text:
Modelling of drying and rehydration of carrots using Peleg's model
- 598 Downloads
The drying and rehydration process of conventionally and organically cultivated carrots was studied and the resulting data were fitted to the Peleg's model. Carrots were fluid-bed and halogen dried and after that soaked in water at room temperature. The Peleg's model gave a good prediction of water removal and water uptake in all experiments (R>0,994). During the drying process the Peleg's rate constant (K 1) was affected by temperature. K 1 values decreased with the increase of the drying temperature. This relation was linear for fluid-bed drying and exponential for halogen drying, which implied a higher impact of the drying temperature on the dehydration kinetics during halogen drying. The lower K 1 values for fluid-bed drying suggested higher initial drying rates in comparison with halogen drying at all drying temperatures. The temperature dependence of 1/K 1 followed an Arrhenius-type relationship. Both Peleg's rehydration constants (K 1 and K 2) increased with the increase of the drying temperature. This implied regular decrease of initial rehydration rate and water uptake with the increase of the drying temperature.
KeywordsPeleg's model Drying Rehydration Carrot
This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, project _PHONE_


University of Halabja and Islamic Azad University Held a Meeting
On the 9th of February 2021, the UoH president Dr. Mahabad Kamil Abdullah and the Islamic Azad University president Dr. Jahanshir Amini together with both universities council members had a meeting in which both sides discussed the ways of conducting scientific joint-works in detail.
At the beginning of the meeting, Dr. Mahabad discussed the importance of the building academic bilateral relations between UoH and other universities nationally and internationally. Then, she appointed the UoH council to organize and conduct scientific works with Iranian universities. Later, Dr. Jahanshir highly appreciated the UoH president and other key staff members for organizing such a meeting and stated that the Islamic Azad University is ready to perform scientific works with UoH.
Besides, both sides discussed the steps they need to take in order to improve the scientific levels of both universities so as to reflect a development in scientific process and education level in the near future. After that, both sides agreed that the results of the meeting will be written in a MoU in a suitable time.
The subject matters of the meeting are followings:
1- The Islamic Azad University offers the UoH a full cooperation concerning academic staff mobility with all the scientific departments of UoH being dependent on the requirements.
2- The Islamic Azad University will do the necessary preparations regarding providing labs for conducting researches for lecturers and MA and PhD students at UoH based on a scientific agreement.
3- Both sides will conduct joint-research and publish them in high impact factor journals.
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How to Magnetize a Screwdriver
In this Article:Article SummaryUsing a MagnetUsing a BatteryCommunity Q&A12 References
You know the feeling: your arm crooked into a crevice, the screwdriver barely long enough to reach, and the clatter of a screw slipping down to the floor. Save yourself the pain next time by turning your screwdriver into a long-lasting magnet.
1
Using a Magnet
 1. 1
 Choose a strong bar magnet. The stronger the magnet, the easier it will be to magnetize the screwdriver. Ideally, find a neodymium magnet or other rare-earth magnet with a pull force of at least ¼ pound.[1] These are available at hardware stores or online.
 - If you don't mind destroying an old hard drive, you can disassemble it to get two strong magnets.[2]
 2. 2
 Wipe the screwdriver clean. Remove any grime from the screwdriver. If you need to use a damp cloth, dry the tool thoroughly afterward.[3]
 3. 3
 Slide the magnet from the handle to the tip. Touch one end of the magnet to the metal surface of the screwdriver, next to the handle. Drag it down to the tip. This causes small magnetic regions (domains) in the steel to align in the direction of the magnet's field.[4]
 - On a large screwdriver, magnetize the half closest to the tip instead of the whole tool.
 4. 4
 Repeat this motion in the same direction. Take the magnet off the screwdriver, then drag it from the handle to the tip again. Repeat this several times, using the same end of the magnet each time.
 - Do not drag the magnet back from the tip to the handle. This will undo your work.
 5. 5
 Rotate and repeat. Rotate the screwdriver by a quarter turn. Drag the magnet from handle to tip again several times. Repeat with the third and fourth sides of the screwdriver.
 6. 6
 Test the screwdriver. If the screwdriver can't pick up a screw magnetically, repeat the process. If it still doesn't work after ten passes on each side, try again with a stronger magnet.
 - A hard steel screwdriver can stay magnetized for months. If you'd like to demagnetize it, run the magnet back the other way (tip to handle), or whack the screwdriver against the wall a few times to scramble its magnetic domains again.[5]
2
Using a Battery
 1. 1
 Strip the insulation from both ends of a piece of wire. Cut off a piece of wire at least 3 ft. (0.9m) long, then strip about an inch (2.5 cm) of insulation off each end.
 - Thin wire can overheat, while thick wire will be less effective. Try 16–22 AWG (1.3–0.6mm diameter) wire.[6][7]
 - Thinner insulation enables stronger magnetization. Enamel-coated wire gives the best results.[8] To strip the enamel off the ends, rub the wire with 220-grit sandpaper.[9]
 2. 2
 Coil the wire around the screwdriver. Wrap the wire tight around the screwdriver shaft ten to twenty times. You can double back for a second layer if the screwdriver is too short, but don't reverse the direction of the loop. (For example, you can move left—right—left along the screwdriver, but make sure to wind every loop clockwise.) Tape the wire in place if necessary.
 3. 3
 Attach the wires to a household battery. Attach the wire ends to the terminals of a 6V or 9V battery. The current flowing through the coils will create a magnetic field, which in turn magnetizes the screwdriver.
 - Using higher voltage batteries is not recommended unless you have experience handling them safely. Anything more powerful than a 9 volt battery only needs to be connected for a split second to magnetize the screwdriver.[10] Wear insulated gloves to protect from shocks and sparks.
 4. 4
 Disconnect the battery. The screwdriver will always be magnetic while connected to the battery, but the wire and battery terminals will heat up quickly.[11] Disconnect the battery after 30 to 60 seconds, then try to pick up a screw with the screwdriver. In most cases, it will still be magnetic.
 - If the screwdriver loses its magnetism after the battery is disconnected, wrap a few more loops of wire and try again.
Community Q&A
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Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered.
Submit
 Tips
 - If you don't have a magnet or a battery, you can weakly magnetize a screwdriver using nothing but a hammer![12] Tape the screwdriver down so the tip points to magnetic north. Strike it with the hammer many times. This jostles the magnetic domains enough to line up with the earth's magnetic field.
 - The screwdriver will become less magnetic over time. Dropping the screwdriver or hitting things with it will demagnetize it more quickly.
 Warnings
 - Some electronic components can be damaged by magnets. A magnetized screwdriver is usually not strong enough to cause issues, but use it at your own risk.
 - Powerful neodymium magnets (including any salvaged from hard drives) can pinch your fingers hard enough to draw blood. Handle with caution.
 - Do not use non-insulated wire to connect your screwdriver to the battery. The current will short across the wire instead of producing a magnetic field — and will shock anyone who touches it.
 Things You'll Need
 Magnet Method
 - Screwdriver
 - Strong magnet (at least ¼ pound)
 Battery Method
 - Screwdriver
 - 16–22 AWG (1.3–0.6mm diameter) wire
 - Wire strippers (or sandpaper for enamel-coated wire)
 - Tape
 - 9 volt battery
 Article SummaryX
 To magnetize a screwdriver with a battery, start by stripping the insulation from the ends of a piece of wire. Then, wrap the wire around your screwdriver 10-20 times. Once the wire is around the screwdriver, attach the ends of the wire to a 6V or 9V battery. You should then wait 30-60 seconds for the current flowing through the wire to create a magnetic field before you disconnect the battery and use your newly magnetized screwdriver. Alternatively, you can get a strong bar magnet and drag it in the same direction along every side of your screwdriver to magnetize it. To learn what kind of wire works best and how to strip it before you magnetize your screwdriver with it, read on!
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 Article Info
 This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. Together, they cited information from 12 references. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article meets our high standards.
 Categories: Making Magnets | Screws and Screwdrivers
 In other languages:
 Español: magnetizar un destornillador, Deutsch: Einen Schraubenzieher magnetisieren, Português: Magnetizar uma Chave de Fenda, Русский: намагнитить отвертку, Italiano: Magnetizzare un Cacciavite, Français: magnétiser un tournevis
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The McCree Curve represents the average photosynthetic response of plants to light energy (see chart below). It was developed by Dr. Keith McCree in the 1970s based on his research of 22 plant species. He found that much of a plant's development and response to light happened within this portion of the spectrum.
The McCree Curve, also known as the Plant Sensitivity Curve, begins at 350nm and extends to 750nm. Later studies extended this curve out to 300nm to 800nm. This curve can be placed over a spectral distribution chart as a guide to how well a light source can affect photosynthesis.


Wither Scientific Temper & Rationality? Gauhar Raza
By May 5, 2020videos page
Gauhar Raza will speak on the importance of scientific temper and rationality in society and how to promote it. He will analyse recent trends taking people away from the scientific temper and rationality and comment on how it impacts the society.
Gauhar Raza, Scientist, Poet, Film Maker, Activist
Gauhar Raza is a scientist, social activist, a leading Urdu poet and a documentary film maker. His passion includes communicating science and promoting scientific temper.
Leave a Reply


About The Project
What is the purpose of the Tally?
The Turtle Tally project was initiated and developed at the end of 2018. The aim was to research the topic of released pet terrapins in the UK as there was little available. The idea was to provide a survey that could be accessed by the general public to upload photos and information on terrapins seen whilst out and about similar to other wildlife citizen science projects. Terrapins (freshwater turtles) are widespread across Europe and released pets have had an impact on those populations due to competition for food and basking sites. The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) was native here circa 8000 years ago but due to climatic changes they became extinct (although remnant populations are noted) so there are no native freshwater terrapins in the UK. Unlike in Europe, where released terrapins out-compete native species, this is not a factor here in the UK but we are uncertain of how these released pets impact the environment and what the welfare considerations are for them. Our research is evolving and we are investigating various related factors in this topic to provide evidence informing future decision making regarding these turtles and their welfare.
Using the locations and information that people provide, we can see if there are correlations between urban areas and release sites, the numbers seen in one sighting and types of habitat. This is purely an observational study so we are using the data to map out locations and linking with other groups and organisations, working on research that may help conserve native fauna and flora and the terrapins themselves. If you have any queries regarding the research, please do send an email using the 'Get in touch' link.
National Centre for Reptile Welfare and Hadlow College,
Kent TN11 0AN.
 - Facebook
©2020 by Turtle Tally UK


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Total Available: 5 (of 8)
3rd - 9th
This six-lesson "Caretakers All" program covers animal care, recycling, environmental independence, soil, water and plant conservation, among other topics. Cattle ranchers in Deschutes County helped fund this education program to teach third and fourth grade students on principles of good environmental caretaking, according to the Oregon Beef Council.
This item does not need to be returned.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Size: 6.7 Linear feet
Summary: The Carrig-Rohane Shop records measure 6.7 linear feet and date from 1903 to 1962. The records document the founding of the Boston company, frame design and production, and the financial transactions of the shop. The numerous framing records, such as pattern and specification order books, are particularly valuable for researching and matching custom frames with specific works of art of the late 19th and early 20th century. The frame patterns are also useful for researchers interested in the history of frame design.


text:
Call for Abstracts
Water Security and Climate Change Conference 2021
Hanoi, Vietnam March 1-3, 2021
We are pleased to invite the community of water and climate change experts to propose abstracts for the WSCC, 1-3 March 2021. Abstracts can be submitted on the WSCC website between 25 June and 30 September 2020!
The WSCC strives to offer a platform for international exchange, to uncover interdisciplinary linkages and to release synergies between scientific evidence and both societal and political decision strategies. We seek to contribute to a significant social change, following the idea of the Green Deal – as currently discussed in Europe. For example, abstracts that deal with transformation strategies in the sense of the ecological reconstruction of the economy are welcome. We kindly invite contributions of creative and practical approaches with relevance for water security and strategies to cope with climate change considering technical ecologic, economic and societal dimensions.
Find further information here (PDF)


1. Anaplan User Experience
 2. Build apps and pages in the User Experience
 3. Pages
 4. Board pages
 5. Add cards to a board
 6. Add an image card to a board
Image cards provide a visual identifier for a line item. For example, you can use an image to identify office locations, products, or different employees in your company.
You can include multiple image cards on a board.
To add an image card to a board, the source model of the board must contain a line item with the format Text and type Link. The line item must contain a valid image URL.
Note: To edit an existing image card, open the board in designer mode and click the Edit icon on the card. The Card configuration panel opens. Follow the procedure below from step 4 to edit the card.
To add an image card to a board:
 1. Open the board in designer mode.
 2. In the Cards panel, under Add card, double-click the Image tile, or drag it onto the board.
 By default, the card displays, full-width, on the board.
 3. Click Configure image on the image card.
 On the right, the Card configuration panel displays.
 4. In the Overview tab select the module that contains the image from the Module drop-down list.
 Only modules that contain Link type line items display in the drop-down.
 5. Select the image from the Line item drop-down list.
 If the URL is valid, the image you select displays in the image card.
 If the URL is invalid a message notifies you on the image card. You or your workspace administrator must update the URL.
 6. Optionally:
 - Enter a title in the Title field.
 The default title for an image card is the name of the selected line item.
 - Enter a description of the card in the Description field.
 The description displays in a tooltip when you hover your cursor over the icon in the top-left of the card.
 - Select a page from the Link to a page drop-down list.
 The card title links to the page you select.
 If you have not entered a card title, the name of the page you link to displays as the card title.
 - In the Image tab, toggle Display card background to display or hide the background of the image card.
 The background of cards is enabled by default.
 - Configure context selectors.
 7. Click Publish to save the image card to the board.
If the module has multiple dimensions, a context selector displays in the top-right of the page. To select a different image to display, click into the context selector and select the URL of the replacement image.


text:
Source: Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, Volume 44, Issue 5, 2016, Pages 486-503.
This article examines how coaching using questions could assist novice teachers to promote mathematical thinking and discussions within time-constrained programmes.
Videos of rehearsals, reflective debriefs, and student teacher surveys were collected across a range of courses over 4 years.
Findings included that student teacher roles in rehearsals were enhanced through coaching with questions and co-construction was enabled. Coaching questions exposed effective practice, particularly in relation to orchestrating mathematical discussion, enabling student teachers to reflect, discuss, make decisions, and immediately trial teaching strategies. Questions appeared to lengthen rehearsals but improved their effectiveness through enhancing participation and enabling co-construction of meaning. Findings indicate that questions used in coaching of rehearsals inform and empower novice teachers, essential factors within initial teacher education for equitable and ambitious mathematics teaching.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
This project is a Prototype model of "Oil water Pipeline Crawler for inside Cleaner". This Model presents a mechanism to traverse a Machine inside a pipe with forwarding and backward motion and should also do vertical climbing in the pipe.
This project deals with a design and motion planning algorithm of a caterpillar-based pipeline Machine that can be used for cleaner of 8-inch pipelines in an indoor pipeline environment. The Machine system consists of a Machine body, a control system. The Machine system uses a differential drive to steer the Machine and spring-loaded four-bar mechanisms to assure that the Machine expands to have a grip on the pipe walls. Unique features of this Machine are the caterpillar wheel; the four-bar mechanism supports the well grip of the wall, a simple and easy user interface.
Key Words: Design and implementation of pipe cleaner robot, Four Bar link mechanism, Suspension Mechanism etc.
- PPT (PowerPoint Presentation)
- Report File
- Data Sheet Related to Projects
- Cad Image
- Prototype Model
- Power Supply Only 12 Volt Adopter.
- The battery is not Included.


what saints row 3 character are you?
there are many saints row adicts take this test to see if you could be a saint i hope so so stop reading this and take that quiz.hey i said stop reading and take that quiz
do YOU know if you are a saint mabye a decker a luchadore or a morningstar it dosent matter im interested in the deckers but i made a saints quiz it doesent matter what you get
Created by: tyler
 1. who is youre favorite character(does not count)
 2. were would you shoot someone?
 3. someone says "the saints are terrible",what do you say or do?
 4. you kill someone and a cop catches you in the action,what do you say or do?
 5. someone needs you to destroy a terminale,how do you do it?
 6. oh no!,someone broke in to saints HQ,what do you do?
 7. are you glad johnnys dead (does not count)
 8. what ending do you like best (does not count)
 9. can you climb obsicles
 10. was this quiz fun?
Remember to rate this quiz on the next page!
Quiz topic: What saints row 3 character am I?


Palo Alto URL Filtering Order
What happens when a URL matches multiple patterns (multiple custom URL filtering categories and allow/block-list) within a URL filtering profile?
When that happens, the category chosen is the one that has the most severe action defined below (block being most severe and allow least severe).
1. block
2. override
3. continue
4. alert
5. allow
For example, if * exists in MyAlertList and MyBlockList simultaneously) within the same URL filtering profile the URL, the action will be "block" and the category name will be "MyBlockList". This is similar to the original behavior between "allow-list" and "block-list" in that the block-list will be checked BEFORE the allow-list if a URL matches both "allow-list" and "block-list".
The priority for URL filtering is:
1. block list
2. allow list
3. custom categories
4. cached
5. pre-defined categories
Above I'm pointing out in bold red that "custom categories" have a higher priority than the "pre-defined categories". This is important to know when building out your URL Filtering profiles.
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Purchasing Hardware Software


%0 Journal Article %J BMC Public Health %D 2018 %T Sexual health in the French military: a multidimensional and gendered perspective %A Duron, S. %A Bohet, A. %A Panjo, H. %A Bajos, N. %A Migliani, R. %A Marimoutou, C. %A Le Strat, Y. %A Meynard, J. B. %A Moreau, C. %K gender %K prevention %K sexual health %K Sexual risks %X BACKGROUND: Sexual health in the military comprises a range of concerns including sexually transmitted infections (STI), unintended pregnancy, sexual violence and sexual dysfunction. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of sexual health concerns by gender in the French military and compare these prevalences to estimates in the general population. METHODS: COSEMIL, the first sexual health survey in the French military comprises a probability sample of 1500 military personnel. Chi-square tests were used to compare lifetime abortion, STIs and sexual assault, and recent sexual dysfunction and sexual satisfaction by gender and explore the association between these indicators and current sexual risk (condom use at last intercourse). RESULTS: Women were more likely than men to declare negative sexual health outcomes, with the greatest difference related to sexual assault (24.3% versus 5.1% of males, p < 0.001) and sexual dysfunction hindering sexuality (15.2% of females versus 5.3% of males, p < 0.001). Women were also twice as likely to report ever having an STI (6.7% versus 3.4%, p = 0.03). Comparison with the French general population indicates lower percentages of STIs among military men (2.9% versus 4.9%) and higher percentages of abortion (17.6% versus 14.3%) forced sex (10.6% versus 7.4%) and sexual dysfunction (14.2% versus 9.3%) among military women. CONCLUSION: These results highlight gendered pattern of sexual health in the French military with women suffering greater sexual risks than men. Military health services should include women's health services to address the sexual and reproductive health gender gap. %B BMC Public Health %V 18 %P 750 %8 Jun 18 %@ _PHONE_ %M 29914422 %2 PMC6007003


text:
Search by airport name, city or IATA airport code.
Portland–New Bedford | PDX–EWB
Calculations with different methods
- 2558.570 miles
- 4117.619 kilometers
- 2223.336 nautical miles
Vincenty's formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points on the earth's surface, using an ellipsoidal model of the earth.Haversine formula
- 2551.744 miles
- 4106.634 kilometers
- 2217.405 nautical miles
The haversine formula calculates the distance between latitude/longitude points assuming a spherical earth (great-circle distance).
Estimated flight time from Portland International Airport (PDX) to New Bedford Regional Airport (EWB) is 5 hours 20 minutes.
Time difference and current local times
The time difference between Portland and New Bedford is 3 hours. New Bedford is 3 hours ahead of Portland.
New Bedford, MA
Portland to New Bedford flight map.
Frequent Flyer Miles Calculator
Portland (PDX) → New Bedford (EWB).


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Quite a number of teachers who employed by the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) in September this year are yet to receive their posting letters.
Some of these teachers are frustrated as they watch their colleagues been posted to their new schools to start working under permanent and pensionable terms.
The commission employed a total of 14,460 teachers last month in a bid to address shortage of teachers in public primary and secondary schools and also replace retired tutors.
Even with this , recent details show that a good number of teachers have not yet received their posting letters despite TSC CEO Nancy Macharia saying the letters have been released.
While at the Kenya School of Government in Nairobi on Wednesday, October 5 during the World Teachers' Day Celebrations, Macharia said TSC has posted all teachers recruited last month.
"The TSC has posted 14,460 new teachers who were recruited last month (September 2022) arising from the fresh recruitment, and replacement of teachers who left service through natural attrition," said Macharia.
Going as per to the roadmap that guided the recruitment exercise, all successful recruits were supposed to be posted to schools in early September.
Then while filling of employment forms it was revealed that some teachers will be posted by the end of the year.
At the same time, some counties the employment forms had a date indicating when the teacher will be posted.
Some teachers employment forms indicated they will be posted in September others in October and November and the last group in December 2022.
Note also that it usually takes TSC three months to post a teacher to a school after he/she has filled the employment form.
Latest revealation show that the recruits are still receiving their posting letters despite the delays. A good number of them received theirs last week.
The worst has become of some teachers who had resigned from employment in private schools hoping that TSC will post them early but this has just put them in awkward position as TSC delays in releasing more letters.
Note that with primary school teachers their posting letters are found at the County Directors office while secondary school ones get them from secondary school Principals.
The primary school teachers are being posted in counties away from their home counties in a program called 'delocalization'.
ROADMAP FOR RECRUITMENT OF TEACHERS – JULY, 2022
ACTIVITY TIME LINES DURATION
Presentation of proposal for the identified vacancies to the Board Monday 20th June, 2022 1 Day
Advertise Vacant Posts Tuesday 28th June, 2022 1 Day
Virtual Sensitization of Regional & County Directors Friday 1st July,2022 1 Day
Online Applications Tuesday 28th June 2022 – Thursday 7th July, 2022 10 Days
Collection of Employment Forms by County Directors Tuesday 5th July, 2022 1 Day
Generation of Applicants' Lists by County Directors Validation of applicants at the HQs Friday 8th July, 2022 1 Day
Shortlisting of Applicants by the County Selection panel Compilation of the regional shortlist Monday 11th July 2022 – Tuesday 12th July 2022 3 Days
Publishing of the list of shortlisted candidates on the TSC website Wednesday 13th July, 2022 – Friday 15th July, 2022 3 Days
County Selection Process and Filling of Application for Employment Forms by Successful Candidates Thursday 21th July, 2022 – Wednesday 27th July, 2022 5 Days
Vetting and Handling of Complaints at County Level Thursday 28th July, 2022 – Wednesday 3rd August, 2022 3 Days
Receiving of Recruitment Documents at the TSC Headquarters Thursday 4th August, 2022 – Friday 5th August, 2022 2 Days
Compilation of Successful Applicants' Lists and Processing of Appointment Letters Monday 8th August, 2022 – Friday 27th August, 2022 15 Days
Reporting of Teachers to Schools Thursday1st September, 2022
COUNTY DIRECTORS TO SUBMIT REPORTING STATUS BY 3RD OCTOBER, 2022


text: Abstract: We describe case studies of clinically significant changes in sedentary behavior of older adults captured with a novel computer vision algorithm for depth data. An unobtrusive Microsoft Kinect sensor continuously recorded older adults' activity in the primary living spaces of TigerPlace apartments. Using the depth data from a period of ten months, we develop a context aware algorithm to detect person-specific postural changes (sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit events) that define sedentary behavior. The robustness of our algorithm was validated over 33,120 minutes of data for 5 residents against manual analysis of raw depth data as the ground truth, with a strong correlation (r=0.937, p<0.001) and mean error of 17 minutes/day. Our findings are highlighted in two case studies of sedentary activity and its relationship to clinical assessments of functional decline. Our findings show strong potential for future research towards a generalizable platform to automatically study sedentary behavior patterns with an in-home activity monitoring system.


text:
compute temp command
compute temp/kk command
compute ID group-ID temp
ID, group-ID are documented in compute command
temp = style name of this compute command
compute 1 all temp compute myTemp mobile temp
Define a computation that calculates the temperature of a group of atoms. A compute of this style can be used by any command that computes a temperature, e.g. thermo_modify, fix temp/rescale, fix npt, etc.
The temperature is calculated by the formula KE = dim/2 N k T, where KE = total kinetic energy of the group of atoms (sum of 1/2 m v^2), dim = 2 or 3 = dimensionality of the simulation, N = number of atoms in the group, k = Boltzmann constant, and T = temperature.
A kinetic energy tensor, stored as a 6-element vector, is also calculated by this compute for use in the computation of a pressure tensor. The formula for the components of the tensor is the same as the above formula, except that v^2 is replaced by vx*vy for the xy component, etc. The 6 components of the vector are ordered xx, yy, zz, xy, xz, yz.
The number of atoms contributing to the temperature is assumed to be constant for the duration of the run; use the dynamic option of the compute_modify command if this is not the case.
This compute subtracts out degrees-of-freedom due to fixes that constrain molecular motion, such as fix shake and fix rigid. This means the temperature of groups of atoms that include these constraints will be computed correctly. If needed, the subtracted degrees-of-freedom can be altered using the extra option of the compute_modify command.
A compute of this style with the ID of "thermo_temp" is created when LAMMPS starts up, as if this command were in the input script:
compute thermo_temp all temp
See the "thermo_style" command for more details.
See the Howto thermostat doc page for a discussion of different ways to compute temperature and perform thermostatting.
Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed on the Speed packages doc page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.
These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package doc page for more info.
You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.
See the Speed packages doc page for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.
This compute calculates a global scalar (the temperature) and a global vector of length 6 (KE tensor), which can be accessed by indices 1-6. These values can be used by any command that uses global scalar or vector values from a compute as input. See the Howto output doc page for an overview of LAMMPS output options.
The scalar value calculated by this compute is "intensive". The vector values are "extensive".


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Domo Knowledge Base
Magic ETL v2 Tiles: Pivot (Beta)
Version 3

Intro
There are two available tiles in the Pivot tab of ETL DataFlows. These include:
 - Pivot
 - Unpivot
For information about creating an ETL DataFlow, see Creating an ETL DataFlow.
For information about the Data Center, see Data Center Layout.
Pivot Tab.png
Getting this feature
If you are interested in joining the Beta for this feature, please contact your Customer Success Manager (CSM).
Pivot Columns Tile
 Pivot.png
The Pivot tile lets you "pivot" or de-normalize data in tables using key-value pairs, transforming a single column with multiple rows into multiple columns in a single row.
Note: If you create a table that reaches the 1500 column limit, you will receive an error. You must reduce the number of columns to continue running your Magic ETL DataFlow.
Example
For example, the Pivot tile converts data in this format...
... to data in this format...
... using this configuration:
To configure the Pivot tile,
 1. Click the Pivot tile in the canvas.
 2. (Optional) Rename the tile by clicking , then entering the name you want.
 3. Enter the name of the key column you want to pivot into new column headers.
 For example, "Product".
 4. Select the column to use to group the row values of the new columns.
 For example, "Month".
 5. For each new column you want to create from the key column, do the following:
 1. Enter the name of the new column header.
 For example, "Product A".
 2. Enter a value from the key column that represents the column header to be pivoted.
 For example, "A".
 3. Select the value column to use to fill the row value of the new column.
 4. For example, "Sales".
 Note: For each column you add to be uncollapsed, select the same value column.
 5. (Conditional) If you want to add another column, then click Add Column.
Tip: You can preview the data transformed by a tile by running a preview, clicking the tile in the canvas, then clicking the Preview tab.
Unpivot Tile
Unpivot.png
The Unpivot tile lets you "unpivot" or "normalize" data in tables, transforming multiple columns in a single row into a single column with multiple rows. This action is useful only for unpivoting data in which the number of columns stays the same. If you add another column of data to the original file, this action does not unpivot the new column.
Example
For example, the Unpivot tile converts data in this pivoted format...

... to data in this format...
... using this configuration:
To configure the Unpivot tile,
 1. Click the Unpivot tile in the canvas.
 2. (Optional) Rename the tile by clicking , then entering the name you want.
 3. Enter the name of the column you want to create to contain the column headings from the columns to unpivot.
 For example, "Product".
 4. Enter the name of the column you want to create to contain the row values from the columns to be unpivoted.
 For example, "Sales".
 5. For each column you want to unpivot, do the following:
 1. Select a column to normalize.
 For example, "Product A".
 2. Enter a value representing the column header to be normalized.
 The value appears in the row of the new column. For example, "A".
 3. (Conditional) If you want to unpivot another column, then click Add Column.
Tip: You can preview the data transformed by a tile by running a preview, clicking the tile in the canvas, then clicking the Preview tab.


Ready to get started?
Learn more about the CData Python Connector for JSON or download a free trial:
Download Now
Extract, Transform, and Load JSON Services in Python
The CData Python Connector for JSON enables you to create ETL applications and pipelines for JSON services in Python with petl.
The rich ecosystem of Python modules lets you get to work quickly and integrate your systems more effectively. With the CData Python Connector for JSON and the petl framework, you can build JSON-connected applications and pipelines for extracting, transforming, and loading JSON services. This article shows how to connect to JSON with the CData Python Connector and use petl and pandas to extract, transform, and load JSON services.
With built-in, optimized data processing, the CData Python Connector offers unmatched performance for interacting with live JSON services in Python. When you issue complex SQL queries from JSON, the driver pushes supported SQL operations, like filters and aggregations, directly to JSON and utilizes the embedded SQL engine to process unsupported operations client-side (often SQL functions and JOIN operations).
Connecting to JSON Services
Connecting to JSON services looks just like connecting to any relational data source. Create a connection string using the required connection properties. For this article, you will pass the connection string as a parameter to the create_engine function.
See the Getting Started chapter in the data provider documentation to authenticate to your data source: The data provider models JSON APIs as bidirectional database tables and JSON files as read-only views (local files, files stored on popular cloud services, and FTP servers). The major authentication schemes are supported, including HTTP Basic, Digest, NTLM, OAuth, and FTP. See the Getting Started chapter in the data provider documentation for authentication guides.
After setting the URI and providing any authentication values, set DataModel to more closely match the data representation to the structure of your data.
The DataModel property is the controlling property over how your data is represented into tables and toggles the following basic configurations.
 - Document (default): Model a top-level, document view of your JSON data. The data provider returns nested elements as aggregates of data.
 - FlattenedDocuments: Implicitly join nested documents and their parents into a single table.
 - Relational: Return individual, related tables from hierarchical data. The tables contain a primary key and a foreign key that links to the parent document.
See the Modeling JSON Data chapter for more information on configuring the relational representation. You will also find the sample data used in the following examples. The data includes entries for people, the cars they own, and various maintenance services performed on those cars.
After installing the CData JSON Connector, follow the procedure below to install the other required modules and start accessing JSON through Python objects.
Install Required Modules
Use the pip utility to install the required modules and frameworks:
pip install petl
pip install pandas
Build an ETL App for JSON Services in Python
Once the required modules and frameworks are installed, we are ready to build our ETL app. Code snippets follow, but the full source code is available at the end of the article.
First, be sure to import the modules (including the CData Connector) with the following:
import petl as etl
import pandas as pd
import cdata.json as mod
You can now connect with a connection string. Use the connect function for the CData JSON Connector to create a connection for working with JSON services.
cnxn = mod.connect("URI=C:\people.json;DataModel=Relational;")
Create a SQL Statement to Query JSON
Use SQL to create a statement for querying JSON. In this article, we read data from the people entity.
sql = "SELECT [ personal.name.first ], [ personal.name.last ] FROM people WHERE [ personal.name.last ] = 'Roberts'"
Extract, Transform, and Load the JSON Services
With the query results stored in a DataFrame, we can use petl to extract, transform, and load the JSON services. In this example, we extract JSON services, sort the data by the [ personal.name.last ] column, and load the data into a CSV file.
Loading JSON Services into a CSV File
table1 = etl.fromdb(cnxn,sql)
table2 = etl.sort(table1,'[ personal.name.last ]')
etl.tocsv(table2,'people_data.csv')
In the following example, we add new rows to the people table.
Adding New Rows to JSON
table1 = [ ['[ personal.name.first ]','[ personal.name.last ]'], ['New[ personal.name.first ]1','New[ personal.name.last ]1'], ['New[ personal.name.first ]2','New[ personal.name.last ]2'], ['New[ personal.name.first ]3','New[ personal.name.last ]3'] ]
etl.appenddb(table1, cnxn, 'people')
With the CData Python Connector for JSON, you can work with JSON services just like you would with any database, including direct access to data in ETL packages like petl.
Free Trial & More Information
Download a free, 30-day trial of the JSON Python Connector to start building Python apps and scripts with connectivity to JSON services. Reach out to our Support Team if you have any questions.
Full Source Code
import petl as etl
import pandas as pd
import cdata.json as mod
cnxn = mod.connect("URI=C:\people.json;DataModel=Relational;")
sql = "SELECT [ personal.name.first ], [ personal.name.last ] FROM people WHERE [ personal.name.last ] = 'Roberts'"
table1 = etl.fromdb(cnxn,sql)
table2 = etl.sort(table1,'[ personal.name.last ]')
etl.tocsv(table2,'people_data.csv')
table3 = [ ['[ personal.name.first ]','[ personal.name.last ]'], ['New[ personal.name.first ]1','New[ personal.name.last ]1'], ['New[ personal.name.first ]2','New[ personal.name.last ]2'], ['New[ personal.name.first ]3','New[ personal.name.last ]3'] ]
etl.appenddb(table3, cnxn, 'people')


Shortcut: Replace Tabs with Spaces and do Macro-like work in SSMS using Regular Expressions
There are so many useful things in SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) and daily, I come across users who aren't aware of common useful functions.
A request that I hear all the time, is "I don't like tabs but <insert name of annoying colleague here> decided he likes to use them. How do I remove them?" Now SSMS allows you to choose to use spaces instead of tabs (in Tools > Options) but that doesn't fix existing tabs.
The regular expression functions in SSMS let you do this. Hit Ctrl-H to open the Find and Replace dialog (or use the Edit > Find and Replace > Quick Replace menus), then configure the window as follows:
Note that I've clicked the little square and asterisk thing (which says to use regular expressions), then put the change from text to \t which is a tab, and set the change to text to four spaces (or however many you want), then I click the Replace All button and magically all my tabs are replaced.
But this is just the start of what we can do.
For example, if I have a long row of comma-delimited values like this:
Now I could go to each comma and hit enter after each one. That's what I see most people doing. But you could do this:
I'm changing a comma to a comma followed by a carriage return. And magically, this is the outcome:
There are so many things you can use this regular expression functionality for within SSMS. I encourage you to try it out.

2 thoughts on "Shortcut: Replace Tabs with Spaces and do Macro-like work in SSMS using Regular Expressions"
 1. Awesome tip and tool … but as with any tool, use caution with "replace all" … tabs in data will be replaced along with SSMS formatting tabs.
 example:
 declare @x varchar(100) = '123 (tab)456' –<——–[ could be a breaking change! ]
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How to Make a Dog Wheelchair?
To make a dog wheelchair you will need a harness, two wheels, a drill, some nuts, some bolts, a tape measure, an aluminum pole, a U shape bar, some tennis racket padding and some tape. You can find more information here:
Q&A Related to "How to Make a Dog Wheelchair?"
1. Choose your material. If you have a large or heavy dog, a metal frame works best. For a smaller dog, PVC works well and is light so the dog can easily pull it. 2. Cut the pipe.
You can make a dog kennel with fencing to make it secure. Set the fence posts i concrete, then put up the fence. Include a place so the dogs can get out of the weather, and stay warm
To do this, you must take into consideration the size of your dog, the type terrain
1. Heat the oil in a deep fryer or deep pan. The ideal temperature for frying is between 350 and 360 degrees. 2. Mix together yellow cornmeal, salt, flour, black or cayenne pepper
1 Additional Answer Answer for: how to make a dog wheelchair
How to Make a Wheelchair for a Dog
If you have a handicapped, elderly or special-needs dog, it may need a wheelchair in order to move on its own. Buying a wheelchair for your dog from a manufacturer is expensive, because each one needs to be custom made for the individual animal.... More »
Difficulty: Moderate


text:
Bradspace can offer a broad range of Space Project Consultancy services covering (but not limited to) the following:
- General consultancy services for the space industry
- Defining strategies for space sector organisations and programmes
- Assistance in defining and planning all aspects of a space project, understanding the unique characteristics of space projects including the technical, legal, programmatic, regulatory and commercial aspects
- Setting up a space business in the UK
- Bid preparation & reviewing
- Help with space sector contacts – industry, academic & institutional contacts and influencers
- Assistance in finding and targeting funding streams and mechanisms
- Generating and reviewing project plans, including spacecraft development and qualification plans.
- Budget & cost estimating
- Advising on the capabilities and limitations of satellites and spacecraft
- Understanding national and international space strategies and policies
- Understanding and interfacing with the space insurance sector
- Defining and shaping space projects programmes from end to end
- Assisting with space education and outreach projects
- Space Launch systems, launch sites and logistics, and space ports
- Space Launch related logistics, infrastructure, regulatory and legal aspects.
We can also offer bespoke training courses or sessions on any of the above.


Definition of Efficacy:
 1. Performance. Before embarking on these changes, we need to evaluate their effectiveness in achieving the desired results. If we do not believe that change will help, we will have to reconsider our plans.
 2. Ability to achieve the desired or desired result.
 3. Medicine: The ability of medicines or vaccines to support, treat or prevent an illness or disease.
Synonyms of Efficacy
Potency, Successfulness, Success, Productiveness, Fruitfulness, Efficacy, Power
How to use Efficacy in a sentence?
 1. To test the effectiveness of a new drug, it is usually given to the control group and another group of people through a placebo.
 2. The processor server is angry with its supervisors: the seemingly unnecessary restrictions on the way of driving and its operation mean that its capacity is far below its capabilities.
 3. Very little is known about the effectiveness of this treatment.
 4. Managers consider safety and performance when meeting and exceeding monthly quotas. Capacity is not just about getting things done quickly, but also about getting things done effectively.
Meaning of Efficacy & Efficacy Definition


text:
UL, which owns 3DMark, has issued its own statement on Huawei's benchmarking practices after the company was discovered to be artificially inflating its benchmark performance by pushing its SoCs out of thermal bounds when benchmarks were added to a whitelist that allowed the SoC to run at clocks that actually match those listed on a phone's packaging. In all other cases, devices run far below their listed clocks to stay within thermal limits.
Huawei may have come up with this idea as a means to avoid being accused of overclocking its hardware -- you can't argue something is overclocked if it's only hitting its specified frequencies -- but the larger problem is that the company's hardware tweaks completely blow the power budget and only apply to whitelisted benchmarks.Data by
Huawei and UL have had several conversations on this topic in which Huawei attempted to explain that this wasn't cheating, but reflected new AI optimizations being used to ensure maximum performance. At the same time, however, these AI optimizations are only being used when the handset is benchmarked in specific tests as opposed to in games -- and they're pushing the devices so far out of bounds, they're overheating in some cases. Since the entire point of a benchmark is to capture useful information about the performance of a device, a benchmark mode that only runs when the device is being tested is the exact opposite of helpful.UL writes(Opens in a new window):
UL understands the intent of Huawei's approach, but is opposed to forcing the use of a "Performance Mode" by default when a benchmarking application is detected by the device. UL rules require a device to run the benchmark as if it were any other application.
Huawei respects consumers' right to choose what to do with their devices. Therefore, Huawei will provide users with open access to "Performance Mode" in EMUI 9.0, so that the user can choose when to use the maximum power of their device...To prevent confusion around current benchmarking results, after discussion, UL and Huawei have temporarily delisted the benchmark scores of a range of Huawei devices, and will reinstate them after Huawei grants all users of Huawei handsets access to the Performance Mode.
This kind of problem is far from new in mobile benchmarking, and while there's evidence that Huawei is indeed trying to develop a new approach to improving its GPU performance through the use of AI, what the company did here appears far more like a standard whitelist trick to boost performance in the apps people use to test phones by blowing the SoC's power curve. The device can't practically operate for any length of time while drawing 8W of power, and that's what matters -- far more than any question of AI optimization or feature usefulness.Now Read: Samsung Goes Legit, Stops Cheating on Android Benchmarks, Tests Appear to Show the OnePlus Five Cheating on Tests, and Lies, Damned Lies, and Benchmarks


a five-point U-turn
Discussion in 'French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais' started by elmingo, Sep 1, 2011.
 1. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 It's about someone doing a U-turn with his car. Does it mean it is like three-moves, drawing a five-point star from above? Or something else?
 Thanks for your help
 2. jann
 jann co-mod'
 English - USA
 This is a three-point turn, named for the three lines of motion involved (forward, reverse, forward).
 If space is very limited, or if the driver is incompetent, you can imagine that it might take a little extra maneuvering to turn around... forcing the driver to make "five point" turn instead (forward, reverse, forward, reverse, forward). Neither of these turns are technically "U-turns," but the point is that they all reverse the direction of travel by 180°.
 3. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 Thanks a lot for the explanation, jann.
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text:
- Agricultural Waste and Water Management
Rural Arisings work to solve agricultural waste water issues, manage surface and grey water as well as creating ponds and wetlands.
Client: Landowner Mr Bill Hayward
Location: Holmsted Farm, Cuckfield, West Sussex
Holmsted Farm undertakes contract rearing of dairy cows for other dairy farmers and is located to the northwest of Cuckfield in West Sussex. Historically, the dirty water drained from the cattle slurry has been pumped uphill to a large lagoon, where the waters would partially seep into the ground.


MATLAB Answers
How to plot a heat map with three vectors?
43 views (last 30 days)
Rita
Rita on 30 May 2018
Commented: Rita on 1 Jun 2018
I have 3 vectors of hour of day , day of a year and temperature data . The temperature data measured 4 times a day. and for 365 days. I would like to plot a heat map like this
 0 Comments
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Accepted Answer
Akbar
Akbar on 1 Jun 2018
Edited: Akbar on 1 Jun 2018
I have made some modifications. The heatmap below Shows highest temp. each hour of a month, for two years.
% creating table (i hope you are using new Version of matlab
% which has table function, otherwise try dataset)
t1 = datetime(2016,01,1,8,0,0);
t2 = datetime(2018,01,1,8,0,0);
t = t1:hours(1):t2;
myTable = table(t',year(t'),month(t'),day(t'),hour(t'));
myTable.Properties.VariableNames = {'date' 'year' 'month' 'day' 'hour'};
a = 0;
b = 40;
r = (b-a).*rand(17545,1) + a;
myTable.temp = r;
% Create categorical arrays from the month
% and hour columns of the table.
% Then determine the unique months and hours
% to use as labels along the x-axis and y-axis.
months = categorical(myTable.month);
hours = categorical(myTable.hour);
xlabels = categories(months);
ylabels = categories(hours);
%Determine the final size of the resulting
%color data based on the number of unique months and hours.
nummonths = numel(xlabels);
numhours = numel(ylabels);
%Convert the categorical months and hours arrays
%into numeric indices to use with the accumarray function.
%Compute the color data as the maximum temperature for each
%month and hour combination using the accumarray function.
%Use NaN for missing month and year combinations.
x = double(months);
y = double(hours);
temps = myTable.temp;
cdata = accumarray([y,x],temps,[numhours,nummonths],@max,NaN);
%Create the heatmap. Label the x-axis and y-axis with the
%months and years, respectively. Color the heatmap cells
%using the computed matrix data.
h = heatmap(xlabels,ylabels,cdata);
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Ameer Hamza
Ameer Hamza on 30 May 2018
You can make such a graph using pcolor(). The actual procedure depends on the format your data is available. You might need to use findgroups() and splitapply first to separate your data and then use pcolor() to plot the graph.
 1 Comment
Rita
Rita on 30 May 2018
Thanks Ameer.I don't think pcolor can plot what I wanted. I would like to use "heatmap" and I also would like to show nans as well.
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text:
Learn more physics!
What would happen if... I have a round magnet with a hole in it. Then I put a magnet shaped like a nail, into the center of the other magnet? Would it float? If I spun the magnet around the inner magnet, would it spin the inner magnet?
Thank you very much.
- Matt K. Leiner (age 40)
South Lyon, MI
The inner magnet would definitely not float. A mathematical theorem due to Earnshaw proves that there\'s no way to get a magnet to float with any scheme like this. The nail will pull over to the other magnet and get stuck on it.
For your second question, let\'s assume the nail-magnet was tied on a string or something to keep it in the center, but free to rotate. What it does when the round magnet spins will then depend on how the round magnet\'s poles are configured. (I\'m assuming the poles of the nail are at its ends.) If the round magnet has, say, the south poles on its inside ring and the north poles outside, spinning it won\'t change the magnetic field and won\'t make the nail spin. If the ring\'s south pole is on one side (say left) and the north pole on the other, spinning it will make the fields spin with it. That will make the nail spin with it, at least for slow spin rates.
(published on 05/16/2013)
Follow-up on this answer.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
||According to a method of
Brunauer, Emmett and Teller* the surface of a (ceramic) powder can be calculated
from the N2-isotherm, which is observed at the boiling point
of liquid nitrogen. By the analysis of the adsorption curves within the
relative pressure ranges p/p0 ~ 0,05 and p/p0
~ 0,2 the volume Vm is determined, which according to the theory
of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller corresponds to the quantity of nitrigen,
which is necessary for a monomolecular layer. The surface needed for one
nitrigen molecule is 16,2Å2. From this value the specific
surface of the sample can be determined in m2/g.
* Brunnauer, S., P.H. Emmett
und E. Teller: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 60 (1938) 309.


text: We report on the electric field dependence of ferroelectric phase transition in epitaxial SrTiO3 (STO) thin films grown by the pulsed-laser ablation deposition method. Metallic oxides SrRuO3 (SRO) and La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO) were used as the bottom electrodes, and the bottom electrodes influence the dielectric properties of STO films. The change in the dielectric properties originates from the different work functions and the lattice mismatches among STO film, the bottom electrode, and the substrate. However, the field-induced ferroelectric phase transition temperatures of the STO/SRO/(100) STO and the STO/LSCO/(100) LaAlO3 systems are proportional to the applied electric field, indicating a field-induced first-order ferroelectric phase transition. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.


Koi Knives - Aussies playing with Japanese Steel
Petty Knives Australia
Posted by on
Petty Knives Australia
Petty knives refer to small Japanese utility knives that are used for delicate or intricate work in the kitchen such as peeling or cutting small vegetables, herbs and fruits.
The Petty knife is the Japanese take on the western paring knife. It is also treated as a Japanese utility knife. In Japanese, the Petty knife is simply transliterated as 'Petti Naifu' in a nod to its Western provenance. It is a highly versatile knife that you can put into multiple uses in the kitchen. The Petty knife is generally larger than the western paring knife but it is smaller than the Japanese chef's knife, gyuto, and the western chef's knife.
It is a very convenient utility knife to have in your kitchen. They are small knives with lengths typically varying from 80mm to 180mm. The most common lengths for Petty knives are usually in the range of 120-150mm. As a multi-purpose utility knife, you can put the Petti Naifu into a number of uses. It can be used on vegetables, herbs, fish, chicken, and fruits. Here is a rundown of some of the most common questions that users typically ask about the Petty knife.
What is the Petty Knife?
The Petty Knife or Petti Naifu is a Japanese utility knife or paring knife for handling small and delicate tasks in the kitchen. It is smaller than the Gyuto and the Western chef's knife. In fact, some chefs treat the Petty knife as a smaller Gyuto knife. The knives derive their 'Petty' name from the French word 'petit' which means 'small' or 'little'.
In the kitchen, you can use this versatile multipurpose knife as an all-rounder to do all kinds of small kitchen tasks such as slicing, peeling, dicing, and mincing. You can also use Petty knives for trimming and peeling various small fruits as well as to cut herbs, vegetables, proteins, and garnishes.
Where does the Petty Knife Fit in Your Kitchen?
The Petty Knife is a utility knife so you can put it into a wide variety of small kitchen tasks thanks to its versatility and compact size. If you are looking for a reliable utility knife or a paring knife, you won't go wrong with the Petty knife.
How long is the Petty Knife?
The sizes of the Petty knives vary widely. The lengths of these Japanese utility knives range from 80mm to 180mm. The most common sizes for Petty knives which are suitable for most users lie in the range 120mm to 150mm and 80mm to 90mm clusters. The length of the blade that you choose will depend on what you want to use the knife for. If you are looking for a Petty knife for use in peeling smaller fruits and vegetables in your hand or doing some fine and intricate tip work on your chopping board, then size of 80 to 90mm would suffice.
If you have smaller hands and find the Gyuto knives unwieldy, you can use a larger Petty knife of sizes ranging from 120mm to 150mm as an alternative to the gyuto knife, an all-rounder for cutting everything from fish to boneless meat, vegetables, herbs, and fruits. The 120mm to 150mm Petty knives will also come in handy if you have a smaller workspace in your kitchen.
What is the typical spine width of the Petty Knife?
Like the other Japanese chef's knives, petty knives have thicker spines that taper off towards the edge. Typical spine widths can be 1.5mm which will taper off midway to the tip and is finally thinnest at the tip. Small spine thickness is particularly important in Petty knives as a thicker spine will feel dull when you are using this utility knife in tasks such as peeling fruits since more metal has to be pulled through the fruit being cut or peeled when the spine is thicker. You would want a slim spine width of at most 1.3mm or less to get the most efficient cuts with your Petty knife.
What is the blade profile of the Petty Knife like
The Petty knife shares a similar blade profile to the Gyuto chef's knife. It is no wonder that it is often regarded as a smaller version of the gyuto. The heel is taller and flatter and there is a slight curve towards the front edge of the blade that leads to the knife's pointed tip. The flatter heel of the Petty knife will suit different kinds of chopping styles including thrust-cutting. Their slight belly leading to the blade's tip can be used for fine rock-cutting actions. You can also make delicate cuts with the Petty knife's pointed tip.
What is the Petty Knife Best Suited for/What Does it Cut?
Like other utility knives, Petty knives are better suited for doing the smaller tasks in the kitchen like slicing or dicing your fruits and vegetables as well as herbs. You can also use them to do some light butchery work or to make the delicate and precision cuts.
The particular use-case will depend on the length of the Petty knife. The cluster of shorter Petty knives have lengths ranging from 80mm to 90mm and are perfect for peeling or paring your fruits and vegetables in hand. These shorter utility knives are also suited for off-board cutting as well as for making the fine and precise cuts on your chopping board like slicing herbs, garnishes, or brunoise cuts.
The larger cluster of Petty knives lies in the size range of 120mm to 150mm. It is in these slightly longer blade lengths where these knives are most versatile. Some professional chefs and home cooks regard these Japanese Knives as a miniature Gyuto chef's knives. Like the gyuto knives, the larger knives are multi-use knives that you can apply on different kinds of produce. They come in handy in tasks like filleting small fish, trimming meat, or to cut and dice fruits and vegetables. Petty knives can also be used for light butchery work. You will need Petty knives in a kitchen where there is little space and the knife's small and compact size will take up little space on your board and still provide you with a versatile knife that you can use on a variety of tasks.
What is the Petty Knife Not Suited For?
These are obviously small and delicate knives and are not suited for heavy-duty work in the kitchen. For that, you will need bigger kitchen knives.
What is the Petty Knife's Core Strengths?
The Petty knife is a versatile kitchen workhorse that is preferred by many line cooks working in professional kitchens due to its versatility and its small compact size.
Who Should Use the Petty Knife/Who Does this Knife Match/Does it Suit You?
Petty knives can be used by professional chefs looking for versatile utility knives or paring knives that are compact, sharp, and relatively lightweight. Petty knives take very little space and are generally used by line cooks and chefs in professional kitchens who leverage their versatility to perform various kitchen tasks.
Petty knives will work best for chefs and home cooks who: -
 - Have limited workspace
 - Need a smaller utility knife or paring knife which they can promptly use where the Western chef's knife or a gyuto knife would be unwieldy.
 - Have smaller hands and want a smaller and lightweight alternative to gyuto knives.
Petty knives
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text:
Tectonic Map of the Scotia Arc, Misc 3
Series: BAS Miscellaneous
Size: 92 x 121 cm
Description: This full-colour map illustrates the tectonic history of the Scotia arc, between southern South America, South Georgia and the Antarctic Peninsula. It summarizes the land geology of the Scotia arc, its marine geology and its geophysics; layer tinting dramatically displays the bathymetry of the Scotia Sea.


4. Modify the Response
Applies to ReadyAPI 3.7, last modified on April 19, 2021
Previously, we recorded a request to the database and a response from it. You can continue recording, or modify the transactions you already have. This step explains how you change the recorded responses.
1. Modify the virtual response
 1. Stop the virtual service:
 JDBC service virtualization and database testing: Stop the virtual service
 Click the image to enlarge it.
 2. You cannot edit the virtual service while routing is enabled. Disable routing before editing the recorded response:
 JDBC service virtualization and database testing: Disable routing
 Click the image to enlarge it.
 3. Select the response. The editor on the right will display the data you received form the database. Double-click a cell and change the value in it. Press Enter to confirm your changes. To open the table in a separate window, click .
 Tip: To add more rows to the table, right-click somewhere within it and select Clone Row or Add Empty Row. You can also delete all selected rows by selecting Remove Rows.
 JDBC service virtualization and database testing: Edit the response
 Click the image to enlarge it.
 4. Restart the virtual service.
2. Get the modified response
Open the JDBC Request test step again and send another request to the virtual service without changing the query. The service will return modified data:
JDBC service virtualization and database testing: Get a changed response
Click the image to enlarge it.
If you send a request that was not recorded, the Statement not virtualized error will occur.
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text:
Yogyakarta, July 24th 2019 - The rapid development of digital technology has penetrated various aspects, as well as its use by the society. Some countries in the world even established ministry of digital affairs to support their country's growth. Seeing this trend, CfDS conducted a research entitled "Opportunities for the Establishment of the Ministry of Digital Fields in Indonesia" on Wednesday, July 24th, 2019. This research discusses the implementation of digital affairs ministry in several countries and how it can be established in Indonesia.
Why is the Ministry of Digital Affairs Needed?
Indonesia has a high rating of internet penetration, followed by as the predictions of a growing digital economy sector. Anggika Ramadiani, CfDS researcher, revealed that "the existence of digital affairs ministry is needed to manage Indonesian digital landscape to be an opportunity of advancement for Indonesia. In addition, Indonesia currently ranks 59th out of 63 countries in technological developments. There is a need for government regulations related to digital issues such as cyber security, digital ecosystem readiness, and other concrete steps to minimize the Indonesian human resource's gap in using technology and improving the quality of internet governance in Indonesia."
Implementation of the Digital Affairs Ministry in Several Countries
Several countries in the world have agreed to regulate digital issues by establishing special institutions or ministries that oversee digital affairs. Based on the method of establishment, the ministries in several country are grouped into three, namely: (1) The ministry of digital affairs emerged as a result of the restructurization on existing ministries, such as Thailand, Benin, Russia and Poland; (2) The ministry of digital affairs consists other ministries or other ministries such as England, Scotland and France; and (3) The ministry of digital affairs is newly formed and separated from other ministries, such as Greece. "The case studies from other countries regarding the formation of digital affairs ministry can be used as aa further reference for the Indonesian government in establishing digital affairs ministry in Indonesia", said Anisa Pratita Mantovani, Research Manager of CfDS.


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The facing heaven pepper (Capsicum annuum var. conoides; Chinese name: 朝天椒; pinyin: cháotiānjiāo, also known as 指天椒; pinyin: zhǐtiānjiāo meaning'skyward-pointing chili pepper'), is a cone-shaped, medium-hot chili pepper, between 3 and 6 cm in length, 1 to 2 cm in diameter at the base, and with very thin skin.
A cultivar commonly used in Sichuan cuisine, it is called the facing heaven pepper because the pepper grows with the fruit pointing upwards, rather than downwards, as is normal in other pepper plants. The plant's upright growing habit is typical of "ornamental" peppers.
Because of its attractive appearance, the dried chili is often added to dishes whole. Although the chilli is often too hot to be consumed raw, it can be lightly cooked in oil to produce a milder equivalent.
This dried chili pepper is described as a "pantry staple" in the Sichuan province of China by Fuchsia Dunlop in her cookbook Land of Plenty. She describes it as very fragrant and moderately hot (much less hot than tiny Thai chilies).


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The Heritage Highway
By the 1820s, several garrison towns had been built between Launceston and Hobart, and by the middle of the 19th century, convict labor had produced what was considered to be the finest highway of its time in Australia. Today, many of the towns along the Heritage Highway harbor magnificent examples of Georgian and Victorian architecture. It takes about 2 hours to drive between Launceston and Hobart on this route (also known as the A1, or the Midland Hwy.), but you could easily spend a couple of days exploring. Picturesque Ross (121km/75 miles north of Hobart or 78km/48 miles south of Launceston) is one of Tasmania's best-preserved historic villages. Ross was established as a garrison town in 1812 on a strategically important crossing point on the Macquarie River. Ross Bridge, the third oldest in Australia, was built in 1836. The bridge is decorated with Celtic symbols, animals, and faces of notable people of the time. It is lit up at night, and there are good views of it from the river's north bank.
The town's main crossroads is the site of four historic buildings, humorously known as "Temptation" (the Man-o'-Ross Hotel), "Salvation" (the Catholic church), "Recreation" (the town hall), and "Damnation" (the old jail). The Tasmanian Wool Centre, 48 Church St., details the growth of the region and the wool industry since settlement. It also houses the Ross Visitor Information Centre (tel. 03/6381 5466; _URL_), and both are open daily from 9am to 5pm. If you are so charmed you want to stay overnight, try the historic Colonial Cottages of Ross (tel. 03/6381 5354; _URL_) or the Ross Bakery Inn (tel. 03/6381 5246; _URL_), an 1832 convict-built coaching inn. Both are on Church Street.
Note: This information was accurate when it was published, but can change without notice. Please be sure to confirm all rates and details directly with the companies in question before planning your trip.


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Acoustic Borehole Televiewer determines Well Construction
This case study examines a 4″ PVC constructed well to verify well construction employing the Acoustic Borehole Televiewer (ATV), and to determine if seals were properly placed, absent of channels for migrating fluid passage.
Arsenic and Manganese Reduction without Treatment
This large production well had a flow rate of 2,900 gpm with arsenic concentrations of 12 ppb and manganese concentrations of 40 ppb.
Iron and Manganese Analysis
A large production well with high manganese and iron concentrations was analyzed under dynamic (pumping) conditions. After a spinner analysis, water samples were taken from different depths and immediately tested for iron and manganese.


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Creation of documentation for the Shopfloor can be repetitive and time consuming, but not now.
KwikTic NPI can quickly take your BOM and CAD data and:
- Help to cleanse BOMs.
- Check part Quantity.
- Find match supplier / customer part numbers with your internal Part Numbers.
- Update your Part Library.
- Set Up a route of processes.
- Separate the BOM into each process.
- Create Kitting lists.
- Create Drawings and the main stages of Work Instructions Automatically for each stage of the process.
- Export Centroid files for machine programming.
- Distribute seamlessly and manage version control as everything is stored in 1 single SQL Server and can be viewed wherever needed.


The MediGO Solution
Built on a foundation of rigorous peer reviewed research, MediGO is a next-generation hardware and software platform designed to enhance organ transplantation through technology and communication.
Improving Efficiencies
There's no denying that organ transplantation is one of the greatest innovations of modern medicine. MediGO aims to advance the field even further through, innovative improvements in transporting lifesaving organs to safeguard donors and recipients, while avoiding waste of hospital time and resources.
MediGO provides all key stakeholders improved logistics and transparency around organ shipments so that they can focus on improving patient care.
MediGo: Keeping the community connected
MediGo Improving inefficiencies
Keeping the community
Peer reviewed data suggests that transplant stakeholders—including Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs), couriers, surgeons, and support teams—need to know where organs are and when they will arrive in order to optimize outcomes. This enhancement improves trust and knowledge within the transplant supply chain, and provides both accountability and transparency in a complex system.
MediGO allows all stakeholders to track organs in real-time and communicate with each other on a centralized platform. As a result, patients receive organs of known quality, surgeons can plan better, and hospitals waste less time and money.
MediGo Improving inefficiencies
Collecting data for future innovation
By bringing together the entire transplant community, MediGO is generating actionable data that provides vital statistical information allowing the transplant community to make better and more informed decisions in the future.
The information collected, including temperature, vibration, and environmental factors, are collected with the goal of informing organ quality and eventually recipient outcomes. Further, MediGO's unique approach creates an opportunity for open-source collaboration through high value data.
MediGo: Collecting data for future innovation
Request a Demo
MediGO has the potential to advance the entire transplantation field, from donors and families to surgeons and Organ Procurement Organizations. With full support of the community, we will generate the data necessary to inform critical research and better position the community for the future.


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Garelochhead Sea Temperature
10°C / 50°F
The measurements for the water temperature in Garelochhead, Scotland are provided by the daily satellite readings provided by the NOAA. The temperatures given are the sea surface temperature (SST) which is most relevant to recreational users.
Monthly average water temp
Monthly average max / min water temperatures
The graph below shows the range of monthly Garelochhead water temperature derived from many years of historical sea surface temperature data.
The warmest water temperature is in August with an average around 56.8°F / 13.8°C. The coldest month is March with an average water temperature of 45°F / 7.2°C.
7 day tide forecast for Garelochhead
*These tide times are estimates based on the nearest accurate location (Millport, Scotland) and may differ by up to half an hour depending on distance. Please note, the tide times given are not suitable for navigational purposes.


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BENSOLVE is a solver for vector linear programs (VLP), in particular, for the subclass of multiple objective linear programs (MOLP). It is based on Benson's algorithm and its extensions.
BENSOLVE is a free software published under the terms of the GNU General Public License. It utilizes the GNU Linear Programming Kit (GLPK). BENSOLVE (from version 2) is written in C programming language.
BENSOLVE provides the following features:
- arbitrary pointed solid polyhedral ordering cones
- primal and dual algorithms
- primal and dual solutions
- support of unbounded problems
- 3D graphics format output


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Yes. One apparently is being used incorrectly because it should never be used in ordinary conversation. "Reverend" is an adjective that is used when writing out a clergyman's name (e.g., "The Reverend John Peterson"). It is analogous to using the title "Honorable" for certain dignitaries
(e.g., "The Honorable John Peterson"): Just as someone entitled by courtesy to the title "The Honorable" on his envelopes is called (for example) "Senator John Peterson" when speaking face to face, so a priest might be addressed "The Reverend John Peterson" on his envelopes but called "Father Peterson" face to face. And, just as the word "Honorable" must have the word the
preceding it, so must the word "Reverend." Calling anyone or addressing envelopes to anyone as "Reverend John Peterson" is incorrect.


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Scheduled 3-D Recording with MATLAB
This topic describes how to schedule the recording of a 3-D animation using the MATLAB® interface for a virtual world that is associated with a Simulink® model. You control the animation file recording by presetting a time interval. The Simulink 3D Animation™ software records the animation during this interval in the simulation. In this example, the timing of the recorded animation file derives from the simulation time. One second of the recorded animation time corresponds to one second of Simulink time.
This procedure describes how to create a virtual world 3D animation file name with the default name format.
Run the Simulink model for associated with the virtual world.
The Simulink 3D Animation Viewer for that model is loaded and becomes active. If the viewer is not displayed, double-click the Simulink® 3D Animation block in the Simulink model.
To work with the virtual world associated with model, from the MATLAB interface, retrieve the virtual world handle. Use the
If the result indicates that only one
vrworldobject is in the workspace, assign its handle directly to a variable. Type
myworld = vrwho;
If multiple virtual worlds are listed, select which of these virtual worlds you want to manipulate. To select the virtual world, you can use indexing or a selection method using a string comparison of virtual world descriptions. For the indexing method, type
worlds = vrwho; myworld = worlds(1);
Direct the Simulink 3D Animation software to record the animation on a schedule by setting the
Direct the Simulink 3D Animation software to record the animation in a virtual world 3D format file.
Select the start and stop times during which you want to record the animation. For example, enter
5as the start time and
15as the stop time.
Ensure that the recording start time value is not earlier than the start time of the Simulink model; the recording operation cannot start in this instance. If the stop time exceeds the stop time of the Simulink model, or if it is an out of bounds value such as a negative number, the recording operation stops when the simulation stops. The recording can be slow.
Run the Simulink model. From the Simulation menu, select Mode > Normal, then click Simulation > Run. Alternatively, if you are using the Simulink 3D Animation default viewer, you can run the Simulink model with one of the following from the viewer.
From the menu bar, select the Simulation menu Start option to start the simulation.
From the toolbar, click Start/pause/continue simulation to start the simulation.
From the keyboard, press Ctrl+T to start the simulation.
The simulation runs. The Simulink 3D Animation software starts recording when the simulation time reaches the specified start time. The software creates a file
.x3din the current working folder when finished, where
Nis either 1 or more, depending on how many file iterations you have.
When you are done, stop the simulation. You can use one of the following from the viewer.
From the menu bar, select the Simulation menu Stop option to stop the simulation.
From the toolbar, click Stop simulation to stop the simulation.
From the keyboard, press Ctrl+T to stop the simulation.
Close and delete the objects if you do not want to continue using them.
- Manual 3-D Recording with MATLAB
- Manual 2-D AVI Recording with MATLAB
- Scheduled 2-D AVI Recording with MATLAB
- Record Animations for Unconnected Virtual Worlds
- Play Animation Files


Hackernoon logoCarrierWave Upload Multiple Images by@kolosek
CarrierWave Upload Multiple Images
Nesha Hacker Noon profile picture
CEO @ Kolosek.com
When you are building a web application, you definitely want to add an option for image uploading as well. In this tutorial, we will show you the necessary steps to enable upload multiple images/files using CarrierWave in Rails 4+ from scratch. A similar procedure can be applied for nested forms.
Step 1: In the gem file
CarrierWave is a Ruby gem that provides a simple and extremely flexible way to upload files from Ruby applications. You will need to add these gems to the Gemfile and run
bundle install
gem 'carrierwave'
Step 2: Setting up CarrierWave
The first step to configure CarrierWave it to run the following command:
rails generate uploader Avatar
This will create a new directory called uploaders in the app folder and a file inside called avatar_uploader.rb.
class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
 storage :file
 def store_dir
 def default_url
 "/images/fallback/" + [version_name, "default.png"].compact.join('_')
- You can modify the default directory to change where uploaded files will be stored.
- It is the path to the default image, you can use this image if no other image has been selected.
Step 3: Generate your migrations
You can generate your migrations using Scaffolding in Rails. This will generate a full set of model, views and controller, and a test suite for each of the above. It is the most simple way to get your project up and running.
 - rails g scaffold post title:string
 - rails g scaffold post_attachment post_id:integer avatar:string
 - rake db:migrate
Step 4: Edit Models
Once scaffolding finishes generating the files you can start editing your models.
You want to be able to create post and post_attachment in one go. To do this you need to add the following to
 class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
 has_many :post_attachments
 accepts_nested_attributes_for :post_attachments
'accepts_nested_attributes_for :post_attachments'
- Nested attributes allow you to save attributes on associated records through the parent.
The time has come to mount your uploader. Navigate to your PostAttachment model and add
'mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader'
to the file.
 class PostAttachment < ActiveRecord::Base
 mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
 belongs_to :post
Step 5: Modify your Controller
The next step is to modify the
to accept those new nested attributes.
def show
 _USER_ = _USER_.post_attachments.all
def new
 _USER_ = Post.new
 _USER_ = _USER_.post_attachments.build
To make sure that
is ready to be created once the new post is done, you will need to build it with
 def create
 _USER_ = Post.new(post_params)
 respond_to do |format|
 if _USER_.save
 params[:post_attachments]['avatar'].each do |a|
 _USER_ = _USER_.post_attachments.create!(:avatar => a, :post_id => _USER_.id)
 format.html { redirect_to _USER_, notice: 'Post was successfully created.' }
 format.html { render action: 'new' }
To help the nested attributes reach the model, you will need to add the following to the post_params method in the PostController.
def post_params
 params.require(:post).permit(:title, post_attachments_attributes:
 [:id, :post_id, :avatar])
Step 6: View layout
For the last step to finish out application you will need to edit the view to allow us to upload new images. You can do this by adding the following line:
<%= p.file_field :avatar, :multiple => true, name: "post_attachments[avatar][]" %>
<%= form_for(_USER_, :html => { :multipart => true }) do |f| %>

 <%= f.label :title %>
 <%= f.text_field :title %>
 <%= f.fields_for :post_attachments do |p| %>

 <%= p.label :avatar %>
 <% end %>

 <%= f.submit %>
 <% end %>
Thank you for reading!
Previously published at _URL_
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text:
While the frequency is low, this is not ultra sonic.It's ultrasonic,
The frequency is ultrasonic, which was the point - that it's not VHF.While the frequency is low, this is not ultra sonic.
Sonic implies a pressure wave, like sound.
This is low frequency RF, ie an electromagnetic wave.
I read it as 'ferrite rod', and it's not too far off the bottom end of LW - if you put two LW coils on the same ferrite rod you should easily be able to tune down as low as 58KHz. Even adding extra capacitance to a single long wave coil should get it down there.However, I suspect that the OP is not going to transmit very far past the end of his workbench using a "ferrite core antenna" at 58kHz.
What is a ferrite core antenna?
Is that a ferrite rod antenna, or as I believe it is referred to in the USA a "loopstick" antenna.
As you well know, RF begins where ever you want to start using it (even audio type frequencies, or sub-audio) - the use of 'ultrasonic' was simply to signify easily where abouts in the spectrum it is.Can you explain at what frequency ultrasonic ends and radio begins?
The quick answer is yes.Will it change the properties depending on the wire diameter? and diameter of ferrite rod?
That is copper plumbing pipe!I have 10mm diameter copper wire


Frozen Pinewood River
Frozen Pinewood River
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There must be a mathematical description of the difference that an extension tube makes to a lens -- is it something that can be easily described?
(For example, with teleconverters you can say things like "a 2x teleconverter will turn a Y-mm lens into a 2Y-mm lens, and will lose you 2 stops." Is there something similar for extension tubes?)
If there's nothing much you can say about magnification, in general, what about the change in closest focal distance? Is that also lens-dependent?
What about if we factor out the lens: is there any general way to compare the effects of (say) a 12mm and a 24mm extension tube on the same lens?
share|improve this question
add comment
3 Answers
up vote 10 down vote accepted
I do believe there are some formulas you can use. To Matt Grum's point, I have not tested these with zoom lenses, and to my current knowledge, they apply only to prime (fixed focal length) lenses. You did not specifically specify zoom lenses, so...
The simplest way to calculate the magnification of a lens is via the following formula:
 Magnification = TotalExtension / FocalLength
 M = TE / F
To calculate the magnification with an extension tube, you need to know the total extension...that is, the extension provided by the lens itself, as well as that provided by the extension tube. Most lens statistics these days include the intrinsic magnification. If we take Canon's 50mm f/1.8 lens, the intrinsic magnification is 0.15x. We can solve for the lenses built in extension like so:
 0.15 = TE / 50
 TE = 50 * 0.15
 TE = 7.5mm
The magnification with additional extension can now be computed as follows:
 Magnification = (IntrinsicExtension + TubeExtension) / FocalLength
 M = IE + TE / F
If we assume 25mm of additional extension via an extension tube:
 M = 7.5mm + 25mm / 50mm
 M = 32.5mm / 50mm
 M = 0.65x
A fairly simple formula that allows us to calculate magnification fairly easily, assuming you know the intrinsic magnification of the lens (or its intrinsic extension.) If we assume the wonderful 50mm lens is the lens you are extending, to create a 1:1 macro magnification, you would need 50mm worth of extension. The problem here is that if you add too much extension, the plane of the world that is in focus (the virtual image) might just end up inside the lens itself. Additionally, this assumes a "simple" lens, one with very well-defined and well-known characteristics (i.e. a simple single-element lens.)
In a real-world scenario, having a clear understanding of any particular lenses characteristics is unlikely. With lenses that focus internally, or zoom lenses, the simple formula above is insufficient to allow you to calculate exactly what your minimum focusing distance and magnification can be for any given lens, focal length, and extension. There are too many variables, most of which are likely to be unknown, to calculate a meaningful value.
Here are some resources that I have found that provide some useful information that might help in your endeavor:
share|improve this answer
Your lack of parenthesis threw me for a momentarily loop. Should be Magnification = (IntrinsicExtension + TubeExtension) / FocalLength? – rfusca Dec 11 '10 at 1:55
_USER_: You are correct, I forgot to stick in parens. Its totalExtension / focalLength, so intrinsic and tube extension lengths have to be added together. – jrista Dec 11 '10 at 4:25
Oddly enough, the 50mm f/1.8 is the lens (well, OK, one of the lenses) I'm extending -- and those links look really useful, too. Thanks! – Matt Bishop Dec 11 '10 at 12:29
add comment
I think it can be described, in fact Wikipedia has the relevant formula:
1/S1 + 1/S2 = 1/f
Where S1 is the distance from the subject to the front nodal point, S2 is the distance of the rear nodal point to the sensor, and f is the focal length. Since extension tubes increase S2, it then allows you make S1 smaller, thus you can focus much closer to the subject.
share|improve this answer
That formula assumes you know the front and rear modal points which in general aren't manufacturer specified, so you'll have to measure them for each lens. Plus the formula isn't valid for lenses which change focal length when focussing, so I don't think it's quite what the questioner as after. – Matt Grum Dec 10 '10 at 15:11
With a simple (i.e. single-element) lens, the focal length never ever changes (unless you change the shape of the lens -- or unless you're being very specific and talking about different colors of light, or the like), and this is absolutely correct (in fact, moving the position of the lens is all you're doing to change the focus anyway, so an extension tube just lets you move it further). For complex (multi-element) lenses, I don't understand the optics principles well enough to be sure if the same holds true. But the film plane is always the "target" of the focus, right? So... I'd think so. – lindes Dec 10 '10 at 17:51
Some of my sources for learning (which I'll hopefully later pull together in an answer of my own -- no time for that now, though): -- and in particular, these two: and – lindes Dec 10 '10 at 18:14
_USER_ Grum - I think the equation illustrates the principle behind it which seems to be the crux of the question. At least it did to me. :) – John Cavan Dec 10 '10 at 18:28
_USER_ Cavan - the formula illustrates well why extension tubes decrease the minimum focussing distance, but I think the questioner was looking for a formula that he can use to judge what length extension tube you need to buy for a given lens in order to increase magnification x times, which unfortunately is not possible in the general case... – Matt Grum Dec 10 '10 at 18:39
show 3 more comments
edit to respond to follow up questions given you know the effects of a tube of a certain length on a certain lens you can work out the missing values from John's equations you should be able to get an estimate of the effect of a different length tube. Again the values will be subject to the foibles of the lens focussing method, but should give you a good enough idea.
In general no. There is a formula, of course, but you need to know the internal configuration of the lens and usually some elements of the lens design.
Extension tubes usually change the effective focal length slightly (the actual focal length of the lens is a property of the bending power of the glass so doesn't change when you move it) but how much depends on the lens design. A lot of it is to do with the angle at which the light rays leave the back of the lens. If you take an object space telecentric lens (a special type of lens where the rays exit parallel to each other) then the distance to the film plane doesn't matter since the rays are parallel they wont converge or diverge any more.
If you look at the back of a wide angle lens the rear element is very close to the rear of the lens. Now look at a telephoto lens, there will be a gap between the last piece of glass and the mount, as if the lens already has an extension tube. An extension tube will behave quite differently on these two different lenses. The method of focus (internal vs. external) also affects the results of adding extension tubes.
So in short I'm afraid there is no formula that's as simple as the one for telecoverters.
share|improve this answer
Is it truly accurate to say that the focal length changes? My understanding of optics in any detail is in its infancy, but my understanding thus far is that by moving the lens (which is all an extension tube really does), the focal length won't change (though perhaps the magnification might? Or what we've collectively started calling the "effective focal length"), but rather, the distance changes for the focal plane, which causes the in-focus plane to change... I'll try to find some resources and post them in an answer. I -think-, though, that this answer is factually questionable. I think. – lindes Dec 10 '10 at 16:44
Whether or not the focal length changes and to what degree depends on the lens, as I stated. For the simplest case of a pinhole lens it's easy to see that the focal length changes if you move the pinhole further from the camera, since the focal length is defined as the distance from the pinhole to the imaging plane! – Matt Grum Dec 10 '10 at 17:21
Ahh,


text:
Given that p is prime, when is 8p+1 square?
Let 8p + 1 = k2. As LHS is odd, k must be odd; let k = 2m + 1.
Therefore 8p + 1 = 4m2 + 4m + 1, leading to 2p = m2 + m = m(m + 1).
As m and m + 1 are consecutive integers, one of them must be even. However, after dividing through by 2 we can see that LHS is prime, so RHS must be prime. This can only happen when m = 2; that is, p = 3.
Hence 8p + 1 can only be square when p = 3.
Triangle Search: When is 8p+1 a triangle number?


text:
John R. Logan, Brown University
Amory Kisch, Brown University
Benjamin Bellman, Brown University
Guixing Wei, Brown University
The Urban Transition HGIS project has been experimenting with methods to improve address geocoding in historical GIS maps from the early 20th Century. A promsing approach is to use the street directories that are included in most city directories in the period. These list streets, their intersections, and house numbers within each block. The challenges to automated mapping are to create an accurate transcription of the street directory, encode information in a usable database, match these data to the GIS street grid and import the information on house ranges into every street segment. This paper will outline the procedures that the team is developing and show their application to a single large city, Philadelphia in 1930.
No extended abstract or paper available
Presented in Session 31. Emerging Methods: Computation/Spatial Econometrics


text:
As of 2023, information on a specific solar farm policy in Malta is not readily available. However, Malta has been proactive in promoting renewable energy especially from the solar sector due to its abundant sunshine. The government has introduced several initiatives like feed-in tariff schemes, incentives for individuals and businesses to install photovoltaic systems, and grants for the installation of solar water heaters.
Large scale solar farms might also be integrated into Malta's energy strategy as it seeks to achieve its renewable energy targets as defined by the European Union. For exact details and potential changes, it's recommended to contact Virtue Solaris or regulatory authorities on renewable energy.


text:
Meaning of Mousterian
Pronunciation: (m-stēr'ē-un), [key]
— adj. Anthropol.
- of or pertaining to a Middle Paleolithic culture of Neanderthal man dating to the early upper Pleistocene Epoch (c100,000–40,000b.c.) and consisting of five or more stone-artifact traditions in Europe whose characteristic tools are side scrapers and points.
- pertaining to Paleolithic human relics having the workmanship, finish, and character of the flint scrapers found in the sands of Moustier, France.


text:
funken (series of 13)
- lambda-print on alumiumdibond behind acrylic glass
- 1-2 150 x 120 cm
- 3-14 100 x 80 cm
The photographs of funken (sparks) investigate the movement patterns of sparks. These appear like graphics showing traces of light. For better observatory purposes, the photographs of the sparks have been inverted to result in a highly graphical image in negative. The yellow of the sparks becomes blue, the black of the surrounding darkness turns pure white. The photographic inquiry focuses on random angles emerging according to how the sparks divide in the air forming tree-like structures that reveal their geometric properties. This work continues the analysis of mathematical patterns expressed in earlier works such as milch and snow noise.