Search
Home / Technical Articles / Industrial Automation / 3 Conditions That Can Damage Your PLC
PLC in adverse conditions
In certain applications, the operating environment may have extreme conditions that require special attention or otherwise can seriously damage PLCs. These adverse conditions include excessive noise and heat and nuisance line fluctuations. This article describes these conditions and provide measures to minimize their effects.
3 Conditions That Can Damage Your PLC
3 Conditions That Can Damage Your PLC (on photo: PLC SIMATIC S7-1500; credit: aei-automatizacion.com)
 1. Excessive noise
 2. Excessive heat
 3. Nuisance line fluctuations
1. Excessive Noise
Electrical noise seldom damages PLC components, unless extremely high energy or high voltage levels are present. However, temporary malfunctions due to noise can result in hazardous machine operation in certain applications. Noise may be present only at certain times, or it may appear at widespread intervals. In some cases, it may exist continuously.
The first case is the most difficult to isolate and correct.
Noise usually enters a system through input, output, and power supply lines. Noise may also be coupled into these lines electrostatically through the capacitance between them and the noise signal carrier lines.
The presence of high-voltage or long, closely spaced conductors generally produces this effect. The coupling of magnetic fields can also occur when control lines are located close to lines carrying large currents.
Devices that are potential noise generators include relays, solenoids, motors, and motor starters, especially when operated by hard contacts, such as push buttons and selector switches.
Suppression of a three-phase motor lead
Figure 1 – Suppression of a three-phase motor lead
Analog I/O and transmitters are very susceptible to noise from electromechanical sources, causing jumps in counts during the reading of analog data. Therefore, motor starters, transformers, and other electromechanical devices should be kept away from analog signals, interfaces, and transmitters.
Although the design of solid-state controls provides a reasonable amount of noise immunity, the designer must still take special precautions to minimize noise, especially when the anticipated noise signal has characteristics similar to the desired control input signals.
IMPORTANT // To increase the operating noise margin, the controller must be installed away from noise-generating devices, such as large AC motors and high-frequency welding machines. Also, all inductive loads must be suppressed. Three-phase motor leads should be grouped together and routed separately from low-level signal leads.
Sometimes, if the noise level situation is critical, all three-phase motor leads must be suppressed (see Figure 1 above). Figure 2 illustrates line-filtering configurations used for removing input power noise to a controller or transmitter.
Power noise reduction using one of three line-filtering configurations
Figure 2 – Power noise reduction using one of three line-filtering configurations
Note 1 Keep line filters 12 inches or less from the controller. Minimize the line distance where noise can be introduced into the controller.
Note 2 To prevent ground loops, do not tie the common mode line metal case filters with other metal that is at ground potential. Doing so will reduce the filters' effectiveness.
Go back to Conditions ↑
2. Excessive Heat
Programmable logic controllers can withstand temperatures ranging from 0 to 60°C. They are normally cooled by convection, meaning that a vertical column of air, drawn in an upward direction over the surface of the components, cools the PLC. To keep the temperature within limits, the cooling air at the base of the system must not exceed 60°C.
The PLC components must be properly spaced when they are installed to avoid excess heat.
The manufacturer can provide spacing recommendations, which are based on typical conditions for most PLC applications. Typical conditions are as follows:
 - 60% of the inputs are ON at any one time
 - 30% of the outputs are ON at any one time
 - the current supplied by all of the modules combined meets manufacturer-provided specifications
 - the air temperature is around 40°C
Situations in which most of the I/O are ON at the same time and the air temperature is higher than 40°C are not typical. In these situations, spacing between components must be larger to provide better convection cooling.
PLC panel with Vortex cooler
PLC panel with Vortex cooler (photo credit: armac.nl)
If equipment inside or outside of the enclosure generates substantial amounts of heat and the I/O system is ON continuously, the enclosure should contain a fan that will reduce hot spots near the PLC system by providing good air circulation. The air being brought in by the fan should first pass through a filter to prevent dirt or other contaminants from entering the enclosure.
Dust obstructs the components' heat dissipation capacity, as well as harms heat sinks when thermal conductivity to the surrounding air is lowered. In cases of extreme heat, the enclosure should be fitted with an air-conditioning unit or cooling control system that utilizes compressed air (see Figures 3 and 4).
Leaving enclosure doors open to cool off the system is not a good practice, since this allows conductive dust to enter the system.
Compressed air cooling system
Figure 4 – Compressed air cooling system
There are methods available to calculate the temperature rise and heat dissipation requirements of an enclosure based on its size and equipment contents. Temperature rise is the temperature difference between the air inside an enclosure and the outside air temperature (ambient air temperature).
Go back to Conditions ↑
3.Excessive Line Voltage Variation
The power supply section of a PLC system can sustain line fluctuations and still allow the system to function within its operating margin. As long as the incoming voltage is adequate, the power supply provides all the logic voltages necessary to support the processor, memory, and I/O.
However, if the voltage drops below the minimum acceptable level, the power supply will alert the processor, which will then execute a system shutdown.
In applications that are subject to "soft" AC lines and unusual line variations, the first step towards a solution is to correct any possible feeder problem in the distribution system. If this correction does not solve the problem, then a constant voltage transformer can be used to prevent the system from shutting down too often (see Figure 5 below).
Constant voltage transformer used to stabilize input voltage
Figure 5 – Constant voltage transformer used to stabilize input voltage
Constant voltage transformer //
The constant voltage transformer stabilizes the input voltage to the power supply and input field devices by compensating for voltage changes at the primary to maintain a steady voltage in the secondary.
When using a constant voltage transformer, the user should check that its power rating is sufficient to supply the input devices and the power supply.
Also, the user should connect the output devices in front of the constant voltage transformer, rather than behind it, so that the transformer is not providing power to the outputs. This arrangement will lessen the load supported by the transformer, allowing a smaller transformer to be used. The manufacturer can provide information regarding power rating requirements.
Go back to Conditions ↑
References //
 - Programmable controllers: theory and implementation/L.A. Bryan, E.A. Bryan.—2nd edition, 1997
 - Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs April 2005, version 4.7 / Hugh Jack
SEARCH: Articles, software & guides
Premium Membership
Premium membership gives you an access to specialized technical articles and extra premium content (electrical guides and software).
Get Premium Now ⚡
About Author
author-pic
Edvard Csanyi
Edvard - Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly specialized for design of LV/MV switchgears and LV high power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power substations, commercial buildings and industry fascilities. Professional in AutoCAD programming. Present on
9 Comments
 1. Maciej Napierala
 Aug 29, 2016
 Wago 750 XTR series -40 to 70C, 5kV surge protection, 5g vibration protection!
 2. s.meshaly
 Dec 02, 2015
 Thanks for all guys and for site admins
 3. Usman mirza
 Oct 17, 2015
 Hello sir
 I want to know about Plc programing plz send me some data with pict for seek Plc
 Regards
 Usman mirza
 4. orko
 Sep 05, 2015
 Dear Sir,
 Can you up load a standard single line diagram where 11kva (REB) line parallel with 5 gas generators and 2 diesel generators including Transformer, HT and LT Connection and PFI connection to distribution Bord(DB).
 5. H.Keshavarz
 Sep 05, 2015
 My dear Edvard,your subjects is very useful.
 Be success always.
 6. h.babadi
 Sep 02, 2015
 hello
 your articles is very good and I use them in my work.
 please write article about siemense s7 & pcs7 & profibus …
 but please write them in pdf format
 thank you very much
 h.babadi
 7. jakkam
 Aug 31, 2015
 Hi guys ,
 on the verge of this topic i would like to ask this
 we have this cranes which unload Coal , Grab Ship Unloader,we are using ABB PLC in that we have 4 remote stations, suppose if welding works goes on near one of the stations, we switch off the whole PLC of the machine , even though the welding earth earth is connected near the Job site, The whole unloader is a gantry type it is having a copper bars connected to the track .
 what i want to know is should we switch off the PLC for welding purposes? and what is the electrical stuff behind it ?
 - Pratik Chauhan
 Sep 01, 2015
 You Should first isolate the Earth Point of PLC/PLC Panel i.e Electronic Earthing & Electrical Earthing because u can not put both at same reference.Then Provide seperate Earthing Pit for Electronic Earthing,in there no earthing should be connected.


text:
Students taking the Geographic Information Systems course taught at Bangor High School by Margaret Chernosky recently completed 12 posters detailing research related to Maine's involvement in the Civil War.
This outstanding research speaks for itself. The students researched different topics, such as Bangor's Civil War veterans, the involvement of Corinth residents, and the 1st Maine Heavy Artillery Regiment and the 20th Maine Infantry Regiment. One poster highlights the roles played by Maine women during the war.
- This poster highlights the men of Corinth who served the Union
- This poster provides detailed information about Maine's role at sea
- This poster details where Civil War veterans are buried at Mt. Hope Cemetery in Bangor
- Locations of Civil War monuments in Maine

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


how to pronounce demeanor
how to improve pronunciation of demeanor
press buttons with phonetic symbols to learn about each sound.
press Play to play an example pronunciation of demeanor.
video examples of demeanor pronunciation
An example use of demeanor in a speech by a native speaker of american english:
"… he keeps a good demeanor about things …"
meanings of demeanor
 1. The social, non-verbal behaviours (such as body language and facial expressions) that are characteristic of a person.
words with pronunciation similar to demeanor


Nahariya beachgoers treated to rare sight
Nature and Parks Authority removes body of dead shark, warns people not to approach the species.
Arutz Sheva Staff,
Sandbar shark
Sandbar shark
A dead sandbar shark was found washed up on the shore of a Nahariya beach on Saturday.
Nature and Parks Authority supervisors called to the scene took the shark, which measured 1.6 meters (5'3") in length, for evaluation.
"Marine Unit supervisors...were called to the scene and transferred the [shark] for autopsy, in order to determine the cause of its death," the Nature and Parks Authority said in a statement.
"The sandpaper shark found in the Mediterranean Sea consumes fish and invertebrates, and is not known to be dangerous to people."
However, the Authority urged people not to approach the sharks, since "the sharks are defined as a protected species, and it is forbidden to harm them or disturb them."
"It is wise to keep a distance, as a cautionary measure," they added.


JavaFX Tutorial - JavaFX Button
The JavaFX Button class can trigger event when a user clicks a button.
The Button class extends the Labeled class, which can display text, an image, or both.
The following code shows how to add Click action listener to Button.
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.event.ActionEvent;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
 //from w w w.j av a 2s . c o m
public class Main extends Application {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 launch(args);
 }
 @Override
 public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
 primaryStage.setTitle("Hello World!");
 Button btn = new Button();
 btn.setText("Say 'Hello World'");
 btn.setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() {
 @Override
 public void handle(ActionEvent event) {
 System.out.println("Hello World!");
 }
 });

 StackPane root = new StackPane();
 root.getChildren().add(btn);
 primaryStage.setScene(new Scene(root, 300, 250));
 primaryStage.show();
 }
}
The code above generates the following result.
null
Creating a Button
We use the following constructors to create a Button in JavaFX.
To create a button with an empty text caption.
Button button = new Button();
To create a button with the specified text.
Button button = new Button("OK");
To create a button with the text and icon.
Image imageOk = new Image(getClass().getResourceAsStream("OK.png"));
Button button = new Button("OK", new ImageView(imageOk));
Button Content
After creating a JavaFX Button object we can use the following methods to set text and install an icon.
 - setText(String text) - set the text caption for the button
 - setGraphic(Node graphic) - set the icon
Other than ImageView object we can use shapes from the javafx.scene.shape package as the graphic element in a Button.
setGraphicTextGap method to set the gap between text and graphical content.
The following code installs an image to a button.
Image okImage = new Image(getClass().getResourceAsStream("OK.png"));
button.setGraphic(new ImageView(okImage));
Button Action
We can use the setOnAction method from the Button class to add click event handler for user-click event.
button.setOnAction((ActionEvent e) -> {
 System.out.println("clicked");
});
Button Effects
We can apply the effects in the javafx.scene.effect package to a button.
The following code applies the DropShadow effect to a button.
DropShadow shadow = new DropShadow();
button.setEffect(shadow);
button.setEffect(null);//remove the effect
The following code shows how to Set Shadow effect for Button.
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.scene.Group;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.effect.DropShadow;
import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
// ww w .jav a 2 s . c om
public class Main extends Application {
 DropShadow shadow = new DropShadow();
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 launch(args);
 }
 @Override
 public void start(Stage stage) {
 Scene scene = new Scene(new Group());
 stage.setTitle("Button Sample");
 stage.setWidth(300);
 stage.setHeight(190);
 VBox vbox = new VBox();
 vbox.setLayoutX(20);
 vbox.setLayoutY(20);
 final Button button1 = new Button("Accept");
 button1.addEventHandler(MouseEvent.MOUSE_ENTERED,
 new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {
 @Override
 public void handle(MouseEvent e) {
 button1.setEffect(shadow);
 }
 });
 button1.addEventHandler(MouseEvent.MOUSE_EXITED,
 new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {
 @Override
 public void handle(MouseEvent e) {
 button1.setEffect(null);
 }
 });
 vbox.getChildren().add(button1);
 vbox.setSpacing(10);
 ((Group) scene.getRoot()).getChildren().add(vbox);
 stage.setScene(scene);
 stage.show();
 }
}
The code above generates the following result.
null
Button Style
We can use CSS styles to change the button look and feel.
We define styles in a separate CSS file and apply the CSS file by using the getStyleClass method.
The following code is a CSS file which changes the button font and color.
.button1{
 -fx-font: 30 arial;
 -fx-base: #ee2211;
}
Then we use the following code to install the CSS.
button.getStyleClass().add("button1");
The -fx-font property sets the font name and size for button1. The -fx-base property overrides the default color.
The following code shows how to use CSS to change the look of a Button.
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.event.ActionEvent;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.scene.Group;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
/* w ww . j a v a2 s . c om*/
public class Main extends Application {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 launch(args);
 }
 @Override
 public void start(Stage stage) {
 Scene scene = new Scene(new Group());
 stage.setWidth(300);
 stage.setHeight(190);
 VBox vbox = new VBox();
 vbox.setLayoutX(20);
 vbox.setLayoutY(20);
 Button button1 = new Button("Accept");
 button1.setStyle("-fx-font: 30 arial; -fx-base: #ee2211;");
 vbox.getChildren().add(button1);
 vbox.setSpacing(10);
 ((Group)scene.getRoot()).getChildren().add(vbox);
 stage.setScene(scene);
 stage.show();
 }
}
The code above generates the following result.
null
Button Mouse Event
The following code shows how to handle Mouse in and out event for Button.
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.scene.Group;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
import javafx.scene.layout.VBox;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
// w w w . j a v a 2 s . c o m
public class Main extends Application {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 launch(args);
 }
 @Override
 public void start(Stage stage) {
 Scene scene = new Scene(new Group());
 stage.setWidth(300);
 stage.setHeight(190);
 VBox vbox = new VBox();
 vbox.setLayoutX(20);
 vbox.setLayoutY(20);
 final Button button1 = new Button("OK");
 button1.addEventHandler(MouseEvent.MOUSE_ENTERED,
 new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {
 @Override
 public void handle(MouseEvent e) {
 System.out.println("mouse entered");
 }
 });
 button1.addEventHandler(MouseEvent.MOUSE_EXITED,
 new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() {
 @Override
 public void handle(MouseEvent e) {
 System.out.println("mouse out");
 }
 });
 vbox.getChildren().add(button1);
 (


[tor-commits] [torspec/master] Expanding or-address as per trac feedback
nickm at torproject.org nickm at torproject.org
Tue Apr 24 15:04:13 UTC 2012
commit 6285decabe0cfa088e471e070531f5bf1823de7d
Author: Damian Johnson <atagar at torproject.org>
Date: Wed Apr 11 08:51:29 2012 -0700
 Expanding or-address as per trac feedback

 Applying feedback from...
 _URL_
---
 dir-spec.txt | 12 ++++++++++--
 1 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/dir-spec.txt b/dir-spec.txt
index b1e80aa..315114f 100644
--- a/dir-spec.txt
+++ b/dir-spec.txt
@@ -606,11 +606,19 @@
 PORTSPEC = PORT
 PORT = a number between 1 and 65535 inclusive.

- An alternative address that can be used instead of ORListenAddress.
+ An alternative for the address and ORPort of the "router" line, but with
+ two added capabilities:

- A descriptor should not include an or-address line that does nothing but
+ * or-address can be either an IPv4 or IPv6 address
+ * or-address allows for multiple ORPorts and addresses
+
+ A descriptor SHOULD NOT include an or-address line that does nothing but
 duplicate the address:port pair from its "router" line.

+ The ordering of or-address lines and their PORT entries matter because
+ Tor MAY accept a limited number of addresses or ports. As of Tor 0.2.3.x
+ only the first address and the first port are used.
+
 2.2. Extra-info documents

 Extra-info documents consist of the following items:
More information about the tor-commits mailing list


What Is The Cordless Combi Drill?
What is cordless combi drill?
A combi drill is a all purpose drill that can perform a variety of different functions and can also be referred to as a impact drill or hammer drill driver and usually the most expensive of these 3 options. … Higher drill speeds should be used when drilling into wood or metal.
What is the difference between a combi drill and a drill driver?
A drill driver will drive screws and drill holes into hard or soft wood and plastic, laminates, etc. A combi-drill will do all of these applications as well as drill into masonry, concrete and steel.
What is a combi power drill?
A Combi (Combination) drill is exactly what its name suggests – a combination of different modes, namely Screwdriver mode, Drilling Mode, and Hammer Drilling Mode.
Is a combi drill good?
The Black + Decker 18V combi drill is a great all-rounder for tackling a variety of household jobs, and is also tough enough to handle light masonry and metalwork, thanks to a 21,000 BPM hammer drilling speed (though for the most heavy-duty tasks, we'd recommend going with the DeWalt rotary hammer drill below).
Can you drill concrete with a combi drill?
As mentioned earlier in this article, some cordless drills will be equipped with both a standard drilling action and a hammer action (sometimes called "combi" drills). … Now, it is possible to drill into concrete without the hammer action on your drill.
See also 9 Best Cordless Drill For Home Diy
Can I use a combi drill as a screwdriver?
Can I Use My Drill as a Screwdriver? The short answer, absolutely. … You can not only use a cordless drill as a screwdriver, but if you're operating with a corded power drill, there are also options to utilize this tool to sink screws effectively.
Will a combi drill go through brick?
Combi drills offer all the same features as a drill driver, but with the additional hammer-action feature, making it suitable for drilling into masonry and brick too.
Is a combi drill better than an impact driver?
While the larger models can produce over 150 Nm, smaller impact drivers offer 100 Nm of torque which makes the impact driver a very powerful and highly functional tool. On the other hand, a combi drill offers only around 50 Nm – 60 Nm of torque. Compared to a combi drill, the impact driver produces 3 times more torque.
What is a DeWalt Combi drill?
DeWalt combi drills are designed to handle more than one function with ease. … With high maximum drill capacities in wood, metal and masonry, this tool can drill into a multitude of materials with ease. The variable speed control offers better management on a wide variety of applications.
What does Brushless Combi drill mean?
A drill with a brushless motor adjusts its speed, torque, and power supply to match the task at hand. It'll sense if you're driving screws into a light material like drywall or a dense material like mahogany, and use only enough power to accomplish the job.
What is a Makita combi drill?
Makita combi drills allow you to complete a variety of tasks with just one tool. Whether doing work in tight spaces or drilling holes into wood or masonry, ensuring you complete the job quickly and efficiently. Available in a range of battery sizes, measured in Ah.
See also How To Properly Use A Cordless Drill?
error: Content is protected !!


text:
"Be not afraid of going slowly. Be only afraid of standing still."
Assistance Animals Consulting was created with the guided focus for veterinarians to help bridge the gap of education and understanding for doctors prescribing working animals, patients and organizations using working animals and the public at large interacting with working animals. These working animals are service dogs, emotional support animals as well as therapy animals. We will keep moving forward one step at a time, bridging this gap of education and understanding no matter how slow. Slow forward movement is better than no movement at all. Assistance Animals Consulting is an organization of veterinarians, recognized experts uniquely qualified to serve the community by providing resources for education, behavioral understanding, and guidance regarding working animals. Our veterinarians are here to support you. We are here to help you make it happen!


text:
Program/Track C/C.2.3/The Markov Model for a Multiphase Security System with the Partial Concurrent Service
The Markov Model for a Multiphase Security System with the Partial Concurrent Service
A cryptographic protocol is not only an algorithm but also a procedure for exchanging data between different network subscribers, associated with the message exchange at different levels. In this case, the problem of minimizing the number of protocol implementation levels depending on the task size is relevant. The algorithm graph for finding the state probabilities of the multiphase mixed-type queuing system is derived. The characteristic parameters are determined: performance, downtime rate, and balancing rate. The example of calculating system performance is considered.


GUIDE
October 12, 2020
Nurse helping older man rehabilitate in a hospital
Kathleen Gaines
By: Kathleen Gaines News and Education Editor, MSN, RN, BA, CBC
Rehabilitation nurses work with patients suffering from acute and chronic illnesses, injuries, and disabilities. A rehabilitation nurse's main objective is to help patients gain independence and/or help families care for their loved ones. In this guide, we'll explain what a Rehabilitation Nurse does, how to become one, how much they make, and more!
Part One What is a Rehabilitation Nurse?
Generally, a rehab nurse assists patients with chronic illnesses or disabilities. Rehabilitation nurses can also work with individuals after a trauma or acute illness.
According to the Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, rehab nurses can work with patients suffering from illnesses and injuries such as,
 1. ALS
 2. Amputation
 3. Brain injury
 4. Burns
 5. Cancer
 6. Cardiovascular
 7. Cerebral palsy
 8. Guillain-Barre syndrome
 9. Parkinson's disease
 10. Major joint replacements
 11. Multiple sclerosis
 12. Organ transplant
 13. Pulmonary disease
 14. Spinal cord injury
 15. Stroke
Show Me Nursing Programs
Part Two What Does a Rehabilitation Nurse Do?
Job responsibilities vary greatly amongst rehab nurses depending on the place of employment. More specifically, rehabilitation nurses perform a variety of specific tasks including,
 1. Assisting patients to achieve and maintain maximum function and independence
 2. Assisting patients to adapt to a new or changed lifestyle
 3. Providing a therapeutic environment for patients, their families, and caregivers
 4. Educating patients, families, and caregivers about their disease and treatment plan
 5. Recording patients' medical information and vital signs
 6. Preparing and updating nursing care plans
 7. Changing wound and/or surgical dressings
 8. Continually assessing the patient's level of independence, injury, or disability
 9. Administering medications as ordered
 10. Performing tracheostomy care
 11. Administering blood products and enteral feedings via a gastrostomy tube
 12. Coordinating care with other healthcare professionals
 13. Lifting and transferring patients
 14. Determining if a patient is able to perform ADLs independently or with assistance
Part Three Rehabilitation Nurse Salary
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median salary for a registered nurse in 2019 is $73,300 per year or $35.24 per hour, but conditions in your area may vary. The BLS does not differentiate between different specialties of nursing, but Glassdoor.com reports an annual average salary of $68,142 for Rehabilitation Nurses.
Payscale.com reports salaries for Certified Rehabilitation Registered Nurses. They found that the annual average salary was $83,694 or $33.13/hr
Specifically, Rehabilitation Nurses can earn a higher annual salary with increased years of experience.
 1. 1-4 years of experience earn an average hourly wage of $28.13
 2. 5-9 years of experience earns an average hourly wage of $30.49
 3. 10-19 years of experience earns an average hourly wage of 32.87
 4. 20 years and higher years of experience earns an average hourly wage of $34.00
Currently, the highest average paid states for Rehabilitation Nurses that have reported salaries, according to payscale.com are as follows:
 1. Dallas, Texas - $36.49/ hr
 2. Seattle, Washington - $35.61/ hr
 3. Phoenix, Arizona - $32.11/hr
 4. Houston, Texas - $31.99/hr
Show Me Nursing Programs
Part Four How Do You Become a Rehabilitation Nurse?
To become a Rehabilitation Nurse, you'll need to complete the following steps:
 1. Attend Nursing School
 You'll need to earn either an ADN or a BSN from an accredited nursing program in order to take the first steps to become a registered nurse. ADN-prepared nurses can complete an additional step of completing their BSN degree if they wish.
 2. Pass the NCLEX-RN
 Become a Registered Nurse by passing the NCLEX examination.
 3. Earn Your Certification
 The Association of Rehabilitation Nurses offers the Certified Rehabilitation Registered Nurses Certification to eligible nurses. While not required, most nurses find this certification as a way to advance their careers.
Part Five Where Do Rehabilitation Nurses Work?
The vast majority of rehabilitation nurses work in either outpatient or inpatient rehab centers. Rehab nurses can work in a variety of locations including:
 1. Outpatient rehabilitation centers
 2. Sub-acute care units
 3. Inpatient rehabilitation centers
 4. Hospitals
 5. Long term care facilities
 6. Assisted living facilities
 7. Home care agencies
 8. PT/OT offices
 9. Fitness facilities
 10. Medical offices
 11. Insurance companies
 12. Community centers
 13. Academic settings
 14. Government agencies
Regardless of workplace setting, full-time and part-time nurses enjoy similar benefits. While actual benefits may vary depending on the institution most include the following:
 1. Health insurance
 2. Certification Reimbursement
 3. Retirement Options
 4. Holiday Pay
 5. Family Leave of Absence
 6. Maternity Leave
 7. Dental Insurance
 8. Dependent health insurance coverage
 9. Life Insurance
 10. Paid time off
 11. Relocation assistance
 12. Childcare
 13. Bereavement leave
 14. Vision Insurance
 15. Discounts on extracurricular activities
 16. Continuing Education Reimbursement
 17. Relocation packages
 18. Attendance at nursing conferences
Part Six What is the Career Outlook for a Rehabilitation Nurse?
According to the BLS, in 2018 there were 3,059,800 Registered Nurses in the United States. By 2028, there will be a need for additional 371,500 nurses, which is an expected growth of 12%.
Part Seven What are the Continuing Education Requirements for a Rehabilitation Nurse?
Generally, in order for an individual to renew their RN license, they will need to fill out an application, complete a specific number of CEU hours, and pay a nominal fee. Each state has specific requirements and it is important to check with the board of nursing prior to applying for license renewal.
If the RN license is part of a compact nursing license, the CEU requirement will be for the state of permanent residence. Some states require CEUs related to child abuse, narcotics, and/or pain management.
A detailed look at Continuing Nurse Education hours can be found here.
Show Me Nursing Programs
Part Eight Resources for Rehabilitation Nurses
Check out these additional resources for more information on rehabilitation nursing!
 1. Association of Rehabilitation Nurses
 2. American Nurses Association (ANA)
 3. The National Rehabilitation Association
 4. International Association of Rehabilitation Professionals
 5. The National Association of Rehabilitation Providers and Agencies
 6. American Medical Rehabilitation Providers Association
 7. American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine
 8. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Part Nine Rehabilitation Nurse FAQs
 - What is the role of a rehabilitation nurse?
 - The role of the rehab nurse will vary depending on work location. Inpatient and outpatient rehab nurses will have some similar functions but inpatient nurses will also be responsible for general nursing duties. Rehab nurses work in collaboration with other healthcare professionals to develop comprehensive rehab plans for their patients.
 - Is rehabilitation nursing hard?
 - Nursing, in general, is a difficult profession. Regardless of specialty, nursing is a demanding but rewarding profession. Rehab nursing can be more physically demanding than some nursing specialties because of the patient population and needs of the patients.
 - What certification does a rehabilitation nurse need?
 - The Association of Rehabilitation Nurses offers the Certified Rehabilitation Registered Nurses Certification to eligible individuals.
Find Nursing Programs
RN $70,000 - $90,000 Associate Bachelors Rehabilitation Bedside
Email Signup
Nurse.org
Find a job, learn, connect and laugh.
Try us out.
Join our newsletter


Overview
RadDataBoundListBox supports per-item animations for viewport items that are added or removed from the viewport. This may happen when items are added or removed from the data source, or when the ItemsSource property is reset.
The following properties are exposed by RadDataBoundListBox which can be used to initialize and adjust the item animation support for a particular scenario:
 - ItemAnimationMode
 - ItemAddedAnimation
 - ItemAddedAnimationInterval
 - ItemRemovedAnimation
 - ItemRemovedAnimationInterval
The ItemAnimationMode property defines how the animations set to the ItemAddedAnimation and ItemRemovedAnimation properties will be played. By using this property you can explicitly instruct RadDataBoundListBox to play item animations only when the data source is initially set and items are popuplated into the viewport, when items are added/removed from/to the source collection or when the data source is reset.
The ItemAddedAnimation property is used to define the animation which will be used to animate items being added to the viewport.
The ItemRemovedAnimation property is used to define the animation which will be used to animate items being removed from the viewport.
The ItemAddedAnimationInterval property is used to define time interval between each separate adding animation. This interval serves as a delay between two separate item animations. This property is not considered when the async balance mode is set to be Standard.
The ItemRemovedAnimationInterval property is used to define time interval between each separate removing animation. This interval serves as a delay between two separate item animations.
RadDataBoundListBox also exposes the ItemAnimationEnded event which is fired each time a container item animation ends.
In this article


text:
Knowing when to gear up for storms improves emergency response time and makes customers happier.
Utility Storm Preparedness and Weather Service Integration Analysis
Situation: An electrical utility needs to improve its major storm readiness and responsiveness. Blue Arc helps the utility interpret and leverage weather intelligence.
Action: Blue Arc organizes advanced weather intelligence data and storm response data into a time series geographical model. With this model, Blue Arc can assess the utility's storm preparedness actions, find correlations between storm damages and weather severity, and assess weather severity versus design criterion. Severe weather events and the damage they caused over a 20-year historical period are analyzed for statistical comparison.
Benefit: The utility now has the intuitive ability to effectively predict the occurrence of severe weather and anticipate the level of damage it will cause, so the utility can prepare and employ its resources accordingly. This new "weather intelligence" is leveraged to effectively anticipate storm damage and restore power to customers more quickly.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Hyrkan State Reservation is situatod in southest part of Azerbaijan Republic, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, in Lankaran Administrative District at 38° 30' 34" of northérn latitude and 48° 45'50" of eastern longitude.
The reservation was established by the Decree No. 272 of June 18, 1969 of the Soviet of Ministers. Its territory is 2,9 thousand hectares and is protected by the State. The flora of the reservation consist of 1900 species; 162 of them are endemic, 95 of them are rare and 38 are being depletod and disappeared. There are widely spread valuable and unique trees in the tree stratum such as Ironwood (Porrotia persica), Persimmon (Diospyrus lotus), Silk Tree (Albir~ia julibrissin), Chestnut-leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia), Hyrkan Fig (Ficus hyrcana), Hyrkan Zelkova (Zelkowa carpunifolia) etc. There a unique fauna in the reservation as well.
Hyrkan State Reservation is a unique natural territory in the Worid with its fascinating nature, rich vegetation, hills covered by endemic and relic trees and shrubs, with suitable subtropical climate.
Being adjacent the Caspian Sea, close to main roads and rail roads, the reservation is of great importance from the point of view of tourism and establishment of the national park. There are suitable conditions for this purpose in the Reservation.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Email Customer Element
The Email Customer element is an Activity element. It should be the child element of Wait Selection element. It has a Send Email action and a couple of additional actions that calculate the event_seconds variable.
Here is the send email action:
The element then calculates the event_seconds variable, which represents how many seconds to the webinar start time. We calculate this variable so that we can text the customer 15 minutes before the webinar.
So when event_seconds is less than 900 (15 minutes), the engine notifies the customer by a text message. This is defined in the Notify Now element. If it is longer than 15 minutes, it schedules the text message by setting up a timer. This action is defined in the Wait 15 element, which we will create later.


text:
The volume rendering has become an important technique in many applications along with hardware development. Understanding and perception of volume visualization benefit from visual cues which are available from shading. Better visual cues can be obtained from global illumination models but it's huge amount of computation and extra GPU memory need cause a lack of interactivity. In this paper, in order to improve visual cues on volume rendering, we propose an image space occlusion shading model which requires no additional resources.
Image Space Occlusion Shading Model for Iso-surface Volume Rendering
Seokyeon Kim, Sangbong Yoo, Jang Y
Journal of Korea Computer Graphics Society 2015


text:
Research and Policy Support Services, Creative Ireland Programme
The Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media invites tenders for the provision of research and policy support services to the Creative Ireland Programme
The successful tenderer must demonstrate research and policy development experience across the public sector and have competence to deal with key stakeholders at the highest level. This includes government departments, local authorities, state agencies and bodies, national cultural institutions, etc.
The successful tenderer will be expected to have a good knowledge of the Creative Ireland Programme (CIP) as well as the broader strategic aims of the Department and the Programme for Government.
It should be noted that the following functions represent the nature of activities to be undertaken as part of the contract but are not an exhaustive list of requirements:
1. Provide assistance and support to the Director of the Creative Ireland Programme in respect of policy research and strategic development;
2. Support the Creative Ireland Programme Office in the development of specialist knowledge and expertise as required to underpin continuing work and particularly in relation to the following priorities:
– with the creative industries, particularly design-based, digital creative and content creation sub-sectors, in conjunction with other departments and agencies as required,
– on engaging the public on climate change through the cultural and creative sectors as required by the Programme for Government,
– to mainstream creative programming to deliver national health and wellbeing policies and strategies, and
– in relation to other relevant policies or strategies which may arise during the course of the contract that are related to the ambition for the CIP
3. Contribute to the periodic review of the CIP as required
4. Develop guidance and advice for stakeholders as, and if, required
5. Management oversight including quality control as well as provision of regular updates and programme support (i.e., briefing, memos, speeches, etc.) as required
6. Any other services which may arise during the course of the contract that are related to the strategic delivery of the CIP
See link below for further details.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I'm writing an application which must log information pretty frequently, say, twice in a second. I wish to save the information to an sqlite database, however I don't mind to commit changes to the disk once every ten minutes.
Executing my queries when using a file-database takes to long, and makes the computer lag.
An optional solution is to use an in-memory database (it will fit, no worries), and synchronize it to the disk from time to time,
Is it possible? Is there a better way to achieve that (can you tell sqlite to commit to disk only after X queries?).
Can I solve this with Qt's SQL wrapper?
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 6 down vote accepted
Let's assume you have an on-disk database called 'disk_logs' with a table called 'events'. You could attach an in-memory database to your existing database:
ATTACH DATABASE ':memory:' AS mem_logs;
Create a table in that database (which would be entirely in-memory) to receive the incoming log events:
CREATE TABLE mem_logs.events(a, b, c);
Then transfer the data from the in-memory table to the on-disk table during application downtime:
INSERT INTO disk_logs.events SELECT * FROM mem_logs.events;
And then delete the contents of the existing in-memory table. Repeat.
This is pretty complicated though... If your records span multiple tables and are linked together with foreign keys, it might be a pain to keep these in sync as you copy from an in-memory tables to on-disk tables.
Before attempting something (uncomfortably over-engineered) like this, I'd also suggest trying to make SQLite go as fast as possible. SQLite should be able to easily handly > 50K record inserts per second. A few log entries twice a second should not cause significant slowdown.
share|improve this answer
If you're executing each insert within it's own transaction - that could be a significant contributor to the slow-downs you're seeing. Perhaps you could:
 - Count the number of records inserted so far
 - Begin a transaction
 - Insert your record
 - Increment count
 - Commit/end transaction when N records have been inserted
 - Repeat
The downside is that if the system crashes during that period you risk loosing the un-committed records (but if you were willing to use an in-memory database, than it sounds like you're OK with that risk).
share|improve this answer
A brief search of the SQLite documentation turned up nothing useful (it wasn't likely and I didn't expect it).
Why not use a background thread that wakes up every 10 minutes, copies all of the log rows from the in-memory database to the external database (and deletes them from the in-memory database). When your program is ready to end, wake up the background thread one last time to save the last logs, then close all of the connections.
share|improve this answer
Because then I need to create the logs, remember which part of the log I already saved, maintain the background thread, and largely speaking implement synchronization myself. That's possible, but I want to avoid that. – Elazar Leibovich Jun 22 '10 at 20:31
Let me know how you eventually solve this. – Craig Trader Jun 24 '10 at 1:05
Your Answer


Click here to Skip to main content
14,580,307 members
Getting Started with IndexedDB
Rate this:
4.95 (32 votes)
Please Sign up or sign in to vote.
4.95 (32 votes)
2 Aug 2012CPOL
The article describes the HTML5 IndexedDB API and how to use it.
Introduction
One of the new JavaScript APIs that HTML5 has to offer is the IndexedDB API. In the past, I wrote a post about the Web Storage API which is a simple key/value dictionary that is stored in the web browser and persists data. IndexedDB is a full blown index database which adds more offline capabilities to Web applications. In this article, I'll present the IndexedDB API and explain some basic concepts about it.
Background - What is IndexedDB?
IndexedDB API is a specification for an index database which exists in the browser. The IndexedDB is made of records holding simple values and hierarchical objects. Each of the records consist of a key path and a corresponding value which can be a simple type like string or date and more advanced types like JavaScript objects and arrays. It can include indexes for faster retrieval of records and can store large amount of objects.
IndexedDB has two API modes – synchronous and asynchronous. Most of the time, you will use the asynchronous API. The synchronous API was created to be used only with conjunction with Web Workers (and it is currently not supported by most of the browsers).
The IndexedDB API is exposed through the window.indexedDB object. The API isn't fully supported by most of the browsers today. The major browsers that support the API expose the indexedDB object with their prefixes. The following line of code should be used before you use the indexedDB currently and you should use libraries like Modernizr to detect if the browser supports the API:
var indexedDB = window.indexedDB || window.webkitIndexedDB ||
 window.mozIndexedDB || window.msIndexedDB;
In the day of writing the post, IndexedDB is supported by Firefox from version 4 (Firefox is currently the most updated browser with regard to the specifications), Chrome from version 11 and IE10.
Using the IndexedDB API, you can take Web applications offline and decrease the number of server round-trips since you can store common data in a local database instead of the server database.
Opening a Database
Before you can start using the IndexedDB, you first need to open the database for use. Since the IndexedDB is working asynchronous calling the open function will return an IDBRequest object which you will use to wire a success and error event handlers. Here is an example of opening a database:
var db;
var request = indexedDB.open("TestDatabase");
request.onerror = function(evt) {
 console.log("Database error code: " + evt.target.errorCode);
};
request.onsuccess = function(evt) {
 db = request.result;
};
In the example, a call to the open function is used to open a database with the name TestDatabase. After the call, two callback functions are wired to the returned IDBRequest, one for the onerror and one for the onsuccess. In the success callback, you can get the database object from the request and store it for further use.
The open function accepts another parameter which isn't passed in the example which is the version number of the database. The version number is used to change the version of the database. In the case where the database's version is smaller than the provided version, the upgradeneeded event will be fired and you will be able to change the database's structure in its handler. Changing the version of the database is the only way to change the structure of the database.
Creating an objectStore
The IndexedDB can hold one or more objectStores. objectStores resemble tables in relational databases but are very different from them. They hold the key/value records and can have key paths, key generators and indexes. You use the IndexedDB's createObjectStore function to create an objectStore. The function gets a name for the objectStore and an options object to configure things like key paths and key generators.
Key paths and key generators are used to create the main index for the stored value. The key path is a string that defines how to extract a key from the given value. It is used with JavaScript objects which have a property with the exact name of the key path. If a property with the exact name doesn't exist, you need to supply a key generator such as autoIncrement. The key generator is used to hold any kind of value. It will generate a key automatically for you but you can also pass your own key for a stored value if you want.
objectStores can also have indexes which will be used later for data retrieval. Indexes are created with the objectStore createIndex function which can get three parameters – the name of the index, the name of the property to put the index on and an options object.
Here is an example of creating an objectStore inside the onupdateneeded event handler:
var peopleData = [
 { name: "John Dow", email: "_EMAIL_" },
 { name: "Don Dow", email: "_EMAIL_" }
];

function initDb() {
 var request = indexedDB.open("PeopleDB", 1);
 request.onsuccess = function (evt) {
 db = request.result;
 };

 request.onerror = function (evt) {
 console.log("IndexedDB error: " + evt.target.errorCode);
 };

 request.onupgradeneeded = function (evt) {
 var objectStore = evt.currentTarget.result.createObjectStore("people",
 { keyPath: "id", autoIncrement: true });

 objectStore.createIndex("name", "name", { unique: false });
 objectStore.createIndex("email", "email", { unique: true });

 for (i in peopleData) {
 objectStore.add(peopleData[i]);
 }
 };
}
The example show some important things:
 - onupdateneeded is called before the onsuccess callback and therefore you can use the evt.currentTarget.result to get the database which is getting opened.
 - The key path is created with an id string which doesn't exist in the supplied object. The key path is used with conjunction with the autoIncrement option to create an incrementing key generator.
 - You can use the unique constraint on indexes in order to enforce simple constraints. When the unique option is true, the index will enforce the constraint for inserted emails.
 - You can use the objectStore's add function to add records to the objectStore.
Creating a Transaction
When you have an objectStore, you will probably want to use it with CRUD (create/read/update/delete) operations. The only way to use CRUD in IndexedDB is through an IDBTransaction object. The IDBTransaction is also supported with browser prefixes currently (like the IndexedDB object), so the following line of code should be used:
var IDBTransaction = window.IDBTransaction || window.webkitIDBTransaction;
The IDBTransaction object can be created in three modes: read-only, read/write and snapshot. You should use the read/write mode only when you want to update the objectStores and read-only in other cases. The reason for that is that read-only transaction can run concurrently. By default, transactions run in read-only mode.
The transactions are asynchronous as all the other IndexedDB API calls. That means that you can wire handlers for their error, abort, and complete events. Here is an example of opening an add transaction:
var transaction = db.transaction("people", IDBTransaction.READ_WRITE);
var objectStore = transaction.objectStore("people");
var request = objectStore.add({ name: name, email: email });
request.onsuccess = function (evt) {
 // do something when the add succeeded
};
The example shows that you first create a transaction object for the people objectStore. Then, you retrieve the objectStore from the transaction object and perform an operation on it. That operation is called asynchronous and therefore you wire an onsuccees event handler to deal with the request's success. In the example, I didn't wire any of the transaction event handlers but you can use them like in the following example:
transaction.oncomplete = function(evt) {
 // do something after the transaction completed
};
Retrieving Data
In order to retrieve data from the objectStore, you will use a transaction object and also the objectStore's get function. The get function expects a value which will be used against the key path of the objectStore. Here is an example of using the get function:
var transaction = db.transaction("people");
var objectStore = transaction.objectStore("people


text:
A dreamteacher is a specialized type of virtual reality computer software that enables M'rowans (and, as it turns out, humans) to improve or learn new skills or languages while sleeping by creating dreams of situations designed to teach and allow the user to reflect on the skill in question.
Dreamteachers are best suited to teach mental or knowledge-based skills. Primarily physical skills, such as combat or sports, can be taught up to a point by (in a sense) 'programming' the user's nervous system, it is ultimately not a replacement for actual training of such skills.
The dreamteacher software requires a direct connection to the user's brain, which is usually established through a special helmet-like accessory; individuals with an implant computer and a neural jack or wireless connection do not need such equipment, though. In addition, the software can be fairly demanding in computer requirements – for less advanced skills, a personal computer will suffice, while more complex fields require a microframe or even a mainframe computer.


text:
Use canned Actions for frequent replies
Respond to repetitive support queries faster by inserting canned responses in ticket replies, without spending time typing manual replies. HappyFox allows you to create a repository of Canned Actions, which can be used for ticket reply or private note.
Applicable Plans: ✔ Mighty ✔ Fantastic ✔ Enterprise ✔ Enterprise Plus
Canned Actions has two functions:
Auto-fills a predefined response with dynamic placeholders (Merge Fields).
Performs changes to ticket properties such as status, priority, assignee etc.
Note: Both the functions mentioned above are optional towards defining a Canned Action. For example, Canned Actions can be customized to do ticket property changes without inserting any message.
Go to Automate >> Canned Actions.
Note: Page visibility is governed by a permission "Manage Canned Actions". If you are not able to see this page, contact your administrator.
Manage Canned Actions:
In this page, in addition to viewing existing/creating new canned actions, you may
- Export all Canned Actions to CSV/Excel.
- Edit, Clone or Delete Canned Actions through more actions.
Create a New Canned Action:
- Click Create a Canned Action.
- Enter the content of the message that will be added on applying the Canned Action. Adding message as part of a Canned Action is optional.
- Choose the ticket properties that need to change and set appropriate values.
- Enter name and description for the Canned Action. Choose applicable categories and define if the Canned Action will be publicly available.
- Click Finish Creating a Canned Action
Using Merge fields in Canned Actions message:
You can add merge-fields to your canned action message and have them replaced in real-time while adding a canned action to a ticket reply or a private note.
Currently, Merge Fields for canned actions will not work when used along with Bulk Actions.
View/Modify Existing Canned Actions:
- Click on the desired Canned Action to view/edit in the Canned Actions page.
- Find all the information about that Canned Action in the "Quick Preview".
- Click "Edit" to edit the Canned Action information.
- Click "Clone" to create a similar Canned Action.
- Click "Delete" to delete the Canned Action.
Add Canned Action to a Ticket Reply/Private Note:
- Go to Ticket Details page of any ticket.
- Make sure Canned Actions are defined for the ticket's associated category.
- Click "Reply" or "Private Note".
- Select the desired Canned Actions from the list of Canned Actions inside the editor.
- Confirm your changes to text and send a reply.
To know how Canned Actions work in HappyFox Classic, refer to the document attached.


What is mean of chut
aby tere behan ki shalwar utar k dekh janhan par bal hon wo he chot pagal k bachy
Report as
The word "chut" has several meanings, depending on where you are from. It has been used to describe a Jewish person, in London, that migrated to the Netherlands, during the 19th century. It is, also, a language spoken in Vietnam, y "chut" people. In Hindu, it is a slang name for a vagina. Unfortunately, unless you are in the country of origin, there is no way to differentiate the meaning of the word.
Helpful (1) Fun Thanks for voting Comments (0)
Report as
Add a comment...
Do you have an answer?
Answer this question...
Did you mean?
Login or Join the Community to answer
Popular Searches


text:
The Bollywood Legend Award will be presented to the one and only Aamir Khan by the Pop Golden Awards in November 2023. His significant contributions to the Indian cinema industry and his position as one of Bollywood's most important and recognisable performers are both recognised by this award.
Since starting his career in Bollywood in the 1980s, Aamir Khan has carved out a distinctive route for himself in the Indian film industry. Aamir, who is sometimes referred to as the "Perfectionist" for his careful devotion to his profession, has won the adoration of both critics and viewers for his remarkable acting abilities and capacity to give his characters depth and authenticity.
Aamir Khan's unmatched commitment to narrative is one of the main reasons he merits the Bollywood Legend Award. He is renowned for taking on characters that subvert social standards, bring attention to significant social concerns, and inspire people to reflect. His films frequently address timely and delicate subjects including mental health, education, gender injustice, and poverty. Aamir has had a big effect on Indian society through his work, which not only entertains but also creates awareness of important topics and promotes debate.
Aamir Khan's importance as a director and producer cannot be understated, in addition to his acting abilities. Through his production firm, Aamir Khan Productions, he has been involved in producing engaging and innovative films. His dedication to supporting cinema that is meaningful and content-driven has helped numerous critically acclaimed films find popularity and raised the bar for narrative and filmmaking in Bollywood.
Aamir's many performances in films of different genres demonstrate his flexibility as an actor. In films like "Lagaan," "Taare Zameen Par," "PK," and "Dangal," Aamir has consistently raised the bar for acting in Indian cinema, whether he's playing a romantic lead in "Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak" or "Dil Chahta Hai," showing off his comedic timing in "Andaz Apna Apna," or giving strong performances in thought-provoking films.
Aamir Khan's impact also goes beyond of the movie industry. He is renowned for his initiatives to use his famous position for good. Aamir has shown his dedication to changing the world by actively taking part in efforts relating to environmental protection and water shortages, as well as by championing social concerns through his television programme "Satyamev Jayate".
Aamir Khan is incredibly committed to his performances, frequently having his characters undergo substantial bodily changes. He has gained recognition from his peers, the film industry, and fans for his dedication to realism and attention to detail. Aspired performers and directors of all eras have been motivated by his unrelenting pursuit of excellence in every endeavour he undertakes.
In conclusion, Aamir Khan has had a significant and enduring influence on Bollywood and Indian film. Along with captivating audiences with his superb acting abilities, he has also utilised his platform to promote social change and speak out on pressing societal concerns. He deserves to get the Bollywood Legend Award from the Pop Golden Awards in November 2023 because of his commitment to delivering compelling stories, his range as an actor, and his contribution to meaningful film. Audiences will continue to be moved and inspired by Aamir Khan's legacy for many years to come.


text:
Debt of Gratitude: A Filipino Social Phenomenon
"Scratch my back and I will scratch yours." - This describes the prevailing Filipino social phenomenon of debt of gratitude. It is an attempt of one to repay the other, who in the past had done something good or beneficial to him or her. This has been magnified by other social phenomena such as the continued emigration of Filipino workers outside the Philippines, such that remittances are actually in the form of payment to their families, as an expression of long-lasting debt of gratitude. This is just an example of how this phenomenon has shaped the Filipino society and culture.
In this blogpost, an in-depth analysis will be made to showcase the advantages and disadvantages of this phenomena, as various concepts and ideas revolving around it are enumerated throughout the discussion.
1. It exists in any type of relationship; familial, working, spiritual and others.
Because of man's social nature, there will be periods of self-sufficiency and vulnerability. During time of vulnerability, one needs help of others to pursue one's desire. It is therefore easy to ask for help, rather than attempt to do it alone. The Church could help in a way through advices, and through its teachings. The family ofcourse is an important social aspect that supports an individual unconditionally. Furthermore, work superiors and colleagues have contributed for one's survival. All of these relationships are source of debt of gratitude. As long as there is something good to one, a mere "thank you" is not enough since the person owes debt in gratitude to others from that time on.
2. It is an implied contract between at least two entities.
Debt of gratitude is about reciprocity. There is an exchange of benefits, regardless of what form it is. The magnitude of benefits varies from a little gift to an eternal familial loyality to an institution or a person. The challenge with this benefits is that it is non-consummable. It is therefore not sufficient to repay one or twice or thrice, for goodness is unquantifiable. The goodness will never be repaid, and the obligation exists as long as there is someone who remembers it. It is type of unwritten contract without expiry, validity and concreteness.
3. It is a result of colonialism.
Unfortunately, debt of gratitude stems from the Philippines' colonial past. Filipinos were made to believe that they are still unprepared for self-rule. It is therefore required for the colony to seek protection from external invasion, given that the colony is militarily and economically weak and small to defend itself. However, it is safe to say that colonialism is created European concept. The British, Spaniards, French, German, Dutch, Italians and other major European "superpowers" raced to conquer the world. They self-proclaimed dominion over land masses, disrespecting aborigines and traditions of the lands they dominated. Therefore, European colonizers are also responsible for this Filipino social phenomenon. They made their subjects believe that they are not independent amd capable, and the only way to exist is to be slaves, servants and parasites to their colonizing nation.
4. It is encouraged by religious teachings through stewardship.
To be generous and of service of others is the primary teaching of the Church. It is stated in passages of holy scriptures. However, the interpretations have gone to way varied. To be subservient is quite different from offering service to others. Offering service is quite limited to time, place and situation. On the other hand, to be subservient is limitless and self-sacrificial. These acts has been enshrouded in the rationale of stewardship, such that everyone encouraged to take care of each other, thereby making it obligatory to help others and expect others to do the same. There is no end for this exchange, and this is where others abuse and have been abused. There is therefore a need to delineate, what is enough and what is too much, an act itself contrary and in dilemma against Church teachings.
5. It is a means to address competition.
To answer why there is a need for debt of gratitude. It is actually reciprocal means to survive a highly-competitive social environment. Resources are scarce, such that building alliances and support groups is a must, rather optional. One could compare debt of gratitude as a currency in a hunting society, hungry and always in need of food and resources. This is quite similar living in a country of over 100 million people. There is always a constant struggle to outwit and outdo others. That is the ultimate problem, which in part or wholly resolved through debt of gratitude.
6. It fuels corruption and nepotism.
Benefits is the focus of debt of gratitude. In the Philippine society, there exists three types of benefits, legal, illegal and everything in between. Because there exists a very large gray zone in the social structure, people are given the leeway to decide on their own to interpret what is right and wrong. Here is where debt of gratitude interplays, the same leeway and decision power is utilized to yield something good, as a payment for debt of gratitude. Instead of selecting the best applicants for the government positions, the deciding power will give it to a close relative or recommended applicants of a person the individual owes debt of gratitude. In this way, corruption and nepotism magnifies and trickles in all sectors of the society.
7. It breeds conflicts and dilemmas.
To remain loyal to person one owes debt of gratitude or to follow the truth and justice is something usual dilemma created by debt of gratitude. Wrongdoings are tolerated to accomodate someone to do good. Moreover, people are forced to be in conflict with others by showing loyalty to a person. There is no value in objectivity and self-judgment in debt of gratitude. What is important is to repay someone for an act, which is in the first place, not repayable and subjective.
8. It usually involves money and authority.
Money and authority are two most powerful encouraging factors in debt of gratitude. For money to grow, a person needs someone to work and help him or her for it. Through debt of gratitude, it convenient and easy to fulfill this task. In the same way, to go up the ladder of social class, one requires the helping hand of another, who is superior in money and power. Money and power have become exchange vehicles in paying debt of gratitude. The problem occurs when power and interests overlaps with one and another, creating a bigger power struggle among power-thirsty entities.
9. It is Filipino's way of fulfilling social ethical obligations.
No one is an island. We are all made to believe on this. There is no one who will expess dissent on this principle. That is just a way of life. This is true for Filipinos as well. Naturally helpful to others, Filipinos will wholeheartedly share time, resources and money to be of help of others. This is the main advantage of debt of gratitude, knowing there are still people who care. The non-existence of debt of gratitude means the non-existence of care itself, and perhaps love. However, justifying mainly the incorrectness of debt of gratitude is in itself not sufficient if it is only based on love and care. There must limitations to using these reasons so as to avoid abuse and perpetual exploitation.
10. It is a form of perpetual modern-day slavery and indebtness.
Since the nature of goodness is unrepayable, one who owes debt of gratitude will never be capable of giving back to the person, who did good to him. The more significant the benefit one has received, the more timeless debt of gratitude become. Worse, family members are made to honor this debt even after the death of the primary person in debt. The person who gave the benefit will never be satisfied, with any kind of service or act. Debt of gratitude becomes eternal and irrevocable. The person who received the benefit will work harder and harder for a debt, in reality, he or she is not capable of paying, resulting to dependent relationship nearing to the concept of slavery.
I have to admit that during I wrote this blogpost, I was influenced by a personal experience related to debt of gratitude. I am honestly irritated by the situation, so it would seem that I am quite biased and negative in my perspective on this Filipino social phenomena. I made an attempt to balance how I wrote the article, at least. It is therefore upon the reader's judgment. However, I think a pessimistic point-of-view is needed to balance the discussion. Debt of gratitude has long been tolerated by the Filipino society. Its incorrectness has been continuously ignored and unchallenged, and sometimes hailed by the government as a form of sacrifice and heroism. Objectively, every Filipino deserves to determine what he or she wants without being influenced by social phenomena thay hinders his or her utmost potential, freedom and happiness.


CONES – Bar Cones
Pyrometric Cones are used as witness cones to monitor ceramic firing in all types and sizes of kilns for consistent, repeatable firing temperature. They are made of specifically formulated compositions, including many of the same ingredients as ceramic products. Each cone is designated a number (for example, cone 04), and each cone number measures a fairly small range of firing temperature.
How do they work?
When the kiln temperature reaches the range a cone number is designed to melt in, the tip of the cone begins to bend. The final degree of cone bending depends on the last 100°C (180°F) of the firing profile and temperature, but this significant bending may represent a change over only a few degrees of temperature. Pyrometric cones are therefore valuable for verifying that your kiln is delivering the expected amount of heat work within the kiln ware load at specific temperature and profile settings.
Moreover, while kiln shut-off devices and electronic controllers can drift from their set point over time even though everything appears to be normal, pyrometric cones do not. They will indicate whether kiln firing is under control or subtle changes are occurring, thereby giving you time to take corrective action before these changes impact your ceramic ware.
To select the proper cones: visit
Click to view Temperature Equivalent of Orton Cones.
20% off 12 Boxes of Any (Single) Type of Cones
Large Cones, Small Cones, Self-Supporting Cones, OR Bar Cones
Discounts will be entered manually when your order is processed.


text:
Belief, Deconversion, and Authenticity among U.S. Emerging Evangelicals:
James S. Bielo
In this article I examine the status of belief among U.S. evangelicals organizing under the moniker of the "emerging church. As part of their cultural critique of the conservative Christian subculture, many emerging evangelicals recast their standpoint toward the role of propositional doctrine in their definition of an authentic Christian self. I join with colleagues in the anthropology of religion, in particular the anthropology of Christianity, who are rethinking the nature of belief as a form of relational commitment. I argue that emerging evangelicals seek a faith where humanhuman relationships are a precondition for humandivine relations to flourish. To achieve their desired sense of community emerging evangelicals create ritual structures that foster a highly relational religiosity. I illustrate this recasting of belief through analyses of narrative and institution making, grounded in three years of ethnographic fieldwork.


text:
Surface Based Temperature Inversions on the White Sands Missile Range,
ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB
Pagination or Media Count:
Surface based temperature inversion data were extracted from daily radiosonde observations RAOB at White Sands Desert WSD and Holloman HMS Raob sites on the White Sands Missile Range. The total number of observations, the percent of observations with surface based inversions, the average temperature at the top and at the base of the inversion, the average temperature change the inversion, the extreme temperature change through the inversion, the average depth of the inversion in presure and geometric height units, and the standard deviations of the average temperature and heights of the inversions were compiled and presented in both tabular and graphical form. Discussion of the monthly variations in the surface inversion along with a closer look at the diurnal change of the surface inversion is presented.


text:
Lost Creek Reservoir (Trinity River Basin)
Lost Creek Reservoir (also known as Lake Jacksboro) is located about two miles northeast of the city of Jacksboro in Jack County, on Little Cleveland Creek, a tributary of Big Cleveland Creek and Lost Creek, a tributary of West Folk which is a tributary of the Trinity River. Lake Jacksboro is owned and operated by the city of Jacksboro for the water supply, irrigation, and recreational purposes. The original Lake Jacksboro Dam was completed in 1950 and was enlarged in 1990. The dam is an earth-fill embankment with an homogeneous earthen core. Its height is 57 feet with a length of 1,720 feet and top elevation at 1,028.9 feet above mean sea level. At the top of conservation pool elevation, 1,009.5 feet above mean sea level, the lake has a capacity of 11,950 acre feet and a surface area of about 413 acres. It drains an area of 29 square miles.


Short informative article for lawyers about dangers of police transcripts of indistinct audio
I'm pleased and honoured to have been able to collaborate with Prof J Peter French, world renowned expert in forensic phonetics, to write a short and informative article for Australian lawyers about the dangers of providing police transcripts of indistinct covert recordings used as evidence in court.
French, P., & Fraser, H. 2018. Why "ad hoc experts" should not provide transcripts of indistinct forensic audio, and a proposal for a better approach. Criminal Law Journal, 42, 298–302.
Find it at the link below.
Why "Ad Hoc Experts" Should Not Provide Transcripts of Indistinct Forensic Audio, and a Proposal for a Better Approach
by Peter French and Helen Fraser*
Indistinct covert audio recordings frequently figure in criminal trials together with transcripts prepared by police officers who have been accorded the status of ad hoc experts on the basis of their prolonged and repeated exposure to the recordings. Drawing on research in linguistic and phonetic science, we explain why such transcripts are highly prone to be unreliable, why they may mislead juries into misinterpreting the contents of the conversations and why current court procedures for mitigating this risk are inadequate. We conclude by outlining a proposal drawn up and endorsed by senior expert linguists for establishing a process whereby reliable transcripts of indistinct covert recordings can be provided for juries.
* Peter French: Professor of Forensic Speech Science, University of York; Chairman, JP French Associates, England; President, International Association of Forensic Phonetics and Acoustics (IAFPA). Helen Fraser: Adjunct Associate Professor, Linguistics, University of New England, Australia


text:
The history of the Obertauern skiing region
Skiing on historic grounds in the Salzburg region of Austria
The history of Obertauern starts long before the first skiers discovered the dreamy slopes in the region. About 2400 years ago Celtics settled at the border between the Pongau and the Lungau district. With the arrival of the Romans, the Roman State roadwas created, which lead via the Tauern pass and connected Italy with Juvavum, today's Salzburg region. From approximately 100 B.C the Romans used the road via the pass for frequent merchant's traffic.
After the breakdown of the Roman Empire at around 500 AD, mainly Bavarian tribes settled in the region of Obertauern. Until the early middle ages Bavarian Lords reigned over the Tauern Mountains, the region of Salzburg only became independent in the 13th century. The first documented mention of the Radstadt Tauern mountains is dated in the year 1207. A document from the year 1224 confirms the existence of the little church by the Tauernscharte. In the year 1517 two taverns are first mentioned at the Tauern. The first written proof of tourism in Obertauern mentions the "twee hosts at the Tauern Mountain". Those are still known to this day as the taverns Gasthof Schaidberg and Gasthof Wisenegg.
During the high time of baroque in Salzburg, the region Obertauern also experienced a boom: 1764 was the year the very first post office in Untertauern was opened, which was responsible for the letter exchange across the Alps for years to come.
The first tourists in Obertauern were – how could it be different – skiing folk. Although it was mentioned for the first time in 1902, tourism only came to flourish after the end of World War 1. In the 1920s the skiing tourists still embarked on the strenuous ascent on foot to Obertauern, and enjoyed the following descent on skies even more. Interestingly the first tourism in Obertauern was not connected to the winter season, as most tourists poured into Obertauern during the summer months. Between 1925 and 1927 the first Tauern races for cars and motor cycles took place.
The birthday of winter tourism for Obertauern is on the 8th December 1929. On this day the first regular winter schedule started via the Tauern pass. World War 2 marked a cornerstone for the development of winter sports in Obertauern. From 1948 until into the 1960s ski and piste fun still meant hard work: the pistes were trampled hard by skiers, who received 3 free rides per hour for their efforts. By 1950 the first tow lifts were installed, as well as the first avalanche protection buildings. Between 1952 and 1961 the first set of modern cable cars and tow lift facilities were erected.
In 1962 the transformation was complete: Obertauern was the official name of the township and was entered into the history books. In the following year the first motorized snow cat in Austria started running in Austria's Obertauern.
The skiing primary school of Obertauern was getting famous, after including next to 7 main subjects the subject of skiing into the school's regular schedule.
Fame of a different kind honoured Obertauern in the year 1965: The Beatles produced parts of their legendary movie "HELP" in front of the dreamlike backdrop of Obertauern. Two years after this, the modern snow cats change the way pistes are groomed and built and to make wider ski runs possible with extensive territory changes. From then on more tourists were able to enjoy the winter fun in Obertauern. Through the connection of all lift facilities in 1969 the first form of the nowadays Tauern Loop Trail was created. Not much later than that Obertauern came to fame as a modern and popular winter sports destination, with its reputation reaching far beyond the borders of Austria.
In 1985 the first snowmaking machines in Obertauern were introduced. From now on skiing tourists had guaranteed snow during the whole of the winter season. Between 1991 and 1998 the building of a floodlight station made an international furor and resulted in well filled pistes – until late in the night.
Obertauern became a stronghold of alpine ski sports: with 100 kilometres of extremely well cared for pistes, 26 modern lift facilities, artificial snowmaking facilities and a touch and go ski pass system. On top of that bridges over the Katschberg A road make sure that you experience uninterrupted skiing fun in Austria. Equipped with the latest infrastructure, the region of Obertauern in Austria presents itself as a world famous skiing region and one of the best ski areas in Austria, not to mention one of the most popular.


text: This paper describes the design and application of a linear static Kalman filter based on a Gauss-Markov (GM) process for estimating minor loop flows in wide area systems. The minor loop flows assumed to circulate in the system are estimated from the measurements of the active power flowing in transmission circuits. Typically, the measurements may be noise contaminated; using the noisy data may reduce reliability in estimation. Since, the estimates of the minor loop flows are employed in the monetary accommodation of Unscheduled Flows (USFs) among GENCOs, the estimates are required to be noise free. A linear discrete Kalman filter, used statically, can be employed for this purpose. A Gauss-Markov process is shown to satisfactorily model the minor loop flows.


text:
Definition of priesting
n. - The office of a priest.
The word "priesting" uses 9 letters: E G I I N P R S T.
Direct anagrams of priesting:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after priesting (in bold), or to egiinprst in any order:
d - springtide f - fingertips presifting m - springtime o - repositing s - persisting springiest
Words within priesting
not shown as it has more than seven letters.
List all words starting with priesting, words containing priesting or words ending with priesting
All words formed from priesting by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: pr ri ie es st ti in ng
Browse words starting with priesting by next letter
Previous word in list: priesthoods
Next word in list: priestlier
Some random words: vying


The Free and Open Productivity Suite
Apache OpenOffice 4.1.2 released
Definition of a Directory
The keyword for a directory definition is Directory. A global ID of a directory should begin with gid_Dir. Directories have to be assigned to modules in the definition block of the module. If a directory is not assigned to any module, it is automatically assigned to the root module by the scplinker. A typical definition of a directory in the scp projects looks like:
Directory gid_Dir_Autotext
ParentID = gid_Dir_Share;
DosName = "autotext";
Directory gid_Dir_Share_Autocorr
ParentID = gid_Dir_Share;
DosName = "autocorr";
Styles = (CREATE);
As you can see, the definition of a directory is very simple. A directory has a name (DosName) and a parent. Every directory has a parent, resulting in a directory tree. For the most directories, the ParentID is a global ID, which is defined in the script before. Some directories of course have to be defined by the setup. The most important is the directory:
which is for example used in the definition:
Directory gid_Dir_Program
DosName = "program";
The directory program is created below the Office installation root. And this is described by the PREDEFINED_PROGDIR, which has to be found by the setup. By the way, the PREDEFINED_PROGDIR is defined by the user, during the installation process.
Further predefined directories are:
PREDEFINED_HOMEDIR : The user's home directory
PREDEFINED_CONFIGDIR: The system's configuration directory
PREDEFINED_OSSHELLNEWDIR: The shellnew directory for Windows
PREDEFINED_OSSYSTEMFONTDIR: The system font directory
A directory is created, if it is necessary to create it. This means: For example we take a file gid_File_A, that belongs to gid_Module_B, and has to be installed into directory gid_Dir_C. If the module is selected in the user defined installation, the file has to be installed. Then it is necessary for the setup, to create the directory gid_Dir_C. If the module is not selected, the file has not to be installed and, if there is no other file in gid_Dir_C, this gid_Dir_C must no be created.
Some directories have to be created empty. As in the example above the directory gid_Dir_Share_Autocorr has the flag CREATE. This flag means, that the directory shall be created, even though there is no file in it.
Apache Feather


text:
The current study examined the lingual kinematic and acoustic effects of bite blocks on vowels in a sentence context. Twenty adult native English speakers (10 male, 10 female) with no speech, language, or hearing deficits participated in the study. The corner vowels found in the sentence, The blue spot is on the black key again (i.e., /u/, /É'/, /Ã¦/, /i/), were measured kinematically and acoustically immediately before and after bite block insertion. The participants' speech was audio-recorded and their lingual articulatory movements were measured with a Northern Digital Instruments Wave electromagnetic articulograph. The sensor coils were attached to three different parts on the tongue (back, middle, and front). Acoustic analysis of the vowel formants revealed that the vowel articulation index and vowel space area decreased significantly following bite block insertion. Kinematic analysis of the sensors on the tongue revealed that the kinematic vowel articulation index decreased significantly for the back and middle of the tongue but not for the front. Thus, adjustments to the position of the front of the tongue were sufficient to compensate for the bite block perturbation, while the same measures for the back and middle of the tongue were significantly affected. This was likely due to the relative independence in the movement of the front of the tongue, given its distance from the posterior point of attachment between the tongue and mandible. These findings suggest that the effects of articulatory perturbation can be more fully understood when kinematic and acoustic measures are considered together.
College and Department
David O. McKay School of Education; Communication Disorders
BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Low, Tanner Keith, "Kinematic and Acoustic Vowel Changes in Adult Bite Block Speech" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 7495.
kinematics, acoustics, bite block, perturbation, compensation, vowels


Introduction: Electronics Necklace From Headphone Cable
For some time, I've been contemplating how I can make an intelligent, micro-controller-powered necklace, but I hadn't been able to figure out how to make it small enough to be attractive. Even if a microcontroller is small enough to fit in a necklace pendant, the battery to power it usually isn't. Then, I had a revelation: why not store the microcontroller and battery behind my neck/hair, where nobody can see it, and connect the necklace pendant to the microcontroller via a headphone cable? Modern headphone cables might contain 3 or 4 über-thin wires, so I would be able to move power, ground, and two data lines from the microcontroller behind my neck to the pendant hanging in front. Here, I'll show you a little bit about my experiments with headphone wires for wearables.
Step 1: Parts
 - 3-4 headphone cables. The larger (radially) the cables, the easier they will be to work with, but they might look more clunky. Best to get a wide variety.
 - Headphone jack breakout. Something like this, although it's a little large.
 - For this project, I'm using an Arduino Micro, but any Arduino will do, and an Adafruit neopixel
 - Solder, cables, breadboard--the usual
Step 2: Step 1: Break Out the Wires
Measure your neck to determine how long your wire should be. Then cut the headphone wire in half, such that there is NECK_CIRCUMFERENCE/2 wire connected to the headphone jack, and NECK_CIRCUMFERENCE/2 wire of separate headphone cable. I say this about the headphone jack because we'll be using it to control data messages and power on the wires from the microcontroller. Overestimate NECK_CIRCUMFERENCE so that you have some room in case something goes wrong. Strip the wire and see the inner wires as shown above. You might find some structural fibers (the yellow fuzz shown above), which is annoying and gets in the way. Cut it or burn it. Now, the remaining wires are covered in some fiber as well. In their current state, we cannot contact the conductive wires underneath the fiber, so for each fiber-covered-wire, burn the tips for 10 seconds or so until you see silver. This is tough, fume-y, and requires patience.
Step 3: Step 2: Identify Connections
Now you should have one headphone wire with its headphone jack in tact. Plug that jack into the female connector you bought, and using a multimeter, identify which prong on the female jack corresponds to which headphone wire. When you've done this, you're almost done! Except...
Step 4: Step 3: Solder and Done!
Here, I've soldered the headphone cables to this Adafruit neopixel. This is tough because the headphone wires are hard to solder, so use lots of flux, have patience, and keep backups! In my particular project, I soldered wires from one cable to power and signal, and one of the wires from the second cable to ground. I then used the headphone jack as a clasp for the necklace, as well as a switch to turn it on (Power goes from the battery through the neopixel, out through the headphone wire and back to the ground connection of the battery).
Step 5: Suggestions?
This method isn't the easiest/nicest/prettiest/most stable. Thoughts/feedback/improvements?


text: The synthesis and characterization of mullite composite nanocrystaline from high-silica kaolin sampled from Tianyang County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is presented in this paper. Rough kaolin is firstly grounded and processed to remove impurities, iron and carbon before burned to produce composite oxides with mullite as major components. The composite oxides are further synthesized into composite mullite nanocrystaline by using hydrothermal crystallization process under low temperature and normal pressure. Tests on the composite nanocrystalline by TEM, TG-TDA, and X-ray diffraction methods show that the nanocrystalline range in size from 40 to 100 nm and are well textured. They also show significantly enhanced thermal stability at temperature as high as 1000oC.


text:
One of art of music originated from Java Indonesia culture is gamelan. Gamelan instruments is a music ensemble (a group of people which plays music instrument or sings) which emphasize on kendang (drum with skin membrane), gong (a large metal disk that makes a resounding sound when struck), metalofon, and gambang (one of javanese gamelan instruments made from 18 slice of woods, played by hit the slices with certain stick).
Based on java mythology, there was a god conquered the whole java island and his palace is in lawu mountain in central java. To call the gods, he invented gong, and finally it form a set of a complete one.
At the beginning, Indonesian gamelan instruments are made based on relief on Borobudur temple in the 8th century. In the relief, there are some musical instrument consist of kendang, suling (flute made from bamboo), kecapi, and bell. Since, the said music instruments became the music instruments in Javanese gamelan music.
The javanese gamelan term refers to equipment or intruments and it's a one unity which played together. Gamelan comes from Javanese words, gamel, means to hit/to play. This verb is added with suffix –an and changed into noun, gamelan. Gamelan mainly made from wood and gangsa (a kind of metal mixed with copper or tin). A set of gamelan usually consist of kendang, bonang, gender, gambang, suling, siter, clempung, slenthem, demung, saron, kenong, kethuk, japan, kempyang, kempul, peking and gong.
In Indonesia gamelan orchestra can be found in java island, Madura, bali and Lombok island, with various size and ensemble. The term gong is synonymous with gamelan word for Bali and Lombok Island.
Gamelan in java not only played to escort art of voice (singing), dancing, or in puppet performance (wayang) only, but it also played in formal royal ceremony in javanese culture. Especially if there is royal family member who hold a Javanese traditional wedding. Javanese will play gamelan when the wedding occurs.
Gamelan music in java area itself is called karawitan. Karawitan is a term to title a soft gamelan music song. Karawitan arts which uses gamelan in the art of dancing and singing such as singing art consist of sinden, gerong, sendon and celuk. Art of puppetries (wayang) consists of leather puppet (wayang kulit), klithik puppets (wayang klithik), beber puppets (wayang beber) and so on. And the last one is dancing, such as srimpi dance, bedaya, golek, wireng and pethilan dance.
The way to adjust tones and the producing of gamelan can be concluded to be complex. There are four ways of adjusting tones, first is slendro. Slendro is one between two scaled of tones. This scale is more understandable than in pelog.
Secondly is pelog. Pelog is one of two scales, uses in original Bali and Javanese gamelan. Musical chord of pelog can be made by combining the 4th perfect interval with other wider intervals. Musical chord of pelog consists of seven different tones. The all seven are, 'barang, dada, nem, gulu, lima, nem and pelog'.
The third is degung, and the fourth is madenda. It is the same with original minor music scale.
Though gamelan music widely developed in Java Island, but in some area Indonesian gamelan instruments also exists. In Banjar, Kalimantan island, there are two types of gamelan, Banjar gamelan palace version, and common people version. Bali also has gamelan, which the metal used are thicker metal so the sound produced is more shrill. Bali gamelan characteristic is kind of cymbal called ceng-ceng. This ceng-ceng that creats shrill and fast voice.