Question: Which foods are high in zinc?

Answer: Foods high in zinc include oysters and other seafood, red meat, poultry, dairy products, beans, nuts, whole grains, and fortified cereals.


Question: Which fish are high in omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer: Foods high in zinc include oysters and other seafood, red meat, poultry, dairy products, beans, nuts, whole grains, and fortified cereals.


Question: How do zinc levels relate to ADHD in children?

Answer: Some studies suggest that children with ADHD may have lower levels of zinc in their body. And some scientists say kids with the disorder who took zinc supplements along with traditional ADHD treatment had an improvement in their symptoms.


Question: What are some natural or alternative treatments to ADHD?

Answer: Some ânaturalâ or alternative treatments might be unsafe, too. Certain ones can mix dangerously with prescription medicines. And don't assume that vitamins or supplements are safe just because they're billed as being ânatural.â Most don't have to be approved by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA). Talk to your doctor about any alternative treatment before taking it.


Question: Is there a prescription-strength omega-3 supplement available for people with ADHD?

Answer: Research shows that St. John's wort has no effect on the symptoms of the disorder.


Question: Do children with ADHD need iron supplements?

Answer: Some studies, though, suggest that children with ADHD might not have enough iron. One theory is that supplementing with iron may improve symptoms of the disorder, but that hasn't been proven. Check with your doctor before you give your child any supplement. Taking too much iron, for instance, can be toxic -- even deadly.


Question: Can dietary supplements affect ADHD symptoms?

Answer: Some people think ADHD symptoms happen or get worse because of a lack of something in their diets.


Question: Does St. John's wort help treat ADHD?

Answer: This common herbal supplement might affect brain chemicals. It's used to treat depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. But studies don't recommend using it to treat ADHD. Research shows that St. John's wort has no effect on the symptoms of the disorder.


Question: What kind of fish are high in omega-3s?

Answer: Foods high in zinc include oysters and other seafood, red meat, poultry, dairy products, beans, nuts, whole grains, and fortified cereals.


Question: Do dietary supplements or changes cause ADHD symptoms?

Answer: Some people think ADHD symptoms happen or get worse because of a lack of something in their diets. But the jury is still out on whether any dietary supplements can affect ADHD symptoms.


Question: What is a groin pull?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } A groin pull -- or groin strain -- results from putting too much stress on muscles in your groin and thigh. If these muscles are tensed too forcefully or too suddenly, they can get over-stretched or torn.


Question: How is a groin pull diagnosed?

Answer: Here are some symptoms of a groin pull: Pain and tenderness in the groin and the inside of the thigh Pain when you bring your legs together Pain when you raise your knee A popping or snapping feeling during the injury, followed by severe pain Groin pulls are often divided into three degrees of severity: 1st degree: Mild pain, but little loss of strength or movement 2nd degree: Moderate pain, mild to moderate strength loss and some tissue damage 3rd degree: Severe pain, severe loss of strength and function due to a complete tear of the muscle To diagnose a groin pull, your doctor will give you a thorough physical exam. Tests like X-rays and MRIs (magnetic resonance imaging) may be needed to rule out other problems.


Question: How are symptoms of groin pull divided?

Answer: Here are some symptoms of a groin pull: Pain and tenderness in the groin and the inside of the thigh Pain when you bring your legs together Pain when you raise your knee A popping or snapping feeling during the injury, followed by severe pain Groin pulls are often divided into three degrees of severity: 1st degree: Mild pain, but little loss of strength or movement 2nd degree: Moderate pain, mild to moderate strength loss and some tissue damage 3rd degree: Severe pain, severe loss of strength and function due to a complete tear of the muscle To diagnose a groin pull, your doctor will give you a thorough physical exam.


Question: What are the symptoms of kyphosis ?

Answer: Symptoms of lordosis may include: Appearing swayback, with the buttocks being more pronounced Having a large gap between the lower back and the floor when lying on your back on a hard surface that does not change when you bend forward Back pain and discomfort Problems moving certain ways Symptoms of kyphosis are usually visible in nature and include: Bending forward of the head compared to the rest of the body Hump or curve to the upper back Fatigue in back or legs Postural kyphosis does not typically cause back pain; however, physical activity and long periods of standing and sitting can cause discomfort for people with Scheuermann's kyphosis.


Question: What types of surgery are used to treat spine curvature disorders?

Answer: The following procedures may be used to treat spine curvature disorders: Spinal instrumentation. Instruments such as hooks, rods, and wire are attached to the spine to realign the bones of the spine and keep them secure following spinal fusion. Artificial disc replacement. Degenerated discs in the spine are replaced with artificial devices. Kyphoplasty. A balloon is inserted inside the spine to straighten and stabilize the affected area and relieve pain.


Question: What should I know about spine curvature disorder?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } The spine, or backbone, is made up of small bones (vertebrae) stacked -- along with discs -- one on top of another. A healthy spine when viewed from the side has gentle curves to it. The curves help the spine absorb stress from body movement and gravity. When viewed from the back, the spine should run straight down the middle of the back. When abnormalities of the spine occur, the natural curvatures of the spine are misaligned or exaggerated in certain areas, as occurs with lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis.


Question: What conditions can cause lordosis?

Answer: A condition in which a vertebrae, usually in the lower back, slips forward Osteoporosis, a condition in which vertebrae become fragile and can be easily broken (compression fractures) Obesity, or being extremely overweight Kyphosis.


Question: What conditions can cause kyphosis?

Answer: Inflammation of the disc space between the bones of the spine most often caused by infection Benign (harmless) juvenile lordosis The following conditions can cause kyphosis: Abnormal vertebrae development in utero (congenital kyphosis) Poor posture or slouching (postural kyphosis) Scheuermann's disease, a condition that causes vertebrae to be misshaped ( Scheuermann's kyphosis) Arthritis Osteoporosis Spina bifida, a birth defect in which the spinal column of the fetus does not close completely during development inside the womb Spine infections Spine tumors Doctors do not know what causes the most common type of scoliosis seen in adolescents.


Question: How is kyphosis treated?

Answer: Treatment for lordosis may include: Medication to relieve pain and swelling Exercise and physical therapy to increase muscle strength and flexibility Wearing a back brace Weight loss Surgery Treatment for kyphosis may include: Exercise and anti-inflammatory medication to ease pain or discomfort Wearing a back brace Surgery to correct severe spine curvature and congenital kyphosis Exercises and physical therapy to increase muscle strength Treatment for scoliosis may include: Observation.


Question: How is lordosis treated?

Answer: Treatment for lordosis may include: Medication to relieve pain and swelling Exercise and physical therapy to increase muscle strength and flexibility Wearing a back brace Weight loss Surgery Treatment for kyphosis may include: Exercise and anti-inflammatory medication to ease pain or discomfort Wearing a back brace Surgery to correct severe spine curvature and congenital kyphosis Exercises and physical therapy to increase muscle strength Treatment for scoliosis may include: Observation.


Question: How do I know if I have a spine curvature disorder?

Answer: Your doctor can diagnose a spine curvature disorder by taking a medical and family history, examining the curve of your spine during a physical examination, and using imaging tests, like X-rays, to look more closely at the spine. X-rays can show if there are any abnormalities to the bones of the spine and can also measure how much curve is present. If you or a loved one's back appears to have an abnormal curve to it, beyond just poor posture, see your doctor so that you can be evaluated and treated.


Question: What are the symptoms of lordosis?

Answer: Symptoms of lordosis may include: Appearing swayback, with the buttocks being more pronounced Having a large gap between the lower back and the floor when lying on your back on a hard surface that does not change when you bend forward Back pain and discomfort Problems moving certain ways Symptoms of kyphosis are usually visible in nature and include: Bending forward of the head compared to the rest of the body Hump or curve to the upper back Fatigue in back or legs Postural kyphosis does not typically cause back pain; however, physical activity and long periods of standing and sitting can cause discomfort for people with Scheuermann's kyphosis.


Question: How are spine curvature disorders treated?

Answer: Symptoms of scoliosis may include having: Uneven shoulder blades with one being higher than the other An uneven waist or hip Leaning toward one side In general, treatment is determined based on the severity and type of spinal curvature disorder you have. Mild spinal curvature, as occurs with postural kyphosis, may not be treated at all. More severe spinal curvature may require the use of a back brace or surgery.


Question: What are the symptoms of scoliosis?

Answer: Symptoms of scoliosis may include having: Uneven shoulder blades with one being higher than the other An uneven waist or hip Leaning toward one side In general, treatment is determined based on the severity and type of spinal curvature disorder you have.


Question: What causes scoliosis?

Answer: Inflammation of the disc space between the bones of the spine most often caused by infection Benign (harmless) juvenile lordosis The following conditions can cause kyphosis: Abnormal vertebrae development in utero (congenital kyphosis) Poor posture or slouching (postural kyphosis) Scheuermann's disease, a condition that causes vertebrae to be misshaped ( Scheuermann's kyphosis) Arthritis Osteoporosis Spina bifida, a birth defect in which the spinal column of the fetus does not close completely during development inside the womb Spine infections Spine tumors Doctors do not know what causes the most common type of scoliosis seen in adolescents. However, doctors do know that scoliosis tends to run in families. A disease, injury, infection, or birth defect also may be to blame.


Question: How is osteoarthritis of the spine diagnosed?

Answer: The doctor will take a medical history and perform a physical exam to see if the person has pain, tenderness, loss of motion involving the neck or lower back, or if symptoms are suggestive, signs of nerve involvement such as weakness, reflex changes, or loss of sensation. The doctor may order certain tests to aid in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the spine. These tests include: X-rays to look for bone damage, bone spurs, and loss of cartilage or disc; however, X-rays are not able to show early damage to cartilage. Blood tests to exclude other diseases Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) to show possible damage to discs or narrowing of areas where spinal nerves exit In most cases, treatment of spinal osteoarthritis is geared toward relieving the symptoms of pain and increasing a person's ability to function.


Question: What are non-drug treatments for osteoarthritis?

Answer: transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS) using a small device that emits electrical pulses onto the affected area nutritional supplements Pain medications may also be used to treat osteoarthritis.


Question: What is necessary in treatment plans for osteoarthritis?

Answer: Including rest periods in the overall treatment plan is necessary. But bed rest, splints, bracing, or traction for long periods of time is not recommended.


Question: Who gets osteoarthritis of the spine?

Answer: In general, osteoarthritis happens as people get older. Younger people may get it from one of several different causes: injury or trauma to a jointa genetic defect involving cartilage For people younger than age 45, osteoarthritis is more common among men. After age 45, osteoarthritis is more common among women. Osteoarthritis occurs more often among people who are overweight. It also occurs more frequently in those who have jobs or do sports that put repetitive stress on certain joints.


Question: What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis of the spine?

Answer: Osteoarthritis of the spine may cause stiffness or pain in the neck or back. It may also cause weakness or numbness in the legs or arms if it is severe enough to affect spinal nerves or the spinal cord itself. Usually, the back discomfort is relieved when the person is lying down. Some people experience little interference with the activities of their lives. Others become more severely disabled. In addition to the physical effects, a person with osteoarthritis might also experience social and emotional problems. For instance, a person with osteoarthritis that hinders daily activities and job performance might feel depressed or helpless.


Question: When is surgery used to treat osteoarthritis?

Answer: Most cases of spinal osteoarthritis can be treated without surgery, but surgery is sometimes performed.


Question: How is osteoarthritis of the spine treated?

Answer: Blood tests to exclude other diseases Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) to show possible damage to discs or narrowing of areas where spinal nerves exit In most cases, treatment of spinal osteoarthritis is geared toward relieving the symptoms of pain and increasing a person's ability to function. The goal is to have a healthy lifestyle. Initial treatment may include losing weight if needed and then, for everyone, maintaining a healthy weight. It may also include exercise. Besides helping with weight management, exercise can also help: increase flexibility improve attitude and mood strengthen the heart improve blood flow make it easier to do daily tasks Some of the exercises associated with osteoarthritis treatment include swimming, walking, and water aerobics.


Question: What exercises are associated with osteoarthritis treatment?

Answer: Besides helping with weight management, exercise can also help: increase flexibility improve attitude and mood strengthen the heart improve blood flow make it easier to do daily tasks Some of the exercises associated with osteoarthritis treatment include swimming, walking, and water aerobics. Exercise may be broken down into the following categories: Strengthening exercises. These exercises seek to make muscles that support the joints stronger. They work through resistance with the use of weights or rubber bands. Aerobic exercises. These are exercises that make the heart and circulatory system stronger. Range-of-motion exercises. These exercises increase the body's flexibility.


Question: How can calcium help rebuild your bone after a fracture?

Answer: This mineral also helps you build strong bones, so foods and drinks rich in it can help your bone fracture heal. Adults should get between 1,000 and 1,200 milligrams of calcium each day. Your doctor will tell if you need a calcium supplement, and what amount you should take if you do. Good sources: Milk, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, broccoli, turnip or collard greens, kale, bok choy, soy, beans, canned tuna or salmon with bones, almond milk, and fortified cereals or juice.


Question: How can vitamin C help rebuild your bone after a fracture?

Answer: Collagen is a protein that's an important building block for bone. Vitamin C helps your body make collagen, which helps your bone fracture heal. You can get it from many tasty, fresh fruits and veggies. Aged or heated produce can lose some of its vitamin C, so go for fresh or frozen. Good sources: Citrus fruits like oranges, kiwi fruit, berries, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, and green vegetables.


Question: How can protein help rebuild your bone after a fracture?

Answer: About half your bone's structure is made of this. When you have a fracture, your body needs it to build new bone for the repair. It also helps your body take in and use calcium, another key nutrient for healthy bones. Good sources: Meat, fish, milk, cheese, cottage cheese, yogurt, nuts, seeds, beans, soy products, and fortified cereals.


Question: How can vitamin D help rebuild your bone after a fracture?

Answer: It helps your blood take in and use calcium and build up the minerals in your bones. You get some vitamin D when sunlight hits your skin, so it can be a good idea to spend a short amount of time outdoors each day -- 15 minutes may be enough for a fair-skinned person. Vitamin D is found naturally in only a few foods like egg yolks and fatty fish, but manufacturers add it to other foods, like milk or orange juice. Adults should get at least 600 IU of vitamin D every day, and if you're over 70 you should get at least 800 IU. Good sources: Swordfish, salmon, cod liver oil, sardines, liver, fortified milk or yogurt, egg yolks, and fortified orange juice.


Question: When should you see your doctor about vomiting and nausea?

Answer: Pain in the middle or lower right side of the abdomen Headache or stiff neck and light hurts the eyes Vomiting blood or black, tarry stools Confusion or lethargy Get medical care if the person has any of the following symptoms: Can't keep down liquids or foods for more than 24 hours Fever with abdominal pain Signs of dehydration (dizziness; decreased, dark urination; fatigue) Unable to take medication the person normally takes Nausea or vomiting is due to surgery, anticancer drugs, motion sickness, pregnancy, or vertigo.


Question: What are self care options for nausea?

Answer: Have the person drink small amounts of water, sports drinks, or clear liquids. If the person can keep it down, give the person light, bland foods like bread and crackers.


Question: When should you call 911 about vomiting and nausea?

Answer: Pain in the middle or lower right side of the abdomen Headache or stiff neck and light hurts the eyes Vomiting blood or black, tarry stools Confusion or lethargy Get medical care if the person has any of the following symptoms: Can't keep down liquids or foods for more than 24 hours Fever with abdominal pain Signs of dehydration (dizziness; decreased, dark urination; fatigue) Unable to take medication the person normally takes Nausea or vomiting is due to surgery, anticancer drugs, motion sickness, pregnancy, or vertigo.


Question: How is cytomegalovirus (CMV) treated?

Answer: Over half of adults in the U. S. have had it in their body by the time they turn 40. It's not a problem for most people because a healthy immune system can easily control it. But it can make people with weakened immune symptoms, like someone with advanced HIV, very sick.


Question: How does cytomegalovirus (CMV) spread?

Answer: You probably won't catch CMV from casual contact, but it's possible to get it by touching your eyes, nose, or mouth after contact with an infected person's: Saliva Semen Vaginal fluids Blood Urine Breast milk You can also get cytomegalovirus through: Sexual contact Blood transfusions Organ transplants An infant can get it before birth, which usually happens when a woman gets CMV while pregnant, or through breastfeeding.


Question: How does cytomegalovirus CMV affect people with HIV?

Answer: If you have symptoms, they're mild and similar to other illnesses: Fatigue Swollen glands Fever In persons with advanced HIV, CMV can move around your body if it's not treated. You could have: Blind spots or moving black spots, called "floaters," in your eyesight Blurred vision Blindness Diarrhea Belly pain Painful or difficult swallowing Pain, weakness, or numbness at the base of your spine that makes walking a struggle In rare cases, CMV can also cause: Changes to your personality Headaches Trouble concentrating Shortness of breath Dry cough If you're HIV-positive, your chance of becoming sick with CMV is greatest when your CD4 count is below 100.


Question: What does congestive heart failure do to your body?

Answer: Congestive heart failure can cause: Shortness of breath: This happens when fluid collects in your lungs. It's also called pulmonary edema. It may be worse when you're lying down or when you're active. If you're having a hard time breathing, call your doctor or 911 right away. Coughing: Like shortness of breath, this is usually caused by extra fluid in your lungs. Tiredness: With heart failure, your body doesn't pump out enough blood to keep your cells healthy. That can make you tired. You might find it hard to do everyday things like climb stairs. Swelling (also called edema): This happens when there's too much fluid in your tissues. Your legs and ankles are the most likely places to swell. But other areas of your body, like your arms or belly, can also swell. Weight gain: This is caused by extra fluid that doesn't get flushed from your body the way it should. A need to pee more often.


Question: What are complications of torticollis?

Answer: Without treatment, your baby might get complications, including: Less control of his head Limited reach on the affected side and less tracking with the eyes Delays in sitting and walking A problem feeding Poor balance Crooked crawling Rolling onto one side only Try to get your baby to stretch those neck muscles.


Question: How long is treatment needed for torticollis?

Answer: Once torticollis is diagnosed and stretching exercises start, most babies improve within 6 months. Two things can speed recovery: an early diagnosis and sticking to the treatment plan. Very rarely, children with torticollis will need surgery to lengthen the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Doctors will usually wait until your child is a preschooler to consider this option.


Question: What medical problems are linked with torticollis?

Answer: Most babies with torticollis don't have other medical problems. But it is sometimes linked to infections, broken bones, allergic reactions to medicines, or genetic conditions such as Down syndrome or Klippel- Feil syndrome (a rare bone disorder of the neck).


Question: What are the symptoms of cirrhosis from fatty liver disease?

Answer: Your doctor weighs you and checks your body for signs of liver problems such as an enlarged liver or jaundice.


Question: What are the two main types of fatty liver disease?

Answer: There are two different types of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Simple fatty liver: This means you have fat in your liver, but you may not have any inflammation in your liver or damage to your liver cells.


Question: What is a sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer?

Answer: This method helps ensure that only the lymph nodes most likely to have cancer are removed. It pinpoints the first lymph node a tumor drains into (called the sentinel node). To locate it, a radioactive tracer, a blue dye, or both, are injected into the area around the tumor. The tracer travels the same path that the cancer cells would take, making it possible for the surgeon to determine the one or two nodes most likely to have cancer. Cells or tissues that are removed using any of the methods described above are given to a pathologist, a doctor who specializes in diagnosing suspicious tissue changes.


Question: What is a fine-needle aspiration?

Answer: A small needle is used to take a sample of cells from the area in question. If the lump is a cyst (a fluid-filled sac), the procedure may cause it to collapse. This fluid will be looked at under a microscope for any signs of cancer. If the lump is solid, cells can be smeared onto slides for examination.


Question: Which breast biopsy procedure do you need?

Answer: The method your doctor recommends will depend on: The size of the breast lump or suspicious area Where it's located If there's more than one abnormal area If you have other medical problems Your personal preferences Fine-needle aspiration.


Question: How do I care for myself after a breast biopsy?

Answer: Small strips of tape, or possibly stitches, will remain over the incision site. Don't try to remove these yourself. They'll either be removed at a follow-up appointment or will fall off by themselves. You may be asked to apply medicine or ice to the biopsy area or change the bandages at home. Your doctor will give you advice on showering, bathing, and wound care. You'll get a prescription for pain relief if you need it, but you might be OK with an over-the-counter pain reliever. To lower the risk of bleeding, don't take aspirin or products containing aspirin for the first 3 days after the procedure, unless a doctor tells you to. The area of the biopsy might be black and blue for a few days afterward, too.


Question: What is an open excisional biopsy for breast cancer?

Answer: This is surgery to remove an entire lump. The tissue is then studied under a microscope. If a section of normal breast tissue is taken all the way around a lump (called a lumpectomy), the biopsy is also considered a breast cancer treatment. In this technique, a wire is put through a needle into the area to be biopsied. An X-ray helps make sure it's in the right place, and a small hook at the end of the wire keeps it in position. The surgeon uses this wire as a guide to locate the suspicious tissue.


Question: What information can help a doctor diagnose depression?

Answer: This key information can help the doctor make an accurate diagnosis and ensure effective treatment. Before your visit, consider and record the following: Your mental and physical health concerns Symptoms you've noticed Unusual behaviors you've had Past illnesses Your family history of depression Medications you are taking now and in the past, including both prescribed and over-the-counter medications Unusual side effects of medications you are taking or have taken Natural dietary supplements you are taking Your lifestyle habits (exercise, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use) Your sleep habits Causes of stress in your life (marriage, work, social) Questions you have about depression and depression medications


Question: What are the symptoms that lead to the diagnosis of depression?

Answer: Your doctor will ask questions about the way you feel, including whether you have any symptoms of depression such as the following: Sadness or depressed mood most of the day or almost every day Loss of enjoyment in things that were once pleasurable Major change in weight (gain or loss of more than 5% of weight within a month) or appetite Insomnia or excessive sleep almost every day Physical restlessness or sense of being rundown that is noticeable by others Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day Feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness or excessive guilt almost every day Problems with concentration or making decisions almost every day Recurring thoughts of death or suicide, suicide plan, or suicide attempt To be diagnosed with major depression, you must have at least five of the symptoms listed above with at least one of the first two nearly daily for at least two weeks.


Question: What can I expect right before and during my surgical ablation?

Answer: At the hospital, your nurse may test your blood or urine, or perform a chest X-ray to make sure you don't have any infections or problems that may hurt your surgery's success. You may be given a drug to help you relax before the surgery. Electrocardiogram ( EKG) electrodes will be attached to your chest and back to keep track of your heartbeat. You will receive anesthesia to put you to sleep during the surgery. After you are put to sleep, your doctor will connect you to a respirator that has a tube that goes down your throat. This will help you breathe during the operation. You may have a tube inserted into your throat to help collect fluid or air in your stomach during the operation. You may also have a catheter inserted in your bladder to collect urine during the operation. Your surgeon will cut into your chest during your operation, and he or she will insert instruments to make the small interior cuts or make lesions on your heart tissue. Depending on the type of maze procedure you have, your surgeon may use tiny video cameras or robotic arms to help perform the operation.


Question: What happens after my surgical ablation?

Answer: After, you may need to stay up to 5 days in a regular hospital room. There the staff will monitor your heartbeat and recovery. After surgery, you may take diuretic drugs. They help control fluid in your body after the surgery. You may also take blood thinners or aspirin to prevent clots. Open-heart surgery will take the longest to recover from. It can take many weeks to heal. If you have a minimally invasive surgical ablation, you may have a quicker recovery than with open-heart surgery. You should be able to leave the hospital in 2 to 4 days. You can go back to normal activity after a few weeks. For about a month after whichever surgery you have, don't take very hot showers. Avoid soaking in a bath or whirlpool tub. Your surgical wounds may itch or feel numb or tight. You may have chest discomfort for a few weeks as your body heals. If you notice signs of infection around your wounds, such as redness, fever, swelling, or heat, call your doctor. It may take a few months for your heartbeat to be normal again after your surgical ablation. Your doctor will monitor your heartbeat to check how you're doing.


Question: What happens during surgical ablation?

Answer: Once inside she will go into your heart and make small cuts in the tissue. Scars will form. They make a path for electricity in your heart to follow. Your heartbeat will become normal in time.


Question: How should I prepare for my surgical ablation?

Answer: Don't smoke for at least 2 weeks before your heart surgery. It may cause problems with your breathing or blood clotting during or after your procedure. The night before your surgery, bathe or shower. Don't eat after midnight the day before your surgery. Food or drinks in your stomach may cause you to have problems with your anesthesia. It can cause you to vomit and breathe it in.


Question: What symptoms are caused by ketoacidosis associated with brittle diabetes?

Answer: It can cause: Breath that smells fruity Nausea and vomiting Shortness of breath Weakness Confusion Abdominal pain Coma Brittle diabetes isn't common.


Question: What are symptoms of low blood sugar if you have brittle diabetes?

Answer: Depending on which way your blood glucose level in swinging, your symptoms can be different. They're "very low" at below 70 mg/dl. Symptoms can include: Feeling shaky Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills Irritability Confusion Fast heart rate Dizziness Nausea Blurred vision Weakness Headache Seizures Unconsciousness When your blood sugar shoots up above 200 mg/dl, your symptoms will likely include: Frequent urination Extreme thirst Blurred vision Fatigue Headache If you don't treat high blood sugar, it can turn into a more serious condition called ketoacidosis.


Question: What are symptoms of high blood sugar if you have brittle diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms can include: Feeling shaky Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills Irritability Confusion Fast heart rate Dizziness Nausea Blurred vision Weakness Headache Seizures Unconsciousness When your blood sugar shoots up above 200 mg/dl, your symptoms will likely include: Frequent urination Extreme thirst Blurred vision Fatigue Headache If you don't treat high blood sugar, it can turn into a more serious condition called ketoacidosis.


Question: What can you do if your brittle diabetes keeps you from doing the work you did before?

Answer: If your brittle diabetes keeps you from doing work you did before, you may be able to claim Social Security Disability benefits. Check with your local Social Security Administration office for more information.


Question: Who is more likely to get brittle diabetes?

Answer: It can cause: Breath that smells fruity Nausea and vomiting Shortness of breath Weakness Confusion Abdominal pain Coma Brittle diabetes isn't common. About 3 out of every 1,000 people who take insulin for diabetes will get it. People of all ages can have brittle diabetes. Women get it a bit more often than men. If you often have bouts of low blood sugar, you may be raising your odds, as well. The more often you're hypoglycemic, the less you may recognize it. That can make each episode worse and lead to brittle diabetes.


Question: How can an insulin pump help with treating brittle diabetes?

Answer: You may get: An insulin pump: A small machine that stays connected to you throughout the day to give you steady adjustments in insulin.


Question: What will happen if you don't treat high blood sugar associated with brittle diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms can include: Feeling shaky Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills Irritability Confusion Fast heart rate Dizziness Nausea Blurred vision Weakness Headache Seizures Unconsciousness When your blood sugar shoots up above 200 mg/dl, your symptoms will likely include: Frequent urination Extreme thirst Blurred vision Fatigue Headache If you don't treat high blood sugar, it can turn into a more serious condition called ketoacidosis. That's when toxins called ketones build up in your blood and urine.


Question: What can patients do if drugs cannot keep Crohn's disease under control?

Answer: Sometimes, drugs cannot keep Crohn's disease under control. In those cases, surgery to remove a part of the bowel is sometimes needed. The disease, though, often returns to the area near where the inflamed part was removed.


Question: What are biologics and how are they used?

Answer: They are called biologics because the drugs are formulated from proteins found in the human body's immune system. The proteins are genetically modified and processed to be used as treatment. Biologics, which are given as an injection or IV infusion, are designed to interfere with the inflammatory processes that are the hallmark of Crohn's disease.


Question: What are the symptoms of Crohnâs disease in children and teens?

Answer: The bowel tissue may: Swell, thicken, or form a stricture (scar tissue), leading to an obstruction (blockage) of the passageway inside the bowel Develop ulcers in the deep layers of the bowel wall Lose its ability to absorb nutrients from digested foods (malabsorption), especially in the ileum where vitamin B12 and bile acids are absorbed Develop abnormal passageways (fistulas) from one part of the bowel to another or from the bowel to nearby tissues The symptoms of Crohn's disease depend on where the disease occurs in the bowel. They also depend on its severity. In general, symptoms can include: Chronic diarrhea with or without blood in the stool Rectal bleeding Weight loss Fever Abdominal tenderness Feeling of mass or fullness in the lower right abdomen Fatigue Children and teens with Crohn's disease have periods of severe symptoms followed by periods of no symptoms.


Question: What is important in managing Crohn's?

Answer: A healthy lifestyle is important in managing Crohn's. Children and teens should exercise regularly and eat a healthy diet. People with this disease usually are able to lead a healthy and active life. Most children with Crohn's are able to attend school and participate in sports and daily activities if the disease is treated and managed properly.


Question: What other symptoms can develop with Crohn's?

Answer: Other symptoms can develop, depending on complications related to the disease. For instance, a person with a fistula -- abnormal passageway -- in the rectal area may have pain and discharge around the rectum. Other complications from Crohn's disease include: Arthritis Gallstones Kidney stones Inflammation (swelling) of the eyes and mouth Liver disease Skin rashes or ulcers Anemia The cause of Crohn's disease is not known.


Question: What should patients do if they have nutritional deficiencies?

Answer: People who have a relative with Crohn's disease are more likely to develop the disease themselves.


Question: How long do Crohn's symptoms last?

Answer: In general, symptoms can include: Chronic diarrhea with or without blood in the stool Rectal bleeding Weight loss Fever Abdominal tenderness Feeling of mass or fullness in the lower right abdomen Fatigue Children and teens with Crohn's disease have periods of severe symptoms followed by periods of no symptoms. The period with no symptoms is called remission, and it can last for weeks or years. Anti-inflammatory medications or dietary changes may lead to remission, but there is no way to know when a remission will occur or when symptoms will return.


Question: Do you need treatment for breast cancer?

Answer: Depending on which of the two forms of type 0 breast cancer you have, you may not need treatment. If you do, it's usually very successful.


Question: How is rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia diagnosed?

Answer: There's no one test for fibromyalgia. Doctors make that diagnosis if you have widespread pain that's not from another medical condition for more than 3 months. Because its symptoms overlap with other conditions, it's often hard to spot. On average, it takes 5 years to diagnose fibromyalgia. Many fibromyalgia symptoms are like those of RA. But there are some key differences: RA causes inflammation in the joints. The pain can come and go. With fibromyalgia, the ache is constant, and it happens all over your body. You feel dull pain that lasts at least 3 months. With fibromyalgia, you often feel tenderness when someone touches you.


Question: What drugs can help to treat fibromyalgia?

Answer: If you have fibromyalgia, some drugs can ease the pain and help you sleep better: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen and naproxen ( Aleve). Antidepressants. These medications can ease aches and fatigue. They can also help you get a better night's rest. Anti-seizure medicines. Drugs that treat epilepsy can give you relief by making you less sensitive to pain.


Question: How are rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and fibromyalgia diagnosed?

Answer: Doctors make that diagnosis if you have widespread pain that's not from another medical condition for more than 3 months. Because its symptoms overlap with other conditions, it's often hard to spot.


Question: What are common risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and fibromyalgia?

Answer: Your lifestyle, weight, and stress level may all raise your chances for both conditions.


Question: How effective are treatments for Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: These include: 6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol, Purixan) adalimumab ( Humira) adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) cyclosporine golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) infliximab ( Remicade) infliximab-abda ( Renflexis),a biosimilar to Remicade infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) natalizumab ( Tysabri) tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) ustekinumab ( Stelara) vedolizumab ( Entyvio) With the treatments for mild symptoms, almost all -- 90% -- of ulcerative colitis cases go into remission. If your UC is ârefractory,â you may need continuous treatment with steroids. With Crohn's disease, complete remission is less common. Some people eventually need surgery. That includes up to 45% people with ulcerative colitis and three quarters of people with Crohn's. You and your doctor might talk about an operation if you have severe symptoms that aren't helped by medications, if you get a blockage in your digestive tract, or if you get a tear or hole in the side of the intestine.


Question: Who is more likely to get Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are most often diagnosed in teenagers and young adults -- although they can happen at any age -- and tend to run in families.


Question: What blood tests are used for Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Scientists are working to make several blood tests better at helping to diagnose ulcerative colitis and Crohn's. They check on levels of certain antibodies found in the blood. Two of these are: âp ANCAâ (perinuclear anti-neutrophil antibodies) â ASCAâ (anti- Saccharomyces Cerevisiae antibody) Most often, people with ulcerative colitis have the p ANCA antibody in their blood, and those with Crohn's disease have ASCA in theirs.


Question: What should you do if you have Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: If you have either condition, you'll need to keep up with your checkups, even if your symptoms start to ease up. You may also need to get colonoscopies more often and start them at a younger age. A colonoscopy can check for cancer or polyps that need to come out. Experts recommend that you start these tests within 8 to 10 years of developing UC or Crohn's symptoms, and then typically every 1 to 3 years after that. Your doctor will tell you a schedule that is best for you.


Question: What are blood test findings in Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Sometimes, even after all these tests, doctors might not be able to tell which of the two conditions you have. That's true for 1 in 10 people with IBD. They show signs of both diseases. So they get a diagnosis of âindeterminate colitis,â because it's not clear which ailment it is.


Question: How can specific types of endoscopy help to diagnose Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Specific types of endoscopy can: Examine lower part of your large intestines. Your doctor will call this test "sigmoidoscopy." Look at your entire large intestine. This is a colonoscopy. Check the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This is an EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy). Additional testing to look at your small intestine using a pill-sized camera. This is often called pill, or capsule, endoscopy. See the bile ducts in the liver and the pancreatic duct. This test is called ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography).


Question: Where does the inflammation occur in Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: People with Crohn's disease often have healthy areas in between inflamed spots. But with ulcerative colitis, there are no healthy areas in between inflamed spots.


Question: What drugs are used to treat Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: For severe disease, you may need drugs that work on the immune system. These include: 6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol, Purixan) adalimumab ( Humira) adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) cyclosporine golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) infliximab ( Remicade) infliximab-abda ( Renflexis),a biosimilar to Remicade infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) natalizumab ( Tysabri) tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) ustekinumab ( Stelara) vedolizumab ( Entyvio) With the treatments for mild symptoms, almost all -- 90% -- of ulcerative colitis cases go into remission.


Question: How are yeast infections treated?

Answer: Yeast infection treatment depends on the specific kind of infection that is being treated. Skin yeast infections are highly treatable with medicated creams. Medicated suppositories may be used to treat yeast infections in the vagina. Thrush may be treated with a medicated mouthwash or lozenges that dissolve in the mouth. Severe infections or infections in someone with a compromised immune system may be treated with oral anti-yeast medications.


Question: How is athlete's foot treated?

Answer: Athlete's foot is treated with topical antifungal medication (a drug placed directly on the skin) in most cases. Severe cases may require oral drugs (those taken by mouth). The feet must be kept clean and dry since the fungus thrives in moist environments.


Question: How is jock itch treated?

Answer: In most cases, treatment of jock itch involves keeping the affected area clean and dry and applying topical antifungal medications. Jock itch usually responds to over-the-counter antifungal creams and sprays. However, prescription antifungal creams are sometimes necessary. During treatment of jock itch, be sure to: Wash and dry the affected area with a clean towel Apply the antifungal cream, powder, or spray as directed Change clothes -- especially underwear -- everyday Ringworm, also called tinea corporis, is not a worm, but a fungal infection of the skin.


Question: How is jock itch diagnosed?

Answer: Symptoms of jock itch include: Itching, chafing, or burning in the groin or thigh A circular, red, raised rash with elevated edges Redness in the groin or thigh Flaking, peeling, or cracking skin In most cases, jock itch can be diagnosed based on the appearance and location of the rash. If you are not certain that the condition is jock itch, contact your doctor. The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and will perform a physical exam. A microscopic exam of the scales of skin can confirm the diagnosis.


Question: How is ringworm treated?

Answer: Treatment for ringworm usually consists of antifungal medications that are applied to the skin. Many ringworm infections respond well to over-the-counter creams, including: Lamisil Micatin, Monistat- Derm Lotrimin, Mycelex Prescription topical or oral drugs can be prescribed for more severe cases of ringworm.


Question: What are the symptoms of a yeast infection?

Answer: Signs of yeast infection in skin folds include: Rash Patches that ooze clear fluid Pimple-like bumps Itching or burning Signs of yeast infection in the nail beds include: Swelling Pain Pus White or yellow nail that separates from the nail bed Signs of thrush (yeast infection of the mouth) include: White patches on tongue and inside of the cheeks Pain Signs of vaginal yeast infection include: White or yellow discharge from the vagina Itching Redness in the external area of the vagina Burning In diagnosing a yeast infection, your doctor will need to take a medical history and do a physical exam.


Question: What causes athlete's foot?

Answer: Athlete's foot is caused by a microscopic fungus that lives on dead tissue of the hair, toenails, and outer skin layers. There are at least four kinds of fungus that can cause athlete's foot. The most common of these fungi is trichophyton rubrum.


Question: What are the symptoms of jock itch?

Answer: Symptoms of jock itch include: Itching, chafing, or burning in the groin or thigh A circular, red, raised rash with elevated edges Redness in the groin or thigh Flaking, peeling, or cracking skin In most cases, jock itch can be diagnosed based on the appearance and location of the rash.


Question: What are the different types of fungal infections of the skin?

Answer: Yeast infections are not contagious.


Question: How is athlete's foot diagnosed?

Answer: Not all itchy, scaly feet have athlete's foot. If the infection doesn't respond to standard treatment for athlete's foot, your doctor may scrape the skin and examine the scales under a microscope to see if you have a different condition.


Question: Is ringworm contagious?

Answer: Ringworm can spread by direct contact with infected people or animals. It also may be spread on clothing or furniture. Heat and humidity may help to spread the infection.


Question: What are the different types of athlete's foot?

Answer: However, common symptoms include: Peeling, cracking, and scaling of the feet Redness, blisters, or softening and breaking down of the skin Itching, burning, or both Interdigital: Also called toe web infection, this is the most common kind of athlete's foot. It usually occurs between the two smallest toes. This form of athlete's foot can cause itching, burning, and scaling and the infection can spread to the sole of the foot. Moccasin: A moccasin-type infection of athlete's foot can begin with a minor irritation, dryness, itching, or scaly skin. As it develops, the skin may thicken and crack. This infection can involve the entire sole of the foot and extend onto the sides of the foot. Vesicular: This is the least common kind of athlete's foot. The condition usually begins with a sudden outbreak of fluid-filled blisters under the skin. Most often, the blisters develop on the underside of the foot. However, they also can appear between the toes, on the heel, or on the top of the foot.


Question: What is jock itch?

Answer: Jock itch, also called tinea cruris, is a common skin infection that is caused by a type of fungus called tinea. The fungus thrives in warm, moist areas of the body and as a result, infection can affect the genitals, inner thighs, and buttocks. Infections occur more frequently in the summer or in warm, wet climates. Jock itch appears as a red, itchy rash that is often ring-shaped.


Question: How is ringworm diagnosed?

Answer: A doctor can diagnose ringworm based on the appearance of the rash or reported symptoms. He or she will ask about possible exposure to people or animals with ringworm. The doctor may take skin scrapings or samples from the infected area and look at them under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis.


Question: What other treatments are available for men with diabetes and erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Additional treatments men with diabetes might want to consider include intracavernous injection therapy, vacuum erection (not constriction) devices, venous constriction devices (for venous leak syndrome), intraurethral therapy, penile prostheses (inflatable and malleable), and sex therapy.


Question: What treatments are available for men with diabetes and erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Men with diabetes having trouble with achieving and/or maintaining an erection can take oral medications like sildenafil ( Revatio, Viagra), tadalafil ( Adcirca, Cialis), avanafil ( Stendra), or vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn). However, because people with diabetes also tend to have problems with their heart, these medications may not be appropriate and could cause dangerous interactions with some heart medicines. Talk to your doctor to determine what treatment is best. Additional treatments men with diabetes might want to consider include intracavernous injection therapy, vacuum erection (not constriction) devices, venous constriction devices (for venous leak syndrome), intraurethral therapy, penile prostheses (inflatable and malleable), and sex therapy.


Question: Are there treatments available for men with diabetes and erectile dysfunction?

Answer: Men with diabetes having trouble with achieving and/or maintaining an erection can take oral medications like sildenafil ( Revatio, Viagra), tadalafil ( Adcirca, Cialis), avanafil ( Stendra), or vardenafil ( Levitra, Staxyn). However, because people with diabetes also tend to have problems with their heart, these medications may not be appropriate and could cause dangerous interactions with some heart medicines. Talk to your doctor to determine what treatment is best.


Question: Why is my baby's skin blue?

Answer: There are two reasons why the blood under you baby's skin might look blue: The lungs are not getting enough oxygen. Since oxygen is what makes blood turn red, blood cells without oxygen remain blue ("cyanosis"). The underlying blood is moving sluggishly, so the normal veins underneath that carry blue, oxygen-poor blood back to the heart are more noticeable.


Question: What are tips for concerned parents of a baby with skin that looks blue?

Answer: If you are concerned about a blue tinge to your baby's skin, check his entire body. An off-and-on blue cast to the hands and feet, with pink skin elsewhere, is not a sign of a problem, but rather just a little bit of immaturity of the circulatory system, which will go away over time.


Question: When should I worry about my baby's blue skin?

Answer: If there is a bluish cast over the entire body, the blood may be lacking sufficient oxygen. Blue primarily around the lips may also indicate low blood oxygen. This is very worrisome and you should seek medical attention immediately. It's also concerning if you notice any blueness at all when it seem like your baby might be having trouble breathing. But you don't need to worry if your baby's hands and feet turn blue for a short period of time when the rest of the body is pink and your baby is breathing normally.


Question: Which conditions are treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA)?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } RFA can be used to help patients with chronic (long-lasting) low-back and neck pain and pain related to the degeneration of joints from arthritis.


Question: How long does pain relief from radiofrequency ablation (RFA) last?

Answer: The degree of pain relief varies, depending on the cause and location of the pain. Pain relief from RFA can last from six to 12 months and in some cases, relief can last for years. More than 70% of patients treated with RFA experience pain relief.


Question: How is phototherapy used to treat palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: This treatment uses medication along with ultraviolet light to slow down skin growth and help with symptoms for long periods of time.


Question: Who gets palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: Any adult can get the condition. But more women have it than men, and it's most often found in people between 40 and 60.


Question: Who can get palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: But more women have it than men, and it's most often found in people between 40 and 60. As many as 24% of people with PPP also have psoriasis. Psoriasis happens when skin cells build up rapidly with thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches.


Question: What causes palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: The cause is unclear, but there's a known link between PPP and smoking. Studies show that up to 90% of people with the skin condition smoke or once did. Nicotine in tobacco products can affect your skin cells and cause inflammation in your sweat glands, especially on your hands and feet. If you stop smoking, your symptoms may get better.


Question: What can you do to manage palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: Here are some tips to help you feel better: If you smoke, stop. Don't use bubble bath or shower gel. Do use a soap with moisturizer. Protect your skin. Wear vinyl gloves when you work with water, use household cleaners, or work in your garden. Wear 100% cotton socks, and avoid shoes made from man-made products. Be careful. Any injuries, even minor ones, can be hard on your skin. If you have an injury, use waterproof bandages. Keep the affected areas clean. Rest your hands and feet often.


Question: How are topical steroids used to treat palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: These creams, used with a sterile bandage or vinyl dressing, are anti-inflammatory treatments. They can help with inflammation, swelling, tenderness, and pain.


Question: Is there a link beteween palmoplantar pustolisis and smoking?

Answer: The cause is unclear, but there's a known link between PPP and smoking. Studies show that up to 90% of people with the skin condition smoke or once did. Nicotine in tobacco products can affect your skin cells and cause inflammation in your sweat glands, especially on your hands and feet. If you stop smoking, your symptoms may get better.


Question: What things can I do to treat palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: Here are some tips to help you feel better: If you smoke, stop. Don't use bubble bath or shower gel. Do use a soap with moisturizer. Protect your skin. Wear vinyl gloves when you work with water, use household cleaners, or work in your garden. Wear 100% cotton socks, and avoid shoes made from man-made products. Be careful. Any injuries, even minor ones, can be hard on your skin. If you have an injury, use waterproof bandages. Keep the affected areas clean. Rest your hands and feet often.


Question: How is palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) diagnosed?

Answer: To see if you have PPP, your doctor will check your skin. Most often, they'll take a painless scrape or swab of the area. Sometimes, they'll need to remove a small piece of skin to confirm PPP. The area will be numbed, and you may need a few stitches afterward. Your doctor will look at the tissue under a microscope to see if you have PPP.


Question: How are acitretin tablets used to treat palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP)?

Answer: Made from , these can help you manage PPP. But acitretin can have strong side effects, so it's not for everyone. Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant shouldn't use it. Men who want to have children should talk to their doctor before taking it.


Question: Is there a link between palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) and psoriasis?

Answer: As many as 24% of people with PPP also have psoriasis. Psoriasis happens when skin cells build up rapidly with thick, silvery scales and itchy, dry, red patches.


Question: Does my child need surgery for amblyopia?

Answer: If strabismus prevents her eyes from moving together like they should, your doctor might recommend surgery on her eye muscles. You can talk about what treatment is best for her.


Question: Do you need surgery to treat amblyopia?

Answer: If strabismus prevents her eyes from moving together like they should, your doctor might recommend surgery on her eye muscles. You can talk about what treatment is best for her.


Question: How can amblyopia be treated?

Answer: Then he'll give her a patch to wear over her strong eye. At first, she'll have a hard time seeing with just the weak eye. But it's important that she wear the patch. Her vision will get better, though it might take weeks or months for that to happen. Follow the doctor's instructions carefully and bring your child in for scheduled visits so the doctor can see how the treatment is working.


Question: Who can get amblyopia?

Answer: If amblyopia runs in your family, your child is more likely to get it. Remember, you can't tell just by looking at her if she has it. Early diagnosis and treatment are the keys to good results.


Question: How is amblyopia diagnosed?

Answer: All children should be tested before they are school-age. Your child's doctor or the vision program at school will check to make sure that: Nothing blocks the light coming into her eyes. Both eyes see equally well. Each eye moves like it should.


Question: How does amblyopia begin?

Answer: Amblyopia commonly starts when one eye has much better focus than the other. Sometimes, one is more farsighted or has lots of astigmatism, but the other doesn't.


Question: What if the doctor says my child's vision is normal after amblyopia?

Answer: After the doctor says her vision is back to normal, she won't have to wear the patch all the time. But sometimes when kids go back to using both eyes, they lose some vision in the weak eye. If that happens, she might have to wear the patch again.


Question: How do children get a lazy eye from amblyopia?

Answer: If your child has it, her brain will ignore the image from the eye that isn't aligned. Vision in that eye will get worse. It's this misalignment that led to the term "lazy eye."


Question: How is amblyopia treated?

Answer: The most common method is to force your child's brain to start using the weak eye. First, the doctor will correct any underlying problems in that eye, like nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. Most kids with amblyopia also need glasses to help their eyes focus. If a cataract is blocking light from her eye, the doctor may recommend surgery to remove it.


Question: What is the long-term outlook of amblyopia?

Answer: With early diagnosis and treatment, most children will gain vision. Amblyopia becomes much harder to treat after about 7-9 years of age, so make sure your child gets eye exams early on. And follow your doctor's advice about treatment, even when it's hard. Most kids don't want to wear an eye patch every day. Ask your doctor if atropine is an option for your child.


Question: What is acid reflux disease, and what are its serious consequences?

Answer: Three out of every 10 people experience heartburn on occasion, so it can be somewhat arbitrary to decide when heartburn should be called acid reflux disease. Also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), acid reflux disease is a chronic irritation of the lining of a person's esophagus by stomach acid. Usually, it's just annoying. GERD can, however, have serious consequences, including esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. Barrett's esophagus is a condition that increases the likelihood of esophageal cancer.


Question: How do doctors diagnose acid reflux disease?

Answer: People with acid reflux disease often have some or all of the following symptoms: Pain when or difficulty swallowing Bad breath and/or bad taste in the mouth Burping Chest pain Heartburn Hoarseness Regurgitation Sore throat Cough Asthma If you experience classic symptoms of acid reflux disease -- chronic heartburn and regurgitation -- without any troublesome complications, it may be relatively easy for your doctor to make an acid reflux diagnosis. A few people have GERD that doesn't respond to treatment. Or they may have other concerning symptoms, such as weight loss, difficulty swallowing, anemia, or black stools. If you're one of them, you may need any of the following tests.


Question: Can I check my blood pressure at home?

Answer: Keeping track of blood pressure at home is important for many people, especially if you have high blood pressure. This helps you and your doctor find out if your treatment is working. Your doctor may also suggest that you check your pressure at home if she thinks you may have "white coat hypertension." It's a real condition. The stress of being in a doctor's office raises your blood pressure, but when you're home, it's normal.


Question: What can I use to measure my blood pressure at home?

Answer: Ask your doctor to recommend an easy-to-use home blood pressure monitor. Make sure the cuff fits properly. If your arm is too big for the cuff, the reading may be higher than your blood pressure really is. Ask your doctor for a larger cuff or make sure you buy a home monitor with a cuff that fits you. You also can use a wrist blood pressure monitor, but they often aren't as accurate. Follow the directions that come with the device to make sure you are using it correctly. No matter which type of blood pressure monitor you have, it's a good idea to take it to your doctor's office. You can compare its reading to the numbers your doctor gets. Avoid caffeine, cigarettes, and exercise for at least 30 minutes before the test.


Question: How is blood pressure measured?

Answer: Some cuffs go around the forearm or wrist, but often they aren't as accurate. Your doctor or nurse will use a stethoscope to listen to the blood moving through your artery. She'll inflate the cuff to a pressure higher than your systolic blood pressure, and it will tighten around your arm. Then she'll release it. As the cuff deflates, the first sound she hears through the stethoscope is the systolic blood pressure. It sounds like a whooshing noise. The point where this noise goes away marks the diastolic blood pressure. In a blood pressure reading, the systolic number always comes first, and then the diastolic number. For example, your numbers may be "120 over 80" or written as 120/80.


Question: What happens when you have a stroke on the left side of your brain?

Answer: With a stroke on the right side of your brain, you might have: Problems judging distances and picking things up Trouble reading facial expressions or tone of voice Weakness or paralysis on your left side With a stroke on the left side of your brain, you might have: Slurred speech Trouble getting your words out or understanding others Weakness or paralysis on your right side


Question: What is a subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer: Subarachnoid hemorrhage: This is when a blood vessel around your brain bursts or leaks. It bleeds into the area between your brain and the tissue around it (the subarachnoid space). Like with an intracerebral hemorrhage, brain cells are damaged by lack of oxygen and added pressure. The more blood there is, the more pressure, and the more damage.


Question: What happens when you have a stroke on the right side of your brain?

Answer: With a stroke on the right side of your brain, you might have: Problems judging distances and picking things up Trouble reading facial expressions or tone of voice Weakness or paralysis on your left side With a stroke on the left side of your brain, you might have: Slurred speech Trouble getting your words out or understanding others Weakness or paralysis on your right side


Question: What is a thrombotic stroke?

Answer: This one's also caused by a clot in your brain. This time, a clot or blockage forms in one of the arteries that moves blood through your brain. Brain cells begin to die because blood flow is blocked.


Question: What is an embolic stroke?

Answer: In this case, a clot forms in some part of your body, often your heart, and starts floating through your blood vessels. Or a piece of plaque (a buildup of cholesterol, fat, and other substances in your arteries) might break off and move along in your blood. Eventually, the clot or chunk of plaque gets wedged in a small blood vessel in your brain. Once it's stuck, blood flow to that area stops.


Question: What are the warning signs of a diabetic coma?

Answer: If you have diabetes and you've had a heavy thirst and gone to the bathroom more often than usual for a few weeks, check with your doctor -- especially if your blood sugar isn't well-controlled. As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital.


Question: What causes a diabetic coma?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital.


Question: How are diabetic comas treated?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital. You'll get an IV to replace lost fluids and electrolytes such as potassium. And you'll get insulin or other medication to control your blood sugar. The coma can lead to death if left untreated.


Question: How is a diabetic coma treated?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital. You'll get an IV to replace lost fluids and electrolytes such as potassium. And you'll get insulin or other medication to control your blood sugar. The coma can lead to death if left untreated.


Question: What can cause diabetic coma?

Answer: As your body loses more and more water, you may notice: High fever Weakness Drowsiness Altered mental state Headache Restlessness Inability to speak Visual problems Hallucinations Paralysis These factors may lead to dehydration and coma: Infection Heart attack Kidney failure Medicines (diuretics, some heart medications, or steroids) Illness Bleeding ulcer Blood clot Uncontrolled blood sugar Once your doctor spots the early signs, he may send you to the hospital.


Question: What is a COPD flare-up?

Answer: When you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, your usual symptoms might become worse rather quickly -- or you may even get new ones. var s_context; s_context= s_context || {}; s_context['wb.modimp'] = 'vidfloat'; if(webmd.useragent && webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop'){ webmd.ads2.disable Initial Load(); webmd.ads2.disable Ads Init = true; $(function() { webmd.p.pim.increment(); $('.responsive-video-container').insert After('.module-social-share-container'); require(['video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader'], function(video Loader) { video Loader.init({ autoplay: webmd.useragent.ua.type === 'desktop' && ! !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } You may hear your doctor or nurse call this an âexacerbation.â Think of it as a flare-up. During one of these bouts, you may suddenly have more trouble breathing or make more noise when you do.


Question: What are the symptoms of Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?

Answer: The bacteria that most commonly cause TSS are: Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Clostridium sordellii ( C. sordellii) Staphylococcal TSS happens most often in women. Sometimes, you can get it if you use superabsorbent tampons, and the bacteria gets trapped for too long in your vagina. You're also more at risk if you have an infection after surgery, childbirth, or have burns or pus buildup in your body. This type of TSS causes: Fever above 102 F Headache Fatigue Flat, red rash like a sunburn on most of your body Vomiting Diarrhea Muscle pain Redder than usual mouth, eyes, and vagina Bruising Low urine output You may also start to shed your skin in sheets, usually on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet, 1 to 2 weeks after your symptoms start.


Question: What are the symptoms of Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?

Answer: This kind of TSS usually happens after you have chickenpox, a skin infection, or if you have a weak immune system. The first symptom is most often severe pain that comes on suddenly. Other symptoms include: Very low blood pressure Shock (not enough blood flow to the systems in your body) Bleeding problems Bruising Flat, red rash like a sunburn on most of your body Trouble breathing You may also have sheets of skin shed off, like in staphylococcal TSS, but this doesn't always happen.


Question: What symptoms does toxic shock syndrome cause?

Answer: Generally, TSS causes: Fever Rash Low blood pressure Kidney problems or failure Respiratory problems or failure Confusion In order to figure out what kind of TSS you have, and to rule out other causes of infection or disease, your doctor will check for symptoms that are specific to certain types of bacteria.


Question: What are the symptoms of Clostridium sordellii toxic shock syndrome?

Answer: Clostridium sordellii infection happens in the uterus. You can also get it from IV drug use. Its symptoms include: Nausea and vomiting Low energy and weakness Flu-like symptoms Pain when you touch your abdomen Swelling High red and white blood cell count Fast heart rate Unlike the other most common types of TSS, such as staphylococcal TSS, C. sordellii does not usually cause a fever.


Question: Can avoiding caffeine help a child who has a problem with bedwetting?

Answer: It's wise to avoid drinks with caffeine, including cola and iced tea. Caffeine makes the body speed up the pee-making process. Fizzy drinks can also cause problems, so be doubly sure to have your child avoid soda.


Question: What is a bedwetting alarm?

Answer: Some kids wet the bed because their bodies don't yet alert them to wake up when their bladders are full. Bedwetting alarms wake children at the first sign that they're letting go of urine. The child wears special underwear with sensors that beep loudly when a small amount of urine leaks out. The beeping wakes the child, who can go to the bathroom. Over time, the alarm trains the body to notice what it feels like when the bladder is full, and nighttime wake-ups happen on their own.


Question: What is positive imagery and can it work for bedwetting?

Answer: More mature kids may also be ready to try positive imagery, a process in which kids focus on something good that they want to happen. Just before bedtime, they think about waking up dry. If they think it often enough, it just might help them succeed.


Question: How are antihistamines used to treat sinus headaches?

Answer: If your headaches and other sinus problems keep coming back, surgery can sometimes help if nothing else does.


Question: What can worsen your sinus headache?

Answer: Perfume, cigarette smoke, and certain chemicals can irritate your nasal passages and worsen your symptoms.


Question: What do you need to know about treating sinus headaches?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Your clogged sinuses can give you pain and pressure above your nose and between your eyes, but the right treatment can bring relief. First, you need to find out if a sinus headache is the cause of your discomfort.


Question: How can moisture help to treat sinus headaches?

Answer: Rinse the neti pot after each use and let it air dry.


Question: How are nasal steroid sprays used to treat sinus headaches?

Answer: In some cases, your doctor may prescribe these sprays and other drugs to reduce your congestion and pain.


Question: How can salt water help to treat sinus headaches?

Answer: Use salt water. Get a bulb syringe or neti pot and flush out your sinuses with salt water. It moistens and helps clear mucus from your nasal passages, which cuts down on the pressure. Always use distilled, sterile, or previously boiled and cooled water. Rinse the neti pot after each use and let it air dry. You can also try saline (salt water) nasal sprays to flush out your stuffy nose.


Question: What are the pros and cons of gastric bypass surgery for type 2 diabetes?

Answer: Gastric bypass (also called Roux-en- Y gastric bypass) The surgeon makes a small stomach pouch by dividing the top of the stomach from the rest of it. When you eat, food goes to the small pouch and bypasses the top of the small intestine. The result: You get full faster and absorb fewer calories and nutrients. Pros: Up to 80% of people show no signs of diabetes after surgery. Plus, people usually lose 60% to 80% of their extra weight. Cons: Your body can't absorb as many vitamins and minerals as before, which could lead to health problems, including a condition called dumping syndrome. Also, the surgery is not reversible.


Question: What is typhoid fever like at a glance?

Answer: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria. Typhoid fever is contracted by the ingestion of contaminated food or water. Diagnosis of typhoid fever is made when Salmonella bacteria are detected with stool, urine, or blood cultures. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics. Typhoid fever symptoms are poor appetite, headaches, generalized aches and pains, fever, and lethargy. Approximately 3%-5% of patients become carriers of the bacteria after the acute illness.


Question: Is there a vaccine for typhoid fever?

Answer: For those traveling to high-risk areas, vaccines are now available.


Question: Can drug-free treatments help you manage the side effects of cancer treatment?

Answer: Drug-free therapies like yoga, massage, meditation, and hypnosis can help you live better during your cancer treatment. Some relieve stress and help your mood. Others make the side effects caused by chemotherapy or radiation a bit easier to take.


Question: What lifestyle changes can help you prevent cancer?

Answer: Acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice that uses thin needles placed under your skin, can relieve symptoms like: Night sweats Nausea Fatigue Hot flashes Depression Pain You know you should cut down on fatty foods, be more active, and limit the alcohol you drink. These everyday tips are also good ways you can stave off cancer. Working out can drop your risk of 13 different cancers. You don't need to run marathons to reap the benefits, either. Walking just 30 minutes each day during your lunch break will help.


Question: What do new personalized cancer medicines do?

Answer: It used to be that most people with a certain type and stage of cancer got the same treatment. Now, doctors know that a solution that helps one person may not work well for someone else. Your genes can now give doctors a better idea which treatments will help you the most. Some drugs are more targeted, too. Instead of wiping out all cells, even healthy ones, some can focus just on deadly cancer cells. For instance, a drug being tested may be able to help people with stage IV pancreatic cancer. If their cancer cells have a high level of a sugar called hyaluronic acid, the drug, called PEGPH20, can break it down. This would let immune cells and medicines get inside tumors and fight back.


Question: What can cryoablation combined with imaging do for cancer?

Answer: For instance, doctors can use a technique called cryoablation (freezing) to treat them. This means they wouldn't have to remove all or part of a lung.


Question: What can multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) do for cancer?

Answer: Multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging (mp- MRI), for instance, can uncover the jumble of blood vessels in a new prostate tumor. That close-up view can help doctors decide the best treatment.


Question: How can acupuncture help people with cancer?

Answer: Acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice that uses thin needles placed under your skin, can relieve symptoms like: Night sweats Nausea Fatigue Hot flashes Depression Pain You know you should cut down on fatty foods, be more active, and limit the alcohol you drink.


Question: How does IgA pemphigus cause pustules?

Answer: Ig A pemphigus: Pustules are also a symptom of this rare disease that makes your immune system turn on itself.


Question: What are pustules?

Answer: That can result in a mixture of infected fluid and dead white blood cells (pus). When pus builds up under your skin or in a pore, it can cause a pustule. Several conditions can lead to pustules: Acne: This very common skin condition causes pustules that are bigger than typical pimples.


Question: How does chickenpox cause pustules?

Answer: Chickenpox: This childhood disease and other illnesses caused by a related virus cause skin lesions that become pustules as the disease progresses.


Question: How does acne cause pustules?

Answer: Several conditions can lead to pustules: Acne: This very common skin condition causes pustules that are bigger than typical pimples. They happen when one of the pores in your skin gets so irritated that its walls break.


Question: How do pustules show up?

Answer: That can result in a mixture of infected fluid and dead white blood cells (pus). When pus builds up under your skin or in a pore, it can cause a pustule.


Question: How does rosacea cause pustules?

Answer: Rosacea: This skin condition normally makes the skin on your face red and causes pimples. But a form of the disease known as inflammatory rosacea can create pustules.


Question: How are pustules treated?

Answer: Your doctor will treat the condition that's causing the pustules, but a topical medication you put directly on your skin or an over-the-counter treatment like calamine lotion or benzoyl peroxide gel might help with them in the meantime.


Question: Are teachers able to recognize ADHD in children?

Answer: Since teachers work with many different children, they also come to know how students typically behave in classroom situations requiring concentration and self-control. So when they notice something outside the norm, they may speak with the school psychologist or the parents about their concerns. But teachers can't diagnose ADHD. They can tell you what they've noticed, but after that, you would need to get a professional to evaluate your child to see if they have ADHD or if something else is going on.


Question: Is there a test I can give my child if the teacher suggests they have ADHD?

Answer: Instead, the ADHD diagnosis is based on observations of a child's behavior in multiple settings. The teacher, sometimes past teachers, will play a key role in the process. The professional who makes the diagnosis is usually a specially trained doctor (apsychiatrist or pediatrician), psychologist, counselor, or social worker. They will ask you and your child's teachers to rate their observations of your child's behavior on standardized evaluation or rating scales.


Question: Is it acceptable for my child's teacher to suggest my child has ADHD?

Answer: Teachers are often the first ones to recognize or suspect ADHD in children. That's because ADHD symptoms typically affect school performance or disrupt the rest of the class. Also, teachers are with children for most of the day and for months out of the year.


Question: Do I need to tell the teacher if my child is diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer: As a parent, you'll need to keep open the lines of communication with the teacher to ensure a consistent system of incentives and discipline between school and home. For example, a younger child's teacher may make a checklist and reward the child with a star or smiley face each time he or she completes a certain number of items on the list. You may have a similar system at home or provide a bigger reward -- such as a special dinner, a family movie night, or an extra hour of TV or computer time -- when your child gets a certain number of stars or smiley faces.


Question: Should my child's teacher help and support me if they are diagnosed with ADHD?

Answer: Your child's teacher can be a good supporter and resource, but you may want more help dealing with the challenges and emotions of parenting a child with ADHD, or with concerns about medications or other issues.


Question: What happens if nothing helps bursitis?

Answer: When bursitis doesn't respond to treatment or flares up all the time, it could be time for surgery to remove the bursa. You and your doctor will decide if this is the right choice for you. It's usually the last resort.


Question: How can you treat an infected bursa?

Answer: If your doctor sees signs of infection, she'll prescribe antibiotics. If they don't do the trick, she can also use a needle to drain the fluid.


Question: What is knee bursitis?

Answer: Your knees each have a bursa sac that's filled with fluid. Sometimes they get inflamed or infected.


Question: What should I do to treat an inflamed bursa?

Answer: Try these simple steps first: Rest: Take it easy for a few days. Don't do anything that seems to make your symptoms worse. You can still do low-impact or gentle exercises like a light walk or stationary bike ride. Ice: Put an ice pack on your knee about 3 to 4 times a day. You can also use a bag of frozen veggies like peas or corn. Leave it on for 20 minutes at a time. Medicate: Take a mild, over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drug like ibuprofen or naproxen sodium. Elevate: Prop up the sore knee while you rest on the couch. This may ease the swelling.


Question: What are common side effects of Gilenya?

Answer: Common side effects include headache, diarrhea, back pain, cough, and abnormal liver tests. Because the medicine may slow your heart rate, the doctor will watch you closely after your first dose. The drug is also linked to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy ( PML), a rare brain infection.


Question: How can physical therapy help treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend treatments for: Muscle stiffness and spasms: Muscle relaxants like baclofen ( Lioresal) and tizanidine ( Zanaflex), or sedatives like clonazepam ( Klonopin) and diazepam ( Valium) Fatigue: Amantadine ( Symmetrel), armodafinil ( Nuvigil), modafinil ( Provigil) Depression: Antidepressants, such as bupropion ( Wellbutrin), fluoxetine ( Prozac), and sertraline ( Zoloft) Bladder problems: Oxybutynin ( Ditropan) or tolterodine ( Detrol) She may also suggest: Physical therapy: A trained health care professional can teach you exercises that help you stay active. You might also learn how to use a cane, walker, or other assistive device to get around more easily.


Question: When is plasma exchange used to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: The most common ones are: Methylprednisolone ( Solu- Medrol) Prednisone ( Deltisone) ACTH ( H. P. Acthar Gel) Plasma exchange: This can help when a flare doesn't respond to steroids. Your doctor will remove some of your blood and separate the liquid portion (called plasma) from your blood cells. The cells are mixed with a protein solution and go back into your body.


Question: What medication is prescribed for multiple sclerosis that doesn't respond to common medications?

Answer: Continue Reading Below Alemtuzumab ( Lemtrada) and mitoxantrone ( Novantrone) are chemotherapy drugs designed to treat cancer. They're an option if you don't respond to other mediations. They curb your immune system and prevent it from attacking nerve coverings. Novantrone has an FDA "black box" warning because it can lead to heart damage and a type of leukemia.


Question: What is Tecfidera and how is it used to treat multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Dimethyl fumarate ( Tecfidera) is a tablet you take twice a day. It can lower your immune cells, so the doctor will do regular blood tests to keep an eye on them. The drug's most common side effects are flushing, stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. An active ingredient similar to the one in Tecfidera is linked to four cases of PML.


Question: What are three drugs taken by mouth that treat the relapsing form of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: You can take other medications as a pill: Teriflunomide ( Aubagio) is a tablet you take once a day. The most common side effects include diarrhea, abnormal liver tests, nausea, and hair loss. It does carry a "black box" warning, the FDA's most serious warning, because it can lead to liver problems and birth defects. If you take it, your doctor will likely do regular tests to check how well your liver is working.


Question: What are disease-modifying drugs that can reduce the number of flare-ups of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: They include: Avonex (interferon beta-1a) Betaseron (interferon beta-1b) Extavia (interferon beta-1b) Plegridy (peginterferon beta-1a) Rebif (interferon beta-1a) Glatiramer ( Copaxone, Glatopa): This medication stops your immune system from attacking the myelin that surrounds and protects your nerves.


Question: What medications are used to manage symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Answer: Your doctor may recommend treatments for: Muscle stiffness and spasms: Muscle relaxants like baclofen ( Lioresal) and tizanidine ( Zanaflex), or sedatives like clonazepam ( Klonopin) and diazepam ( Valium) Fatigue: Amantadine ( Symmetrel), armodafinil ( Nuvigil), modafinil ( Provigil) Depression: Antidepressants, such as bupropion ( Wellbutrin), fluoxetine ( Prozac), and sertraline ( Zoloft) Bladder problems: Oxybutynin ( Ditropan) or tolterodine ( Detrol) She may also suggest: Physical therapy: A trained health care professional can teach you exercises that help you stay active.


Question: What disease-modifying drugs are used to reduce flare-ups in multiple sclerosis?

Answer: They include: Avonex (interferon beta-1a) Betaseron (interferon beta-1b) Extavia (interferon beta-1b) Plegridy (peginterferon beta-1a) Rebif (interferon beta-1a) Glatiramer ( Copaxone, Glatopa): This medication stops your immune system from attacking the myelin that surrounds and protects your nerves.


Question: How is prosthetic device fitted?

Answer: They include: The location and level of the amputation The condition of the remaining limb Your activity level, particularly for a prosthetic leg or foot Your specific goals and needs Prostheses are designed and fitted by a specialist called a prosthetist. The fitting process may begin in the hospital shortly after amputation after the swelling has gone and down and the incision is healed. It involves: Measuring the stump and the healthy opposite limb Making a plaster mold Fashioning the socket Attaching the shaft Aligning the prosthesis Depending on your comfort and how well your wound is healing, you may begin to practice with your artificial limb as early as a few weeks after surgery.


Question: How do arm and hand prosthetic devices work?

Answer: Arm and hand. The oldest and most commonly used prosthetic arm is operated with the body's own movements and a harness that extends in a figure eight across the back and under the opposite arm. Others use a rechargeable battery to run small motors in the prosthetic hand or hook. The battery improves grip strength.


Question: What is a prosthetic device?

Answer: When an arm or other extremity is amputated or lost, a prosthetic device, or prosthesis, can play an important role in rehabilitation. For many people, an artificial limb can improve mobility and the ability to manage daily activities, as well as provide the means to stay independent.


Question: What parts does a prosthetic device have?

Answer: There is a wide variety of prostheses that are designed to function -- and in many cases look -- like a natural arm, leg, hand, or foot. Although there are many different designs, most have similar parts. These include: A socket into which the stump of the amputated limb fits The suspension, which holds the prosthesis onto the stump The shaft The foot, hand, or hook A covering for cosmetic appearances The socket is often lined with foam or silicone to protect the stump.


Question: What are the symptoms of ear problems in cats?

Answer: Symptoms of ear problems in cats include pawing at the ears, sensitivity to touch, a large amount of cream colored, orange, dark brown, or black wax; hearing loss; head tilting or shaking; and loss of balance.


Question: How can you prevent ear problems in cats?

Answer: To help your cat’s ears stay perky and pest-free, check inside her ears regularly for signs of wax buildup, inflammation, or odor. If you notice a problem, it’s time to talk to your veterinarian. Cat’s ears are expressive, beautiful -- and very fragile. To avoid damaging the ear drum or packing wax deep into the ear, never insert anything into your cat’s ears or use over-the-counter medication unless your vet has shown you the proper way to do so. It’s easy to interpret a cat’s ear discharge as mites when it’s something else, or to leave a mild infection untreated until it becomes serious or chronic. Don’t leave your cat’s comfort to guesswork -- always talk to your vet when you suspect ear problems.


Question: How can I treat my allergies?

Answer: Many types of allergy pills or nasal spray are available with or without a prescription. Both work best if you use them before you're around your triggers.


Question: What are the different nasal sprays for allergies?

Answer: Saline spray .


Question: How can an MRI help diagnose Paget's disease?

Answer: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Powerful magnets and radio waves are used to make detailed images of your bones.


Question: How is Paget's disease treated?

Answer: There's no way to fix the changes that have already happened, such as hearing loss or deformed bones, but you can get help with the issues caused by Paget's. Options include: Physical help, like wedges in your shoe, a cane for walking, physical therapy, and other ways to build muscle that can help control pain Medicines like bisphosphonates to prevent bone loss or calcitonin to control calcium level Medicine to help with the pain (acetaminophen like Tylenol or NSAIDs like ibuprofen or Advil) Your doctor may suggest surgery to fix a broken or deformed bone, replace a hip or knee, or treat severe arthritis. Ask your doctor about ways to keep your bones healthy.


Question: How can a bone scan help diagnose Paget's disease?

Answer: This will be done with an X-ray or one of the following: Bone scan: A small amount of a radioactive substance, called a tracer, is put into a vein in your arm. It goes through your bloodstream and into your bones. A special camera takes pictures of your bones and any areas that absorb too much or too little of the tracer can be a sign of a problem with the bone.


Question: How can a CT exam help diagnose Paget's disease?

Answer: CT (computerized tomography) scan: Several X-rays are taken from different angles and put together to make a more complete picture of your bones.


Question: What is Paget's disease?

Answer: But with Paget's disease, this happens too fast and gives your bones an odd shape. They may be bent, weak, brittle, soft, or too big. The new bones also may not fit together as tightly as they should.


Question: How is bipolar disorder different in children?

Answer: Young children in a manic phase might be more irritable than adults; they may be more likely to have psychotic symptoms, hearing and seeing things that aren't real. During a depressive episode, they might be more likely to complain of physical symptoms, like aches and pains. One of the most notable differences is that bipolar disorder in children cycles much more quickly. While manic and depressive periods may be separated by weeks, months, or years in adults, they can happen within a single day in children.


Question: How can operating room surgery help treat glaucoma?

Answer: If drops and laser surgery aren't enough to lower your eye pressure, you might have traditional surgery. With this type, your surgeon creates a new drainage channel for your eye fluid. This might be a tiny tube connected to a collection site -- or reservoir -- or a little drainage flap that flows into a pocket tucked into your eyelid.


Question: How can eye drops help with treating glaucoma?

Answer: These are often the first step for glaucoma treatment. The drops come in different types, but all manage eye pressure in two basic ways: They help your eye fluid drain better, or they help your eyes make less of it. In order for them to help your eyes, you'll need to follow your doctor's orders exactly. You'll need to use your drops every day. Make it a part of your daily routine, like after brushing your teeth.


Question: What over-the-counter medicines are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?

Answer: She may suggest you start with over-the-counter medicines like: Antacids, which neutralize acid in your stomach H2 blockers, which keep your body from making as much acid Proton-pump inhibitors, which can reduce the amount of acid your body makes Sometimes, though, you need prescription medication to get GERD symptoms under control.


Question: How does acid reflux make your asthma symptoms worse?

Answer: There are two ways acid reflux can trigger asthma or make symptoms worse: Acid touches the nerves in your esophagus. This sets off a chain reaction. The nerves tell your brain to tell your airways to protect themselves from the acid. Your airways narrow to keep the acid out, and asthma symptoms start. Stomach acid gets into your lungs directly. The acid irritates your airways, which makes you wheeze, cough, and feel tightness in your chest.


Question: What are antiviral drugs used for?

Answer: These medications may reduce the duration of flu by one to two days and prevent severe flu complications.


Question: When should antiviral medication for the flu be taken?

Answer: All four antivirals are most effective when given within 48 hours of the onset of flu symptoms, although they may still prevent severe flu complications when given more than 48 hours after symptoms appear.


Question: When should I talk to my doctor about antiviral medications for the flu?

Answer: Ideally, you should talk to your doctor about the flu vaccine and antiviral drugs, including side effects, before the flu season begins. When you do get flu symptoms, it's important to call your doctor soon after symptoms appear. Flu drugs are most effective when taken within the first 48 hours of flu symptoms, although they may help prevent severe disease when taken later.


Question: What is a rapid cycling pattern in bipolar disorder?

Answer: Rapid cycling is a pattern of frequent, distinct episodes in bipolar disorder. In rapid cycling, a person with the disorder experiences four or more episodes of mania or depression in one year. It can occur at any point in the course of bipolar disorder, and can come and go over many years depending on how well the illness is treated; it is not necessarily a "permanent" or indefinite pattern of episodes.


Question: When should you see your doctor about heartburn while pregnant?

Answer: Or place pillows under your shoulders to help prevent stomach acids from rising into your esophagus. Ask your doctor about using over-the-counter medications such as Tums or Maalox, which are generally safe to use during pregnancy.