Question: What is the effectiveness of vitamin C for colds?

Answer: In 2010, researchers looked at all studies and found that taking vitamin C every day did not prevent the number of colds that a person got.


Question: Is it safe to take vitamin C?

Answer: In general, vitamin C won't harm you if you get it by eating food like fruits and veggies. For most people, it's also OK if you take supplements in the recommended amount. Higher doses of vitamin C (greater than 2,000 milligrams per day) may cause kidney stones, nausea, and diarrhea. Talk to your doctor if you're thinking of taking vitamin C pills and let him know about any other dietary supplements you use.


Question: What can I do at times when my pain is worse?

Answer: If you notice that certain activities contribute to your pain, or that you feel worse at certain times of the day, medication can be taken prior to the activity (or time of day) to help prevent the pain from occurring. You may also be prescribed a long-acting pain medication with a short-acting one for breakthrough pain that you take as needed. Always be sure to follow your doctor's instructions.


Question: What are the basic elements of blood?

Answer: Most people have about 4-6 liters of blood. Your blood is made up of different kinds of cells that float in a fluid called plasma: â Your red blood cells deliver oxygen to the various tissues in your body and remove carbon dioxide. â Your white blood cells destroy invaders and fight infection. â Your platelets help your blood to clot. â Your plasma is a fluid made up of proteins and salts. What makes your blood different from someone else's is your unique combination of protein molecules, called antigens and antibodies. Antigens live on the surface of your red blood cells. Antibodies are in your plasma. The combination of antigens and antibodies in your blood is the basis of your blood type.


Question: What is Forteo and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Teriparatide ( Forteo), an injectable synthetic hormone that stimulates bone growth and reduces spinal fractures for women with severe osteoporosis Raloxifene ( Evista), an estrogen-like drug that slows bone loss and helps increase bone thickness Zoledronic acid ( Reclast), which is given as a once-yearly 15-minute infusion in a vein; Reclast is said to increase bone strength and reduce fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, arm, leg, or rib Duavee (a combination of estrogen and bazedoxifene), a type of hormone replacement therapy approved to treat menopause-related hot flashes; Duavee may also prevent osteoporosis in high-risk women who have already tried non-estrogen treatment.


Question: What bisphosphonate drugs are used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Alendronate ( Binosto, Fosamax), ibandronate ( Boniva), and risedronate ( Actonel, Atelvia) can slow bone loss, improve bone density and help prevent fractures. Bisphosphonates can cause bone loss in the jaw, known as osteonecrosis of the jaw. This complication has been linked to the use of these medications for the treatment of osteoporosis. The risk of this occurring is very low; however, people with cancer or people who receive these medications intravenously are at higher risk. Some people complain of numbness, heaviness, and pain in the jaw, usually where a tooth has been extracted. If you have concerns, speak with your dentist.


Question: What is Duavee and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Teriparatide ( Forteo), an injectable synthetic hormone that stimulates bone growth and reduces spinal fractures for women with severe osteoporosis Raloxifene ( Evista), an estrogen-like drug that slows bone loss and helps increase bone thickness Zoledronic acid ( Reclast), which is given as a once-yearly 15-minute infusion in a vein; Reclast is said to increase bone strength and reduce fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, arm, leg, or rib Duavee (a combination of estrogen and bazedoxifene), a type of hormone replacement therapy approved to treat menopause-related hot flashes; Duavee may also prevent osteoporosis in high-risk women who have already tried non-estrogen treatment.


Question: What is Reclast and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Teriparatide ( Forteo), an injectable synthetic hormone that stimulates bone growth and reduces spinal fractures for women with severe osteoporosis Raloxifene ( Evista), an estrogen-like drug that slows bone loss and helps increase bone thickness Zoledronic acid ( Reclast), which is given as a once-yearly 15-minute infusion in a vein; Reclast is said to increase bone strength and reduce fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, arm, leg, or rib Duavee (a combination of estrogen and bazedoxifene), a type of hormone replacement therapy approved to treat menopause-related hot flashes; Duavee may also prevent osteoporosis in high-risk women who have already tried non-estrogen treatment.


Question: What are natural ways to prevent spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Natural ways to prevent spinal compression fractures include taking calcium supplements, getting more vitamin D, quitting smoking, preventing falls, and doing weight-bearing and strength-building exercises. You can also take medications to halt or slow osteoporosis, including: Bisphosphonate drugs.


Question: What is Evista and how is it used to treat spinal compression fractures?

Answer: Teriparatide ( Forteo), an injectable synthetic hormone that stimulates bone growth and reduces spinal fractures for women with severe osteoporosis Raloxifene ( Evista), an estrogen-like drug that slows bone loss and helps increase bone thickness Zoledronic acid ( Reclast), which is given as a once-yearly 15-minute infusion in a vein; Reclast is said to increase bone strength and reduce fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, arm, leg, or rib Duavee (a combination of estrogen and bazedoxifene), a type of hormone replacement therapy approved to treat menopause-related hot flashes; Duavee may also prevent osteoporosis in high-risk women who have already tried non-estrogen treatment.


Question: How can I prevent future spinal compression fractures?

Answer: To prevent future spinal compression fractures, it's also important to treat the osteoporosis that likely caused your fracture and begin building stronger bones.


Question: What blood tests can diagnose anemia?

Answer: Blood tests will not only confirm the diagnosis of anemia, but also help point to the underlying condition. Tests might include: Complete blood count ( CBC), which determines the number, size, volume, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells Blood iron level and your serum ferritin level, the best indicators of your body's total iron stores Levels of vitamin B12 and folate, vitamins necessary for red blood cell production Special blood tests to detect rare causes of anemia, such as an immune attack on your red blood cells, red blood cell fragility, and defects of enzymes, hemoglobin, and clotting Reticulocyte count, bilirubin, and other blood and urine tests to determine how quickly your blood cells are being made or if you have a hemolytic anemia, where your red blood cells have a shortened life span Only in rare cases will a doctor need to remove a sample of bone marrow to determine the cause of your anemia.


Question: How do you treat sickle cell anemia in children?

Answer: Sickle Cell Anemia Occasionally, children with sickle cell disease who have an appropriate donor may be cured by a bone marrow transplant. Alternatively, a drug called hydroxyurea ( Droxia, Hydrea, Silkos) appears to stimulate the formation of an alternate form of hemoglobin that isn't susceptible to the sickling, and may be used to reduce the frequency of bone pain. The bone pain can usually be eased with pain medications and the anemia may require transfusions. Hydroxyurea may also decrease the need for blood transfusions.


Question: Will doctors ever need to remove a sample of bone marrow to diagnose anemia?

Answer: Tests might include: Complete blood count ( CBC), which determines the number, size, volume, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells Blood iron level and your serum ferritin level, the best indicators of your body's total iron stores Levels of vitamin B12 and folate, vitamins necessary for red blood cell production Special blood tests to detect rare causes of anemia, such as an immune attack on your red blood cells, red blood cell fragility, and defects of enzymes, hemoglobin, and clotting Reticulocyte count, bilirubin, and other blood and urine tests to determine how quickly your blood cells are being made or if you have a hemolytic anemia, where your red blood cells have a shortened life span Only in rare cases will a doctor need to remove a sample of bone marrow to determine the cause of your anemia.


Question: How do you treat anemia caused by blood loss?

Answer: Anemia Caused by Blood Loss If you suddenly lose a large volume of blood, you may be treated with fluids, a blood transfusion, oxygen, and possibly iron to help your body build new red blood cells. Chronic blood loss is treated by identifying the source of bleeding, stopping the bleeding, and, if necessary, providing treatment for iron-deficiency anemia.


Question: How do you treat anemia caused by iron deficiency?

Answer: With iron deficiency anemia, your doctor will probably recommend iron supplements that contain the ferrous form of iron, which your body can absorb easily. Timed-release iron supplements are not a good choice for most people, because iron is primarily absorbed in the upper part of the digestive tract.


Question: How do you treat anemia caused by chronic disease?

Answer: Anemia Caused by Chronic Disease It is best to treat the underlying condition whenever possible. Anemia caused by chronic kidney disease or following chemotherapy can often be treated with an injection of recombinant human erythropoietin called epoetin alpha ( Epogen, Procrit) or darbepoetin alfa ( Aranesp). Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Darbepoetin alfa is a synthetic form of erythropoietin.


Question: How do you treat lead poisoning?

Answer: Lead poisoning is treated by discontinuing exposure to lead and administering a drug that binds and draws lead out of the body.


Question: What might your doctor do if your iron-deficiency anemia does not improve with iron supplements?

Answer: Your doctor will monitor your red blood cell counts, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, and ferritin levels, during treatment. If your anemia doesn't improve with iron supplements, your doctor will look for some other underlying cause. In rare cases, your doctor may prescribe iron injections or give you iron intravenously (through a needle in the vein). In extremely rare cases of life-threatening iron-deficiency anemia, treatment may involve a blood transfusion.


Question: How do I know if I have anemia?

Answer: !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } To diagnose anemia, your doctor will likely ask you about your medical history, perform a physical exam, and order blood tests. You can help by providing detailed answers about your symptoms, family medical history, diet, medications you take, alcohol intake, and ethnic background. Your doctor will look for symptoms of anemia and other physical clues that might point to a cause. There are basically three different causes of anemia: blood loss, decreased or faulty red blood cell production, or destruction of red blood cells.


Question: How can I prevent anemia?

Answer: You can help prevent iron-deficiency anemia by eating a well-balanced diet that includes good sources of iron, vitamin B12, and folate. Steps to take include the following: If you are a vegetarian or vegan, talk to your doctor or a nutritionist about your diet and any possible need for supplements. Decrease your consumption of caffeinated products and tea. Select iron-fortified cereals and breads. Carefully follow safety guidelines if your occupation involves work with lead-containing materials such as batteries, petroleum, and paint.


Question: How effective are treatments for Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: These include: 6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol, Purixan) adalimumab ( Humira) adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) cyclosporine golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) infliximab ( Remicade) infliximab-abda ( Renflexis),a biosimilar to Remicade infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) natalizumab ( Tysabri) tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) ustekinumab ( Stelara) vedolizumab ( Entyvio) With the treatments for mild symptoms, almost all -- 90% -- of ulcerative colitis cases go into remission. If your UC is ârefractory,â you may need continuous treatment with steroids. With Crohn's disease, complete remission is less common. Some people eventually need surgery. That includes up to 45% people with ulcerative colitis and three quarters of people with Crohn's. You and your doctor might talk about an operation if you have severe symptoms that aren't helped by medications, if you get a blockage in your digestive tract, or if you get a tear or hole in the side of the intestine.


Question: Who is more likely to get Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Crohn's and ulcerative colitis are most often diagnosed in teenagers and young adults -- although they can happen at any age -- and tend to run in families.


Question: What blood tests are used for Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Scientists are working to make several blood tests better at helping to diagnose ulcerative colitis and Crohn's. They check on levels of certain antibodies found in the blood. Two of these are: âp ANCAâ (perinuclear anti-neutrophil antibodies) â ASCAâ (anti- Saccharomyces Cerevisiae antibody) Most often, people with ulcerative colitis have the p ANCA antibody in their blood, and those with Crohn's disease have ASCA in theirs.


Question: What should you do if you have Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: If you have either condition, you'll need to keep up with your checkups, even if your symptoms start to ease up. You may also need to get colonoscopies more often and start them at a younger age. A colonoscopy can check for cancer or polyps that need to come out. Experts recommend that you start these tests within 8 to 10 years of developing UC or Crohn's symptoms, and then typically every 1 to 3 years after that. Your doctor will tell you a schedule that is best for you.


Question: What are blood test findings in Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Sometimes, even after all these tests, doctors might not be able to tell which of the two conditions you have. That's true for 1 in 10 people with IBD. They show signs of both diseases. So they get a diagnosis of âindeterminate colitis,â because it's not clear which ailment it is.


Question: How can specific types of endoscopy help to diagnose Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: Specific types of endoscopy can: Examine lower part of your large intestines. Your doctor will call this test "sigmoidoscopy." Look at your entire large intestine. This is a colonoscopy. Check the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. This is an EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy). Additional testing to look at your small intestine using a pill-sized camera. This is often called pill, or capsule, endoscopy. See the bile ducts in the liver and the pancreatic duct. This test is called ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography).


Question: Where does the inflammation occur in Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: People with Crohn's disease often have healthy areas in between inflamed spots. But with ulcerative colitis, there are no healthy areas in between inflamed spots.


Question: What drugs are used to treat Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: For severe disease, you may need drugs that work on the immune system. These include: 6-mercaptopurine (6- MP, Purinethol, Purixan) adalimumab ( Humira) adalimumab-atto ( Amjevita), a biosimilar to Humira azathioprine ( Azasan, Imuran) certolizumab pegol ( Cimzia) cyclosporine golimumab ( Simponi, Simponi Aria) infliximab ( Remicade) infliximab-abda ( Renflexis),a biosimilar to Remicade infliximab-dyyb ( Inflectra), a biosimilar to Remicade methotrexate ( Rheumatrex, Trexall) natalizumab ( Tysabri) tofacitinib ( Xeljanz) ustekinumab ( Stelara) vedolizumab ( Entyvio) With the treatments for mild symptoms, almost all -- 90% -- of ulcerative colitis cases go into remission.


Question: How is Crohnâs disease diagnosed?

Answer: Contrast X-rays, for which you'll swallow a thick, chalky, barium liquid so doctors can see how it moves through your system. CT scans and MRIs to rule out other conditions that might cause symptoms similar to an inflammatory bowel disease. Endoscopy, in which a doctor uses a tiny camera on a thin tube to see inside your digestive system. This is often called pill, or capsule, endoscopy. You and your doctor might talk about an operation if you have severe symptoms that aren't helped by medications, if you get a blockage in your digestive tract, or if you get a tear or hole in the side of the intestine.


Question: How can treatments help with Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: The symptoms of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis ( UC) can be similar. Those include diet tweaks, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and avoiding pain meds called â NSAIDsâ (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as ibuprofen. Stress management is also key. Stress doesn't cause IBD, but it can lead to flare-ups. So try to cut down on the things that make you tense, and find ways to relax. Exercise is a great way to do that. So are other healthy things you might enjoy and find meaningful, such as hobbies, meditation, prayer, volunteering, and positive relationships.


Question: What are the symptoms of Crohnâs disease or ulcerative colitis (UC)?

Answer: They include: Belly cramps and pain Diarrhea Constipation An urgent need to have a bowel movement Feeling like your bowel movement wasn't complete Rectal bleeding Fever Smaller appetite Weight loss Fatigue Night sweats Problems with your period. You might skip them, or their timing might be harder to predict. You might not have all of those symptoms all the time. Both conditions can come and go, switching between flares (when symptoms are worse) and remission (when symptoms ease up or stop). Because of the similarities between the conditions, many treatments of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease overlap.


Question: How does the location of Crohnâs disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) differ?

Answer: You might not have all of those symptoms all the time. Ulcerative colitis affects only the large intestine. But in Crohn's disease, inflammation can appear anywhere in the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus.


Question: What can I do at home if I am sick and have HIV/AIDS?

Answer: Make sure you drink plenty of fluids, especially if you have fever. Smaller meals may help until you get hungry again. Also, rest as much as you can and get plenty of sleep so your body has a chance to recover.


Question: What is a normal session of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) like?

Answer: The CISD program has three goals: Lessen the impact of a trauma Help those involved recover Find people who might need extra help A normal session involves a small group talking about their shared experience with help from a trained leader. It sounds like -- but should not take the place of -- therapy. The group leaders are often counselors or experts in disaster response who are certified by the National Organization for Victim Assistance ( NOVA). Groups that lead CISD are typically members of either NOVA or National Volunteer Organizations Active in Disaster.


Question: What is critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)?

Answer: You may feel anxious, angry, scared, or guilty. And you might have trouble with sleep, focus, or even become physically ill. A critical incident stress debriefing ( CISD) can help you get better. These sessions, often offered by a workplace or city, provide a chance to talk about the trauma with others who were involved. A CISD usually takes place within the first 3 days after the event and is open to people who were hurt, saw others hurt or killed, or served as first responders.


Question: How long do sessions for critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) last?

Answer: You may take a break and meet again later that day. The group typically meets several times over a few days. The group usually sits together so you can share your experiences, but if someone needs to talk one-on-one, a leader can take him aside.


Question: What role do group leaders play in critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) meetings?

Answer: Group leaders will offer ways to manage the stress and help people understand their feelings and emotional reactions to the event. Participants are encouraged to describe details of the event from their own point of view and discuss their reactions. Leaders will also make sure that participants know what symptoms to watch for (such as nightmares or re-experiencing and reliving the event), and they'll ensure that group members have access to resources for ongoing support and help.


Question: What are the goals of critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)?

Answer: The CISD program has three goals: Lessen the impact of a trauma Help those involved recover Find people who might need extra help A normal session involves a small group talking about their shared experience with help from a trained leader.


Question: How can you treat symptoms of testicular pain?

Answer: For pain, take over-the-counter medication such as acetaminophen ( Tylenol) or ibuprofen ( Advil, Motrin). For swelling, apply an ice pack to the scrotum. The person should wear supportive underwear.


Question: What is psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) is a form of inflammatory arthritis that can affect some of the millions of people who have psoriasis. Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes a red, scaly rash, most often on your elbows, knees, ankles, feet, hands, and other areas.


Question: What is symmetric psoriatic arthritis?

Answer: Psoriatic arthritis ( Ps A) is a form of inflammatory arthritis that can affect some of the millions of people who have psoriasis. It only affects people with Ps A, and not other types of arthritis like rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. Unlike other types of arthritis, Ps A can affect different toes and fingers on different sides of the body.


Question: Is it safe to give cow's milk to babies under age 1?

Answer: It doesn't have enough iron, vitamin E, and essential fatty acids for your baby. Also, it contains too much protein, sodium, and potassium for your child's body to absorb and can cause harm. Wait to introduce cow's milk until your baby is 1 year old. You also don't want to give your baby soy milk or homemade formula. These substitutes may not have the balance of nutrition baby needs right now.


Question: What fortifiers are added to the milk for babies who need special nutrition?

Answer: Babies who were born early (before 37 weeks) or at a low birth weight (less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces) need special nutrition to help them catch up on growth. Breast-fed babies may get a fortifier added to the milk, which contains: Extra calories Extra fat Protein Vitamins Minerals Babies who can't breast-feed will need a special formula made for preterm babies. These formulas are higher in calories. They also contain extra protein, vitamins, and minerals.


Question: How important are nucleotides in nutrition for infants?

Answer: These building blocks of RNA and DNA are also found in breast milk and added to some formulas. They are thought to boost the baby's immune system and help the digestive organs develop.


Question: How important are essential fatty acids in infant formulas?

Answer: They are fortified to make them as close to breast milk as possible, and to give babies all the nutrients they need to grow and be healthy. Most cow's milk formulas contain: Carbohydrates, in the form of the milk sugar "lactose" Iron Protein Minerals, such as calcium and zinc Vitamins, including A, C, D, E, and the B vitamins Some formulas add other nutrients to make them even more like breast milk, such as: Essential fatty acids. ARA and DHA are fatty acids that are important for the baby's brain and vision. They're naturally found in breast milk when the mother includes them in her own diet. Many formulas add them. Yet there's not a lot of evidence that formulas supplemented with fatty acids offer kids any real advantages as they grow.


Question: What are formulas for infants made of?

Answer: They are fortified to make them as close to breast milk as possible, and to give babies all the nutrients they need to grow and be healthy. Most cow's milk formulas contain: Carbohydrates, in the form of the milk sugar "lactose" Iron Protein Minerals, such as calcium and zinc Vitamins, including A, C, D, E, and the B vitamins Some formulas add other nutrients to make them even more like breast milk, such as: Essential fatty acids.


Question: What are some of the nutrients that babies need to grow and stay healthy in their first 6 months?

Answer: In their first year, babies triple their birth weight. Some of the nutrients babies need to grow and stay healthy include: Calcium . Helps build strong bones and teeth. Folate. Helps cells divide. Iron. Builds blood cells, and helps the brain develop. Breast-fed babies should receive iron supplements. Protein and carbohydrates. They provide energy and fuel growth. Zinc. Helps the cells grow and repair themselves Your baby also needs vitamins such as: Vitamin A. Keeps skin, hair, vision, and the immune system healthy.


Question: What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer: Besides feeling cold, other symptoms of hypothyroidism include: Thinning hair Dry skin Fatigue Irregular or heavy menstrual periods Constipation Weight gain If you feel cold in your hands and feet, you may have a blood vessel disorder in which blood flow to your arms and legs is restricted.


Question: Why do my hands and feet feel cold?

Answer: Besides feeling cold, other symptoms of hypothyroidism include: Thinning hair Dry skin Fatigue Irregular or heavy menstrual periods Constipation Weight gain If you feel cold in your hands and feet, you may have a blood vessel disorder in which blood flow to your arms and legs is restricted.


Question: What are the symptoms of diabetic nephropathy?

Answer: Other symptoms of diabetic nephropathy include: Nausea and vomiting Itchiness Loss of appetite Shortness of breath Confusion Swelling in the face, feet or hands This is a type of eating disorder.


Question: How common is genital herpes?

Answer: As you adjust, keep in mind that it's a common condition. In the U. S., 1 in 5 women ages 14-49 and 1 in 10 men in the same age range have it.


Question: Do genital herpes outbreaks ever get better?

Answer: Remember that symptoms tend to calm down in time. Your first outbreak may be the worst you'll ever have.


Question: How can you deal with anger about having herpes?

Answer: When you find out you have genital herpes, it can be a shock. As you adjust, keep in mind that it's a common condition. Because herpes may not flare up for a long time, it might also be hard to figure out exactly when you got it. And while there's a lot you can do to have safer sex, you might not completely avoid STD risks every time. Don't be too hard on yourself, or anyone else, about it.


Question: What if I feel self-conscious about having genital herpes?

Answer: When you find out you have genital herpes, it can be a shock. Joining a support group is also an option.


Question: What foods should you eat while pregnant?

Answer: Eat a variety of foods to get all the nutrients you need. Recommended daily servings include 6-11 servings of breads and grains, two to four servings of fruit, four or more servings of vegetables, four servings of dairy products, and three servings of protein sources (meat, poultry, fish, eggs or nuts). Consume fats and sweets sparingly.


Question: Should you avoid fats while pregnant?

Answer: For a person eating 2000 calories a day, this would be 65 grams of fat or less per day. Limit cholesterol intake to 300 mg or less per day.


Question: Can I eat a "low carb" diet while pregnant?

Answer: Low-carbohydrate diets, such as Atkins and the South Beach Diet, are very popular. There have been no studies of the effects of a low-carb diet on pregnancy, so its effect on the fetus, if any, are unknown. While you are pregnant, you should eat a balanced diet, from all of the food groups.


Question: What can happen if you do not have enough calcium while pregnant?

Answer: Your growing baby needs a considerable amount of calcium to develop. If you do not consume enough calcium to sustain the needs of your developing baby, your body will take calcium from your bones, decreasing your bone mass and putting you at risk for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis causes dramatic thinning of the bone, resulting in weak, brittle bones that can easily be broken. Pregnancy is a critical time for a woman to consume more calcium. Even if no problems develop during pregnancy, an inadequate supply of calcium at this time can diminish bone strength and increase your risk for osteoporosis later in life.


Question: How much iron do you need during pregnancy?

Answer: Eating at least three servings of iron-rich foods a day will help ensure that you are getting 27 mg of iron in your daily diet.


Question: Should you avoid alcohol while pregnant?

Answer: Avoid alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol has been linked to premature delivery, intellectual disability, birth defects, and low birthweight babies.


Question: What is lactose intolerance?

Answer: If you are lactose intolerant, you can still receive the calcium you need. Here are some suggestions: Use Lactaid Milk fortified with calcium. Talk to your dietitian about other lactose-reduced products.


Question: How much folate do you need during pregnancy?

Answer: Choose at least one good source of folate every day, like dark green leafy vegetables, veal, and legumes (lima beans, black beans, black-eyed peas and chickpeas). Every pregnant woman needs at least 0.64 mg of folate per day to help prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida. Man-made supplements of folate are called folic acid and can be an important option when you are pregnant.


Question: Should you avoid caffeine while pregnant?

Answer: Limit caffeine to no more than 300 mg per day. The caffeine content in various drinks depends on the beans or leaves used and how it was prepared. An 8-ounce cup of coffee has about 150 mg of caffeine on average while black tea has typically about 80 mg. A 12-ounce glass of caffeinated soda contains anywhere from 30-60 mg of caffeine. Remember, chocolate (especially dark chocolate) contains caffeine -- sometimes a significant amount.


Question: Why do I need more calcium while pregnant?

Answer: Calcium also allows blood to clot normally, muscles and nerves to function properly, and the heart to beat normally. Most of the calcium in your body is found inside your bones.


Question: How much vitamin A do you need during pregnancy?

Answer: Choose at least one source of vitamin A every other day. Sources of vitamin A include carrots, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, spinach, water squash, turnip greens, beet greens, apricots, and cantaloupe.


Question: Should you avoid saccharin while pregnant?

Answer: But, the use of other non-nutritive or artificial sweeteners approved by the FDA is acceptable during pregnancy. These FDA-approved sweeteners include aspartame ( Equal or Nutra Sweet), acesulfame- K ( Sunett), and sucralose ( Splenda). These sweeteners are considered safe in moderation, so talk with your health care provider about how much non-nutritive sweetener is acceptable during pregnancy.


Question: Can I stay vegetarian while pregnant?

Answer: Just because you are pregnant doesn't mean you have to diverge from your vegetarian diet. Your baby can receive all the nutrition he or she needs to grow and develop while you follow a vegetarian diet, if you make sure you eat a wide variety of healthy foods that provide enough protein and calories for you and your baby. Depending on the type of vegetarian meal plan you follow, you may need to adjust your eating habits to ensure that you and your baby are receiving adequate nutrition. You should consume about 300 more calories than you did before you became pregnant. Discuss your diet with your doctor.


Question: What are guidelines to make sure you get enough iron while pregnant?

Answer: The following guidelines will help ensure that you are consuming enough calcium throughout your pregnancy: The U. S. Recommended Daily Allowance ( USRDA) for calcium is 1,000 mg per day for pregnant and breastfeeding women over age 18. Eating at least three servings of iron-rich foods a day will help ensure that you are getting 27 mg of iron in your daily diet. One of the best ways to get iron from your diet is to consume a highly fortified breakfast cereal. Note that iron intake is not equal to iron absorption. Absorption of iron into the body is greatest with meat sources of iron such as liver. The best sources of iron include enriched grain products, lean meat, poultry, fish, and leafy green vegetables.


Question: Do your tastes for foods change while pregnant?

Answer: Avoid alcohol during pregnancy. You may suddenly dislike foods you were fond of before you became pregnant. In addition, during pregnancy, some women feel strong urges to eat non-food items such as ice, laundry starch, dirt, clay, chalk, ashes, or paint chips. This is called pica, and it may be associated with an iron deficiency such as anemia. Do not give in to these non-food cravings -- they can be harmful to both you and your baby. Tell your health care provider if you have these non-food cravings.


Question: Should I take a calcium supplement during pregnancy?

Answer: Talk to your dietitian about other lactose-reduced products. The amount of calcium you will need from a supplement depends on how much calcium you are consuming through food sources. Calcium supplements and some antacids containing calcium, such as Tums, may complement an already healthy diet. Many multiple vitamin supplements contain little or no calcium; therefore, you may need an additional calcium supplement.


Question: Should I take an iron supplement during pregnancy?

Answer: These sweeteners are considered safe in moderation, so talk with your health care provider about how much non-nutritive sweetener is acceptable during pregnancy. The National Academy of Sciences recommends that all pregnant women following a balanced diet take an iron supplement providing 27 mg of iron during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (that's the amount in most prenatal vitamins). Your doctor may increase this dose if you become anemic. Iron deficiency anemia is a condition in which the size and number of red blood cells are reduced. This condition may result from inadequate intake of iron or from blood loss.


Question: How much iodine do you need during pregnancy?

Answer: Lots of tasty, healthy foods are great for you and your baby while you're pregnant. There's no need to avoid hard cheese, processed cheese, cream cheese, cottage cheese, or yogurt.


Question: Why do teething babies have rashes?

Answer: Lots of drooling can sometimes create a rash around your child's mouth, but one that spreads to cover his torso, arms, or legs could be caused by an illness.


Question: How much fussiness is normal for a teething baby?

Answer: The phrase âcutting a toothâ makes it sound like your little one will have severe, stabbing pain, but teething pain is pretty mild. A bit of extra fussiness is normal. But if your baby cries so much that she can't sleep or be consoled, see your doctor.


Question: How do you know if a baby's fever is from teething or illness?

Answer: Or an illness? Irritability, gum rubbing, and a slightly raised temperature may be due to teething -- but only in the days right before and after a tooth's arrival. So if your little one seems miserable for several days in a row and you still don't see a tooth, then there's probably something else going on.


Question: Why does a teething baby have runny nose, cough, vomiting or diarrhea?

Answer: It affects more than 85% of teething babies. Fevers have often been linked to teething, but evidence shows that's not really true.


Question: Why is a teething baby is less interested in solids?

Answer: But if your baby cries so much that she can't sleep or be consoled, see your doctor. Some babies shun solids while a new tooth is pushing its way through.


Question: What should you do if your baby has teething symptoms for more than few days?

Answer: Has a slightly raised temperature. So if your little one seems miserable for several days in a row and you still don't see a tooth, then there's probably something else going on. Reach out to your child's doctor.


Question: Why do teething babies have no appetite for solids or liquids?

Answer: Expect some slobber as teeth begin pushing outward. But if your child is also refusing to nurse or take a bottle, talk to your pediatrician.


Question: Why does a teething baby have a slight raise in temperature?

Answer: But there's one milestone you may not look forward to: teething. They found that the children had slight increases in temperature on the day a tooth erupted and the day before. But they didn't have what doctors would call a fever, which in a child is 100.4 F or above. Irritability, gum rubbing, and a slightly raised temperature may be due to teething -- but only in the days right before and after a tooth's arrival.


Question: What are probiotics?

Answer: These "good bacteria" live in your gut, where they help keep you healthy. You can also find them in supplements and some foods.


Question: How much probiotics should I take?

Answer: These "good bacteria" live in your gut, where they help keep you healthy. You can also find them in supplements and some foods. You'll find them as capsules, powders, and liquids. Your doctor may point you to a product that's been tested and shown to work for your condition. The right dose varies for each product and for the condition you use them for. Some may not have as many helpful microbes as their labels say.


Question: What are the different types of probiotics?

Answer: These "good bacteria" live in your gut, where they help keep you healthy. You can also find them in supplements and some foods. There are many different probiotics. Some have just one helpful type of bacteria, while others are a mixture. To work well, probiotics must have enough good bacteria to allow them to grow in your intestines.


Question: How safe are probiotics?

Answer: These "good bacteria" live in your gut, where they help keep you healthy. They may help prevent disease, or they might only work after you're sick. If you decide to take them, make sure to tell your doctor.


Question: What medical condition can probiotics help?

Answer: These "good bacteria" live in your gut, where they help keep you healthy. Studies show they may help problems like: Diarrhea that's a side effect of antibiotics or from an infection Colitis caused by the bacteria C. difficile Ulcerative colitis Irritable bowel syndrome Probiotics may also help improve Crohn's disease, allergies, and some types of skin problems, but there's no strong proof.


Question: How do probiotics help with digestion?

Answer: These "good bacteria" live in your gut, where they help keep you healthy. They may work for some conditions but not others. Studies show they may help problems like: Diarrhea that's a side effect of antibiotics or from an infection Colitis caused by the bacteria C. difficile Ulcerative colitis Irritable bowel syndrome Probiotics may also help improve Crohn's disease, allergies, and some types of skin problems, but there's no strong proof.


Question: How can ADHD affect your eating habits and make you gain weight?

Answer: Eating habits: Many ADHD symptoms can keep you from eating healthy. If you can't plan ahead well, it can be hard to have time for low-calorie, nutritious meals or exercise. Trouble focusing and poor impulse control can distract you from choosing the right foods at a restaurant or supermarket, or from cooking a healthy meal at home. Lack of attention can keep you from realizing you're full. Trouble managing stress can lead to emotional eating. If you don't like being bored, you might be more likely to eat when you have nothing else to do.


Question: What can you do when you have trouble controlling your urge to eat if you have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Answer: If you have trouble controlling your urges to eat, one idea is to make it harder to binge. Keep chips, candy, and other junk foods out of your house. Stock your fridge and pantry with good-for-you treats like these in case you have a craving: Fresh fruit Carrot and celery sticks Nuts Cheese sticks Low-fat yogurt Make a list before you go to the supermarket, and stick with it so you won't be tempted to buy something unhealthy.


Question: How can impulsivity from ADHD lead to weight gain?

Answer: There are a few possible reasons: Hard time controlling impulses: This can make it tough to resist another piece of pizza or a second slice of cake. People with ADHD are 5 times more likely to have the eating disorder bulimia, which can involve bingeing or overeating.


Question: How can you control your weight gain if you have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Answer: Stock your fridge and pantry with good-for-you treats like these in case you have a craving: Fresh fruit Carrot and celery sticks Nuts Cheese sticks Low-fat yogurt Make a list before you go to the supermarket, and stick with it so you won't be tempted to buy something unhealthy. To make meals easier, cook a big batch of dinners at once and freeze them. Or use a prepared healthy meal service that delivers to your door.


Question: Does exercise help if you have ADHD?

Answer: But if your ADHD or the drugs you take to treat it lead to a few extra pounds, you're not stuck with the extra weight. Go for a walk, do yoga, or just dance around your room. If you get bored easily, don't try to do a full hour of exercise at once. Break your routine into 10- or 15-minute segments to make them easier to finish.


Question: How can you get fractures from osteoporosis?

Answer: It can cause: Sudden, severe back pain that gets worse when you are standing or walking with some relief when you lie down Trouble twisting or bending your body, and pain when you do Loss of height A curved spine called kyphosis, also known as a âdowager's hump.â Bones are fragile in osteoporosis. Fractures can happen even from simple movements that don't seem dangerous, for example lifting a bag of groceries, twisting to get out of a car, or tripping slightly on a rug. Fractures can take months to heal. The pain should start to go away as the bone begins to repair itself.


Question: What is the most common cause of osteoporosis-related back pain?

Answer: Osteoporosis itself isn't painful. But when the condition is severe, it can lead to fractures and other painful problems. It can cause: Sudden, severe back pain that gets worse when you are standing or walking with some relief when you lie down Trouble twisting or bending your body, and pain when you do Loss of height A curved spine called kyphosis, also known as a âdowager's hump.â Bones are fragile in osteoporosis.


Question: What are the types of surgeries for compression fractures?

Answer: But there are some that shouldn't be taken for a long time. Physical therapy. With vertebroplasty, your doctor uses a needle to inject a bone cement mixture into the fracture to help it heal. Then the doctor fills it with the bone cement mixture. These procedures seem to work best if you have them within 8 weeks of getting the spinal fracture.


Question: Does osteoporosis hurt?

Answer: But when the condition is severe, it can lead to fractures and other painful problems. The most common cause of osteoporosis pain is a spinal compression fracture.


Question: How do I know if my child has diabetic ketoacidosis with their type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Signs of DKA include: Fruity-smelling breath Nausea or vomiting Dry mouth Shortness of breath Abdominal pain You can prevent DKA by keeping close tabs on your child's glucose levels.


Question: How can I know if my child has celiac disease?

Answer: Children with celiac disease tend to have digestion problems like: Pain Bloating Gas Vomiting Constipation Symptoms for adults are different and usually don't show up in their digestive system.


Question: What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy in a child with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms include: Spots floating across their vision Blurry vision Dark or empty patches in the center of their vision Trouble seeing at night Blindness Treatments for retinopathy may include medication, laser treatment, or surgery.


Question: What treatments are available for nerve damage from diabetes?

Answer: A doctor can prescribe medication for specific pain or suggest lifestyle changes, acupuncture, or physical therapy to help manage the symptoms. He may also suggest certain vitamin or fatty acid supplements.


Question: How likely can you get kidney disease with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes can cause problems with the blood vessels that deliver blood to the kidneys. About 30% of people with type 1 will have kidney failure at some point in their lives.


Question: What can happen the longer celiac disease blocks my child from getting nutrition?

Answer: The longer celiac disease blocks your child from getting proper nutrition, the higher their chances of having other problems, like: Weight loss Mood changes Late puberty Tooth damage Stunted height If your child has celiac disease, a doctor will likely recommend switching him to a gluten-free diet.


Question: What nerve problems can you get if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: When diabetes causes high levels of sugar along with high blood pressure for years, it can raise the risk of nerve damage. It might cause problems in areas like: Feet, hands, arms, and legs. They may lose feeling in their limbs, or they might become weak or have burning, tingling, or cold sensations. They might get sores on their feet. Bladder. It may be hard for your child to know when to go to the bathroom, or they may leak urine. Digestive system. They can have trouble swallowing, stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, or vomiting. Sweat glands. They may sweat a lot while sleeping or eating. Eyes. It may be hard to see changes in light. Heart. Heart rate and blood pressure are both controlled by nerves. Your child may become dizzy, short of breath, or even faint because of nerve damage.


Question: What can happen if my child has type 1 diabetes and I don't treat their low blood sugar levels?

Answer: If you don't treat low glucose levels, your child can pass out or even slip into a coma. Glucagon is a hormone that makes your liver release glucose. You or someone else may need to inject it into your child's bloodstream to wake them up. Check with your child's doctor about this.


Question: What can happen if you have injured nerves and type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Injured nerves can also mask symptoms of low blood sugar. This is more likely to happen in people who have had type 1 for a long time.


Question: Is there a cure for a child's nerve damage that's caused by type 1 diabetes?

Answer: A doctor can prescribe medication for specific pain or suggest lifestyle changes, acupuncture, or physical therapy to help manage the symptoms. He may also suggest certain vitamin or fatty acid supplements.


Question: What happens when there is too much blood sugar for my child with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Hyperglycemia happens when there's too much glucose in the bloodstream. Your child might feel thirsty and take more trips to the bathroom than usual. In severe cases, it can cause a serious problem called diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA). DKA happens when the body can't use glucose properly, and it releases chemicals into the blood called ketones. When ketones build up, it can cause coma or even death.


Question: What are the treatments of retinopathy in a child with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms include: Spots floating across their vision Blurry vision Dark or empty patches in the center of their vision Trouble seeing at night Blindness Treatments for retinopathy may include medication, laser treatment, or surgery.


Question: How likely are you to get cardiovascular disease if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Diabetes is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease like heart problems and stroke. Adults with diabetes are two to four times more likely to have cardiovascular disease than non-diabetic adults.


Question: What happens if low glucose levels in my child with type 1 diabetes don't get treated?

Answer: If you don't treat low glucose levels, your child can pass out or even slip into a coma. Glucagon is a hormone that makes your liver release glucose. You or someone else may need to inject it into your child's bloodstream to wake them up. Check with your child's doctor about this.


Question: Are there treatments for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer: Symptoms include: Spots floating across their vision Blurry vision Dark or empty patches in the center of their vision Trouble seeing at night Blindness Treatments for retinopathy may include medication, laser treatment, or surgery.


Question: What does the A1c measure for my child's type 1 diabetes?

Answer: A1c The A1c gives you a good idea of how well your child's diabetes treatment plan is working. It measures his average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months. The glucose levels can change from day to day, so having this average gives you the best sense of what's really going on. The American Diabetes Association recommends an A1c level of lower than 7.5% for children.


Question: What will my doctor recommend if my child has celiac disease and diabetes?

Answer: The longer celiac disease blocks your child from getting proper nutrition, the higher their chances of having other problems, like: Weight loss Mood changes Late puberty Tooth damage Stunted height If your child has celiac disease, a doctor will likely recommend switching him to a gluten-free diet. Symptoms usually improve once you make that change.


Question: How can you treat kidney disease?

Answer: The disease can cause: Weight gain Swollen ankles High blood pressure Many trips to the bathroom at night Protein in the urine A doctor may use medications called ACE inhibitors to slow down kidney disease.


Question: How can I know if my child has nerve damage due to type 1 diabetes?

Answer: It might cause problems in areas like: Feet, hands, arms, and legs. They may lose feeling in their limbs, or they might become weak or have burning, tingling, or cold sensations. They might get sores on their feet.


Question: What is hyperglycemia in a child who has type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Hyperglycemia happens when there's too much glucose in the bloodstream. Your child might feel thirsty and take more trips to the bathroom than usual. In severe cases, it can cause a serious problem called diabetic ketoacidosis ( DKA).


Question: What problems do children with celiac disease have if they have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Digestive system.


Question: When should my child with type 1 diabetes be checked for kidney disease?

Answer: Diabetes can cause problems with the blood vessels that deliver blood to the kidneys. About 30% of people with type 1 will have kidney failure at some point in their lives. Children are typically checked 3-5 years after being diagnosed with type 1.


Question: How can I prevent diabetic ketoacidosis in my child if they have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Signs of DKA include: Fruity-smelling breath Nausea or vomiting Dry mouth Shortness of breath Abdominal pain You can prevent DKA by keeping close tabs on your child's glucose levels. If you see signs of DKA, see a doctor right away.


Question: What are my child's chances of having celiac disease due to type 1 diabetes?

Answer: The risk of having celiac disease is 10 times greater when you have diabetes. With celiac disease, the body reacts to gluten -- a protein in wheat, rye, and barley -- by attacking the small intestine. The damage can keep your child from getting the nutrients he needs.


Question: How does diabetic ketoacidosis happen in a child with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: DKA happens when the body can't use glucose properly, and it releases chemicals into the blood called ketones.


Question: How can I treat my child's low blood sugar levels if they have type 1 diabetes?

Answer: Symptoms vary but might include: Feeling shaky Sweating Chills Fatigue Dizziness, confusion, irritability Headache Hunger Fast heartbeat You can treat hypoglycemia by having your child eat or drink 15-20 grams of glucose, which is equal to a handful of raisins or a half cup of juice. Repeat these steps until the blood glucose gets back to normal.


Question: How can I help my child diagnosed with type 1 diabetes?

Answer: If your child's blood sugar stays high over time, it can damage the body and cause health problems. You can help your child stay healthy and lower the chances of getting cardiovascular disease later in life by encouraging him or her to: Maintain a healthy weight.


Question: How likely can my child with type 1 diabetes get celiac disease?

Answer: With celiac disease, the body reacts to gluten -- a protein in wheat, rye, and barley -- by attacking the small intestine. The damage can keep your child from getting the nutrients he needs. When diabetes causes high levels of sugar along with high blood pressure for years, it can raise the risk of nerve damage.


Question: What should I know if my child has type 1 diabetes?

Answer: If your child has been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, it's important you know how it can affect their body now and throughout life. Certain health conditions are related to type 1. The longer celiac disease blocks your child from getting proper nutrition, the higher their chances of having other problems, like: Weight loss Mood changes Late puberty Tooth damage Stunted height If your child has celiac disease, a doctor will likely recommend switching him to a gluten-free diet.


Question: Is my child with type 1 diabetes at risk for getting diabetic retinopathy?

Answer: Children with celiac disease tend to have digestion problems like: Pain Bloating Gas Vomiting Constipation Symptoms for adults are different and usually don't show up in their digestive system. The longer your child has diabetes, the higher his chances of developing retinopathy. That's why regular visits to the eye doctor are so important.


Question: How often will my child with type 1 diabetes need eye exams?

Answer: Make sure your doctor knows your child has type 1 so he can catch and treat any potential problems as soon as possible. Kids are usually tested for eye issues 3-5 years after they're diagnosed with type 1. That's why regular visits to the eye doctor are so important.


Question: What happens if my child has type 1 diabetes and his blood sugar stays high over time?

Answer: Blood glucose problems are common and can become serious if they aren't treated. When diabetes causes high levels of sugar along with high blood pressure for years, it can raise the risk of nerve damage.


Question: How does menopause affect your sex drive?

Answer: That can lead to less interest in sex. Also, lower levels of estrogen can cause a drop in blood supply to the vagina. That can affect vaginal lubrication, causing the vagina to be too dry for comfortable sex -- but there's help for that. Other factors may influence a woman's level of interest in sex during menopause and after. These include: Bladder control problems Sleep disturbances Depression or anxiety Stress Medications Health concerns No. Some postmenopausal women say they've got an improved sex drive.


Question: What is Osphena?

Answer: An oral drug taken once a day, ospemifeme ( Osphena), makes vaginal tissue thicker and less fragile, resulting in less pain for women during sex. The FDA warns that Osphena can thicken the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) and raise the risk of stroke and blood clots.


Question: How can I protect myself from sexually transmitted diseases during menopause?

Answer: Menopause and postmenopause don't protect you against STDs. Use a latex condom every time you have sex. Limit your number of sexual partners. The more partners you have, the more likely you are to catch an STD. Practice monogamy. This means having sex with only one person. Get checked for STDs. Don't risk giving the infection to someone else. Ask a potential sex partner to be checked for STDs. Symptoms of STDs may not be visible or even cause any symptoms for your partner. If you have more than one sex partner, always use a condom. Don't use alcohol or drugs before you have sex. You may be less likely to practice safe sex if you're drunk or high. Know the symptoms of STDs.


Question: How can I improve my sex drive during and after menopause?

Answer: You can also talk to your doctor about vaginal estrogen therapy. Estrogen can make sex less painful by treating vaginal dryness, though. Doctors are also studying whether a combo of estrogen and male hormones called androgens may help boost sex drive in women. The therapist may advise sexual counseling on an individual basis, with your partner, or in a support group. This type of counseling can be very successful, even when it's done on a short-term basis.


Question: How can I improve physical intimacy during menopause?

Answer: To improve your physical intimacy, try these tips: Consider experimenting with erotic videos or books, masturbation, and changes to sexual routines. Use distraction techniques to boost relaxation and ease anxiety. Have fun with foreplay, such as sensual massage or oral sex. Minimize any pain you might have by using sexual positions that allow you to control the depth of penetration. You may also want to take a warm bath before sex to help you relax, and use vaginal lubricants to help ease pain caused by friction. Tell your partner what's comfortable and what's not.


Question: Do I still have to worry about sexually transmitted diseases during menopause?

Answer: During menopause, if your sex drive has dropped but you don't think you need counseling, you should still take time for intimacy. You can get an STD at any point in your life during which you're sexually active. This risk doesn't go down with age or with changes in your reproductive system. Left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious illnesses, while others, like HIV, cannot be cured and may be fatal.


Question: How can I improve intimacy with my partner during menopause?

Answer: That can lead to less interest in sex. During menopause, if your sex drive has dropped but you don't think you need counseling, you should still take time for intimacy. You can still show your partner love and affection without having sex. Enjoy your time together: take walks, eat dinner by candlelight, or give each other back rubs.


Question: Can a long-term sleep problem raise your chance of getting heart failure?

Answer: One study found that men ages 40 to 70 with sleep apnea, which is when your breathing repeatedly stops and starts while you're asleep, were 58% more likely to get heart failure.


Question: Can avoiding drugs help lower your risk of heart failure?

Answer: It can make your heart rate and blood pressure go up. It may also lead to hardening of your arteries. All these problems raise your risk of heart failure. And pay particular attention to belly fat, which can increase your risk of heart disease even more than fat on other parts of your body.


Question: Can lifestyle changes lower your risk of heart failure?

Answer: Also choose "good fats" in olive oil, walnuts, avocados, and fish like salmon or tuna. A long-term sleep problem can raise your chance of heart failure.


Question: Does smoking affect your risk of heart failure?

Answer: Ask your doctor for advice on ways to stop. Smoking damages your arteries, which can start you down the road to heart failure. While you're at it, stay away from smoky rooms, since secondhand smoke is harmful as well. And if you already have heart failure, alcohol can make it worse.


Question: What are the main types of baby formulas?

Answer: They come in three main forms: Powders. The least expensive option, these are usually mixed with water - one scoop to two ounces of water. Liquid concentrates. Pricier than powders, these are generally diluted with an equal part of water. Ready-to-use baby formulas. Often the most expensive and convenient, ready-to-use formulas can be poured straight into baby's bottle.


Question: What's the difference between milk-based baby and soy-based baby formula?

Answer: The three forms of formula -- powders, concentrates, and ready-to-use -- are based on different ingredients: Milk-based baby formulas Made with cow's milk, vegetable oils (for fat calories), vitamins, and minerals -- and usually iron-fortified (as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics) -- milk-based formulas are appropriate for healthy, full-term babies. Soy-based baby formulas Made with soy protein, vegetable oils, corn syrup and/or sucrose (for carbohydrates), and sometimes iron, these formulas are good for babies with lactose intolerance who can't take milk-based formulas, or those who have allergies to the whole protein in cow's milk or are on a vegetarian-based diet.


Question: What are some of the reasons you might want to change your baby's formula?

Answer: These and other symptoms can also be signs of something unrelated to baby's formula. In that case, a change may not help or could make baby's symptoms worse. That's why you should always talk to your baby's doctor before changing infant formulas. Call your doctor if your baby has any of these symptoms: Dry, red, and scaly skin Diarrhea Extreme fatigue or weakness Forceful vomiting What about switching to follow-up formulas when your baby gets older?


Question: What are good sleep habits if you have a lot of stress?

Answer: Getting a good night's sleep can help you fight stress the next day. Go for at least 7 hours a night. Try these tips if you're having trouble: Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day -- even on the weekends. Avoid caffeine after 3 p.m. and alcohol close to bedtime. If you take naps, do so early in the day rather than too close to bedtime. Exercise regularly, and try to exercise early in the day.


Question: How much exercise do I need to do to lower stress?

Answer: To get your heart rate up with an aerobic exercise: Walk Cycle Swim Just 20 minutes a day will help calm your mind and lower stress hormones. Exercise also boosts endorphins, brain chemicals that improve your mood. Even light exercise can relax you, though harder workouts offer greater health rewards. Check with your doctor before you start a new exercise program.


Question: What is guided imagery for stress?

Answer: This technique has the same relaxation benefits of deep breathing. Here's how it works: Sit somewhere quiet and picture yourself in a calm and peaceful place, such as a beach. Imagine walking through this place and taking in its sights, sounds, and smells. While your imagination is working, breathe slowly and deeply. Keep this up until you are fully relaxed. Ease back slowly into the real world.


Question: How can I learn guided imagery to help with stress management?

Answer: To get started, you can search online for podcasts that will talk you through the process. Nurses, counselors, therapists, or other professionals can also help you learn how to do this on your own.


Question: Is meditation good for stress?

Answer: This ancient practice relaxes your mind and the body. For several minutes each day, sit quietly and comfortably. While you do this, focus your mind on one of these things: Your breathing An object A specific word or phrase (mantra) As thoughts and distractions intrude, gently push them away. Return to your focus. You can do meditation alone or with a group. To get your heart rate up with an aerobic exercise: Walk Cycle Swim Just 20 minutes a day will help calm your mind and lower stress hormones.


Question: How can breathing deeply beat stress?

Answer: If stress is starting to run you ragged, take heart. It helps you: Lower stress hormones Lower your heart rate Bring down your blood pressure Here's how to do it: Sit quietly with one hand on your stomach, the other on your chest.


Question: How can I use positive self-talk when I'm stressed?

Answer: Omega-3s, like those found in salmon and other fatty fish, as well nuts and seeds, may also be calming. If you take naps, do so early in the day rather than too close to bedtime.


Question: How can you tell if a blood clot is forming in your lung?

Answer: Watch out for symptoms like these: Severe pain in your chest and arm Sweating Trouble breathing A blood clot in your lung usually starts out in a deep vein in your arm or leg, then breaks off and travels to your lung. When this happens, you get what's called a pulmonary embolism, an extremely dangerous condition. Get medical help right away if you: Feel short of breath or have problems breathing Get pain in your chest Start to cough Begin to sweat Feel dizzy Blood clots here may be caused by fatty deposits in the walls of the blood vessels that bring blood to your brain.


Question: How can you tell if a blood clot is forming in your kidney?

Answer: Check with your doctor if you have problems like these: Nausea or vomiting Severe pain in your belly, which may be worse after you eat Diarrhea Bloody stools A sensation that feels like you're bloated A blood clot there can keep them from removing waste from your body. That can cause high blood pressure or even kidney failure. This is dangerous, so look out for these symptoms: Pain in the side of your belly, legs, or thighs Blood in your urine Fever Nausea or vomiting High blood pressure Sudden severe leg swelling Trouble breathing


Question: How can you tell if a blood clot is forming in your arms and legs?

Answer: See More: Dos and Don'ts of a Blood Clot When a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins in your arm or leg, way beneath your skin's surface, it could be something called a deep vein thrombosis ( DVT). That's dangerous because the clot could travel to your heart or lungs. You're more likely to get a DVT if you've haven't moved around for a long time, say after surgery or during a long plane trip. Get medical help right away if you notice any of these symptoms: Swelling. This can happen in the exact spot where the blood clot forms, or your entire leg or arm could puff up. Change in color. You might notice that your arm or leg takes on a red or blue tinge, or gets warm or itchy. Pain. As the clot gets worse, you may hurt or get sore. The feeling can range from a dull ache to intense pain. Trouble breathing. If this happens, it could mean that the clot has moved from your arm or leg to your lungs. You may also get a bad cough, and might even cough up blood. You may get pain in your chest or feel dizzy. Call 911 to get medical help right away.


Question: How can you tell if a blood clot is forming in your heart?

Answer: A blood clot that forms in or around your ticker may cause a heart attack. Watch out for symptoms like these: Severe pain in your chest and arm Sweating Trouble breathing A blood clot in your lung usually starts out in a deep vein in your arm or leg, then breaks off and travels to your lung.


Question: What has been found about cinnamon and diabetes?

Answer: Several small studies have linked cinnamon to better blood sugar levels. Some of this work shows it may curb blood sugar by lowering insulin resistance. In one study, volunteers ate from 1 to 6 grams of cinnamon for 40 days. ( One gram of ground cinnamon is about half a teaspoon.) The researchers found that cinnamon cut cholesterol by about 18% and blood sugar levels by 24%. But in other studies, the spice did not lower blood sugar or cholesterol levels.


Question: What supplements lower blood sugar levels?

Answer: Use caution if you also take other supplements that lower blood sugar levels, including: Alpha lipoic acid Bitter melon Chromium Devil's claw Fenugreek Garlic Horse chestnut Panax Siberian ginseng Psyllium The same holds true with diabetes medications.


Question: Does cinnamon help diabetes?

Answer: Research findings have been mixed, and the American Diabetes Association dismisses cinnamon's use in diabetes treatment.


Question: How can I treat dehydration caused by a norovirus infection?

Answer: To prevent dehydration, make sure to drink plenty of liquids, especially water and juices. Give children an oral rehydration solution (such as Pedialyte) to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Avoid sugary drinks, which can make diarrhea worse, as well as alcohol and caffeinated beverages, which can dehydrate you further. Symptoms of dehydration include dizziness when standing, dry mouth, and peeing less. Children who are dehydrated may be unusually sleepy or fussy and produce few or no tears when they cry. â Some people get listless, lethargic, not acting like themselves -- that could indicate compromised electrolyte balance from dehydration, and that requires medical attention,â says Gaydos. If severe dehydration develops, contact your doctor. Severe dehydration is sometimes treated with intravenous ( IV) fluids.


Question: Who is most likely to catch norovirus?

Answer: Young children, the elderly, and people who have a weakened immune system are particularly susceptible to catching noroviruses. The spread of the virus can be hard to control because it's contagious before symptoms appear. In other words, you can spread the infection before you know you're sick. â If you get one or two kids in the classroom with it, then it can wipe out the whole class and other classrooms,â says Gaydos. â It's just like at home where if one person gets it, the whole family gets it.â If you come down with a norovirus infection, you'll probably go from feeling completely healthy to absolutely miserable within a day or two after being exposed.


Question: What are some other symptoms of norovirus?

Answer: Other norovirus symptoms include: Low-grade fever Chills Headache Muscle aches Fatigue Most of these symptoms aren't serious, but diarrhea and vomiting can deplete your body of the fluid it needs, and you can become dehydrated. Children and the elderly are most susceptible to dehydration, as well as malnutrition from not getting enough nutrients.


Question: What's the treatment for a norovirus infection?

Answer: No antiviral drug can treat noroviruses, but in healthy people, the illness should go away on its own within a couple of days. Most people don't have any long-term problems from the virus.


Question: What causes infection from norovirus?

Answer: People become infected with noroviruses when they eat or drink contaminated foods and beverages. Raw or undercooked oysters and raw fruits and vegetables have been implicated in some outbreaks. You can also get infected if you touch an object or surface that has been infected with the virus and then touch your nose, mouth, or eyes.


Question: What should I know about norovirus?

Answer: The highly contagious norovirus can tear through cruise ships, classrooms, and other crowded spaces, leaving vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps in its wake. It spreads easily through food and drink and can have a big impact on people's health. The CDC estimates that noroviruses are responsible for more than half of all food-borne disease outbreaks each year.


Question: How is a norovirus infection diagnosed?

Answer: If you have norovirus symptoms, your doctor can give you a stool test to confirm that you have the illness. However, norovirus diagnosis is usually made based only on symptoms.


Question: When should I call or visit the doctor for a norovirus infection?

Answer: â Whenever you're sick, your resistance is down and you have an increased chance that you'll pick up something else.â In most cases, you will get better on your own after 1 to 3 days. Call your doctor's office if you have symptoms after 3 days, Gaydos says. Also, pay attention for symptoms of dehydration, which may also require a doctor's attention. In rare cases, your vomiting could mean something more serious than norovirus. If your vomit is green or yellow, that could be a sign of a bowel obstruction. See a doctor right away.


Question: How can noroviruses spread?

Answer: The highly contagious norovirus can tear through cruise ships, classrooms, and other crowded spaces, leaving vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps in its wake. Once someone is infected from contaminated food, the virus can quickly pass from person to person through shared food or utensils, by shaking hands, or through other close contact. When someone with the virus vomits, the virus can spread through the air and contaminate surfaces. The virus also spreads through feces, meaning that someone who doesn't thoroughly wash his hands after using the bathroom can pass it along. Dirty diapers can also harbor norovirus.


Question: How can I prevent norovirus infection?

Answer: In other words, you can spread the infection before you know you're sick. Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the bathroom or changing a baby's diaper, and before you prepare or eat food. Alcohol-based cleansers are not as effective as soap and water. Carefully throw away any contaminated items (such as dirty diapers). Wash raw fruits and vegetables thoroughly. Cook oysters and other shellfish before eating them. Clean and disinfect surfaces with a mixture of detergent and chlorine bleach after someone is sick. Try not to eat food that has been prepared by someone else who is sick.


Question: How long is a norovirus infection contagious?

Answer: Symptoms of dehydration include dizziness when standing, dry mouth, and peeing less. In most cases, you can return to work or school after you have been symptom-free for 48 hours, Gaydos says. Food service workers are generally encouraged to wait 72 hours before they handle food. â I tell parents that if their child still seems tired or not quite right after 48 hours, keep him or her home for another day or two,â he says. â Whenever you're sick, your resistance is down and you have an increased chance that you'll pick up something else.â In most cases, you will get better on your own after 1 to 3 days.


Question: How common are noroviruses?

Answer: Worldwide, noroviruses are thought to be the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting illness). Deferred(); $(function() { require(['ia-modules/1/ia-modules.min','video2/1/responsive-player/video-loader','webmd.oauth/1/webmd.oauth'], function(ia M, video Loader, oauth){ window.webmd Video Promise.resolve(video Loader, oauth); }); }); On average, noroviruses cause 19 million to 21 million cases of acute gastroenteritis in the U. S. per year, according to the CDC. The norovirus was originally called the Norwalk virus, after the town of Norwalk, OH, where the first confirmed outbreak happened in 1972.


Question: Iâm a senior on a fixed income and can't afford regular dental care. Can I get financial aid?

Answer: If you are a senior on a limited or fixed income and can't afford regular dental care, many dentists offer their services at reduced fees through dental society-sponsored assistance programs. Since aid varies from one community to another, call your local dental society for information about where you can find the nearest assistance programs and low-cost care locations (such as public health clinics and dental school clinics). Also, check your local phone book, the internet, or your local dental society.


Question: What things will a dentist check during a dental exam for a senior?

Answer: Questions asked during a dental history should include: The approximate date of your last dental visit and reason for the visit If you have noticed any recent changes in your mouth If you have noticed any loose or sensitive teeth If you have noticed any difficulty tasting, chewing, or swallowing If you have any pain, discomfort, sores, or bleeding in your mouth If you have noticed any lumps, bumps, or swellings in your mouth During an oral exam, your dentist will check the following: your face and neck (for skin discoloration, moles, sores); your bite (for any problems in how the teeth come together while opening and closing your mouth); your jaw (for signs of clicking and popping in the temporomandibular joint); your lymph nodes and salivary glands (for any sign of swelling or lumps); your inner cheeks (for infections, ulcers, traumatic injuries); your tongue and other interior surfaces -- floor of the mouth, soft and hard palate, gum tissue (for signs of infection or oral cancer); and your teeth (for decay, condition of fillings, and cracks).


Question: Besides age, what things can affect seniorsâ dental health?

Answer: However, certain medical conditions, such as arthritis in the hands and fingers, may make brushing or flossing teeth difficult to impossible to perform. Drugs can also affect oral health and may make a change in your dental treatment necessary.


Question: What things will a dentist ask seniors during a dental exam?

Answer: If you're a senior headed for a check up, your dentist should conduct a thorough history and dental exam. Questions asked during a dental history should include: The approximate date of your last dental visit and reason for the visit If you have noticed any recent changes in your mouth If you have noticed any loose or sensitive teeth If you have noticed any difficulty tasting, chewing, or swallowing If you have any pain, discomfort, sores, or bleeding in your mouth If you have noticed any lumps, bumps, or swellings in your mouth During an oral exam, your dentist will check the following: your face and neck (for skin discoloration, moles, sores); your bite (for any problems in how the teeth come together while opening and closing your mouth); your jaw (for signs of clicking and popping in the temporomandibular joint); your lymph nodes and salivary glands (for any sign of swelling or lumps); your inner cheeks (for infections, ulcers, traumatic injuries); your tongue and other interior surfaces -- floor of the mouth, soft and hard palate, gum tissue (for signs of infection or oral cancer); and your teeth (for decay, condition of fillings, and cracks). If you wear dentures or other appliances, your dentist will ask a few questions about when you wear your dentures and when you take them out (if removable).


Question: What problems with the teeth and gums are known to affect seniors?

Answer: Advancing age puts many seniors at risk for a number of oral health problems, such as: Darkened teeth . Root decay . Roots do not have any enamel to protect them and are more prone to decay than the crown part of the tooth. Gum disease. Caused by plaque and made worse by food left in teeth, use of tobacco products, poor-fitting bridges and dentures, poor diets, and certain diseases, such as anemia, cancer, and diabetes, this is often a problem for older adults. Tooth loss .


Question: What is denture-induced stomatitis, and how does it affect seniors?

Answer: Advancing age puts many seniors at risk for a number of oral health problems, such as: Darkened teeth . This allows the rest of the teeth to drift and shift into open spaces Denture-induced stomatitis . Ill-fitting dentures, poor dental hygiene, or a buildup of the fungus Candida albicans cause this condition, which is inflammation of the tissue underlying a denture.


Question: How and why does an uneven jawbone affect seniors?

Answer: Advancing age puts many seniors at risk for a number of oral health problems, such as: Darkened teeth . Uneven jawbone . This is caused by tooth and then not replacing missing teeth. This allows the rest of the teeth to drift and shift into open spaces Denture-induced stomatitis .


Question: How and why does a decline in the sense of taste affect seniors?

Answer: Advancing age puts many seniors at risk for a number of oral health problems, such as: Darkened teeth . Diminished sense of taste . While advancing age impairs the sense of taste, diseases, medications, and dentures can also contribute to this sensory loss.


Question: How and why does dry mouth affect seniors?

Answer: Advancing age puts many seniors at risk for a number of oral health problems, such as: Darkened teeth . Dry mouth. Caused by reduced saliva flow, which can be a result of cancer treatments that use radiation to the head and neck area, as well as certain diseases, such as SjÃ¶gren's syndrome, and medication side effects.


Question: Are premature babies at risk for eye problems?

Answer: Complications: Children who've had ROP are more likely to get other problems later on: Myopia (nearsightedness) Strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) Amblyopia (lazy eye) Glaucoma Retinal detachment Your child will need regular eye exams by a specialist as often as he recommends.


Question: What vision problems could children with retinopathy of prematurity have?

Answer: Complications: Children who've had ROP are more likely to get other problems later on: Myopia (nearsightedness) Strabismus (misalignment of the eyes) Amblyopia (lazy eye) Glaucoma Retinal detachment Your child will need regular eye exams by a specialist as often as he recommends. If the doctor catches them early on, he can treat most of these conditions without any vision loss.


Question: How is retinopathy of prematurity treated?

Answer: Medications placed inside the eye. Studies are ongoing to see if the medications that treat adult age-related macular degeneration can be used. Early treatment can help preserve central vision, which lets your child see straight ahead, read, see colors, and drive. Some of these procedures can lead to a loss of side vision.


Question: What vision problems could babies with strabismus have?

Answer: Complications: Because the eyes focus in two different areas, the brain receives two different images. To make up for this, your baby's brain ignores the image from the crossed eye and processes only the image from the stronger eye. This can affect her depth perception. It can also lead to amblyopia, or lazy eye. This happens when the crossed eye doesn't develop good eyesight or even loses vision. About one-third of children with strabismus get amblyopia.


Question: What is retinopathy of prematurity?

Answer: It usually affects both eyes and is the main reason children have vision loss. Babies who weigh about 2 ¾ pounds and are born earlier than 31 weeks are most likely to get it. Fortunately, most will have a mild case and won't need treatment. More severe forms can cause vision loss and even blindness if you don't take care of them. ROP causes blood vessels in the eye to grow abnormally and spread through the retina. These new blood vessels are fragile, and they leak blood into the eye. Scar tissue can form and pull the retina away from the back of the eye, causing vision loss. Treatment: The disease has five stages. Infantile esotropia is a type that affects premature babies.


Question: How are babies treated for strabismus?

Answer: He'll block the stronger eye so her brain sees only images from the weaker one. He might use an eyepatch or drops that blur vision. This will strengthen her crossed eye and help her see better. Once her vision is stable, the doctor may do surgery to repair muscles around her eye. But her eyes will be better in the long run if she gets treatment before age 2. Even after surgery, she may still need glasses. Because strabismus can return, stick to the regular eye exam schedule her doctor recommends.


Question: What are some long-acting bronchodilator asthma inhalers available in the United States?

Answer: Advair, Dulera, and Symbicort (a combination of a long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilator and an inhaled steroid) Salmeterol ( Serevent) Formoterol ( Foradil) Formoterol solution for nebulizers ( Perforomist) Long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilators raise the risk of death from asthma and should only be used as additional treatment for people who are using an inhaled steroid.


Question: What is a bronchodilator?

Answer: Almost all people with asthma use a bronchodilator to help open their airways. Short-acting bronchodilators are used as a "quick relief" or "rescue inhalers", while long-acting bronchodilators can be used every day to control asthma -- along with an inhaled steroid.


Question: What are the risks of using long-acting bronchodilator asthma inhalers?

Answer: Advair, Dulera, and Symbicort (a combination of a long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilator and an inhaled steroid) Salmeterol ( Serevent) Formoterol ( Foradil) Formoterol solution for nebulizers ( Perforomist) Long-acting beta-agonist bronchodilators raise the risk of death from asthma and should only be used as additional treatment for people who are using an inhaled steroid. For details, talk to your doctor and see the drugs' black-box warning.


Question: What should I keep in mind when using bronchodilators?

Answer: And keep in mind that not only is smoking and exposure to cigarette smoke especially dangerous when you have asthma, it can also interfere with how your body responds to the medication. So it's best to avoid smoke and cigarette smoking.


Question: What are the side effects of using theophylline as a bronchodilator?

Answer: Side effects of theophylline include: Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Stomachache Headache Rapid or irregular heartbeat Muscle cramps Jittery or nervous feeling Hyperactivity These side effects may also be a sign that you've taken too much medication. Your doctor will check levels of the drug in your blood to make sure you're getting the proper amount.


Question: How do anticholinergic bronchodilators work?

Answer: Bronchodilators can have side effects such as: Nervous or shaky feeling Higher heart rate or palpitations Upset stomach Trouble sleeping Muscle aches or cramps Anticholinergics are bronchodilators mainly used for treating COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, like emphysema) and asthma. Atrovent treats COPD and can be used off-label to treat asthma flares. You can get it as an inhaler and a nebulizer solution. Dry throat is the most common side effect. If the medication gets in your eyes, it can cause blurred vision for a short time. Tiotropium bromide ( Spiriva Respimat) is for people who have either asthma or COPD. It comes in an inhaler. Anyone over 6 can may use this medication once daily as a long-term asthma treatment. It's used for COPD flares and long-term treatment if inhaled bronchodilators don't help.


Question: What are the types of bronchodilators for asthma?

Answer: For treating asthma symptoms, there are three types of bronchodilators: beta-agonists, anticholinergics, and theophylline. You can get these bronchodilators as tablets, liquids, and shots, but the preferred way to take beta-agonists and anticholinergics is inhaling them.


Question: What are the risks of using theophylline as a bronchodilator?

Answer: Always tell your doctors if you take theophylline for asthma because certain medications, like some antibiotics, seizure medicines, and ulcer medicines, can interact with it. Make sure your doctor knows about any other medical conditions you may have.


Question: What are long-acting bronchodilators?

Answer: Short-acting bronchodilators are used as a "quick relief" or "rescue inhalers", while long-acting bronchodilators can be used every day to control asthma -- along with an inhaled steroid. They should only be used with inhaled steroids for long-term control of asthma symptoms. You'll take a long-acting bronchodilator twice a day.


Question: How do I know if I have keratitis?

Answer: Symptoms to look out for: Severe pain Blurred vision Tearing Redness Extreme sensitivity to light Discharge Treatment usually includes antibiotic or antifungal eyedrops. Some people need antiviral drugs and steroid eyedrops.


Question: How is the cornea structured?

Answer: To understand potential problems, it helps to know the parts of the cornea. Is has three main layers: Epithelium. The outermost layer. It stops outside matter from getting into your eye. It also absorbs oxygen and nutrients from tears. Stroma. The middle and thickest layer lies behind the epithelium. It's made up mostly of water and proteins that give it an elastic but solid form. Endothelium. This is a single layer of cells on the very back of the stroma. The aqueous humor, a clear fluid in the front chamber of your eye, is in constant contact with this layer. It works like a pump. The stroma absorbs excess liquid and the endothelium pulls it out. Without this function, the stroma would become waterlogged. Your cornea would get opaque and hazy, and so would your vision.


Question: What conditions can cause damage to the cornea?

Answer: Keratitis: This inflammation sometimes occurs after viruses, bacteria, or fungi get into the cornea. They can get in after an injury and cause infection, inflammation, and ulcers. If your contact lenses cause an eye injury, that, too, can lead to keratitis.


Question: What are symptoms of corneal problems?

Answer: Your cornea usually heals itself after most minor injuries or infections. But during the healing process, you might notice symptoms like: Pain Blurred vision Tearing Redness Extreme sensitivity to light These symptoms also come with other eye problems, so they may signal a more serious issue that requires special treatment. If you have them, go to your eye doctor.


Question: How do you get keratoconus?

Answer: Causes include: Genetics (you can inherit a tendency for the condition from a parent) Eye trauma (from rubbing your eyes a lot) Eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa, retinopathy of prematurity, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, along with Down syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, Addison's disease, Leber's congenital amaurosis, and Ehlers- Danlos syndrome are associated with keratoconus.


Question: Can you prevent genetic corneal diseases?

Answer: But you can hang onto your vision if you find and treat them early.


Question: How are cornea problems caused by Fuch's dystrophy treated?

Answer: Treatment includes: Eyedrops/ointments Drying your swollen cornea with a hair dryer (at arm's length) two or three times a day Corneal transplant (full or partial) Lattice dystrophy: This is abnormal protein fibers in the stroma.


Question: What can happen if your cornea is damaged?

Answer: If your cornea is damaged by disease, infection, or an injury, the resulting scars can affect your vision. They might block or distort light as it enters your eye.


Question: How is corneal damage caused by keratitis treated?

Answer: Symptoms to look out for: Severe pain Blurred vision Tearing Redness Extreme sensitivity to light Discharge Treatment usually includes antibiotic or antifungal eyedrops. Some people need antiviral drugs and steroid eyedrops.


Question: How does ocular herpes (herpes of the eye) damage your cornea?

Answer: Ocular Herpes ( Herpes of the Eye): Like fever blisters, this viral infection can come back again and again. The main cause is the herpes simplex virus I ( HSV I), the same one that leads to cold sores. It can also result from the sexually transmitted herpes simplex virus II ( HSV II) that causes genital herpes. This condition creates sores on the cornea. Over time, the inflammation can spread deeper into your cornea and eye.


Question: How can herpes zoster (shingles) affect my cornea?

Answer: Herpes Zoster ( Shingles): You can only get it if you had chickenpox. The itchy illness goes away, but the virus that causes it doesn't leave your body. It stays in your nerves, but it isn't active. Later in life, it can travel down those nerves and infect specific body parts like your eye. A shingles rash on the face can cause sores on your cornea. They usually heal by themselves, but antiviral medication and topical steroid eyedrops can ease inflammation.


Question: What causes cornea problems related to keratoconus?

Answer: Causes include: Genetics (you can inherit a tendency for the condition from a parent) Eye trauma (from rubbing your eyes a lot) Eye diseases like retinitis pigmentosa, retinopathy of prematurity, and vernal keratoconjunctivitis, along with Down syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, Addison's disease, Leber's congenital amaurosis, and Ehlers- Danlos syndrome are associated with keratoconus.


Question: What does corneal disease mean?

Answer: The term corneal disease refers to many conditions that affect this part of your eye. These include infections, tissue breakdown, and other disorders you get from your parents. Your cornea usually heals itself after most minor injuries or infections.


Question: How are cornea problems diagnosed?

Answer: If you have them, go to your eye doctor.


Question: How are cornea problems caused by map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy treated?

Answer: You may also notice: Moderate to severe pain Increased sensitivity to light Excessive tearing A feeling that something is in your eye Treatments include an eye patch, a soft contact lens "bandage," eyedrops, ointments, "tacking it down," or removing the loose layer. This is a minor procedure your doctor can do in her office.


Question: Who can get Fuchs' dystrophy?

Answer: Signs of the disease may appear in your 30s or 40s, but it takes about 20 years for it to affect your vision. Women get it more often than men.


Question: What are symptoms of corneal damage caused by keratitis?

Answer: Symptoms to look out for: Severe pain Blurred vision Tearing Redness Extreme sensitivity to light Discharge Treatment usually includes antibiotic or antifungal eyedrops.


Question: Is lattice dystrophy treatable?

Answer: Treatments include: Prescription eyedrops Ointments Eye patches Corneal transplant Symptoms may go away with treatment, but over time you may need a corneal transplant. Results of this surgery are usually good, but the condition can come back.


Question: How are cornea problems caused by lattice dystrophy treated?

Answer: Treatments include: Prescription eyedrops Ointments Eye patches Corneal transplant Symptoms may go away with treatment, but over time you may need a corneal transplant. Results of this surgery are usually good, but the condition can come back.


Question: How does keratitis damage your cornea?

Answer: Keratitis: This inflammation sometimes occurs after viruses, bacteria, or fungi get into the cornea. They can get in after an injury and cause infection, inflammation, and ulcers. If your contact lenses cause an eye injury, that, too, can lead to keratitis.


Question: How does map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy affect your cornea?

Answer: It usually affects adults over 40. It's usually painless, doesn't affect your vision, and gets better without treatment. But sometimes the epithelial layer can get worn down and expose the nerves that line your cornea. That causes severe pain, especially when you wake up in the morning. It can also change your cornea's normal curve and cause astigmatism, nearsightedness, or farsightedness.


Question: How does Fuch's dystrophy cause cornea problems?

Answer: Fuchs' dystrophy: This inherited condition causes a slow breakdown of endothelial cells and the swelling of the cornea. This makes it harder to remove water from your stroma. Your eye swells and your vision gets worse. Haze and small blisters may appear on the surface.


Question: What are corneal dystrophies?

Answer: Corneal Dystrophies: There are more than 20 of these diseases. They cause structural problems within your cornea.


Question: What is map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy?

Answer: This affects the back layer of your epithelium, which separates it from the stroma. It grows irregularly (thick in some places, thin in others).


Question: What could happen if your cornea gets damaged?

Answer: If your cornea is damaged by disease, infection, or an injury, the resulting scars can affect your vision. They might block or distort light as it enters your eye.


Question: How does lattice dystrophy cause cornea problems?

Answer: Treatment includes: Eyedrops/ointments Drying your swollen cornea with a hair dryer (at arm's length) two or three times a day Corneal transplant (full or partial) Lattice dystrophy: This is abnormal protein fibers in the stroma. It can happen at any age, but early changes can be seen in childhood. It gets its name from the clear overlapping lines of proteins. They can make your cornea cloudy and reduce your vision. They could wear down your epithelial layer.


Question: What are signs of cornea problems caused by Fuch's dystrophy?

Answer: If your cornea is damaged by disease, infection, or an injury, the resulting scars can affect your vision. Corneal Dystrophies: There are more than 20 of these diseases. That causes severe pain, especially when you wake up in the morning. As your cornea changes, your vision may get blurry.


Question: How are cornea problems related to keratoconus treated?

Answer: At first, glasses or soft contacts can solve the problem. As the disease goes on, you may need to wear rigid gas permeable lenses. For people with early keratoconus, a procedure called corneal crosslinking can be performed. During this procedure, the doctor will replace your damaged cornea with a donated one. This operation is usually successful. But you probably will still need glasses or contacts to see clearly.


Question: Who is most likely to get problems in the cornea because of herpes zoster (shingles)?

Answer: If you have them, go to your eye doctor. If you're over 50, get the vaccine.


Question: Are cornea problems preventable?

Answer: If you have them, go to your eye doctor. You may also notice: Moderate to severe pain Increased sensitivity to light Excessive tearing A feeling that something is in your eye Treatments include an eye patch, a soft contact lens "bandage," eyedrops, ointments, "tacking it down," or removing the loose layer.