Question: What happens during radical nephrectomy?

Answer: During the procedure, the surgeon makes a cut in your side, back, or belly and removes: Your whole kidney The adrenal gland that's on top of the kidney Some of the fat around the organ Some nearby lymph nodes After surgery, you'll go to a recovery room.


Question: What are the risks of having a surgery for metastatic renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: Learn the benefits -- and risks -- of surgery so you can decide if it's right for you. If you're having a kidney removed, it's possible that you'll have problems such as: Infection Bleeding Pneumonia A reaction to the anesthesia drugs Damage to organs and blood vessels Your other kidney fails Before your procedure, ask your surgeon about the chances you could have these problems.


Question: What is arterial embolization for metastatic renal cell carcinoma?

Answer: It can also relieve symptoms like pain and bleeding. During this procedure, the surgeon places small pieces of a special gelatin sponge or other material into the main blood vessel that goes to your kidney. These pieces block blood flow to the organ. Without enough blood, the cancer will shrink. Your doctor may want to do an arterial embolization before you have a radical nephrectomy. Shrinking the tumor can make it easier to do the surgery.


Question: What do you need to know about surgery for kidney cancer?

Answer: The surgery for stage IV renal cell carcinoma is called a radical nephrectomy. If your cancer has spread to other organs, you will probably need another treatment besides surgery. If you're not healthy enough for surgery, you have another option. Shrinking the tumor can make it easier to do the surgery. Your doctor might recommend changes to your diet or exercise routine to help keep your kidney healthy.


Question: How long will it take to heal from radical nephrectomy?

Answer: This medicine will make you sleep and keep you from feeling pain during the surgery. About 2 weeks later, you'll see your surgeon to check on your progress. If your cancer has spread to other organs, you will probably need another treatment besides surgery. Your doctor might give you targeted therapy or immunotherapy. These treatments kill cancer cells all over your body.


Question: What should you do while your ruptured eardrum heals?

Answer: While the eardrum heals, you'll need to keep the ear dry. That means no swimming or diving until the doctor says the eardrum is healed. You'll also need to use a shower cap or place cotton coated with petroleum jelly in your outer ear when you shower to keep water out. Other precautions include: Not using medicine other than what's prescribed by your doctor in your ear Taking all the medicine prescribed by the doctor Protecting the ear from cold air Avoiding blowing your nose while the ear heals The two most important steps you can take to prevent a ruptured eardrum are to avoid putting any object into your ear -- even to clean it -- and to treat ear infections promptly.


Question: What can a ruptured eardrum lead to?

Answer: A ruptured eardrum -- also known as a perforated eardrum or a tympanic membrane perforation -- can lead to complications such as middle ear infections and hearing loss. It may also require surgery to repair the damage to the eardrum. But typically, especially if you protect your ear, a ruptured eardrum will heal on its own without treatment within a couple of months.


Question: Can head injuries or an ear slap lead to a ruptured eardrum?

Answer: A head injury or an ear slap can cause the eardrum to rupture. So can an acoustic trauma caused by a sudden loud noise, such as an explosion or a sudden blast of loud music.


Question: How can a ruptured eardrum happen?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A ruptured eardrum, like a clap of thunder, can happen suddenly. You may feel a sharp pain in your ear, or an earache that you've had for a while suddenly goes away. It's also possible that you may not have any sign that your eardrum has ruptured.


Question: What tests are done when diagnosing a ruptured eardrum?

Answer: The doctor may also test your hearing to determine how much effect the ruptured eardrum has had on your hearing; he or she may use a tuning fork to test it. The doctor may also ask for an audiology test, which uses a series of tones you listen to with headphones to determine your level of hearing. Most hearing loss due to a ruptured eardrum is temporary. Normal hearing returns usually after the eardrum heals.


Question: What can cause a ruptured eardrum?

Answer: A number of things can cause the eardrum to rupture; one of the most common causes is an ear infection. When the middle ear is infected, pressure builds up and pushes against the eardrum. When the pressure gets too great, it can cause the eardrum to perforate. When that happens, you may suddenly notice that the pain and pressure you've felt from the infection suddenly stops and pus drains from the ear. Another common cause of a ruptured eardrum is poking the eardrum with a foreign object, such as a cotton-tipped swab or a bobby pin that's being used to clean wax out of the ear canal. Sometimes children can puncture their own eardrum by putting objects such as a stick or a small toy in their ear.


Question: What do eardrums do?

Answer: The eardrum serves two important functions in your ear. It senses vibrating sound waves and converts the vibration into nerve impulses that convey the sound to your brain. It also protects the middle ear from bacteria as well as water and foreign objects. Normally, the middle ear is sterile. But when the eardrum is ruptured, bacteria can get into the middle ear and cause an infection known as otitis media.


Question: How is a ruptured eardrum diagnosed?

Answer: Other symptoms of a ruptured eardrum include: Sudden sharp ear pain or a sudden decrease in ear pain Drainage from the ear that may be bloody, clear, or resemble pus Ear noise or buzzing Hearing loss that may be partial or complete in the affected ear Episodic ear infections Facial weakness or dizziness If you have any of the symptoms of a ruptured eardrum, the doctor will do an otoscopic exam. An otoscope is an instrument with a light that's used to look inside the ear. In most cases, if there is a hole or tear in the eardrum, the doctor will be able to see it. Sometimes there may be too much wax or drainage for the doctor to clearly see the eardrum. If this is the case, the doctor may clean the ear canal or prescribe eardrops for you to use to help clear it. Sometimes, the doctor uses a rubber bulb attached to the otoscope to blow a puff of air into the ear. If the eardrum is not ruptured, it will move when the air hits it. If it is ruptured, it won't.


Question: How can a ruptured eardrum be prevented?

Answer: Other precautions include: Not using medicine other than what's prescribed by your doctor in your ear Taking all the medicine prescribed by the doctor Protecting the ear from cold air Avoiding blowing your nose while the ear heals The two most important steps you can take to prevent a ruptured eardrum are to avoid putting any object into your ear -- even to clean it -- and to treat ear infections promptly. It's also important to see a doctor to remove a foreign object in your ear rather than try to remove it yourself.


Question: What should you do if your ruptured eardrum takes long to heal?

Answer: It may also require surgery to repair the damage to the eardrum. If the ruptured eardrum is causing you pain, the doctor may recommend using an over-the-counter pain medication such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. The surgery is usually done on an outpatient basis. During the procedure, which usually takes a couple of hours, the doctor will attach a piece of your own tissue to the eardrum to rebuild the eardrum. Surgery is most commonly used for large perforations, for perforations that involve the edges of the eardrum, or for ruptured eardrums caused by an ear infection.


Question: What is a ruptured eardrum?

Answer: A ruptured eardrum -- also known as a perforated eardrum or a tympanic membrane perforation -- can lead to complications such as middle ear infections and hearing loss. That membrane, known as the tympanic membrane, is made of tissue that resembles skin.


Question: What is a barotrauma?

Answer: A ruptured eardrum -- also known as a perforated eardrum or a tympanic membrane perforation -- can lead to complications such as middle ear infections and hearing loss. When the pressure gets too great, it can cause the eardrum to perforate. When that happens, you may suddenly notice that the pain and pressure you've felt from the infection suddenly stops and pus drains from the ear. The change in pressure is also a common problem for scuba divers.


Question: What are the risks of smoking?

Answer: There are a lot of them. Smoking is life-threatening because it makes you much more likely to get many diseases, like heart disease and cancers of the lungs, stomach, pancreas, kidney, colon, rectum, bladder, esophagus, mouth, throat, and larynx. It also makes you more likely to get acute myeloid leukemia (a blood cancer) and pneumonia. If you're pregnant, smoking makes miscarriage or low birth weight more likely. It's also linked to a bigger chance of sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS) after you have a baby.


Question: Will I gain weight if I quit smoking?

Answer: Not everyone does. When people do gain weight when they give up smoking, it's usually less than 10 pounds. Eat a healthy diet, stay active, and try not to let any weight gain distract you from your main goal of quitting. Some of the medications to help you quit smoking may delay weight gain.


Question: What can I do to avoid smoking in the morning?

Answer: When you first try to quit smoking, change your routine. Eat breakfast in a different place, and drink tea instead of coffee. Take another route to work. The idea is to shake up your habits so they won't trigger you into smoking again.


Question: How can I get help to quit smoking?

Answer: Get one-on-one, group, or telephone counseling to help you quit smoking. There are also apps, websites, and text message programs that can help you stay on track. Check with hospitals or health centers to see if they have quit-smoking programs. Your doctor can also encourage you to keep going.


Question: How does smoking harm you?

Answer: The ashes, tar, gases, and other toxins in cigarettes harm your body over time. They damage your heart and lungs. They also make it harder for you to taste and smell things and fight infections.


Question: How can I avoid smoking when I drink?

Answer: The idea is to shake up your habits so they won't trigger you into smoking again. I Smoke When I Drink. Booze is a common trigger for smoking, so drinking makes you less likely to stick to your new, smoke-free life.


Question: What is masturbation?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Masturbation is the self-stimulation of the genitals to achieve sexual arousal and pleasure, usually to the point of orgasm (sexual climax). It is commonly done by touching, stroking, or massaging the penis or clitoris until an orgasm is achieved. Some women also use stimulation of the vagina to masturbate or use "sex toys," such as a vibrator.


Question: Is masturbation normal?

Answer: Masturbation is only considered a problem when it inhibits sexual activity with a partner, is done in public, or causes significant distress to the person. It may cause distress if it is done compulsively or interferes with daily life and activities.


Question: Is masturbation harmful?

Answer: In general, the medical community considers masturbation to be a natural and harmless expression of sexuality for both men and women. It does not cause any physical injury or harm to the body, and can be performed in moderation throughout a person's lifetime as a part of normal sexual behavior.


Question: How does traumatic brain injury (TBI) cause brain swelling?

Answer: The following list explains different ways the brain can swell: Traumatic brain injury ( TBI): A TBI is also called a head injury, brain injury, or acquired brain injury. In TBI, a sudden event damages the brain. Both the physical contact itself and the quick acceleration and deceleration of the head can cause the injury. The most common causes of TBI include falls, vehicle crashes, being hit with or crashing into an object, and assaults. The initial injury can cause brain tissue to swell. In addition, broken pieces of bone can rupture blood vessels in any part of the head. The body's response to the injury may also increase swelling. Too much swelling may prevent fluids from leaving the brain.


Question: What are the symptoms of brain swelling?

Answer: Symptoms of brain swelling vary, depending on the severity and the cause. Usually they begin suddenly. You may notice any of these symptoms: Headache Neck pain or stiffness Nausea or vomiting Dizziness Irregular breathing Vision loss or changes Memory loss Inability to walk Difficulty speaking Stupor Seizures Loss of consciousness The steps used by your doctor to diagnose brain swelling depend on the symptoms and the suspected cause.


Question: How can tumors cause brain swelling?

Answer: Tumors: Growths in the brain can cause swelling in several ways. As a tumor develops, it can press against other areas of the brain. Tumors in some parts of the brain may block cerebrospinal fluid from flowing out of the brain. New blood vessels growing in and near the tumor can also lead to swelling.


Question: What are other names for brain swelling?

Answer: Brain swelling goes by many names: Brain edema Elevated intracranial pressure Cerebral edema Swelling can occur in specific locations or throughout the brain.


Question: How does a ventriculostomy treat brain swelling?

Answer: Ventriculostomy: In this procedure, a surgeon cuts a small hole in the skull and inserts a plastic drain tube. Cerebrospinal fluid is drained from inside the brain, helping to relieve the pressure.


Question: How does medication treat brain swelling?

Answer: Medication: In some cases of brain edema, your doctor may start a drug to help relieve the swelling. Medication may also be given for other reasons, such as to slow your body's response to the swelling or to dissolve any clots. The drugs your doctor gives you depend on the cause and symptoms of brain swelling.


Question: How does surgery treat brain swelling?

Answer: Surgery: Surgery may have one or more of these goals: Removing part of the skull to relieve intracranial pressure; this procedure is called decompressive craniectomy. Removing or repairing the source of the swelling, such as repairing a damaged artery or vein or removing a growth It's common to have lingering effects from brain swelling.


Question: How can I protect my head to prevent brain swelling?

Answer: To protect the brain, keep these tips in mind as you go about your daily activities: Use a helmet when biking, skating, playing contact sports, or performing other activities in which you might fall and hit your head. Wear seat belts properly when driving or riding in vehicles. Make sure you are doing all you can to control high blood pressure and heart disease. Avoid smoking. When traveling to high elevations, take your time -- allow your body to adjust to the altitude.


Question: Can high altitudes cause brain swelling?

Answer: High altitudes: Although researchers don't know the exact causes, brain swelling is more likely to occur at altitudes above 4,900 feet. This type of brain edema is usually associated with severe acute mountain sickness ( AMS) or high-altitude cerebral edema ( HACE).


Question: How is brain swelling diagnosed?

Answer: It depends on the cause. Common exams and tests used in the diagnosis include: Head and neck exam Neurologic exam CT scan of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling MRI of the head to identify the extent and location of the swelling Blood tests to check for causes of the swelling Minor cases of brain swelling due to causes such as moderate altitude sickness or a slight concussion often resolve within a few days.


Question: What are the long-term effects of brain swelling?

Answer: It depends on the cause. Symptoms may be noticed with any of the following: Sleeping Thinking and attention skills Headaches Depression Communication skills Movement Your health care team is available to help you deal with these challenges. While some problems may continue to diminish over time, others may require ongoing treatment.


Question: What is brain swelling?

Answer: Your brain can also swell as a result of injury, illness, or other reasons. The body's response to the injury may also increase swelling.


Question: What are some guidelines for taking potassium and magnesium?

Answer: While taking potassium or magnesium, have your blood pressure checked regularly as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the lab so that he can see how you're responding to the supplements. Blood tests might be done to help monitor the level and decide on the dose.


Question: What are examples of magnesium supplements?

Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food.


Question: What are some examples of potassium supplements?

Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food.


Question: What are some other guidelines when taking potassium and magnesium supplements?

Answer: While taking potassium or magnesium, have your blood pressure checked regularly as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the lab so that he can see how you're responding to the supplements. Blood tests might be done to help monitor the level and decide on the dose.


Question: What are some examples of magnesium supplements?

Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food.


Question: How does someone take potassium and magnesium supplements?

Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food. Follow the label on how often to take it. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you take it will depend on which medicines you were prescribed and your condition.


Question: How do I take potassium and magnesium supplements?

Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food. Follow the label on how often to take it. The number of doses you take each day, the time between doses, and how long you take it will depend on which medicines you were prescribed and your condition.


Question: What are some side effects of potassium and magnesium supplements?

Answer: Examples of potassium supplements include: Kaochlor 10% Kaon CL Kay Ciel K- Dur K- Lor Klotrix K- Lyte Slow- K Magnesium supplements include: Magnesium glycinate Mag- Ox Uro- Mag Take potassium and magnesium supplements right after meals or with food. If you take controlled-release tablets or capsules and have severe vomiting, vomit blood, or have abdominal pain or swelling, stop taking the medication and call your doctor right away. If you have them, call your doctor right away.


Question: Why are potassium and magnesium prescribed to heart patients?

Answer: They replace the electrolytes you lose because of the water pills. You are using ACE inhibitors or certain diuretics.


Question: When should someone call their doctor when experiencing side effects of potassium and magnesium supplements?

Answer: If you take controlled-release tablets or capsules and have severe vomiting, vomit blood, or have abdominal pain or swelling, stop taking the medication and call your doctor right away. Black, tarry, or bloody stools. You should also call your doctor if you have: Confusion Irregular or slow heartbeat Numbness Tingling in hands, feet, or lips Shortness of breath or trouble breathing Anxiety Unusual tiredness or weakness If you are taking magnesium or potassium supplements, let your doctor know if: You are using a salt substitute (many salt substitutes contain potassium).


Question: What are symptoms of mallet finger?

Answer: Symptoms may include the following: Pain, tenderness, and swelling at the outermost joint immediately after the injury Swelling and redness soon after the injury Inability to completely extend the finger while still being able to move it with help Call a doctor immediately to evaluate the injury to determine the need for X-rays and to repair any deep cuts.


Question: When is surgery needed for mallet finger?

Answer: You may need to have surgery if the injury involves a large fracture that is causing tendon damage. A hand specialist or surgeon will perform this surgery.


Question: How can I prevent mallet finger?

Answer: Take care not to injure the finger even more. If a cut has been repaired, you may need to go back to the doctor in 10 days to have the sutures removed. To help prevent injuries from happening again to the same finger, leave the splint on for the entire time the doctor has recommended.


Question: What is mallet finger?

Answer: Basketball and baseball players routinely experience jammed fingers, but the injury can occur because of a crushing accident on the job or even because of a cut finger while working in the kitchen. With mallet finger, the tendon on the back of the finger (not the palm side) is separated from the muscles it connects. With a splint, the outermost joint on the injured finger is not bendable, but the rest of your finger is.


Question: How do exams and tests help doctors in diagnosing mallet finger?

Answer: Imaging studies may also help the doctor see any foreign debris in the cut. If your finger is not broken or cut, or if only a small fracture is present, the doctor will apply a splint to the end of the finger so it remains extended.


Question: Does climate change produce actual nerve damage in patients with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: It is important to remember that while climate may worsen the symptoms of MS, climate changes do not produce more actual nerve damage. The adverse effects of temperature and humidity are generally temporary. However, it can take longer (a few days) to recover if you get overheated.


Question: Do hot temperatures affect multiple sclerosis symptoms?

Answer: Doctors believe that this occurs because heat causes nerves (whose myelin covering has been destroyed from MS) to conduct electrical signals even less efficiently. Most people with MS avoid hot baths, hot showers, and heated swimming pools. Extreme temperatures may worsen your symptoms of multiple sclerosis.


Question: What surgical techniques are used to treat glaucoma?

Answer: If the glaucoma does not respond to medication, or if you cannot tolerate the side effects, your doctor may change medications or recommend one of several surgical techniques: Laser trabeculoplasty creates small laser burns in the area where the fluid drains, improving the outflow rate of aqueous fluid. This relatively brief procedure can often be done in an ophthalmologist's clinic. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure that creates a new channel for fluid outflow in cases in which the intraocular pressure is high and the optic nerve damage progresses. Long-term results vary, but generally, the success rate is good. Surgical implants that shunt fluid out of the eye may also be used to decrease pressure in the eye. Remember, all forms of medical or surgical treatment have potential benefits and risks. Before giving your consent, always ask the surgeon to clearly explain any treatment or surgery as well as the proposed benefits, effective alternatives, and potential risks or complications.


Question: What are the best ways to treat glaucoma?

Answer: Both drugs and surgery have high rates of success in treating chronic open-angle glaucoma, but you can help yourself by carefully following the doctor's treatment plan. Some patients may find it difficult to follow a regimen involving two or three different eye drops. Be candid and tell the doctor if you cannot follow the medication schedule or if the eye drops cause unwanted side effects. There are frequently alternative treatments. Because of potential drug interactions, be sure to tell your doctor about any other medical problems you have or other medications you take. If glaucoma drops causes the eyes to become chronically red, consult your doctor about switching to preservative-free glaucoma drops that may alleviate the redness from preservatives.


Question: What should you know about treating open-angle glaucoma?

Answer: That is why it's so important to have your eye doctor test you regularly for glaucoma. Once diagnosed, glaucoma is usually controlled with eye drops that reduce eye pressure. Glaucoma is a life-long condition and needs continual follow-up with your eye doctor. Both drugs and surgery have high rates of success in treating chronic open-angle glaucoma, but you can help yourself by carefully following the doctor's treatment plan. Some patients may find it difficult to follow a regimen involving two or three different eye drops. Be candid and tell the doctor if you cannot follow the medication schedule or if the eye drops cause unwanted side effects. There are frequently alternative treatments. Because of potential drug interactions, be sure to tell your doctor about any other medical problems you have or other medications you take. If glaucoma drops causes the eyes to become chronically red, consult your doctor about switching to preservative-free glaucoma drops that may alleviate the redness from preservatives. Acute angle-closure glaucoma is different from chronic open-angle glaucoma in several important ways: The symptoms usually occur with relative suddenness; the eye is painful and red. If the high pressure in the eye is not relieved quickly, blindness can occur.


Question: Is surgery for glaucoma dangerous?

Answer: Before giving your consent, always ask the surgeon to clearly explain any treatment or surgery as well as the proposed benefits, effective alternatives, and potential risks or complications.


Question: How is acute closed-angle glaucoma treated?

Answer: Acute angle-closure glaucoma is different from chronic open-angle glaucoma in several important ways: The symptoms usually occur with relative suddenness; the eye is painful and red. If the high pressure in the eye is not relieved quickly, blindness can occur. On the other hand, treatments for acute angle-closure glaucoma -- usually laser treatment -- are permanent and do not require long-term therapy. For this type of glaucoma, making a hole in the iris to allow fluid to drain, called an iridectomy, is the standard treatment to cure it. The unaffected eye also is usually treated to prevent a future attack. However, it's important to get your eyes checked regularly, as some people may develop a case of chronic angle-closure glaucoma later in life, even after laser treatment.


Question: Is it important to diagnose glaucoma early?

Answer: That is why it's so important to have your eye doctor test you regularly for glaucoma. Once diagnosed, glaucoma is usually controlled with eye drops that reduce eye pressure. Glaucoma is a life-long condition and needs continual follow-up with your eye doctor. If the high pressure in the eye is not relieved quickly, blindness can occur.


Question: What is the appropriate treatment for glaucoma?

Answer: Treatment of open-angle glaucoma -- the most common form of the disease -- requires lowering the eye's pressure by increasing the drainage of aqueous humor fluid or decreasing the production of that fluid. On the other hand, treatments for acute angle-closure glaucoma -- usually laser treatment -- are permanent and do not require long-term therapy. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure that creates a new channel for fluid outflow in cases in which the intraocular pressure is high and the optic nerve damage progresses.


Question: Will I need surgery if I have glaucoma?

Answer: Be candid and tell the doctor if you cannot follow the medication schedule or if the eye drops cause unwanted side effects. This relatively brief procedure can often be done in an ophthalmologist's clinic. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure that creates a new channel for fluid outflow in cases in which the intraocular pressure is high and the optic nerve damage progresses. Long-term results vary, but generally, the success rate is good. Surgical implants that shunt fluid out of the eye may also be used to decrease pressure in the eye.


Question: What is a tuberculin skin test for solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)?

Answer: The test involves injecting the tuberculin antigen (a substance that triggers the immune system to produce cells that attack and try to destroy the antigen) into the skin and observing the body's response. If the injection site swells and reddens, there is a chance that the SPN has been caused by tuberculosis.


Question: what is a bronchoscopy for a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)?

Answer: Bronchoscopy: This procedure is used for SPNs that are situated closer to the walls of the airways. A bronchoscope (a thin, flexible, lighted tube with a tiny camera at the end) is inserted through the mouth or nose and down the windpipe. From there, it can be inserted into the airways (bronchi) of the lungs. During bronchoscopy, the health care professional takes a biopsy sample from the SPN. If the lesion is not easily accessible on the airway wall or is smaller than 2 cm in diameter, a needle biopsy may be performed. This procedure is called a transbronchial needle aspiration ( TBNA) biopsy.


Question: What is a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN)?

Answer: Generally, a pulmonary nodule must grow to at least 1 cm in diameter before it can be seen on a chest X-ray. An SPN is surrounded by normal lung tissue and is not associated with any other abnormality in the lung or nearby lymph nodes (small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body). However, the accuracy decreases (60%-80%) in nodules that are smaller than 2 cm in diameter.


Question: How can I treat my headache without drugs?

Answer: The good news is there are several simple things you can do to ease the pain without a trip to the doctor or drugstore. Keep the compress on your head for 15 minutes, then take a break for 15 minutes. If you have a tension headache, place a heating pad on your neck or the back of your head. If you have a sinus headache, hold a warm cloth to the area that hurts. A warm shower might also do the trick. You might even talk to your doctor about physical therapy if you have muscle spasms in your neck. Take painkillers as soon as you feel pain. And be sure to talk to your doctor about what headache symptoms you should not try to treat at home.


Question: What are the symptoms of shellfish poisoning?

Answer: Symptoms of shellfish poisoning begin 4-48 hours after eating and include: Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Cramps. A person who has blood in the stool and a fever may have a bacterial infection.


Question: How is radiation therapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: This treatment uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. You may get it to make your tumors smaller and ease symptoms.


Question: When should you start chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: If other treatments stop working and your cancer grows, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy. When to start chemo depends upon many things, such as: Which types of treatment you already had Whether you need radiation first How well you tolerate chemo Which other options are available to you There are many types of chemo drugs. You get them by IV or as a pill. They travel throughout your body to destroy cancer cells. Doctors often combine the chemo drug docetaxel ( Taxotere) with prednisone, a steroid, for men with hormone-resistant prostate cancer that has spread.


Question: When is surgery used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Your testicles make most of your testosterone. Surgery to remove the testicles (called an orchiectomy) is a type of hormone therapy because it quickly cuts your testosterone levels. This operation used to be common, but most men with prostate cancer don't get it any more. Instead, they take medicines that lower hormone levels while leaving the testicles in place.


Question: What are the goals of hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: The goal is to cut the supply of hormones that fuel your prostate cancer.


Question: How is hormone therapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: The goal is to cut the supply of hormones that fuel your prostate cancer. Hormone therapy shuts down this process. It will: Dramatically lower your testosterone levels Prevent prostate cancer cells from using low levels of androgens Most doctors think it makes sense to start this type of treatment as soon as prostate cancer becomes advanced.


Question: What are newer types of hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: Newer types of hormone therapy include: Abiraterone acetate ( Zytiga). It's approved for men with advanced prostate cancer who have tried other hormone therapies. Enzalutamide ( Xtandi): It's a pill that blocks cells from receiving androgens. It's approved for men with advanced prostate cancer who have tried other hormone therapies.


Question: How do you take hormone therapy for advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: There are several hormone therapy drugs. Doctors implant others under your skin. Your doctor will set your drug schedule based on your particular needs and how your cancer responds. If you become resistant to hormone therapy or have problems with side effects, your doctor may try "intermittent therapy." This means you'll take the drugs for a while, then stop, then start again. This can improve your quality of life and make the hormone therapy work better.


Question: How is immunotherapy used to treat advanced prostate cancer?

Answer: It uses your immune system -- your body's defense against germs -- to attack the cancer cells. Sipuleucel- T ( Provenge) is used to treat advanced prostate cancer. To make it, the doctor removes white blood cells from your blood. These go to a lab, where experts genetically engineer them to fight your prostate cancer. You then get these cancer-killing cells by IV injection in three separate treatments. If other treatments stop working and your cancer grows, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy.


Question: When should I get tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: You could have an HIV infection if you: Have had several sexual partners Had unprotected sex with someone who is or could be HIV-positive, including someone whose sexual history you don't know Injected drugs with a needle, syringe, or other equipment someone else had used first Have had or are getting tested for TB, hepatitis, or any sexually transmitted disease, including syphilis, gonorrhea, or herpes. Have had sex for drugs or money Had sex with someone who has a history of any of these Pregnant women should also get tested. And in fact, the CDC recommends that all persons in the United States between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once.


Question: How do antibody screening tests help diagnose HIV?

Answer: These tests check for a kind of protein that your body makes in response to the HIV infection, 2-8 weeks later. They're also called immunoassay or ELISA tests. They're generally very accurate, but they won't catch early infections. Usually, a technician will take a small blood sample and send it to a lab for testing. Some immunoassay tests check urine or fluids from your mouth (not saliva), but there aren't as many antibodies in these, so you may not get a positive result even if you're infected. ( That's called a false negative.)


Question: Are there in-home tests I can take to figure out if I have HIV?

Answer: A rapid antibody/antigen test can give you results in 20 minutes. One option is to prick your finger to get a small blood sample that you send to a lab. You call to get your result within a few business days, and it's anonymous (you don't have to give your name). Maybe 1 in 12 people who are infected get a false negative from this test. You should get a lab test of your blood if it's positive. And in fact, the CDC recommends that all persons in the United States between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once.


Question: How do  antibody/antigen combination tests help diagnose HIV?

Answer: The CDC recommends these blood tests. They can detect HIV earlier than antibody screening tests. They check for HIV antigen, a protein called p24 that's part of the virus that shows up 2-4 weeks after infection. They also check for HIV antibodies. You get a result in 20 minutes.


Question: How do I know if I have HIV?

Answer: Most can't detect HIV right away, because it takes time for your body to make antibodies or for enough virus to grow inside you. It may be up to 6 months before you'll see a positive result, which means an early test could be negative even though you're infected. If you do have the virus, finding out quickly means you can start treatment to help you live a long and full life. You can also take precautions so that you don't pass HIV to other people. Some immunoassay tests check urine or fluids from your mouth (not saliva), but there aren't as many antibodies in these, so you may not get a positive result even if you're infected. If you had a lab test, more detailed tests on your blood sample can help confirm the diagnosis: Western blot or indirect immunofluorescence assay Antibody differentiation, between HIV-1 and HIV-2 If you got an HIV test within the first 3 months after you could have been infected and it was negative, get another test at 6 months to be sure.


Question: How does an RNA test help diagnose HIV?

Answer: Usually, a technician will take a small blood sample and send it to a lab for testing. You call to get your result within a few business days, and it's anonymous (you don't have to give your name). If you had a lab test, more detailed tests on your blood sample can help confirm the diagnosis: Western blot or indirect immunofluorescence assay Antibody differentiation, between HIV-1 and HIV-2 If you got an HIV test within the first 3 months after you could have been infected and it was negative, get another test at 6 months to be sure.


Question: What servings are suggested in the DASH diet?

Answer: The DASH diet suggests getting: Grains: 7-8 daily servings Vegetables: 4-5 daily servings Fruits: 4-5 daily servings Low-fat or fat-free dairy products: 2-3 daily servings Meat, poultry, and fish: 2 or less daily servings Nuts, seeds, and dry beans: 4-5 servings per week Fats and oils: 2-3 daily servings Sweets: try to limit to less than 5 servings per week When you're trying to follow a healthy eating plan, it helps to know how much of a certain kind of food is considered a "serving."


Question: What is being on the DASH diet like?

Answer: The DASH diet calls for a certain number of servings daily from various food groups. The number of servings you require may vary, depending on how many calories you need per day. You can make gradual changes. For instance, start by limiting yourself to 2,400 milligrams of sodium per day (about 1 teaspoon). Then, once your body has adjusted to the diet, cut back to 1,500 milligrams of sodium per day (about 2/3 teaspoon). These amounts include all sodium eaten, including sodium in food products as well as in what you cook with or add at the table.


Question: How effective is the DASH diet?

Answer: Another diet -- DASH- Sodium -- calls for cutting back sodium to 1,500 milligrams a day (about 2/3 teaspoon). Studies of people on the DASH- Sodium plan lowered their blood pressure as well.


Question: What is the DASH diet?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } One of the steps your doctor may recommend to lower your high blood pressure is to start using the DASH diet. DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. The diet is simple: Eat more fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods Cut back on foods that are high in saturated fat, cholesterol, and trans fats Eat more whole-grain foods, fish, poultry, and nuts Limit sodium, sweets, sugary drinks, and red meats In research studies, people who were on the DASH diet lowered their blood pressure within 2 weeks.


Question: How much is a serving in the DASH diet?

Answer: One serving is: 1/2 cup cooked rice or pasta 1 slice bread 1 cup raw vegetables or fruit 1/2 cup cooked veggies or fruit 8 ounces of milk 1 teaspoon of olive oil (or any other oil) 3 ounces cooked meat 3 ounces tofu


Question: What are some DASH diet tips?

Answer: Dash Diet Tips Add a serving of vegetables at lunch and at dinner. Add a serving of fruit to your meals or as a snack. Canned and dried fruits are easy to use, but check that they don't have added sugar. Use only half your typical serving of butter, margarine, or salad dressing, and use low-fat or fat-free condiments. Drink low-fat or skim dairy products any time you would normally use full-fat or cream. Limit meat to 6 ounces a day. Make some meals vegetarian. Add more vegetables and dry beans to your diet. Instead of snacking on chips or sweets, eat unsalted pretzels or nuts, raisins, low-fat and fat-free yogurt, frozen yogurt, unsalted plain popcorn with no butter, and raw vegetables. Read food labels to choose products that are lower in sodium.


Question: How is arachnoiditis diagnosed?

Answer: Infection from bacteria or viruses: Infections such as viral and fungal meningitis or tuberculosis can affect the spine. A test called an electromyogram ( EMG) can assess the severity of the ongoing damage to affected nerve roots by using electrical impulses to check nerve function. Note: Myelograms with the radiographic contrast currently in use, combined with CAT scanning, are not considered to be responsible for causing arachnoiditis or causing it to worsen.


Question: What is arachnoiditis?

Answer: It is characterized by severe stinging, burning pain, and neurological problems. Inflammation of the arachnoid can lead to the formation of scar tissue and can cause the spinal nerves to stick together and malfunction.


Question: What causes erection problems?

Answer: Common physical causes of sexual problems include the following: Diabetes, especially if you have type 2 diabetes Hypogonadism, in which the testicles do not produce enough testosterone Thyroid disorders (both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism) Adrenal lesions ( Cushing's syndrome) Noncancerous pituitary growths that increase levels of a hormone called prolactin Diseases that affect the nervous system, including strokes, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, long-standing diabetes, and Parkinson's disease Damage to arteries or veins following pelvic surgery (such as prostate, colon, or bladder surgery) or after radiation treatment Conditions that affect the penis directly, such as Peyronie's disease (penile curvature) or injury to the penis itself or to the arteries, veins, or nerves that supply the penis Cardiovascular (heart) disease Blockages in the blood flow to the penis Leaky veins Conditions or behaviors that increase the risk of vascular disease, such as smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, and obesity, or the medications to treat these and other disorders Premature ejaculation ( PE) is usually not due to physical causes, although the problem is sometimes linked to a neurological disorder, prostate infections, or urethritis.


Question: Can medications  cause sexual problems?

Answer: Many medications have been implicated in sexual dysfunction, causing inhibited sexual desire and/or erectile dysfunction, such as: Drugs to treat high blood pressure Diuretics (including thiazides and spironolactone) Histamine blockers Antidepressant medications Common over-the-counter preparations (particularly antihistamines and decongestants) Antipsychotic medications Sedatives Medications used to treat anxiety Use of drugs, including alcohol, methadone and heroin, anabolic steroids, and tobacco Psychological Factors in Sexual Problems Psychological factors play an important role.


Question: What causes low sexual desire?

Answer: Possible psychological causes of sexual dysfunction include: Anxiety Guilty feelings about sex Sexual aversion disorder Learned behavior pattern of rapid ejaculation seen with frequent masturbation or infrequent sexual activity Painful intercourse usually has physical causes such as these: An infection of the prostate, urethra, or testes, which can be initiated by sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia and genital herpes An allergic reaction to spermicide or condoms Peyronie's disease, fibrous plaques on the upper side of the penis that often produce a painful bend during erection Arthritis of the lower back Lack of sexual desire may be due to any of these factors: Physical illness Hormonal abnormality (usually low testosterone levels) Medications that affect libido Alcohol or recreational drug abuse Psychological causes, including depression or relationship problems, which a therapist may help identify Retrograde ejaculation may occur in men from these causes: Prostate or urethral surgery Medication that keeps the bladder neck open Diabetes (which can injure the nerves that normally close the bladder during ejaculation) Priapism may be caused by: Penile trauma Medical conditions such as sickle cell disease, leukemia, gout, diabetes Certain medications, including those used to treat erectile dysfunction Can Medication Cause Sexual Problems?


Question: How can environmental factors contribute to sexual problems in men?

Answer: You may find it difficult to enjoy a sexual relationship if: You are under a lot of stress Your relationship is troubled You have a history of traumatic sexual encounters (rape or incest) You were raised in a family with strict sexual taboos You're afraid of getting your partner pregnant or of contracting a sexually-transmitted disease You have negative feelings (including guilt, anger, fear, low self-esteem, and anxiety) You are depressed You are severely fatigued Environmental Factors in Sexual Problems You may find it difficult to enjoy sex if there is no safe, private place to relax and allow yourself to become sexual, or if fatigue due to an overly busy work and personal life robs you of the energy to participate sexually. Parents may find it difficult to find the time to be sexually intimate, given the demands/presence of their children. Fear of contracting HIV (human immunodeficiency virus, which can lead to AIDS), the difficulties of striving for "safer sex," and the psychological effects of discrimination are just a few of the factors that can cause anxieties for men.


Question: What causes retrograde ejaculation?

Answer: Possible psychological causes of sexual dysfunction include: Anxiety Guilty feelings about sex Sexual aversion disorder Learned behavior pattern of rapid ejaculation seen with frequent masturbation or infrequent sexual activity Painful intercourse usually has physical causes such as these: An infection of the prostate, urethra, or testes, which can be initiated by sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia and genital herpes An allergic reaction to spermicide or condoms Peyronie's disease, fibrous plaques on the upper side of the penis that often produce a painful bend during erection Arthritis of the lower back Lack of sexual desire may be due to any of these factors: Physical illness Hormonal abnormality (usually low testosterone levels) Medications that affect libido Alcohol or recreational drug abuse Psychological causes, including depression or relationship problems, which a therapist may help identify Retrograde ejaculation may occur in men from these causes: Prostate or urethral surgery Medication that keeps the bladder neck open Diabetes (which can injure the nerves that normally close the bladder during ejaculation) Priapism may be caused by: Penile trauma Medical conditions such as sickle cell disease, leukemia, gout, diabetes Certain medications, including those used to treat erectile dysfunction Can Medication Cause Sexual Problems?


Question: How common is male sexual dysfunction?

Answer: Problems with sexual functioning are common, affecting more than half of all couples at some time. If your sexual problem only occurs under a particular set of circumstances, or only with certain sexual partners, then your condition is considered to be "situational" rather than "generalized" (occurring regardless of the circumstances or partner).


Question: Is there anything I can do to prevent myself from falling if I have diabetes?

Answer: Regular doctor visits can keep you standing tall. He'll check your feet every time. If you notice any signs of peripheral neuropathy or any issues with your feet, be sure to let him know right away.


Question: When should I get my eyes checked if I have diabetes?

Answer: Visit your eye doctor at least once a year for an eye exam with pupil dilation. This test gives her a better view of the inside of your eye. If you notice any changes in your eyes or vision, don't wait for your next appointment. See the doctor right away if you: Have blurry vision See double Have trouble reading signs or books Have pain in one or both eyes Feel pressure inside your eye See spots or floaters Can't see objects to the sides as well as you used to This happens when you have an infection in your gums and other tissues nearby.


Question: Is there anything I can do to prevent diabetes-related health complications?

Answer: While you can't stop the clock, there's a lot you can do to lower the odds of future issues, or at least slow them down. Work with your doctor to make sure your diabetes is well controlled. Follow your treatment plan, take your medicines, watch what you eat, and try to be more active. All of these steps will go a long way toward helping you live a longer, healthier life.


Question: Is there anything I can do to prevent gum disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: Fortunately, there's plenty you can do to prevent problems. Brush twice a day. Floss once a day. And rinse with an antiseptic mouthwash daily. Keeping good sugar control plus visiting your dentist every 6 months helps reduce your risk of dental problems. Contact him if you notice any signs of disease, like gums that become red, swollen, or bleed easily.


Question: Is there anything I can do if diabetes is causing issues in my sex life?

Answer: Men often have problems like: Erectile dysfunction -- trouble getting or keeping an erection Retrograde ejaculation -- semen goes into the bladder instead of out your penis Women may notice: Deceased vaginal lubrication, or vaginal dryness Discomfort or pain during sex Less desire for sex Trouble getting or staying aroused Less sensation during sex Inability to have an orgasm If you have changes in your sexual function or arousal, let your doctor know. It may feel weird to talk about it, but these problems are common and treatable. They range from medicines and lubricants to counseling and exercises that strengthen muscles used during sex.


Question: What is gum disease and what factors put you at risk for it?

Answer: See the doctor right away if you: Have blurry vision See double Have trouble reading signs or books Have pain in one or both eyes Feel pressure inside your eye See spots or floaters Can't see objects to the sides as well as you used to This happens when you have an infection in your gums and other tissues nearby. Without proper dental care, your risk for gum disease may rise as you age. Diabetes makes you more likely to get gum disease. It affects your ability to fight off infections, including those in your mouth. Untreated gum disease can lead to tooth loss.


Question: What diabetes-related sexual problems often arise in men?

Answer: Men often have problems like: Erectile dysfunction -- trouble getting or keeping an erection Retrograde ejaculation -- semen goes into the bladder instead of out your penis Women may notice: Deceased vaginal lubrication, or vaginal dryness Discomfort or pain during sex Less desire for sex Trouble getting or staying aroused Less sensation during sex Inability to have an orgasm If you have changes in your sexual function or arousal, let your doctor know.


Question: What are possible complications of the flu in people with diabetes?

Answer: Possible flu complications include: Pneumonia Bronchitis Sinus infections Ear infections In serious cases, complications can lead to hospitalization and even death.


Question: Can diabetes cause problems with sexual function?

Answer: Be on the lookout for problems in the bedroom. When you have diabetes, they may start earlier or become more severe than with other folks. The disease can damage nerves or blood vessels that affect your sexual organs.


Question: Can diabetes put me at risk for falling more often?

Answer: They're a serious concern among older adults. Low vision, certain medicines, balance problems, and more can cause you to take a tumble. Diabetes also puts you at risk for falls. It can damage nerves in your feet, a condition called peripheral neuropathy. It can cause pain, tingling, sensitivity, âpins and needles,â or numbness in your feet. This can make it hard to sense where your feet are, which can cause you to easily trip or fall.


Question: Can having the flu make my diabetes worse?

Answer: The flu can also make diabetes worse by raising your blood sugar levels. It can also affect your appetite, and when you don't eat enough your blood sugar plummets. If you come down with the flu, call the doctor. Antiviral medications used to treat the flu work best when given within 48 hours from when symptoms start.


Question: How common is diabetes and how often does diabetes cause complications?

Answer: Having the disease makes you more likely to get some serious complications. The combination of the two can even make some health problems worse. Doctors still have a lot to learn about the connection, but the best way to reduce your odds of getting it is to keep your diabetes under control.


Question: Can diabetes put me at risk for having the flu?

Answer: That's because both diabetes and age weaken your immune system, making you less able to fight infections. If you come down with the flu, call the doctor.


Question: How can genes cause eye miosis?

Answer: Genes: Being born without the muscle that controls your pupils or with pupil muscles that aren't formed correctly is called congenital miosis or microcoria. You get it when one or both of your parents pass down a problem gene to you. It can happen in one eye or both eyes.


Question: How can side effects of a medication cause eye miosis?

Answer: Side effect of a medication: Certain anxiety, muscle spasm, and seizure medications like diazepam ( Valium) or antihistamines like diphenhydramine ( Benadryl) can make your pupils shrink. So can narcotics, either prescribed or illicit.


Question: How can Horner's syndrome cause eye miosis?

Answer: Horner's syndrome: This rare condition affects the way your brain "talks" to one side of your face, including one of your eyes. It can make one of your pupils smaller than the other. You can inherit it from your parents, or it can happen after a neck injury or neck surgery. You can also get it if your chest, neck, or brain doesn't form correctly. Sometimes kids get it if they have a rare type of cancer called neuroblastoma or a tumor in another part of their body.


Question: How can age cause eye miosis?

Answer: Age: It's normal for a newborn's pupils to stay small for about 2 weeks so her eyes have extra protection from bright light. Your pupils tend to get smaller as you get older, too. The muscles that work your pupils can get weak and have a tough time opening them. This can make it harder for you to see at night.


Question: What is facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy?

Answer: Facioscapulohumeral. Facioscapulohumeral refers to the muscles that move the face, shoulder blade, and upper arm bone. This form of muscular dystrophy appears in the teens to early adulthood and affects males and females. It progresses slowly, with short periods of rapid muscle deterioration and weakness. Severity ranges from very mild to completely disabling. Walking, chewing, swallowing, and speaking problems can occur. About 50% of of those with facioscapulohumeral MD can walk throughout their lives, and most live a normal life span.


Question: What is Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy?

Answer: This rare form of muscular dystrophy appears from childhood to the early teens and affects mainly males. In very rare cases, females can be affected. For that to happen, both of a girls X chromosomes (the one she gets from her mother and the one from her father) would have to have the defective gene. It causes muscle weakness and wasting in the shoulders, upper arms, and lower legs. Life-threatening heart problems are common and can also affect carriers -- those who have the genetic information for the disease but do not develop the full-blown version (including mothers and sisters of those with Emery- Dreifuss MD). Muscle shortening (contractures) occurs early in the disease. Weakness can spread to chest and pelvic muscles. The disease progresses slowly and causes less severe muscle weakness than some other forms of muscular dystrophy.


Question: What are the nine major forms of muscular dystrophy?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } There are nine major forms of muscular dystrophy: Myotonic Duchenne Becker Limb-girdle Facioscapulohumeral Congenital Oculopharyngeal Distal Emery- Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy can appear in infancy up to middle age or later, and its form and severity are determined in part by the age at which it occurs.


Question: What is Becker form of muscular dystrophy?

Answer: This form is similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but the disease is much milder: symptoms appear later and progress more slowly. It usually appears between the ages of 2 and 16 but can appear as late as age 25. Like Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy affects only males (1 in 30,000) and causes heart problems. Disease severity varies. Those with Becker can usually walk into their 30s and live further into adulthood.


Question: What is congenital muscular dystrophy?

Answer: Congenital means present at birth. Congenital muscular dystrophies progress slowly and affect males and females. The two forms that have been identified -- Fukuyama and congenital muscular dystrophy with myosin deficiency -- cause muscle weakness at birth or in the first few months of life, along with severe and early contractures (shortening or shrinking of muscles that causes joint problems). Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy causes abnormalities in the brain and often seizures.


Question: What is distal muscular dystrophy?

Answer: This group of rare diseases affects adult men and women. It causes weakness and wasting of the distal muscles (those farthest from the center) of the forearms, hands, lower legs, and feet. It is generally less severe, progresses more slowly, and affects fewer muscles than other forms of muscular dystrophy.


Question: What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy?

Answer: The most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, myotonic muscular dystrophy affects both men and women, and it usually appears any time from early childhood to adulthood. In rare cases, it appears in newborns (congenital MMD). The name refers to a symptom, myotonia -- prolonged spasm or stiffening of muscles after use. This symptom is usually worse in cold temperatures. The disease causes muscle weakness and also affects the central nervous system, heart, gastrointestinal tract, eyes, and hormone-producing glands. In most cases, daily living isn't restricted for many years. Those with myotonic MD have a decreased life expectancy.


Question: How does muscular dystrophy become inherited as an X-linked disorder?

Answer: Men carry one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. Females carry two X chromosomes. Thus, in order for a girl to become affected by muscular dystrophy, both of her X chromosomes would have to carry the defective gene -- an extremely rare occurrence, since her mother would have to be a carrier (one defective X chromosome) and her father would have to have muscular dystrophy (since men carry just one X chromosome, the other is a Y chromosome). A female who carries the defective X chromosome can pass the disease to her son (whose other chromosome is a Y, from the father). A few muscular dystrophies aren't inherited at all and occur because of a new gene abnormality or mutation.


Question: What is the most common form of muscular dystrophy in children?

Answer: The most common form of muscular dystrophy in children, Duchenne muscular dystrophy affects only males. It appears between the ages of 2 and 6. The muscles decrease in size and grow weaker over time yet may appear larger. Disease progression varies, but many people with Duchenne (1 in 3,500 boys) need a wheelchair by the age of 12. In most cases, the arms, legs, and spine become progressively deformed, and there may be some cognitive impairment. Severe breathing and heart problems mark the later stages of the disease. Those with Duchenne MD usually die in their late teens or early 20s.


Question: What is muscular dystrophy?

Answer: This group of rare diseases affects adult men and women. The disease progresses slowly and causes less severe muscle weakness than some other forms of muscular dystrophy.


Question: What is oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy?

Answer: This form of muscular dystrophy appears in the teens to early adulthood and affects males and females. Oculopharyngeal. Weakness in pelvic and shoulder muscles may occur later. Choking and recurrent pneumonia may occur.


Question: Who is most likely to have muscular dystrophy?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } There are nine major forms of muscular dystrophy: Myotonic Duchenne Becker Limb-girdle Facioscapulohumeral Congenital Oculopharyngeal Distal Emery- Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy can appear in infancy up to middle age or later, and its form and severity are determined in part by the age at which it occurs. Some types of muscular dystrophy affect only males; some people with MD enjoy a normal life span with mild symptoms that progress very slowly; others experience swift and severe muscle weakness and wasting, dying in their late teens to early 20s. The various types of MD affect more than 50,000 Americans. Through advances in medical care, children with muscular dystrophy are living longer than ever before. Those with Duchenne MD usually die in their late teens or early 20s.


Question: How can I keep mold from growing inside my home?

Answer: To keep mold allergies away when you're inside your home: Take off your shoes at the door. Clean your bathroom often with bleach and get rid of soap scum, which can harbor mold. When you shower, open a window or run an exhaust fan. Fix any leaks right away. Dry wet areas within 48 hours to prevent the fungus from growing. Run a dehumidifier in damp basements or other rooms. Use a vacuum with a HEPA filter.


Question: How do molds causes allergies?

Answer: How It Causes Allergies Mold is a fungus with a big job in the natural world: It breaks down dead plant matter. It spreads through tiny spores that can cause an allergic reaction, but only a few types bring on allergies.


Question: When do mold allergies usually occur?

Answer: When Mold Allergies Occur Although they happen any time of year, allergies to outdoor mold can be worse in summer and fall. They can be especially bad when wet leaves sit around in piles.


Question: How do I treat symptoms of mold allergy?

Answer: To Treat Symptoms Try over-the-counter antihistamines, eye drops, or nasal sprays. Talk to your doctor about prescription drugs.


Question: How do I know if I'm allergic to molds?

Answer: How to Tell if You're Allergic The only way you can know for sure is to see an allergist. He'll ask about your symptoms and what seems to trigger them. If he thinks you have a mold allergy, he'll probably do tests to confirm it.


Question: How is sarcopenia with aging diagnosed?

Answer: Any loss of muscle matters because it lessens strength and mobility. Sarcopenia typically happens faster around age 75. But it may also speed up as early as 65 or as late as 80. It's a factor in frailty and the likelihood of falls and fractures in older adults.


Question: How is sarcopenia with aging treated?

Answer: Researchers believe these include: Reduction in nerve cells responsible for sending signals from the brain to the muscles to start movement Lower concentrations of some hormones, including growth hormone, testosterone, and insulin-like growth factor A decrease in the ability to turn protein into energy Not getting enough calories or protein each day to sustain muscle mass The primary treatment for sarcopenia is exercise, specifically resistance training or strength training. These activities increase muscle strength and endurance using weights or resistance bands.


Question: What is sarcopenia with aging?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } From the time you are born to around the time you turn 30, your muscles grow larger and stronger. But at some point in your 30s, you start to lose muscle mass and function. The cause is age-related sarcopenia or sarcopenia with aging. Physically inactive people can lose as much as 3% to 5% of their muscle mass each decade after age 30. Even if you are active, you'll still have some muscle loss.


Question: What are the symptoms of sarcopenia with aging?

Answer: Reduced activity further shrinks muscle mass.


Question: What are the different types of biologics?

Answer: There are different types. They target the causes of joint inflammation and damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Each biologic focuses on one of these things: T cells.


Question: What biologic treats IL-1 or IL-6 in relation to rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are inflammatory chemicals your body makes. Anakinra ( Kineret) blocks IL-1. Sarilumab ( Kevzara) and tocilizumab ( Actemra) blocks IL-6.


Question: When do doctors prescribe biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Doctors often prescribe biologics if another group of drugs, called DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), don't control RA well enough. You can take biologics with other types of RA drugs. Usually, people who take one also take a DMARD.


Question: What biologic treats B cells in relation to rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are a type of white blood cell. Rituximab ( Rituxan) targets them.


Question: What is the goal of biologic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: All biologics have been shown to slow or even stop joint damage from getting worse.


Question: Are infections a side effect of biologic drugs?

Answer: Most cases are mild, like a cold or sinus infection. It's rare, but there have been life-threatening infections, including tuberculosis. Your doctor will closely watch for serious infections when you take a biologic. She can tell you about the benefits and risks of all your medicines.


Question: How do biologics work to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are a type of white blood cell and part of your immune system.


Question: What biologic treats T cells in relation to rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are a type of white blood cell and part of your immune system. The drug abatacept ( Orencia) affects them.


Question: Are biologics effective in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: The goal is to control inflammation to ease joint pain and other symptoms, and to slow down or stop joint damage. Though it may take some time to find the one that works best for you, most people eventually have some improvement in their RA symptoms. Studies show that these improvements usually last, and that they can help you move better and handle your daily activities.


Question: Which medications can help treat jumper's knee?

Answer: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are often used for pain and inflammation control. Drugs in this category include naproxen ( Naprosyn, Aleve), ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil) and others.


Question: How is jumper's knee treated?

Answer: Certain "loading" exercises may be prescribed. Stretching: Stretch (1) flexors of the hip and knee (hamstrings, gastrocnemius, iliopsoas, rectus femoris, adductors), (2) extensors of the hip and knee (quadriceps, gluteals), (3) the iliotibial band (a large tendon on the outside of the hip and upper leg), and (4) the surrounding tissues and structures of the kneecap. Some athletes will not be able to continue to participate in activities that worsen or prevent recovery from the problem.


Question: What should you do at first to relieve pain from a herniated disk or degenerative disk disease?

Answer: At first, take it easy, and avoid any activities (such as sports or heavy lifting) that worsen your neck pain. You can also use ice the first 24 to 48 hours to ease swelling and pain. Wrap the cold source in a towel first to protect your skin, and leave it on for about 20 minutes at a time. After this period, apply heat to the area to help relax sore and stiffened muscles. You can also do simple stretching exercises to keep your neck flexible and reduce stiffness.


Question: Does surgery always work for a herniated disk or degenerative disk disease?

Answer: For most people, the surgery works. But it's possible to develop a herniated disk disease above or below the disk that bothered you before you had surgery.


Question: When should you see a doctor about a herniated disk or degenerative disk disease?

Answer: If the pain gets worse, or you have numbness or weakness that goes into your shoulders, arm, or hand, see a doctor immediately. The doctor will ask you about your medical history to find out how long you've had the pain and what activities help or worsen the pain. You may need tests such as an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan to see what the problem is and exactly where it's located. You might be a good candidate for surgery if your neck pain is severe and hasn't gotten better after a few months of treatment, or if you have pain, numbness, or weakness in your shoulders, arms, or hands.


Question: What conditions raise the chances for broken heart syndrome?

Answer: Folks with certain other conditions may have a greater risk of it. They include: A head injury or seizure disorder like epilepsy A psychiatric disorder like anxiety or depression You're not more likely to get broken heart syndrome if you have a history of heart disease. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. It can also help to see if lung problems are the cause of your symptoms.


Question: What are symptoms of broken heart syndrome?

Answer: You've heard people talking about having a broken heart. This can cause chest pain. You may feel like you are having a heart attack. You may also have: Dizziness or fainting Low blood pressure Nausea An irregular heartbeat Usually symptoms start anywhere up to a few hours after you've had stress or shock. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome.


Question: Who gets broken heart syndrome?

Answer: Women are much more likely to have broken heart syndrome than men, especially women who are over 50. This could be a result of lower estrogen levels, but doctors aren't sure. Experts also believe that genetics may make some people more likely to get broken heart syndrome. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome.


Question: How soon can you recover from broken heart syndrome?

Answer: Other things that can trigger it include: Surgery Serious illness Money problems Car accidents Emotional memories It can even happen after a good shock, like winning the lottery or a surprise party. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. Still, people who survive the initial stun to the heart typically get better within 4-8 weeks.


Question: What medicines can help with treating broken heart syndrome?

Answer: That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. It can also help to see if lung problems are the cause of your symptoms. Broken heart syndrome is treatable. Your doctor will prescribe medicines used to treat things like heart failure. For example: ACE inhibitors Beta-blockers Diuretics (water pills) These drugs can help your heart while it recovers.


Question: What tests can diagnose broken heart syndrome?

Answer: Your doctor will do one of these to look for any problems with your heart's rhythm and structure. The results will let them know if your symptoms are from a heart attack. Blood tests. Many of them can show damage to the heart. Coronary angiogram. This test looks at coronary artery disease. Folks with broken heart symptoms typically don't. Echocardiogram. This ultrasound shows your doctor if you have an enlarged heart or if your heart has an abnormal shape while it pumps. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome. Radionuclide perfusion imaging. A similar test to an echocardiogram, this helps show which areas of the heart muscles get blood normally through the coronary arteries. It also lets your doctor know where you could have heart damage. Chest X-ray. This can show if you have an enlarged heart or if it has an abnormal shape. It can also help to see if lung problems are the cause of your symptoms.


Question: What happens when you have broken heart syndrome?

Answer: This can cause chest pain. The momentary "freezing" or "stunning" of your heart can bring circulation problems. If broken heart syndrome is not treated, it can be as deadly as a heart attack. Experts also believe that genetics may make some people more likely to get broken heart syndrome. That last one can be a sign of broken heart syndrome.


Question: What is broken heart syndrome?

Answer: It's triggered by very stressful situations, like the death of someone you love. Your doctor may call this stress-induced cardiomyopathy. Other things that can trigger it include: Surgery Serious illness Money problems Car accidents Emotional memories It can even happen after a good shock, like winning the lottery or a surprise party. Broken heart syndrome is treatable.


Question: How are diabetes and stroke connected?

Answer: High blood sugar can make you 2-4 times more likely to have a stroke. If it's not managed well, diabetes can lead to fatty deposits or clots inside your blood vessels. This can narrow the ones in your brain and neck and might cut off the blood supply to the brain.


Question: Can exercise help prevent stroke?

Answer: Being a couch potato can lead to obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure -- a recipe for stroke. So get moving. You don't have to run a marathon. It's enough to work out 30 minutes, 5 days a week. You should do enough to make you breathe hard, but not huff and puff. Talk to your doctor before you start exercising.


Question: What should my cholesterol readings be to help avoid stroke?

Answer: Keep your numbers in the healthy range: Total cholesterol: under 200 mg/d L of blood LDL (bad) cholesterol: under 100 mg/d L HDL (good) cholesterol: above 60 mg/d L If diet and exercise aren't enough to keep your cholesterol in check, your doctor may recommend medication.


Question: Can aspirin help prevent strokes?

Answer: A low-dose aspirin every day may help prevent strokes and heart attacks. It acts as blood thinner, preventing blood clots from forming in arteries partly blocked by cholesterol and plaque. It's not for everyone, though, so don't start taking aspirin without talking to your doctor first.


Question: Are there foods that can help prevent stroke?

Answer: Healthy eating can lower your risk of a stroke and help you shed weight if you need to. Load up on fresh fruits and veggies (broccoli, Brussel sprouts, and leafy greens like spinach are best) every day. Choose lean proteins and high-fiber foods. Stay away from trans and saturated fats, which can clog your arteries. Cut salt, and avoid processed foods. They're often loaded with salt, which can raise your blood pressure, and trans fats.


Question: What's the link between high blood pressure and stroke?

Answer: If it's not managed well, high blood pressure can make you 4-6 times more likely to have a stroke. This is because it can thicken the artery walls and make cholesterol or other fats build up and form plaques. If one of those breaks free, it can block your brain's blood supply. High blood pressure also can weaken arteries and make them more likely to burst, which would cause a hemorrhagic stroke.


Question: What can raise my chances of having a stroke?

Answer: Older age and family history of strokes are among the things that make you more likely to have a stroke. You can't turn back the clock or change your relatives. Still, experts say 80% of strokes can be prevented. A quarter of Americans who have strokes have had one before. So what can you do to tilt the odds in your favor?


Question: How does smoking raise my odds of having a stroke?

Answer: If you have high blood pressure, work with your doctor to keep your pressure in the healthy range. It can boost your chances a stroke by keeping you from getting enough oxygen and raising your blood pressure.


Question: Does snoring raise your chances of a stroke?

Answer: High blood sugar can make you 2-4 times more likely to have a stroke. It can boost your chances a stroke by keeping you from getting enough oxygen and raising your blood pressure.


Question: How are alcohol use and stroke related?

Answer: Drinking too much can cause AFib, too -- binge drinking (downing 4-5 drinks within 2 hours) can trigger an irregular heartbeat. Too much of this can clog your arteries and lead to heart attack and stroke.


Question: Who gets histrionic personality disorder?

Answer: This disorder is more common in women than in men and usually is evident by adolescence or early adulthood.


Question: What is histrionic personality disorder?

Answer: They have an overwhelming desire to be noticed, and often behave dramatically or inappropriately to get attention. The word histrionic means "dramatic or theatrical." Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) is generally the treatment of choice for histrionic personality disorder.


Question: What is a prothrombin time test?

Answer: This test measures how long it takes your blood to clot. If it takes a long time, that could be a sign of liver damage. Medications that thin your blood, such as warfarin ( Coumadin), can also lead to a longer PT.


Question: What is a l-lactate dehydrogenase test?

Answer: LD is another enzyme that's high when you have liver damage, but other conditions can raise its level, as well.


Question: What is an aspartate transaminase test?

Answer: AST is another enzyme found in your liver. High blood levels could be a sign of damage or disease.


Question: When would you need a liver test?

Answer: Your doctor may order a liver test if you're more likely to have liver damage or disease.


Question: What is a liver test?

Answer: There's actually not just one test. Your doctor will choose from several tests that check levels of different proteins and enzymes in your blood. Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that help speed up certain reactions in your body. Some of the tests look for enzymes that you'd find in your blood only when your liver is damaged or has a disease. Others check to see whether that organ is working as expected.


Question: How should you get ready for a  liver test?

Answer: Make sure to tell your doctor about any medicines you're taking, including over-the-counter medications and any herbal supplements.


Question: What are symptoms of liver problems?

Answer: General symptoms of liver problems include: Dark urine or light-colored stool No desire to eat Swelling in your belly Throwing up or feeling like you might Weakness or feeling very tired Yellowish eyes or skin (jaundice) The test can also help your doctor see how bad an illness is getting or how well treatment is working.


Question: What happens during a liver test?

Answer: The test is a basic blood draw. Your doctor uses a thin needle to take a small amount of blood, usually from your arm near your elbow. You'll feel a pinch or stinging when the needle goes in. You may get some soreness or a bruise where the blood is taken, but that's usually it. Typically, these tests are done more than once over a few days or weeks. Your doctor can look at how levels change to be sure of your condition and how far along it is. If you get your test at a clinic that has a lab on site, you can sometimes get results in a few hours. If not, it might take a few days.


Question: What is a bilirubin test?

Answer: Bilirubin test. If you have high levels in your blood, a problem called jaundice, you may have liver damage.


Question: When do you need a liver test?

Answer: Enzymes are special kinds of proteins that help speed up certain reactions in your body. For example, if you're: A heavy drinker or alcoholic From a family with a history of liver disease Very overweight, especially if you also have diabetes or high blood pressure Taking medicine that can harm your liver There are a number of liver tests, with lots of complex names. ALT is an enzyme that helps break down proteins and is found mainly in your liver. By itself, a liver test can't tell you for sure that you have a certain illness.


Question: When is a liver test ordered?

Answer: For example, if you're: A heavy drinker or alcoholic From a family with a history of liver disease Very overweight, especially if you also have diabetes or high blood pressure Taking medicine that can harm your liver There are a number of liver tests, with lots of complex names. You might have high levels if you have liver damage or disease, a blocked bile duct, or bone disease.


Question: What do the results of a liver test mean?

Answer: You might get this test to check if you have a liver disease, such as hepatitis (an illness in which your liver swells and can cause serious issues). Your doctor may order a liver test if you're more likely to have liver damage or disease. High levels in your blood could mean you have liver damage. Keep in mind that globulin is also made by the immune system. Usually, the liver cleans bilirubin out of your body.


Question: What is an albumin and total protein test?

Answer: High levels in your blood could mean you have liver damage. Albumin and total protein test. Keep in mind that globulin is also made by the immune system.


Question: How can you manage the itching of your cast?

Answer: It can be maddening if you can't reach a spot you need to scratch. Locate your itch, and tap it on the outside of the cast. You can also try blowing cool air from a hair dryer around the edges of the cast. Don't give into temptation and stick a pencil, a ruler, or any other objects inside the cast to relieve the itch. That could break your skin. Avoid applying lotions, oils, deodorant, or powder in or around the cast.


Question: What is a plaster cast?

Answer: Take baths instead of showers. Cover the cast with a plastic bag or a sleeve sold in drugstores. If it gets wet, dry it with a blow-dryer on a cool setting, or suck air through the cast with a vacuum cleaner hose. Also called a synthetic cast, it's made of fiberglass, which is a type of plastic that can be shaped. That could break your skin. It's normal for your cast to get smelly after you've worn it for a while.


Question: Why should I get hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after surgical menopause?

Answer: Until the early 2000s, hormone therapy was routinely recommended not just for women who had their ovaries surgically removed, but for any woman entering menopause. But things have changed in recent years as the risks of estrogen therapy have grabbed headlines and its benefits have been thrown into question. For many women undergoing surgical menopause, doctors still recommend hormone therapy.


Question: How does patellofemoral pain syndrome cause knee pain?

Answer: Patellofemoral pain syndrome: Muscle imbalance, tightness, and alignment problems of the legs usually cause this condition. It causes knee pain and occasional âbuckling,â meaning your knee suddenly can't bear your weight. It's not due to an injury.


Question: How can I prevent knee pain?

Answer: Although you can't prevent all injuries, you can take these steps to make them less likely. Stop exercising if you feel pain in your knee. If you want to make your workout more intense, always do it gradually. Stretch your legs before and after physical activity. Use kneepads to prevent bursitis, especially if you have to kneel a lot. Wear shoes that fit well and offer enough support. Keep your thigh muscles strong with regular stretching and strengthening. If you're overweight, work to drop some pounds so there's less stress on all of your joints, including your knees.


Question: How does patellar tendinitis cause knee pain?

Answer: Patellar tendinitis: This means you have inflammation in the tendon that connects the kneecap to the shinbone. Tendons are tough bands of tissue that connect muscles to your bones. When you overdo exercise, they can become inflamed and sore. You may also hear it called âjumper's kneeâ because repetitive jumping is the most common cause.


Question: How can bursitis cause knee pain?

Answer: Several other things can also cause knee pain, such as: Bursitis: A bursa is a sac that holds a small amount of fluid that's under the skin above your joint. It helps prevent friction when the joint moves. Overuse, falls, or repeated bending and kneeling can irritate the bursa on top of your kneecap. That leads to pain and swelling. Doctors call this prepatellar bursitis. You may also hear it called ''preacher's knee."


Question: How does osteoarthritis cause knee pain?

Answer: Osteoarthritis: This is the âwear and tearâ type of arthritis. It's a top cause of knee pain after age 50. This condition causes the knee joint to ache or swell when you're active. Joints affected by osteoarthritis can also be stiff early in the day.


Question: How does Osgood-Schlatter disease cause knee pain?

Answer: Osgood- Schlatter disease: This condition happens when you're young, when bones and other parts of the knee are still changing. It can cause a painful bump below the knee, where a tendon from the kneecap connects to the shin. Overdoing exercise, and irritation at a point on the bottom of your knee called the tibial tubercle, often make this area hurt. The ache may come and go over time. It's especially common in teenage boys and girls.


Question: How can iliotibial band syndrome cause knee pain?

Answer: Your doctor may call this âpatellar dislocation.â IT (iliotibial) band syndrome: The iliotibial ( IT) band is a piece of tough tissue that runs from your hip down to the outer part of your knee. When you overdo activity, it can become inflamed over time. That causes pain on the outer side of the knee. It's common among runners when going downhill.


Question: What does a knee injury feel like?

Answer: You may have: Pain, usually when you bend or straighten the knee (including when you go down stairs) Swelling Trouble putting weight on the knee Problems moving your knee Knee buckling or âlockingâ If you have these symptoms, see your doctor.


Question: What's causing my knee pain?

Answer: You may also hear it called âjumper's kneeâ because repetitive jumping is the most common cause. And if you have a torn ligament or certain knee injuries, you may need surgery.


Question: What are some tips to help with knee pain?

Answer: To speed the healing, you can: Rest your knee. Take a few days off from intense activity. Ice it to curb pain and swelling. Do it for 15 to 20 minutes every 3 to 4 hours. Keep doing it for 2 to 3 days or until the pain is gone. Compress your knee. Use an elastic bandage, straps, or sleeves to wrap the joint. It will keep down swelling or add support. Elevate your knee with a pillow under your heel when you're sitting or lying down to cut down on swelling. Take anti-inflammatory medications. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen will help with pain and swelling. Follow the instructions on the label. These drugs can have side effects, so you should only use them now and then unless your doctor says otherwise. Practice stretching and strengthening exercises if your doctor recommends them. You may want to do physical therapy, too. The recovery time depends on your injury. While you get better, ask your doctor if you can do an activity that won't aggravate your knee pain.


Question: What are additional ways to help with knee pain?

Answer: You may have: Pain, usually when you bend or straighten the knee (including when you go down stairs) Swelling Trouble putting weight on the knee Problems moving your knee Knee buckling or âlockingâ If you have these symptoms, see your doctor. If you have arthritis, you may need an occasional corticosteroid shot to settle down inflammation. And if you have a torn ligament or certain knee injuries, you may need surgery. Also, some people naturally heal faster than others.


Question: What is the timing of a normal period?

Answer: Every month, your body prepares to get pregnant. Your ovaries release an egg. Hormones rise and fall. This is your menstrual cycle. It starts on the first day of your last period and ends on the first day of your next period. Though the average cycle is 28 days long, anything between 21 and 45 days is considered normal. That's a 24-day difference. For the first year or two after menstruation begins, women tend to have longer cycles that don't start at the same time every month. Older women often have shorter, more consistent cycles. If you're on birth control pills or have an IUD, it can change the timing of your period. Ask your doctor what's normal for your form of contraception. How long your period lasts also varies. The time from the first sign of blood to the last is usually in the 3 to 5 day range. Anything from 2 days to a week-long period is normal.


Question: What is a normal period?

Answer: Now think about how old you may be when you enter menopause. Your body and life will change a lot from one to the other, right? So does your menstrual cycle. When it comes to periods, "normal" covers a lot of ground. Use the broad range of factors below as a guide. And remember: The only true normal is what's normal for you.


Question: What are the symptoms of a normal period?

Answer: Some months your breasts may feel tender when you have your period. Other months you may notice bloating around your abdomen or mood swings.


Question: What is the flow like in a normal period?

Answer: Every month, your body prepares to get pregnant. This is your period. The amount of blood that comes out of your body is called your menstrual flow. Whether your flow is light, moderate, or heavy, it's all considered normal.


Question: What problems can Fanconi anemia (FA) cause?

Answer: FA prevents your bone marrow from working properly and producing healthy blood cells, a condition known as aplastic anemia. It's responsible for a variety of physical and mental birth defects, including skeletal issues and unusual skin coloring. Doctors are often able to diagnose FA early because of the physical problems it can cause, including: Abnormal genitalia Misshapen thumbs or forearms Short stature Small, or misshapen, eyes Skeletal issues Smaller-than-normal head, called microcephaly Patches of light-colored skin Heart problems and abnormal kidneys are also common in children with FA. Adults with FA can get head, neck, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers at a much earlier age than most people. Regardless of age, nearly everyone affected with FA will experience bone marrow failure, although its progression can vary from person to person. The disease also leaves most adult males and half of females infertile. People with FA are more likely to get hydrocephalus, or fluid on the brain.


Question: How does epilepsy affect ovulation?

Answer: Women with epilepsy have more anovulatory cycles than other women do. Some doctors think that as many as 40% of menstrual cycles in women with epilepsy do not release an egg. It depends on the woman, and it is not always the same every month. Some months a woman will release an egg, and some months she will not. In general, though, women with epilepsy do not ovulate as regularly as women without epilepsy.


Question: How can epilepsy affect your menstrual period?

Answer: If you have seizures that start around the last half of your menstrual cycle and continue through the second half of your cycle, then you might have another type of catamenial epilepsy. This is when a woman has menstrual cycles that do not release an egg. These are called "anovulatory" cycles.


Question: What is catamenial epilepsy?

Answer: Some women have a form of epilepsy called catamenial epilepsy. This refers to seizures that are affected by a woman's menstrual cycle. Doctors aren't completely sure how many women with epilepsy have this, but they think it's about 10% to 12%.


Question: Is epilepsy in women different from epilepsy in men?

Answer: For some women, the pattern of epileptic seizures is directly affected by the normal hormonal cycles they experience throughout their lives. Women with epilepsy have more anovulatory cycles than other women do.


Question: What is the structure of your back?

Answer: You might think of them as shock absorbers for your body. They cushion the bones when you move around. Ligaments and muscles hold the spine together. The entire area is called the thoracic spine. It works with your ribs to keep your body stable and protect vital organs such as your heart and lungs. Pain in your upper and middle back may be described as: Aching Stiffness Sharp Burning You might have more serious symptoms, too.


Question: What are symptoms of upper and middle back pain?

Answer: Pain in your upper and middle back may be described as: Aching Stiffness Sharp Burning You might have more serious symptoms, too. These can include: Weakness in your arms or legs Tingling or numbness in your arms, legs, chest, or belly Losing control of your bladder or bowels There are any number of reasons your upper and middle back can hurt.


Question: When should I have surgery for my tonsils?

Answer: Typically, you'd get your tonsils taken out only if tonsillitis: Keeps coming back Causes other problems, such as sleep apnea, a common disorder in which you briefly stop breathing many times a night If the area around your tonsils gets infected and forms a pocket of pus, it's called an abscess.


Question: What is circadian rhythm disorder?

Answer: As always, maintaining good "sleep hygiene," or sleep-promoting behavior, is important to treating any sleep problem, including circadian rhythm disorders. Here are some tips: Go to sleep and wake up at the same time each day.


Question: What is chronotherapy for circadian rhythm disorder?

Answer: This behavioral treatment consists of gradually shifting the sleep time in accordance with your desired schedule. For example, if you have trouble getting to sleep at your desired bedtime, you would delay your bedtime by a few hours each night until you reach your desired bedtime hour. The reverse would be true if you are falling asleep earlier than your desired bedtime; you would then advance your bedtime by a few hours each night until the desired bedtime is achieved. Once your desired bedtime has been established, you must adhere to this schedule on a regular basis.


Question: How is tuberculosis (TB) spread?

Answer: Through the air, just like a cold or the flu. When someone who's sick coughs, sneezes, talks, laughs, or sings, tiny droplets that contain the germs are released. If you breathe in these nasty germs, you get infected. TB is contagious, but it's not easy to catch. You usually have to spend a lot of time around a person who has a high load of bactilli in their lungs. That's why it's often spread among co-workers, friends, and family members. Tuberculosis germs don't thrive on surfaces. You can't get the disease from shaking hands with someone who has it, or by sharing their food or drink.