Question: What are some tips to get the best outcome from stage IV colon cancer?

Answer: Follow these tips: Eat a well-balanced diet Stay at a healthy weight Exercise most days of the week Don't smoke Get all of the cancer screening tests your doctor recommends If you have tried a few colon cancer treatments and they didn't work, or they stopped working, you may have another option: a clinical trial.


Question: What does palliative care for stage IV colon cancer entail?

Answer: Your doctors should also help you manage any pain that you have as a result of the cancer. Your social, emotional, and spiritual health may also need support as you deal with such a serious illness. Palliative care does all of that. It's not the same as hospice, and it's not only for people who are near death. You'll still get all your other medical care to fight the cancer. Palliative care is in addition to, not instead of, other treatments. The National Cancer Institute states that palliative care "should begin at diagnosis" and focus on your quality of life. Doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and social workers are some of the health professionals who help with that. They can be an invaluable resource as you go through the disease.


Question: How is stage IV colon cancer treated?

Answer: When your doctor tells you that you have colon cancer that has spread to other parts of your body, you will naturally have lots of questions, including what it will mean for your future. If one treatment doesn't work or stops working, you may be able to try something else.


Question: What are the survival rates for stage IV colon cancer?

Answer: Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for you. You'll still get all your other medical care to fight the cancer. If one of the questions on your mind is about survival rates for your cancer, you'll want to get some perspective first. Stage IV colon cancer has a relative 5-year survival rate of about 14%. This means that about 14% of people with stage IV colon cancer are likely to still be alive 5 years after they are diagnosed. But you're not a number. No one, including your doctor, can tell you exactly how long you'll live. Your outlook depends on a lot of things, including your age, health, where the cancer has spread, and the kind of treatment you get. Keep in mind that the numbers are changing -- for the better. A growing number of people with stage IV colon cancer live longer than 2 years. In the past, colon cancer was harder to treat once it had spread. Advances in treatment have improved the outlook by slowing down the cancer.


Question: What happens after your treatment for stage IV colon cancer?

Answer: When your doctor tells you that you have colon cancer that has spread to other parts of your body, you will naturally have lots of questions, including what it will mean for your future. If your cancer does come back, seeing your doctor regularly will help find it early, when it's easiest to treat. Ask your doctor what the symptoms of a recurrence might look like. Your doctors should also help you manage any pain that you have as a result of the cancer. This means that about 14% of people with stage IV colon cancer are likely to still be alive 5 years after they are diagnosed.


Question: What should you do if your stage IV colon cancer comes back?

Answer: Your doctor will also do tests to make sure your cancer hasn't come back. Call right away if you notice these symptoms. Your doctor can tell you if one of these trials might be a good fit for you.


Question: What's the outlook for stage IV colon cancer?

Answer: You can also ask for a second opinion so you feel confident that you understand your situation and options. If your cancer does come back, seeing your doctor regularly will help find it early, when it's easiest to treat. Scientists look for new ways to treat stage IV colon cancer in clinical trials. They are often a way for people to try a new medicine that isn't available to everyone. Your doctors should also help you manage any pain that you have as a result of the cancer.


Question: What are the symptoms of  progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS)?

Answer: Those are the most common symptoms of this type of MS. Once it starts, PPMS gets worse over time. This disease mainly affects the nerves in your spinal cord. The main symptoms often involve: Problems walking Weak, stiff legs Trouble with balance Other common symptoms include: Speech or swallowing issues Vision problems Fatigue and pain Bladder and bowel trouble Doctors think MS -- no matter which type you have -- happens when your body attacks itself. Practice being in the moment and appreciating what you have rather than stressing about what may come.


Question: What is the treatment for progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (PRMS)?

Answer: Only 10% to 15% of people with multiple sclerosis have this form. This is what's called an autoimmune disease. Exercise is also good for all types of MS. But these are easier to prevent with healthier food and more activity.


Question: What's the best way to treat hypothyroidism and depression?

Answer: If you have hypothyroidism, you may have fatigue, sluggishness, and trouble concentrating. Blood tests can confirm them if they show low levels of a thyroid hormone called thyroxine and a high level of one called thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH). Studies show that if you have both hypothyroidism and depression, thyroid-replacement medications may work better than antidepressants.


Question: Are depression and low thyroid levels related?

Answer: Although they're separate diseases, depression is sometimes a symptom of hypothyroidism. Medication can boost those levels, and that can improve or get rid of your symptoms, including depression. The two conditions share so many signs that doctors sometimes overlook the possibility that someone who is depressed may also have low thyroid levels. Blood tests can confirm them if they show low levels of a thyroid hormone called thyroxine and a high level of one called thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH).


Question: How is gum disease due to plaque and gingivitis linked to dementia?

Answer: Gum disease has also been found to raise the risk of dementia later in life. Other researchers have found that periodontal problems may also be associated with milder cognitive impairment, such as memory problems that make activities of daily life more difficult. In a recent study, participants who had the worst gum disease scored the worst on memory tests and calculations.


Question: How are plaque and gingivitis linked to heart disease?

Answer: Over the years, many studies have found that people with gum disease are more likely to also have poor heart health, including heart attacks. A 2009 paper on the relationship between heart disease and gum disease was issued by the American Academy of Periodontology and The American Journal of Cardiology. Its joint recommendations encourage cardiologists to ask their patients about any gum disease problems. In addition, periodontists are encouraged to ask their patients about any family history of heart disease as well as their own heart health.


Question: Is periodontal disease linked to other conditions?

Answer: To date, scientists have found links between periodontal disease and a number of other problems, including: Heart disease Diabetes Dementia Rheumatoid arthritis Premature birth What's behind the links? Experts can't say for certain, but they believe that oral bacteria can escape into the bloodstream and injure major organs.


Question: How can inflammation affect plaque and gingivitis?

Answer: Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA) is an autoimmune disease marked by inflammation and painful joints. People with RA are more likely to have periodontal disease, and one study found that they had more missing teeth than people who don't have RA. Chronic inflammation is common to both conditions.


Question: Can poor dental health affect the rest of your body?

Answer: A growing body of research finds that bacteria and inflammation in your mouth are also linked to other problems, including heart attack and dementia, and may well jeopardize your overall health. Scientists have identified several links between poor oral health and other health problems -- although they can't yet establish cause and effect. This list of health problems has been growing as research continues. Plaque constantly forms on your teeth.


Question: How can you minimize the dangers of plaque and gingivitis?

Answer: A growing body of research finds that bacteria and inflammation in your mouth are also linked to other problems, including heart attack and dementia, and may well jeopardize your overall health. If your diabetes is not under control, you are at even higher risk of gum disease. Get your teeth cleaned professionally on a regular basis. Ask your dentist about the best cleaning schedule for you. Find out if you might benefit from a protective coating or sealant applied to the chewing surfaces of the teeth in the back of your mouth where tooth decay often begins.


Question: How can plaque affect your dental health?

Answer: Sticky bacterial plaque that builds up on your teeth and inflamed, bleeding gums do more than just threaten your dental health. The plaque is so sticky that it keeps the acids in contact with your teeth, in time breaking down the enamel and leading to tooth decay. Plaque buildup can also lead to gum disease -- first gingivitis, the tender and swollen gums that sometimes bleed. If it progresses, severe periodontal (gum) disease can develop. Gum tissue pulls away from the teeth, allowing the bacteria to destroy the underlying bone supporting the teeth. Find out if you might benefit from a protective coating or sealant applied to the chewing surfaces of the teeth in the back of your mouth where tooth decay often begins.


Question: How are plaque and gingivitis linked to diabetes?

Answer: Again, inflammation may be partly to blame. And, those with diabetes are more likely to contract infections, including gum disease. If your diabetes is not under control, you are at even higher risk of gum disease. People with RA are more likely to have periodontal disease, and one study found that they had more missing teeth than people who don't have RA.


Question: What are other skin tips to help treat acne?

Answer: Other skin tips: Don't use too much topical acne medicine -- apply just enough to cover problem areas. Many acne medicines (benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and tretinoin) make your skin more sensitive to the sun. Don't use oily makeup, sunscreen, or hair products. Don't pick at or squeeze your pimples. Keep your hair, hands, and phone off your face. For men, shaving can irritate your skin and make acne worse. Try an electric razor, or be very careful with a blade.


Question: How can I treat more serious acne?

Answer: For more serious acne, your doctor may prescribe: Antibiotics to kill bacteria Birth control pills for women with acne due to hormones Isotretinoin to help you make less oil You may need a combination of oral medicine and a cream or lotion. Don't stop using your treatments if your skin clears. Stick with it until the doctor tells you to stop. This can help keep acne from coming back.


Question: How can I treat acne without a prescription?

Answer: A skin doctor (dermatologist) can help. She might suggest a cream, lotion, gel, or soap that contains ingredients that can help. Many can be bought without a prescription: Benzoyl peroxide kills bacteria and removes extra oil. Resorcinol is for whiteheads and blackheads. Salicylic acid keeps pores from getting clogged. Sulfur removes dead skin cells.


Question: What are natural or acidic treatments for acne?

Answer: Some people use natural treatments like tea tree oil (works like benzoyl peroxide, but slower) or alpha hydroxy acids (remove dead skin and unclog pores) for their acne care. Not much is known about how well many of these treatments work and their long-term safety. Many natural ingredients are added to acne lotions and creams. Talk to your doctor to see if they're right for you.


Question: How can I take care of my skin for acne treatment?

Answer: These already have cleanser in them and are easy to use, then throw away. Other skin tips: Don't use too much topical acne medicine -- apply just enough to cover problem areas. Try an electric razor, or be very careful with a blade.


Question: How can you prevent ingrown hair?

Answer: To prevent ingrown hairs, try these tips every time you shave: Every day, rub your face in a circular motion using a wet washcloth or an exfoliating scrub to tease out any stubborn ingrown hairs. Shave with a sharp, single-bladed razor. Wet your skin with warm water before shaving and apply a lubricating gel. Shave in the same direction your hair is growing. Use as few strokes of the razor as possible. That lessens the chance of a hair slipping back into your skin. Rinse the blade with water after every stroke. Don't shave too closely to your skin. Leave a little bit of stubble if you can. If you're using an electric razor, hold it slightly above the surface of your skin. Apply a cool washcloth to your skin after you shave to reduce irritation. You can also try other hair removal methods that are less likely to produce ingrown hairs. Those methods include depilatory creams that dissolve the hair, and a laser or electric current (electrolysis) to permanently remove the hair follicle.


Question: What should you know about an ingrown hair?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Ingrown hairs are hairs that have curled around and grown back into your skin instead of rising up from it. Sometimes, dead skin can clog up a hair follicle. That forces the hair inside it to grow sideways under the skin, rather than upward and outward. Sometimes, cutting naturally curly hair too closely will result in the sharpened end of the hair piercing the skin, causing an ingrown hair. Ingrown hairs aren't serious. But they can be irritating and embarrassing.


Question: What causes ingrown hair?

Answer: Anyone can get an ingrown hair. But the problem is more common in people who have very curly or coarse hair. Curly hair is more likely to bend back and re-enter the skin, especially after it's been shaved or cut. Also, people with high levels of certain sex hormones can have excessive hair growth, which makes it more likely to get ingrown hairs, especially after shaving. Many African- Americans, Latinos, and people with thick or curly hair develop a type of ingrown hair called pseudofolliculitis. More commonly known as "razor bumps," this collection of little bumps is common on the beard area after you've shaved, waxed, or tweezed to remove unwanted hair. The hair that grows back has a sharper edge, so it can more easily poke back through the skin and get trapped under the surface.


Question: How can you treat ingrown hair?

Answer: If it doesn't go away, an ingrown hair can become infected, darken the skin, or leave behind a scar, especially if you've been scratching or picking at it. If an ingrown hair is bothering you or has become infected, your doctor can make a small cut in your skin with a sterile needle or scalpel to release it. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine such as: Steroid medicine that you rub on your skin to bring down the swelling and irritation Retinoids ( Retin A) to remove dead skin cells and reduce the skin pigment changes that can occur from ingrown hairs Antibiotic that you take by mouth or rub onto your skin to treat an ingrown hair infection The gold standard for hair removal is laser. The 810 nm diode laser, the intense pulsed light device ( PL), and others are very efficient at hair removal.


Question: What does an ingrown hair look like?

Answer: An ingrown hair irritates the skin. It produces a raised, red bump (or group of bumps) that looks like a little pimple. Sometimes an ingrown hair can form a painful, boil-like sore. Or you may see the hair that's causing the problem. In men, ingrown hairs often pop up as a bunch of little bumps on the chin, cheeks, or neck after shaving. In women, ingrown hairs are common on the legs, as well as in the pubic area and armpits. You can also get ingrown hairs on your buttocks.


Question: What does recovery from a lung transplant look like?

Answer: After surgery, you'll recover in the hospital for up to 3 weeks. You'll need to cough to clear fluid from your lungs. You'll also do breathing exercises to learn to take slow, deep breaths. For 3 months after your surgery, your doctor will test your blood and lungs to make sure your body doesn't reject your new lung or you don't get any infections. You'll take medicines for the rest of your life to help prevent this from happening. It can take weeks or months to recover.


Question: How can pulmonary rehab help treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: You do exercises to help your breathing and build up your strength. Your therapist can give you tips for a healthy diet so you keep your weight and energy levels up. He can also show you how to save your energy for when you need it most.


Question: How long do lung transplants take?

Answer: A single lung transplant takes 4-8 hours, and a double transplant takes 6-12 hours.


Question: What can make me feel better if I have  idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: There's no cure, but medication and other kinds of therapy can ease your symptoms and make your life easier. Some new drugs may help slow down the disease. They can prevent more scar tissue from forming in your lungs. Other treatments help you breathe more easily, control your cough, give you more energy, or prevent infections that could make you sicker. The options you pick depend on your specific symptoms, overall health, and age. Talk to your doctor to figure out the best plan so you can enjoy your life and stay active.


Question: What will happen if I have surgery for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: You won't be awake during your surgery. Doctors put tubes into your mouth and windpipe that help you breathe while it's going on. During the operation, your surgeon removes your lung and the blood vessels that connect it to your heart. He then attaches your new lung to these blood vessels. If you're getting two new lungs, you'll need a heart-lung bypass machine to pump oxygen into your blood during the surgery.


Question: If my IPF is severe, what can I do?

Answer: Your doctor may suggest: Corticosteroids like prednisone Drugs that slow down your immune system, like azathioprine ( Imuran), cyclophosphamide ( Cytoxan), and mycophenolate mofetil ( Cell Cept) Drugs may treat your IPF scarring or symptoms, but you can do other things to breathe better and get more energy. Most people only think about doing this if other treatments aren't working. Most people who get lung transplants are younger than 65. But if you're older and have no other serious medical problems, it may be an option for you.


Question: How can oxygen therapy help treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?

Answer: Whether you've got a hacking cough or feel short of breath, treatments can make a big difference. After surgery, you'll recover in the hospital for up to 3 weeks.


Question: What medications may keep your idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) from getting worse?

Answer: They can prevent more scar tissue from forming in your lungs. They may keep your IPF from getting worse and can help you breathe better. For 3 months after your surgery, your doctor will test your blood and lungs to make sure your body doesn't reject your new lung or you don't get any infections.


Question: What should you do while you wait for a lung donor for your IPF?

Answer: There aren't many lungs available from donors, so you'll go on a list to receive one. While you wait, avoid smoking, eat a healthy diet, do your breathing exercises, and stay as active as possible. Once you get word that a donor has been found, you may have to go to the hospital quickly for your surgery, so make sure your doctor can reach you at all times. During the operation, your surgeon removes your lung and the blood vessels that connect it to your heart.


Question: Do I need to cover up in the sun if I have had melanoma in the past?

Answer: Cover your skin with pants, long sleeves, and a wide-brimmed hat.


Question: Are condoms necessary while undergoing chemotherapy?

Answer: Chemo drugs can stay in semen or vaginal fluids for up to 3 days after you get them. Use a condom during that time (for oral sex, too) so you don't pass the chemicals to your partner.


Question: What drugs should I be weary of if I have had melanoma in the past?

Answer: Be extra careful if you're taking "photosensitive" drugs, which make you more sensitive to the sun. This includes some chemotherapy drugs.


Question: Can I still exercise if I have melanoma?

Answer: Exercise is one of the best things anyone can do for their health, and people with melanoma are no exception.


Question: How can I keep a normal life while having melanoma?

Answer: Cancer is a big deal, but it doesn't have to take over every second of every day of your life. Find places and times to put your disease on the back burner and keep things normal with schedules, family time, and hobbies. Celebrate all the successes in your cancer journey, big or small. You can schedule a special dinner when you finish chemo or a bigger gathering when you go one year cancer-free.


Question: Does melanoma affect my stamina?

Answer: Keep in mind that melanoma treatment may have affected your stamina. Even if you were super active before the diagnosis, start out slowly when you're getting back to your workouts after treatment.


Question: How can I keep exercising if melanoma is causing fatigue?

Answer: If your treatment makes you tired, plan exercise at times of the day when you have the most energy.


Question: How much sunscreen do I need to apply if I have had melanoma in the past?

Answer: If you've had one melanoma, it means you're at risk for more. It should have an SPF of at least 30. Reapply at least every 2 hours, and more often if you're swimming, sweating, or spending time near water or snow.


Question: Should I call my doctor if my baby is not eating that much?

Answer: Reasons to call your doctor include: Dark pee or orange crystals in his diaper He would rather sleep than eat He won't latch onto your breast, or he pulls away from you He's fussy right after feedings As a new parent, it's key to learn to trust your instincts. If you have any concerns about your baby's eating, check in with his doctor.


Question: What signs that a baby is full?

Answer: Remember: The exact amount your little one drinks will vary from day to day. For instance, he may want to eat more than normal when he's going through a growth spurt. Trust your baby to know how much food he needs. You can watch for a few signs that he's full: He pulls away from your breast or his bottle He falls asleep during a feeding He shakes his head or keeps his mouth closed Those signs can also help you know that you're not overfeeding your little one. And at regular checkups, your pediatrician will let you know if your baby's growth (height and weight) is on track.


Question: What are signs that my baby is eating enough?

Answer: When he's getting the right amount of food, you'll see: Plenty of wet diapers. The first few days after birth, he may only wet one or two diapers each day. After that, he should need six to eight cloth (five or six disposable) diaper changes every 24 hours, plus have two to five poopy ones each day. Steady weight gain. After the first 2 weeks, your baby should gain about 4-7 ounces per week until his sixth month, and 3-5 ounces from 6 to 18 months. Your baby is active and happy. A child that's eating well will look alert and be active. He'll also seem content between feedings.


Question: How much do babies eat depending on their age?

Answer: Some who are breastfeeding, though, can eat every 1.5 hours, and up to 15 times a day. If your baby isn't waking up on his own for a feeding during the first few weeks, you should get him up to eat on schedule. If you're breastfeeding, your little one will spend about 10 to 20 minutes on your breast. Some may nurse for longer, but make sure he's actually sucking and swallowing the whole time. Giving formula? Plan on your baby drinking 1.5 to 3 ounces at each feeding. After about a month, he'll start eating at least 4 ounces at each feeding. As breastfed babies get the hang of nursing, they'll get more milk from you, too. You may not notice, though, since they'll do it in less time. Whether you're nursing or bottle feeding, as your baby keeps growing, so will his appetite. At 2 months, he may drink 4-5 ounces at each feeding, 3-4 hours apart. At 4 months, he may need up to 6 ounces every time. The pediatrician also may encourage you to start to introduce solid foods. By 6 months, some babies drink as much as 8 ounces of breastmilk or formula even as they go longer between feedings.


Question: How can I tell if my baby is eating enough?

Answer: Every baby is unique, but there are some basic guidelines to keep in mind when it's time for a feeding. Remember: The exact amount your little one drinks will vary from day to day. When he's getting the right amount of food, you'll see: Plenty of wet diapers.


Question: Is there a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB)?

Answer: Doctors in the U. S. don't generally recommend it because TB isn't a widespread problem here. Still, health care workers who spend a lot of time around TB patients might benefit from the vaccine. Doctors make that decision based on the health care worker and their unique circumstances.


Question: How is tuberculosis (TB) treated?

Answer: This might involve taking a number of medications for 6 to 12 months. It's important to take all of your meds, as they're prescribed, the entire time -- even if you feel better. If not, you can get sick again. If you have TB germs in your body but they haven't become active, you have what doctors call âlatent TB.â You can't spread the disease to others. But your doctor may still recommend that you take medications to keep the germs from becoming active.


Question: Should you see a doctor for a boxer's fracture?

Answer: Any time you have an injury and a fracture is suspected, contact your doctor for instructions.


Question: What causes a boxer's fracture?

Answer: Boxer's fractures received their name from one of their most common causes-punching an object with a closed fist. This occurs commonly during fist fights or from punching a hard object such as a wall or filing cabinet. Although these breaks usually occur when the hand is closed into a fist, they can also occur when the hand is not clenched and strikes a hard object.


Question: What bones are broken in a boxer's fracture?

Answer: A boxer's fracture involves a break in the neck of the metacarpal. Boxer's fractures occur in the metacarpal bones that connect the ring finger or the little finger to the wrist. Some doctors include breaks in the neck of the second and third metacarpal bones in the definition of a boxer's fracture.


Question: How do you prevent a boxer's fracture?

Answer: The key to preventing boxer's fractures is to avoid situations in which the injury can occur. This can be accomplished with regular exercise and calcium supplements or adequate intake of dairy products.


Question: How do X-rays help diagnose a boxer's fracture?

Answer: X-rays of the hand are performed to look at the hand from 3 different directions. In certain cases, the doctor may order more x-rays, with special views to look for hard-to-find fractures. On physical examination the doctor will look for the presence of foreign bodies in the hand. Activities that could cause a foreign body to become lodged in the hand are these: punching another person in the mouth, being bitten by an animal, being cut with a sharp object, a penetrating injury, or abrasions or splinters from an object. Foreign bodies that may show up on x-rays are glass, bone, metal, and stones.


Question: What are symptoms of a boxer's fracture?

Answer: The typical symptoms of a boxer's fracture are pain or tenderness centered in a specific location on the hand corresponding to one of the metacarpal bones, around the knuckle. You may also note pain with movement of your hand or fingers. When a bone is broken, you may experience a snapping or popping sensation in the affected bone. Your hand may swell, discolor, or bruise around the injury site. Deformity of the broken bone or the knuckle, may also be noted. When making a fist, the finger involved may bend toward the thumb more than is usual. A cut in the skin associated with a boxer's fracture may indicate a more serious type of boxer's fracture.


Question: How is a skin biopsy done?

Answer: The doctor will first cleanse the biopsy site, and then numb the skin by using an anesthetic (pain-relieving) injection. The skin is then sampled using one of the above procedures. Shave biopsies do not usually need stitches, while punch, excisional, and incisional biopsies will usually be closed with sutures or steri-strips. The procedure is usually done in the doctor's office.


Question: What is done with a skin biopsy sample?

Answer: A skin biopsy is a procedure in which a doctor cuts and removes a small sample of skin to have it tested. The results usually come back within one to two weeks.


Question: What is a skin biopsy?

Answer: This sample may help your doctor diagnose diseases such as skin cancer, infection, or other skin disorders. The procedure is usually done in the doctor's office.


Question: What are serious health issues that may occur when you have pitting edema?

Answer: For some people, pitting edema can be a sign of a more serious health issue, such as: Blood clot: One of these in a deep vein can cause edema in the region of the clot.


Question: When should I call the doctor if I have pitting edema?

Answer: If you notice signs of pitting edema, see your doctor as soon as you can. He'll look at it and ask about other symptoms. He may test your blood or urine to check your liver or kidney function. You might have an electrocardiogram and other tests to check your heart. Get emergency medical help right away if you have chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes, trouble breathing, dizziness, confusion, or fainting spells. These are signs that you might have a severe heart problem or a blood clot in your lungs.


Question: What causes edema?

Answer: This can happen for many reasons. You may have been standing or sitting too long, for instance like during a plane flight. It could also be an allergic reaction to or side effect of a medicine. Some drugs for diabetes and high blood pressure can cause pitting edema. So can estrogen pills and over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen. Women hold onto more fluid when they're pregnant and can develop a pitting edema. This tends to happen toward the end of pregnancy. Talk with your doctor if you are pregnant and develop edema.


Question: What is the treatment for edema?

Answer: If something serious is the cause of your edema, your doctor will focus on treating the underlying cause. But you may need to eat less salt. Table salt and processed foods with a lot of sodium can make your swelling worse. You also may need to take a drug called a diuretic that helps your body get rid of extra fluid. Compression stockings, sleeves, or gloves can keep pressure on the swollen area to stop fluid from building up. Your doctor also may tell you to hold the part of your body with the pitted edema above your heart a few times during the day or to keep it raised while you sleep.


Question: What is edema?

Answer: Get emergency medical help right away if you have chest pain that lasts more than a few minutes, trouble breathing, dizziness, confusion, or fainting spells. For some people, pitting edema can be a sign of a more serious health issue, such as: Blood clot: One of these in a deep vein can cause edema in the region of the clot. This is called "deep vein thrombosis," or DVT. Kidney disease: It's your kidneys' job to get rid of extra salt and water from your body. Vein problems: If your veins have trouble bringing blood back up from your feet to your heart, it can start to pool in your feet and ankles.


Question: What are the symptoms of edema?

Answer: It usually happens in your feet, ankles, or legs, but you also might notice it in your face, hands, arms, or other areas. If it's near a joint, you may find it hard to move.


Question: What are common symptoms of eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: Common symptoms of eosinophilic asthma include: Blocked airways Coughing Tightness in the chest Shortness of breath or hard time breathing Wheezing While these symptoms are the same as other kinds of asthma, they tend to be more constant and severe with eosinophilic asthma. You're also likely to have more frequent asthma attacks, which tend to be more dangerous, too.


Question: How can eosinophilic asthma cause swollen tissue in your nose?

Answer: Swollen sinuses. Swollen tissue in your nose.


Question: What is eosinophilic asthma?

Answer: Plus, if you do have eosinophilic asthma, you can become dependent on corticosteroids to prevent asthma attacks. It helps to know you have eosinophilic asthma because you and your doctor need to keep a closer watch on it than other types of asthma.


Question: How does eosinophilic asthma cause shortness of breath?

Answer: Common symptoms of eosinophilic asthma include: Blocked airways Coughing Tightness in the chest Shortness of breath or hard time breathing Wheezing While these symptoms are the same as other kinds of asthma, they tend to be more constant and severe with eosinophilic asthma. Generally, asthma causes swelling in the airways of your lungs. Eosinophilic asthma causes swelling in your entire respiratory system, from your nose all the way down to the tiniest airways. Even when you're doing physical activity, it's often shortness of breath, not wheezing, that gets worse.


Question: What is your maximum heart rate?

Answer: To calculate your predicted maximum heart rate, use this formula: 220 - Your Age = Predicted Maximum Heart Rate For example, a 40-year-old's predicted maximum heart rate is about 180 beats per minute. Your actual maximum heart rate can be determined by a graded exercise test. If you are taking medicines or have a medical condition (such as heart disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes), ask your doctor if your maximum heart rate (and target heart rate) should be adjusted. You gain the most benefits when you exercise in your ''target heart rate zone.'' Usually, this is when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60%-80% of your maximum heart rate.


Question: What should you do before you begin an exercise program?

Answer: Check with your doctor before starting an exercise program. Your doctor can help you find a routine and target heart rate zone that match your needs, goals, and physical condition.


Question: What is your target heart rate?

Answer: You gain the most benefits when you exercise in your ''target heart rate zone.'' Usually, this is when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60%-80% of your maximum heart rate. In some cases, your doctor may decrease your target heart rate zone to begin with 50%.


Question: What is a normal pulse?

Answer: Your number may vary. Children tend to have higher resting heart rates than adults. Usually, this is when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60%-80% of your maximum heart rate.


Question: How do you take your pulse?

Answer: Knowing how to take your pulse can help you evaluate your exercise program. Or place the tips of your index and middle finger on your lower neck, on either side of your windpipe. Press lightly with your fingers until you feel the blood pulsing beneath your fingers. You may need to move your fingers around until you feel the pulsing. Count the beats you feel for 10 seconds. Multiply this number by six to get your heart rate (or pulse) per minute.


Question: What is your pulse?

Answer: Heart rates vary from person to person. Your pulse is lower when you're at rest and higher when you exercise. Usually, this is when your exercise heart rate (pulse) is 60%-80% of your maximum heart rate.


Question: Who should not get an Intacs procedure for Keratoconus?

Answer: Possible adverse events that may occur after an Intacs procedure include the following: Eye infection Problems with night vision Seeing "halos" or glare around lights Blurry or fluctuating vision Those who should not undergo an Intacs procedure include: Pregnant women People who have other eye health problems that may cause future problems People taking certain medications that may impair healing of the eye


Question: How are Intacs for keratoconus used?

Answer: Intacs are very small clear plastic arcs that are designed to be inserted into the substance of the cornea in people who have keratoconus and who can no longer see properly with glasses or contact lenses. Intacs were approved by the FDA for treatment as an alternative to corneal transplant, which used to be a standard treatment for keratoconus prior to Intacs and cross-linking.


Question: What are the potential risks of the Intacs procedure for keratoconus?

Answer: Possible adverse events that may occur after an Intacs procedure include the following: Eye infection Problems with night vision Seeing "halos" or glare around lights Blurry or fluctuating vision Those who should not undergo an Intacs procedure include: Pregnant women People who have other eye health problems that may cause future problems People taking certain medications that may impair healing of the eye


Question: What are short-term side effects of using bifocals or progressives?

Answer: At first, you may notice: Blurry vision Objects that seem to jump or move around Headaches Nausea Balance problems Bifocals or progressives may change the way you judge distance or depth as you look down through the bottom of the lens.


Question: How do bifocals and progressive lenses work?

Answer: Bifocals and progressives have different vision strengths built into the same lens. As you look down to read, the lens helps you see things close up. As you look up at the horizon, it lets you see clearly far away. This helps when you walk or drive.


Question: What are bifocal lenses?

Answer: There are a few types of multifocal lenses: Bifocals are two lenses in one. They're shaped differently at the bottom and top to help you see close up or far away. They come in both eyeglasses and contact lenses. Some bifocal glasses have a line across the middle that divide the two corrections.


Question: What are trifocal lenses?

Answer: Trifocals correct your vision so you can see close up, middle distance, or far away. They may also may have lines or come in a progressive lens.


Question: How can a yeast infection seem like a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

Answer: There are several reasons you might have symptoms that are like a yeast infection. Herpes, genital warts and trichomoniasis (trich) can also cause irritation, itchiness, and discharge that has a slight odor. With other sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea, you don't always have symptoms, but you might experience pain and burning when you pee. STDs often need a different kind of treatment than a yeast infection. For example, trich isn't caused by a fungus. It's caused by bacteria. To treat it, you'll usually need to take strong antibiotics for a short period of time.


Question: How can not having enough estrogen seem like a yeast infection?

Answer: As you get older, your level of estrogen goes down. This can cause changes in your body, like thinner skin. That can lead to uncomfortable symptoms like itching and discharge. Sometimes, using a vaginal lubricant to reduce friction can help. You may also want to talk to your doctor about taking a small dose of estrogen.


Question: How can allergies or other skin conditions seem like a yeast infection?

Answer: Cleaning products can trigger symptoms if you're allergic to one or more of their ingredients. Soaps and feminine hygiene products can sometimes do this, as can laundry detergents. Certain skin conditions can also cause itching and other symptoms. They sometimes require treatment with steroid ointments like hydrocortisone. Small cuts can even feel itchy and irritated while they're healing.


Question: How can bacterial vaginosis (BV) seem like a yeast infection?

Answer: This is an infection that's caused by an overgrowth of bacteria. There's no specific cause for it, but along with redness and itchiness, you might notice discharge that's gray or white and has a fishy odor. If you have BV, your doctor may prescribe oral antibiotics like metronidazole or tinidazole, or vaginally applied antibiotic creams or gels with metronidazole or clindamycin.


Question: How can hemorrhoids seem like a yeast infection?

Answer: You may have itching or irritation in or around your vagina, as well as a thick, white discharge. Hemorrhoids may be itchy. They can affect the area in and around the vagina.


Question: How can you tell if you have a yeast infection?

Answer: You may have itching or irritation in or around your vagina, as well as a thick, white discharge. In many cases, an antifungal treatment will clear up your symptoms. If you're not sure whether you have a yeast infection or something else, it's important to see a doctor for the right diagnosis and treatment. This is important. If you don't really have a yeast infection, antifungals won't help you get better. They can actually prolong the real problem, because while you'll think you're treating the issue, the real cause will continue to develop. That can lead to uncomfortable symptoms like itching and discharge.


Question: Why is it important to treat Lyme disease?

Answer: The signs and symptoms can look like many other health problems. It can even affect your memory.


Question: How is Lyme disease diagnosed?

Answer: But the longer a tick stays attached to you, the more likely it is to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi (the bacteria that causes Lyme disease), if the tick is a carrier. If your doctor suspects that you have Lyme disease, she may order two blood tests. The ELISA test checks for those antibodies. Although it's the most common way to check for Lyme disease, the ELISA test isn't perfect. Western blot test. Whether your ELISA test comes back positive or negative, your doctor will need to do this blood test, too. Other tests: Lyme disease is called â The Great Imitatorâ because it mimics so many different health conditions. Your doctor may also want to do more blood or imaging tests to rule out: Alzheimer's disease Arthritis Attention deficit disorder Chronic fatigue syndrome Fibromyalgia Guillain- Barre syndrome Lou Gehrig's disease ( ALS) Lupus Mononucleosis Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease If you think you have Lyme disease, it's a good idea to see a board-certified infectious disease specialist.


Question: What are types of surgery for aortic aneurysm?

Answer: There are two main types of surgery for aortic aneurysms: Open abdominal or open chest repair Endovascular repair This is the most common type of surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm, but it's the most invasive, meaning that your doctor will go into your body to do it.


Question: What should I expect as I recover from endovascular repair for an aortic aneurysm?

Answer: You may have less appetite and energy than usual for the first 2 weeks after surgery. But then they should return to normal. You'll need to avoid heavy lifting, of more than 10 pounds or so, until you are completely recovered, which usually takes about 4 to 6 weeks.


Question: Why do you need to join cardiac rehabilitation program after your surgery for aortic aneurysm?

Answer: Regardless of the type of surgery you've had, you should join a cardiac rehabilitation program. There, you'll learn about how to change your diet, quit smoking, manage stress, and exercise to get your strength back. All of these will help keep your heart, and your aorta, strong and fit. Your doctor should recommend a cardiac rehab program, and your insurance will likely cover it.


Question: What is endovascular repair for an aortic aneurysm?

Answer: There are two main types of surgery for aortic aneurysms: Open abdominal or open chest repair Endovascular repair This is the most common type of surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm, but it's the most invasive, meaning that your doctor will go into your body to do it. Your surgeon replaces the weakened section of your aorta with a tube, or âgraft,â made of a special fabric. The stent graft helps support the weakened artery wall. You may or may not get general anesthesia for this procedure. Afterward, you'll stay in the hospital for 24 hours to 2 days. But not all aneurysms can be repaired with this method.


Question: What is an aortic aneurysm?

Answer: An aortic aneurysm is a bulge in your aorta, the main blood vessel that carries blood from your heart to the rest of your body. The force of your blood constantly pushing against those weakened walls can make them swell. There are two main types of surgery for aortic aneurysms: Open abdominal or open chest repair Endovascular repair This is the most common type of surgery to repair an aortic aneurysm, but it's the most invasive, meaning that your doctor will go into your body to do it. You can shower as soon as you get home.


Question: What will a speech-language therapist teach me if I have dysarthria?

Answer: Your therapist will teach you: Exercises to strengthen the muscles of your mouth and jaw Ways to speak more clearly, such as talking more slowly or pausing to catch your breath How to control your breath to make your voice louder How to use devices like an amplifier to improve the sound of your voice Your therapist also will give you tips to help you communicate, such as: Carry a notebook or smartphone with you.


Question: How is dysarthria diagnosed?

Answer: Conditions that cause this speech problem include: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS), or Lou Gehrig's disease Brain injury Brain tumors Cerebral palsy Huntington's disease Multiple sclerosis Parkinson's disease Stroke If you have trouble speaking, you should see a speech-language pathologist ( SLP). She'll ask about any diseases you have that could affect your speech. She'll also want to check the strength of the muscles in your lips, tongue, and jaw as you talk. She might ask you to: Stick out your tongue Make different sounds Read a few sentences Count numbers Sing Blow out a candle Speech-language therapy is the only treatment for dysarthria.


Question: What causes sinusitis?

Answer: Sinusitis is an inflammation of your sinuses, usually caused by a virus or bacterial infection. Even fungus can cause it.


Question: How do you know if you have sinusitis?

Answer: Contact your doctor immediately if you have any of these severe symptoms, which could be signs of a serious infection: High fever (over 102 F) Severe headache Vision problems Stiff neck Swollen face To find out if you've got more than a bad cold, you need to learn the cause of your symptoms. Your doctor can help you figure out whether you have sinusitis or something else. Tell your doctor how long you've had sinus symptoms, and whether they've gotten worse or stayed the same. If you've had them for less than 10 days and they're not getting worse, you probably have a viral infection. It will likely go away on its own.


Question: When should I call 911 for an eye burn?

Answer: Eyeball looks cloudy The person notices a sudden change in vision 1.


Question: When should I call a doctor for a heat burn to my eye?

Answer: When to See a Doctor Call a doctor if the person has: Decreased, double, or blurred vision that doesn't clear with blinking Eye pain Discomfort when looking at light The feeling that something like sand is in eye Redness, swelling, twitching, tears, or discharge Any symptom lasting more than 24 hours Symptoms that happen more often or get worse


Question: What should I do for a heat burn to my eye?

Answer: Flush Eyes Fill a sink or dishpan with cool water. Have the person put his/her face in water. The person should open and close eyes to get water to all parts of eye. If a serious chemical injury to the eye(s) is suspected, continue flushing out the eye with water until an ambulance arrives or the injured person arrives in the emergency room. Alkali substances such as drain cleaners are particularly harmful to the eye. Optimal flushing would include putting the person in a shower with the water aimed at the face with someone helping to keep the eyes open. If a shower is not available, then splashing running water from a sink is second best. If the accident happened at a worksite, it is more important to flush out the eye(s) for at least 20-30 minutes than to transport the person to the hospital immediately.


Question: When should you call 911 about eye or corneal burns?

Answer: Eyeball looks cloudy The person notices a sudden change in vision 1.


Question: What are the side effects and hazards of using human growth hormone (HGH)?

Answer: Possible side effects of HGH use include: Nerve, muscle, or joint pain Swelling due to fluid in the body's tissues (edema) Carpal tunnel syndrome Numbness and tingling of the skin High cholesterol levels HGH can also increase the risk of diabetes and contribute to the growth of cancerous tumors. Furthermore, if you get the drug illicitly, you may not know what you are really getting. Because of the high cost, HGH drugs have been counterfeited. If you are not getting HGH from your doctor, you may be getting an unapproved product. You should speak with your doctor before considering any form of HGH.


Question: What are approved uses of human growth hormone (HGH) in adults?

Answer: In children, HGH injections are approved for treating short stature of unknown cause as well as poor growth due to a number of medical causes, including: Turner's syndrome, a genetic disorder that affects a girl's development Prader- Willi syndrome, an uncommon genetic disorder causing poor muscle tone, low levels of sex hormones, and a constant feeling of hunger Chronic kidney disease HGH deficiency or insufficiency Children born small for gestational age In adults, approved uses of HGH include: Short bowel syndrome, a condition in which nutrients are not properly absorbed due to severe intestinal disease or the surgical removal of a large portion of the small intestine HGH deficiency due to rare pituitary tumors or their treatment Muscle-wasting disease associated with HIV/ AIDS But the most common uses for HGH are not FDA-approved.


Question: What should I know about human growth hormone (HGH)?

Answer: But experts say that hope is unfounded. And worse, these products can be harmful. HGH, produced by the pituitary gland, spurs growth in children and adolescents. It also helps to regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function. Produced synthetically, HGH is the active ingredient in a number of prescription drugs and in other products available widely over the Internet.


Question: What are the anti-aging effects of human growth hormone (HGH)?

Answer: Because the body's HGH levels naturally decrease with age, some so-called anti-aging experts have speculated and claimed that HGH products could reverse age-related bodily deterioration. But these claims, too, are unproven. The use of HGH for anti-aging is not FDA-approved. Nevertheless, some people obtain injectable HGH from doctors who prescribe it for off-label purposes (uses for which it was not approved by the FDA) and through Internet pharmacies, anti-aging clinics, and web sites.


Question: What is the most common use for human growth hormone (HGH)?

Answer: Yet HGH's effect on athletic performance is unknown. The use of HGH for anti-aging is not FDA-approved.


Question: What is the most effect pain reliever during labor?

Answer: Pain relief in labor: Epidurals are most effective, but other methods like immersion in a warm bath and acupuncture can be effective. A high-tech nerve stimulator called TENS may also be effective if used in conjunction with other pain control treatments. Relaxation techniques, patterned breathing, emotional support, and self-hypnosis are already widely used alternative therapies in labor.


Question: What are alternative therapies for treating nausea in pregnancy?

Answer: The following alternative treatments can safely be used during pregnancy: Nausea: Acupuncture, acupressure, ginger root (250mg capsules 4 times a day), and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, 25mg two or three times a day) work well and are considered safe for pregnant women.


Question: What are alternative therapies for treating backache in pregnancy?

Answer: Backache: Chiropractic manipulation and massage may help.


Question: What herbal medicines should you avoid when pregnant?

Answer: Avoid these oral supplements: Arborvitae Beth root Black cohosh Blue cohosh Cascara Chaste tree berry Chinese angelica ( Dong Quai) Cinchona Cotton root bark Feverfew Ginseng Golden seal Juniper Kava kava Licorice Meadow saffron Pennyroyal Poke root Rue Sage Saint Johns wort Senna Tansy White peony Wormwood Yarrow Yellow dock Large doses of vitamin A can cause birth defects. Avoid these aromatherapy essential oils: Calamus Mugwort Pennyroyal Sage Wintergreen Basil Hyssop Myrrh Marjoram Thyme If you have a question about the safety of an alternative therapy, always ask your health care provider before using it.


Question: What is recovery from brucellosis like?

Answer: Recovery can take weeks, even months. Patients who receive treatment within one month of the start of symptomscan be cured of the disease.


Question: What are the long-lasting symptoms of brucellosis?

Answer: Severe brucellosis may cause: Infection of the central nervous system Endocarditis (infection of the lining of the heart or valves) Liver abscess Brucellosis can cause long-lasting symptoms that are similar to systemic exertion intolerance disease. SEID is formerly known as Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/ Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. The symptoms can lead to disability. They may include: Fatigue Fevers that come and go Joint pain Brucellosis in a pregnant woman may lead to: Miscarriage Birth defects in the baby Death from brucellosis is uncommon.


Question: What might your doctor find when examining for brucellosis?

Answer: You may have: A swollen liver Swollen lymph nodes A swollen spleen Unexplained fever Joint swelling and pain A rash Blood tests will be done to diagnose the infection and determine what type of Brucella is making you sick.


Question: What risks does brucellosis present for a pregnant woman?

Answer: They may include: Fatigue Fevers that come and go Joint pain Brucellosis in a pregnant woman may lead to: Miscarriage Birth defects in the baby Death from brucellosis is uncommon.


Question: What are the symptoms of brucellosis?

Answer: These come from high-risk regions, including the Mediterranean Travel to areas where Brucella is common Work in a meat-processing plant or slaughterhouse Work on a farm Brucellosis has also been reported in: Hunters in the U. S. Veterinarians who have immunized cattle with the Brucellavaccine General symptoms of brucellosis are often vague and similar to the flu. They may include: Fever (the most common symptom, with high "spikes" that usually occur in the afternoon) Back pain Body-wide aches and pains Poor appetite and weight loss Headache Night sweats Weakness Abdominal pain Cough Symptoms usually appear within five to 30 days after you come in contact with the bacteria.


Question: What does severe brucellosis cause?

Answer: Severe brucellosis may cause: Infection of the central nervous system Endocarditis (infection of the lining of the heart or valves) Liver abscess Brucellosis can cause long-lasting symptoms that are similar to systemic exertion intolerance disease.


Question: Who is more likely to get brucellosis?

Answer: You are more likely to get brucellosis if you: Eat or drink unpasteurized dairy products from cows, goats, or other animals that are infected with the bacteria Eat other unpasteurized cheeses called "village cheeses." These come from high-risk regions, including the Mediterranean Travel to areas where Brucella is common Work in a meat-processing plant or slaughterhouse Work on a farm Brucellosis has also been reported in: Hunters in the U. S. Veterinarians who have immunized cattle with the Brucellavaccine General symptoms of brucellosis are often vague and similar to the flu.


Question: What does the treatment for brucellosis involve?

Answer: Brucellosis can be difficult to treat. If you have brucellosis, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Antibiotics commonly used to treat brucellosis include: doxycycline ( Acticlate, Monodox, Vibra- Tabs, Vibramycin) streptomycin ciprofloxacin ( Cipro) or ofloxacin ( Floxin) rifampin ( Rifadin, Rimactane) sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim ( Bactrim) tetracycline ( Sumycin) You will generally be given doxycycline and rifampin a in combination for 6-8 weeks. You must take the antibiotics for many weeks to prevent the disease from returning. The rate of relapse following treatment is about 5-15% and usually occurs within the first six months after treatment.


Question: How common is brucellosis?

Answer: Fewer than 200 people get sick with the disease each year in the U. S. It is most often seen in the spring and summer months in: Texas California Virginia Florida Brucellosis is considered a significant health threat in other parts of the world. The disease has been reported in more than a half-million people each year in 100 countries, according to the World Health Organization. There is no effective human vaccine to prevent brucellosis.


Question: Can you die from brucellosis?

Answer: Brucellosis is uncommon in children. Most brucellosis-related deaths are due to endocarditis.


Question: What is brucellosis?

Answer: Others occur in dogs, pigs, sheep, goats, and camels. Recently, scientists have seen new strains in the red fox and certain marine animals, including seals. Brucella in animals cannot be cured. Very rarely, the bacteria may spread from person to person. The infection from this type of bacteria spreads from dogs. You are more likely to get brucellosis if you: Eat or drink unpasteurized dairy products from cows, goats, or other animals that are infected with the bacteria Eat other unpasteurized cheeses called "village cheeses." B. suis may cause areas of infection (called abscesses) in different organs.


Question: Can you get brucellosis from your dog?

Answer: B. canis. But spreading brucellosis this way is uncommon. Most dogs infected with Brucella do NOT spread the bacteria to their owners. You are more likely to get brucellosis from an infected dog if you come in contact with blood or other fluids from the animal. Veterinarians have an increased risk of brucellosis. There is no effective human vaccine to prevent brucellosis.


Question: Are there tips for living an easier life with multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Tips for Living With MS Take advantage of simple lifestyle changes to ease your multiple sclerosis symptoms. Some of the keys to a smoother day: Improve your sleep habits, eat healthy food, and get smart with technology.


Question: What are analgesics used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: â¢ increased risk of heart attack and stroke Abdominal cramps, diarrhea â¢ Dizziness or drowsiness â¢ Heartburn, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, ulcer, or bleeding â¢ Increased risk of blood clots, heart attacks, and stroke Greater risk of complications for people with cardiovascular disease Analgesics reduce pain but they do not reduce swelling or joint damage. There are a variety of over-the-counter and prescription analgesics. Narcotics are the most powerful type of analgesic. Use these carefully and be sure to let your doctor know if you have any history of alcoholism or drug abuse.


Question: Can biologic response modifiers cure rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These RA medications can't cure rheumatoid arthritis. If the drugs are stopped, symptoms may return. But just as with other DMARDs, biologic response modifiers may slow the progression of the disease or help put it into remission. If your doctor prescribes one of these RA drugs, you will likely take it in combination with methotrexate. Biologic response modifiers are taken by injection and/or by IV and are expensive. Their long-term effects are unknown. NOTE: Before taking biologics, it's important to get appropriate vaccinations and to be tested for tuberculosis and hepatitis B and C. Examples of biologic response modifiers: Name Brand Name Precautions Potential Side Effects abatacept Orencia â¢ Tell your doctor if you have a serious infection, such as pneumonia or COPD.


Question: What approach do most doctors use to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are the main types of RA medications: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic response modifiers (a type of DMARD) Glucocorticoids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ( NSAIDs) Analgesics (painkillers) In the past, doctors took a conservative, stepwise approach toward treating rheumatoid arthritis. They started first with NSAIDs such as ibuprofen. Then, they progressed to more potent RA drugs for people who showed signs of joint damage. Today, doctors know that an aggressive approach is often more effective; it will result in fewer symptoms, better function, less joint damage, and decreased disability. The goal, if possible, is to put the disease into remission.


Question: How are disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: If you've been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, your doctor may recommend that you begin treatment with one of several types of DMARDs within a few months of diagnosis. One of the most important drugs in the arsenal for treating rheumatoid arthritis, DMARDs can often slow or stop the progression of RA by interrupting the immune process that promotes inflammation. However, they may take up to six months to be fully effective. DMARDs have greatly improved the quality of life for many people with rheumatoid arthritis. These RA drugs are often used along with NSAIDs or glucocorticoids; however, with this type of medication, you may not need other anti-inflammatories or analgesics.


Question: What analgesics are used for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: There are a variety of over-the-counter and prescription analgesics. Narcotics are the most powerful type of analgesic. Use these carefully and be sure to let your doctor know if you have any history of alcoholism or drug abuse.


Question: What are the risks of using disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Because DMARDs target the immune system, they also can weaken the immune system's ability to fight infections. This means you must be watchful for early signs of infection. In some cases, you may also need regular blood tests to make sure the drug is not hurting blood cells or certain organs such as your liver, lungs, or kidneys.


Question: What is the role of arthritis medications in rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Arthritis medications play an essential role in controlling the progression and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Starting treatment soon after diagnosis is most effective. And the best medical care combines rheumatoid arthritis medications and other approaches.


Question: When should you use nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: As with glucocorticoids, you should use them for brief periods -- they can cause severe digestive tract problems. Which type, if any, your doctor prescribes may depend upon your medical history. If you have a history of liver, kidney, heart problems or stomach ulcers, it's best to not take these drugs. Ask your doctor whether any new NSAIDS producing fewer side effects are available.


Question: How do glucocorticoids help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: â¢ Upper respiratory tract infection â¢ Headache â¢ Diarrhea â¢ Inflammation of the nasal passage and the upper part of the throat Glucocorticoids are steroids. They are strong anti-inflammatory drugs that can also block other immune responses. These rheumatoid arthritis medications help relieve symptoms and may stop or slow joint damage. You receive these RA drugs by pill, or by injection.


Question: What medications are used for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: You may take rheumatoid arthritis medications alone, but they are often most effective in combination. These are the main types of RA medications: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic response modifiers (a type of DMARD) Glucocorticoids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ( NSAIDs) Analgesics (painkillers) In the past, doctors took a conservative, stepwise approach toward treating rheumatoid arthritis.


Question: When should you use glucocorticoids for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Because of the risk of side effects, you should only use these RA drugs for brief periods, for example, when disease flares up or until DMARDs reach their full effectiveness. If your side effects are severe, don't stop taking the drug suddenly. Talk first with your doctor about what to do.


Question: What should be noted before taking biologic response modifiers for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: NOTE: Before taking biologics, it's important to get appropriate vaccinations and to be tested for tuberculosis and hepatitis B and C. Examples of biologic response modifiers: Name Brand Name Precautions Potential Side Effects abatacept Orencia â¢ Tell your doctor if you have a serious infection, such as pneumonia or COPD.


Question: How do analgesics help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: â¢ increased risk of heart attack and stroke Abdominal cramps, diarrhea â¢ Dizziness or drowsiness â¢ Heartburn, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, ulcer, or bleeding â¢ Increased risk of blood clots, heart attacks, and stroke Greater risk of complications for people with cardiovascular disease Analgesics reduce pain but they do not reduce swelling or joint damage.


Question: Are arthritis medications useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: Starting treatment soon after diagnosis is most effective. And the best medical care combines rheumatoid arthritis medications and other approaches. These rheumatoid arthritis medications help relieve symptoms and may stop or slow joint damage.


Question: How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications treat rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are the main types of RA medications: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic response modifiers (a type of DMARD) Glucocorticoids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ( NSAIDs) Analgesics (painkillers) In the past, doctors took a conservative, stepwise approach toward treating rheumatoid arthritis. By reducing inflammation, NSAIDS help reduce swelling and pain. But they are not effective in reducing joint damage. These drugs alone are not effective in treating the disease. They should be taken in combination with other rheumatoid arthritis medications.


Question: What are biologic response modifiers for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are the main types of RA medications: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic response modifiers (a type of DMARD) Glucocorticoids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ( NSAIDs) Analgesics (painkillers) In the past, doctors took a conservative, stepwise approach toward treating rheumatoid arthritis. They target the part of the immune system response that leads to inflammation and joint damage. By doing this, they can improve your condition and help relieve symptoms.


Question: How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications help with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer: These are the main types of RA medications: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic response modifiers (a type of DMARD) Glucocorticoids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ( NSAIDs) Analgesics (painkillers) In the past, doctors took a conservative, stepwise approach toward treating rheumatoid arthritis. By reducing inflammation, NSAIDS help reduce swelling and pain. But they are not effective in reducing joint damage. These drugs alone are not effective in treating the disease. They should be taken in combination with other rheumatoid arthritis medications.


Question: What are biologic response modifiers?

Answer: These are the main types of RA medications: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs ( DMARDs) Biologic response modifiers (a type of DMARD) Glucocorticoids Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications ( NSAIDs) Analgesics (painkillers) In the past, doctors took a conservative, stepwise approach toward treating rheumatoid arthritis. They target the part of the immune system response that leads to inflammation and joint damage. By doing this, they can improve your condition and help relieve symptoms.


Question: What happens in Tommy John surgery?

Answer: Tommy John surgery is most commonly recommended for athletes who: Don't respond to non-surgical treatments Want to resume strenuous overhead or throwing activities During Tommy John surgery, a tendon is taken from someplace in the patient's body, such as his or her: wrist forearm toe hamstring (thigh) hip knee foot ( Achilles tendon) Sometimes, surgeons use a tendon donated from the body of someone who has died. Surgeons drill tunnels in the ulna and humerus. The tendon (called a "graft") is passed through the tunnels. It is then woven into a figure-eight pattern to reconstruct the ligament. To give the graft added strength, any remnants of the original ligament are attached to the tendon.


Question: What are symptoms of an ulnar collateral ligament injury?

Answer: These sports include: javelin throw tennis gymnastics soccer softball football wrestling cheerleading Symptoms associated with a UCL injury include: Pain on the inside of the elbow A sense of looseness or instability in the elbow Irritation of the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve): This is felt as tingling or numbness in the small finger and ring finger. Decreased ability to throw a baseball or other object Only rarely do UCL injuries interfere with non-throwing activities, such as: activities of daily living exercising lifting weights batting in baseball running Sometimes, a doctor can diagnose a UCL injury through just a history and physical examination.


Question: Who are candidates for Tommy John surgery?

Answer: Tommy John surgery is most commonly recommended for athletes who: Don't respond to non-surgical treatments Want to resume strenuous overhead or throwing activities During Tommy John surgery, a tendon is taken from someplace in the patient's body, such as his or her: wrist forearm toe hamstring (thigh) hip knee foot ( Achilles tendon) Sometimes, surgeons use a tendon donated from the body of someone who has died.


Question: How are ulnar collateral ligament injuries diagnosed?

Answer: Decreased ability to throw a baseball or other object Only rarely do UCL injuries interfere with non-throwing activities, such as: activities of daily living exercising lifting weights batting in baseball running Sometimes, a doctor can diagnose a UCL injury through just a history and physical examination. Diagnostic tests may include: X-rays MRI MRI after gadolinium dye has been injected into the elbow Because such tests are not 100% accurate, however, it can be difficult to diagnose a UCL injury.


Question: What is Tommy John surgery?

Answer: It's most commonly done on college and pro athletes, especially baseball pitchers. But it's sometimes done on younger people as well. The surgery is named after former Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Tommy John. In 1974, he underwent the first surgery of this type. During Tommy John surgery, a surgeon replaces the injured UCL with a tendon taken from somewhere else in the patient's body.


Question: How do ulnar collateral ligament injuries happen?

Answer: But throwers have the highest risk. That's because throwing motions that twist and bend the elbow put extreme stress on the ligament. Over time, the UCL can develop tiny or large tears. The ligament stretches and lengthens to the point where it can't hold the bones tightly enough during throwing activities. Complications can occur in anywhere from 5% to 20% of patients, depending on the technique that is used.


Question: What tests are used to diagnose a cervicogenic headache?

Answer: Computerized tomography ( CT) scan: Several X-rays are taken from different angles and put together to show more information than is on a single X-ray. Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scan: Powerful magnets and radio waves are used to make detailed images of your head, neck, and spine.


Question: What will the doctor do to diagnose a cervicogenic headache?

Answer: He also may suggest a "nerve block." This is a shot done by a specialist that puts numbing medicine into certain nerves in the back of your head. If the pain goes away with the nerve block, it means your headache is probably caused by a problem with nerves in your neck. Nerve block is also one way to treat CH. Your doctor also may have you move your head and neck a certain way to see what's painful for you. He may press on certain areas of your neck to see if that causes a headache.


Question: When do you need emergency medical care for a cervicogenic headache?

Answer: Get emergency medical care if the headache comes on all of a sudden and is very painful or if you start to feel dizzy.


Question: What should you tell your doctor when diagnosing a cervicogenic headache?

Answer: Be sure to tell him if: The headache gets worse over time You also have fever or a rash You hit or hurt your head These might be signs of another health problem that needs attention.


Question: Where can a cervicogenic headache come from?

Answer: CH can come from problems with the bones in your neck (vertebrae), joints, or neck muscles that happen over time. For example, people in certain jobs, like hair stylists, carpenters, and truck drivers, can get CH from the way they hold their heads when they work. Sometimes CH happens in people who hold their heads out in front of their bodies. That's called "forward head motion," and it puts extra weight on your neck and upper back. It also can come from a fall, sports injury, whiplash, or arthritis. Or the nerves in your neck might be compressed (squeezed). You also can get cervicogenic headaches from a tumor or a fracture (small break) in your upper spine or neck.


Question: When should a person with shoulder and neck pain seek medical care?

Answer: See a doctor or go to a hospital emergency room if: Pain is from a severe blow or injury Neck pain radiates down the arms and legs Headaches, numbness, tingling, or weakness occur with pain The person has a stiff neck with fever, vomiting, and sensitivity to light Apply dry or moist heat.


Question: What OTC meds can help ease shoulder and neck pain?

Answer: Give pain medication such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol), ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin), or Naproxen ( Aleve, Naprosyn).


Question: When are some tests for shoulder and neck pain?

Answer: The person may need an X-ray or CT scan depending on the symptoms or an MRI to determine whether the person has a herniated disc or other nerve compression.


Question: How should people with shoulder and neck pain rest?

Answer: The affected area should not be used for a day or two. Normal activities should be gradually resumed.


Question: How can people with shoulder and neck pain reduce swelling?

Answer: If the area is inflamed, apply ice for 20 minutes 4 to 8 times a day.


Question: How can you select the right treatment for acoustic neuroma?

Answer: Selecting the right treatment depends on a number of factors, including: Size of the tumor Whether the tumor is growing Your age Other medical conditions you may have Severity of your symptoms and their impact on your life


Question: How is radiation therapy for acoustic neuroma delivered?

Answer: Radiation therapy for this condition is usually delivered in one of two ways: Single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery ( SRS), in which many hundreds of small beams of radiation are aimed at the tumor in a single session. Multi-session fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy ( FRS), which delivers smaller doses of radiation daily, generally over several weeks. Early studies suggest multi-session therapy may preserve hearing better than SRS. Both of these are outpatient procedures, which means they don't require a hospital stay. They work by causing tumor cells to die. The tumor's growth may slow or stop or it may even shrink, but radiation doesn't completely remove the tumor. Other types of radiation therapy have also been used. Your doctor will explain your options to you.


Question: How does observation help treat acoustic neuroma?

Answer: There are three main courses of treatment for acoustic neuroma: Observation Surgery Radiation therapy Observation is also called watchful waiting. Because acoustic neuromas are not cancerous and grow slowly, immediate treatment may not be necessary. Often doctors monitor the tumor with periodic MRI scans and will suggest other treatment if the tumor grows a lot or causes serious symptoms.


Question: When is radiation therapy recommended for acoustic neuroma?

Answer: Radiation therapy is recommended in some cases for acoustic neuromas. State-of-the-art delivery techniques make it possible to send high doses of radiation to the tumor while limiting expose and damage to surrounding tissue.


Question: What causes acoustic neuroma?

Answer: NF2 is an inherited disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in the nervous system. Acoustic neuromas are the most common of these tumors and often occur in both ears by age 30. NF2 is a rare disorder. It accounts for only 5% of acoustic neuromas. This means the vast majority are the sporadic form. Doctors aren't certain what causes the sporadic form. One known risk factor for acoustic neuroma is exposure to high doses of radiation, especially to the head and neck.


Question: What are three main courses of treatment for acoustic neuroma?

Answer: There are three main courses of treatment for acoustic neuroma: Observation Surgery Radiation therapy Observation is also called watchful waiting.


Question: What are other symptoms of acoustic neuroma?

Answer: Other symptoms, which may occur over time, include: Problems with balance Vertigo (feeling like the world is spinning) Facial numbness and tingling, which may be constant or come and go Facial weakness Taste changes Difficulty swallowing and hoarseness Headaches Clumsiness or unsteadiness Confusion It's important to see your doctor if you experience these symptoms. Symptoms like clumsiness and mental confusion can signal a serious problem that requires urgent treatment.


Question: How does an acoustic neuroma develop?

Answer: Acoustic neuromas -- sometimes called vestibular schwannomas or neurilemmoma -- usually grow slowly over a period of years. Although they do not actually invade the brain, they can push on it as they grow. Larger tumors can press on nearby cranial nerves that control the muscles of facial expression and sensation. If tumors become large enough to press on the brain stem or cerebellum, they can be deadly.


Question: How are endoscopic resections used to treat acoustic neuroma?

Answer: The downside of this technique is that it results in permanent hearing loss. Using this approach may enable surgeons to preserve a patient's hearing. Radiation therapy is recommended in some cases for acoustic neuromas.


Question: What are the early symptoms of acoustic neuroma?

Answer: Many people attribute the symptoms to normal changes of aging, so it may be a while before the condition is diagnosed. The first symptom is usually a gradual loss of hearing in one ear, often accompanied by ringing in the ear (tinnitus) or a feeling of fullness in the ear. Less commonly, acoustic neuromas may cause sudden hearing loss. There are three main surgical approaches for removing an acoustic neuroma: Translabyrinthine, which involves making an incision behind the ear and removing the bone behind the ear and some of the middle ear.


Question: What are the surgical approaches for treating acoustic neuroma?

Answer: An acoustic neuroma is a noncancerous growth that develops on the eighth cranial nerve. The downside of this technique is that it results in permanent hearing loss. Retrosigmoid/sub-occipital, which involves exposing the back of the tumor by opening the skull near the back of the head. This approach can be used for removing tumors of any size and offers the possibility of preserving hearing. Middle fossa, which involves removing a small piece of bone above the ear canal to access and remove small tumors confined to the internal auditory canal, the narrow passageway from the brain to the middle and inner ear. Using this approach may enable surgeons to preserve a patient's hearing. The tumor's growth may slow or stop or it may even shrink, but radiation doesn't completely remove the tumor.


Question: What is an acoustic neuroma?

Answer: Also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve, it connects the inner ear with the brain and has two different parts. One part is involved in transmitting sound; the other helps send balance information from the inner ear to the brain. The upside of this approach is that it allows the surgeon to see an important cranial nerve (the facial nerve) clearly before removing the tumor.


Question: What side effects could I have from calcium channel blockers for heart failure?

Answer: Side effects of calcium channel blockers include: Drowsiness Increased appetite Swelling Contact your doctor if these side effects are persistent or severe.


Question: How do calcium channel blockers treat heart failure?

Answer: As a result, calcium channel blockers relax blood vessels and increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart, while reducing its workload. Calcium channel blockers may be used to treat heart failure caused by high blood pressure when other medications to lower blood pressure do not work.


Question: When should you call the doctor about the side effects of taking calcium channel blockers for heart failure?

Answer: Weight gain Breathing difficulty Coughing or wheezing Irregular or slow heartbeat Skin rash When taking calcium channel blockers: Ask your doctor if you need to avoid eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice while taking your calcium channel blocker.


Question: How should I take calcium channel blockers?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers include: Norvasc Plendil Cardizem Covera Isoptin Calcium channel blockers should be taken with food or milk. Follow the medication label directions. The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and how long you need to take it will depend on the type of medication prescribed and on your condition.


Question: What are examples of calcium channel blockers?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers include: Norvasc Plendil Cardizem Covera Isoptin Calcium channel blockers should be taken with food or milk.


Question: When should you call your doctor right away about side effects of calcium channel blockers?

Answer: If you have any of the following side effects, contact your doctor right away. Weight gain Breathing difficulty Coughing or wheezing Irregular or slow heartbeat Skin rash When taking calcium channel blockers: Ask your doctor if you need to avoid eating grapefruit or drinking grapefruit juice while taking your calcium channel blocker.


Question: How should I take calcium channel blockers for heart failure?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers include: Norvasc Plendil Cardizem Covera Isoptin Calcium channel blockers should be taken with food or milk. Follow the medication label directions. The number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and how long you need to take it will depend on the type of medication prescribed and on your condition.


Question: What are other guidelines for taking calcium channel blockers for heart failure?

Answer: While taking calcium channel blockers, have your blood pressure checked regularly, as advised by your doctor. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory so that your response to the drug can be monitored. While taking this medication, your doctor may tell you to take and record your pulse daily. Your provider will tell you how rapid your pulse should be. If your pulse is slower than advised, contact your doctor about taking your calcium channel blocker that day.


Question: How are calcium channel blockers used for heart failure?

Answer: Calcium channel blockers are prescribed to treat angina (chest pain) and high blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers generally should not be used if you have heart failure due to systolic dysfunction.


Question: What does liraglutide (Victoza) do?

Answer: What it does: Like the other GLP-1 drugs, liraglutide cues your pancreas to release insulin. This moves glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells. It also limits how much of the hormone glucagon your body makes. This substance prompts your liver to release stored sugar. The drug also slows digestion.


Question: What does albiglutide (Tanzeum) do?

Answer: What it does: After you eat, albiglutide helps your pancreas release insulin, which moves blood sugar (glucose) into your cells. It also limits how much of the hormone glucagon your body makes. This substance spurs your liver to release stored sugar. The drug also slows down digestion.


Question: What does exenatide (Bydureon, Byetta) do?

Answer: What it does: Like other GLP-1 drugs, exenatide tells your pancreas to release insulin, which moves glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells. It also limits how much glucagon your body makes. This hormone prompts your liver to release stored sugar. The drug slows digestion, too.


Question: What is pramlintide (Symlin)?

Answer: What it is: It's a man-made version of a hormone called amylin, which your pancreas makes along with insulin when your blood sugar levels rise.


Question: What does dulaglutide (Trulicity) do?

Answer: What it does: Like other GLP-1 drugs, dulaglutide prompts your pancreas to release insulin, which moves glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells. It also limits how much of the hormone glucagon your body makes, since glucagon normally spurs your liver to release stored sugar. The drug slows digestion, too.


Question: Who can take albiglutide (Tanzeum)?

Answer: Who can take it: Adults who have type 2 diabetes and haven't had success with other treatment. If you're planning to get pregnant, talk with your doctor, since researchers haven't studied albiglutide in pregnant women.


Question: What are side effects of liraglutide (Victoza)?

Answer: Side effects: The most common ones include nausea, diarrhea, and headache. Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), which may be severe, is another side effect. All GLP-1 drugs, including liraglutide, have a boxed warning noting that in animal studies, this type of drug has been linked to thyroid cancer in some rats and mice. Experts don't know whether it has the same effect in people. It's possible to have an allergic reaction to liraglutide, or to get low blood sugar while you're taking it. If you get dehydrated from nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, that could lead to kidney failure.


Question: What is liraglutide (Victoza)?

Answer: It helps your body release more insulin. This helps move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells.


Question: What is albiglutide (Tanzeum)?

Answer: Other drugs include: What it is: It's a man-made version of a hormone called GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1). Your intestines normally release this substance when you eat. It helps control your blood sugar.


Question: What is dulaglutide (Trulicity)?

Answer: It helps your body release more insulin and move glucose from your bloodstream into your cells.


Question: Who can take liraglutide (Victoza)?

Answer: Who can take it: Adults who have type 2 diabetes but haven't had results with other treatment. You take it in combination with metformin or a sulfonylurea drug. If you're planning to get pregnant, talk with your doctor. Liraglutide hasn't been studied in pregnant women.


Question: What are the side effects of pramlintide (Symlin)?

Answer: Side effects: Nausea is the most common one. Starting this drug at a low dose and increasing it slowly can help fight the nausea. Other side effects include less appetite, vomiting, stomach pain, tiredness, dizziness, or indigestion. The drug can also cause low blood sugar if you don't adjust the amount of insulin you're taking.


Question: Who can take exenatide (Bydureon, Byetta)?

Answer: Who can take it: Adults with type 2 diabetes for whom other treatment hasn't worked. If you think you might get pregnant, talk to your doctor. Researchers haven't studied this drug in pregnant women.


Question: What does pramlintide (Symlin) do?

Answer: What it does: You take pramlintide with insulin before a meal. The two drugs work together to lower your blood sugar. Pramlintide also helps you digest food more slowly. This puts less sugar into your bloodstream. In addition to controlling your A1 C levels, pramlintide helps lessen your appetite, so you eat less.


Question: How does liraglutide (Victoza)  treat my diabetes?

Answer: What it does: Like the other GLP-1 drugs, liraglutide cues your pancreas to release insulin. This moves glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells. It also limits how much of the hormone glucagon your body makes. This substance prompts your liver to release stored sugar. The drug also slows digestion.


Question: How does pramlintide (Symlin) treat my diabetes?

Answer: What it does: You take pramlintide with insulin before a meal. The two drugs work together to lower your blood sugar. Pramlintide also helps you digest food more slowly. This puts less sugar into your bloodstream. In addition to controlling your A1 C levels, pramlintide helps lessen your appetite, so you eat less.


Question: Is exenatide (Bydureon, Byetta) medication for diabetes?

Answer: What it is: Exenatide was the first GLP-1 drug approved by the FDA. Byetta came first. You take it as a shot twice daily. Bydureon is the newer, extended-release version, which you inject once a week. You can't take both drugs.


Question: Can I take liraglutide (Victoza)  to treat my diabetes?

Answer: Who can take it: Adults who have type 2 diabetes but haven't had results with other treatment. You take it in combination with metformin or a sulfonylurea drug. If you're planning to get pregnant, talk with your doctor. Liraglutide hasn't been studied in pregnant women.


Question: Is pramlintide (Symlin) medication to treat my diabetes?

Answer: What it is: It's a man-made version of a hormone called amylin, which your pancreas makes along with insulin when your blood sugar levels rise.


Question: How does dulaglutide (Trulicity) treat my diabetes?

Answer: What it does: Like other GLP-1 drugs, dulaglutide prompts your pancreas to release insulin, which moves glucose out of your bloodstream and into your cells. It also limits how much of the hormone glucagon your body makes, since glucagon normally spurs your liver to release stored sugar. The drug slows digestion, too.


Question: What are the side effects of dulaglutide (Trulicity) when treating my diabetes?

Answer: Side effects: The most common ones include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, belly pain, and less appetite. All GLP-1 drugs, including dulaglutide, have a boxed warning noting that in animal studies, this type of drug has been linked to thyroid cancer in some rats and mice. Experts don't know whether it has the same effect in people.


Question: What are the side effects of liraglutide (Victoza) when treating my diabetes?

Answer: Side effects: The most common ones include nausea, diarrhea, and headache. Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), which may be severe, is another side effect. All GLP-1 drugs, including liraglutide, have a boxed warning noting that in animal studies, this type of drug has been linked to thyroid cancer in some rats and mice. Experts don't know whether it has the same effect in people. It's possible to have an allergic reaction to liraglutide, or to get low blood sugar while you're taking it. If you get dehydrated from nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, that could lead to kidney failure.


Question: What are the side effects of pramlintide (Symlin) when treating my diabetes?

Answer: Side effects: Nausea is the most common one. Starting this drug at a low dose and increasing it slowly can help fight the nausea. Other side effects include less appetite, vomiting, stomach pain, tiredness, dizziness, or indigestion. The drug can also cause low blood sugar if you don't adjust the amount of insulin you're taking.


Question: Who can take dulaglutide (Trulicity)?

Answer: You take it in combination with metformin or a sulfonylurea drug. Who can take it: Adults with type 2 diabetes who have not had success with other diabetes treatment. If you're planning to get pregnant, tell your doctor, since researchers haven't studied this drug in pregnant women.


Question: Who can take pramlintide (Symlin)?

Answer: Who can take it: It's approved for people with type 1 diabetes who are taking mealtime insulin. If you're planning to get pregnant, tell your doctor, since researchers haven't studied this drug in pregnant women.


Question: Can I take dulaglutide (Trulicity) to treat my diabetes?

Answer: You take it in combination with metformin or a sulfonylurea drug. Who can take it: Adults with type 2 diabetes who have not had success with other diabetes treatment. If you're planning to get pregnant, tell your doctor, since researchers haven't studied this drug in pregnant women.


Question: What is exenatide (Bydureon, Byetta)?

Answer: You take it as a shot twice daily. Bydureon is the newer, extended-release version, which you inject once a week. You can't take both drugs. What it is: This is another GLP-1 drug.


Question: What are the side effects of exenatide (Bydureon, Byetta) when treating my diabetes?

Answer: Side effects: The most common ones include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, feeling jittery, dizziness, headache, acid stomach, constipation, and weakness. These usually go away after the first month of treatment. Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), which may be severe, is another side effect. The FDA has also received reports of kidney failure in people taking this drug. All GLP-1 drugs, including both types of exenatide, have a boxed warning noting that in animal studies, this type of drug has been linked to thyroid cancer in some rats and mice. Experts don't know whether it has the same effect in people. It's possible to have an allergic reaction to liraglutide, or to get low blood sugar while you're taking it.


Question: Can I take pramlintide (Symlin) to treat my diabetes?

Answer: Who can take it: It's approved for people with type 1 diabetes who are taking mealtime insulin. If you're planning to get pregnant, tell your doctor, since researchers haven't studied this drug in pregnant women.


Question: Can I take exenatide (Bydureon, Byetta) to treat my diabetes?

Answer: Who can take it: Adults who have type 2 diabetes and haven't had success with other treatment. If you think you might get pregnant, talk to your doctor. Researchers haven't studied this drug in pregnant women.


Question: Are there too many rules in a diabetes diet?

Answer: You'll want to keep your blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible. Choose foods that work along with your activities and any medications you take. Will you need to make adjustments to what you eat? Probably. But your new way of eating may not require as many changes as you think.


Question: Are carbohydrates bad for diabetes?

Answer: Carbs are the foundation of a healthy diet whether you have diabetes or not. They do affect your blood sugar levels, which is why you'll need to keep up with how many you eat each day. Some carbs have vitamins, minerals, and fiber. So choose those ones, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Starchy, sugary carbs are not a great choice because they have less to offer. They're more like a flash in the pan than fuel your body can rely on.


Question: Do I have to stop using low- and no-calorie sweeteners if I have diabetes?

Answer: Most of these sweeteners are much sweeter than the same amount of sugar, so you can use less. Opinions about them are conflicting, but the American Diabetes Association approves of the use of: Saccharin ( Sweet' N Low, Sweet Twin, Sugar Twin) Aspartame ( Nutra Sweet, Equal) Acesulfame potassium ( Sunett, Sweet One) Sucralose ( Splenda) Stevia/ Rebaudioside A ( Sweet Leaf, Sun Crystals, Steviva, truvia, Pure Via) You can ask a dietitian which ones are best for which uses, whether you're drinking coffee, baking, or cooking.


Question: Can you adjust your diabetes drugs to cover what you eat?

Answer: If you use insulin for your diabetes, you may learn how to adjust the amount and type you take to match the amount of food you eat. But this doesn't mean you can eat as much as you want and then just use additional drugs to stabilize your blood sugar level. If you use other types of diabetes drugs, don't try to adjust your dose to match varying levels of carbohydrates in your meals unless your doctor tells you to. Most diabetes medications work best when you take them as directed. When in doubt, ask your doctor or pharmacist.


Question: Do you have to give up desserts if you have diabetes?

Answer: You could: Cut back. Instead of two scoops of ice cream, have one. Or share a dessert with a friend. Consider using low-calorie sweeteners. Keep in mind, there might be a few carbs in these. Expand your horizons. Instead of ice cream, pie, or cake, try fruit, a whole wheat oatmeal-raisin cookie, or yogurt. Tweak the recipe. For instance, you can often use less sugar than a recipe calls for without sacrificing taste or consistency.