Question: Does menopause make your breast sore?

Answer: Because the hormonal changes of perimenopause make your cycle irregular, breast soreness can strike unpredictably, according to the National Cancer Institute. What You Can Do About It: If your breasts hurt, wearing the right bra can make a big difference: 85% of women with breast pain gained relief when they wore a well-fitted sports bra, according to a 2014 study. The same researchers found that relaxation techniques or massaging achy breasts with over-the-counter pain creams was helpful for up to 60% of women.


Question: When should you see a doctor about breast changes during menopause?

Answer: Talk to your doctor if you notice any of these problems: A lump or a firm or thick area in your breast or under your arm. Nipple discharge fluid or changes, such as a nipple that becomes sunken into the breast, also called "inverted." Skin changes, such as redness, dimpling, puckering, or ridges that look like orange peel. Unexplained swelling or shrinkage of the breast, especially on one side only. Most of the time, breast changes are not cancer, but it's important to get any new or unusual symptom checked out quickly.


Question: Does menopause change your breast size?

Answer: As your milk system starts to shut down, glandular tissue in your breasts shrinks. That causes them to become less dense and more fatty, which can lead to sagging. You may also notice that your breasts aren't as full as they used to be, and their size may change. Although there's no proven way to reverse sagging, exercise makes your breasts look better by developing and toning the muscles underneath. Some lingerie styles, such as a pushup or underwire bra, can give you a youthful lift. For maximum boost and support, make sure your bra fits correctly: By some estimates, up 70% of women are wearing the wrong size.


Question: How does menopause affect breasts?

Answer: You may also notice that they feel tender and achy at unexpected times. Or they may be lumpier than they used to be. Changes in breast size and shape Why It Happens: As you near menopause, your levels of estrogen drop dramatically.


Question: What factors put you at risk for Parkinson's disease?

Answer: It's a complex picture, but you may be more likely to get Parkinson's based on: Age. Since it mostly affects people 60 and older, your risk goes up as the years go by. Family history. If your parent, brother, or sister has it, you're a little more likely to get it. Job. Some types of work, like farming or factory jobs, can cause you to have contact with chemicals linked to Parkinson's. Race. It shows up more often in white people than other groups. Serious head injury. If you hit your head hard enough to lose consciousness or forget things as a result of it, you may be more likely to get Parkinson's later in life. Gender. Men get it more than women. Doctors aren't sure why. Where you live. People in rural areas seem to get it more often, which may be tied to chemicals used in farming.


Question: What's been linked to Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Some research shows links between Parkinson's and: Agent Orange, a chemical used to destroy trees and crops in the Vietnam War. Certain chemicals used in farming, such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Some metals and chemicals used in factories, such as manganese, lead, and trichlorethylene ( TCE).


Question: Can parents pass Parkinson's disease to their kids?

Answer: They can, but it's rare and only affects a small number of families. About 1 in 100 people with Parkinson's get it this way.


Question: What role do genes play in Parkinson's disease?

Answer: There are several changes to genes that can raise your risk for Parkinson's, each by a little bit. They have a part in about 1 in 10 cases. If you have one or more of these changes, it doesn't mean you'll get Parkinson's. Some people will, but many won't, and doctors don't know why. It may have to do with other genes or something in your environment.


Question: What causes Parkinson's disease?

Answer: They do know that if you have the illness, the trouble starts in some of your brain cells. It acts like a messenger that tells another area of your brain when you want to move a part of your body. When the cells that make dopamine start to die, your dopamine level drops. When it gets too low, you can't control your movements as well and you start to get Parkinson's symptoms.


Question: What role does the environment play in Parkinson's disease?

Answer: Your environment is a hard one to pin down. Not only that, but it could take years for the effects from something in your environment to show up. So far, doctors have a lot of clues but no smoking gun. So you could have people who live or work in an area around chemicals tied to Parkinson's, but many of them don't get it. Where you live.


Question: How can sickle cell disease affect your immune system?

Answer: Sickle cells can damage your spleen, the organ that helps fight germs as part of your immune system. That can make you more likely to get pneumonia and other infections.


Question: What is sickle cell crisis?

Answer: It happens when you don't have enough red blood cells to move oxygen throughout your body.


Question: Which vaccines should I get if I have sickle cell disease?

Answer: Vaccines can protect you and your child against germs. Everyone with sickle cell disease should get these vaccines: Pneumococcus: both the PCV13 and PPSV 23 vaccines Flu vaccine every year Meningococcus Your doctor will also advise you about other vaccines that may be right for you or your child, including: Hepatitis A and B Measles, mumps, and rubella Varicella (chickenpox) Rotavirus Haemophilus influenzae Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis Poliovirus When sickle cells get stuck in the larger arteries that feed the brain, they can block blood flow and cause a stroke.


Question: How can hydroxyurea help treat sickle cell disease?

Answer: A medicine called hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea, Sikos) prevents abnormal red blood cells from forming. This cuts down on episodes of sickle cell crises. Hydroxyurea can cause serious side effects, like a plunge in the number of white blood cells that help your body fight infections. So your doctor will watch you closely while you're on it. You shouldn't take hydroxyurea if you're pregnant.


Question: How can sickle cell disease lead to stroke?

Answer: Everyone with sickle cell disease should get these vaccines: Pneumococcus: both the PCV13 and PPSV 23 vaccines Flu vaccine every year Meningococcus Your doctor will also advise you about other vaccines that may be right for you or your child, including: Hepatitis A and B Measles, mumps, and rubella Varicella (chickenpox) Rotavirus Haemophilus influenzae Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis Poliovirus When sickle cells get stuck in the larger arteries that feed the brain, they can block blood flow and cause a stroke. You can preventfrequent transfusions can lower the odds of another stroke by about 90% If you think you're having a stroke, call 911 right away.


Question: Which medicines can help treat long-term pain from sickle cell disease?

Answer: If you have long-term pain, your doctor might prescribe one of these medicines: Amitriptyline Duloxetine ( Cymbalta) Gabapentin ( Horizant, Gralise, Neurontin) Opioid pain medicine It's a serious condition that can land you in the hospital.


Question: How can stem cell or bone marrow transplants cure sickle cell disease?

Answer: That can make you more likely to get pneumonia and other infections. They're the only way to cure sickle cell disease. Stem cells are immature cells in your bone marrow that grow into new red or white blood cells and platelets (cells that help form blood clots). Transplants are usually done in children under age 16 who've had sickle cell complications like pain and strokes.


Question: How is anemia from sickle cell disease treated?

Answer: You'll get healthy red blood cells from a donor whose blood has been screened for infections and matched to your type and needs. The normal red blood cells from your donor's blood are separated from the rest of the blood. The new red blood cells are added to your own blood through an IV in your arm, or a port if you have one. Exchange transfusion. You may need a rapid exchange transfusion.


Question: What can relieve the pain from sickle cell disease?

Answer: Drinking lots of fluids helps, too. You can also try: A heating pad or hot baths Massage Acupuncture Relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation If you're in severe pain, you may need to go to a hospital for a day or more. If you catch an infection and your fever is over 101 F, you'll need to get treated with antibiotics right away.


Question: What is the connection between schizophrenia and multiple personality disorder?

Answer: This is one of the biggest misunderstandings about schizophrenia. One poll found that 64% of Americans believe the condition involves a split personality, which means someone acts like they're two separate people. A person with schizophrenia doesn't have two different personalities. Instead, he has false ideas or has lost touch with reality. Multiple personality disorder is unrelated.


Question: How many people can recover completely or see improvements with schizophrenia?

Answer: Schizophrenia can be hard to treat, but it's not impossible. With the right medicine and therapy, about 25% of people with this disease will recover completely. Another 50% will see some improvement in their symptoms. Many people with the condition can live full, productive lives.


Question: How difficult is it for someone with schizophrenia to hold down a job?

Answer: Schizophrenia can make it harder for you to land a job and go to work every day.


Question: What is the risk a child will get schizophrenia if the parent has it?

Answer: But just because one of your parents has this mental illness doesn't mean you're destined to get it. If one parent has schizophrenia, your risk of getting the condition is about 10%. Having more than one family member with it raises your risk.


Question: How difficult is it for someone with schizophrenia to do daily tasks?

Answer: The illness can make it harder for someone to take care of their daily needs, such as dressing and bathing. This doesn't mean they're "lazy." They just need some help with their daily routine.


Question: What is the relationship between schizophrenia and intelligence?

Answer: Some studies have that found that people with the condition have more trouble on tests of mental skills such as attention, learning, and memory. But that doesn't mean they're not intelligent. Many creative and smart people throughout history have had schizophrenia, such as Russian ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky and Nobel Prize-winning mathematician John Nash. Scientists are even looking into links between genes that may be related to both psychosis and creativity.


Question: What is the link between schizophrenia and violent or dangerous crimes?

Answer: 2: Most people with schizophrenia are violent or dangerous. 5: People with schizophrenia aren't smart.


Question: How necessary are mental health facilities for people with schizophrenia?

Answer: Or sometimes people use stereotypes when talking about this mental illness. But now that experts know more about this disease, fewer people need to be placed in long-term mental health facilities. Most people with schizophrenia live with family or in supportive housing in the community.


Question: What are some causes of schizophrenia?

Answer: Mothers, in particular, often get blamed. Mistakes you've made as a parent won't give your child this condition.


Question: Does caffeine trigger heartburn and GERD?

Answer: Caffeinated beverages and foods (such as coffee, tea, colas, and chocolate) can also aggravate heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD).


Question: How does esophageal cancer develop?

Answer: Esophageal cancer develops through a sequence of changes in the cells of the esophagus known as dysplasia. Dysplasia can only be detected by a biopsy. Patients with Barrett's esophagus should talk to their doctors about having regular screening exams to detect cancer at an early and potentially curable stage.


Question: What can happen if you take too much of antacids?

Answer: Serious side effects can occur with an overdose or overuse of antacids. Side effects include constipation, diarrhea, change in the color of bowel movements, and stomach cramps. Products containing calcium may cause kidney stones and are more likely to cause constipation.


Question: What foods should you avoid if you have heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: What's on your plate can impact heartburn, GERD, and Barrett's esophagus. Eating certain foods, including onions, peppermint, and high-fat foods, as well as drinking alcohol, can cause the lower esophageal sphincter muscle, which controls the opening between the esophagus and the stomach, to relax.


Question: What is a hiatal hernia?

Answer: With a hiatal hernia, a portion of the stomach pushes through the hole where the esophagus and the stomach join. The most common cause of a hiatal hernia is an increase in pressure on the abdominal cavity.


Question: What is ablation therapy for Barrett's esophagus?

Answer: Studies are in progress to develop a more effective treatment for Barrett's esophagus. One treatment, known as ablation therapy, removes the abnormal cells with heat or laser light. Other new treatments are also under development.


Question: What are some ways you can reduce your heartburn during pregnancy?

Answer: Here are some ways you can reduce your heartburn during pregnancy: Eat several small meals each day instead of three large ones. Eat slowly. Avoid fried, spicy, or rich foods, or any foods that seem to increase your heartburn. Don't lie down directly after eating. Keep the head of your bed higher than the foot of your bed. Ask your doctor about trying over-the-counter heartburn relievers such as Tums or Maalox.


Question: How can you treat hand and foot psoriasis?

Answer: Because you use your hands and feet so much, treatment can be a challenge. The condition can affect your ability to walk, button a shirt, hold a pencil, and do many other regular things. It's best if you act quickly and do what you can to prevent flares. Start with a visit to your doctor as soon you notice symptoms. She'll try different options until she finds the one that's right for you.


Question: What can I do to keep my nails safe if I have psoriasis?

Answer: Take some steps to keep your nails safe: Keep them short. Cover loose nails with a bandage or gloves (not latex). Don't bite your nails or use them to open things.


Question: What are the different types of treatment for hand and foot psoriasis?

Answer: Some treatments are: Medicines that go on your skin Prescription drugs in liquid or pill form Special light therapy units for palms and soles Biologic drugs that you get through an IV or as an injection Your doctor may also recommend you use super glue to seal cracks in your palms and soles. It's important to make sure you don't have an allergy to the glue before trying it. Keep your skin moisturized with lotion and drink plenty of water. When it's dry it cracks more easily, which can lead to more blisters. Skin that's hydrated can also take in on-the-skin treatment better and heal faster.


Question: What causes hand and foot psoriasis?

Answer: One type of hand and foot psoriasis is called pustular psoriasis. It gets its name from the whitish-yellow blisters, or pustules, it causes. The blisters are not contagious, but they can be painful. They can show up anywhere on your body, but mostly on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet.


Question: Can psoriasis affect my nails?

Answer: Half of all people with psoriasis have it on their nails. If you have psoriatic arthritis, you're even more likely to have symptoms there. Psoriasis can affect your nails in many ways. It can: Change the color or shape Make dents Make them thick with scale under the nail plate Chip or split Make it easier for them to fall off or lift away from the nail bed Be painful to touch Make small pits on the surface What Can I Do for My Nails?


Question: How do I treat flare-ups of psoariasis on my hands and feet?

Answer: Because you use your hands and feet so much, treatment can be a challenge. The condition can affect your ability to walk, button a shirt, hold a pencil, and do many other regular things. It's best if you act quickly and do what you can to prevent flares. Start with a visit to your doctor as soon you notice symptoms. She'll try different options until she finds the one that's right for you. Some treatments are: Medicines that go on your skin Prescription drugs in liquid or pill form Special light therapy units for palms and soles Biologic drugs that you get through an IV or as an injection Your doctor may also recommend you use super glue to seal cracks in your palms and soles. It's important to make sure you don't have an allergy to the glue before trying it. Keep your skin moisturized with lotion and drink plenty of water. When it's dry it cracks more easily, which can lead to more blisters. Skin that's hydrated can also take in on-the-skin treatment better and heal faster.


Question: What can you do to keep your nails safe from hand and foot psoriasis?

Answer: Take some steps to keep your nails safe: Keep them short. Cover loose nails with a bandage or gloves (not latex). Don't bite your nails or use them to open things. Everyday things you do for your overall health help, too. Eat well, exercise, and keep your stress levels low. All these things help your psoriasis treatments work better, so you're less likely to have a flare.


Question: What are the causes of psoriasis on the hands and feet?

Answer: One type of hand and foot psoriasis is called pustular psoriasis. It gets its name from the whitish-yellow blisters, or pustules, it causes. The blisters are not contagious, but they can be painful. They can show up anywhere on your body, but mostly on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet. They can be triggered by: Some medications Irritation from creams or ointments Too much UV light Pregnancy Steroids Infections Stress Stopping medication quickly If you smoke, you're more likely to get pustular psoriasis.


Question: What can I do to treat psoriasis on my nails?

Answer: Psoriasis affects them as they're forming, which can make it tricky to treat. In some cases, you can use an ointment to take care of a flare-up on your skin, but your thickened nail may keep those treatments from sinking in to the problem area. Instead, your doctor may recommend: Corticosteroid shots Scraping or filing the nail Removing the nails Light therapy Sometimes it goes away on its own, with no treatment.


Question: What does psoriasis on the hands and feet look like?

Answer: The skin on your hands and feet becomes red, and then blisters appear. You can also get scales around the blisters. Your palms and soles can swell, crack, and bleed. Pressure or rubbing on your hands and feet -- like from shoes that don't fit -- can make the problem worse. After the blisters burst, they might dry up or make your skin crusty and brown.


Question: Does smoking cause psoriasis on the hands and feet?

Answer: They can be triggered by: Some medications Irritation from creams or ointments Too much UV light Pregnancy Steroids Infections Stress Stopping medication quickly If you smoke, you're more likely to get pustular psoriasis. It's more common in adults than children, and women tend to get it more than men.


Question: Is it possible to treat psoriasis on your hands and feet?

Answer: If they're inflamed with psoriasis, simple tasks can become hard to do. With the right treatment, you can control your symptoms and get relief for your hands, feet, and nails. They can show up anywhere on your body, but mostly on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet. In some cases, you can use an ointment to take care of a flare-up on your skin, but your thickened nail may keep those treatments from sinking in to the problem area.


Question: How can you prevent dermatitis?

Answer: Some types of dermatitis are easier to prevent than others. Allergic and irritant contact dermatitis can be prevented by avoiding skin contact with the agents that cause the dermatitis. However, if you come into contact with an irritant, such as poison ivy, wash the exposed skin with soap and water as soon as possible (and all exposed clothing such as gloves and boots so that you don't get re-exposed to the poison ivy resin). Most other types of dermatitis develop in people with sensitive skin and can be prevented only by avoiding the irritant.


Question: What is bursitis?

Answer: Bursitis is the inflammation or irritation of the bursa. The bursa is a sac filled with lubricating fluid, located between tissues such as bone, muscle, tendons, and skin, that decreases rubbing, friction, and irritation.


Question: How can my doctor help with bursitis?

Answer: Bursitis can be treated in a number of ways, including: Avoiding activities that aggravate the problem Resting the injured area Icing the area the day of the injury Taking over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicines If the condition does not improve in a week, see your doctor. Your doctor can also prescribe drugs to reduce the inflammation. Corticosteroids, also known simply as "steroids," are often used because they work quickly to decrease the inflammation and pain. Steroids can be injected directly at the site of injury. Injections are often, but not always, effective and can be repeated . However, multiple injections in a several month period are usually avoided due to potential side effects from the injections and the possibility of masking problems that need to be treated differently. Physical therapy is another treatment option that is often used. This includes range-of-motion exercises and splinting (thumb, forearm, or bands).


Question: When should I consult my doctor about bursitis?

Answer: Consult your doctor if you have: Fever (over 102 Fahrenheit) -- infection is a possibility Swelling, redness, and warmth General illness or multiple sites of pain Inability to move the affected area These could be signs of another problem that needs more immediate attention.


Question: What are the symptoms of bursitis?

Answer: Elbow Shoulder Hip Knee Achilles tendon The most common symptom of bursitis is pain. The pain may build up gradually or be sudden and severe, especially if calcium deposits are present. Severe loss of motion in the shoulder -- called "adhesive capsulitis" or frozen shoulder -- can also result from the immobility and pain associated with shoulder bursitis.


Question: Who usually gets bursitis?

Answer: Bursitis is more common in adults, especially in those over 40 years of age.


Question: Do I need surgery to treat bursitis?

Answer: Surgery, although rarely needed, may be an option when bursitis does not respond to the other treatment options.


Question: How is bursitis treated?

Answer: Bursitis can be treated in a number of ways, including: Avoiding activities that aggravate the problem Resting the injured area Icing the area the day of the injury Taking over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medicines If the condition does not improve in a week, see your doctor.


Question: How can I prevent bursitis?

Answer: The pain may build up gradually or be sudden and severe, especially if calcium deposits are present. Severe loss of motion in the shoulder -- called "adhesive capsulitis" or frozen shoulder -- can also result from the immobility and pain associated with shoulder bursitis. If you are planning to start exercising, you will be less likely to get bursitis if you gradually build up force and repetitions.


Question: What causes bursitis?

Answer: Bursitis is most often caused by repetitive, minor impact on the area, or from a sudden, more serious injury. Age also plays a role. As tendons age they are able to tolerate stress less, are less elastic, and are easier to tear. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Overuse or injury to the joint at work or play can also increase a person's risk of bursitis. Examples of high-risk activities include gardening, raking, carpentry, shoveling, painting, scrubbing, tennis, golf, skiing, throwing, and pitching. Incorrect posture at work or home and poor stretching or conditioning before exercise can also lead to bursitis. An abnormal or poorly placed bone or joint (such as length differences in your legs or arthritis in a joint) can put added stress on a bursa sac, causing bursitis. Stress or inflammation from other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, psoriatic arthritis, thyroid disorders, or unusual medication reactions may also increase a person's risk. In addition, an infection can occasionally lead to inflammation of a bursa.


Question: What is a remission of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: An attack is followed by a time of recovery when you have few or no symptoms, called remission. It can last weeks, months, or longer. The disease doesn't get worse during these breaks.


Question: What are the symptoms of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?

Answer: No two people with MS are likely to have the same symptoms in the same way. Some may come and go or appear once and not again. The symptoms you have depend on the area of your brain or spinal cord that the disease has damaged. They can include: Eye pain and vision problems such as double vision or jumpy vision. These problems may be the first sign you have RRMS. Numbness and tingling Sensitivity to heat Pain that runs down the spine, like a mild electrical shock, when you bend your neck Dizziness Bowel or bladder problems Sexual problems, like trouble getting aroused or climaxing Stiff muscles and trouble moving your body Feeling weak and tired Problems with balance and coordination A hard time thinking clearly Depression An RRMS attack can last anywhere from 24 hours to several weeks.


Question: What other drugs can be used to treat different relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) symptoms?

Answer: A short-term, high-dose course of steroids can help: Reduce inflammation Make the relapse shorter and less severe Your doctor may prescribe other types of drugs to treat different RRMS symptoms. For example, you might take: Antidepressants Pain relievers Drugs to fight fatigue A healthy lifestyle is an important way to feel your best.


Question: How do symptom flares of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) happen?

Answer: The symptom flares of RRMS happen when the brain and spinal cord get inflamed. Reducing the inflammation is key to treating a relapse.


Question: When should you talk to your doctor about relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: It can involve: One or many symptoms An existing problem that gets worse A new symptom Tell your doctor about signs of a relapse as soon as possible. If you treat it quickly, you might be able to reduce lasting damage and disability.


Question: How do steroid treatments help with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: A short-term, high-dose course of steroids can help: Reduce inflammation Make the relapse shorter and less severe Your doctor may prescribe other types of drugs to treat different RRMS symptoms.


Question: What medications are used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: Some medications for RRMS fight the disease by turning down the body's immune system so that it doesn't attack nerves. These are called disease-modifying drugs ( DMDs). Doctors might also call them immunotherapy or disease-modifying therapy ( DMT). These drugs make relapses happen less often and make them less severe. They may keep the disease from getting worse for a while.


Question: What are the symptoms of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: No two people with MS are likely to have the same symptoms in the same way. Some may come and go or appear once and not again. The symptoms you have depend on the area of your brain or spinal cord that the disease has damaged. They can include: Eye pain and vision problems such as double vision or jumpy vision. These problems may be the first sign you have RRMS. Numbness and tingling Sensitivity to heat Pain that runs down the spine, like a mild electrical shock, when you bend your neck Dizziness Bowel or bladder problems Sexual problems, like trouble getting aroused or climaxing Stiff muscles and trouble moving your body Feeling weak and tired Problems with balance and coordination A hard time thinking clearly Depression An RRMS attack can last anywhere from 24 hours to several weeks.


Question: What oral disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) are used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: These include: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Mitoxantrone ( Novantrone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Ocrelizumab ( Ocrevus) Three types of DMDs come in pill form. They are: Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) DMDs have side effects.


Question: What should you keep in mind when exercising to help with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: Exercise can help you: Stay mobile Control your weight Boost your mood and energy levels Try different types of exercise, including activities to get your heart pumping, like walking or swimming, and moves that strengthen your muscles and stretch your body. When you make an exercise plan, keep in mind: Start slowly, even with 5 to 10 minutes of activity. Avoid getting overheated if you are sensitive to temperature. Ask a physical therapist to help you build an exercise program.


Question: What intravenous disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) are used to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: These drugs include: Glatiramer ( Copaxone) Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Peginterferon beta -1a ( Plegridy) You'll need to take some DMDs through an IV at a clinic or hospital. These include: Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) Mitoxantrone ( Novantrone) Natalizumab ( Tysabri) Ocrelizumab ( Ocrevus) Three types of DMDs come in pill form.


Question: How can relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) change to a different type of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Answer: After 10 to 20 years, RRMS usually changes to a different type of MS called secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. You won't have relapses as often, but the disease gets gradually worse.


Question: How long do relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) attacks last and what does it involve?

Answer: Numbness and tingling Sensitivity to heat Pain that runs down the spine, like a mild electrical shock, when you bend your neck Dizziness Bowel or bladder problems Sexual problems, like trouble getting aroused or climaxing Stiff muscles and trouble moving your body Feeling weak and tired Problems with balance and coordination A hard time thinking clearly Depression An RRMS attack can last anywhere from 24 hours to several weeks. It can involve: One or many symptoms An existing problem that gets worse A new symptom Tell your doctor about signs of a relapse as soon as possible.


Question: Are steroids used to treat flare-ups of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The symptom flares of RRMS happen when the brain and spinal cord get inflamed. Reducing the inflammation is key to treating a relapse. Mild flares may not need treatment. If you have severe symptoms, your doctor may recommend steroids. You can take some of these medications through an IV and others by mouth.


Question: How can a dose of steroids help treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?

Answer: A short-term, high-dose course of steroids can help: Reduce inflammation Make the relapse shorter and less severe Your doctor may prescribe other types of drugs to treat different RRMS symptoms.


Question: What disease-modifying drugs for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis can be taken by injection?

Answer: You can take some DMDs by injection. These drugs include: Glatiramer ( Copaxone) Interferon beta-1a ( Avonex, Rebif) Interferon beta-1b ( Betaseron) Peginterferon beta -1a ( Plegridy) You'll need to take some DMDs through an IV at a clinic or hospital.


Question: What are relapses of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: If you have RRMS, you may have attacks when your symptoms flare up. These are called relapses.


Question: What is the treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Most people with RRMS manage the disease with: Medication Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other forms of rehab Healthy habits For most people with RRMS, it's best to start treatment as soon as they're diagnosed to avoid lasting nerve damage.


Question: Is it important to be healthy when you have relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis?

Answer: For example, you might take: Antidepressants Pain relievers Drugs to fight fatigue A healthy lifestyle is an important way to feel your best. Be sure to: Eat a nutritious diet Keep a healthy weight It's also important to be active when you have MS.


Question: Are there side effects of disease-modifying drugs used to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: They are: Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) Fingolimod ( Gilenya) Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) DMDs have side effects. You and your doctor will weigh the pros and cons of each drug.


Question: What can happen if you have relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS)?

Answer: An attack is followed by a time of recovery when you have few or no symptoms, called remission. It can last weeks, months, or longer. The disease doesn't get worse during these breaks. After 10 to 20 years, RRMS usually changes to a different type of MS called secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. These are called disease-modifying drugs ( DMDs). If you have severe symptoms, your doctor may recommend steroids.


Question: When does relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) change into secondary progressive multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Most people with multiple sclerosis ( MS) have a type called relapsing-remitting MS ( RRMS). It can involve: One or many symptoms An existing problem that gets worse A new symptom Tell your doctor about signs of a relapse as soon as possible.


Question: What is psychodynamic therapy?

Answer: You and your therapist explore behavior patterns and motivations that you may not be aware of which could contribute to depression. You may focus on any traumas from your childhood.


Question: How long does psychotherapy take?

Answer: While some people may benefit from short-term therapy, people with longstanding or treatment-resistant depression tend to derive more benefit from longer-term psychotherapy . Studies show long-term therapy for those conditions leads to greater improvement in depression symptoms and better life satisfaction and social functioning. It may also lower the risk of relapse after you get better.


Question: What is group counseling therapy?

Answer: Group counseling sessions give you a chance to meet other people who are going through the same things you are. You can share experiences and strategies.


Question: How do I find a therapist for depression?

Answer: You will want to find a qualified therapist -- usually a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, psychiatric nurse, or counselor. If possible, find one who has expertise with treatment-resistant depression. Ask your doctor for recommendations. Or get in touch with an organization like the National Alliance on Mental Illness ( NAMI) or the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance ( DBSA).


Question: What is family counseling?

Answer: Family counseling treats the entire family -- because it's not only the person with the diagnosis who is affected by depression. If you're depressed, your family feels it, too. And unfortunately, although family members may have the best of intentions, without professional guidance, they sometimes make things worse.


Question: What is individual counseling?

Answer: Individual counseling is a one-on-one session with a professional therapist who might be an MD (psychiatrist/doctor), Ph D (psychologist), Psy D (psychologist), LCSW (licensed clinical social worker), or NP (nurse practitioner), with experience in treating depression and other mood disorders. Your therapist can teach you more about depression and help you understand yours. You can discuss new strategies to manage stress and to keep your depression from getting worse or coming back.


Question: What is interpersonal therapy?

Answer: Interpersonal therapy focuses on how your relationships with others play a role in your depression. It focuses on practical issues. You will learn how to spot unhealthy behaviors and change them.


Question: What are cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy?

Answer: Cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy focus on how your own thoughts and behaviors contribute to your depression. Your therapist will help you learn ways to react to things and challenge your preconceptions. You and your therapist might come up with goals. You might also get "homework" assignments, like to keep a journal or apply problem-solving techniques in particular situations.


Question: What can psychotherapy do?

Answer: Many studies support the idea that therapy can be a powerful treatment for depression. Some, although not all, have also found that combining depression medicine with therapy can be very effective. A large-scale trial involving more than 400 people with treatment-resistant depression found that talk therapy alongside medication made symptoms easier to take. There are a number of them: It can help ease stress.


Question: What can family therapy do for depression?

Answer: Family therapy is a great way for your relatives to learn about depression and the early warning signs. Studies suggest that family sessions might really help with treatment, too, improving lifestyle, compliance with medication, and sleep habits. It also lets you and your family members talk about the stresses of life with depression. You may all feel more comfortable talking openly with a therapist there to guide the conversation.


Question: Should you try therapy again if it didn't seem to help your depression the first time?

Answer: You and your therapist might come up with goals. Here are some things to consider before you try again: Think about the reasons you didn't find therapy useful in the past. Why didn't it work? What did you need from therapy that you weren't getting? Decide what you want out of therapy now. Consider trying someone new. Make sure that the therapist you're seeing has training and expertise in psychotherapy forms that are specific to the treatment of depression. Once you've settled on a therapist, give therapy a chance to work. Don't give up after a few sessions.


Question: What are the side effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) for high blood pressure?

Answer: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers ( ARBs) These high blood pressure medications shield blood vessels from a hormone that causes blood vessels to narrow. This allows blood vessels to stay open. One of the more common side effects of ARBs is dizziness.


Question: What are the side effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors for high blood pressure?

Answer: Diuretics may cause these side effects: Extra urination. If you have this side effect, the doctor may prescribe another type of medication. Skin rash and a loss of taste are two other possible side effects of ACE inhibitors. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers ( ARBs) These high blood pressure medications shield blood vessels from a hormone that causes blood vessels to narrow.


Question: What is an exercise stress test?

Answer: Also called an exercise electrocardiogram, treadmill test, graded exercise test, or stress ECG, an exercise stress test can tell your doctor how well your heart handles physical activity. You typically walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike while your doctor watches your heart rate and blood pressure.


Question: What should I ask the doctor before a stress test if I have diabetes?

Answer: If you take insulin to control your blood sugar, ask your doctor how much medication you should take the day of the test and if you should eat a light meal.


Question: What happens when you get an exercise stress test?

Answer: You'll walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bicycle and be asked to gradually go faster or work harder. You'll do this until you reach a target heart rate, feel exhausted, or start having symptoms of heart issues. The lab technician will regularly ask how you're feeling. You should tell them if you feel pain or discomfort in your chest, arm, or jaw, are short of breath, dizzy, or lightheaded, or notice anything else unusual.


Question: What happens after an exercise stress test?

Answer: After the test, you'll walk or pedal slowly for a couple of minutes to cool down. The technician will watch your heart rate, blood pressure, and EKG until they return to normal.


Question: Why do I need a stress test?

Answer: Your doctor uses this test to: See if your heart gets enough blood when you're physically active See how likely you are to have coronary heart disease Check for abnormal heart rhythms Find out how well your heart medications are working or see if any procedures you've had done have improved the blood flow in your heart vessels Help figure out a safe exercise program for you Your doctor will give you specific instructions on what to do before your stress test.


Question: What is a stress echocardiogram?

Answer: Stress echocardiogram: An echocardiogram (often called an "echo") is a graphic outline of your heart's movement. A stress echo can show the motion of your heart's walls and pumping action when the heart is stressed. It can show a lack of blood flow that other heart tests can't.


Question: What is a pharmacologic stress test?

Answer: Also called an exercise electrocardiogram, treadmill test, graded exercise test, or stress ECG, an exercise stress test can tell your doctor how well your heart handles physical activity. Besides the exercise stress test, other kinds include: Pharmacologic stress test: This test is used for people who can't exercise. They take a drug such as adenosine, dipyridamole, or dobutamine to make their heart respond as if they were exercising.


Question: What can you do to maximize the benefits of treatment for high blood pressure?

Answer: To maximize the benefits of your plan, follow these steps: Check your blood pressure as often as recommended by your doctor. Follow your treatment plan consistently. Let your doctor know right away if you have problems with parts of the plan. Your doctor may refer you to other health care professionals who can help. See your doctor as often as requested. Bring your blood pressure records to show your doctor how the plan is working. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for information about medication side effects. Know when to call your doctor if there is a problem. Reduce how much salt you take in. Learning about high blood pressure and how it can harm your health is the first step in controlling this condition so you can remain healthy for years to come.


Question: What can treat cluster headaches if medicines don't help you?

Answer: If you have chronic cluster headaches and medicine doesn't help, a nerve block may be an option. It's a shot of anesthetic medicine that is sometimes combined with steroids. It stops the pain by blocking or numbing the nerves connected with cluster headaches. You get the injection in the back of your head. There are a couple of devices designed to interupt the lectrical impulses in your brain that triggers cluster headaches. A device called Spring TMS or e Neura s TMS uses a technique called a transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS). Place it on the back of your head for about a minute for release of a pulse of magnetic energy. Similarly, Cefaly uses transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation and is worn as a headband on the forehead and turned on daily for 20 minutes to prevent migraine from developing. There is also a noninvasive vagus nerve stimulator called gamma Core. When placed over the vagus nerve in the neck, it releases a mild electrical stimulation to the nerve's fibers to relieve pain.


Question: What is topiramate and how does it treat cluster headaches?

Answer: This drug is also used to treat epilepsy. Your doctor may combine it with other preventive meds, such as verapamil or steroids.


Question: What other medicines are being studied to prevent cluster headaches?

Answer: Researchers are studying other medicines to prevent clusters. These include melatonin, capsaicin, and valproic acid. If you can't take other medicines for prevention, or they don't stop your headaches, your doctor may suggest that you try one of these.


Question: Can I treat my cluster headache?

Answer: Although there isn't a cure, there are treatments that can cut down on how long these headaches last and how painful they are. Some even work to prevent a cluster. Your doctor will help you figure out what you need. You may have to take more than one medicine.


Question: What is verapamil and how does it treat cluster headaches?

Answer: Your doctor may call this drug a calcium channel blocker. It's also used to treat high blood pressure and chest pain. Verapamil cuts down on how many headaches you get. It can take a while to start working. So in the meantime, you may also need to take other preventive medicines that work faster, such as steroids.


Question: What are corticosteroids and how do they treat cluster headaches?

Answer: They work faster than some other preventive options. These drugs may help if your headaches usually crop up during a period of less than 3 weeks. They come as pills, a shot, or through an IV. Your doctor will probably give them to you for a short while. If you take them for too long, they can cause weight gain, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and other side effects.


Question: What triptans can treat my cluster headache?

Answer: Triptans can often shorten your headache and give you pain relief. These drugs include: Almotriptan ( Axert) Eletriptan ( Relpax) Frovatriptan ( Frova) Naratriptan ( Amerge) Rizatriptan ( Maxalt) Sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Onzetra Xsail, Sumavel Dose Pro, Zembrace Sym Touch) Zolmitriptan ( Zomig) Most triptans are pills.


Question: Beyond medicine, are there other ways to treat cluster headaches?

Answer: Researchers are studying other medicines to prevent clusters. These include melatonin, capsaicin, and valproic acid. If you can't take other medicines for prevention, or they don't stop your headaches, your doctor may suggest that you try one of these. If you have chronic cluster headaches and medicine doesn't help, a nerve block may be an option. It's a shot of anesthetic medicine that is sometimes combined with steroids. It stops the pain by blocking or numbing the nerves connected with cluster headaches. You get the injection in the back of your head. There are a couple of devices designed to interupt the lectrical impulses in your brain that triggers cluster headaches. A device called Spring TMS or e Neura s TMS uses a technique called a transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS). Place it on the back of your head for about a minute for release of a pulse of magnetic energy. Similarly, Cefaly uses transcutaneous supraorbital nerve stimulation and is worn as a headband on the forehead and turned on daily for 20 minutes to prevent migraine from developing. There is also a noninvasive vagus nerve stimulator called gamma Core. When placed over the vagus nerve in the neck, it releases a mild electrical stimulation to the nerve's fibers to relieve pain.


Question: Are treatments used to prevent cluster headaches?

Answer: These treatments aim to stop cluster headaches from happening. You take them at the start of a cluster episode. When and how much you take depend on how long yours usually last and how often you get them. Work with your doctor to find the best schedule for you. Medicines for cluster headache prevention include: Verapamil ( Calan, Covera HS, Verelan).


Question: How do I ingest triptans?

Answer: These drugs include: Almotriptan ( Axert) Eletriptan ( Relpax) Frovatriptan ( Frova) Naratriptan ( Amerge) Rizatriptan ( Maxalt) Sumatriptan ( Alsuma, Imitrex, Onzetra Xsail, Sumavel Dose Pro, Zembrace Sym Touch) Zolmitriptan ( Zomig) Most triptans are pills. Some come as nasal sprays. You get others as shots. ( Your doctor can show you how to do this at home.) You shouldn't take triptans if you have certain heart or blood vessel problems.


Question: What is lithium and how does it treat cluster headaches?

Answer: A few small studies show that this drug can help cut the number of cluster headaches you get. But it's usually less helpful at preventing them if you take it over a long time.


Question: What can you use to treat cluster headaches if triptans don't work for you?

Answer: If you can't use these treatments, or if they don't work for you, your doctor may suggest: Octreotide . You take it through an IV in your vein. Lidocaine . You spray it up your nose on the painful side of your head. Ergot alkaloids. There's another form of this drug called DHE that you usually take through an IV. You take them at the start of a cluster episode.


Question: When should I start treating my cluster headache?

Answer: Oxygen and prescription drugs that doctors call triptans are the two most common treatments for clusters that have already started. If your doctor prescribes oxygen, you'll breathe through a mask connected to an oxygen tank for 15-20 minutes. It's a safe, effective way to ease this type of pain. You need to take them at the first sign of a cluster in order for them to work.


Question: If I can't use triptans, what other treatments can help my cluster headache?

Answer: This drug is a lab-made form of somatostatin, a growth hormone. You take it through an IV in your vein. Lidocaine . This is an anesthetic, or a "numbing" drug. You spray it up your nose on the painful side of your head. Ergot alkaloids. These meds are tablets that dissolve under your tongue. You need to take them at the first sign of a cluster in order for them to work. There's another form of this drug called DHE that you usually take through an IV. Medicines for cluster headache prevention include: Verapamil ( Calan, Covera HS, Verelan).


Question: When should people with heart disease get vaccinated for the flu?

Answer: It's best to get vaccinated before October, but you can still do it until the end of flu season. The shot usually starts to protect you about 2 weeks after you get it.


Question: Can I take cold medicines if I have heart disease?

Answer: It can sometimes lead to complications that can cause some serious problems. Always check with your doctor or pharmacist before you try any over-the counter cold medicine to make sure it doesn't interfere with your other medications.


Question: How can I help my child with ADHD adjust to the school sleeping schedule after summer?

Answer: If your child slept late during summer vacation, start waking him up a little earlier each day. That way he won't be groggy when school starts. Make bedtime a little earlier each night, too, so he gets enough sleep.


Question: How can I keep my child with ADHD from forgetting textbooks at school?

Answer: Ask his school if you can get an extra set of textbooks to keep at home.


Question: How should I involve my child in school supply shopping if he has ADHD?

Answer: Great tools for organizing include: A calendar or daily planner A dry-erase or bulletin board to post due dates and reminders A desk organizer and storage bins for school supplies to keep his study space neat and free from distractions Color-coded folders or a multi-pocket binder to keep assignments straight Let him help make a shopping list for supplies for the coming year.


Question: Should my child take ADHD medicine during a school year if they didn't take it during the summer?

Answer: Start him back on any ADHD medicines if you took a break for the summer.


Question: How can I make sure my child with ADHD won't be overwhelmed with school assignments?

Answer: Ask his school if you can get an extra set of textbooks to keep at home. Find out how much homework the teacher plans to assign each night. Figure out how you and the teacher will stay in touch during the school year.


Question: How can I help my child with ADHD stay organized in a new year?

Answer: Great tools for organizing include: A calendar or daily planner A dry-erase or bulletin board to post due dates and reminders A desk organizer and storage bins for school supplies to keep his study space neat and free from distractions Color-coded folders or a multi-pocket binder to keep assignments straight Let him help make a shopping list for supplies for the coming year. Ask the guidance counselor to take you and your child on a tour of the new school.


Question: How should I organize a calendar or planner for a child with ADHD?

Answer: Include things like after-school clubs, sports, music lessons, and regular play dates. Add special projects and tests as they come up. Leave room in each day for homework, plus some time to relax and have fun. Let her help design the schedule, so she feels a sense of control and ownership. Go over the schedule each day until she understands the routine. Put a list of the daily morning activities on the fridge or somewhere your child will see it.


Question: Is it normal for kids with ADHD to struggle with going back to school after summer vacation?

Answer: No kid wants to trade vacation for the structure and routine of the school year. Although kids with ADHD can have a hard time getting used to classrooms and homework again, you can take steps to make the transition easier for both of you. Leave room in each day for homework, plus some time to relax and have fun.


Question: What should you eat to help with ADHD?

Answer: Experts say that whatever is good for the brain is likely to be good for ADHD. You may want to eat: A high-protein diet. Beans, cheese, eggs, meat, and nuts can be good sources of protein. Eat these kinds of foods in the morning and for after-school snacks. It may improve concentration and possibly make ADHD medications work longer. More complex carbohydrates. These are the good guys. Load up on vegetables and some fruits, including oranges, tangerines, pears, grapefruit, apples, and kiwi. Eat this type of food in the evening, and it may help you sleep. More omega-3 fatty acids. You can find these in tuna, salmon, and other cold-water white fish. Walnuts, Brazil nuts, and olive and canola oils are other foods with these in them. You could also take an omega-3 fatty acid supplement. The FDA approved an omega compound called Vayarin as part of an ADHD management strategy. Simple carbohydrates. Cut down on how many of these you eat: Candy Corn syrup Honey Sugar Products made from white flour White rice Potatoes without the skins.


Question: Where can I find omega-3 fatty acids for my ADHD diet?

Answer: You can find these in tuna, salmon, and other cold-water white fish. Walnuts, Brazil nuts, and olive and canola oils are other foods with these in them. You could also take an omega-3 fatty acid supplement.


Question: What are concerns about eliminating sugar to help with ADHD?

Answer: Sugar: Some children become hyperactive after eating candy or other sugary foods. No evidence suggests that this is a cause of ADHD, though. For the best overall nutrition, sugary foods should be a small part of anyone's diet. But you can try cutting them to see if symptoms improve.


Question: What is an elimination diet for ADHD?

Answer: Elimination diets: These involve not eating foods or ingredients that you think might be triggering certain behaviors or making your symptoms worse.


Question: What specific food additives should be eliminated in a child's ADHD diet?

Answer: Based on this and other recent studies, the American Academy of Pediatrics now agrees that eliminating preservatives and food colorings from the diet is a reasonable option for children with ADHD. Some experts recommend that people with ADHD avoid these substances: Artificial colors, especially red and yellow Food additives such as aspartame, MSG (monosodium glutamate), and nitrites. Some studies have linked hyperactivity to the preservative sodium benzoate.


Question: Are there any studies that prove eliminating food additives from diet will help ADHD symptoms?

Answer: Some say the idea of cutting all those things out of a diet is unfounded and unsupported by science. But one study has shown that some food coloring and one preservative did make some children more hyperactive.


Question: How do I follow an elimination diet for ADHD?

Answer: To follow one of these, you pick a particular food or ingredient you think might be making your symptoms worse. Then you don't eat anything with that in it. If the symptoms get better or go away, then you keep avoiding that food.


Question: What are concerns about eliminating food additives to help with ADHD?

Answer: Still, here are some common areas of concern and what the experts suggest: Food additives: In 1975, an allergist first proposed that artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives might lead to hyperactivity in some children. Since then, researchers and child behavior experts have hotly debated this issue. Some say the idea of cutting all those things out of a diet is unfounded and unsupported by science. But one study has shown that some food coloring and one preservative did make some children more hyperactive. But the effects varied according to age and additive. Based on this and other recent studies, the American Academy of Pediatrics now agrees that eliminating preservatives and food colorings from the diet is a reasonable option for children with ADHD. Some experts recommend that people with ADHD avoid these substances: Artificial colors, especially red and yellow Food additives such as aspartame, MSG (monosodium glutamate), and nitrites. Some studies have linked hyperactivity to the preservative sodium benzoate.


Question: How can overall nutrition affect ADHD?

Answer: You may hear about these choices that you could focus on: Overall nutrition: The assumption is that some foods you eat may make your symptoms better or worse. You might also not be eating some things that could help make symptoms better.


Question: Should sugar be eliminated from the diet of someone with ADHD?

Answer: Sugar: Some children become hyperactive after eating candy or other sugary foods. No evidence suggests that this is a cause of ADHD, though. For the best overall nutrition, sugary foods should be a small part of anyone's diet.


Question: How can supplementation diet affect ADHD?

Answer: Supplementation diet: With this plan, you add vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients. The idea is that it could help you make up for not getting enough of these through what you eat. Supporters of these diets think that if you don't get enough of certain nutrients, it may add to your symptoms.


Question: Does the elimination diet work in helping ADHD?

Answer: Research in all these areas is ongoing and the results are not clear-cut. Most scientists don't recommend this approach for managing ADHD, though.


Question: Are ADHD diets backed by research studies?

Answer: ADHD diets haven't been researched a lot. Data is limited, and results are mixed. Many health experts, though, think that what you eat and drink may help ease symptoms.


Question: What are concerns about eliminating caffeine to help with ADHD?

Answer: Caffeine: Small amounts of it may help with some ADHD symptoms in children, studies have shown. But the side effects of caffeine may outweigh any potential benefit. Most experts recommend that people eat or drink less caffeine or just avoid it. It you take medication for ADHD, caffeine can make some side effects worse.


Question: Should caffeine be eliminated from the diet of a person with ADHD?

Answer: But the side effects of caffeine may outweigh any potential benefit. Most experts recommend that people eat or drink less caffeine or just avoid it.


Question: How can elimination diets affect ADHD?

Answer: Elimination diets: These involve not eating foods or ingredients that you think might be triggering certain behaviors or making your symptoms worse.


Question: Can what you eat and drink help with ADHD?

Answer: ADHD diets haven't been researched a lot. Data is limited, and results are mixed. Many health experts, though, think that what you eat and drink may help ease symptoms.


Question: What is a supplementation diet for ADHD?

Answer: Supplementation diet: With this plan, you add vitamins, minerals, or other nutrients. The idea is that it could help you make up for not getting enough of these through what you eat. Supporters of these diets think that if you don't get enough of certain nutrients, it may add to your symptoms.


Question: Can diet or nutritional problems cause ADHD?

Answer: There's no clear scientific evidence that ADHD is caused by diet or nutritional problems.


Question: What nutritional supplements can help people with ADHD?

Answer: They say there's no scientific evidence that vitamin or mineral supplements help all children who have the disorder. While a multivitamin may be OK when children, teens, and adults don't eat balanced diets, mega-doses of vitamins can be toxic. Avoid them. Some experts recommend that people with ADHD avoid these substances: Artificial colors, especially red and yellow Food additives such as aspartame, MSG (monosodium glutamate), and nitrites.


Question: Where can I find high-protein foods for my ADHD diet?

Answer: Experts say that whatever is good for the brain is likely to be good for ADHD. Eat these kinds of foods in the morning and for after-school snacks. It may improve concentration and possibly make ADHD medications work longer.


Question: Does your diet cause ADHD?

Answer: But certain foods may play at least some role in affecting symptoms in a small group of people, research suggests. They say there's no scientific evidence that vitamin or mineral supplements help all children who have the disorder.


Question: What carbohydrates work best for my ADHD diet?

Answer: Load up on vegetables and some fruits, including oranges, tangerines, pears, grapefruit, apples, and kiwi. Eat this type of food in the evening, and it may help you sleep. Cut down on how many of these you eat: Candy Corn syrup Honey Sugar Products made from white flour White rice Potatoes without the skins.


Question: How do elimination diets for ADHD work?

Answer: Elimination diets: These involve not eating foods or ingredients that you think might be triggering certain behaviors or making your symptoms worse. Eat this type of food in the evening, and it may help you sleep. If the symptoms get better or go away, then you keep avoiding that food.


Question: How are stitches (sutures) removed?

Answer: Stitches typically need to remain in place for several days to a couple of weeks, depending on the severity of the cut and location. Your doctor will tell you when to come back to have them taken out. Removing stitches is a much faster process than putting them in. The doctor simply clips each thread near the knot and pulls them out. You may feel a slight tugging sensation, but the removal of stitches shouldn't hurt at all. You won't even need an anesthetic. Although removing stitches is not a difficult process, you shouldn't try to remove them yourself.


Question: What are other options for stitches (sutures)?

Answer: Stitches aren't the only option doctors have to close cuts and incisions. Cuts sometimes can be held together with butterfly tape or adhesive strips, which you may be able to do yourself at home for more minor cuts. There are even special staples or tissue glue, but those tend to work best with clean, straight incisions, such as in surgical procedures. There are different criteria and care instructions for each type of closure. Your health care provider can help decide which is best for you and tell you how to care for your injury as it heals.


Question: What happens when you get stitches (sutures)?

Answer: Once a health care provider has assessed your injury and determined that you need stitches, the first steps he or she will take in treating the wound are to clean and numb the area, though not necessarily in that order. If you cut yourself on a piece of glass or sharp metal, for instance, it's crucial to ensure that there are no remaining shards inside the cut. The doctor may remove any dead tissues to help the healing process. He or she will then pull the edges of the cut together and, for each stitch, loop thread through either side of the cut and tie a knot to hold the wound closed. The doctor may also have special instructions for you after the stitches are removed, which may help minimize scarring.


Question: How is the blood pressure measure written and what does it mean?

Answer: Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and is written systolic over diastolic (for example, 120/80 mm Hg, or "120 over 80"). According to the most recent guidelines, a normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is 120 to 129 and less than 80. Hypertension is blood pressure that is greater than 130/80.


Question: What foods should you cut back on to reduce urge incontinence symptoms?

Answer: Try cutting back on: Acidic foods and beverages, such as tomatoes, pineapple, and citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes Salty foods, which can make you thirstier and hence, lead to drinking more liquids Spicy foods, such as chilies, which can irritate the bladder Carbonated beverages, such as sodas or seltzers Though urge incontinence is uncomfortable, it's also very treatable. Changes in your lifestyle and habits can play a part in treating it.


Question: What lifestyle changes can you do to reduce urge incontinence symptoms?

Answer: You may not be able to make it to the bathroom without peeing when you get an intense urge to go. On the other hand, it's a good idea not to pressure the bladder by drinking too much liquid at once. They also help reconnect nerve impulse communication between the bladder and the brain. Tension, diet, and being overweight can all contribute to urinary incontinence. The good news is that you can do something about all three: Eat more vegetables and fiber. Fiber helps you avoid constipation, which may help reduce pressure on your bladder. Reduce tension. Tense situations can make you to feel as if you need to pee. Deep breathing exercises are one of the tools that can ease tension. Exercise. If you're overweight, losing weight will keep extra pounds from adding to the pressure on your bladder. Exercise may aggravate stress incontinence, though. Sit back on the toilet. Don't lean forward, since this may put unwanted stress on the urethra and bladder.


Question: How do doctors diagnose a dislocated elbow?

Answer: The doctor will make sure your nerves and arteries are unhurt by checking your pulse, making sure you can feel normally, move your fingers and wrist, and make sure that blood is flowing normally to your hand. Next, the doctor will get X-rays. Sometimes, breaks in the bone can look like dislocations, and some breaks happen when dislocations occur. If the doctor suspects an injury to your artery, further tests, such as an arteriogram (an X-ray of your artery) may be performed.


Question: What is an elbow dislocation?

Answer: An elbow dislocation occurs when the bones of the forearm (the radius and ulna) move out of place compared with the bone of the upper arm (the humerus). The elbow joint, formed where these 3 bones meet, becomes dislocated, or out of joint.


Question: What are possible problems after a ureteroscopy for kidney stones?

Answer: Possible problems after a ureteroscopy include: Infection Narrowing of the ureter Bleeding If your stone is large or lithotripsy doesn't break it up enough, this surgery is an option.


Question: How is shock wave lithotripsy used to treat kidney stones?

Answer: These four treatments can be used on your kidney stones: Shock wave lithotripsy Ureteroscopy Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Open surgery Here's more about each of these: SWL is the most common kidney stone treatment. It works best for small or medium stones. It's noninvasive, which means no cuts are made in your skin. During this procedure, you lie on a table. You'll get medicine beforehand to limit any pain or discomfort. The doctor uses an X-ray or ultrasound to find the stone (or stones) in your kidney. Then, she aims high-energy shock waves at your kidney from the outside. These waves go through your skin and break up the stone into small pieces. The doctor might put a tube called a stent into your ureter (urine flows through this from your kidneys to your bladder). This stent helps the pieces of stone pass. SWL takes about an hour. You'll usually go home on the same day. Afterward, you'll drink lots of water to flush the stone pieces out in your urine. You might have to pee through a strainer to catch pieces of the stone so she can test them. SWL removes kidney stones in about half of people who have it. If it doesn't work, you might need to have the procedure repeated.


Question: How does ureteroscopy work to treat kidney stones?

Answer: More serious problems are less likely, but can include: Bleeding around the kidney Infection Damage to the kidney Stone that blocks the flow of urine This procedure treats stones in the kidneys and ureters. Your doctor uses a thin, flexible scope to find and remove stones. No cuts are made in your skin. You'll sleep through this procedure. Your doctor will pass the scope through your bladder and ureter into your kidney. She uses a small basket to remove small stones. If the stones are larger, the doctor will pass a laser through the scope to break them up. You usually are able to go home on the same day. The doctor might place a stent in your ureter to help urine drain from your kidney into your bladder. You'll go back to the doctor after 4 to 10 days to have the stent taken out. Some stents have a string on the end so you can pull it out yourself. Be sure to carefully follow your doctor's instructions about taking out a stent yourself.


Question: How are kidney stones treated?

Answer: These four treatments can be used on your kidney stones: Shock wave lithotripsy Ureteroscopy Percutaneous nephrolithotomy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy Open surgery Here's more about each of these: SWL is the most common kidney stone treatment.


Question: What should you talk to your doctor about if you have kidney stones?

Answer: Ask your doctor these questions: What side effects can this surgery cause? What are the odds that it will treat my kidney stone? How long will I need to stay in the hospital afterward? What will you give me to control pain after surgery? Is there a chance I'll have to repeat the surgery?


Question: How does a percutaneous nephrolithotomy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy work to treat kidney stones?

Answer: Possible problems after a ureteroscopy include: Infection Narrowing of the ureter Bleeding If your stone is large or lithotripsy doesn't break it up enough, this surgery is an option. PCNL uses a small tube to reach the stone and break it up with high-frequency sound waves. You will be given something so that you won't be awake during this surgery. Your surgeon will make a small cut in your back or side and place a thin scope into the hole.


Question: How is a percutaneous nephrolithotomy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy done to treat kidney stones?

Answer: The surgery can be done in one of two ways: Nephrolithotomy: Your surgeon removes the stone through a tube Nephrolithotripsy: Your surgeon uses sound waves or a laser to break up the stone and then vacuums up the pieces with a suction machine. The surgery takes 20 to 45 minutes. You'll typically have to stay in the hospital for a day or two afterward. Usually, a stent will have to stay in your kidney for a few days to help urine drain. Your doctor might do an X-ray or ultrasound a few weeks later to see whether any parts of the stone are left. She might also send the stone fragments to a lab to find out what they're made of.


Question: What are the risks from a percutaneous nephrolithotomy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy for kidney stones?

Answer: Risks from this surgery include: Infection Bleeding Damage to the bladder, bowel, ureter, kidney, or liver Open surgery is rarely done for kidney stones anymore.


Question: What are side effects of shock wave lithotripsy for kidney stones?

Answer: The procedure can cause side effects such as cramps or blood in your urine. More serious problems are less likely, but can include: Bleeding around the kidney Infection Damage to the kidney Stone that blocks the flow of urine This procedure treats stones in the kidneys and ureters.


Question: When do I need surgery for a kidney stone?

Answer: You're in a lot of pain. The stone is blocking the flow of urine out of your kidney. You have had many urinary tract infections because of the stone. But if your stone is very large or it can't be removed or crushed with other treatments, surgery might be an option.


Question: What should you know about treating a kidney stone?

Answer: They start small, but they can grow bigger as more minerals stick to them. Some kidney stones often pass on their own without treatment. Other stones that are painful or that get stuck in your urinary tract sometimes need to be removed with surgery. The procedure can cause side effects such as cramps or blood in your urine.


Question: How is open surgery done to treat kidney stones?

Answer: Your surgeon will make a small cut in your back or side and place a thin scope into the hole. Risks from this surgery include: Infection Bleeding Damage to the bladder, bowel, ureter, kidney, or liver Open surgery is rarely done for kidney stones anymore. But if your stone is very large or it can't be removed or crushed with other treatments, surgery might be an option. Surgery may also help if: One of the stones is stuck in your ureter. You're in a lot of pain. The stone is blocking your urine flow. You're bleeding or you have an infection. She will remove the stone through the opening. A stent is placed in the ureter to help urine drain. You may need to stay in the hospital for a few days. It can take 4 to 6 weeks to fully heal after open surgery.


Question: How can you avoid trouble sleeping from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Some ADHD medications can rev you up and make it hard to fall asleep. Take your medication earlier in the day, so it wears off well before bedtime. If you're on a long-acting stimulant, you could ask your doctor about trying a short-acting one, where the effects will fade more quickly. Limit or avoid caffeine, too. Turn off your TV, computers, and phones an hour or so before going to bed, and take time to relax.


Question: What can I do if my ADHD medication causes headaches?

Answer: You might get them after you take your medication on an empty stomach, or if you're dehydrated. Sometimes they come on as the medicine wears off. Your doctor may be able to help by tweaking when you take your drug.


Question: How can you avoid headaches from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: You might get them after you take your medication on an empty stomach, or if you're dehydrated. Sometimes they come on as the medicine wears off. Your doctor may be able to help by tweaking when you take your drug.


Question: How can you avoid tics from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Tics are repeated movements or sounds that you make without meaning to. ADHD medications don't cause tics, but they can sometimes bring out underlying ones -- maybe tics you had in childhood will come back. Usually these fade over time, but talk to your doctor if they don't go away.


Question: How can you avoid loss of appetite from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Some drugs can make you not want to eat much. But don't skip meals. That can lead to low blood sugar, and that may make it harder to focus. Instead, eat several small meals a day, rather than three bigger ones. Eat dinner later in the evening, after the effects of your medication have worn off. You may feel hungry then. Sometimes the worse appetite leads to weight loss. It's usually just a small amount, but tell your doctor if you think you're losing too much weight.


Question: How can you avoid dry mouth from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Drink plenty of fluids, and use lozenges to keep your mouth moist.


Question: What are other ways to treat adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: Doctors sometimes treat adults with drugs that aren't FDA-approved for ADHD. This is called âoff labelâ use. Because these drugs have different side effects -- and benefits and risks -- you should go over the specifics with your doctor.


Question: When should I consider going to the doctor for side effects of ADHD medication?

Answer: Many people feel the side effects of their ADHD medications are worth dealing with to get the benefits of the drugs. But if they're severe or interfering with your life, don't try to ignore them. Get help from your doctor. Together, you'll be able to come up with a plan that works best for you.


Question: How effective are treatments for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: There's no way to know how well a medicine will work for you. Some people do better on one drug than another. It can take a few tries to find the right one.


Question: What can I do if my ADHD medication causes dry mouth?

Answer: Drink plenty of fluids, and use lozenges to keep your mouth moist.


Question: Are the side effects of medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worth it?

Answer: Many people feel the side effects of their ADHD medications are worth dealing with to get the benefits of the drugs. But if they're severe or interfering with your life, don't try to ignore them. Get help from your doctor. Together, you'll be able to come up with a plan that works best for you.


Question: Which ADHD medication is least likely to cause side effects?

Answer: There's no way to know how well a medicine will work for you. Some people do better on one drug than another. It can take a few tries to find the right one. If you have high blood pressure, heart problems, or a history of mental health issues or addiction, your doctor needs to know. These conditions may cause problems with your treatment.


Question: What can I do if my ADHD medication causes tics?

Answer: They can give you back your focus and a feeling of control. Usually these fade over time, but talk to your doctor if they don't go away.


Question: How can you avoid nausea from treating adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: They can give you back your focus and a feeling of control. If you're supposed to take it in the morning and you're not a breakfast person, you may want to find something you can eat anyway.


Question: What can I do if my ADHD medication makes me nauseous?

Answer: They can give you back your focus and a feeling of control. If you're supposed to take it in the morning and you're not a breakfast person, you may want to find something you can eat anyway.


Question: What can happen if you're taking medications for adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Answer: If you're an adult with ADHD, medications can help a lot. They can give you back your focus and a feeling of control. But for many people, these perks come with a price -- side effects. Most of the time, they're mild and fade after a few weeks or months of treatment. Both types have similar side effects: Dizziness Dry Mouth Headaches Loss of Appetite Moodiness Tics Trouble sleeping There are simple things you can do to make taking these medications less of a problem.


Question: What can I do if my ADHD medication causes dizziness?

Answer: Check with your doctor. It's usually just a small amount, but tell your doctor if you think you're losing too much weight.


Question: How long does recovery from trigger finger take?

Answer: The time it takes to get better depends on how bad your condition is. The choice of treatment also affects recovery. For example, you may need to wear a splint for 6 weeks. But most patients with trigger finger recover within a few weeks by resting the finger and using anti-inflammatory drugs.


Question: Why does trigger finger happen?

Answer: A tendon usually glides easily through the tissue that covers it (called a sheath) thanks to the synovium, a membrane that surrounds joints and keeps them lubricated. Sometimes a tendon gets inflamed and swollen. Long-term irritation of the tendon sheath can lead to scarring and thickening that affect the tendon's motion. When this happens, bending your finger or thumb pulls the inflamed tendon through a narrowed sheath and makes it snap or pop.


Question: What causes trigger finger?

Answer: Most of the time, it comes from a repeated movement or forceful use of your finger or thumb. It can also happen when tendons -- tough bands of tissue that connect muscles and bones in your finger or thumb -- get inflamed.


Question: Who gets trigger finger?

Answer: Most of the time, it comes from a repeated movement or forceful use of your finger or thumb. Sex: It's more common in women than men. Job: It's common among farmers, industrial workers, musicians, and anyone else who repeats finger and thumb movements.


Question: How is trigger finger diagnosed?

Answer: Your doctor will start with a physical exam of your hand and fingers. The finger may be swollen, stiff, and painful. There are no X-rays or lab tests to diagnose trigger finger.


Question: What are the symptoms of trigger finger?

Answer: You might notice: A painful clicking or snapping when you bend or straighten your finger. Stiffness in your finger, especially in the morning Soreness or a bump at the base of the finger or thumb. It's often worse: In the morning When you grasp something firmly When you try to straighten your finger Things that make you more likely to get trigger finger include: Age: It usually shows up between ages 40 and 60. Or it could be locked in a bent position.


Question: What is trigger finger?

Answer: Trigger finger is a painful condition that makes your fingers or thumb catch or lock when you bend them. When it affects your thumb, it's called trigger thumb..


Question: How is trigger finger treated?

Answer: Most of the time, you'll start with: Rest: Try not to move the finger or thumb. Splint: The doctor can give you one designed to keep your finger still. NSAIDs: Your doctor may suggest over-the-counter drugs that fight inflammation, like ibuprofen or naproxen. Steroid injections: She might give you a steroid shot into the tendon sheath. If you have severe symptoms or if other treatments don't work, your doctor may suggest a procedure.


Question: What are the symptoms and diagnosis for insulin resistance?

Answer: You can't tell that you have insulin resistance by how you feel. You'll need to get a blood test that checks your blood sugar levels. Likewise, you won't know if you have most of the other conditions that are part of insulin resistance syndrome (high blood pressure, low "good" cholesterol levels, and high triglycerides) without seeing your doctor.


Question: What changes can make a difference for insulin resistance?

Answer: You can't tell that you have insulin resistance by how you feel. This test measures your blood sugar after you haven't eaten for at least 8 hours. If you don't make changes in the way you eat and exercise, your blood sugar levels will rise until you have prediabetes. Get to a healthy weight . If you're not sure what you should weigh or how to reach a weight loss goal, ask your doctor. You may also want to talk with a nutritionist and a certified personal trainer. Eat a healthy diet. Think fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, beans, fish, legumes, and other lean protein.


Question: What does insulin resistance mean?

Answer: Over time, your blood sugar levels go up. It could affect as many as 1 in 3 Americans. When you have insulin resistance, your pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for it. Eat a healthy diet.


Question: What should I do if I have insulin resistance?

Answer: You may need to take the test again to confirm the results. Go for at least 30 minutes a day of moderate activity (like brisk walking) 5 or more days a week. If you're not active now, work up to that. Think fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, beans, fish, legumes, and other lean protein.


Question: What are the symptoms of chronic heavy metal poisoning?

Answer: You get this after contact with a low dose over a long time. As the metal builds up in your body, you can get sick. Symptoms come on slowly and can include: Headache Weakness and tiredness Achy joints and muscles Constipation Different tests can check for different types of heavy metals.


Question: Is heavy metal poisoning common?

Answer: Experts say that heavy metal poisoning is rare. But lots of websites claim it's common and blame it, without proof, for all sorts of health problems. Many businesses sell unreliable tests and expensive or even dangerous treatments. Hair analysis or chelation challenge tests (âprovoked urineâ tests). They're inaccurate. They can't tell you if you're sick or need treatment. Over-the-counter chelation treatments. These are not approved by the FDA, may not be safe, and there's no evidence that they work. If you think you have heavy metal poisoning, don't try to diagnose it or treat it on your own. See your doctor instead.


Question: Which metals can cause heavy metal poisoning?

Answer: Scientists group these elements based on their higher density, or atomic weights. Many heavy metals exist, including: Arsenic Cadmium Copper Iron Lead Mercury Zinc Not all of these metals are bad for you. We need small amounts of some of them, such as copper and iron, to keep our bodies healthy.


Question: How does heavy metal poisoning happen?

Answer: This can happen if you eat or drink something tainted with heavy metals or if you breathe in contaminated dust or fumes.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an erythrocyte sedimentation rate test for lupus?

Answer: Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ( ESR) What it is: ESR measures the speed of red blood cells moving toward the bottom of a test tube. When inflammation is present, blood proteins stick together and fall and collect more quickly as sediment. The more quickly the blood cells fall, the greater the inflammation. Why the test is used: ESR is used as a marker of inflammation. Inflammation could indicate lupus activity. This test could be used to monitor inflammation, which could indicate changes in disease activity or response to treatment. Limitations of the test: Like CRP, the ESR is not specific to lupus. Because there are many causes for a positive result, including infection, the test is not diagnostic for lupus. Nor can it distinguish a lupus flare from an infection. Also, the level doesn't directly correlate with lupus disease activity. So it isn't necessarily useful for monitoring disease activity.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of a chemistry panel for lupus?

Answer: Chemistry Panel What it is: A chemistry panel is a test to assess kidney function and liver function. It also gives information on electrolytes, blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Why the test is used: Abnormalities may indicate the development of complications from lupus. They could also result from treatments for such conditions as kidney disease, elevated blood sugar levels, elevated cholesterol levels, and liver disease.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an anti-Ro(SSA) and anti-La(SSB) test for lupus?

Answer: Anti- Ro( SSA) and Anti- La( SSB) What it is: Anti- Ro( SSA) and Anti- La( SSB) are two antibodies that are commonly found together. They are specific against ribonucleic acid ( RNA) proteins. Why the test is used: Anti- Ro is found in anywhere from 24% to 60% of lupus patients. It's also found in 70% of people with another autoimmune disorder called SjÃ¶gren's syndrome. Anti- La is found in 35% of people with SjÃ¶gren's syndrome. For this reason, their presence may be useful in diagnosing one of these disorders. Both antibodies are associated with neonatal lupus, a rare but potentially serious problem in newborns. In pregnant women, a positive Anti- Ro( SSA) or Anti- La( SSB) warns doctors of the need to monitor the unborn baby. Limitations of the test: Like other antibodies, the fact that the test is not positive in many people with lupus means it can't be used to diagnose lupus. Also, it is more indicative of SjÃ¶gren's syndrome than of lupus.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an antiphospholipid antibodies test for lupus?

Answer: Antiphospholipid Antibodies ( APLs) What it is: APLs are a type of antibody directed against phospholipids. Why the test is used: APLs are present in up to 60% of people with lupus. Their presence can help confirm a diagnosis. A positive test is also used to help identify women with lupus that have certain risks that require preventive treatment and monitoring. Those risks include blood clots, miscarriage, or preterm birth. Limitations of the test: APLs may also occur in people without lupus. Their presence alone is not enough for a lupus diagnosis.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an antinuclear antibody test for lupus?

Answer: Antinuclear Antibody ( ANA) What it is: ANA is a type of antibody directed against the cells' nuclei. Why the test is used: ANA is present in nearly everybody with active lupus. Doctors often use the ANA test as a screening tool. Plus, looking at patterns of the antibodies can sometimes help doctors determine the specific disease a person has. That, in turn, helps determine which treatment would be most appropriate. Limitations of the test: Although almost all people with lupus have the antibody, a positive result doesn't necessarily indicate lupus. Positive results are often seen with some other diseases and in a smaller percentage of people without lupus or other autoimmune disorders. So a positive ANA by itself is not enough for a lupus diagnosis. Doctors must consider the result of this test along with other criteria.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of a complete blood cell count for lupus?

Answer: Complete Blood Cell Count ( CBC) What it is: CBC is a test to measure levels of different blood cells. Why the test is used: Abnormalities in blood cell counts, including white blood cells and red blood cells, may occur in people with lupus. This may be related to the lupus, lupus treatments, or infection. For example, leukopenia, a decrease in the number of white blood cells, is found in about 50% of people with lupus. Thrombocytopenia, or a low platelet count, occurs in about 50% of people with lupus, as well. Doctors can use this test to monitor these potentially serious problems. Limitations of the test: Many other medical conditions can cause abnormalities in blood cell counts. So the test by itself is not specific to a lupus diagnosis.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an anti-Sm test for lupus?

Answer: Anti- Sm What it is: Anti- Sm is an antibody directed against Sm, a specific protein found in the cell nucleus. Why the test is used: The protein is found in up to 30% of people with lupus. It's rarely found in people without lupus. So a positive test can help confirm a lupus diagnosis. Limitations of the test: Up to only 30% of people with lupus have a positive anti- Sm test. So relying on an anti- Sm result alone would miss a large majority of people with lupus.


Question: What are the uses and limitations of an anti-dsDNA for lupus?

Answer: Anti-ds DNA What it is: Anti-ds DNA is a protein directed against double-stranded DNA. DNA is the material that makes up the body's genetic code. Why the test is used: Between 75% and 90% of people with lupus have a positive anti-ds DNA test. Also, the test is very specific for lupus. Therefore, a positive test can be useful in confirming a diagnosis. For many people, the titer, or level, of the antibodies rises as the disease becomes more active. So, doctors can also use it to help measure disease activity. Also, the presence of anti-ds DNA indicates a greater risk of lupus nephritis, a kidney inflammation that occurs with lupus. So a positive test can alert doctors to the need to monitor the kidneys. Limitations of the test: Up to 25% of people with lupus have a negative test. So, a negative test doesn't mean a person doesn't have lupus.


Question: What should you know about lab tests for lupus?

Answer: However, when certain clinical criteria are met, lab tests can help confirm a diagnosis of lupus. Blood work and other tests can also help monitor the disease and show the effects of treatment. Positive results are often seen with some other diseases and in a smaller percentage of people without lupus or other autoimmune disorders. Limitations of the test: Like other antibodies, the fact that the test is not positive in many people with lupus means it can't be used to diagnose lupus.


Question: Which urine tests are used for lupus?

Answer: C- Reactive Protein ( CRP) What it is: CRP is a protein in the body that can be a marker of inflammation. Chemistry Panel What it is: A chemistry panel is a test to assess kidney function and liver function. Besides blood tests used to diagnose and monitor lupus, doctors use urine tests to diagnose and monitor the effects of lupus on the kidneys. These tests include the following: Urine Protein/ Microalbuminuria. Creatinine Clearance: This test measures how effective the kidneys are at filtering the blood to eliminate waste products. It is conducted on urine collected over a 24-hour period. Urinalysis: Urinalysis can be used in screening for kidney disease. The presence of protein, red blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular casts may all indicate kidney disease.


Question: How can you manage blood sugar level in children?

Answer: No one expects that they'll be perfect all the time. Your goal is simple: Get it into the target range when it isn't, because your child's body can't. Test his blood sugar several times a day so you'll know what you need to do to adjust it.


Question: What causes young children's blood sugar levels to change?

Answer: Food Exercise Growth Illness Stress and other emotions Medication Remember, the numbers on the meter aren't "good" or "bad" -- they're just numbers.


Question: How can I best avoid too high or low blood sugar levels in young children?

Answer: Testing is the best way to avoid dangerously high and low levels. You might not notice symptoms, and your child may not be able to explain what's happening. If he can't talk yet, he certainly can't tell you he feels funny. As your child gets older, his targets will change. Your doctor will help you figure out what levels are right for your child.


Question: What causes your child's blood sugar levels to go up and down if they have diabetes?

Answer: Food Exercise Growth Illness Stress and other emotions Medication Remember, the numbers on the meter aren't "good" or "bad" -- they're just numbers.


Question: How can children's blood sugar levels change?

Answer: No one expects that they'll be perfect all the time. Your goal is simple: Get it into the target range when it isn't, because your child's body can't. Test his blood sugar several times a day so you'll know what you need to do to adjust it.


Question: How can your child with diabetes avoid dangerous blood sugar levels?

Answer: Testing is the best way to avoid dangerously high and low levels. You might not notice symptoms, and your child may not be able to explain what's happening. Your doctor will help you figure out what levels are right for your child.


Question: What should I ask my doctor about anxiety?

Answer: Are there any underlying medical problems that could be causing my anxiety symptoms? Will I need to take an anxiety drug? Will I take it every day or as needed? How long will I need to take it? What side effects can I expect from medications? Is there a way to minimize or prevent side effects? What should I do if I miss a dose of medication? Should I begin therapy sessions? Which type and for how long? How long before I can expect to feel better? Once treated, how likely is it that my anxiety symptoms will return? What lifestyle changes can I make to help me feel better? How will alcohol or other drugs interact with my medication or affect my anxiety?


Question: What is the outlook for lymphedema?

Answer: With proper care and treatment, your affected limb can be restored to a normal size and shape. The condition can usually be controlled so that it doesn't get worse. But remember, it's important to get your symptoms treated as soon as possible.


Question: What are some recommendations to prevent lymphedema?

Answer: It's a good idea to follow these tips, too: Avoid extreme temperature changes. Do not use hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas, or steam baths. Use warm, rather than hot, water when bathing or washing dishes. Always wear sun protection (at least SPF 30) when going outdoors. Talk to your doctor before traveling. When traveling by air, ask your doctor if you should wear a compression sleeve on your affected arm or a stocking on your affected leg. For long flights, additional bandages may be needed. When sitting or sleeping, elevate your affected arm or leg on pillows. Don't spend a lot of time lying on your affected side. Your doctor may refer you to an occupational therapist ( OT) who specializes in managing lymphedema. Your OT may have you do specific exercises, limit certain activities, and possibly recommend a compression sleeve or other devices.