Question: How are hives and angioedema treated?

Answer: The best treatment for hives and angiodema is to identify and remove the trigger, but this is not an easy task. Antihistamines are usually prescribed by your doctor to provide relief from symptoms. Antihistamines work best if taken on a regular schedule to prevent hives from forming in the first place. Chronic hives may be treated with antihistamines or a combination of medications. When antihistamines don't provide relief, oral corticosteroids may be prescribed. A biologic drug, omalizumab ( Xolair), is also approved to treat chronic hives in those at least 12 years of age. For severe hive or angioedema outbreaks, an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline) or a cortisone medication may be needed.


Question: What is chronic urticaria and angioedema?

Answer: Chronic urticaria and angioedema: Hives lasting more than six weeks. The cause of this type of hives is usually more difficult to identify than those causing acute urticaria. For most people with chronic urticaria, the cause is impossible to determine. In some cases, though, the cause may be thyroid disease, hepatitis, infection, or cancer. Chronic urticaria and angioedema can affect other internal organs such as the lungs, muscles, and gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include muscle soreness, shortness of breath, vomiting, and diarrhea.


Question: What is physical urticaria?

Answer: Physical urticaria: Hives caused by direct physical stimulation of the skin -- for example, cold, heat, sun exposure, vibration, pressure, sweating, and exercise. The hives usually occur right where the skin was stimulated and rarely appear elsewhere. Most of the hives appear within one hour after exposure.


Question: What is angioedema?

Answer: Angioedema is characterized by deep swelling around the eyes and lips and sometimes of the genitals, hands, and feet. It generally lasts longer than hives, but the swelling usually goes away in less than 24 hours. Rarely, angioedema of the throat, tongue, or lungs can block the airways, causing difficulty breathing. This may become life threatening. The best treatment for hives and angiodema is to identify and remove the trigger, but this is not an easy task.


Question: How are hives and angioedema diagnosed?

Answer: Since there are no specific tests for hives -- or the associated swelling of angioedema -- testing will depend on your medical history and a thorough exam by your primary care doctor or dermatologist. Routine blood tests are done to determine if a system-wide illness is present. Antihistamines are usually prescribed by your doctor to provide relief from symptoms.


Question: What causes hives and angioedema?

Answer: Allergic hives and angioedema form when, in response to histamine, blood plasma leaks out of small blood vessels in the skin. Histamine is a chemical released from specialized cells along the skin's blood vessels. Deferred(); $(function() { require(['ia-modules/1/ia-modules.min','video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader','webmd.oauth/1/webmd.oauth'], function(ia M, video Loader, oauth){ window.webmd Video Promise.resolve(video Loader, oauth); }); }); Allergic reactions, chemicals in certain foods, insect stings, sunlight exposure, or medications can all cause histamine release. It's often impossible to find out exactly why hives have formed.


Question: Does antiretroviral therapy (ART) put HIV in remission?

Answer: It protects your immune system and stops the progression to full-blown AIDS. But it can't get rid of all the HIV.


Question: What does it mean if your human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in remission?

Answer: Scientists haven't exactly agreed on a definition of âremissionâ as it applies to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS. But it generally means that HIV viral load has remained undetectable after HIV treatment has been stopped. It falls short of a âcure.â For a cure, no HIV can be found in the genetic information in the patient's cells. People who are successfully treatmed have very low levels of virus in their blood.


Question: What are risks of stem cell transplants for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

Answer: It's the longest one recorded so far. Stem cell transplants aren't likely to become a common treatment for HIV, because they can have dangerous side effects.


Question: What does research say about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remission?

Answer: But this may be changing. In rare cases, people have been able to control the virus and live well long after they quit HIV medications. Doctors and researchers hope to make it a reality for more than just a handful of people. When you stop taking the drugs, this so-called "latent HIV reservoir" wakes up and gives new life to the infection. Some researchers believe that if treatment starts early enough, it will prevent a reservoir of HIV and further treatment may not be needed. There are reports of long remissions in children who've done this. It didn't for almost a dozen years.


Question: What is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remission?

Answer: The cause of your disease isn't necessarily gone, but your immune system is able to control it. Scientists haven't exactly agreed on a definition of âremissionâ as it applies to HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the virus that causes AIDS. But it generally means that HIV viral load has remained undetectable after HIV treatment has been stopped. It falls short of a âcure.â For a cure, no HIV can be found in the genetic information in the patient's cells. It's the longest one recorded so far.


Question: How does antiretroviral therapy (ART) work in treating HIV?

Answer: If you start ART at the right time and follow your doctor's orders, you can expect to live for many years. But you'll probably need to be on the drugs for the rest of your life. Some people can't pay for the medications, and others don't want to stay on them because of side effects, such nausea, diarrhea, and dizziness. But if you quit treatment, the virus usually comes back within weeks. That's because pools of HIV are "asleep" in your body. When you stop taking the drugs, this so-called "latent HIV reservoir" wakes up and gives new life to the infection. There are reports of long remissions in children who've done this.


Question: Which foods usually cause trouble for people with ulcerative colitis?

Answer: You may want to cut these out for a while and see if your symptoms ease up: High-fiber foods like bran, nuts, seeds, and popcorn Fatty, greasy items and sauces Dairy products Alcohol Just because a food is on your problem list doesn't mean you have to give it up.


Question: What should I eat after surgery for my ulcerative colitis?

Answer: If you have an operation for your UC, your doctor will ask you to stick to a soft, bland diet while your body heals. Gradually, you can start to eat foods with more fiber. Depending on the kind of surgery you have, you might be able to eat anything after you've recovered, even things that caused problems when your UC was active.


Question: What food choices can help my  ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Try to switch from full-fat to low-fat dairy. Or tweak your cooking method: bake or broil meats instead of frying. Bake or stew vegetables rather than eating them raw or lightly cooked. You can also swap out items in the main food groups. Grains Common problem foods: Whole-grain breads, bagels, rolls, crackers, cereals, and pasta Brown or wild rice Better choices: Products made from white or refined flour White rice Vegetables and Fruits Common problem foods: Veggies such as broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts Leafy greens, including mustard, turnip, and collard greens, and spinach Most raw fruits Raisins and other dried fruits Canned cherries and berries Better choices: Well-cooked vegetables without seeds Ripe bananas, peeled apples, and melons Soft, canned fruits without added sugar Meat and Protein Common problem foods: Fried meats, such as sausage and bacon Luncheon meats, like bologna and salami Hot dogs Dried beans, peas, and nuts Better choices: Tender, well-cooked meats and poultry Fish Eggs Milk Products Common problem foods: Whole milk Half-and-half Sour cream Better choices: Buttermilk Evaporated milk Low-fat or skim milk Powdered milk Plant-based alternatives, such as soy, almond, or coconut âmilksâ Other Dairy Products Common problem foods: Full-fat cheese, ice cream, and frozen custard Yogurt with berries or nuts Better choices: Low-fat or nondairy cheese and ice cream Sherbet Smooth yogurt with live, active cultures and without nuts or berries Drinks and Sweets Common problem choices: Sweet fruit juices, sodas, or other drinks made with sugar or corn syrup Caffeinated and carbonated drinks Alcohol Sugarless gums and candies Better choices: Water Decaf coffee, tea, and sugar-free soft drinks Rehydration beverages, like sports drinks or things used to prevent dehydration in people with stomach viruses, diarrhea, etc.


Question: If I have ulcerative colitis, how can I handle lactose?

Answer: Then look for patterns. You may want to cut these out for a while and see if your symptoms ease up: High-fiber foods like bran, nuts, seeds, and popcorn Fatty, greasy items and sauces Dairy products Alcohol Just because a food is on your problem list doesn't mean you have to give it up. Using an enzyme product such as Lactaid may help as well. Also try other calcium sources, like fortified soy milk, almond milk, or other products that have calcium added to them. Canned salmon and leafy greens also have a lot of calcium. Check with your doctor to make sure you get enough of this important mineral in your diet.


Question: Which foods should I avoid if I have ulcerative colitis?

Answer: Then look for patterns. Avoid things that seem to cause cramps or a trip to the bathroom. See if your symptoms get better or go away. Talk to your doctor about what you notice. Your goal should be to eat as many types of healthy foods as you can, so your diet is as balanced as possible. Lactose is the main, natural sugar in milk and other dairy products. Depending on the kind of surgery you have, you might be able to eat anything after you've recovered, even things that caused problems when your UC was active.


Question: Where should I keep my medications for diabetes if I'm traveling?

Answer: Keep medicines, syringes, and blood sugar testing supplies in your carry-on luggage. Don't put them in checked luggage in case the airline loses your bag. Also, the cargo hold isn't heated or insulated well, which could damage your medicine and supplies.


Question: What should I do to maintain foot care while travelling if I have diabetes?

Answer: Instead, wear shoes that are specially made for ocean or beach walking. Protect your feet at all times when you're walking by the pool, in the park, on the beach, or swimming in the ocean. Do not wear open-toe shoes, including sandals and flip-flops. If your toes aren't protected, you raise your risk of injuring them. Follow your daily foot care routine.


Question: What should I do if I have a diabetes-related medical emergency in a foreign country?

Answer: If you have an emergency and you don't know where to go, try to reach the American consulate, the Red Cross, or a local medical school. Try to learn helpful phrases in the local language such as: " I need help" or " I have diabetes, where is the hospital?" or " I need sugar." Another resource for English speakers who need to find medical help is the International Association for Medical Assistance to Travelers ( IAMAT) (www.iamat.org). You can reach IAMAT at 716-754 4883.


Question: How can traveling affect my diabetes?

Answer: Changes in what you eat, how active you are, and time zones can affect your blood sugar levels.


Question: How can I care for my insulin injections if I have diabetes?

Answer: Bring a list of the medicines you take and keep it with you at all times.


Question: How much medication for diabetes should I bring for travel?

Answer: Take enough medicines and supplies to last an extra week in case you get stranded or stay longer than you planned. If you're traveling with someone, ask if he can carry some of them for you.


Question: Does my insulin injection schedule change with time zones if I have diabetes?

Answer: Time zone changes of 2 or more hours may mean you need to change your injection schedule. Check with your doctor for special instructions.


Question: What should I pack to care for my feet while traveling if I have diabetes?

Answer: Follow these tips to keep your feet healthy away from home: Pack at least two pairs of shoes so you can change them often. This will help prevent blisters and sore pressure points. Pack comfortable shoes, socks, and a first aid kit to treat minor foot injuries.


Question: Is there anything that I need to always carry if I have diabetes?

Answer: Always carry hard candy, a small snack, or glucose gel or tablets in case your blood sugar dips too low.


Question: Do I need to inform others that I have diabetes when traveling?

Answer: Let the airlines, cruise ships, and tour guides know in advance that you have diabetes.


Question: What if I need an insulin injection during my flight if have diabetes?

Answer: If you are traveling on an airplane and you need an insulin injection during your flight, follow your usual procedure with one difference: Put only half as much air into your insulin bottle as you normally would. The pressure is different in airplanes than on the ground.


Question: What should I bring with me if I'm travelling with diabetes?

Answer: Get twice as many supplies as you usually need to travel, and bring extra prescriptions and a letter from your doctor explaining that you have diabetes. Bring your doctor's name and phone number and keep it with you at all times. Bring a list of the medicines you take and keep it with you at all times. Always carry and wear medical identification that tells others that you have diabetes.


Question: How should I inform security when travelling with diabetes?

Answer: Bring a list of the medicines you take and keep it with you at all times. To make your trip through airport security hassle-free, try to: Make sure you tell security that you have diabetes and that you're carrying medical supplies. If you're wearing an insulin pump, you must notify security. You must request that they not remove the meter.


Question: How can I prepare for travel if I have diabetes?

Answer: Make an appointment with your doctor to go over your travel plans. Get twice as many supplies as you usually need to travel, and bring extra prescriptions and a letter from your doctor explaining that you have diabetes. If you need vaccines, plan to get them 3 to 4 weeks before your trip. If you have an emergency and you don't know where to go, try to reach the American consulate, the Red Cross, or a local medical school.


Question: What should you do to follow up on taking care of a blister?

Answer: Change the bandage daily and whenever it gets dirty or wet. Avoid wearing shoes or doing the activity that caused the blister until it heals. Wear thick socks or work gloves for blisters on the feet or hands. See a doctor for signs of infection, including pus, fever, red or warm skin around the blister, red streaks leading away from blister, swollen lymph glands, or increased pain or swelling, or if your last tetanus shot was more than 10 years ago.


Question: How do you treat a blister that has popped?

Answer: Wash the area with warm water and gentle soap. Do not use alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or iodine. Smooth down the the skin flap that remains. Apply antibiotic ointment to the area. Cover the area loosely with a sterile bandage or gauze.


Question: How do you drain a blister?

Answer: Try not to pop or drain it. If the blister is in a pressure area such as the bottom of the foot, put a donut-shaped moleskin on it. Wash the area with warm water and gentle soap. Gently squeeze out the fluid. Wash the blister again and pat dry. Don't remove the skin over the blister. Smooth down the skin flap. Apply antibiotic ointment. Cover the area loosely with a sterile bandage or gauze.


Question: What are key characteristics of fibromyalgia?

Answer: It may range from mild discomfort to pain severe enough to limit work, social activities, and everyday tasks. Pain commonly occurs in the neck, upper back, shoulders, chest, rib cage, lower back, and thighs and may feel like a burning, gnawing, throbbing, stabbing, or aching sensation and may develop gradually. It sometimes seems worse when a person is trying to relax and is less noticeable during activity. A related, key aspect of fibromyalgia is the presence of "tender points," muscles and tendons that are tender when pressed. Typically, tender points are located in the neck, back, knee, shoulder, elbow, and hip. People with fibromyalgia also feel moderately to severely fatigued and have sleep problems, including insomnia. People with fibromyalgia may also experience other problems including headaches, memory or concentration problems, and irritable bowel syndrome.


Question: What are the symptoms of eye allergies?

Answer: You may start to have symptoms as soon as the eyes come in contact with the allergen, or you may not have symptoms for two to four days. Symptoms of eye allergies include: Red, irritated eyes Itchiness Tearing or runny eyes Swollen eyelids Soreness, burning, or pain Sensitivity to light Usually you'll also have other allergy symptoms, such as a stuffy, runny nose and sneezing.


Question: What over-the-counter antihistamines treat eye allergies?

Answer: Over-the-counter antihistamines include cetirizine ophthalmic ( Zerviate) and ketotifen fumarate ( Alaway, Claritin Eye, Refresh Eye Itch Relief, or Zaditor).


Question: What is the medical treatment for eye allergies?

Answer: Some eye drops work only when you take them before your symptoms hit. They take longer to work than antihistamine eye drops, but the effects last longer. Sometimes they are combined with antihistamines. These eye drops need a prescription: cromolyn ( Crolom) lodoxamide ( Alomide) nedocromil sodium ( Alocril ) pemirolast potassium ( Alamast) Ketorolac ( Acular or Acuvail0 is another kind of eye drop. It relieves itchy eyes, usually in about an hour. It can sting or burn at first. Steroid eye drops like loteprednol ( Alrex and Lotemax) treat severe, long-lasting eye allergies. They are usually used only for a short time because they can cause serious side effects.


Question: How can you reduce symptoms of eye allergies?

Answer: Wear sunglasses when you go outside. They'll block some of the pollen and other outdoor allergens from getting into your eyes. Rinse your eyes with preservative-free saline water or apply a cold, wet washcloth. Use lubricating eye drops (artificial tears) to moisten dry eyes and wash out allergens. Take out your contact lenses. Don't rub your eyes, no matter how much they itch. It will only make the irritation worse.


Question: How do you treat eye allergies?

Answer: Some of the same medicines you use for nasal allergies work for eye allergies. For quick relief, over-the-counter eye drops and pills can help.


Question: How do antihistamine pills and eye drops used to treat eye allergies?

Answer: They include cetirizine ( Zyrtec), diphenhydramine ( Benadryl), fexofenadine ( Allegra), or loratadine ( Alavert, Claritin), among others. Some may cause drowsiness. Antihistamine eye drops work well for itchy, watery eyes. You may need to use them several times a day, but don't use the over-the-counter kinds for more than 2-3 days. Prescription kinds include azelastine hydrochloride ( Optivar), emedastine difumarate ( Emadine), levocabastine ( Livostin), and olopatadine ( Patanol). They are often combined with other kinds of drops, including some that shrink swollen blood vessels in your eye. You shouldn't use these kinds of drops, called decongestant or âget the red outâ drops, for more than a few days at a time. They can also lead to a rebound redness if used too frequently. Don't use them at all if you have glaucoma.


Question: When should you call your doctor about eye allergies?

Answer: If you're still having symptoms, your doctor may suggest allergy shots.


Question: What triggers eye allergies?

Answer: Eye allergies are also known as "allergic conjunctivitis." Just like any other allergic reaction, they are caused by a misfiring of the immune system, the body's natural defense mechanism.


Question: What can you be allergic to if you have eye allergies?

Answer: You can be allergic to: Pollen from grasses, weeds, and trees. These are the most common kinds of eye allergies and are called seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Dust, pet dander, and other indoor allergens. These eye allergies last year-round and are called chronic (perennial) conjunctivitis. Makeup, perfume, or other chemicals can trigger eye allergies called contact conjunctivitis. An allergy to contact lenses, called giant papillary conjunctivitis, can cause bumps on the inside of your eyelid, making your eyes sensitive and red both with and without wearing your contact lenses.


Question: When do you need shots for eye allergies?

Answer: If you're still having symptoms, your doctor may suggest allergy shots. With allergy shots, your body is exposed to increasing amounts of an allergen over time and gradually gets used to it. Depending on the cause of your allergies, oral tablets or drops that work much like allergy shots could be used instead.


Question: What happens when you have eye allergies?

Answer: The usual suspects -- pollen, dust mites, pet dander, feathers, and other indoor or outdoor allergens -- can set off eye allergy symptoms. It releases histamine, a chemical that causes swelling and inflammation. The blood vessels in your eyes swell and your eyes get red, teary, and itchy.


Question: What do you need to know about eye allergies?

Answer: But your nose isn't the only part of your body that gets hit during an allergy attack. You can also have red, swollen, and itchy eyes. The usual suspects -- pollen, dust mites, pet dander, feathers, and other indoor or outdoor allergens -- can set off eye allergy symptoms. To treat them, find out what triggers them and stay ahead of the symptoms. Eye drops and other medications can bring relief. When you have allergies, your body reacts to things that aren't really harmful, like pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander.


Question: What drugs can cause lactic acidosis?

Answer: Some medical conditions can also bring on lactic acidosis, including: Cancer Seizures Liver failure Vitamin B deficiency Sepsis (a whole-body inflammation caused by severe infection) Shock Some drugs, including metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, and all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NRTI) drugs used to treat HIV/ AIDS can cause lactic acidosis. If you are on any of these medications and have any symptoms of lactic acidosis, get medical help immediately.


Question: What are the symptoms of lactic acidosis?

Answer: The symptoms may include a burning feeling in your muscles, cramps, nausea, weakness, and feeling exhausted. It's your body's way to tell you to stop what you're doing The symptoms happen in the moment. The soreness you sometimes feel in your muscles a day or two after an intense workout isn't from lactic acidosis. It's your muscles recovering from the workout you gave them.


Question: How can intense exercise cause lactic acidosis?

Answer: When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy. During intense exercise, there may not be enough oxygen available to complete the process, so a substance called lactate is made. Your body can convert this lactate to energy without using oxygen. But this lactate or lactic acid can build up in your bloodstream faster than you can burn it off. The point when lactic acid starts to build up is called the "lactate threshold."


Question: How can you prevent lactic acidosis?

Answer: Don't go from being a couch potato to trying to run a marathon in a week. Start with an aerobic exercise like running or fast walking. You can build up your pace and distance slowly. Increase the amount of exercise each week so your body builds up a tolerance. This will increase your "lactate threshold," making it less likely you'll get lactic acidosis. Make sure you drink lots of water. It helps get rid of any excess acid. Eat a balanced diet which includes lots of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean meats. Get plenty of sleep at night and give yourself time to recover between bouts of exercise. How long that is depends on how you feel. If your lactic acidosis is caused by a disease or medication, talk to your doctor. You may be able to make changes that will help you avoid the problem. And talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise routine.


Question: What medical conditions can cause lactic acidosis?

Answer: Some medical conditions can also bring on lactic acidosis, including: Cancer Seizures Liver failure Vitamin B deficiency Sepsis (a whole-body inflammation caused by severe infection) Shock Some drugs, including metformin, a drug used to treat diabetes, and all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NRTI) drugs used to treat HIV/ AIDS can cause lactic acidosis.


Question: What do doctors typically recommend for people with nasal allergies?

Answer: Nasal steroid sprays are available over the counter or by prescription. They are one of the first treatments recommended for nasal allergies. Flonase, Nasacort Allergy 24 HR, and Rhinocort are available over the counter. Examples of prescription steroid nasal sprays include Beconase, Dymista, Nasarel, Nasonex, Qnasl, Vancenase, Veramyst, and Zetonna. How steroid nasal sprays work: These drugs decrease inflammation within the nasal passages, thereby relieving nasal symptoms.


Question: How do you use steroid nasal sprays and what are the side effects?

Answer: Use: Gently shake the container. Blow the nose to clear the nostrils. Close (pinch) one nostril, and insert nasal applicator into the other nostril. Press the applicator to release the spray. Side effects: These sprays may cause nasal irritation, nosebleed or sore throat.


Question: What are the treatments for stage IV prostate cancer?

Answer: In this stage, you should consider the following treatments: Hormone therapy, which is often combined with surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy Surgery to relieve symptoms such as bleeding or urinary obstruction and to remove cancerous lymph nodes External radiation with or without hormone therapy Chemotherapy, if standard treatments don't relieve symptoms and the cancer continues to grow. The drugs will shrink cancer cells and slow their growth. Bisphosphonate drugs, which can help slow the growth of cancer in the bone and help prevent fractures The vaccine sipuleucel- T ( Provenge), which boosts your immune system so it will attack the cancer cells. This might be used when hormone therapy doesn't work. Palliative care, which offers you relief from symptoms like pain and trouble peeing Clinical trials are testing new treatments. They can give you state-of-the-art cancer treatments or newer ones that aren't available yet. Ask your doctor if a clinical trial might be right for you.


Question: What is stage I prostate cancer?

Answer: The cancer is small, and it hasn't grown outside your prostate. Slow-growing cancers might never cause symptoms or other health problems. In this stage, your PSA levels and Gleason scores are low, and that's good. When they're higher, your cancer is more aggressive. It's also more likely to come back and require more intensive treatment.


Question: What is stage II prostate cancer?

Answer: The cancer is much larger, but it hasn't spread outside your prostate. Your PSA levels and Gleason scores are also higher. Surgery or radiation is often needed to keep it from spreading.


Question: What is stage III prostate cancer?

Answer: Radical prostatectomy The cancer has spread beyond your prostate, but it hasn't reached your bladder, rectum, lymph nodes, or nearby organs.


Question: How does a radical prostatectomy treat prostate cancer?

Answer: This is a surgery to remove your prostate and some of the surrounding tissue.


Question: How does active surveillance treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Your doctor tracks your PSA levels. If those levels rise, it might mean your cancer is growing or spreading. Your doctor can then change your treatment. He might also do tests like rectal exams and ultrasounds.


Question: How does watchful waiting treat prostate cancer?

Answer: This involves fewer tests than active surveillance. Your doctor keeps a close watch on your symptoms. If you're an older man, or you have other serious health problems, your doctor might opt for this method.


Question: How do PSA (prostate-specific antigen) levels determine the stage of prostate cancer?

Answer: Your doctor tracks your PSA levels. If those levels rise, it might mean your cancer is growing or spreading. Your doctor can then change your treatment.


Question: What is stage IV prostate cancer?

Answer: This happens when your cancer has spread to the bladder, rectum, lymph nodes, organs, or bones. Cases of stage IV are rarely cured. Still, treatments can extend your life and ease your pain.


Question: What are the treatments for stage III prostate cancer?

Answer: With stage III, you should consider the following treatments: External radiation plus hormone therapy External radiation plus brachytherapy and possible hormone therapy Radical prostatectomy, often combined with removal of your pelvic lymph nodes. Your doctor might recommend radiation after surgery.


Question: What should someone do if their prostate cancer comes back?

Answer: Together, you and your doctor will decide on the best treatment. If the cancer is contained in your prostate, surgery or a second attempt at radiation is suggested. If you've had a radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy is a good option. If you had radiation, radical prostatectomy might be the best approach. Cryosurgery might also be an option. If the cancer has spread to other parts of your body, hormone therapy might be the most effective treatment. External or IV radiation therapy or bisphosphonate drugs can relieve your bone pain.


Question: What is the staging of prostate cancer based on?

Answer: Stage is based on: The size of your tumor How far it has spread The chances of it coming back Matching the right treatment with your stage isn't always cut and dry. Your doctor can then change your treatment.


Question: What  questions can I ask if my child is diagnosed with hemophilia B?

Answer: You might want to ask your doctor: Is this a severe case? Have you treated someone with this condition before? What treatment do you recommend? How often will we need to come to the doctor's office? How long is too long to bleed from a small cut? What do we need to look out for? Are some symptoms more serious than others? Are there over-the-counter medicines we should or shouldn't use? How do we keep safe? Do we need to limit activities? Do we need to make teachers and care providers aware? How do we connect with other families who have kids with hemophilia? What are the chances our other children will have hemophilia? What about our grandchildren?


Question: What are signs of bleeding in the brain caused by hemophilia B?

Answer: With this disease, even a small bump to the head can be serious. If it happens, get emergency medical help for any of these signs of bleeding in the brain: Headache Neck pain and stiffness Vomiting Sleepiness Sudden weakness or problems walking In the first 6 months of life, babies don't fall or get hurt often, so an early diagnosis is rare.


Question: What  blood tests are used to diagnose hemophilia?

Answer: To get the diagnosis, doctors will test your child's blood to find out how long it takes to clot and to see if it's missing any clotting factors. This often includes: Complete blood count ( CBC). It gives important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in your blood. Prothrombin time ( PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time ( PTT). Both test how long it takes blood to clot. Factor VIII and factor IX tests. These measure levels of those clotting factors.


Question: What is hemophilia B?

Answer: The bleeding can happen both on the surface or inside his body. It can be serious. With the right treatment, though, and by avoiding certain risks, your child can have an active life. People with hemophilia don't have enough of a protein that helps blood clot. There are two main types of the condition: A and B. Your child's type depends on which protein, or clotting factor, he lacks. There are 13 of these clotting factors in our blood. With hemophilia B, you don't have enough factor IX. More than half the people with it have a severe case; they have almost no factor IX in their blood. Does he have any other medical concerns? If your child has severe hemophilia, he may need regular treatments to prevent bleeding.


Question: When is hemophilia B often diagnosed?

Answer: The two main symptoms are bleeding for longer than normal, and bruising easily. If it happens, get emergency medical help for any of these signs of bleeding in the brain: Headache Neck pain and stiffness Vomiting Sleepiness Sudden weakness or problems walking In the first 6 months of life, babies don't fall or get hurt often, so an early diagnosis is rare. You may start noticing issues once your baby becomes more active. As he begins to crawl, he may get bumps and raised bruises. There may be bleeding in the joints. Bruising and long-lasting bleeding from even small injuries may cause a doctor to suspect hemophilia.


Question: My treatment for colon cancer is over. What should I know about changing doctors?

Answer: If you need to change doctors, you'll have to give your new doctor all the details of your cancer diagnosis and treatment. Give him a copy of the summary you've been taking to appointments, and make sure you transfer all of your medical records.


Question: My treatment for colon cancer is over. What should I know about follow-up tests?

Answer: What types of screenings you have and how often you get them will depend on the type and stage of cancer you had and the treatments you got. You'll likely need check-ups three to four times a year during the first two or three years after treatment and one or two times a year after that. These might include: A physical exam.


Question: My treatment for colon cancer is over. What should my primary care doctor know?

Answer: Your oncologist will usually start out as your main contact. He'll be the one to give you a schedule for screenings and tests. He may ask your primary care doctor to take over your follow-up care at some point. If that happens, be sure to give your doctor a summary of your cancer treatment that includes: Your follow-up plan from your oncologist Names and doses of all your chemotherapy drugs or other medicines The dates and specifics of your diagnosis (including cancer stage and other details) Any side effects or complications of treatment Types and dates of all surgeries and locations where they were done Dates and amounts of radiation and where it was done Contact info for all of your doctors You also should keep a copy of this summary.


Question: My treatment for colon cancer is over. When are times to call my doctor?

Answer: If you need to change doctors, you'll have to give your new doctor all the details of your cancer diagnosis and treatment. There are drugs and other treatments to ease these symptoms and keep you feeling as good as possible. Don't wait until a regularly scheduled follow-up appointment if you're having any of these issues -- call your doctor right away: Abdominal pain, weight loss, or blood in your stool Fatigue that gets in the way of your daily life Problems with your bowel movements, bladder, or sexual function Mental changes, like difficulty concentrating, anxiety, depression, or memory loss Trouble sleeping Changes in your family medical history, like relatives who've recently been diagnosed with cancer


Question: My treatment for colon cancer is over. What should I know about follow-up care?

Answer: That means regular check-ups with your oncologist and primary care doctor to help you maintain the progress you've made. He may ask your primary care doctor to take over your follow-up care at some point.


Question: What will determine if surgery is necessary before performing a radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Radical prostatectomy can cure prostate cancer in men whose cancer is limited to the prostate. Men younger than age 75 with limited prostate cancer who are expected to live at least 10 more years tend to get the most benefit from radical prostatectomy. Before performing radical prostatectomy, doctors first try to establish that the prostate cancer has not spread beyond the prostate. The statistical risk of spread can be determined from tables comparing the results of a biopsy and PSA levels.


Question: What is a robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy?

Answer: Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy Small incisions are made in the belly, as in regular laparoscopic prostatectomy. A surgeon controls an advanced robotic system of surgical tools from outside the body. A high-tech interface lets the surgeon use natural wrist movements and a 3- D screen during radical prostatectomy.


Question: What happens during radical prostatectomy?

Answer: During radical prostatectomy, the removed prostate is examined under a microscope to see if prostate cancer has reached the edge of the prostate. If so, the prostate cancer has probably spread. In these cases, further treatments may be needed.


Question: Who should undergo a radical prostatectomy?

Answer: They include: Urinary incontinence: More than 95% of men younger than age 50 are continent after radical prostatectomy.


Question: What happens before performing a radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Before performing radical prostatectomy, doctors first try to establish that the prostate cancer has not spread beyond the prostate. The statistical risk of spread can be determined from tables comparing the results of a biopsy and PSA levels. Further testing for spread, if needed, can include CT scans, bone scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound.


Question: What are the complications for a radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Still, complications from inadvertent nerve damage do occur after radical prostatectomy. They include: Urinary incontinence: More than 95% of men younger than age 50 are continent after radical prostatectomy. Around 85% of men aged 70 or older maintain continence after the operation. Erectile dysfunction ( ED): Problems with erections are common after prostatectomy. Still, most men are able to have sex after prostatectomy while using medicines for ED (such as Viagra or Cialis), an external pump, or injectable medications. The younger the man, the higher the chance of maintaining potency after prostatectomy. A period of penile rehabilitation is often necessary. Much of the skill involved in radical prostatectomy centers on sparing these nerves during the operation.


Question: What is the difference between open radical prostatectomy versus a minimally invasive radical prostatectomy?

Answer: In 2009, researchers in Boston reported on a study that compared outcomes, benefits, and complications of open surgery vs. minimally invasive surgery: No difference was found in deaths or in the need for additional cancer therapy between the two approaches. The median hospital stay was two days for minimally invasive surgery and three days for open surgery. 2.7% of men having laparoscopic surgery required a blood transfusion compared with 20.8% of men having open surgery. There was more anastomotic stricture -- narrowing of the suture where internal body parts are rejoined -- for open surgery (14%) than for minimally invasive surgery (5.8%). There were fewer respiratory complications with minimally invasive surgery (4.3%) than with open surgery (6.6%). There were lower rates of incontinence and erectile dysfunction with open surgery. The overall rate was 4.7% for laparoscopic surgery and 2.1% for open surgery.


Question: What is a laparoscopic prostatectomy?

Answer: Laparoscopic prostatectomy In laparoscopic prostatectomy, surgeons make several small incisions across the belly. Surgical tools and a camera are inserted through the incisions, and radical prostatectomy is performed from outside the body. The surgeon views the entire operation on a video screen.


Question: What are the risks for radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Radical prostatectomy has a low risk of serious complications. Death or serious disability caused by radical prostatectomy is extremely rare.


Question: What are some other complications of radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Other complications of radical prostatectomy include: Bleeding after the operation Urinary leaks Blood clots Infection Poor wound healing Groin hernia Narrowing of the urethra, blocking urine flow Less than 10% of men experience complications after prostatectomy, and these are usually treatable or short-term.


Question: What is the goal of radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Radical prostatectomy can cure prostate cancer in men whose cancer is limited to the prostate. However, prostate cancer cure is only possible from prostatectomy if prostate cancer is limited to the prostate.


Question: What should someone expect after radical prostatectomy?

Answer: The median hospital stay was two days for minimally invasive surgery and three days for open surgery. A urinary catheter is inserted during the surgery, and some men may need to wear the catheter home for a few days to a few weeks. Another catheter inserted through the skin also may need to stay in place for a few days after returning home. Pain after radical prostatectomy can generally be controlled with prescription pain medicines. It can take weeks or months for urinary and sexual function to return to their maximum levels. After radical prostatectomy, regular follow-up is essential to make sure prostate cancer does not return.


Question: What are the different types of radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Surgeons choose from two different approaches to reach and remove the prostate during a radical prostatectomy. One is a traditional approach known as open prostatectomy. The other, more recent approach is minimally invasive. There are two minimally invasive procedures used in radical prostatectomy: laparoscopic prostatectomy and robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. During radical prostatectomy, the removed prostate is examined under a microscope to see if prostate cancer has reached the edge of the prostate.


Question: What is radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Surgeons choose from two different approaches to reach and remove the prostate during a radical prostatectomy. However, prostate cancer cure is only possible from prostatectomy if prostate cancer is limited to the prostate.


Question: What is a benefit of undergoing radical prostatectomy?

Answer: Skilled surgeons can usually protect most of these nerves during radical prostatectomy. The younger the man, the higher the chance of maintaining potency after prostatectomy.


Question: Who gets adjustment disorder?

Answer: Adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome is very common and can affect anyone, regardless of gender, age, race, or lifestyle. Although an adjustment disorder can occur at any age, it is more common at times in life when major transitions occur, such as adolescence, mid-life, and late-life.


Question: What can trigger an adjustment disorder?

Answer: The type of stress that can trigger an adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome varies depending on the person, but can include: Ending of a relationship or marriage Losing or changing job Death of a loved one Developing a serious illness (yourself or a loved one) Being a victim of a crime Having an accident Undergoing a major life change (such as getting married, having a baby, or retiring from a job) Living through a disaster, such as a fire, flood, or hurricane A person with an adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome develops emotional and/or behavioral symptoms as a reaction to a stressful event.


Question: Is adjustment disorder the same thing as PTSD?

Answer: An adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome is not the same as post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD). PTSD occurs as a reaction to a life-threatening event that occurs at least 1 month after the event, and its symptoms tend to last longer than in adjustment disorders/stress response syndromes. By comparison, adjustment disorders/stress response syndromes rarely last longer than six months.


Question: How do you diagnose an adjustment disorder?

Answer: If symptoms are present, your doctor may perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical and mental health history. Although there are no imaging or lab tests to specifically diagnose an adjustment disorder, the doctor may sometimes use laboratory tests -- such as blood tests or imaging studies like CT or MRI scans -- to rule out physical illness or other medical causes of changes in mood or behavior (such as head trauma) as the cause of your symptoms. Your doctor will also look for other mental illnesses, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, or an anxiety disorder. Your doctor bases his or her diagnosis of adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome on your report of the intensity and duration of symptoms -- including any problems with daily functioning caused by the symptoms.


Question: Is adjustment disorder different in children and adults?

Answer: An adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome can have a wide variety of symptoms that are changes from someone's usual self, which may include: Feeling of hopelessness Sadness Frequent crying Anxiety (nervousness) Worry Headaches or stomachaches Palpitations (an unpleasant sensation of irregular or forceful beating of the heart) Withdrawal or isolation from people and social activities A new pattern of absence from work or school New and uncharacteristic dangerous or destructive behavior, such as fighting, reckless driving, and vandalism Changes in appetite, either loss of appetite, or overeating Problems sleeping Feeling tired or without energy Increase in the use of alcohol or other drugs Symptoms in children and teens tend to be more behavioral in nature, such as skipping school, fighting, or acting out. Adults, on the other hand, tend to experience more emotional symptoms, such as sadness and anxiety.


Question: How long do symptoms of adjustment disorder last?

Answer: These symptoms generally begin within three months of the event and rarely last for longer than six months after the event or situation has ended.


Question: What is adjustment disorder?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Adjustment disorder is a short-term condition that occurs when a person has great difficulty coping with, or adjusting to, a particular source of stress, such as a major life change, loss, or event. In 2013, the mental health diagnostic system technically changed the name of "adjustment disorder" to "stress response syndrome." Because people with an adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome often have some of the symptoms of clinical depression, such as tearfulness, feelings of hopelessness, and loss of interest in work or activities, adjustment disorder is sometimes informally called "situational depression." Unlike major depression, however, an adjustment disorder doesn't involve as many of the physical and emotional symptoms of clinical depression (such as changes in sleep, appetite and energy) or high levels of severity (such as suicidal thinking or behavior).


Question: Can you prevent an adjustment disorder?

Answer: There is no known way to prevent adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome. However, strong family and social support can help a person work through a particularly stressful situation or event. The best prevention is early treatment, which can reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, and teach new coping skills.


Question: How do you treat an adjustment disorder?

Answer: Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) is the most common treatment for adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome. Therapy helps the person understand how the stressor has affected his or her life. Support groups can also be helpful by allowing the person to discuss his or her concerns and feelings with people who are coping with the same stress. In some cases, short-term medication may be used to help control anxiety symptoms or sleeping problems. Most people with adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome recover completely.


Question: What are symptoms of an adjustment disorder?

Answer: In an adjustment disorder, the reaction to the stressor is greater than what is typical or expected for the situation or event. In addition, the symptoms may cause problems with a person's ability to function; for example, the person may be have trouble with sleep, work, or studying. An adjustment disorder/stress response syndrome can have a wide variety of symptoms that are changes from someone's usual self, which may include: Feeling of hopelessness Sadness Frequent crying Anxiety (nervousness) Worry Headaches or stomachaches Palpitations (an unpleasant sensation of irregular or forceful beating of the heart) Withdrawal or isolation from people and social activities A new pattern of absence from work or school New and uncharacteristic dangerous or destructive behavior, such as fighting, reckless driving, and vandalism Changes in appetite, either loss of appetite, or overeating Problems sleeping Feeling tired or without energy Increase in the use of alcohol or other drugs Symptoms in children and teens tend to be more behavioral in nature, such as skipping school, fighting, or acting out.


Question: How might transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and ultrasound help you manage pain?

Answer: Although there are no products that take pain away completely, there are some that you and your doctor could consider. TENS and ultrasound. TENS, uses a device to send an electric current to the skin over the area where you have pain. Ultrasound sends sound waves to the places you have pain. Both may offer relief by blocking the pain messages sent to your brain.


Question: How can relaxation help you manage pain?

Answer: Meditation and deep breathing are two techniques to try. You could also picture a peaceful scene, do some gentle stretching, or listen to music you love. Another technique is to scan your body slowly in your mind and consciously try to relax each part of your body, one by one, from head to toe. Any healthy activity that helps you unwind is good for you and can help you feel better prepared to manage your pain.


Question: What problems can chronic pain cause?

Answer: Some examples include: Headaches Low back pain Cancer pain Arthritis pain Pain caused by nerve damage It can cause tense muscles, problems with moving, a lack of energy, and changes in appetite. It can also affect your emotions. Some people feel depressed, angry, or anxious about the pain and injury coming back. Chronic pain doesn't always have an obvious physical cause.


Question: Can my doctor help me stop biting my nails?

Answer: If you still struggle after trying multiple methods, talk to your doctor about whether therapy's a good option to help you get to the bottom of the problem and take nail biting out of the picture.


Question: How can I stop biting my nails?

Answer: It's a way to cope with these feelings. Coat them with a bad taste. There are special nail polishes with a bitter flavor you can paint on your nails. If gloves won't work for your daily schedule, you can look for stickers made to cover nails -- they can have the same effect. Find your triggers. Notice how you feel or what you're doing when you bite your nails. Find something to fiddle with -- a stress ball, a worry stone, or even a pen to click. Chew gum so your mouth has a job.


Question: Why should I stop biting my nails?

Answer: Nail biting won't typically cause permanent damage. But it definitely has its downsides: It can make your nails grow in weird. It can make you sick. Hands are a hotbed for germs, and nails are their perfect hideout. Notice how you feel or what you're doing when you bite your nails.


Question: What is a pancreatic pseudocyst?

Answer: The pancreas -- a spongy, tadpole-shaped organ located behind the stomach -- makes enzymes our bodies need to digest food and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels. If the pancreas is injured, its ducts, which carry enzyme-containing juices, can become blocked. This can lead to the development of a fluid-filled sac called a pancreatic pseudocyst. A pseudocyst isn't a true cyst, because the wall of the sac is not composed of a specific lining of cells characteristic of a true cyst. The most common cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst is inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis. A less common cause or contributor is trauma, such as a blow to the abdomen. Pancreatitis is most commonly caused by alcohol abuse and gallstones.


Question: How are pancreatic pseudocysts treated?

Answer: The most common cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst is inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis. Here's what you need to know about pseudocysts and their treatment. Although the symptoms of pseudocysts may be different for different people, some of the most common are abdominal pain and bloating. If a pseudocyst is small and not causing serious symptoms, a doctor may want to monitor it with periodic CT scans. If the pseudocyst persists, gets larger, or causes pain, it will require surgical treatment. If not monitored or treated, a pseudocyst can become infected or rupture, causing severe pain, blood loss and abdominal infection.


Question: How is a pancreatic pseudocyst drained without surgery?

Answer: The most common cause of a pancreatic pseudocyst is inflammation of the pancreas, called pancreatitis. Often pseudocysts get better and go away on their own. This can be done by a radiologist or gastroenterologist, a doctor specializing in the digestive system. A radiologist will drain it by inserting a needle guided by computed tomography. A gastroenterologist may drain the pseudocyst through the stomach by creating a small opening between the pseudocyst and the stomach, or by placing a stent into the pancreas during endoscopy. If the stent is placed directly into the pseudocyst then the fluid from the pseudocyst is drained into the intestine through this tube.


Question: What are considerations when taking treatments for prostate cancer?

Answer: Treatments that slow the spread of advanced prostate cancer and relieve symptoms often cause side effects. Some patients, often those who are older, decide that the risk of side effects outweighs the benefits of treatment. These patients may choose not to treat their advanced prostate cancer.


Question: What are emerging therapies for prostate cancer?

Answer: Researchers are pursuing several new ways to treat advanced prostate cancer. Vaccines that alter the body's immune system and use genetically modified viruses show the most promise. One vaccine technique works by manipulating blood cells from the patient's immune system and causing them to attack the prostate cancer. Blood is drawn from the patient. From the blood sample, cells that are part of the immune system (called dendritic cells) are exposed to cells that make up prostate cancer. Then the blood cells are placed back in the body, with the hope that they will cause other immune system cells to attack the prostate cancer. In a more traditional type of vaccine, the patient is injected with a virus that contains PSA. When the body is exposed to the virus, it becomes sensitized to cells in the body that contain PSA and his immune system attacks them. Immune or genetic therapy have the potential to deliver more targeted, less invasive treatments for advanced prostate cancer. This would result in fewer side effects and better control of the prostate cancer.


Question: What are issues in the timing of treatment for prostate cancer?

Answer: One is that hormone therapy should begin only after symptoms from the metastases, like bone pain, occur. The counter belief is that hormone therapy should start before symptoms occur. Earlier treatment of prostate cancer is associated with a lower incidence of spinal cord compression, obstructive urinary problems, and skeletal fractures. However, survival is not different whether treatment is started early, or deferred. The only exception to the above, is in lymph node-positive, post-prostatectomy patients, given androgen deprivation as an adjuvant immediately after surgery. In this situation, immediate therapy resulted in a significant improvement in progression free survival, prostate cancer specific survival, and overall survival.


Question: What are issues in combination therapy versus single-drug therapy for prostate cancer?

Answer: Combination vs. Single- Drug Therapy There is also disagreement about whether using a combination of hormone therapies or just a single anti-androgen drug works best to treat prostate cancer. The studies are inconclusive. However, patients who receive combination therapy are more likely to experience treatment-related side effects than patients receiving a single form of hormone therapy.


Question: How is secondary endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: At some point, PSA levels begin to rise despite treatment with hormone therapy. This signals that hormone therapy is no longer working to reduce testosterone levels in the body. When this happens, doctors may decide to make changes to the hormone therapy. This is called secondary hormone therapy. It can be done in a number of ways. For instance, if you have had surgery to remove your testicles, your doctor may suggest that you begin taking an antiandrogen. If you have been using combination therapy that involves an antiandrogen and LHRH analogs, your doctor may stop the use of the antiandrogen. This is known as anti-androgen withdrawal. Another option is to change the type of hormone drug. However, the use of an LHRH drug must be continued to prevent a testosterone rebound from stimulating the growth of prostate cancer cells. Ketoconazole, an antifungal agent, inhibits adrenal and testicular synthesis of testosterone when used at high doses. Response rates in a second line setting are 20%-40% with significant side effects. Doses range from 200 mg 3 times a day to 400 mg three times a day. The drug must be given with hydrocortisone to prevent adrenal insufficiency.


Question: What are the side effects of using cabazitaxel (Jevtana) for prostate cancer?

Answer: Side effects in those treated with cabazitaxel ( Jevtana) included significant decrease in infection-fighting white blood cells (neutropenia), anemia, low level of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia), diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, constipation, weakness, and renal failure.


Question: How are endocrine drugs used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Drugs work as well as prostate cancer surgery (orchiectomy -- removal of the testicles) to reduce the level of hormones in the body. Most men opt for drug therapy rather than surgery. The three types of hormone-related drugs approved to treat advanced prostate cancer include luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) analogs, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone ( LHRH) antagonists, and antiandrogens.


Question: What are the side effects of Provenge for the treatment of prostate cancer?

Answer: The most common side effect is chills, which occurs in more than half of the men that receive Provenge. Other common side effects include fatigue, fever, back pain, and nausea. Provenge has been remarkably safe. However, clinical trials suggest that the treatment might be linked to a slightly increased risk of stroke.


Question: How is chemotherapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: The chemotherapy drug docetaxel ( Taxotere) taken with or without prednisone (a steroid) is the standard chemotherapy regimen for patients who no longer respond to hormone therapy. Docetaxel works by preventing cancer cells from dividing and growing. Patients receive docetaxel, along with prednisone, through an injection. Side effects of docetaxel are similar to most chemotherapy drugs and include nausea, hair loss, and bone marrow suppression (the decline or halt of blood cell formation). Patients may also experience neuropathy (nerve damage causing tingling, numbness, or pain in the fingers or toes) and fluid retention.


Question: How is Provenge used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: One reason is that cancer cells look a lot to the immune system like normal cells. Another reason is that tumors may give off signals that manipulate the immune system into leaving them alone. Provenge bypasses these problems. The treatment first removes a quantity of dendritic cells from a patient's blood. Dendritic cells show pieces of tumor to immune cells, priming them to attack cells that carry those pieces. The patient's doctor ships the cells to Provenge's manufacturer, Dendreon, which then exposes them to Provenge. Provenge is a molecule made inside genetically engineered insect cells. Once these cells have been exposed to Provenge, they're shipped back to the doctor who infuses them back into the patient. This is done three times in one month. The first infusion primes the immune system. The second and third doses spur an anticancer immune response. Cyrosurgery (also called cryotherapy) may be used in cases of recurrent prostate cancer if the cancer has not spread beyond the prostate.


Question: How are antiandrogens used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: These drugs work by decreasing testosterone production to very low levels by depleting the pituitary gland of the hormone needed to produce testosterone. Antiandrogens are sometimes used in addition to orchiectomy or LHRH analogs. This is due to the fact that the other forms of hormone therapy remove about 90% of testosterone circulating in the body. Antiandrogens may help block the remaining 10% of circulating testosterone. Using antiandrogens with another form of hormone therapy is called combined androgen blockade ( CAB), or total androgen ablation. Antiandrogens may also be used to combat the symptoms of flare (temporary rise in testosterone that occurs with the use of LHRH agonists). Some doctors prescribe antiandrogens alone rather than with orchiectomy or LHRH analogs. Available antiandrogens include abiraterone acetate ( Zytiga), biclutamide ( Casodex), enzalutamide ( Xtandi),flutamide ( Eulexin), and nilutamide ( Nilandron). Patients take antiandrogens as pills. Diarrhea is the primary side effect when antiandrogens are used as part of combination therapy. Less likely side effects include nausea, liver problems, and fatigue. When antiandrogens are used alone they may cause a reduction in sex drive and impotence.


Question: How is combination radiation and endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: For patients with intermediate or high risk prostate cancer, studies show this combination is more effective at slowing the disease than endocrine therapy or radiation therapy alone. Radiation can also come in the form of a monthly intravenous drug called Xofigo. Xofigo is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones. Candidates should have also received therapy designed to lower testosterone. The drug works by binding to minerals within bones to deliver radiation directly to bone tumors. A study of 809 men showed that those taking Xofigo lived an average of 3 months longer than those taking a placebo. Two other similar drugs arestrontium-89 ( Metastron) and samarium-153 ( Quadramet). However, patients who receive combination therapy are more likely to experience treatment-related side effects than patients receiving a single form of hormone therapy.


Question: How are luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: LHRH antagonists lower testosterone levels more quickly than LHRH analogs. In addition, they don't cause a tumor flare (temporary rise in testosterone levels) as do LHRH analogs. Degarelix ( Firmagon) is a LHRH antagonist used to treat advanced prostate cancer. It has been shown to decrease the progression of disease, but further trials are needed to look at long-term outcomes. It is fairly well tolerated with common side effects being local injection site problems and increased liver enzymes. Xofigo is approved for use in men who have advanced prostate cancer that has spread only to the bones.


Question: How are luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs used to treat prostate cancer?

Answer: Most patients who receive hormonal therapy choose LHRH analogs. These drugs work by decreasing testosterone production to very low levels by depleting the pituitary gland of the hormone needed to produce testosterone. However, before this decrease in testosterone occurs, patients experience a brief and temporary increase in testosterone production and tumor growth. This is due to a transient increase in release of LHRH from the pituitary gland with a resulting stimulation of testosterone production. This phenomenon, called tumor flare, can cause increased symptoms from the prostate cancer that didn't exist before the patient received the therapy. Some doctors prescribe antiandrogens (described below) to combat the symptoms caused by tumor flare. LHRH analogs are administered via injection or small implants placed under the skin. The most commonly used LHRH analogs in the U. S. are leuprolide ( Eligard, Lupron), histrelin ( Vantas), triptorelin ( Trelstar), and goserelin ( Zoladex). Before starting one of these drugs, patients should tell their doctor if they have a history of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, heart attack, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or cigarette smoking.


Question: Does stinging nettle help with allergies?

Answer: Stinging nettle leaf may be useful in reducing the symptoms of hay fever by acting as an anti-inflammatory. Some research has linked treatment with stinging nettle leaf to relief of symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. But more well-designed studies are needed to confirm this effect.


Question: Why should you tell your doctor about any stinging nettle supplements you're taking?

Answer: Tell your doctor about any supplements you're taking, even if they're natural. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with any medications.


Question: Does stinging nettle help treat joint pain?

Answer: Research has found some evidence that rubbing stinging nettle leaves on painful joints can provide pain relief. One small study also found that eating stewed nettle leaves was a helpful addition to the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. People have also used stinging nettle as a diuretic -- a treatment that causes the body to shed more water in the urine. Research has found this effect from stinging nettle in rats. Optimal doses of stinging nettle have not been set for any condition.


Question: Does stinging nettle help treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

Answer: Stinging nettle root is a common treatment in Europe for symptoms of BPH. More research is needed to show that the treatment is indeed effective.


Question: How can heart disease be prevented in a person with diabetes?

Answer: The best way to prevent heart disease is to take good care of yourself and your diabetes. Keep your blood sugar as normal as possible. Control your blood pressure, with medication if necessary. The target for people with diabetes is under 130/80. Get your cholesterol numbers under control. You may need to take medication to do this. Lose weight if you are obese. Ask your doctor if you should take an aspirin a day. Exercise regularly. Eat a heart-healthy diet such as the Mediterranean diet or DASH diet. Quit smoking. Work to reduce daily stress.


Question: What are some symptoms of a heart attack?

Answer: The symptoms of a heart attack include: Shortness of breath. Feeling faint. Feeling dizzy. Excessive and unexplained sweating. Pain in the shoulders, jaw, and left arm. Chest pain or pressure (especially during activity). Nausea. Remember not everyone has pain and these other classic symptoms with a heart attack. This is especially true for women. * If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, you should call your doctor, call 911, or go to the nearest emergency room immediately.


Question: How can I reduce risk factors for heart disease if I have diabetes?

Answer: Another medical study showed that people with diabetes, no matter the number of other heart disease risk factors, were as likely to have a heart attack as someone without diabetes who has already had a heart attack.


Question: How likely are you to die from heart disease?

Answer: The more health risks factors a person has for heart disease, the higher the chances that they will develop heart disease and even die from it. Just like anyone else, people with diabetes have an increased risk of dying from heart disease if they have more health risk factors. However, the probability of dying from heart disease is 2 to 4 times higher in a person with diabetes. So, while a person with one health risk factor, such as high blood pressure, may have a certain chance of dying from heart disease, a person with diabetes has double or even quadruple the risk of dying. For example, one medical study found that people with diabetes who had no other health risk factors for heart disease were 5 times more likely to die of heart disease than those without. Another medical study showed that people with diabetes, no matter the number of other heart disease risk factors, were as likely to have a heart attack as someone without diabetes who has already had a heart attack.


Question: What are the symptoms of a heart attack?

Answer: Pain in the shoulders, jaw, and left arm.


Question: How can you prevent heart disease if you have diabetes?

Answer: The best way to prevent heart disease is to take good care of yourself and your diabetes. Keep your blood sugar as normal as possible. Control your blood pressure, with medication if necessary. The target for people with diabetes is under 130/80. Get your cholesterol numbers under control. You may need to take medication to do this. Lose weight if you are obese. Ask your doctor if you should take an aspirin a day. Exercise regularly. Eat a heart-healthy diet such as the Mediterranean diet or DASH diet. Quit smoking. Work to reduce daily stress.


Question: What are the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease?

Answer: Loss of fat under the skin of the lower parts of the legs.


Question: What is recommended if you have diabetes and are at risk for heart disease and peripheral vascular disease?

Answer: Peripheral vascular disease is treated by: Participation in a regular walking program (45 minutes per day, followed by rest) Special footwear Aiming for an A1c below 7% Lowering your blood pressure to less than 130/80 Getting your cholesterol to below 100 Aspirin therapy* Medicines Stopping smoking Surgery (in some cases) * Low-dose aspirin therapy is recommended for men and women with types 1 or 2 diabetes who are over age 40 and areat high risk for heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Talk to your doctor to determine if aspirin therapy is right for you. If you have certain medical conditions, aspirin therapy may not be recommended.


Question: What happens when people with diabetes are at risk for heart failure?

Answer: Not only are people with diabetes at higher risk for heart disease, they're also at higher risk for heart failure, a serious medical condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood adequately. This can lead to fluid build-up in the lungs that causes difficulty breathing, or fluid retention in other parts of the body (especially the legs) that causes swelling.


Question: How is heart disease treated if you have diabetes?

Answer: There are several treatment options for heart disease in those with diabetes, depending on the severity of the heart disease, including: Aspirin therapy* to reduce the risks of clots that lead to heart attacks and strokes.


Question: How is peripheral vascular disease treated relative to heart disease and diabetes?

Answer: Peripheral vascular disease is treated by: Participation in a regular walking program (45 minutes per day, followed by rest) Special footwear Aiming for an A1c below 7% Lowering your blood pressure to less than 130/80 Getting your cholesterol to below 100 Aspirin therapy* Medicines Stopping smoking Surgery (in some cases) * Low-dose aspirin therapy is recommended for men and women with types 1 or 2 diabetes who are over age 40 and areat high risk for heart disease and peripheral vascular disease. Talk to your doctor to determine if aspirin therapy is right for you. If you have certain medical conditions, aspirin therapy may not be recommended.


Question: How does heart disease affect diabetics?

Answer: Heart disease is common in people with diabetes. While all people with diabetes have an increased chance of developing heart disease, the condition is more common in those with type 2 diabetes. The more health risks factors a person has for heart disease, the higher the chances that they will develop heart disease and even die from it.


Question: Do I have heart disease If I have type 2 diabetes?

Answer: In fact, heart disease is the number one cause of death among people with type 2 diabetes. The most common cause of heart disease in a person with diabetes is hardening of thecoronary arteries or atherosclerosis, which is a buildup of cholesterol in the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrition to the heart.


Question: What is vitamin D important for your health?

Answer: It keeps your bones strong by helping your body absorb calcium and phosphorus, key minerals for bone health. Your muscles use it to move, and nerves need it to carry messages throughout your body.


Question: How much vitamin D should you get?

Answer: The amount you need depends on your age: 600 IU (international units) a day for people ages 1 to 70, including women who are pregnant or breastfeeding 800 IU a day for anyone over 70 Some experts think that these recommendations are too low, especially for people who are more likely to get the bone-thinning disease osteoporosis.


Question: What are the risks of taking vitamin D?

Answer: At normal doses, vitamin D seems to have few side effects. Too much vitamin D can cause loss of appetite, the need to pee a lot, nausea, and weight loss. High doses of vitamin D can also make you disoriented and lead to bone pain and kidney stones.


Question: How can you get vitamin D?

Answer: Just 10 to 15 minutes of sunlight without sunscreen a couple of times a week usually gives you enough vitamin D. But it's also important to protect your skin, since too much time under the sun's rays can cause skin cancer. A few foods have it naturally, including: · Fatty fish like salmon, tuna, and mackerel. They're the best source of vitamin D. · Beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks · Mushrooms have a small amount In the U. S., other foods are fortified with vitamin D, such as: · Milk · Breakfast cereal · Some orange juice, yogurt, and soy drinks It's best to get vitamin D from sunlight and food, but you can also get it in a supplement. So the nutrient is important for people with osteoporosis.


Question: How is a sentinel node biopsy done to remove and test lymph nodes?

Answer: The surgeon injects a special blue dye, a radioactive substance, or both into your breast in the area of the tumor. That helps him determine which lymph nodes are the first to receive drainage from the breast -- these nodes would potentially be the first to be invaded by cancer cells. One to three sentinel nodes are usually removed and tested for cancer. If the results are negative, the cancer hasn't spread to the lymph nodes.


Question: What should you watch for after a lymph node biopsy?

Answer: Make sure your doctor gives you: Specific instructions to follow in the days before surgery An overview of the surgical procedure Information about recovery and follow-up care After surgery, watch for warning signs of an infection or swelling in your arm or hand. Call your doctor immediately if you see a buildup of fluid, redness, or other symptoms of infection.


Question: What should you do before a lymph node biopsy?

Answer: Before you have surgery, get a good understanding of what's going to happen and what you might expect. Print out these Questions to Ask. Make sure your doctor gives you: Specific instructions to follow in the days before surgery An overview of the surgical procedure Information about recovery and follow-up care After surgery, watch for warning signs of an infection or swelling in your arm or hand.


Question: What should you expect after a lymph node biopsy?

Answer: But it can take a while to recover, and it can have complications like lymphedema (swelling of the arm) or nerve damage. Complete healing takes about 6 weeks. A physical therapist can teach you simple exercises to relieve muscle soreness and tightness. Your surgeon may suggest more intense exercises after the stitches are out.


Question: How is an axillary node dissection done to remove and test lymph nodes?

Answer: This is called lymph node biopsy and dissection. One to three sentinel nodes are usually removed and tested for cancer. If you have an axillary node dissection, a drain will be placed under your arm to remove fluids that may build up and cause swelling. It's common to have some swelling.


Question: What's the treatment for a ligament injury?

Answer: Treatment for these injuries can include: Rest Physical therapy Surgery In the first 72 hours, you may need to: Ice the injured joint regularly. Use a brace or bandage. Elevate the injury.


Question: How do shoulder ligaments work?

Answer: Ligaments in the shoulder connect your humerus to your shoulder blade (also called the scapula). They also connect the clavicle, or collarbone, to the top of your shoulder blade.


Question: How can you injured your shoulder ligament?

Answer: Ligaments in the shoulder connect your humerus to your shoulder blade (also called the scapula). They also connect the clavicle, or collarbone, to the top of your shoulder blade. When these get stretched, your shoulder becomes unstable. This happens a lot to young people and athletes who put strain on their shoulders, like pitchers in baseball. You can also sprain or tear your shoulder ligament when you use your arm to brace yourself when you fall. There are several ligaments around your ankle.


Question: What do I need to do with ligament injuries in the first 72 hours?

Answer: Treatment for these injuries can include: Rest Physical therapy Surgery In the first 72 hours, you may need to: Ice the injured joint regularly. Use a brace or bandage. Elevate the injury.


Question: What causes shoulder ligament injuries?

Answer: This happens a lot to young people and athletes who put strain on their shoulders, like pitchers in baseball. You can also sprain or tear your shoulder ligament when you use your arm to brace yourself when you fall. When you sprain your ankle, you're tearing one of these ligaments.


Question: What are ankle ligaments?

Answer: There are several ligaments around your ankle. The three main ones on the outside part of your ankle are the anterior talofibular ligament, the posterior talofibular ligament, and the calcaneofibular ligament. It's also the bone you feel on the outside of your ankle. The calcaneofibular ligament connects the fibula to your heel bone. The anterior talofibular and posterior talofibular ligaments connect the talus (the bone between your heel and shinbone) to the fibula on the outside of the ankle.


Question: What causes ankle ligament injuries?

Answer: There are several ligaments around your ankle. When you sprain your ankle, you're tearing one of these ligaments. The most common sprain happens when your foot rolls under your ankle or leg. This usually happens playing sports, especially jumping sports like basketball.


Question: What are common knee ligament injuries?

Answer: The most common knee ligament injury is to the anterior cruciate ligament. If your feet plant in one direction and your knee is twists in another, it can strain or tear your ACL. Football, skiing, and basketball are all sports with a higher risk of ACL injuries. A PCL injury usually happens from a sudden direct impact, like a football tackle or a car accident. MCL tears or strains usually happen because something hits the outside of your knee. There are several ligaments around your ankle.


Question: What is a root in relation to dental health?

Answer: root: tooth structure that connects the tooth to the jaw.


Question: What is nitrous oxide in relation to dental health?

Answer: nitrous oxide: a gas (also called laughing gas) used to reduce patient anxiety.


Question: What is an immediate denture?

Answer: immediate denture: a complete or partial denture that is made in advance and can be positioned as soon as the natural teeth are removed.


Question: What is a supernumerary in relation to dental health?

Answer: supernumerary tooth: an extra tooth.


Question: What are sealants in relation to dental health?

Answer: sealants: a thin, clear or white resin substance that is applied to the biting surfaces of teeth to prevent decay.


Question: What are permanent teeth?

Answer: permanent teeth: the teeth that replace the deciduous or primary teeth -- also called baby teeth. There are (usually) 32 adult teeth in a complete dentition.


Question: What are cusps in relation to dental health?

Answer: cusps: the high points on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth.


Question: What is a porcelain inlay or onlay?

Answer: porcelain inlay or onlay: tooth-colored restoration made of porcelain, cemented or bonded in place.


Question: What is a hygienist in relation to dental health?

Answer: hygienist: a licensed, auxiliary dental professional who is both an oral health educator and clinician who uses preventive, therapeutic, and educational methods to control oral disease.


Question: What is trauma in relation to dental health?

Answer: trauma: injury caused by external force, chemical, temperature extremes, or poor tooth alignment.


Question: What is a periapical?

Answer: periapical: region at the end of the roots of teeth.


Question: What is a pedodontist/pediatric dentist?

Answer: pedodontist/pediatric dentist: the oral health care provider who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of the dental problems of children from infancy to young adulthood. This provider also usually cares for special needs patients.


Question: What is a handpiece in relation to dental health?

Answer: handpiece: the instrument used to remove, shape, finish, or modify teeth and dental materials in dental operations.


Question: What is a cap in relation to dental health?

Answer: cap: common term for a dental crown.


Question: What is an ADA Seal of Acceptance in relation to dental health?

Answer: ADA Seal of Acceptance: a designation awarded to products that have met American Dental Association's criteria for safety and effectiveness and whose packaging and advertising claims are scientifically supported.


Question: What is an oral surgeon?

Answer: oral surgeon: the oral health care provider who performs many types of surgical procedures in and around the entire face, mouth, and jaw area.


Question: What is bleaching in relation to dental health?

Answer: bleaching: chemical treatment of natural teeth that uses peroxide to produce the whitening effect.


Question: What is an oral and maxillofacial radiologist?

Answer: oral and maxillofacial radiologist: the oral health care provider who specializes in the production and interpretation of all types of X-ray images and data that are used in the diagnosis and management of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral and maxillofacial region.


Question: What is a maxilla?

Answer: maxilla: the upper jaw.


Question: What is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in relation to dental health?

Answer: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS): a therapy that uses low-level electrical currents to provide pain relief. In dentistry, TENS is one type of therapy that can be used to relax the jaw joint and facial muscles.


Question: What is a DDS?

Answer: DDS: Doctor of Dental Surgery -- equivalent to DMD, Doctor of Dental Medicine.


Question: What is decay in relation to dental health?

Answer: decay: destruction of tooth structure caused by toxins produced by bacteria.


Question: What is anaerobic bacteria in relation to dental health?

Answer: anaerobic bacteria: bacteria that do not need oxygen to grow; they are generally associated with periodontal disease (see below).


Question: What is an alveolar bone in relation to dental health?

Answer: alveolar bone: the bone surrounding the root of the tooth, anchoring it in place; loss of this bone is a possible sign of periodontal (gum) disease.


Question: What is a canker sore?

Answer: canker sore : sores or small shallow ulcers that appear in the mouth and often make eating and talking uncomfortable; they typically appear in people between the ages of 10 and 20 and last about a week in duration before disappearing.


Question: What is baby bottle tooth decay in relation to dental health?

Answer: baby bottle tooth decay: decay in infants and children, most often affecting the upper front teeth, caused by liquids given and left clinging to the teeth for long periods (for example, in feeding bottles or pacifiers); also called "early childhood caries."


Question: What is a bridge in relation to dental health?

Answer: bridge: stationary dental prosthesis (appliance) fixed to teeth adjacent to a space; replaces one or more missing teeth, cemented or bonded to supporting teeth or implants adjacent to the space. Also called a fixed partial denture.


Question: What is an abscess in relation to dental health?

Answer: abscess : an infection of a tooth, soft tissue, or bone.


Question: What is saliva?

Answer: saliva: clear lubricating fluid in the mouth containing water, enzymes, bacteria, mucus, viruses, blood cells and undigested food particles.


Question: What are cuspids?

Answer: cuspids: the third tooth from the center of the mouth to the back of the mouth. These are the front teeth that have one rounded or pointed edge used for biting. Also known as canines.


Question: What is cleft lip?

Answer: cleft lip: a physical split or separation of the two sides of the upper lip that appears as a narrow opening or gap in the skin of the upper lip. This separation often extends beyond the base of the nose and includes the bones of the upper jaw and/or upper gum.


Question: What is an implant in relation to dental health?

Answer: implant: a metal rod (usually made of titanium) that is surgically placed into the upper or lower jawbone where a tooth is missing; it serves as the tooth root and anchor for the crown, bridge, or denture that is placed over it.


Question: What is a nerve (root) canal?

Answer: nerve (root) canal: dental pulp; the internal chamber of a tooth where the nerves and blood vessels pass.


Question: What is teething in relation to dental health?

Answer: teething : baby teeth pushing through the gums.


Question: What is biofeedback?

Answer: biofeedback : a relaxation technique that involves learning how to better cope with pain and stress by altering behavior, thoughts, and feelings.


Question: What is a partial denture?

Answer: partial denture: a removable appliance that replaces some of the teeth in either the upper or lower jaw.


Question: What is an overjet?

Answer: overjet: an excessive protrusion of the upper jaw resulting in a horizontal overlap of the front teeth.


Question: What is periodontitis?

Answer: periodontitis: a more advanced stage of periodontal disease in which the inner layer of the gum and bone pull away from the teeth and form pockets and alveolar bone is destroyed.


Question: What is a gum recession?

Answer: gum recession : exposure of dental roots due to shrinkage of the gums as a result of abrasion, erosion, periodontal disease, or surgery.


Question: What is dry mouth?

Answer: dry mouth : a condition in which the flow of saliva is reduced and there is not enough saliva to keep the mouth moist. Dry mouth can be the result of certain medications (such as antihistamines and decongestants), certain diseases (such as SjÃ¶gren's syndrome, HIV/ AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes), certain medical treatments (such as head and neck radiation), as well as nerve damage, dehydration, tobacco use, and surgical removal of the salivary glands.


Question: What is a transplant in relation to dental health?

Answer: transplant: placing a natural tooth in the empty socket of another tooth.


Question: What are molars?

Answer: molars: three back teeth in each dental quadrant used for grinding food.


Question: What is a cyst in relation to dental health?

Answer: cyst: an abnormal sac containing gas, fluid, or a semisolid material.


Question: What are pregnancy tumors in relation to dental health?

Answer: pregnancy tumors: an extreme inflammatory reaction to a local irritation (such as food particles or plaque) that occurs in up to 10% of pregnant women and often in women who also have pregnancy gingivitis. Pregnancy tumors appear on inflamed gum tissue as large lumps with deep red pinpoint markings on it, usually near the upper gum line. The red lump glistens, may bleed and crust over, and can make eating and speaking difficult and cause discomfort.


Question: What is rinsing in relation to dental health?

Answer: rinsing: antiseptic (antibacterial) rinses reduce bacteria in the mouth that cause plaque and bad breath. Fluoride rinses help prevent tooth decay (cavities).


Question: What is dry socket?

Answer: dry socket : a common complication that occurs when either a blood clot has failed to form in an extracted tooth socket or else the blood clot that did form has been dislodged.


Question: What is a periodontal ligament?

Answer: periodontal ligament: The connective tissue that surrounds the tooth (specifically covering the cementum) and connects the tooth to the jawbone, holding it in place.


Question: What is a space maintainer in relation to dental health?

Answer: space maintainer: dental device that holds the space lost through premature loss of baby teeth.


Question: What is bonding in relation to dental health?

Answer: bonding: a process by which dental materials are mechanically attached to teeth; this would include composite resin, porcelain, and metal.


Question: What is a nerve?

Answer: nerve: tissue that conveys sensation, temperature, and position information to the brain.


Question: What is a fistula in relation to dental health?

Answer: fistula: channel emanating pus from an infection site; a gum boil.


Question: What is radio wave therapy in relation to dental health?

Answer: radio wave therapy: a therapy involving the use of low level electrical stimulation to increase blood flow and provide pain relief. In dentistry, this is one type of therapy that can be applied to the joint of individuals with temporomandibular disorder.


Question: What is porcelain in relation to dental health?

Answer: porcelain: a tooth-colored, glass-like material; much like enamel in appearance.


Question: What is a hard palate in relation to dental health?

Answer: hard palate: the bony front portion of the roof of the mouth.


Question: What is a mandible?

Answer: mandible: the lower jaw.


Question: What is scaling and root planing?

Answer: scaling and root planing: a deep-cleaning, nonsurgical procedure whereby plaque and tartar from above and below the gum line are scraped away (scaling) and rough spots on the tooth root are made smooth (planing).


Question: What is pedodontics or pediatric dentistry?

Answer: pedodontics or pediatric dentistry: dental specialty focusing on treatment of infants, children, and young adults.


Question: What is oral hygiene?

Answer: oral hygiene: process of maintaining cleanliness of the teeth and related structures.


Question: What is an oral pathologist?

Answer: oral pathologist: the oral health care provider who studies the causes of diseases that alter or affect the oral structures (teeth, lips, cheeks, jaws) as well as parts of the face and neck.


Question: What is an oral cavity in relation to dental health?

Answer: oral cavity: the mouth.


Question: What is an endodontist?

Answer: endodontist: a dental specialist concerned with the causes, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases and injuries of the human dental pulp or the nerve of the tooth.


Question: What is an orthodontist?

Answer: orthodontist: the oral health provider who specializes in diagnosis, prevention, interception, and treatment of malocclusions, or "bad bites," of the teeth and surrounding structures. This is the specialist whose responsibility it is to straighten teeth by movement of the teeth through bone by the use of bands, wires, braces, and other fixed or removable corrective appliances or retainers.


Question: What is a rubber dam in relation to dental health?

Answer: rubber dam: soft latex or vinyl sheet used to establish isolation of one or more teeth from contamination by oral fluids and to keep materials from falling to the back of the throat.


Question: What is a biopsy?

Answer: biopsy : removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic examination.


Question: What is cleaning in relation to dental health?

Answer: cleaning: removal of plaque and calculus (tartar) from teeth, generally above the gum line.


Question: What is an impression in relation to dental health?

Answer: impression: mold made of the teeth and soft tissues.


Question: What is an overbite?

Answer: overbite: an excessive protrusion of the upper jaw resulting in a vertical overlap of the front teeth. overjet: an excessive protrusion of the upper jaw resulting in a horizontal overlap of the front teeth.


Question: What are gold fillings?

Answer: gold fillings: an alternative to silver amalgam fillings.


Question: What is a panoramic X-ray in relation to dental health?

Answer: panoramic X-ray: a type of X-ray that shows a complete two dimensional representation of all the teeth in the mouth. This X-ray also shows the relationship of the teeth to the jaws and the jaws to the head.


Question: What is gingivoplasty?

Answer: gingivoplasty: a procedure performed by periodontists to reshape the gum tissue.


Question: What is edentulous?

Answer: edentulous: having no teeth.


Question: What is demineralization in relation to dental health?

Answer: demineralization: loss of mineral from tooth enamel just below the surface in a carious lesion; usually appears as a white area on the tooth surface.


Question: What is dentin?

Answer: dentin: inner layer of tooth structure, immediately under the surface enamel.


Question: What is a filling in relation to dental health?

Answer: filling: restoration of lost tooth structure with metal, porcelain, or resin materials.


Question: What is an impacted tooth?

Answer: impacted tooth: a tooth that is partially or completely blocked from erupting through the surface of the gum. An impacted tooth may push other teeth together or damage the bony structures supporting the adjacent tooth. Often times, impacted teeth must be surgically removed.


Question: What is a porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crown in relation to dental health?

Answer: porcelain fused to metal ( PFM) crown: restoration with metal coping (for strength) covered by porcelain (for appearance).


Question: What is a general dentist?

Answer: This dentist diagnoses, treats, and manages overall oral health care needs, including gum care, root canals, fillings, crowns, veneers, bridges, preventive education, and treating diseases of the mouth.


Question: What are prosthetics in relation to dental health?

Answer: prosthetics: a fixed or removable appliance used to replace missing teeth (for example, bridges, partials, and dentures).


Question: What is prophylaxis?

Answer: Also called baby teeth, the primary dentition, or deciduous teeth, normally fall out one by one between ages 6 and 12. prophylaxis: the cleaning of the teeth for the prevention of periodontal disease and tooth decay.


Question: What is a mouth guard?

Answer: mouth guard: a device that is inserted into the mouth and worn over the teeth to protect them against impact or injury.


Question: What is halitosis?

Answer: halitosis: bad breath of oral or gastrointestinal origin.


Question: What is mercury in relation to dental health?

Answer: mercury: a metal component of amalgam fillings.


Question: What is an appliance in relation to dental health?

Answer: appliance: any removable dental restoration or orthodontic device.


Question: What is thrush in relation to dental health?

Answer: thrush : an infection in the mouth caused by the fungus Candida.


Question: What is calcium in relation to dental health?

Answer: calcium : an element needed for the development of healthy teeth, bones, and nerves.


Question: What is pathology?

Answer: pathology: study of disease.


Question: What is bruxism?

Answer: bruxism : grinding or gnashing of the teeth, most commonly during sleep.


Question: What are braces in relation to dental health?

Answer: braces: devices (bands, wires, ceramic appliances) put in place by orthodontists to gradually reposition teeth to a more favorable alignment.


Question: What is an antiseptic?

Answer: antiseptic: a chemical agent that can be applied to living tissues to destroy germs.


Question: What is bone resorption in relation to dental health?

Answer: bone resorption: decrease in the amount of bone supporting the roots of teeth; a common result of periodontal (gum) disease.


Question: What is stomatitis in relation to dental health?

Answer: stomatitis : an inflammation of the tissue underlying a denture. Ill-fitting dentures, poor dental hygiene, or a buildup of the fungus Candida albicans can cause the condition.


Question: What is recontouring in relation to dental health?

Answer: recontouring: a procedure in which small amounts of tooth enamel are removed to change a tooth's length, shape, or surface. Also called odontoplasty, enameloplasty, stripping, or slenderizing.