Question: What can I do to relieve muscle tension caused by whiplash?

Answer: Immediately after an injury, it's helpful to apply ice to the site of the pain. Later, some people find relief by applying dry or moist heat to the area.


Question: What causes Fournierâs gangrene in children?

Answer: Sources of the infection can include: Urinary tract infections Bladder infections Hysterectomies Abscesses (swollen body tissue that contains pus) Piercings In children, the causes can include: Insect bites Burns Circumcision While not actually considered causes of Fournier's gangrene, there are other conditions and medications that experts believe may make you more likely to get this disease, including: Diabetes Alcohol abuse Trauma to the genital area Steroids Chemotherapy HIV Obesity Cirrhosis (a liver disease) A certain type of diabetes medicine called sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 ( SGLT2) inhibitor Doctors can find the cause of Fournier's gangrene in about 90% of the cases.


Question: What are the symptoms of Fournier's gangrene?

Answer: People with Fournier's gangrene can have various symptoms, including: Fever Pain and swelling in the genitals or anal area Unpleasant odor coming from the affected skin tissue Crackling sound when touching the affected area Dehydration Anemia You should see a doctor immediately.


Question: What are some other treatments for Fournier's gangrene?

Answer: You may also need reconstructive surgery after your infection is under control. And some people need colostomies (for getting rid of poop) and catheters (for getting rid of pee), depending on the area that's affected. Some people also need hyperbaric oxygen therapy -- this means you are given pure oxygen while in a pressurized room. You may also get a tetanus shot if you have an injury.


Question: How is Fournier's gangrene treated?

Answer: People with Fournier's gangrene can have various symptoms, including: Fever Pain and swelling in the genitals or anal area Unpleasant odor coming from the affected skin tissue Crackling sound when touching the affected area Dehydration Anemia You should see a doctor immediately. Treatments include: Antibiotics given by IV (through your veins). Surgery to remove the dead and dying tissue and to confirm the diagnosis.


Question: How can I lower my chances of getting Fournier's gangrene?

Answer: There are some steps you can take to lower your chances of getting Fournier's gangrene: If you have diabetes, check your genitals and surrounding areas for wounds or signs of infection, as well as for swelling or drainage. If you are obese or even just overweight, try to lose some weight. If you smoke or chew tobacco, stop. Tobacco use can damage blood vessels. To lower your risk of infection, wash open wounds with soap and water and keep them dry and clean until they heal.


Question: How common is Fournierâs gangrene?

Answer: Fournier's gangrene is rare. While it's more common in men, women and children also can get it. The disease is most often found in men between the ages of 50 and 60. Men are 10 times more likely than women to have Fournier's gangrene.


Question: What causes Fournierâs gangrene?

Answer: Fournier's gangrene usually happens because of an infection in, or near, your genitals. Sources of the infection can include: Urinary tract infections Bladder infections Hysterectomies Abscesses (swollen body tissue that contains pus) Piercings In children, the causes can include: Insect bites Burns Circumcision While not actually considered causes of Fournier's gangrene, there are other conditions and medications that experts believe may make you more likely to get this disease, including: Diabetes Alcohol abuse Trauma to the genital area Steroids Chemotherapy HIV Obesity Cirrhosis (a liver disease) A certain type of diabetes medicine called sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 ( SGLT2) inhibitor Doctors can find the cause of Fournier's gangrene in about 90% of the cases.


Question: What are warnings signs after an adenoidectomy?

Answer: If you notice bright red blood coming from your child's mouth or nose, call the doctor right away or take your child to the emergency room. This may indicate the scabs have come off too soon. Small spots of blood in the nose or in the saliva may be expected. Also, if breathing becomes so difficult that your child is wheezing, seek immediate medical care. This may be a sign of excessive swelling in the surgical area and should be looked at immediately. Surgery should never be taken lightly. Make sure you have all your questions answered before making a decision and, if you have any doubts, seek a second opinion from another qualified doctor.


Question: What is recovery like after an adenoidectomy?

Answer: After surgery, your child may feel nauseous until the anesthesia completely wears off. In the week following the adenoidectomy, your child may experience the following: Sore throat: Your child's throat may be sore for seven to ten days following the procedure and eating can be uncomfortable. Fever: Your child may have a low fever several days after the surgery. If the fever gets higher than 102 F, call the doctor. Seek medical attention if fever is accompanied by other symptoms such as lethargy, nausea, vomiting, headache, or stiff neck. Mouth breathing: Mouth breathing and snoring may occur following the surgery, due to swelling in the throat. Breathing should return to normal once swelling goes down, usually 10 to 14 days after surgery. Seek medical attention if there is difficulty breathing. Pain: Some throat and ear pain is normal for a few weeks following surgery. The doctor should prescribe medicine to help control pain. Scabs in the mouth: Thick, white scabs will develop where the tonsils and/or adenoids were removed. This is normal and most scabs fall off in small pieces within 10 days after surgery. Do not let your child pick at the scabs. These scabs may also cause bad breath.


Question: What are adenoids?

Answer: Adenoids are a mass of tissue that, along with your tonsils, help keep you healthy by trapping harmful germs that pass through the nose or mouth. Your adenoids also produce antibodies to help your body fight infections. Unlike tonsils, which can be easily seen by opening your mouth, you cannot see the adenoids. A doctor has to use a small mirror or special instrument with a light to see the adenoids. Sometimes X-rays may be taken to see them more clearly. While adenoids play an important role in keeping a person healthy, as you get older, adenoids become less important, because your body is able to fight infection in other ways. In fact, adenoids often get smaller around age 5 or 6 and virtually disappear by the teen years.


Question: What are other symptoms of adenoiditis related to nasal congestion?

Answer: Symptoms of adenoiditis can vary depending on what is causing the infection, but may include: sore throat stuffy nose swollen glands in the neck ear pain and other ear problems When the nose is stuffy, breathing through it can be a challenge. Other symptoms of adenoiditis related to nasal congestion include: breathing through the mouth speaking with a nasal sound, as if you are speaking with a pinched nose difficulty sleeping snoring or sleep apnea (a condition where you stop breathing for a short amount of time during sleep) Adenoiditis is treated with antibiotics.


Question: What are the symptoms of adenoiditis?

Answer: Symptoms of adenoiditis can vary depending on what is causing the infection, but may include: sore throat stuffy nose swollen glands in the neck ear pain and other ear problems When the nose is stuffy, breathing through it can be a challenge.


Question: What are some tips to ease your child's recovery after an adenoidectomy?

Answer: Here are some tips to ease your child's recovery following adenoidectomy: Feed your child soft foods, such as scrambled eggs, Jell- O, soup, and popsicles. However, do not let your child eat or drink milk products for the first 24 hours following surgery. After that, ice cream, pudding, and yogurt are OK. Make sure your child drinks plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Have your child rest as much as possible for the first few days following surgery. Your child should be able to return to school once he or she can eat regular foods again, is no longer on pain medication, and is able to sleep soundly through the night.


Question: Is sun exposure related to skin cancer?

Answer: You'll get anesthesia in the affected area.


Question: What is Mohs surgery?

Answer: Mohs surgery (for high-risk cases). The doctor will remove the skin cancer layer by layer, checking each one under a microscope until it's all gone.


Question: How is skin cancer removed?

Answer: Your dermatologist can do this in her office. You'll be awake for the short procedure, with local anesthesia to numb the affected part of your skin. The doctor will remove the skin cancer and a tiny rim of normal-looking skin around it with a scalpel. She'll use stitches or sutures to close up the skin.


Question: What are the most common symptoms of skin cancer?

Answer: This means any new spot or mole changing in color, shape, or size, and any spot that itches, bleeds or becomes painful.. Doctors usually diagnose skin cancer by doing a biopsy.


Question: What does the treatment for skin cancer depend on?

Answer: Your skin cancer type, its size, and its location are some of the things that will affect how it's treated.


Question: What is nutritional deficiency and how does it cause hair loss in children?

Answer: Though less common, hair loss can be a symptom of deficiencies in certain nutrients, including: Vitamin H, or biotin, one of the B complex of vitamins, which help the body to convert carbohydrates into glucose to fuel the body. Zinc, an essential mineral involved in numerous aspects of cellular metabolism.


Question: How can endocrine problems cause hair loss in children?

Answer: In some children the cause of hair loss is hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid is underactive and is producing an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones required for regulating metabolism. A diagnosis of hypothyroidism is made by a blood test. Treatment may involve medication prescribed by the endocrinologis to replace deficient hormones but will depend on a number of factors including: Your child's age, overall health, and medical history Extent of the disease Your child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies Expectations for the course of the disease Your opinion or preference While many causes of hair loss require a doctor's attention, others will resolve on their own with time.


Question: What Is tinea capitis?

Answer: Tinea capitis. Tinea capitis, commonly known as ringworm of the scalp, is a fungal infection often seen in children. It can show up in a number of ways, but often as scaly patches of hair loss on the head. The patches are usually round or oval. The hairs may be broken off at the surface of the skin and look like black dots on the scalp.


Question: What are non medical causes of hair loss?

Answer: In some cases, hair loss can be a symptom of too much vitamin A. Many newborns lose their hair during the first few months of life, and baby hair is replaced by permanent hair. Between 3 and 6 months of age, many babies have a bald spot resulting from friction with the crib mattress or car seat. Once your child starts sitting up, any lost hair should return. Vigorous brushing or pulling the hair into tight pony tails or braids can cause it to fall out.


Question: How do you know if your mole is a sign of skin cancer?

Answer: Moles that are of greater medical concern include those that look different than other existing moles or those that first appear in adulthood. If you notice changes in a mole's color or appearance, you should have a dermatologist evaluate it. You also should have moles checked if they bleed, ooze, itch, appear scaly, or become tender or painful. Also, if you have any new moles that you think look suspicious, see your doctor.


Question: What should you look for when examining your moles for skin cancer?

Answer: Moles can be linked to skin cancer. If a mole displays any of the signs listed below, have it checked immediately by a dermatologist: Asymmetry: One half of the mole does not match the other half Border: The border or edges of the mole are ragged, blurred, or irregular Color: The mole has different colors or it has shades of tan, brown, black, blue, white, or red Diameter: The diameter of the mole is larger than the eraser of a pencil Evolving: The mole appears different from others and/or changing in size, color, shape Keep in mind that some melanomas may be smaller or not fit other characteristics. Keep these tips in mind when screening your moles for skin cancer: Use a full-length mirror if you have one. Start at your head and work your way down, looking at all the areas of your body (including the front, backs, and sides of each area, and your fingernails and toenails).


Question: How can exercise help to manage psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: The best way to improve your symptoms is to get moving with gentle, low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, yoga, and tai chi. Movement can lessen pain and expand your range of motion. These activities may also help you relax, ease your stress, and sleep better.


Question: What is the hands-on treatment for psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Massage may loosen up muscles, ease pain and stiffness, and help you relax your joints. Spas and clinics offer massages, or you could have a massage therapist come to your home. Acupuncture and acupressure may also ease your pain. In acupuncture, the therapist inserts tiny, thin needles into specific spots on your body related to your pain. An acupressure therapist presses firmly into your skin with fingers instead. Ask your doctor to help you find a good therapist. You should also tell them about your condition before you begin treatment.


Question: What should you do before starting exercises to manage psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Before you start a new kind of exercise, talk to your doctor to make sure it's safe for you. To learn an exercise like yoga or tai chi, take a class where you can have someone check your form. Tell your teacher or trainer that you have psoriatic arthritis, so they don't let you do any moves that could hurt your joints.


Question: What are natural remedies for psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Herbs, supplements, and skin treatments that people commonly use for psoriatic arthritis and related psoriasis include: Aloe vera Apple cider vinegar Capsaicin from hot peppers Dead Sea salts Oats Oregon grape Tea tree oil Turmeric No medical studies prove that these will ease your symptoms, though. The Food and Drug Administration doesn't control these products, and they may not contain the ingredients listed on the package. Be careful, and talk to your doctor before taking any supplements.


Question: How can a healthy diet help with psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Some people claim that certain diets, such as eating only gluten-free foods, will ease inflammation. Your symptoms may get better if you follow these diets, but there's no proof they work. Your best bet? Stay at a healthy weight. It helps ease your inflammation, joint pain, and fatigue. A nutritious diet is also a good idea to help you avoid heart disease. Having psoriatic arthritis makes it more likely that you'll get it.


Question: How can applying heat and cold help with psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: You want to do something about your sore and swollen joints. Moist heat can also help relax aching muscles and ease soreness and stiffness. Use a warm towel, heat pack, or paraffin bath, or take a warm (not hot) bath or shower. Cold therapy can bring down swelling and numb pain. Use a bag of ice or frozen vegetables wrapped in a towel.


Question: How can relieving stress help with psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Before you start a new kind of exercise, talk to your doctor to make sure it's safe for you. Spas and clinics offer massages, or you could have a massage therapist come to your home. Little day-to-day things can add up. Exercise can help you work off stress and boost your mood. Meditation can help you feel calm and clear-headed. Because deep breathing and focus are parts of yoga and tai chi, these practices offer the perks of both exercise and meditation. Aromatherapy can also help you relax. If your worries are getting in the way of your life or seem overwhelming, consider talking to a counselor or therapist.


Question: How is radiation used to treat triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: Radiation is often used after surgery to kill any cancer cells still in the area. The goal is to stop the cancer from coming back. It's more common after a lumpectomy.


Question: How can you take care of yourself if you have triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: After your treatment is over, your doctor will want to see you often to make sure the cancer doesn't return. For the first 3 years, you'll likely see him every 3 to 6 months. For 2 years after that, you'll probably visit every 6 to 12 months. Once you've been cancer-free for 6 years, you'll probably go back only once a year. Tell the doctor right away if you get any new symptoms or if you have pain or other problems that relate to your breasts.


Question: When are you at most risk for triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: You're most at risk for triple-negative breast cancer if you: Are African- American or Latina Are under 40 Have what your doctor will call a BRCA mutation (change in a gene), especially the gene BRCA1 There's no way to know which type you have until you're tested by a doctor.


Question: What causes triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: The signs and symptoms of triple-negative breast cancer are often the same as those of otherbreast cancer types, and include: A lump or mass in the breast Breast pain or redness A nipple that turns inward or has a discharge Doctors aren't sure what makes you more likely to get triple-negative breast cancer. Not many women do -- it only affects up to 20% of those who have breast cancer.


Question: How is triple-negative breast cancer diagnosed?

Answer: You're most at risk for triple-negative breast cancer if you: Are African- American or Latina Are under 40 Have what your doctor will call a BRCA mutation (change in a gene), especially the gene BRCA1 There's no way to know which type you have until you're tested by a doctor. When doctors find an area in your breast that isn't normal, they'll cut out a little bit of the tissue to test the cells. This is called a biopsy. A doctor called a pathologist will look at your biopsied tissue under a microscope. The structure will tell him if the cells are normal, precancerous, or cancerous. If it's cancer, he'll do more tests to figure out the exact kind. If your cells don't test positive for estrogen, progesterone, or HER2 receptors, then it's diagnosed as triple-negative breast cancer. It might take a couple of weeks to get biopsy results.


Question: What questions should you ask your doctor about triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: What medications do you recommend? What stage is my cancer -- has it spread to lymph nodes (glands near the breast) or other areas? Should I have chemotherapy before or after surgery? What type of surgery will I need? Will I need radiation treatments?


Question: How is triple-negative breast cancer treated?

Answer: One other thing about this kind of cancer: It doesn't respond to some of the medications that work for other types. This is called a biopsy. Triple-negative breast cancer is typically treated with a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Surgery can be one of two types.


Question: When do you need surgery to treat triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: Your doctor can use chemo in one of two ways: Neoadjuvant therapy is when you get chemo before surgery to help shrink the tumor and make the operation easier. Many doctors think that because triple-negative breast cancer is aggressive, it's best to do a mastectomy to remove the entire breast. This tends to happen if: You have several tumors The cancer is in your skin You have a tumor in your nipple You already had cancer in that breast The tumor is large There are calcium deposits or other abnormal cells in your breast But there hasn't been a lot of research on the subject. Your doctor may decide it's OK to do a lumpectomy and remove only the tumor and the tissues around it.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: This is called a biopsy. It might take a couple of weeks to get biopsy results. Chemotherapy, a medicine that kills cancer cells, will likely be the first thing your doctor tries. You can get it by a needle into a vein or in a pill. When it's caught early, this type of cancer may respond better to chemo than others do. Your doctor can use chemo in one of two ways: Neoadjuvant therapy is when you get chemo before surgery to help shrink the tumor and make the operation easier. You might get it if you have a large tumor or if your lymph nodes are involved. It depends on the size of your tumor, how quickly your cancer grows, and whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of your body.


Question: Where can you get support for triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: What type of surgery will I need? In addition to information about the disease, organizations like the American Cancer Society (www.cancer.org) and the Triple Negative Breast Cancer Foundation (www.tnbcfoundation.org) can connect you with support groups. You can also check online for groups that meet locally, either through a church or community center. Don't forget to tell the people around you what's going on -- and to ask for help when you need it. It's up to you who you tell and when, but the more you share with family and friends, the better equipped they'll be to lend a hand when you need it.


Question: What should you expect if you have triple-negative breast cancer?

Answer: Treatment may make triple-negative breast cancer go away. It depends on the size of your tumor, how quickly your cancer grows, and whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of your body. The treatments may cause side effects like nausea, vomiting, pain, fatigue, or mental fuzziness (which is sometimes called âchemo brainâ). In general, about 90% of all women with breast cancer are still alive 5 years after diagnosis. While there isn't much data for specific types of breast cancer, 5-year survival rates are tracked by stage at diagnosis -- or how far the cancer has spread: Regional (cancer has spread to lymph nodes near the breast): 85.3% Distant (cancer has metastasized): 27% Although triple-negative breast cancer is more likely to return to another part of your body than other forms, the risk that this will happen drops over time.


Question: How does rheumatoid arthritis affect women?

Answer: In one study, researchers found that women with RA reported more symptoms and more severe ones. Women in the study also didn't do as well when taking the same treatment as men. Early in the disease, women with RA are also less likely than men to reach "remission," which means they have no symptoms.


Question: Does rheumatoid arthritis affect women more than men?

Answer: About 1.5 million Americans have RA -- and about three times more women have it than men. The disease acts differently in each gender, too.


Question: What is the role of hormones in women?

Answer: Some women get the disease at times when their sex hormones are shifting, such as after pregnancy or before menopause. If you're pregnant, your RA may improve, but it might flare again after you have your baby. One study shows that women who breastfed for 2 years or more cut their risk of getting the disease in half.


Question: Why isn't my cold going away with treatment?

Answer: You might treat a supposed cold for a few weeks, only to realize that the reason you aren't getting better is because you're under the weather with something else, like allergies.


Question: Do antibiotics work for colds?

Answer: It isn't just natural treatments that don't work for colds. Antibiotics won't help either, because a virus causes these illnesses. The best way to treat your cold is to manage the symptoms. Save the antibiotics for strep throat or a sinus infection.


Question: Does zinc work for colds?

Answer: Echinacea is one of the first natural treatments people suggest when you have a cold, but most studies show it just doesn't work.


Question: How do I know if I have a cold or allergies?

Answer: Here's how to tell them apart: Cold symptoms usually take a few days to fully show up. Allergies can come on quickly, and they last for as long as you come in contact with the allergen. Both cause a cough, runny nose, and sneezing, but a cold is more likely to give you aches and pains or a fever.


Question: Can I still work out with a cold?

Answer: It's OK to be active if your cold symptoms are all above your neck, like a runny nose, stuffy head, sneezing or sore throat. Consider ramping down from a run to a walk, though. But if you have symptoms below the neck, like chest congestion, a hacking cough, an upset tummy, fever, muscle aches or fatigue, give yourself permission to sit it out. Rest is what gives your immune system time to recharge.


Question: Does echinacea help for colds?

Answer: Echinacea is one of the first natural treatments people suggest when you have a cold, but most studies show it just doesn't work.


Question: Does vitamin C help treat colds?

Answer: Echinacea is one of the first natural treatments people suggest when you have a cold, but most studies show it just doesn't work.


Question: Can stress make you sick?

Answer: When you're freaked out about life, work, or whatever, it takes a toll on your immune system. You can't fight off viruses as well as you should. That makes you more likely to get a cold, and once that happens, your symptoms are going to be worse. Ongoing stress makes your body less able to respond to cortisol, a hormone that controls your body's response to threats like the virus that causes the common cold.


Question: Why is it important to drink liquids when you're sick?

Answer: A sore throat can make it less than fun to swallow. A fever draws moisture out of your body. Plus, you lose fluid as your body makes mucus and it drains away. And that over-the-counter cold medicine you're taking to dry up your head? A side benefit: All that liquid helps loosen up the mucus in your nose and head. Stay away from booze, coffee, and caffeine when you're looking for things to sip though. They pull out more liquid than they leave behind. It's easy to confuse a cold with other ailments.


Question: Can you get sick from not sleeping enough?

Answer: Once you have a cold, you need to catch enough Zzz's to help your body fight off the virus. Take it extra easy during the first 3 days. Too little shut-eye can also make you more likely to get a cold. One study found that people who got less than 7 hours of sleep a night were nearly three times more likely to get sick than people who slept for 8 hours or more. Rest is what gives your immune system time to recharge.


Question: How can you manage stress to avoid headaches?

Answer: Keep track of things like: When your headache begins, where you have pain, how long it lasts, and whether treatment works What and how much you eat Any vitamins or supplements you take Exercise Social and work activities Details of your menstrual cycle How you're feeling each day and your level of stress Amount of sleep you get Try to identify what types of stressful situations or events trigger your headache, and take steps to avoid them. Other tips you can try: Eat healthy foods. Get 30 minutes of exercise a day. Try relaxation techniques like meditation. Get enough sleep. Turn to family and friends for support. Smile and laugh to ease your tension.


Question: How can I manage stress to avoid headaches?

Answer: Keep track of things like: When your headache begins, where you have pain, how long it lasts, and whether treatment works What and how much you eat Any vitamins or supplements you take Exercise Social and work activities Details of your menstrual cycle How you're feeling each day and your level of stress Amount of sleep you get Try to identify what types of stressful situations or events trigger your headache, and take steps to avoid them. Other tips you can try: Eat healthy foods. Get 30 minutes of exercise a day. Try relaxation techniques like meditation. Get enough sleep. Turn to family and friends for support. Smile and laugh to ease your tension.


Question: What are some stressful situations that may trigger your migraine?

Answer: Some stressful situations that may trigger your migraine are: Tension at work Marriage or relationship problems Unemployment, financial problems, or low income Childhood trauma, including your parents' divorce, physical abuse, or hospital stays Anxiety, tension, and nervousness Changes in your life, such as having a baby, switching jobs, or moving to a new home Juggling responsibilities or struggling to balance work and life Lack of sleep Stress about your surroundings, such as loud noises or harsh lights New routines or travel A migraine headache itself can cause stress, which in turn triggers more headaches later on.


Question: How do I know if stress is triggering my migraine?

Answer: Research shows that a stressful event or a particularly stressful day often occurs 2 to 3 days before a migraine attack. To see if this is true for you, keep a migraine diary. Over the course of a few months, it can help you find patterns in when you get headaches and help you pinpoint what kinds of stress may make it more likely for you get them.


Question: How do you know if stress is triggering your migraine?

Answer: Research shows that a stressful event or a particularly stressful day often occurs 2 to 3 days before a migraine attack. To see if this is true for you, keep a migraine diary. Over the course of a few months, it can help you find patterns in when you get headaches and help you pinpoint what kinds of stress may make it more likely for you get them.


Question: How can stress and your emotions trigger migraine headaches?

Answer: Some people say they get migraine when their stress eases. Over the course of a few months, it can help you find patterns in when you get headaches and help you pinpoint what kinds of stress may make it more likely for you get them.


Question: What specialists can work as a team for palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: They'll work as a team, and they could be: Nurses or nurse practitioners Home health aides Social workers Psychologists Respiratory therapists Pharmacists Dietitians Clergy Volunteers Hospice is care that's given at the end of your life.


Question: How can surgery help when you get it as palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative care treatments like surgery can help you breathe better. Your doctor can draw out some of the fluid in your lungs or put in stents that hold open your airways. This can help you get enough oxygen when you breathe.


Question: What are examples of palliative care for your lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative care for your lung cancer may include: Anti-nausea drugs Counseling to deal with your emotions or fears Drugs to treat bloody coughs Oxygen therapy or a portable oxygen tank Pain medicine like morphine Steroids or other drugs to ease swelling in your lungs Treatments to ease your cough Treatments to boost your appetite or keep your weight up Treatments to ease pain or discomfort from cancer surgery Doctors who are specially trained in palliative care will manage your treatment.


Question: What does palliative care for lung cancer include?

Answer: Your palliative care may include radiation or chemotherapy too. Brachytherapy, or radiation seeds that are planted inside your lungs, can open up narrow air passages and help you breathe. Palliative chemotherapy can help ease your pain or cough. You can get extra oxygen through small tubes that go into your nose. This can be done at home. It can help ease fluid buildup so you can breathe. Palliative care for your lung cancer may include: Anti-nausea drugs Counseling to deal with your emotions or fears Drugs to treat bloody coughs Oxygen therapy or a portable oxygen tank Pain medicine like morphine Steroids or other drugs to ease swelling in your lungs Treatments to ease your cough Treatments to boost your appetite or keep your weight up Treatments to ease pain or discomfort from cancer surgery Doctors who are specially trained in palliative care will manage your treatment.


Question: What are some palliative care options for lung cancer, and how can they help you feel better?

Answer: Some drugs can help open your air passages or calm swelling. Others control blood clots that can block your airways. You may also need medications to help ease your anxiety or depression. Your palliative care may include radiation or chemotherapy too. Brachytherapy, or radiation seeds that are planted inside your lungs, can open up narrow air passages and help you breathe. Palliative chemotherapy can help ease your pain or cough.


Question: When can you get palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: This special form of medical treatment can help you handle lung cancer issues like: Pain from your tumor or cancer surgery Stress, depression, guilt, or anxiety Chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatment side effects Shortness of breath Not getting enough oxygen Nausea Loss of appetite Constipation Fatigue Confusion Weight loss If your cancer can't be treated, you can get palliative care to ease your pain and make you more comfortable. But this type of treatment isn't just something you get once you're in hospice or at the end of your life. You can get it anytime you need it.


Question: Who provides palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Palliative care for your lung cancer may include: Anti-nausea drugs Counseling to deal with your emotions or fears Drugs to treat bloody coughs Oxygen therapy or a portable oxygen tank Pain medicine like morphine Steroids or other drugs to ease swelling in your lungs Treatments to ease your cough Treatments to boost your appetite or keep your weight up Treatments to ease pain or discomfort from cancer surgery Doctors who are specially trained in palliative care will manage your treatment. They'll keep your oncologist (cancer doctor) or primary-care doctor up to date on your progress. You may get palliative care treatments from many other specialists too. They'll work as a team, and they could be: Nurses or nurse practitioners Home health aides Social workers Psychologists Respiratory therapists Pharmacists Dietitians Clergy Volunteers Hospice is care that's given at the end of your life.


Question: Who should get palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Anyone with lung cancer can get palliative care to ease pain, poor breathing, fatigue, or anxiety. Get palliative care sooner rather than later so you have the best results. Your family members and loved ones can get palliative care too. Counseling can help them cope with their stress or fears. They can also get advice on how to deal with decisions they need to make about your cancer treatment or end-of-life care.


Question: What is palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: You may need extra help with it comes to managing severe pain, nausea, fatigue, depression, or other symptoms. That's where palliative care comes in. It can help ease those symptoms and improve your daily life. It's a range of therapies that help you feel better, and help you manage your cancer and treatments. You may also hear it called supportive care.


Question: Will insurance cover palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Medicare and Medicaid also cover some palliative care and hospice treatment. Talk to your insurance provider to find out what your policy covers. In some states, laws allow you to turn some life insurance policy death benefits into money to use for palliative care while you're alive. A social worker, insurance agent, or financial consultant can also advise you on ways to pay for your palliative care.


Question: How is palliative care for lung cancer different from hospice?

Answer: It's designed to make you feel comfortable, treat your pain, or to create a peaceful setting. Palliative care is part of hospice. But you don't have to be in hospice or at the end of your life to need or get it.


Question: How does palliative care for lung cancer help?

Answer: This special form of medical treatment can help you handle lung cancer issues like: Pain from your tumor or cancer surgery Stress, depression, guilt, or anxiety Chemotherapy, radiation, or other treatment side effects Shortness of breath Not getting enough oxygen Nausea Loss of appetite Constipation Fatigue Confusion Weight loss If your cancer can't be treated, you can get palliative care to ease your pain and make you more comfortable. But this type of treatment isn't just something you get once you're in hospice or at the end of your life. You can get it anytime you need it.


Question: Is palliative care the same thing as hospice?

Answer: It's a range of therapies that help you feel better, and help you manage your cancer and treatments. It's designed to make you feel comfortable, treat your pain, or to create a peaceful setting. Palliative care is part of hospice. But you don't have to be in hospice or at the end of your life to need or get it.


Question: What palliative care can help you get extra oxygen if you have lung cancer?

Answer: This can help you get enough oxygen when you breathe. This can be done at home. It can help ease fluid buildup so you can breathe.


Question: How can lung cancer affect you?

Answer: When you're living with lung cancer, both the disease and the treatments for it can take a toll on your quality of life. If you can't get enough oxygen, you can become very weak and tired. It can help ease fluid buildup so you can breathe.


Question: What palliative care treatments can help with lung cancer?

Answer: It's a range of therapies that help you feel better, and help you manage your cancer and treatments. Your doctor can draw out some of the fluid in your lungs or put in stents that hold open your airways. This can help you get enough oxygen when you breathe. Some drugs can help open your air passages or calm swelling. Others control blood clots that can block your airways. You may also need medications to help ease your anxiety or depression.


Question: Where do you get palliative care for lung cancer?

Answer: Your family members and loved ones can get palliative care too. Your palliative care may include radiation or chemotherapy too. This can be done at home. You may get palliative care treatments from many other specialists too. You can also get palliative care while you're in the hospital, at an outpatient clinic or doctor's office, at a nursing home or skilled nursing facility, or in a hospice.


Question: Why does testicular cancer happen?

Answer: But they have been able to find some links to other conditions. There is one thing they do know: Testicular cancer is among the most treatable, even in an advanced stage. It is rarely life-threatening. Even if it has spread to nearby organs, you have an excellent chance of long-term survival.


Question: How is HIV infection linked to testicular cancer?

Answer: HIV infection: The virus that causes AIDS has been linked with it.


Question: Can cryptorchidism cause testicular cancer?

Answer: They include: Undescended testicle: Testicular cancer happens more often in men who were born with a condition called cryptorchidism. Early in a pregnancy, the testes form in the male baby's lower belly. Not too long before birth, they should âdropâ down into the scrotum. But for about 3 or 4 out of 100 newborns, this doesn't happen. And that rate goes much higher if the baby is born early.


Question: Am I at a higher risk for testicular cancer if I am infertile?

Answer: Fertility problems: If you have trouble making a woman pregnant, you are more likely to be diagnosed with testicular cancer. You should ask your doctor to screen you.


Question: How are issues before birth linked to testicular cancer?

Answer: Issues before birth: Conditions related to your mother's pregnancy could play a role as well. They include abnormal bleeding and estrogen, or hormone, therapy.


Question: Could issues before birth put me at risk for testicular cancer?

Answer: Issues before birth: Conditions related to your mother's pregnancy could play a role as well. They include abnormal bleeding and estrogen, or hormone, therapy. If you find a lump in your testicle, go to a doctor so he can check it.


Question: How is a previous diagnosis related to testicular cancer?

Answer: Previous diagnosis: If you've already been cured of cancer in one testicle, you have a 4% chance of getting it again in the other one.


Question: How are fertility problems linked to testicular cancer?

Answer: Fertility problems: If you have trouble making a woman pregnant, you are more likely to be diagnosed with testicular cancer. You should ask your doctor to screen you.


Question: Am I at a higher risk for testicular cancer if I have HIV?

Answer: HIV infection: The virus that causes AIDS has been linked with it.


Question: What is testicular cancer?

Answer: Men have two testicles, sometimes called testes. They are one of many glands in the body. Their job is to make male hormones and sperm. They hang beneath and behind a man's penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. Each testicle is connected to what's called the spermatic cord. It's made up of a sperm duct, nerves, and blood vessels. Testicular cancer may spread slowly or quickly. It can go to nearby lymph nodes, the lungs, the liver, bones, and possibly the brain.


Question: How is family history related to testicular cancer?

Answer: Family history: It may also run through the generations, from parent to child. Men with the genetic disorder Down syndrome have a higher chance of getting it.


Question: What causes testicular cancer?

Answer: But they have been able to find some links to other conditions.


Question: Can I get testicular cancer again if I have had it before?

Answer: Previous diagnosis: If you've already been cured of cancer in one testicle, you have a 4% chance of getting it again in the other one.


Question: Where does testicular cancer occur?

Answer: Men have two testicles, sometimes called testes. They are one of many glands in the body. Their job is to make male hormones and sperm. They hang beneath and behind a man's penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. Each testicle is connected to what's called the spermatic cord. It's made up of a sperm duct, nerves, and blood vessels. Testicular cancer may spread slowly or quickly. It can go to nearby lymph nodes, the lungs, the liver, bones, and possibly the brain.


Question: Why should I see a doctor about uveitis?

Answer: What if it comes back?


Question: What are the symptoms of uveitis?

Answer: It can affect one or both eyes. Symptoms may come on quickly. If you notice any of these, see an eye doctor right away: Change in vision Dark floating spots (floaters) Eye pain Eye redness Light sensitivity Swelling You'll need to see an eye doctor called an ophthalmologist.


Question: How does a doctor check your eyes for uveitis?

Answer: During eye exam, the doctor will: Test your vision to see if your eyesight has changed Measure the pressure in your eye Widen, or dilate, your pupils so she can look at the back of your eye Use a microscope and a thin beam of light to check different parts of your eye. This is called a slit lamp exam. She may dilate your eyes or use a special dye to make certain parts easier to see. She may also do blood tests, X-rays, or other lab tests to check for medical conditions that might be linked to uveitis.


Question: Who gets uveitis?

Answer: Adults between 20 and 60 years old are most likely to get it. How it affects you depends a lot on the cause and how quickly you get treated. You might only have minor problems with your sight. Or it could cause serious vision loss.


Question: How long will I have uveitis?

Answer: It all depends on what the root cause is and how quickly you get treatment. You may have one bout of uveitis, or it may come back again and again. Whatever the case, medicines can help ease pain, restore vision, and stop damage to your eye.


Question: How is uveitis diagnosed?

Answer: If you notice any of these, see an eye doctor right away: Change in vision Dark floating spots (floaters) Eye pain Eye redness Light sensitivity Swelling You'll need to see an eye doctor called an ophthalmologist. She'll give you an eye exam and ask you questions about your symptoms, like: Have you had any pain? Where? How is your vision? Have you noticed any changes? Is it hard for you to look at light or be in a bright place? Does anything make your symptoms better or worse? Have you injured your eye or your face recently? Do you have any other medical conditions?


Question: Are there different types of uveitis?

Answer: There are two types: Infectious uveitis can result from a bacteria or virus in your eye. Noninfectious uveitis can result from an eye injury or a disease somewhere else in your body. That causes inflammation. During eye exam, the doctor will: Test your vision to see if your eyesight has changed Measure the pressure in your eye Widen, or dilate, your pupils so she can look at the back of your eye Use a microscope and a thin beam of light to check different parts of your eye.


Question: What can I do about uveitis?

Answer: You might have it for a short time or for many years. Treatment will help ease any eye pain and swelling you may have, but keep your doctor informed about any discomfort or changes in your vision. If your uveitis was caused by another medical condition, you'll need to make sure you get the right treatment for it as well. Whatever the case, medicines can help ease pain, restore vision, and stop damage to your eye.


Question: What are cavernous hemangiomas?

Answer: Cavernous hemangiomas (also called angioma cavernosum or cavernoma) are similar to strawberry hemangiomas but are more deeply situated. They may appear as a red-blue spongy mass of tissue filled with blood. Some of these lesions may disappear on their own -- usually as a child approaches school age.


Question: What are salmon patches?

Answer: Salmon patches (also called stork bites) are very common birthmarks and appear on newborn babies. These marks are small blood vessels (capillaries) that are visible through the skin. They are most common on the forehead, eyelids, upper lip, between the eyebrows, and the back of the neck. Often, these marks fade as the infant grows.


Question: Do birthmarks need to be treated?

Answer: Most birthmarks need no treatment. They usually remain stable as a child grows older. However, some areas that can resemble blood vessel tumors -- called hemangiomas -- may need treatment because of their location. For example, a raised hemangioma near a child's eye may interfere with his or her ability to see. In rare cases, birthmarks are associated with other conditions, such as growths in the liver, lungs, stomach, or intestines.


Question: What are strawberry hemangiomas?

Answer: Types of hemangiomas and birthmarks include: Strawberry hemangiomas (also called strawberry mark, nevus vascularis, capillary hemangioma, hemangioma simplex) may appear anywhere on the body, but are most common on the face, scalp, back, or chest. They consist of small, closely packed blood vessels. They may be absent at birth, and develop during the first several weeks afterward. They usually grow rapidly, remain a fixed size, and then subside. In most cases, strawberry hemangiomas disappear by the time a child is 10 years old.


Question: What are signs of red birthmarks?

Answer: Signs of red birthmarks include: Skin markings that develop before or shortly after birth Skin markings that resemble blood vessels In most cases, a health professional can diagnose a red birthmark based on the appearance of the skin.


Question: What are hemangiomas?

Answer: The hemangioma is a common type of vascular tumor that may occur early in life and resemble a birthmark. It is usually painless and harmless and its cause is not known.


Question: How is carcinoid syndrome diagnosed?

Answer: These include your symptoms and the location and size of the tumor or tumors.


Question: Is carcinoid syndrome common in people with a carcinoid tumor?

Answer: Carcinoid syndrome is a group of symptoms that result from a rare type of tumor called a carcinoid tumor.


Question: What is carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: This tumor grows slowly, starting most often in cells that line the digestive tract or lung. Carcinoid syndrome occurs in fewer than 20% of those with a carcinoid tumor.


Question: How is the spread of carcinoid tumors treated?

Answer: Some examples are: Interferon, often given along with octreotide for symptoms and to help slow tumor growth Cyproheptadine, an antihistamine that can be used with carcinoid tumors that release histamines Telotristat ethyl ( Xermelo) can be used in combination with SSA therapy to treat adults with carcinoid syndrome diarrhea In addition to surgery, your doctor may treat the spread of the tumor to the liver with: Hepatic artery embolization, which reduces blood supply to the liver tumor Cryoablation, which freezes the tumor Radiofrequency ablation ( RFA), which kills tumor cells with heat from electric currents Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to stop the growth of tumor cells Chemoembolization, which delivers a high dose of chemotherapy directly into a blood vessel that feeds the tumor and also blocks the arteries, trapping the drug in the tumor Radiation therapy, which uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill tumor cells You can take steps at home to help with the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.


Question: What are the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: In many cases, carcinoid tumors often cause no symptoms. In advanced cases, when the tumor has spread, the increased release of hormonal substances can cause a diverse set of symptoms.


Question: Other than octreotide and lanreotide, what drugs can control specific symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: Other drugs control specific symptoms. Some examples are: Interferon, often given along with octreotide for symptoms and to help slow tumor growth Cyproheptadine, an antihistamine that can be used with carcinoid tumors that release histamines Telotristat ethyl ( Xermelo) can be used in combination with SSA therapy to treat adults with carcinoid syndrome diarrhea In addition to surgery, your doctor may treat the spread of the tumor to the liver with: Hepatic artery embolization, which reduces blood supply to the liver tumor Cryoablation, which freezes the tumor Radiofrequency ablation ( RFA), which kills tumor cells with heat from electric currents Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to stop the growth of tumor cells Chemoembolization, which delivers a high dose of chemotherapy directly into a blood vessel that feeds the tumor and also blocks the arteries, trapping the drug in the tumor Radiation therapy, which uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill tumor cells You can take steps at home to help with the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome.


Question: Can surgery cure carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: Surgery may cure the syndrome if it can remove the entire tumor. Surgery may involve removing the tumor, nearby lymph nodes, and other tissue.


Question: How are somatostatin analogues used to treat carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: Somatostatin analogues ( SSA) are drugs that block the extra release of hormones that cause the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. Octreotide is one example of this type of drug. It is typically given by injection. Symptoms such as diarrhea and flushing may lessen quickly. Lanreotide is a similar type of drug that may also help with symptoms. These medications will not reduce the size of the tumor but may help slow its growth.


Question: How are carcinoid tumors treated?

Answer: Severe symptoms include: Severe, lasting flushing Confusion Very low blood pressure A very rapid heartbeat Trouble breathing Bluish skin color The type of treatment your doctor suggests depends on many factors. These include your symptoms and the location and size of the tumor or tumors.


Question: What things can be done at home to help with symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?

Answer: You can take steps to improve these symptoms. This might include stress, certain types of physical activity, a large meal, alcohol, and some foods such as aged cheeses and other tyramine-containing foods.


Question: When should I go to the doctor for symptoms of carcinoid tumor?

Answer: You may be at greater risk if you: Are African- American Have a certain genetic syndrome Have a condition that affects the stomach's ability to produce acid Carcinoid syndrome results when a carcinoid tumor is advanced and releases large amounts of hormonal substances such as serotonin or other substances. Severe symptoms include: Severe, lasting flushing Confusion Very low blood pressure A very rapid heartbeat Trouble breathing Bluish skin color The type of treatment your doctor suggests depends on many factors.


Question: How safe are natural therapies in the treatment for bipolar disorder?

Answer: In addition, always discuss any alternative remedy or dietary supplement with your doctor to avoid an herb/drug interaction, which could be medically dangerous. No matter what the advertising flyer claims at the natural food store, even the most popular medicinal herbs with pharmaceutical compounds have ingredients that have not been tested and are not scrutinized by FDA. Unlike products that have FDA approval, many herbal products have not gone through clinical trials to show that they are safe and effective before going onto the market.


Question: How safe is St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) in treating bipolar disorder?

Answer: But St. John's wort is not recommended for the treatment of bipolar disorder. In addition, St. John's wort may cause serious herb-drug reactions if taken with other SSRI medications such as Prozac.


Question: What is radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation for papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer: Surgery alone may cure the cancer, so not everyone needs this step. After the operation, your thyroid gets tested. The results will help you and your doctor decide if you might need RAI ablation to keep cancer from returning. This is typically a one-time treatment where you take a pill with radioactive iodine. Any leftover thyroid cells take in the iodine, which then kills them. It doesn't usually have side effects, since only thyroid cells soak it up.


Question: What are symptoms of papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer: Often, you won't have any. You might only find out about it because of an imaging test for another problem. Or, during a routine physical, your doctor might just happen to feel a lump, called a nodule, on your thyroid. Nodules are growths that may be solid or filled with fluid. They're very common and often don't cause any trouble. But about 1 in 20 are cancer.


Question: What are symptoms of papillary thyroid carcinoma as a nodule gets bigger?

Answer: As a nodule gets bigger, you may start to have symptoms like: Lump in your neck that you can see or feel Hard time swallowing (you might have pain or find that food or pills get stuck) Sore throat or hoarseness that doesn't go away Swollen lymph nodes in your neck Trouble breathing, especially when you lie down Doctors aren't sure.


Question: What might raise your chances of getting papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer: You may have a higher chance of getting papillary thyroid carcinoma because of things like: Certain genetic conditions. Diseases like familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP), Gardner syndrome, and Cowden disease can raise your odds. Family history. In a small number of cases, papillary thyroid carcinoma runs in the family. Radiation therapy. If you had radiation to treat cancer for another condition when you were a child, it can raise your chances. Gender. It's much more common in women than men, but doctors aren't sure why.


Question: Who might need radioactive iodine (RAI) ablation for papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer: You typically get RAI ablation if you had nodules bigger than 4 centimeters or if the cancer: Grows beyond the thyroid Moves into the lymph nodes Spreads to another part of your body Thyroid hormone pills.


Question: What follow-up care will you need after getting papillary thyroid carcinoma treatment?

Answer: At first, you'll get blood tests every few months to check your thyroid hormone levels and get the dose right for your medicine. Once everything has evened out, you'll get an ultrasound and blood tests every 6-12 months. This is to check that you still have the right dose for your meds and to make sure the cancer hasn't come back.


Question: How is papillary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed?

Answer: You'll need a few different tests to see if a nodule is cancer. Physical exam. Your doctor will feel for unusual growths in your neck and ask about any symptoms you might have. Blood tests. You may get your thyroid hormone levels checked. Your doctor will find out about their shape, size, and other features. Your doctor will use a very fine needle to take a sample of the nodule to test for cancer. Typically, the most you'll feel during it is a small pinch. Once everything has evened out, you'll get an ultrasound and blood tests every 6-12 months.


Question: What happens during surgery to treat papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer: In a small number of cases, papillary thyroid carcinoma runs in the family. If the cancer is small, you might choose to have only part of your thyroid removed. Even in this case though, many doctors think it's better to take it out completely. It can make follow-up care work better and lower the chances that cancer comes back.


Question: What is papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer: It's only about as big as a quarter, but the hormones it makes help control how your body works, including your blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature. While it may come as a shock to learn you have papillary thyroid carcinoma, keep in mind that it's a slow-growing cancer that usually can be cured. This is a hormone from your pituitary gland that would normally tell your thyroid to start pumping out hormones.


Question: How do thyroid hormone pills help treat papillary thyroid carcinoma?

Answer: If the cancer is small, you might choose to have only part of your thyroid removed. You start taking these after surgery. It gives your body the thyroid hormones that you no longer make on your own, since your thyroid has been removed. You'll typically take one pill a day for the rest of your life. The pill also stops your body from making thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH). And that would raise the odds that cancer could return.


Question: How does vasectomy reversal affect my sex life?

Answer: But don't have sex or ejaculate until your doctor gives you the âall clear.â Most doctors recommend that you wait 2 to 3 weeks to have sex.


Question: How Is a vasectomy reversed?

Answer: This can be done using one of two methods. The first is through vasovasostomy, where your doctor sews the ends of the vas deferens from the testes to the penis back together. The second method is vasoepididymostomy. Here, the doctor attaches the vas deferens to the small organ at the back of each testicle that holds sperm. It's far more difficult than a vasovasostomy. Your doctor may only choose this method if you can't have a vasovasostomy or if he doesn't think it will work.


Question: How do I know if reverse vasectomy worked?

Answer: You'll know your vasectomy reversal was successful if sperm appear in your semen after a few months. And if you had a vasoepididymostomy, it may take even longer than a year for sperm to appear in your semen.


Question: When should you call the doctor about dehydration in a child?

Answer: Dehydration can be serious in a baby or young child. If you notice these signs, see a doctor right away: Extreme sleepiness Less responsive than usual Few wet diapers Cold and blotchy hands and feet No tears when crying Dark yellow pee Very dry mouth Usually, dehydration is easy to treat at home if you get out of the heat and drink plenty of liquids. But once you're thirsty, you're probably already dehydrated, so it's best to drink plenty of fluids regularly.


Question: What causes dehydration?

Answer: You can become dehydrated for many different reasons. It could be from sweating too much. Vomiting or diarrhea can quickly remove fluids from your body, too. So can medicines that make you pee a lot. All of these things can cause you to lose more water and electrolytes (essential minerals in your blood and body fluids) than are good for you. If you don't have enough, your body has trouble doing the things it's supposed to do. There's really only one way to treat dehydration -- replace the fluids and electrolytes your body has lost.


Question: What are alternative treatments for ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: Ask your doctor about how these techniques can help ease pain and stiffness in addition to your other treatments: Acupuncture Massage Yoga Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS) Things you can do at home to improve your AS symptoms include: Exercise daily.


Question: What is axial ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: There are two types of AS. Axial AS causes lower back pain. Peripheral AS causes pain and swelling in joints other than your spine.


Question: What can I do to improve quality of life with Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)?

Answer: Heat and cold therapy. Healthy lifestyle and food choices. Take your drugs as prescribed, don't smoke, and exercise daily to help ease your inflammation and prevent spine fusion or organ damage.


Question: What are the symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: Pain and stiffness. You might also feel pain in other joints such as your knees, shoulders, and jaw.


Question: Who gets ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer: It tends to start between your teens and 30s. You can inherit it from your parents. One gene, called HLA- B27, is common in people with AS. There are two types of AS.


Question: How can older adults avoid falls at home?

Answer: Get a friend or family member to help you clear your walkways of anything you can trip over. Make sure your light switches are easy to reach, and at the bottom and top of any stairs. Turn the lights on before you get up to move around. Use self-adhesive, non-skid mats or safety treads in bathtubs, showers, and pools. Put non-skid rugs on bathroom floors and pads under rugs on bare floors. Grab hold. Put handrails in the shower and wherever else you need them. Move it where you use it. Wear sturdy shoes inside and outside.


Question: How can I prevent night terrors?

Answer: If your child has night terrors, you can try to interrupt her sleep in order to prevent one. Here is how to do it: First, note how many minutes the night terror occurs from your child's bedtime. Then, awaken your child 15 minutes before the expected night terror, and keep her awake and out of bed for five minutes. You may want to take your child to the bathroom to see if she will urinate. Continue this routine for a week.


Question: What exams and tests do doctors use to diagnose night terrors?

Answer: Usually, a complete history and a physical exam are sufficient to diagnose night terrors. If other disorders are suspected, additional tests may be useful to exclude them: An electroencephalogram ( EEG), which measures brain activity, may be performed if a seizure disorder is suspected. Polysomnography (a combination of tests used to check for adequate breathing while asleep) may be done if a breathing disorder is suspected. CT scans and MRIs are usually not necessary.


Question: How can I treat night terrors at home?

Answer: Parents might take the following precautions at home: Make the child's room safe to try to prevent the child from being injured during an episode. Eliminate all sources of sleep disturbance. Maintain a consistent bedtime routine and wake-up time.


Question: What is the medical treatment for night terrors?

Answer: Unfortunately, no adequate treatment exists for night terrors. Management primarily consists of educating family members about the disorder and reassuring them that the episodes are not harmful. In severe cases in which daily activities (for example, school performance or peer or family relations) are affected, low-dose benzodiazepines (such as clonazepam) or tricyclic antidepressants (such as imipramine) may be used as a temporary treatment.


Question: What are the symptoms of night terrors?

Answer: While most of the time they have no specific cause, night terrors can sometimes result from: Stressful life events Fever Sleep deprivation Medications that affect the central nervous system (the brain) Recent anesthesia given for surgery In addition to frequent recurrent episodes of intense crying and fear during sleep, with difficulty arousing the child, children with night terrors may also experience the following: Tachycardia (increased heart rate) Tachypnea (increased breathing rate) Sweating during episodes The typical night terror episode usually begins approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep.


Question: What should I know about night terrors?

Answer: Night terrors typically occur in children ages 3-12, with a peak onset at age 3 1/2. There are two main types of sleep: rapid eye movement ( REM) and non-rapid eye movement (non- REM). Non- REM sleep has stages, and night terrors happen during the transition from stage 3 to stage 4. They typically occur approximately 90 minutes after the child falls asleep. Night terrors are distinctly different from the common nightmares, which occur during REM sleep. Night terrors are characterized by frequent recurrent episodes of intense crying and fear during sleep, with difficulty arousing the child. Unlike nightmares, most children do not recall a dream after a night terror episode, and they usually do not remember the episode the next morning. Night terrors are frightening episodes that can disrupt family life. An estimated 1%-6% of children experience night terrors. Boys and girls are equally affected. Children of all races also seem to be affected equally. It is a disorder that is usually outgrown by adolescence.


Question: What is the outlook for night terrors?

Answer: It is a disorder that is usually outgrown by adolescence.


Question: When should I seek medical care for night terrors?

Answer: Sleep disruption is a parent's most frequent concern during the first years of a child's life. Half of all children develop a disrupted sleep pattern serious enough to warrant a visit to the pediatrician. During his or her evaluation, the doctor may also be able to exclude other possible disorders that might cause night terrors.


Question: How do night terrors happen?

Answer: They typically occur approximately 90 minutes after the child falls asleep. The child sits up in bed and screams, appearing awake but is confused, disoriented, and unresponsive to stimuli. Although the child seems to be awake, the child does not seem to be aware of the parents' presence and usually does not talk. The child may thrash around in bed and does not respond to comforting by the parents. Most episodes last 1-2 minutes, but they may last up to 30 minutes before the child relaxes and returns to normal sleep. If the child does awake during a night terror, only small pieces of the episode may be recalled. Usually, the child does not remember the episode upon waking in the morning.


Question: What causes night terrors?

Answer: While most of the time they have no specific cause, night terrors can sometimes result from: Stressful life events Fever Sleep deprivation Medications that affect the central nervous system (the brain) Recent anesthesia given for surgery In addition to frequent recurrent episodes of intense crying and fear during sleep, with difficulty arousing the child, children with night terrors may also experience the following: Tachycardia (increased heart rate) Tachypnea (increased breathing rate) Sweating during episodes The typical night terror episode usually begins approximately 90 minutes after falling asleep. If your child has night terrors, you can try to interrupt her sleep in order to prevent one.


Question: How can you get resveratrol naturally from foods?

Answer: Resveratrol occurs naturally in red wine, red grape skins, grape juice, peanuts, mulberries, and some Chinese herbs. Some people wonder if they should drink more red wine because of the possible health benefits of resveratrol. However, most experts and organizations like the American Heart Association still suggest limiting alcoholic drinks to one per day for women and two for men. Four ounces of red wine equals one drink. Other forms of alcohol do not have resveratrol.


Question: Who should not take reseveratrol?

Answer: Given the lack of evidence about their safety, resveratrol supplements are not recommended for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.


Question: What are benefits and risks of resveratrol supplements?

Answer: However, resveratrol supplements have not been well studied in people. We don't really know what benefits and risks they might have. We also don't know if resveratrol is necessarily more important than some of the other natural substances in wine.


Question: What are the risks of taking resveratrol?

Answer: When resveratrol is consumed in the amount normally occurring in foods, it is generally considered safe. It could cause a reaction in those who are allergic to grapes or wine. If you take any medicines or other supplements regularly, talk to your health care provider before you start using resveratrol supplements.


Question: What is resveratrol?

Answer: As a supplement, resveratrol has been promoted as a treatment for many conditions -- including aging itself. However, resveratrol supplements have not been well studied in people. We also don't know if resveratrol is necessarily more important than some of the other natural substances in wine.


Question: Why do people take resveratrol?

Answer: As a supplement, resveratrol has been promoted as a treatment for many conditions -- including aging itself. However, resveratrol supplements have not been well studied in people. We don't really know what benefits and risks they might have. Some take resveratrol supplements to try to prevent or treat serious diseases, like cancer or heart disease. Others hope that they will slow the aging process. For now, these uses are unsupported by evidence.


Question: How much resveratrol should you take?

Answer: Ask your health care provider for advice. When resveratrol is consumed in the amount normally occurring in foods, it is generally considered safe.


Question: How can I prevent nausea and vomiting?

Answer: If the smell of hot food makes you feel ill, try eating cool or cold meals. Eat six small meals each day instead of three large ones. Do not lay down after eating. Rest with your head higher than your feet. If you feel nauseated when you wake up in the morning, eat some lean meat or cheese before going to bed or keep plain crackers by the side of your bed and eat a few before getting up. Drink at least six glasses of water a day. If you are already feeling nauseated, these tips may help you avoid vomiting: Sit down or lie in a propped-up position.


Question: How can I prevent vomiting?

Answer: If you are already feeling nauseated, these tips may help you avoid vomiting: Sit down or lie in a propped-up position. Physical activity will make you feel worse. Drink a small amount of a sweet beverage such as ginger ale or Gatorade. Drinks with sugar in them help calm the stomach. However, avoid acidic drinks like orange juice or grapefruit juice. Have a popsicle or a similar sweetened ice treat.


Question: How can my doctor tell if I have fibromyalgia?

Answer: Your doctor may tell you that you fibromyalgia if you: Have a WPI score of 7 or more and SS score of 5 or more Have WPI of 3 to 6 and an SS score of 9 or more Have had symptoms at the same level for at least 3 months Don't have any other condition that can cause these symptoms From there, you'll talk about a plan to manage it. With the right treatment, most people who have it live a normal, active life.


Question: What is the symptom severity (SS) scale for fibromyalgia?

Answer: The symptom severity ( SS) scale measures three key symptoms during the past week: Fatigue Waking up still tired Thinking problems The SS scale ranges from 0 to 3: 0 -- No problems 1 -- Mild: It comes and goes. 2 -- Moderate: You usually have or feel it. 3 -- Severe: It seriously affects your daily life. Your doctor also will ask if you've had about 40 other symptoms that can affect people who have fibromyalgia. These include depression and anxiety, bellyaches, itching, taste changes, numbness, and dizziness. This score ranges from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (a lot of problems). Your doctor will add all the SS numbers together to get a score. It will be between 0 and 12.


Question: What can cause symptoms similar to fibromyalgia?

Answer: Several conditions cause pain, muscle aches, and fatigue, just like fibromyalgia: Hypothyroidism: Your thyroid gland doesn't make enough of a certain hormone. Rheumatoid arthritis or lupus: Problems with your immune system cause swelling and pain. Osteoarthritis: This is the âwear and tearâ type of arthritis. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a specific type of arthritis that causes pain and inflammation in your spine. Polymyalgia rheumatica: This disorder causes widespread pain and stiffness that come on quickly. Your doctor will want to rule out any of these other problems. She may take a sample of your blood to check your hormone levels or look for signs of inflammation. You may also get X-rays so she can look at your bones.


Question: How does the widespread pain index (WPI) help diagnose fibromyalgia?

Answer: If your doctor can't find another reason for your symptoms, she'll use a two-part process to help figure out if you have fibromyalgia. One part involves the trademark widespread pain on both sides of your body and above and below your waist. The other part measures how bad your symptoms are. She'll ask if you've had pain in 19 specific places in the past week, including your arms, legs, back, jaw, and neck. This is called the widespread pain index ( WPI), and scores range from 0 to 19.


Question: What are the first steps in diagnosing fibromyalgia?

Answer: But you'll probably want to see a rheumatologist, a doctor who's an expert in problems with joints, muscles, and bones. Your rheumatologist will ask you about your health and family history -- you're more likely to have fibromyalgia if other people in your family have it. She'll give you a physical exam and may check for tender points. People who have fibromyalgia often feel tenderness when pressure is put on certain spots, generally around the back of your head, your neck, shoulders, elbows, knees, and hips. She'll also ask about your symptoms, so it's a good idea to keep a detailed record of where and when you hurt. Is the pain dull or sharp? Does it come and go, or is it constant? Are you tired a lot or not thinking clearly? Write down any other problems you have, even if you don't think they're related.


Question: What can cause lice treatments not to work?

Answer: Second, female adult lice lay up to eight eggs a day. Over-the-counter lice treatments and prescription ones kill live lice and their eggs (nits), but they might not catch all of them. Because of the life cycle of lice, over-the-counter and prescription treatments may require two treatments, 7-9 days apart. If you don't reapply the product within the correct number of days, lice eggs can lurk behind and hatch later.


Question: How can you keep lice from coming back?

Answer: But follow these simple steps to help prevent another lice attack: Wash and dry bedding, clothing, and stuffed toys using hot water (130 F) and high heat. If the items can't be washed, seal them in a plastic bag for 3 weeks. Dry cleaning also kills lice. Vacuum upholstered furniture and rugs. You'll also want to find the exact source of the mites. Your furry friends don't spread head lice.


Question: My pet has fleas. How can my vet help control fleas in my home?

Answer: Ask your vet what she recommends. You want a product that treats fleas at every stage -- from egg to adult bug -- and that works well in your climate. Most flea treatments take only one dose a month to keep fleas from making you and your pets itch. If your pet is already on a flea treatment product, ask your vet about switching to something else. And make sure you treat every pet in the house.


Question: How do I use a flea comb to get rid of fleas on my pet?

Answer: It may seem old school, but a flea comb with tiny teeth can do a good job of removing fleas from your pet. Do it outside, and focus on the neck area and the base of the tail. Keep a cup of warm, soapy water beside you. Use it to dip the comb so you can drown the fleas. Regular flea combing will also let you know how your flea control efforts are working.


Question: How should I bathe my pet to help rid my home of fleas?

Answer: Bathing your pet regularly will also help rid your home of fleas. Any soap will kill them, so you don’t have to use a flea bath. But make sure that the soap you use is safe for a cat or dog. Some people like to finish the bath with a nice-smelling essential oil that may also help keep fleas away. Before you do, know that some dogs and cats may have problems with oils with: Citrus Cinnamon Clove D-limonene Geranium Tea tree Lavender Linalool Bay Eucalyptus Pennyroyal Rue These essential oils are less likely to cause problems if you use only a little bit: Lemongrass Cedar wood Peppermint Rosemary Thyme


Question: How can vacuuming help me get rid of fleas in my home?

Answer: Regular vacuuming lowers the number of fleas and their eggs from carpeting, cracks in wood floors, and on curtains and upholstered furniture. Don’t forget to vacuum the areas where your pet sleeps and eats. Empty the vacuum cleaner bin or throw away bags in a garbage can outside right away so the fleas can’t sneak back in. For the parts of your home where you and your pets hang out the most, like the living room, kitchen, and bedrooms, vacuum every day. If you have a serious flea invasion, have your carpets steam cleaned. For very bad cases, you might consider calling an exterminator. Just make sure whatever you do is safe for you and your pets.


Question: I have fleas in my house. How often should I wash bedding?

Answer: Your dog or cat has been scratching lately. And if your pets sleep in your bed or with your kids, make sure to wash everyone else’s bedding, too.


Question: What are risk factors for protein in urine (proteinuria)?

Answer: The two most common risk factors for proteinuria are: Diabetes High blood pressure (hypertension) Both diabetes and high blood pressure can cause damage to the kidneys, which leads to proteinuria.


Question: What is orthostatic proteinuria?

Answer: Some people get more protein into urine while standing than while lying down. That is known as orthostatic proteinuria.


Question: How is mild or temporary protein in urine (proteinuria) treated?

Answer: In mild or temporary proteinuria, no treatment may be necessary.


Question: What types of kidney disease can cause proteinuria other than diabetes and hypertension?

Answer: Other types of kidney disease unrelated to diabetes or high blood pressure can also cause protein to leak into the urine. Examples of other causes include: Medications Trauma Toxins Infections Immune system disorders Increased production of proteins in the body can lead to proteinuria. Examples include multiple myeloma and amyloidosis.


Question: Does proteinuria always need to be treated?

Answer: So its treatment depends on identifying and managing its underlying cause. If that cause is kidney disease, appropriate medical management is essential. Untreated chronic kidney disease can lead to kidney failure. In mild or temporary proteinuria, no treatment may be necessary.


Question: What is proteinuria?

Answer: Healthy kidneys do not allow a significant amount of protein to pass through their filters. But filters damaged by kidney disease may let proteins such as albumin leak from the blood into the urine. Proteinuria can also be a result of overproduction of proteins by the body. Kidney disease often has no early symptoms.


Question: How is protein in urine (proteinuria) treated?

Answer: If that cause is kidney disease, appropriate medical management is essential.


Question: What can untreated chronic kidney disease lead to?

Answer: Untreated chronic kidney disease can lead to kidney failure.


Question: What are other causes of protein in urine (proteinuria)?

Answer: Other types of kidney disease unrelated to diabetes or high blood pressure can also cause protein to leak into the urine. Examples of other causes include: Medications Trauma Toxins Infections Immune system disorders Increased production of proteins in the body can lead to proteinuria.


Question: How do I know if proteinuria is caused by kidney disease?

Answer: The condition is often a sign of kidney disease. One of its first signs may be proteinuria that's discovered by a urine test done during a routine physical exam. Blood tests will then be done to see how well the kidneys are working.


Question: What drugs are used to treat protein in urine (proteinuria)?

Answer: The two most common risk factors for proteinuria are: Diabetes High blood pressure (hypertension) Both diabetes and high blood pressure can cause damage to the kidneys, which leads to proteinuria. These may come from two classes of drugs: ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) Proper treatment -- especially in patients with chronic disease such as diabetes and high blood pressure -- is essential to prevent the progressive kidney damage that is causing the proteinuria.


Question: How can you get protein in urine (proteinuria)?

Answer: People with proteinuria have urine containing an abnormal amount of protein. Proteinuria can also be a result of overproduction of proteins by the body. Other types of kidney disease unrelated to diabetes or high blood pressure can also cause protein to leak into the urine.


Question: What else should I know about genital herpes?

Answer: Educate yourself about genital herpes. You'll find out that it's not as serious as it may seem, and that couples can and do have wonderful, sexually fulfilling relationships, even if one partner has genital herpes. Sometimes, people in long-term relationships suspect that their partner has been cheating when he or she is diagnosed. That's not necessarily true -- your partner could have been infected years or decades before you met. Also, consider the possibility that you gave your partner herpes. Millions of people live with genital herpes without having a clue that they're infected. In fact, health experts estimate that 90% of those who are infected in the United States don't know it. A herpes infection doesn't always cause obvious sores on the genitals. In many cases, it causes no noticeable symptoms at all. Health care professionals say that sex partners of people with herpes should be tested, as that is the only way to know for sure if they are infected or not.


Question: What do I do if my partner has genital herpes?

Answer: But instead of declaring the sexual part of your relationship over or out of the question, think of ways you can be intimate without risking infection. You can reduce the risk of becoming infected through sexual intercourse by using condoms and avoiding sex when your partner has symptoms. There will always be some risk, even if you practice safer sex, but you can minimize it as much as possible.


Question: What is the reason one would have an earwax blockage against the eardrum?

Answer: So, the only reason you'd have an earwax blockage up against your eardrum, is because you tried to clean your ears with a cotton swab -- or something like it -- and pushed the wax in deeper.


Question: What are the symptoms of cerumen impaction?

Answer: The symptoms of cerumen impaction are: Pain or a feeling of fullness in your ear Feeling like your ear is plugged Partial loss of hearing, which worsens over time Ringing in your ear, known as tinnitus Itching, discharge, or a smell coming from your ear Coughing This kind of earwax buildup is rare, but it can happen.


Question: What acts as a filter for our ears?

Answer: It even has antibacterial properties, which means your ears are self-cleaning. Earwax is like a filter for your ears, keeping out harmful things like dirt and dust, and trapping them so they don't go deep inside.


Question: How does someone properly clean their ears?

Answer: If your problem isn't serious, but you do feel like you have too much earwax buildup, you can gently clean the outside of your ears. Just use a washcloth. You also can try putting a few drops of baby oil, mineral oil, or glycerin in your ear to soften the wax. Or you can use an over-the-counter wax removal kit.


Question: What should someone do when experiencing any symptoms of cerumen impaction?

Answer: The symptoms of cerumen impaction are: Pain or a feeling of fullness in your ear Feeling like your ear is plugged Partial loss of hearing, which worsens over time Ringing in your ear, known as tinnitus Itching, discharge, or a smell coming from your ear Coughing This kind of earwax buildup is rare, but it can happen. But if you're experiencing any of the symptoms listed above, don't assume earwax is the problem. Call your doctor. He can examine your ears and figure out the cause. Your doctor can look into your ear canal with a special device and remove any earwax with small instruments, suction, or irrigation.


Question: What problems can occur when swabbing or sticking pointy objects inside the ear?

Answer: Swabbing or sticking pointy objects inside your ear can cause other serious problems: Infection Rupture of the eardrum Significant hearing loss Ideally, no; your ear canals shouldn't need cleaning.


Question: What is the only reason someone should clean out their ears?

Answer: About the only thing doctors do agree on putting anything inside your ear is a bad idea. Your ears usually do a good job cleaning themselves and don't need any extra care. The only reason you should clean them is to soften or remove earwax from the outside of your ear canals. And if you're going to do that, you'll need to know how to do it carefully.


Question: Should someone clean their ears?

Answer: Swabbing or sticking pointy objects inside your ear can cause other serious problems: Infection Rupture of the eardrum Significant hearing loss Ideally, no; your ear canals shouldn't need cleaning. But if too much earwax builds up and starts to cause symptoms or it keeps your doctor from doing a proper ear exam, you might have something called cerumen impaction. This means earwax has completely filled your ear canal and it can happen in one or both ears.


Question: How do some people clean their ears?

Answer: Maybe you're one of those that says you should never even clean your ears. Ear candles.


Question: What products should never be used to clean ears?

Answer: Swabbing or sticking pointy objects inside your ear can cause other serious problems: Infection Rupture of the eardrum Significant hearing loss Ideally, no; your ear canals shouldn't need cleaning. If the problem isn't an earwax buildup, but something more serious, peroxide can make the problem much worse. Ear candles. Studies show they're not effective and they can even cause injury. These hollow candles are supposed to be inserted into the ear canal and lit at the exposed end, but the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) has found they can cause burns and even pierce the inside of the ear.


Question: Why do our ears make wax?

Answer: The only reason you should clean them is to soften or remove earwax from the outside of your ear canals. It's normal for your body to produce it, and it actually helps protect and lubricate your ears. If you didn't have earwax, your ears would probably be itchy and dry.


Question: What do we know about the African plum tree for prostate conditions?

Answer: In Europe, extract from the African plum tree bark is extensively used. It's been reported to reduce symptoms associated with BPH such as having to get up frequently at night to urinate or frequent urination during the day. Use of this herb for health reasons is so widespread around the world that the African plum tree is now endangered. African plum tree bark extract may help men deal with the discomfort of BPH. But it has not been proven to reduce the size of an enlarged prostate. Side effects noted with use of African plum tree bark include nausea and stomach upset.


Question: What is an asthma diary used for?

Answer: The asthma diary is used to: Record asthma symptoms and peak expiratory flow ( PEF) readings Compare PEF readings with your asthma zones Keep track of how often you use medications for a sudden asthma attack Recording this information will help you recognize asthma attacks and head them off before you become seriously ill.


Question: What should I do if I want to stop dialysis?

Answer: But you can choose not to have it or stop at any time. If you do, make sure to talk to your doctor about other treatments that can help you. Changes to your diet or lifestyle may improve your quality of life. If you want to stop dialysis because you feel depressed or ashamed, your doctor may urge you to speak to a counselor first. Sharing your feelings, taking antidepressants, or doing both of these things may help you make a more informed decision.


Question: What are the different kinds of peritoneal dialysis (PD)?

Answer: This process is called an âexchange.â There are two kinds of PD: Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis ( CCPD): This uses a machine to do your exchanges. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD): You'll do your exchanges by hand. You'll likely do four to six exchanges each day. Your doctor can help you decide which type fits your lifestyle. Some people do both.


Question: What are some tips to stay healthy during dialysis?

Answer: Hemodialysis patients are also at an increased risk for infections. Try these tips to stay healthy: Check your access site daily for redness, pus, and swelling. If you see any, call your doctor. Keep the bandage that covers your catheter clean and dry.


Question: How can I prevent blood clots if I have polycythemia vera?

Answer: Its symptoms may include: Pain in the upper right part of your belly Yellow color in your skin and the whites of your eyes Swelling in the belly or arms Bleeding in your digestive tract, from the esophagus or gut To prevent clots, your doctor will remove a small amount of blood with a treatment called phlebotomy. This is similar to giving blood during a blood drive. You may also get medicines like low-dose aspirin, hydroxyurea, or interferon alfa to thin your blood and stop your body from making too many blood cells.


Question: Can you live with polycythemia vera?

Answer: Many people with polycythemia vera ( PV) live a normal life with this rare blood cancer under control. The goal is to avoid complications like blood clots, which may happen because PV thickens your blood. To prevent those problems, your doctor will recommend treatments to improve your blood flow and help you feel better.


Question: How do I know if I have a blood clot if I have polycythemia vera?

Answer: Watch for signs of a clot, such as: Chest pain Shortness of breath Dizziness Pain and swelling in your leg Call your doctor or go to an emergency room right away if you have these signs.


Question: If I have polycythemia vera will I get blood clots?

Answer: These problems don't happen to everyone who has polycythemia vera. They're more likely if you're older than 60 or have already had a blood clot or complication. You'll want to work with your doctor to get a sense of your risk and how to lower it.


Question: What is gout and how does polycythemia vera cause it?

Answer: Gout is a type of arthritis. It's caused by the buildup of uric acid in your joints. Uric acid forms into hard crystals that leave the joints sore and swollen. You get gout when cells turn over too quickly in your body -- like in PV.


Question: How can I prevent itchiness with polycythemia vera?

Answer: To prevent itchiness: Keep the water cool when you shower or take a bath. Gently pat your skin dry when you get out of the water. Don't rub it dry. Use moisturizer every day. Your doctor may recommend an antihistamine or low-dose aspirin.


Question: What are the symptoms of an enlarged spleen because of polycythemia vera?

Answer: Doctors call this âsplenomegaly.â If your spleen is enlarged, you may have symptoms like: A feeling of fullness Swelling in your belly Weight loss Stomach pain If your enlarged spleen causes problems, you may need to take medicine for it, or you may need surgery to remove it.


Question: How does polycythemia vera cause myelofibrosis and leukemia?

Answer: After years of pumping out extra red blood cells, your bone marrow can become so filled with scar tissue that it can't make enough blood cells to meet your body's needs. Doctors call this condition myelofibrosis. It's rare, but abnormal bone marrow cells grow out of control. This can lead to acute myelogenous leukemia, a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. Again, these problems aren't likely. Your doctor will closely follow your health to make sure you're doing well and staying free of complications.


Question: Why are blood clots bad?

Answer: Sometimes a clot gets loose and travels through a blood vessel. From there, it can move into your lung and get stuck. This is a pulmonary embolism, and it's an emergency. A clot can also lodge in the brain and cause a stroke. Or it can block a blood vessel in the heart and cause a heart attack. A blood clot can also form in the main blood vessel that leads to the liver. You get gout when cells turn over too quickly in your body -- like in PV.


Question: Are sterols and stanols good for heart health?

Answer: Find these in foods like nuts and grains, or you can buy them as supplements. They reduce the amount of cholesterol that your body absorbs from food. They're also added to many foods, such as some margarines, orange juice, and yogurts. Experts recommend 2 grams a day to help lower LDL cholesterol for people who have high cholesterol.


Question: What is a coronary calcium scan?

Answer: This CT scan of your chest can help doctors spot calcium buildup in the arteries around your heart, a sign that they have too much plaque.


Question: What is a carotid ultrasound?

Answer: Two of the major blood vessels in your neck are your carotid arteries. When they have thick, fatty deposits of cholesterol inside, it's a sign you're at higher risk for a heart attack or stroke. Your doctor might do an ultrasound scan of your neck called a carotid intima-media thickness test to check them out.


Question: Why would my doctor check my thyroid gland while I am taking statins?

Answer: If it's not making enough hormones, a condition called hypothyroidism, it may cause muscle pain when you take statins.


Question: What is an ankle brachial index test?

Answer: Two of the major blood vessels in your neck are your carotid arteries. High blood pressure is a major sign of heart disease risk. This test measures the blood pressure in your legs. It helps your doctor compare your blood pressure in both your legs and your arms. Your total score is the division of your ankle blood pressure reading by your arm blood pressure reading.


Question: Do statins always work to lower cholesterol?

Answer: They also can help protect you from heart attacks and strokes. But for some people who take them, they don't work well enough. If your statin doesn't help, don't worry. Your doctor can help you find other treatments. If you have it, statins may not be able to lower your levels enough.


Question: What are the possible risks of taking part in a clinical trial for arthritis treatment?

Answer: Potential side effects from participating in a clinical trial will depend on the type of treatment and the patient's condition. All of the risks and side effects of the treatment being researched are not known at the beginning of the clinical trial. Since this is the case, there may be unknown side effects, as well as hoped-for benefits.


Question: What are different phases of clinical trials for arthritis?

Answer: In a phase I clinical trial, the new arthritis treatment being investigated is given to a small number of participants. The researchers determine the best way to give the new treatment and how much of it can be given safely. Phase II clinical trials determine the effect of the research treatment on patients and usually the best dosage. In Phase III clinical trials, the drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used Phase IV clinical trials apply the new treatment to patient care. Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.


Question: What questions are researchers trying to answer during a clinical trial for a new arthritis treatment?

Answer: When a new arthritis treatment is studied for the first time in humans, it is not known exactly how it will work. With any new treatment, there are possible risks as well as benefits. Clinical trials help doctors discover the answers to the following questions: Is the treatment safe and effective? Is the treatment potentially better than the treatments currently available? What are the side effects of the treatment? Does the treatment have any possible risks? How well does the treatment work?