have had sarcoma You have a bone disorder called Paget's disease You have a genetic disorder such as neurofibromatosis, Gardner syndrome, retinoblastoma, or Li- Fraumeni syndrome You're been exposed to radiation, perhaps during treatment for an earlier cancer Soft tissue sarcomas are hard to spot, because they can grow anywhere in your body. Most often, the first sign is a painless lump. As the lump gets bigger, it might press against nerves or muscles and make you uncomfortable or give you trouble breathing, or both. There are no tests that can find these tumors before they cause symptoms that you notice.


Question: What is sarcoma?

Answer: Sarcomas are different from the much more common carcinomas because they happen in a different kind of tissue. Sarcomas grow in connective tissue -- cells that connect or support other kinds of tissue in your body. These tumors are most common in the bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage, nerves, fat, and blood vessels of your arms and legs, but they can also happen in other areas of your body.. Although there are more than 50 types of sarcoma, they can be grouped into two main kinds: soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma, or osteosarcoma.


Question: Who is likely to get sarcoma?

Answer: We don't yet know what causes sarcoma, but we do know some things that raise the risk of developing one: Other people in your family have had sarcoma You have a bone disorder called Paget's disease You have a genetic disorder such as neurofibromatosis, Gardner syndrome, retinoblastoma, or Li- Fraumeni syndrome You're been exposed to radiation, perhaps during treatment for an earlier cancer Soft tissue sarcomas are hard to spot, because they can grow anywhere in your body.


Question: What are the symptoms of bone sarcomas?

Answer: Osteosarcoma can show obvious early symptoms, including: Pain off and on in the affected bone, which may be worse at night Swelling, which often starts weeks after the pain A limp, if the sarcoma is in your leg Children and young adults get osteosarcoma more often than adults.


Question: How is surgery done to treat sarcoma?

Answer: Surgery takes the tumor out of your body. In most cases of osteosarcoma, the doctor can remove just the cancer cells, and you won't need your arm or leg removed, too.


Question: Can sarcomas be removed?

Answer: Sarcomas can be treated, often by having surgery to remove the tumor.


Question: Who should see a doctor about osteosarcoma?

Answer: Osteosarcoma can show obvious early symptoms, including: Pain off and on in the affected bone, which may be worse at night Swelling, which often starts weeks after the pain A limp, if the sarcoma is in your leg Children and young adults get osteosarcoma more often than adults. And because healthy, active children and teens often have pain and swelling in their arms and legs, osteosarcoma might be mistaken for growing pains or a sports injury. If your child's pain doesn't get better, gets worse at night, and is in one arm or leg rather than both, talk to a doctor. Adults who have this kind of pain should see a doctor right away.


Question: What causes sarcomas?

Answer: We don't yet know what causes sarcoma, but we do know some things that raise the risk of developing one: Other people in your family have had sarcoma You have a bone disorder called Paget's disease You have a genetic disorder such as neurofibromatosis, Gardner syndrome, retinoblastoma, or Li- Fraumeni syndrome You're been exposed to radiation, perhaps during treatment for an earlier cancer Soft tissue sarcomas are hard to spot, because they can grow anywhere in your body.


Question: How is a sarcoma different from carcinoma?

Answer: Sarcomas are different from the much more common carcinomas because they happen in a different kind of tissue. Sarcomas grow in connective tissue -- cells that connect or support other kinds of tissue in your body. These tumors are most common in the bones, muscles, tendons, cartilage, nerves, fat, and blood vessels of your arms and legs, but they can also happen in other areas of your body.. Although there are more than 50 types of sarcoma, they can be grouped into two main kinds: soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma, or osteosarcoma.


Question: How is sarcoma treated?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you may have a sarcoma, you'll probably need a full exam and tests, including: A sample of cells from the tumor, called a biopsy Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, an ultrasound, or an MRI, to help see inside your body A bone scan, if you might have osteosarcoma How your sarcoma is treated depends on what type you have, where in your body it is, how developed it is, and whether or not it has spread to other parts of your body, or metastasized.


Question: What does the treatment for sarcoma depend on?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you may have a sarcoma, you'll probably need a full exam and tests, including: A sample of cells from the tumor, called a biopsy Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, an ultrasound, or an MRI, to help see inside your body A bone scan, if you might have osteosarcoma How your sarcoma is treated depends on what type you have, where in your body it is, how developed it is, and whether or not it has spread to other parts of your body, or metastasized.


Question: Are there different kinds of sarcoma?

Answer: Although there are more than 50 types of sarcoma, they can be grouped into two main kinds: soft tissue sarcoma and bone sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. About 12,000 cases of soft tissue sarcoma and 1,000 new cases of bone sarcomas will be diagnosed in the U. S. in 2017.


Question: How is sarcoma diagnosed?

Answer: If your doctor thinks you may have a sarcoma, you'll probably need a full exam and tests, including: A sample of cells from the tumor, called a biopsy Imaging tests, such as a CT scan, an ultrasound, or an MRI, to help see inside your body A bone scan, if you might have osteosarcoma How your sarcoma is treated depends on what type you have, where in your body it is, how developed it is, and whether or not it has spread to other parts of your body, or metastasized.


Question: Can chemotherapy be used for sarcoma?

Answer: Chemotherapy drugs can also be used with or instead of surgery. Chemo is often the first treatment when the cancer has spread.


Question: What is surgery for sarcoma?

Answer: Surgery takes the tumor out of your body. In most cases of osteosarcoma, the doctor can remove just the cancer cells, and you won't need your arm or leg removed, too.


Question: What causes osteoporosis?

Answer: Until about age 30, a person normally builds more bone than he or she loses. During the aging process, bone breakdown begins to outpace bone buildup, resulting in a gradual loss of bone mass. Once this loss of bone reaches a certain point, a person has osteoporosis.


Question: How can I get calcium if I am lactose intolerant?

Answer: Although most dairy products may be intolerable, some yogurt and hard cheeses might be digestible. You can also eat lactose-containing food by first treating it with commercial preparations of lactase (which can be added as drops or taken as pills). There are also lactose-free dairy products you can buy. You can also eat lactose-free foods high in calcium, such as leafy green vegetables, salmon (with bones), and broccoli. There are many foods that are fortified with calcium too, such a some orange juices and breads Weight-bearing exercises are activities that make your muscles work against gravity.


Question: How is osteoporosis treated?

Answer: Menopausal women who have had fractures Treatments for established osteoporosis (meaning, you already have osteoporosis) include: Medications such as alendronate ( Binosto, Fosamax), ibandronate ( Boniva), raloxifene ( Evista), risedronate ( Actonel, Atevia), and zoledronic acid ( Reclast, Zometa) Calcium and vitamin D supplements.


Question: How do I protect myself from fractures if I have osteoporosis?

Answer: If you have osteoporosis, it is important to protect yourself against accidental falls, which may result in fractures. Take the following precautions to make your home safe: Remove loose household items, keeping your home free of clutter. Install grab bars on tub and shower walls and beside toilets. Install proper lighting. Apply treads to floors and remove throw rugs.


Question: Are there tests for osteoporosis?

Answer: Bone mineral density ( BMD) tests, or bone measurements, are X-rays that use very small amounts of radiation to determine bone strength.


Question: How is osteoporosis related to menopause?

Answer: There is a direct relationship between the lack of estrogen during perimenopause and menopause and the development of osteoporosis. Early menopause (before age 45) and any prolonged periods in which hormone levels are low and menstrual periods are absent or infrequent can cause loss of bone mass.


Question: Can I take hormone therapy to treat osteoporosis?

Answer: Weight-bearing exercises (which make your muscles work against gravity) Injectable abaloparatide ( Tymlos), teriparatide ( Forteo) or PTH to rebuild bone Injectable denosumab ( Prolia, Xgeva) for women at high risk of fracture when other drugs don't work Hormone therapy Hormone therapy [estrogen] isbelieved to be useful in preventing or alleviating the increased rate of bone loss that leads to osteoporosis. However, using hormone replacement therapy for prevention of osteoporosis alone -- not to treat menopausal symptoms -- is not recommended by the FDA. If you are using hormone therapy only for osteoporosis prevention, be sure to talk to your doctor so you can weigh the benefits of hormone therapy against your personal risk and consider other medications for your bones. If needed, your doctor can prescribe different treatments to help prevent osteoporosis.


Question: Who is more likely to get osteoporosis?

Answer: Petite and thin women have a greater risk of developing osteoporosis in part because they have less bone to lose than women with more body weight and larger frames.


Question: Can weight-bearing exercises help with treating osteoporosis?

Answer: There are many foods that are fortified with calcium too, such a some orange juices and breads Weight-bearing exercises are activities that make your muscles work against gravity. Walking, hiking, stair-climbing, or jogging are all weight-bearing exercises that help build strong bones. Thirty minutes of regular exercise (at least 3 to 4 days a week or every other day) along with a healthy diet may increase peak bone mass in younger people. Older women and men who engage in regular exercise may experience decreased bone loss or even increased bone mass.


Question: How can I prevent osteoporosis?

Answer: There are multiple ways you can help protect yourself against osteoporosis, including: Exercise. Supplements. If you think you need to take a supplement to get enough calcium, check with your doctor first. Estrogen. Limit alcohol consumption and do not smoke. You can also eat lactose-free foods high in calcium, such as leafy green vegetables, salmon (with bones), and broccoli.


Question: What is osteoporosis?

Answer: Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones, increasing the risk of sudden and unexpected fractures. Many times, osteoporosis is not discovered until weakened bones cause painful fractures usually in the back or hips. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to help prevent osteoporosis from ever occurring. And treatments can slow the rate of bone loss if you already have osteoporosis.


Question: What are some alternatives to hormone therapy for osteoporosis?

Answer: Bisphosphonates are used to prevent and/or treat osteoporosis. This drug is a selective estrogen receptor modulator ( SERM) that has many estrogen-like properties. It may increase the risk of blood clots. Teriparatide ( Forteo) and abaloparatide ( Tymlos), are a type of hormone used to treat osteoporosis. It is used to treat women at high risk of fracture when other osteoporosis drugs have not worked. Most of the bisphosphonates that are taken by mouth as well as raloxifene ( Evista) can be given to help prevent osteoporosis in people who are at high risk for fractures.


Question: How do you treat irritated eyes caused by foreign objects?

Answer: Solution: If something feels stuck in your eye, try to wash it out with water. Don't touch your eye or try to remove the object. Keep your eye closed as much as possible and go to an eye doctor or emergency room immediately.


Question: Are foreign objects irritating your eyes?

Answer: Foreign objects: Sand, dirt, and sawdust can make you weepy. They can also scratch your cornea, the clear covering of the front of your eye. Symptoms include pain (which may be worse when you open or shut your eye), redness, watering, and sensitivity to light.


Question: How do I treat medical conditions that irritate my eyes?

Answer: Symptoms include: Always feeling like you have something in your eye Eyelids or lashes that crust over Eyelashes that grow in wrong directions Flakes at the base of your lashes Redness and itching Solution: Your doctor may prescribe medications for chronic dry eyes. There are treatments for blepharitis, too, and your doctor will probably suggest using an eyelid scrub.


Question: How do I keep my eyes healthy and infection-free?

Answer: Replace your mascara often, and never share makeup. Wear wrap-around sunglasses, and use safety glasses if you work with machinery. Keep them moist. Dry eyes are more likely to get inflamed or scarred. Stay away from cigarette smoke. Air conditioning can pull moisture from the air in your house, so run a humidifier if it feels too dry. Ask your doctor if any of your medications might dry out your eyes. Be careful with contacts. Wash your hands before you put in your lenses. See your eye doctor. If you have pain or blurriness, double vision, or a serious eye injury, go to the doctor immediately.


Question: What is pinkeye?

Answer: Infections: Red, itchy pinkeye is a form of conjunctivitis caused by a virus or bacteria. Your eyes put out a sticky or ropy discharge. Your eyelids may crust over. It usually starts in one eye and spreads to the other. And you can infect other people. Solution: Try cool compresses if they're itchy. Your doctor can tell you if the cause is a virus or bacteria. He might prescribe eye drops to treat it.


Question: How do you treat allergies that cause eye irritation?

Answer: Solution: Try over-the-counter antihistamine eye drops or allergy pills. A cool compress may soothe the itching.


Question: What should I do if something feels stuck in my eye?

Answer: Foreign objects: Sand, dirt, and sawdust can make you weepy. They can also scratch your cornea, the clear covering of the front of your eye. Symptoms include pain (which may be worse when you open or shut your eye), redness, watering, and sensitivity to light. Solution: If something feels stuck in your eye, try to wash it out with water. Don't touch your eye or try to remove the object. Keep your eye closed as much as possible and go to an eye doctor or emergency room immediately.


Question: What medical conditions can irritate my eyes?

Answer: Medical conditions: Rheumatoid arthritis and SjÃ¶gren's syndrome can cause dry eyes as well as more serious problems. Bacteria or a form of dandruff can cause blepharitis, a chronic condition that involves inflammation of the eyelids.


Question: How do I soothe common eye irritants?

Answer: Irritants: Other things that can make your eyes red and itchy include tobacco smoke, chlorinated pool water, and even the air around indoor pools. Solution: Rinse your eyes with clean, warm water, and use artificial tears to soothe them.


Question: How do you treat what's irritating your eyes?

Answer: Solution: Rinse your eyes with clean, warm water, and use artificial tears to soothe them.


Question: Is an allergy irritating your eyes?

Answer: Allergies: Your eyes let you know when it's allergy season, or if your new partner's pet gives off dander. Itchy, watery, swollen, and red eyes are signs of allergic conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the membrane that covers the whites of your eyes. Sometimes this happens along with nasal allergy symptoms.


Question: Are medical conditions causing your irritated eyes?

Answer: Medical conditions: Rheumatoid arthritis and SjÃ¶gren's syndrome can cause dry eyes as well as more serious problems. Bacteria or a form of dandruff can cause blepharitis, a chronic condition that involves inflammation of the eyelids. Symptoms include: Always feeling like you have something in your eye Eyelids or lashes that crust over Eyelashes that grow in wrong directions Flakes at the base of your lashes Redness and itching Solution: Your doctor may prescribe medications for chronic dry eyes.


Question: What can you do to keep your eyes healthy and happy?

Answer: Keep your eye closed as much as possible and go to an eye doctor or emergency room immediately. Follow these steps: Give them a break. Replace your mascara often, and never share makeup. Wear wrap-around sunglasses, and use safety glasses if you work with machinery. Keep them moist. Dry eyes are more likely to get inflamed or scarred. Stay away from cigarette smoke. Air conditioning can pull moisture from the air in your house, so run a humidifier if it feels too dry. Ask your doctor if any of your medications might dry out your eyes. Be careful with contacts. Wash your hands before you put in your lenses.


Question: Are your contacts or eye makeup causing irritated eyes?

Answer: Symptoms include pain (which may be worse when you open or shut your eye), redness, watering, and sensitivity to light. Solution: If something feels stuck in your eye, try to wash it out with water. Dry eyes are more likely to get inflamed or scarred.


Question: What are the stages of sleep?

Answer: When you get your ZZZs, you cycle between REM and non- REM sleep. REM stands for rapid eye movement. During REM sleep, your eyes move quickly in different directions. That doesn't happen during non- REM sleep. First comes non- REM sleep, followed by a shorter period of REM sleep, and then the cycle starts over again. Dreams typically happen during REM sleep.


Question: How does your sleep change as you age?

Answer: As you get older, you sleep more lightly and get less deep sleep. Aging is also linked to shorter time spans of sleep, although studies show you still need as much sleep as when you were younger.


Question: What is ginger?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Ginger grows in China, India, Africa, the Caribbean, and other warm climates. The root of the ginger plant is well known as a spice and flavoring. It's been a traditional remedy in many cultures for thousands of years.


Question: What are interactions when taking ginger?

Answer: Always tell your doctor about herbal medicines you take, including ginger Interactions. If you take any medications regularly, talk to your doctor before you start using ginger supplements. They could interact with blood thinners and medications for diabetes and high blood pressure.


Question: How safe is ginger?

Answer: The U. S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) does regulate dietary supplements; however, it treats them like foods rather than medications. Unlike drug manufacturers, the makers of supplements don't have to show their products are safe or effective before selling them on the market.


Question: What are the side effects of taking ginger?

Answer: Side effects. In small doses, ginger has few side effects. High doses of ginger -- more than 5 grams a day -- increases the chances of side effects. Ginger on the skin may cause a rash. Consumption may cause: Gas Heartburn Upset stomach Mouth irritation High doses of ginger -- more than 5 grams a day -- increase the chances of side effects.


Question: What are the risks of taking ginger?

Answer: Ginger may raise the risk of bleeding. If you have a bleeding disorder, it may not be safe. Always tell your doctor about herbal medicines you take, including ginger Interactions.


Question: How much ginger should you take?

Answer: It's been a traditional remedy in many cultures for thousands of years. Quality and active ingredients in supplements may vary widely from maker to maker. This makes it very hard to set a standard dose. Ask your doctor for advice.


Question: Can you get ginger naturally from foods?

Answer: The root of the ginger plant is well known as a spice and flavoring. Many people drink ginger teas or soft drinks.


Question: What are the side effects of antipsychotics for schizophrenia?

Answer: Other, even newer atypical antipsychotics include: Brexpiprazole ( Rexulti) Cariprazine ( Vraylar) While the first-generation, older meds usually cost less, they can have different side effects than the newer antipsychotics. Some can cause higher levels of the hormone prolactin. This can affect sex drive, mood, menstrual cycles, and growth of breast tissue in both men and women. One of the common side effects of many of the newer antipsychotics is weight gain. Your loved one may also have trouble keeping his blood sugar and cholesterol levels under control. One of the more serious side effects from long-term use of both the older and newer medications is a movement disorder called tardive dyskinesia. It makes your facial, tongue, and neck muscles move uncontrollably and can be permanent. While both older and newer antipsychotics can cause tardive dyskinesia, researchers believe that the odds are higher with the older antipsychotics. Antipsychotics come with other side effects as well. Your loved one could have any of the following: Weight gain Sexual problems Drowsiness Dizziness Restlessness Dry mouth Constipation Nausea Blurred vision Low blood pressure Seizures Low white blood cell count Be sure he sees his doctor regularly while he's taking antipsychotic medication.


Question: How do doctors know what medications work best for schizophrenia?

Answer: Doctors will choose which medication is best by looking at the following: How well it works on his symptoms How much it will cost Side effects How easily he can get it How often he has to take it There are two groups of antipsychotics.


Question: How can get someone to remember to take medications for schizophrenia?

Answer: If you think he might have trouble remembering to take medicine every day, he can try a shot he gets from his doctor once or twice a month called a long-acting injectable antipsychotic medication ( LAI). It works just as well as taking a daily pill.


Question: What are the different types of antipsychotic medication for schizophrenia?

Answer: Doctors will choose which medication is best by looking at the following: How well it works on his symptoms How much it will cost Side effects How easily he can get it How often he has to take it There are two groups of antipsychotics. Doctors call the older group of medications âfirst-generation,â âtypical,â or âconventionalâ antipsychotics. Some common ones are: Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine) Fluphenazine ( Prolixin) Haloperidol ( Haldol) Perphenazine ( Trilafon) Thioridazine ( Mellaril) Thiothixene ( Navane) Trifluoperazine ( Stelazine) The newer ones are called âsecond-generation,â or âatypicalâ antipsychotics. Examples of these medicines include: Aripiprazole ( Abilify) Aripiprazole lauroxil ( Aristada) Asenapine ( Saphris) Clozapine ( Clozaril) Iloperidone ( Fanapt) Lurasidone ( Latuda) Olanzapine ( Zyprexa) Paliperidone ( Invega Sustenna) Paliperidone palmitate ( Invega Trinza) Quetiapine ( Seroquel) Risperidone ( Risperdal) Ziprasidone ( Geodon) Note: Clozapine is the only FDA-approved medication for treating schizophrenia that is resistant to other treatments. It's also indicated for decreasing suicidal behaviors in those with schizophrenia who are at risk.


Question: How should you provide support for someone taking medications for schizophrenia?

Answer: Schizophrenia can make it hard to stick to a medication plan. Your loved one will need a strong support system. Learn as much as you can about schizophrenia and be part of the decision-making process with your loved one's doctor. Surrounding him with people who care about his well-being is also key. When he starts to take his medication, he may feel better right away. But it may take up to 4 to 6 weeks before symptoms like hallucinations and delusions get better. Be sure he keeps taking it long enough for his doctor to know if it's working. Sometimes it can take several tries to find out which medication works best.


Question: How do antipsychotics work to treat schizophrenia?

Answer: They ease symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations. Doctors call the older group of medications âfirst-generation,â âtypical,â or âconventionalâ antipsychotics. But it may take up to 4 to 6 weeks before symptoms like hallucinations and delusions get better.


Question: How long does someone need to take medications for schizophrenia?

Answer: If you have a loved one with schizophrenia, you want them to get help as quickly as possible. He can take antipsychotics as a liquid, a pill, or as an injection.


Question: How often should you see your doctor when taking antipsychotics for schizophrenia?

Answer: But you have to be sure your family member takes his medication. And encourage him to talk to his doctor if he has any concerns about side effects.


Question: How is schizophrenia treated?

Answer: But you have to be sure your family member takes his medication. Learn as much as you can about schizophrenia and be part of the decision-making process with your loved one's doctor. Surrounding him with people who care about his well-being is also key.


Question: What types of cancer can secondhand smoke cause?

Answer: Secondhand smoke can cause other types of cancer: Bladder Brain Breast Larynx Pharynx Rectum Sinus Stomach You're also more likely to get heart disease and stroke.


Question: What is in secondhand smoke?

Answer: Secondhand smoke is what you breathe in when people around you smoke cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, or pipes. About 7,330 lung cancer deaths every year result from secondhand smoke. They include poisons, radioactive elements, and metals: Arsenic (a well-known poison) Benzene Beryllium 1,3 Butadiene Cadmium Chromium Ethylene oxide Nickel Polonium Vinyl chloride Formaldehyde Benzo[Î±]pyrene Toluene When you breathe it in, the smoke and its toxic chemicals go deep into your lungs and damage the lining.


Question: What is secondhand smoke?

Answer: But you could still get it if you hang out around people who do smoke. Secondhand smoke is what you breathe in when people around you smoke cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, or pipes. You can also take it in if you ride in a car with someone who's smoking, even if the air conditioner is on or the windows are open.


Question: How can you protect yourself from secondhand smoke?

Answer: The amount from just one cigarette is enough to do you harm. Don't let anyone smoke in your house or car. If a houseguest wants to smoke, ask her to take it outside. Pick smoke-free restaurants, and ask for nonsmoking rooms at hotels and motels.


Question: How does a free flap procedure work?

Answer: Free flap procedure. A free flap procedure is often performed during breast reconstruction or following surgery to remove head or neck cancer. During the procedure, muscle, skin, or bone is transferred along with the original blood supply from one area of the body (donor site) to the surgical site in order to reconstruct the area. The procedure often involves the use of microsurgery. Healing of the surgical site can be slow and require frequent wound care. Total recovery may take six to eight weeks or longer.


Question: What are other general signs of infection that will require medical treatment?

Answer: If you notice any of the following symptoms of infection, it is important that you call your health care provider as soon as possible. A persistent elevation of body temperature greater than 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit ( Take your temperature daily, at the same time each day Sweats or chills Skin rash Sore or scratchy throat or pain when swallowing Sinus drainage, nasal congestion, headaches, or tenderness along the upper cheekbones Persistent, dry or moist cough that lasts more than two days White patches in your mouth or on your tongue Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Trouble urinating: pain or burning, constant urge or frequent urination Bloody, cloudy, or foul-smelling urine


Question: How does skin changes after cosmetic surgery?

Answer: You also may notice numbness, a tingling sensation, or minimal feeling around your incisions. This is normal. These sensations will continue to improve over the next few months. If you notice any of the following symptoms of infection, it is important that you call your health care provider as soon as possible.


Question: Why is it important to discuss alternative treatments for acne with your doctor before you try any?

Answer: Alternative treatments, though, do not need to be tested and shown to be safe before they are sold online or placed on store shelves in the U. S. So, be sure to discuss the pros and cons of any alternative remedy with your doctor or dermatologist before starting treatment.


Question: How effective is tea tree oil as an alternative treatment for acne?

Answer: Topical treatment with tea tree oil is considered safe for most adults. It may, though, trigger an allergic skin reaction in some people. This is especially true if it has oxidized after exposure to air. Tea tree oil should never be taken orally. It can cause toxic reactions ranging from rash to coma.


Question: How effective is manuka honey as an alternative treatment for acne?

Answer: To date, however, there have been no definitive studies to prove or disprove the effectiveness of manuka honey.


Question: How effective are tannins as an alternative treatment for acne?

Answer: Some practitioners of alternative and complementary medicine recommend topical treatments containing tannins or fruit acids. Tannins have natural astringent properties. They can be gotten by boiling a mixture of 5 to 10 grams of extract of bark from such trees as witch hazel, white oak, or English walnut in one cup of water. Commercial preparations, though, are not recommended. The distillation process removes the tannins.


Question: How effective are alternative treatments for acne?

Answer: People with acne often turn to complementary or alternative treatments. But the American Academy of Dermatology ( AAD) says that "all-natural supplements" have not been shown to be effective, and some may even be harmful. For example, the group cites an over-the-counter ( OTC) acne supplement that contained more than 200 times the amount of selenium stated on the label. Alternative acne treatments haven't been well-studied. Conventional acne treatments don't always work for everyone.


Question: What's the difference between arthritis and osteoarthritis?

Answer: Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative joint disease, is the most common type of arthritis. It is associated with a breakdown of cartilage in joints and commonly occurs in the hips, knees, and spine. It also often affects the finger joints, the joint at the base of the thumb, and the joint at the base of the big toe. Cartilage is a firm, rubbery material that covers the ends of bones in normal joints ( See Figure 1).


Question: Can glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate help with osteoarthritis?

Answer: Surgery may help relieve osteoarthritis pain when other treatment options have not been effective. Glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are components of normal cartilage. The supplements are well-tolerated and safe. Because these supplements stimulate the production of new cartilage components, it is thought that they may be able to help the body repair cartilage damaged by osteoarthritis. To date, there has not been any convincing proof in humans that glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates can help rebuild cartilage or prevent damage to cartilage.


Question: How can adding fiber to your diet help you age well?

Answer: It's an easy way to eat your way to better health with every meal and snack. Swap out your white bread for whole grain. Add kidney beans to your soup or apple slices to your salad. Fiber fills you up and for longer. It cuts your cholesterol levels and lowers your chance of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and colon cancer. It also helps you avoid constipation, which is more common in older adults. After age 50, men should aim for 30 grams of fiber a day and women should get 21 grams a day.


Question: How can tai chi help you age well?

Answer: This gentle Chinese exercise combines slow movements and deep breathing. It's like meditating while you move. Tai chi may help older people avoid falls, a top cause of injury among seniors. It also can: Ease stress Improve balance Strengthen muscles Increase flexibility Lessen arthritis pain It's often better to get your nutrients from food, not a pill.


Question: How can you age well by quitting tobacco?

Answer: Tobacco kills. It harms almost every organ in your body. Cigarettes, chewing tobacco, and other products with nicotine cause heart disease, cancer, lung and gum disease, and many other health problems. It's never too late to quit. Your body begins to heal within 20 minutes of your last cigarette. Your chance of a heart attack goes down right away. In a year, your odds of heart disease drop by half. You'll also live longer. Ask your doctor for help.


Question: What supplements can help you age well?

Answer: After age 50, your body does need more of some vitamins and minerals from foods or supplements than before. They include: Calcium (to keep bones strong) Vitamin D ( Most people get it from sunlight, but some seniors may not get out enough.) Vitamin B12 ( Older people have trouble absorbing it from foods, so you may need fortified cereals or a supplement.) Vitamin B6 ( It keeps your red blood cells strong to carry oxygen throughout your body.) Tell your doctor about any supplements you take so you can avoid bad interactions with any medications or treatments.


Question: How can regular exercise help you age well?

Answer: Aim for 30 minutes every day. If that's too much, break it up into shorter strolls. Regular exercise -- especially if you do it briskly enough to feel a little breathless -- delivers huge health benefits. It help keep brain cells healthy by delivering more blood and oxygen. In fact, research suggests aerobic exercise may delay or improve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.


Question: How can eating healthy foods help you age well?

Answer: It's more a way of eating than a formal diet. You load up on veggies, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and low-fat dairy. You eat less fatty meats, butter, sugar, salt, and packaged foods. Many studies have found that this diet can help you live longer and protects against heart disease, cancer, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. Researchers believe one way it works is by physically changing parts of your chromosomes linked to age-related diseases.


Question: How can staying optimistic help you age well?

Answer: People with a rosier outlook live longer and have fewer heart attacks and depression than more negative people. Positive emotions may even lower virus counts in people with HIV. You can learn to be optimistic. It can help lower stress. Reframe. Spin your thoughts to the good things instead of dwelling on the bad. Keep a gratitude journal. Do good things for others.


Question: How can staying connected help you age well?

Answer: If you feel lonely -- whether you live alone or with someone, have lots of friends or none -- you are more likely to get dementia or depression. Just connect. That can help keep your body clock in sync so you get the sleep you need.


Question: How can sticking to sleep help you age well?

Answer: Aim for 30 minutes every day. It also helps: Control your weight Boost your mood Keep bones and muscles strong Helps you sleep better Makes you less likely to get heart disease, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol Loneliness is harmful to your health. Do volunteer work or simply help someone in need. It also helps you avoid constipation, which is more common in older adults. It just takes time and practice. Spin your thoughts to the good things instead of dwelling on the bad. Ask your doctor if any of your meds might be keeping you awake.


Question: What are low-salt cooking tips if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: For favorite recipes, you may need to use other ingredients and cut out or use less salt. Try orange or pineapple juice as a base for meat marinades. Check the sodium on food labels. Choose frozen entrees that have 600 milligrams or less of sodium. Limit yourself to one of these frozen entrees per day. Use fresh, frozen, no-added-salt canned vegetables. Rinse them first. If you buy canned soup, look for low-sodium ones. Avoid mixed seasonings and spice blends that include salt, such as garlic salt.


Question: Where can you get carbs?

Answer: Carbs give you fuel. They affect your blood sugar faster than fats or protein. You'll mainly get them from: Fruit Milk and yogurt Bread, cereal, rice, pasta Starchy vegetables like potatoes, corn, and beans Some carbs are simple, like sugar.


Question: What is the difference between simple and complex carbs?

Answer: You'll mainly get them from: Fruit Milk and yogurt Bread, cereal, rice, pasta Starchy vegetables like potatoes, corn, and beans Some carbs are simple, like sugar. Other carbs are complex, like those found in beans, nuts, vegetables, and whole grains. Complex carbohydrates are better for you because they take longer for your body to digest. They give you steady energy and fiber.


Question: What is a garlicky substitute for salt?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary


Question: What fiber supplements are available for people with diabetes?

Answer: Examples include psyllium, methylcellulose, wheat dextrin, and calcium polycarbophil. If you take a fiber supplement, increase the amount you take slowly. This can help prevent gas and cramping. It's also important to drink enough liquids when you increase your fiber intake.


Question: What happens if you don't eat the right amount of carbs when you have diabetes?

Answer: If you eat too little, your blood sugar level may fall too low. You can manage these shifts by knowing how to count carbs.


Question: What are the ingredients for a spicy blend to replace salt if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary


Question: What fiber supplements can you take if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: So focus on these foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables Cooked dried beans and peas Whole-grain breads, cereals, and crackers Brown rice Bran foods It's best to get fiber from food. But if you can't get enough, then taking fiber supplements can help. Examples include psyllium, methylcellulose, wheat dextrin, and calcium polycarbophil. If you take a fiber supplement, increase the amount you take slowly. This can help prevent gas and cramping. It's also important to drink enough liquids when you increase your fiber intake.


Question: What are carbs and how do they affect blood sugar?

Answer: Carbs give you fuel. They affect your blood sugar faster than fats or protein. You'll mainly get them from: Fruit Milk and yogurt Bread, cereal, rice, pasta Starchy vegetables like potatoes, corn, and beans Some carbs are simple, like sugar.


Question: What are the best foods to get fiber from?

Answer: So focus on these foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables Cooked dried beans and peas Whole-grain breads, cereals, and crackers Brown rice Bran foods It's best to get fiber from food.


Question: What are the ingredients for herb seasoning to replace salt if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Spicy Blend 2 tablespoons dried savory, crumbled 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground white pepper 1 tablespoon dry mustard 1/4 teaspoon ground cumin 2 1/2 teaspoons onion powder 1/2 teaspoon garlic powder 1/4 teaspoon curry powder Saltless Surprise 2 teaspoons garlic powder 1 teaspoon basil 1 teaspoon oregano 1 teaspoon powdered lemon rind or dehydrated lemon juice Herb Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried dill weed or basil leaves, crumbled 1 teaspoon celery seed 2 tablespoons onion powder 1/4 teaspoon dried oregano leaves, crumbled A pinch of freshly ground pepper Spicy Seasoning 1 teaspoon cloves 1 teaspoon pepper 2 teaspoons paprika 1 teaspoon coriander seed (crushed) 1 tablespoon rosemary


Question: What should your diet focus on if you have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: It's also important to drink enough liquids when you increase your fiber intake. Diabetes makes you more likely to get heart disease.


Question: What fats should I avoid if I have diabetes?

Answer: So you'll want to limit unhealthy fat such as saturated fat and trans fats. The main sources of saturated fats are cheese, beef, milk, and baked items. Avoid trans fats, which are bad for your heart. Check the ingredients list for "partially hydrogenated" oils. Also, know that if a product says "0 grams trans fat," it may actually have up to half a gram of trans fat per serving.


Question: What foods should you focus on if you have diabetes?

Answer: When you build your diet, four key things to focus on are carbs, fiber, fat, and salt. Diabetes makes you more likely to get heart disease.


Question: How does fiber help with type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Counting grams of carbohydrate, and splitting them evenly between meals, will help you control your blood sugar. People who eat high-fiber diets tend to be less likely to get high blood pressure and heart disease. So focus on these foods: Fresh fruits and vegetables Cooked dried beans and peas Whole-grain breads, cereals, and crackers Brown rice Bran foods It's best to get fiber from food. For favorite recipes, you may need to use other ingredients and cut out or use less salt.


Question: What drugs can cause schizophrenia?

Answer: Studies show that taking certain mind-altering drugs called psychoactive or psychotropic drugs, such as methamphetamine or LSD, can make you more likely to get schizophrenia. Some research has shown that marijuana use has a similar risk. The younger you start and the more often you use these drugs, the more likely you are to have symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate emotions, and trouble thinking clearly.


Question: How do genetics cause schizophrenia?

Answer: Think of your genes as a blueprint for your body. If there's a change to these instructions, it can sometimes increase your odds for developing diseases like schizophrenia. Doctors don't think there's just one âschizophrenia gene.â Instead, they think it takes many genetic changes, or mutations, to raise your chances of having the mental illness.


Question: How can the environment cause schizophrenia?

Answer: If you were exposed to certain viral infections before you were born, research suggests that your chances may go up. This could also be true if you didn't get proper nutrition while your mother was pregnant with you, especially during her first 6 months of pregnancy.


Question: How does your brain change if you have schizophrenia?

Answer: Scientists are looking at possible differences in brain structure and function in people with and people without schizophrenia. In people with schizophrenia, they found: Spaces in the brain, called ventricles, were larger. Studies of brain tissue in people with schizophrenia after death even show that their brain structure is often different than it was at birth.


Question: How can you ease psoriatic arthritis symptoms?

Answer: Keep your weight healthy, which takes pressure off your joints.


Question: How can applying heat and coldness help with psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: You can use a warm towel, hot pack, or take a warm bath or shower. Coldness can cut back on swelling and ease pain. You can cool down with a bag of ice or with frozen veggies wrapped in a towel.


Question: Can you exercise if you have psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Just make sure you stick with what your doctor says is OK for you -- probably low-impact activities like walking, swimming, or biking.


Question: How can you keep your psoriatic arthritis symptoms under control?

Answer: It's natural to have flare-ups, but then you'll have times where you feel better. If you notice any new symptoms, tell your doctor. That'll help keep things in check so you don't have more joint damage. You can keep your symptoms under control with treatment.


Question: How can you exercise to help with psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: You can work out on your own or with the help of a physical therapist. Warm up first, so your muscles can ease into it. One of your best options is water therapy, also called hydrotherapy or aqua therapy. It's an exercise program held in a pool. The water takes some of the weight off your joints, so it may be easier for you to do well. Whatever exercise you choose, make sure it's one you'll like enough to do it regularly. Also, try to be active throughout your day. You can garden, give the dog an extra walk, and fit in some stretches while you're at your kid's sports practice.


Question: What are the three ways to protect your joints if you have psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Get out there. You can work out on your own or with the help of a physical therapist. Also, try to be active throughout your day. Just look for ways to do them that take the stress off your joints. The way you walk, sit, stand, or hold things can help. Make these three things a habit: 1. Pace yourself. Switch between heavy, hard, or repetitive tasks and light or easy tasks. Make sure you take breaks. Use larger, stronger joints when you can, instead of smaller ones. For example, wear a shoulder bag rather than a handheld purse.


Question: How can you ease psoriatic and arthritis symptoms?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you exactly what you need to do. When you make exercise a habit, you can: Ease arthritis symptoms.


Question: How can you protect your joints if you have psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you exactly what you need to do. You can work out on your own or with the help of a physical therapist. The water takes some of the weight off your joints, so it may be easier for you to do well. Also, try to be active throughout your day. Sit and stand up straight, and don't arch your back. Good posture helps you feel better.


Question: Does exercise help prevent constipation?

Answer: Also, be sure to exercise regularly.


Question: How can you get fiber to prevent constipation?

Answer: Also, get sufficient fiber by eating: Fruits Vegetables Grains Fiber is critical, because most of our stool is actually made up of bacteria, and fiber provides the bacteria a good place to grow. Sounds strange, but the interaction results in a larger volume of stool and better bowel function.


Question: Can drinking water help prevent constipation?

Answer: Six to eight glasses a day is a good rule.


Question: How much exercise is too much exercise if I have rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Most experts agree that if exercise causes pain that lasts for more than one hour, it is too strenuous. People with arthritis should work with their physical therapist or doctor to adjust their exercise program when they notice any of the following signs of strenuous exercise: Unusual or persistent fatigue Increased weakness Decreased range of motion Increased joint swelling Continuing pain


Question: Should I exercise with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Sports are not off-limits, either, but ask your doctor which are best for you. The doctor may have suggestions about how to get started or may refer you to a physical therapist, preferably one who has experience working with people who have arthritis. The therapist will design an appropriate home exercise program and teach you about pain relief methods, proper body mechanics (placement of the body for a given task, such as lifting a heavy box), joint protection, and conserving energy. Stretch and warm up with range-of-motion exercises. Choose the exercise program you enjoy most and make it a habit.


Question: How is polyuria treated?

Answer: How you stop polyuria depends on what's causing it. For example, if you have diabetes that isn't under control, you may need to make changes to your treatments. If a medicine you take is the cause, talk to your doctor about switching to another drug or changing your dose. At home, cut back on how much fluid you drink, especially those that have alcohol and caffeine.


Question: What medicines can cause polyuria?

Answer: Different drugs can lead to polyuria: Calcium channel blockers. These medications open your blood vessels and can lead to your body making more urine.


Question: How are diabetes and polyuria connected?

Answer: Polyuria is often one of the first signs of diabetes. The condition makes sugar build up in your bloodstream. If your kidneys aren't able to filter it out, it exits your body in your urine. As the extra sugar and fluids travel through your kidneys, you have to pee more. Plus, the more you go, the thirstier you feel, and the more you'll drink.


Question: How common is rejection in transplants?

Answer: Organ rejection can be acute or chronic. It's fairly common to have an episode of acute rejection within a year of your transplant. Sometimes, acute rejection leads to chronic rejection. This is when an organ slowly loses its ability to function. Rejection becomes less likely over time. But you're never quite out of the woods. It may develop even years after the surgery. That's why it's key to keep on top of your condition and get regular checkups.


Question: What are the signs of rejection in a transplant?

Answer: Symptoms vary depending on the kind of organ transplant you've had. General signs include: Pain at the site of the transplant Feeling unwell Crankiness (in children) Flu-like symptoms Fever Weight changes Swelling Change in heart rate Urinating less often See your health care provider right away if you have any of these symptoms.


Question: Does organ transplant rejection mean I'm going to lose the organ?

Answer: If you're living with a transplant, "rejection" is a word that can send shivers up your spine. But organ rejection is often not as bad as it sounds. Once you've established a new medication regimen that works, you can usually go back to business as usual. But that doesn't mean you can ignore the problem. Be on the lookout for the signs of rejection.


Question: When should I call my doctor if I'm concerned my child is showing signs of opposition defiant disorder?

Answer: You should call your doctor if you notice your child acts this way around at least one person, other than a sibling, for at least 6 months.


Question: At what age do kids usually see a doctor for oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer: Signs of oppositional defiant disorder include: Temper tantrums Refusing to obey rules and arguing with adults Intentionally annoying people, but also getting annoyed easily Saying mean things, talking about getting revenge, and hurting people Trying to blame others for things they do Like ADHD, your doctor will also probably wait until your child is at least 4 to diagnose oppositional defiant disorder. This kind of behavior can be ânormalâ at 2 or 3 years old, but it becomes a problem if it continues as your child gets older. She'll want to wait to make a firm diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder until your child's behavior is more extreme than what is age-appropriate.


Question: What are the signs of oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer: Signs of oppositional defiant disorder include: Temper tantrums Refusing to obey rules and arguing with adults Intentionally annoying people, but also getting annoyed easily Saying mean things, talking about getting revenge, and hurting people Trying to blame others for things they do Like ADHD, your doctor will also probably wait until your child is at least 4 to diagnose oppositional defiant disorder.


Question: At what age is ADHD usually evaluated and diagnosed?

Answer: The âattention-deficitâ part of ADHD can make kids: Unfocused and easily distracted Disorganized and forgetful Unable to follow through on instructions Appear not to listen The âhyperactivityâ part causes: Fidgeting and squirming Running and climbing instead of sitting Inability to take turns and wait in line Constant talking and interrupting Inability to play quietly Your doctor probably won't suggest an ADHD evaluation before age 4. Things like lack of attention span and not sitting still are part of normal development in children younger than that. Language delays at a young age can also be mistaken for ADHD. She won't make a firm diagnosis of ADHD until your child's symptoms are worse than what is age-appropriate.


Question: How does oppositional defiant disorder differ from ADHD?

Answer: Unlike kids with ADHD, those who have oppositional defiant disorder don't just have a hard time listening, paying attention, and following rules. They also are often angry and defiant, and tend to argue, fight, and disobey.


Question: What is "hyperactivity"?

Answer: The âattention-deficitâ part of ADHD can make kids: Unfocused and easily distracted Disorganized and forgetful Unable to follow through on instructions Appear not to listen The âhyperactivityâ part causes: Fidgeting and squirming Running and climbing instead of sitting Inability to take turns and wait in line Constant talking and interrupting Inability to play quietly Your doctor probably won't suggest an ADHD evaluation before age 4.


Question: What are the two most common neurodevelopmental disorders in kids and what are the signs?

Answer: Two of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in kids are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD). If your child has one of these disorders, he can have trouble controlling his impulses, paying attention, listening, and getting along with other kids. These problems can disrupt his school and social life.


Question: Should I be worried if my child is acting up or has trouble paying attention?

Answer: At some point during childhood, most kids act up and have trouble paying attention. She'll want to wait to make a firm diagnosis of oppositional defiant disorder until your child's behavior is more extreme than what is age-appropriate. But without the right treatment, it can become more serious.


Question: Does oppositional defiant disorder go away?

Answer: Two of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in kids are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder ( ODD). But without the right treatment, it can become more serious. That's why it's important for your doctor to screen your child for both ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder, as well as all the other conditions that could go along with them.


Question: What does metastasis mean?

Answer: Benign, or noncancerous, tumors do not spread to other parts of the body, and do not create new tumors.


Question: What are the major types of cancer?

Answer: Carcinomas -- the most commonly diagnosed cancers -- originate in the skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands. Lymphomas are cancers of lymphocytes. Leukemia is cancer of the blood. It does not usually form solid tumors. Sarcomas arise in bone, muscle, fat, bloodvessels, cartilage, or other soft or connective tissues of the body.


Question: What are noncancerous tumors?

Answer: Most cancers form tumors, but not all tumors are cancerous. Benign, or noncancerous, tumors do not spread to other parts of the body, and do not create new tumors. Malignant, or cancerous, tumors crowd out healthy cells, interfere with body functions, and draw nutrients from body tissues.


Question: How many people diagnosed with cancer are cured?

Answer: Leukemia is cancer of the blood. Today, more people diagnosed with cancer are living longer. However, some forms of the disease remain frustratingly difficult to treat. Modern treatment can significantly improve quality of life and may extend survival.


Question: What is cancer?

Answer: A tumor is a mass composed of a cluster of such abnormal cells. Leukemia is cancer of the blood.


Question: How does an IQ (intelligence quotient) test determine if aa person has an intellectual disability (ID)?

Answer: IQ (intelligence quotient) is measured by an IQ test. The average IQ is 100, with the majority of people scoring between 85 and 115. A person is considered intellectually disabled if he or she has an IQ of less than 70 to 75.


Question: How can I prevent intellectual disability (ID) in my children?

Answer: The most common of these is fetal alcohol syndrome. Pregnant women shouldn't drink alcohol. Getting proper prenatal care, taking a prenatal vitamin, and getting vaccinated against certain infectious diseases can also lower the risk that your child will be born with intellectual disabilities. In families with a history of genetic disorders, genetic testing may be recommended before conception.


Question: What are the signs of a severe or profound intellectual disability (ID) in children?

Answer: Some of the most common signs of intellectual disability are: Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking late Talking late or having trouble with talking Slow to master things like potty training, dressing, and feeding himself or herself Difficulty remembering things Inability to connect actions with consequences Behavior problems such as explosive tantrums Difficulty with problem-solving or logical thinking In children with severe or profound intellectual disability, there may be other health problems as well. These problems may include seizures, mood disorders (anxiety, autism, etc. ), motor skills impairment, vision problems, or hearing problems.


Question: How common is intellectual disability (ID) in the U.S?

Answer: Intellectual disability is thought to affect about 1% of the population. Of those affected, 85% have mild intellectual disability. This means they are just a little slower than average to learn new information or skills. With the right support, most will be able to live independently as adults.


Question: What are the most common causes of intellectual disability (ID)?

Answer: However, a specific cause for intellectual disability can only be pinpointed about a third of the time. The most common causes of intellectual disability are: Genetic conditions. Things that can interfere with fetal brain development include alcohol or drug use, malnutrition, certain infections, or preeclampsia. Problems during childbirth. Intellectual disability may result if a baby is deprived of oxygen during childbirth or born extremely premature. Illness or injury. Infections like meningitis, whooping cough, or the measles can lead to intellectual disability.


Question: What can I do to help my child with intellectual disability (ID)?

Answer: Steps to help your intellectually disabled child include: Learn everything you can about intellectual disabilities. Let your child try new things and encourage your child to do things by himself or herself. Provide guidance when it's needed and give positive feedback when your child does something well or masters something new. Get your child involved in group activities. Taking an art class or participating in Scouts will help your child build social skills. Stay involved. By keeping in touch with your child's teachers, you'll be able to follow his or her progress and reinforce what your child is learning at school through practice at home. Get to know other parents of intellectually disabled children. They can be a great source of advice and emotional support.


Question: What is intellectual disability (ID)?

Answer: People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly. There are varying degrees of intellectual disability, from mild to profound. These are skills necessary for day-to-day life, such as being able to communicate effectively, interact with others, and take care of oneself.


Question: What limitations does a person with intellectual disability (ID) have?

Answer: Intellectual disability ( ID), once called mental retardation, is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. These areas are: Intellectual functioning. Also known as IQ, this refers to a person's ability to learn, reason, make decisions, and solve problems. Adaptive behaviors. These are skills necessary for day-to-day life, such as being able to communicate effectively, interact with others, and take care of oneself.


Question: How can a specialist measure a child's adaptive behaviors to determine if he/she has intellectual disability (ID)?

Answer: Adaptive behaviors. To measure a child's adaptive behaviors, a specialist will observe the child's skills and compare them to other children of the same age. Things that may be observed include how well the child can feed or dress himself or herself; how well the child is able to communicate with and understand others; and how the child interacts with family, friends, and other children of the same age.


Question: What are the signs of intellectual disability (ID) in children?

Answer: There are many different signs of intellectual disability in children. Some of the most common signs of intellectual disability are: Rolling over, sitting up, crawling, or walking late Talking late or having trouble with talking Slow to master things like potty training, dressing, and feeding himself or herself Difficulty remembering things Inability to connect actions with consequences Behavior problems such as explosive tantrums Difficulty with problem-solving or logical thinking In children with severe or profound intellectual disability, there may be other health problems as well.


Question: Which children's cold medicines are questionably effective?

Answer: Specifically, four different categories of drugs. They are: Cough suppressants (dextromethorphan or DM) Cough expectorants (guaifenesin) Decongestants (pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine) Certain antihistamines (such as brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine maleate, and diphenhydramine [ Benadryl]) You might not recognize these drugs by name, but they are the active ingredients in many brands of kids' cold and cough medicines commonly available in drugstores.


Question: Do children need medicine for a cold?

Answer: Reduce the child's fever using appropriate medication (check with a doctor), such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol).


Question: Can children overdose on cold medicine?

Answer: Accidentally giving a child a dose that's too high can be easy to do; parents might use two different brands of medicine at the same time, not realizing they contain the same ingredients, or may incorrectly measure a dose if they get up in the middle of the night to soothe a child. While the overall risks are low, some experts say that they are not low enough. Given that there's no evidence that kids' cold medicines help children, some consider any risk -- no matter how slight -- to be unacceptably high.


Question: Should I give my child children's cold medicine?

Answer: The current recommendations from the FDA are: Do not use cold and cough medicines in children under age 4 unless advised by your doctor. Never give adult medicines to children. Only use medicines designed for children. Never use a cold or cough drug if your child takes other prescription or over-the-counter medicines, unless you've checked with the doctor first. Carefully follow the instructions for dosing on the box. Use the enclosed measuring spoon, dropper, or dosing cup. Take your child to the doctor if symptoms worsen or don't improve within a few days. Also, many experts say that parents should go further and stop using any kids' cold medicine in children under age 6 unless their doctors recommend it.


Question: What can I give my kids if they have a cold or cough?

Answer: Nothing cures a cold, but pediatricians say these strategies may help: Call the child's doctor right away if he is three months of age or younger at the first sign of an illness. Reduce the child's fever using appropriate medication (check with a doctor), such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol). Do not use ibuprofen in children under age 6 months or if your child is vomiting or dehydrated. Do not use aspirinwith any child because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious disease. Consider using honey for coughs or sore throat for kids, but only if they are older than age 1. Honey can be toxic to infants. Try saline drops or spray to clear thick mucus out of your child's nose. Give your child plenty of liquids to increase hydration and help thin mucus. Use a humidifier in your child's room to add moisture to the dry air. If your child wheezes, call your doctor. Other treatments may be needed to help open airways. To ease congestion, keep the child's head elevated when resting. Of course, parents should seek medical care as needed.


Question: Why are children's cold medicines questionable?

Answer: One specific concern was that these medicines were often not studied in children. Instead, they were studied in adults, and those results were then applied to children. However, it's not clear that adults and children will react to these medicines in the same way. Even in adults, the evidence is weak that cough and cold medicines help.


Question: What are the risks associated with children's cold medicines?

Answer: Experts agree that the risks from kids' cold and cough medicines are low, especially considering how common they are. Still, thousands of children under age 12 go to emergency rooms each year after taking cough and cold medicines, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Roughly two-thirds of those ER visits occurred after children drank cough or cold medicine while unsupervised.


Question: What are the dosing recommendations for children's cold medicine?

Answer: In 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics called on the FDA to make such a recommendation. In addition, the AAP asked that OTC cold/cough medicine manufacturers to use weight-based rather than age-based dosing recommendations, saying weight is more accurate for determining the correct dose of a drug. The AAP also asked that dosing devices have a flow-limiting capacity to prevent against overdose.