text:
Learn about life on the York Reserve. Listen to the experiences of Noongar elders who lived on the reserve until it was closed in 1973. Conducted by Dr Marion Kickett and other family members.
About Dr Marion Kickett
Dr Marion Kickett is a Noongar woman from the Ballardong language group. Born in the wheatbelt town of York, Marion spent her early years living on the York Reserve. She completed Year 10 at York District High School and enrolled in Nurses training at Narrogin Regional Hospital. After the death of her father, she came home to York and worked locally at both Northam and York Hospitals. She left York to further her education, completing two bachelor's degrees, one with Honours. Marion completed her PhD at the University of Western Australia on "Resilience" from an Aboriginal perspective, using an Aboriginal methodology. Marion strongly believes education is the key to a better future for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's and the way forward for all Australians is education.
DATE: Sun 25 Sep, Sun 9 Oct
DURATION: 120 mins
VENUE: At the site of The Reserve (corner Railway Rd & Quairading-York Rd, York)
ACCESSIBILITY: No walking once on site, but requires a 5-minute drive from York. This tour's site is then a short distance from roadside parking.
RECOMMENDED AGE: All Ages (children must be supervised)
CONTENT WARNING: Historical violence: this content may be considered confronting for some participants
PRICE: Free, registration required
Copyright 2022 Wheatbelt Arts & Events, Inc.


text:
Storytelling at Clayport library
Our Performing Arts students took part in a pre-school storytelling performance at Clayport library in Durham, where they presented three Julia Donaldson stories to an audience of young children.
The event allowed the students to perform to their target audience in a different performance space which reflected their first unit, Storytelling as Performance.
Faye Cunningham, Performing Arts Lecturer, said: "The staff at Clayport Library were astounded with the professionalism that our students demonstrated while performing at the library."
It was an excellent experience for all involved. The students delivered their performance with confidence, enthusiasm and professionalism, engaging with the audience throughout.
Act now and join one of our exciting dance courses!
Our specialist teaching staff will help you to develop confidence, creativity and finely tune your performance skills.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


One Ounce At A Time/ Facebook
Mom's Viral Photo Shows That Breast Milk Comes In Many Colors
While the milk that you pour over your cereal may always be bright white, breastmilk isn't quite so monochromatic. Depending on when it comes out, it can come in a variety of colors — not all of them are variations of white. This mom's full spectrum photo shows the many shades of breast milk because your "liquid gold" doesn't always look the same — and that's okay!
Nursing moms may not see enough of their milk to know what color it is, aside from that lovely bit that leaks out of the opposite side or comes out as spit-up post-feeding. But if you were to pump instead of just breastfeeding, you would see that milk from various stages of pumping, as well as times of day, affect the color of your milk. Diet, medication, and a number of other factors can influence the color of breast milk, according to Very Well Family, and there are a lot of different shades of "normal."
In order to raise awareness of what these colors can look like, a breastfeeding mom and the voice behind the popular Facebook and Instagram page, One Ounce at a Time, Elisabeth Anderson-Sierra, appropriately posted a photo of three bottles of her milk on July 4. These bottles all came from one pumping session, she told Cafe Mom, and were red, white, and blue respectively.
The red milk is often referred to as "strawberry milk," and as Anderson-Sierra explained it is tinted red by blood in the milk. As reported, the red tinge can come from a clog being dislodged and rupturing a blood vessel — as it was in Anderson-Sierra's case — a cracked nipple, or "rusty pipe syndrome," which is when ducts and milk supply cells grow and stretch after your baby is born. Anderson-Sierra told Romper that she "wanted to share that most likely, any color variation experienced is normal, though having blood in your milk (strawberry milk) is alarming, it is still safe to feed to your baby." However, moms may want to seek medical care to find out the source of the blood if they are concerned. She wrote:
If it is nipple damage, seek treatment options. If it's within the breast tissue, use gentle massage and a cold or warm compress depending on if you need to reduce swelling or get milk to release from ducts. Keep your milk ducts clear and empty! Blood can coagulate and cause additional clogs, leading to more serious problems.
Courtesy of Elizabeth Anderson-Sierra
Amy Barron Smolinski, MA, ALC, CLC Executive Director, Mom2Mom Global — a national nonprofit organization dedicated to support, education, and advocacy for breastfeeding military families — told Romper that pinkish or brownish tinged milk is not generally a concern, as long as it comes out of the breast that color:
The only time pink milk is a medical concern is if it comes out of the breast looking like "normal" — white, yellow, creamy, or thin bluish — and changes to a bright pink or magenta color over time after being expressed. Sometimes this is seen in bottles of expressed milk, sometimes the parents will notice the burp rags are stained with pink after baby has spit up on them. This can indicate the presence of Serratia marascens, an infectious bacteria that requires antibiotics.
The white milk shown in the photo is less surprising, and a bit of blood seems plausible for red milk, but where in the world does blue breast milk come from? Well, Anderson-Sierra has an answer for that too. She explained in her post that this blue milk is "foremilk" or the first milk to come out during a feeding session. It "can have a blue tint to it as it is lacking in the heavier fat content of hindmilk," which is the milk that comes at the end, according to her post. Additionally, she wrote that if you consume "...foods with dyes like Gatorade or colored frosting you may see the dyes affecting the color of your milk."
Smolinski told Romper that there is another possible explanation for "bluish" milk: higher water content. "[This] is common when the baby needs more hydration, such as hot weather, or desert conditions," she says. "It's usually thinner and watery." Smolinski added that "it's important for parents to realize that even though this milk has lower fat content than more yellowish or creamy milk, it is still very beneficial for the baby." Like Anderson-Sierra, Smolinski assured Romper that slightly colored milk is usually "completely within the spectrum of normal." But, if a parent has any concerns, she urges them to contact a trained lactation professional.
Along with the colors that Anderson-Sierra included in her post, Very Well Family reported that breast milk can be tinted white, yellow, clear, blue, green, pink, orange, brown, and black — wow, talk about variety. Not all of the colors of breastmilk are completely normal, though. For example, black breastmilk is the result of a particular antibiotic that should not be taken while breastfeeding, according to Very Well Family. But Anderson-Sierra is urging moms not to panic over milk that looks a little out of the ordinary. Don't throw it out just because of a little bit of red color. After all, "Breast milk is truly liquid gold and we work hard for it. A labor of love, blood, sweat, and tears."


Skip to definition.
Noun: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) the act of hitting a baseball lightly without swinging the bat
 2. Disease of wheat characterized by replacement of the grains with greasy masses of smelly smut spores
 - stinking smut
 3. Similar to Tilletia caries
 - stinking smut, Tilletia foetida
 4. Fungus that destroys kernels of wheat by replacing them with greasy masses of smelly spores
 - Tilletia caries
Verb: bunt búnt
 1. (baseball) hit a ball in such a way so as to make it go a short distance
 - drag a bunt
 2. To strike, thrust or shove against
 "He bunted his sister out of the way";
 - butt
Derived forms: bunted, bunting, bunts
Type of: hit, hitting, smut, smut fungus, strike, striking
Part of: genus Tilletia, Tilletia
Encyclopedia: Bunt,caste


- General
 The lion dance is one of China's most distinctive cultural arts. The tradition dates back thousands of years. It is believed to have appeared in either the Tang, Han, or Ch'in dynasties, possibly in different forms. Other legends associated with lion dance include using the dance to chase away the monster "Nian." Often performed by kung fu schools, lion dancing brings with it good fortune, prosperity, and longevity. The lion dance appears in western countries mainly during celebrations such as Chinese New Year, the August Moon Festival, and other multi-cultural events. It is also often seen at the opening of new shops, weddings, births, or where good fortune and prosperity is wished. While lions are not native to China and were rarely seen in Ancient China, the lion somehow became a part of the Chinese culture. They are often seen carved outside of temples, and, of course, there is the lion dance. Often, the lion statues and costumes for lion dancing have no resemblance to an actual lion, probably due to the fact that actual lions were rarely seen. The bright colors were used to chase away evil spirits and bad luck. There are two major types of lion dancing evolved from Northern and Southern China, with the lion of the Northern style more so resembling an actual lion. However, both styles produce a very realistic portrayal of the lion. The dance can be performed freestyle or choreographed. The freestyle form is used mostly in parades. The choreographed dances are used in shows coordinated to a drum, gong, and cymbals.
 - Costume
 The lion heads take hours to construct. First, a frame is made from bamboo and wood. Then, paper mache is used to cover the frame. A thin cloth is added between layers of paper mache for extra strength. After the paper mache is dried, paint is applied in colorful patterns. A clear glossy coat is applied which also adds strength. Finally, the eyes, ears, fur, and other decorations are applied to finish the head. Before a head is used it must first have its eyes opened in a ceremony called Hoi Gong. For realism, the heads have moving mouth, eyes, and ears. There are several different types of heads, some even weighing as much as 35 pounds. However, movement is less about strength than coordination and timing. First off, the Northern and Southern heads and costumes are different. The Northern lion looks more like a real lion, with fur all over the body and a more anatomically correct head. The performers often wear leggings that add to the realism. The Southern lion head is more ornate and fancy. The body and tail is made of silk and has almost no fur. The best heads can be purchased for $1000 to $800 from Hong Kong or Malaysia. For about $500, heads can be purchased from Foshan (Buddha Mountain in Guangdong), but they only last for a few performances. Aside from the Foshan style head, there is the Heshan style that has more room inside because of a protruding nose and mouth.
 - Dance
 The dance sequence usually starts with the lion(s) cautiously coming out of a cave. He sniffs around for danger. Other elements of the dance include: giving respects by bowing, fighting if more than one lion is performing, sleeping, grooming,eating, and drinking. Many dances will also add in tricks such as lifts and rolls. These are difficult to coordinate between both dancers and other lions. Generally, each dance contains a sequence, called choy cheng, where the lion eats lettuce or other greens. In the United States, the green has come to mean prosperity because it is the color of money. However, the true meaning is that dealing out lettuce is fa tsai in Chinese, which sounds like "become prosperous" in Chinese. Often a red envelope, called hong bao, is attached as payment. After eating the lettuce, the lion crouches for a moment and then sprays the audience with it. Sometimes the lettuce is placed behind obstacles that the lion needs to pass to get it. Other exotic objects have been eaten with different meanings. Sometimes scrolls with lucky sayings are used when spraying lettuce is inappropriate. Other choreographed sequences may include a dancing Buddhist monk, called the Little Buddha, that provokes the lion, plays with it, and/or feeds it. Sometimes the lion will bite the monk. These are difficult to coordinate between both dancers and other lions.
 - Legend and Origins
 The legend says Nian was a fierce monster that especially liked kidnapping children. He terrorized villages year after year. Finally, one year, a lion defeated and chased the monster away, but Nian vowed to return the next year. This time, unfortunately, the villagers did not have a lion to protect themselves. So, they solved the problem by creating a costume in the likeness of a lion and two villagers used it to scare Nian away. This is the reason the lion dance is performed every Chinese New Year. Legend also says that loud noises from the drum, other instruments, and firecrackers helped to scare Nian away. Red is worn during the New Years celebration because it was also believed that Nian was afraid of the color red. Another origin of the lion dance is that an emperor of the Tang Dynasty had a dream in which a strange creature saved his life. When he woke, he described his dream. His advisors said the creature he described resembled the lion, a creature from the West. The emperor commissioned the lion dance in honor of the creature that saved his life. The Tang dynasty saw lion dancing at its peak. One record states that a dance performed for nobles contained 12 groups of 5 lions, each with 12 'lion-men' following each lion. They danced to 140 people singing the 'tai-ping' melody (composed in the Tang Dynasty). The Little Buddha originates from the Buddhist/Shaolin monks that was thought to have trained the first lion dancers. The Little Buddha is sometimes referred to as the dai tou fut, or big headed monk.
 - At MIT
 See examples of MIT Lion Dance performances.
 Here's the MIT Lion Dance Constitution.


text: Radioisotope x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis has been utilized to determine the elemental composition of 55 archaeological pottery samples by the determination of 17 chemical elements. Fifty-four of them came from the Tel-Alramad site in Katana town, near Damascus city, Syria, and one sample came from Brazil. The XRF results have been processed using two multivariate statistical methods, cluster and factor analysis, in order to determine similarities and correlation between the selected samples based on their elemental composition. The methodology successfully separates the samples where four distinct chemical groups were identified. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Clothe - Crossword Clue
Crossword Clue Last Updated: 08/05/2020
Below are possible answers for the crossword clue Clothe.
5 letter answer(s) to clothe
 1. apply a bandage or medication to; "dress the victim's wounds"
 2. convert into leather; "dress the tanned skins"
 3. kill and prepare for market or consumption; "dress a turkey"
 4. cut down rough-hewn (lumber) to standard thickness and width
 6. put a finish on; "dress the surface smooth"
 9. a one-piece garment for a woman; has skirt and bodice
 10. put a dressing on; "dress the salads"
 11. provide with decoration; "dress the windows"
 12. decorate (food), as with parsley or other ornamental foods
6 letter answer(s) to clothe
 1. adorn with a robe
 2. provide with a coating; "enrobe the nuts with chocolate"
4 letter answer(s) to clothe
 2. provide with power and authority; "They vested the council with special rights"
 3. a collarless men's undergarment for the upper part of the body
 4. a man's sleeveless garment worn underneath a coat
 5. clothe formally; especially in ecclesiastical robes
 6. clothe oneself in ecclesiastical garments
 7. become legally vested; "The property vests in the trustees"
Other crossword clues with similar answers to 'Clothe'
Still struggling to solve the crossword clue 'Clothe'?
If you're still haven't solved the crossword clue Clothe then why not search our database by the letters you have already!


DnD 5e Saving Throws Explained
Hey everyone! In today's post, DnD 5e Saving Throws Explained, we'll have a look at one of the systems that has been in DnD since I started playing with 3.5 almost a decade ago. Really it's a pretty simple system, but it's a part of the game that will show up very often.
Saving throws have been about for a very long time, they cover many areas, from dodging spells to avoiding death itself.
So what are saving throws?
Saving Throw Explained
In 5e there is a dice roll you will be asked to make fairly often in encounters. These rolls are typically used to test the character's ability to prevent something happening to them. The scope of what a saving throw "can be" is pretty wide. Let's go into how before we cover the when.
In 5e every character is made up of the 6 main attributes, also known as abilities: –
Strength (STR)
Dexterity (DEX)
Constitution (CON)
Intelligence (INT)
Wisdom (WIS)
Charisma (CHA)
Each of these attributes will have a score, the higher the score, the better that creature/character is at tasks covered by that attribute. This includes saving throws.
During the course of a game, your GM may ask you to make an attribute specific saving throw, based on either what you're currently doing, or if an attack is being made upon your character.
If you fail the saving throw, a bad effect will take place, either a spell will take hold, or you will catch a disease, or fall off a cliff, depending on the context of the saving throw itself.
If you succeed, then most of the time you will resist or overcome whatever caused the saving throw in the first place, a spell will fail to take hold, you resist the disease, or you catch yourself before falling off the cliff.
The way a roll would typically work is that a character would be asked to make a specific attribute saving throw, they would roll their D20, and add their ability score modifier to the result (and their proficiency bonus if they are proficient with that attribute). The total of that dice roll must be equal to or higher than the Difficulty Class (DC) of what is currently happening to succeed.
Difficulty Class Explained
So you're probably asking, "how do I know what the DC is?". That's a good question, well done! Generally speaking, you won't ever know the true value of the DC. Typically, you should only ever know if you succeed or fail on the roll.
I would say there are two kinds of DC's in the game, one is set by the GM depending on how hard they think the current action/situation is. The other is based on a character's specific attribute scores, this one is what would be used when a character/creature is casting a spell on another.
For the GM determined DC's it would have a numerical range from 1-30+.
DC1-5 range would be considered very easy
DC5-10 would be something easy
DC10-15 is a medium challenge
DC15-20 is where it would be considered hard
DC20-25 is considered very hard
DC25 and upward would be considered close to impossible
For a character-specific DC's, we would most likely be talking about spells. Depending on the class the spell-caster is they would use a specific attribute to cast their spells. A spell-caster can work out their own spell-casting DC with this quick formula
8 + Spellcasting Ability Modifier + Proficiency Bonus
Saving Throw Examples
So now we know what saving throws are, and what difficulty checks are, let's look at some specific examples of times you may ask or be asked to make a saving throw for each main ability, keep in mind a spell will tell you exactly what saving throw needs to be made, so we're not going to be fully focused on spells for this one.
Strength (STR)
Let's say as the party is trying to flee a trap-filled tomb, the entrance to the tomb is being covered by a lowering stone slab. The barbarian in the party runs ahead and holds the door in place to allow their party to escape safely. As they hold the lowering door, they could be asked to make a STR Saving throw, to see if they are able to withstand the force of the door pushing down on them.
Dexterity (DEX)
As a party member climbs the thin ledge of the side of a cliff, journeying upward, they are attacked and lose their footing, they would be asked to make a DEX Saving Throw in order to catch themselves either on their safety rope, or manage to grasp their hand onto a rock further below that is jutting out of cliff face.
Constitution (CON)
The party may be fighting some rabid gnolls. One of the gnolls bites a party member viciously. That party member would be asked to make a CON Saving Throw to resist being infected by the gnoll's disease.
Intelligence (INT)
If the party is fighting against creatures that have significant psionic abilities and it attempt to psychically bombard a party member's mind, then they would be asked to make an INT Saving Throw in order to resist some, or all of the damage inflicted.
Wisdom (WIS)
The party are in an enchanted wood, and are starting to get lost, the GM may ask the party to make WIS Saving Throws to determine that they are on the wrong track.
Charisma (CHA)
The party bard may have rolled poorly on a performance check in order to entertain a tavern. They could be asked to make a CHA Saving Throw in order to determine just how badly the tavern react to the poor performance.
Death Saving Throw
This throw is made when a character is in the midst of death. When a character reaches 0 HP unless it is healed, or stabilized. Every time it's that characters turn, they must make a Death Saving Throw. The DC for which is always 10 and it is not tied to any ability score. If the character rolls a 10 or higher, they gain 1 success point, 3 of which means they are still unconscious, but not dying. If they roll lower, they gain 1 failure point, 3 of which means the character dies.
Wrap Up
I hope this post has helped you understand what Saving Throws are in DnD 5, and has given you some ideas for the different ways they can show up in your games, not just spells and monster effects but also other scenarios.
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How to fix exclamation marks on your AirPort menu bar icon
Some routers require passwords in a particular format. Users may find that after entering a password for a WEP Internet connection, their AirPort menu bar icon shows an exclamation mark.
Some routers require passwords in a particular format. Users may find that after entering a password for a WEP Internet connection, their AirPort menu bar icon shows an exclamation mark. You may also see an alert that reads, "Alert: No Internet connection..."
These routers actually have open networks that your Mac will associate with, but they still require a correctly formatted password to connect to the Internet. If the password is not interpreted correctly, the exclamation mark will appear and you will be unable to access content online.
Apple
To remedy the situation, you need to adjust the format of your Wi-Fi password. A Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) password is an older, less-secure password setup and should only be used if you have a device that only supports WEP encryption.
To join a WEP-protected network from your Mac you must enter one of two formats for your password. The first, ASCII, requires using a plain double-quotation mark (") before and after the password you were given to join the network. For example, if you are at a coffee shop that uses WEP encoding and they say their password is espresso, you would enter "espresso" to join the network.
The other format, hexadecimal, requires users to add a dollar sign ($) before the password. In the example above, you would enter: $espresso.
Most likely, your barista will not know which format the network is using, so just try both.
Be sure to follow MacFixIt on Twitter and contribute to the CNET Mac forums.
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text: In English, pitch accent placement makes a word prominent. Previous studies have documented that talkers can highlight accentual prominence by such strategies as lowering the jaw more in the stressed vowel of the word. This study examines the acoustic consequences of such supralaryngeal correlates of accenting. Speakers of Australian English produced multiple tokens of dialogues which elicited nuclear-accented and de-accented productions of the names Beeber, Deeder, and Geeger, which have a stressed high front vowel in different consonantal contexts. Recordings were made of tongue--dorsum and jaw movement using the Movetrack electromagnetometer system. The results showed multiple articulatory strategies that varied across talkers and consonantal context. For example, of two talkers that lowered the jaw more in accented syllables, one fronted the tongue to compensate for the jaw lowering in all contexts, whereas another did so only in the velar context. Nevertheless, accenting the word resulted in a consistent raising of the frequencies or amplitudes of spectral peaks in the region of the second and third formants. These results suggest a model of accent as ''localized hyperarticulation'' whereby the talker has multiple articulatory strategies for achieving a perceptual effect of ''sharpening'' the /i/ timbre to increase the word's clarity.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Definitions for job satisfaction
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word job satisfaction
 1. Job satisfaction
 Job satisfaction is how content an individual is with his or her job. Scholars and human resource professionals generally make a distinction between affective job satisfaction and cognitive job satisfaction. Affective job satisfaction is the extent of pleasurable emotional feelings individuals have about their jobs overall, and is different to cognitive job satisfaction which is the extent of individuals' satisfaction with particular facets of their jobs, such as pay, pension arrangements, working hours, and numerous other aspects of their jobs.
U.S. National Library of Medicine
 1. Job Satisfaction
 Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation.
Find a translation for the job satisfaction definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these job satisfaction definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"job satisfaction." STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. < satisfaction>.
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Page updated Jan 16, 2024
Read application data
You can read application data using the Amplify GraphQL client. In this guide, we will review the difference between reading data and getting data, how to filter query results to get just the data you need, and how to paginate results to make your data more manageable. We will also show you how to cancel these requests when needed.
Before you begin, you will need:
List and get your data
Queries are used to read data through the API and include the list and get operations.
The Amplify CLI automatically creates list and get queries for any @model type in your GraphQL API. The list query retrieves multiple items, such as Todo items, without needing to specific an identifier for a particular record. This is best suited for getting an overview or summary of items, or for enhancing the list operation to filter the items by specific criteria. When you want to query a single entry by an identifier, you would use get to retrieve a specific Todo item.
Note: The cost structure of your underlying data source can impact the cost to run some queries. For example, the list operation uses Amazon DynamoDB "scan operations," which can use more read request units than the get operation. You will want to review the associated costs for these operations for your data source. In our example, we are using DynamoDB. You can learn more about how DynamoDB costs are calculated by visiting Amazon DynamoDB pricing.
The Amplify CLI automatically generates GraphQL client code for all possible GraphQL operations—mutations, queries, and subscriptions. For JavaScript applications, this generated code is saved in the src/graphql folder by default.
To run a GraphQL query, import the generated query and run it with API.graphql:
import { API } from 'aws-amplify'; import * as queries from './graphql/queries'; import { GraphQLQuery } from '@aws-amplify/api'; import { ListTodosQuery, GetTodoQuery } from './API'; // Simple query const allTodos = await API.graphql<GraphQLQuery<ListTodosQuery>>({ query: queries.listTodos }); console.log(allTodos); // result: { "data": { "listTodos": { "items": [/* ..... */] } } } // Fetch a single record by its identifier const oneTodo = await API.graphql<GraphQLQuery<GetTodoQuery>>({ query: queries.getTodo, variables: { id: 'some id' } });
1import { API } from 'aws-amplify';
2import * as queries from './graphql/queries';
3import { GraphQLQuery } from '@aws-amplify/api';
4import { ListTodosQuery, GetTodoQuery } from './API';
5
6// Simple query
7const allTodos = await API.graphql<GraphQLQuery<ListTodosQuery>>({
8 query: queries.listTodos
9});
10console.log(allTodos); // result: { "data": { "listTodos": { "items": [/* ..... */] } } }
11
12// Fetch a single record by its identifier
13const oneTodo = await API.graphql<GraphQLQuery<GetTodoQuery>>({
14 query: queries.getTodo,
15 variables: { id: 'some id' }
16});
import { API } from 'aws-amplify'; import * as queries from './graphql/queries'; // Simple query const allTodos = await API.graphql({ query: queries.listTodos }); console.log(allTodos); // result: { "data": { "listTodos": { "items": [/* ..... */] } } } //Fetch a single record by its identifier const oneTodo = await API.graphql({ query: queries.getTodo, variables: { id: 'some id' } });
1import { API } from 'aws-amplify';
2import * as queries from './graphql/queries';
3
4// Simple query
5const allTodos = await API.graphql({ query: queries.listTodos });
6console.log(allTodos); // result: { "data": { "listTodos": { "items": [/* ..... */] } } }
7
8//Fetch a single record by its identifier
9const oneTodo = await API.graphql({
10 query: queries.getTodo,
11 variables: { id: 'some id' }
12});
Troubleshooting
Troubleshoot unauthorized errors
You can run into unauthorized errors if you don't have at least one auth rule defined.
Use the @auth directive to configure authorization rules for public, signed-in user, per-user, and per-user-group data access. Authorization rules operate on the deny-by-default principle, meaning that if an authorization rule is not specifically configured, it is denied.
type Todo @model @auth(rules: [{ allow: owner }]) { content: String }
1type Todo @model @auth(rules: [{ allow: owner }]) {
2 content: String
3}
In the previous example, each signed-in user, or "owner", of a Todo can create, read, update, and delete their own Todos.
Amplify also allows you to restrict the allowed operations, combine multiple authorization rules, and apply fine-grained field-level authorization.
type Todo @model @auth(rules: [{ allow: public, operations: [read] }, { allow: owner }]) { content: String }
1type Todo
2 @model
3 @auth(rules: [{ allow: public, operations: [read] }, { allow: owner }]) {
4 content: String
5}
In the previous example, everyone (public) can read every Todo, but the owner (authenticated users) can create, read, update, and delete their own Todos.
To learn more, see Authorization rules for the GraphQL API.
Learn more
Custom authorization mode to query data
Each AWS AppSync API uses a default authorization mode when you configure your app. To override this default, pass an authMode property. For example, this is useful when you have public reads through API Key auth and authenticated reads through IAM auth. The following examples show how you can query data with the custom authorization mode:
import { API } from 'aws-amplify'; import { GraphQLQuery, GRAPHQL_AUTH_MODE } from '@aws-amplify/api'; import * as queries from './graphql/queries'; import { GetTodoQuery } from './API'; const todos = await API.graphql<GraphQLQuery<GetTodoQuery>>({ query: queries.listTodos, authMode: GRAPHQL_AUTH_MODE.AWS_IAM });
1import { API } from 'aws-amplify';
2import { GraphQLQuery, GRAPHQL_AUTH_MODE } from '@aws-amplify/api';
3import * as queries from './graphql/queries';
4import { GetTodoQuery } from './API';
5
6const todos = await API.graphql<GraphQLQuery<GetTodoQuery>>({
7 query: queries.listTodos,
8 authMode: GRAPHQL_AUTH_MODE.AWS_IAM
9});
import { API } from 'aws-amplify'; import { GRAPHQL_AUTH_MODE } from '@aws-amplify/api'; import * as queries from './graphql/queries'; const todos = await API.graphql({ query: queries.listTodos, authMode: GRAPHQL_AUTH_MODE.AWS_IAM });
1import { API } from 'aws-amplify';
2import { GRAPHQL_AUTH_MODE } from '@aws-amplify/api


text: Taken post-mortem by his undertaker April 1865. This lock was kept at the U.S. patent office in the late 19th century. It was given to a prominent Washington D.C. family and remained with them until The Gettysburg Museum of History obtained it a few years ago. There were several documented locks of Lincoln's hair taken at his death bed. This lock was previously unknown to historians. The practice of taking a hair lock from the deceased seems very unusual today. In the 19th century it was a tradition practiced by most people of all classes.


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System on Chip Tools
Regression Test System
The InES Regression Test System provides a platform to design and execute tests. It provides a wide range of interfaces to interact with the system under test. This includes interfaces to analyse and manipulate Ethernet traffic as well as interfaces to generate and analyse video and audio signals. The test system is based on a Linux operation system and can therefore be run on multiple platforms. The individual test cases are described in a Python script and can be run manually or automatically on the test system. The test system provides an interface for Jenkins (_URL_), an application for building and testing software continuously.
The InES Regression Test System provides following advantages:
- Quality improvements due to regression testing
- Automation of the testing process
- Simplified test implementation
- Individually adaptable to provide the needed test capabilities


text:
Juan Marichal (historian)
Juan Marichal (February 2, 1922 – August 9, 2010) was a Spanish-Canarian historian, literary critic and essayist. Marichal also served as a professor at Harvard University. Marichal spent years in exile during the Franco dictatorship following the end of the Spanish Civil War.
Marichal was born on February 2, 1922, in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. He moved with his family to Madrid in 1935. However, he soon relocated to both Valencia and Barcelona before attending school in Paris, France. He graduated from French lycee in Casablanca, near the end of the Spanish Civil War.
In 1941, Marichal boarded a ship with other exiles from the Spanish Civil War and sailed from Casablanca to Mexico at just 19 years old. He enrolled at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he studied literature and philosophy. He worked at a box factory as a student to pay for his tuition.
Marichal became a professor at Luis Vives Institute, an organization in Mexico founded by Spaniard exiles. He moved to the United States, where he enrolled as a doctoral student at Princeton University in New Jersey due to a scholarship obtained for him by Edmundo O'Gorman, a Mexican historian and philosopher. Marichal received his doctorate in literature from Princeton University in 1949.
Marichal taught literature at Harvard University in Massachusetts after obtaining his doctorate, where his courses, which focused on Spain and the Spanish-language, included El Cid. He later spent more than 10 years writing his most famous work, The Complete Works of Manuel Azaña, a Spanish politician. He also published the writings and works of his father-in-law, Spanish poet Pedro Salinas, Three Voices of Pedro Salinas, in 1976. Marichal was a recipient of the Spain National Prize in Literature in 1996 for his work as a historian and was awarded the Canary Prize for Literature in 1987.
Juan Marichal died on August 9, 2010, at his home in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, at the age of 88. His death was announced by the regional government of the Canary Islands. He was predeceased by his wife, Solita, the daughter of poet Pedro Salinas.. The couple had one son.
- "Historian and Essayist Juan Marichal Dies". Latin American Herald Tribune. 2010-08-09. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
- "The Canary Islands mourn the death of Juan Marichal". Tenerife News (Canary Island News). 2010-08-11. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
What is the philosophy of shared costs?
The philosophy has been to allocate the costs of the LINC consortium according to how much each library uses the LLSAP. Use can be tracked in many ways for each library, such as number of ports, amount of circulation, number of holdings, total materials budget. All of these elements are calculated in formulas that assess the total costs of LINC and the Cataloging Center equitably to all participating libraries.
Committees and the LINC governing bodies have determined these cost formulas and approved them. LTLS does its best to control costs for the various elements that determine the overall bottom line. Libraries have also agreed that once costs are determined, the formulas should apply and libraries are responsible for paying their portion of the shared cost. Libraries that are members of the consortia agree to this, through the LINC Principles of Cooperation and the LINC Membership Agreement.
Who determined the cost sharing formula between libraries?
The Automated Libraries Council determined the current method of allocating costs. The LINC Directors Group would decide if any further refinements are necessary.
What does the annual LINC ongoing costs pay for and how is it shared between the libraries?
For the LINC ongoing costs, member libraries pay for hardware and software maintenance expenses to Epixtech, maintenance for routers, the shared data circuit to access LINC as well as some support staff costs and supplies.
The LINC ongoing costs are allocated according to three data sources: 1) number of ports 2) circulation 3) holdings. The projected costs for the year are divided equally into three portions of the formula and each part is allocated according to the three data sources (ports, circulation and holdings). Example: if projected Central Site costs were $90,000 for the year, $30,000.00 would be allocated to the individual libraries according to the number of ports each library has, $30,000 would be allocated according to the local circulation, and $30,000 would be allocated according to the number of holdings.
What does the annual Cataloging Center and OCLC costs pay for and how is it shared between the libraries?
For Cataloging Center, member libraries that use the center pay for the costs associated with the center including all OCLC use, professional and staff costs, and supplies.
The Cataloging Costs are allocated according to the individual library's materials expense less the periodical expense. That figure is used to allocate the projected Cataloging Costs for the year.
For the shared OCLC costs, member libraries have been paying for the initial ongoing batchloading of holdings records into OCLC. Those costs are currently being paid through the Illinois State Library. The formula for batchloading was determined by a percent of the holdings that libraries loaded into OCLC.
What is a port, how much does it cost, what does it pay for?
A port equates to a simultaneous user of the Dynix software. The cost of a port is currently $4000.00 and has been since 1993. The port/access fees are used to purchase additional licenses from epixtech as well as to be sure that the hardware has sufficient capacity to handle the number of users on the system. LTLS purchases additional hardware capacity and upgrades the software as the numbers of users are added to the system. In 1993, the Automated Libraries determined that it would be best to incorporate the hardware and software upgrades into the access fees in order to have a state-of-the-art system for members without assessing additional one-time charges for routine upgrades. This allows the libraries and LTLS to maintain response time and performance guarantees and has been a very successful way of managing upgrades. In 1997 the LINC system needed a major upgrade, which cost $235,000, and no fees were assessed to individual libraries to pay for that upgrade.
Does LT charge overhead?
No, LTLS does not charge building rent, insurance, or administrative overhead for the service of managing LINC.
What data is used to determine how much my library pays and when should I expect to know how much I owe for the next Fiscal Year?
The primary data (circulation, materials expenditures, holdings, and periodical expenditures) used in the formulas is derived from the Annual Profile Survey (APS) that member libraries complete. The surveys are to be returned to LTLS by January 15th. Libraries have requested the cost information by February or March prior to the beginning of the Fiscal Year. LTLS has not been able to meet that deadline for several years, as libraries are not completing the entire APS in a timely fashion. LTLS needs the signed document not just specific numbers, as the signature is the certification part of the APS process. LTLS is diligently working to have libraries submit the FY 2001 APS online.
Other data used is the actual number of ports that a library has access to and the actual number of records that were batchloaded.
What data (year) do we use?
For the costs for FY 2002 the FY2000 APS data was used. LTLS uses the current figures for the number of ports the individual library has access to.
How often are libraries billed?
The LINC Ongoing Costs and Cataloging Costs are billed on a quarterly basis. There are monthly bills generated for equipment or supplies.
How much grant money is used for LINC support?
We have used the Live and Learn grants to help new libraries join the LLSAP. The grants have been in the amount of $10,000 per library to help defray the start-up costs. We have also received grants in the past to upgrade the automation equipment such as a grant to upgrade the wide-area-network. Every year LTLS uses at least $75,000 of the Live and Learn grant to directly benefit the LINC consortia.
What do libraries pay when they join LINC?
For the past several years LTLS has awarded Live and Learn grants to libraries to help with the start-up costs. These costs include installation of hardware and data circuits, peripheral equipment, port fees, retrospective conversion costs and supplies. The grant covers most of these start-up costs although the library must add local holdings to the database and pay for supplies.
In addition to the annual LINC ongoing costs and the Cataloging Center costs that occur after the start-up costs, libraries pay for maintenance on local equipment, additional supplies and telecommunications connections to the system.
When do libraries start paying their share of costs?
The start-up costs described earlier are paid as the equipment is installed and services are provided. The Cataloging Center Costs begin after the first fiscal year and the LINC ongoing support begins after the second fiscal year.
How would we pay for a new automation system?
LTLS maintains a special fund "Port-Telecommunications Fund" where all the money collected from port fees is tracked. LTLS uses that money for upgrades as described previously, but the fund is also used for upgrades or purchasing a new system. As of June 30, 2001, there was $290,331 available in this fund. Other money that is deposited in that fund includes any funds that were not expended from the LINC ongoing costs during the previous fiscal year. In addition, LTLS has some credit with the current vendor, epixtech that could be applied to the purchase of upgrades if we remain with that vendor.
If the amount of funds in the "Port-Telecommunications Fund" were insufficient to purchase a new system, several options for payment would be a special assessment to member libraries, borrowing the funds or a special grant.


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Comparing NFPA 96 and the California Mechanical Code
By January 15, 2023January 17th, 2023No Comments
The California Mechanical Code, Chapter 5, Exhaust Systems and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 96 Standard for Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations are both important codes for ensuring the safety and proper operation of exhaust systems in commercial kitchens. While the codes have some similarities, there are also some key differences between them.
Fire Safety
One of the main similarities between the two codes is the focus on fire safety. Both codes include provisions for the use of fire suppression systems in commercial kitchens to minimize the risk of fire and protect against potential damage. However, while the California Mechanical Code, Chapter 5, requires exhaust systems to be designed and installed in accordance with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard 62.1, NFPA 96 focuses specifically on the design, installation and maintenance of commercial kitchen exhaust systems. This means that the NFPA 96 standard goes into more detail on the specific requirements for exhaust systems in commercial kitchens, including the construction and placement of exhaust hoods, ducts, and fans, as well as provisions for cleaning and inspection.
Another difference between the two codes is that while the California Mechanical Code, Chapter 5, includes general requirements for exhaust systems, NFPA 96 is specific to commercial kitchens. This means that the NFPA 96 standard includes provisions that are not found in the California Mechanical Code, Chapter 5, such as requirements for the cleaning and inspection of exhaust systems and guidelines for the use of fire suppression systems in commercial kitchens.
Cleaning
In terms of maintenance, both codes require regular cleaning and inspection of exhaust systems to ensure that they are free of obstructions and that the fans and other components are in good working order. However, the California Mechanical Code, Chapter 5, does not specify a frequency for these inspections, while the NFPA 96 Standard requires commercial kitchen exhaust systems to be inspected at least annually and cleaned at least every three months.

Overall, while the California Mechanical Code, Chapter 5, and the NFPA 96 Standard both focus on ensuring the safety and proper operation of exhaust systems, the latter is more specific to commercial kitchens and goes into more detail on the requirements for exhaust systems in these types of buildings. Building owners and operators should be familiar with both codes and ensure that they are in compliance with both codes to minimize the risk of fire and protect against potential damage.
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Nathaniel Knipp is the son of Edmund Knipp and Unknown Spouse. Nathaniel was born 24 Jan 1836 Illinois. On 15 May 1862, he married (1) Adra Elizabeth English, 1837 – 1863.
On 11 June 1866, Nathaniel Knipp married (2) Martha A. Scott, 1844 – 1909.
Nathaniel died 1 Apr 1904 in Auxvasse, Callaway, Missouri, United States.
Nathaniel served in the Civil War:
Name: Nathan Knipp
Regiment State/Origin: Missouri
Regiment Name: Missouri Infantry Perkins' Battalion
Regiment Name Expanded: Perkins' Battalion, Missouri Infantry
Rank In: Sergeant
Rank In Expanded: Sergeant
Rank Out: Sergeant
Rank Out Expanded: Sergeant
Film Number: M380 roll 9
From the research of Sherry Martin:
This pic taken around 1960. The names are easy to read in this pic but the dates are hard to see. This tombstone made by ? Scott, one of Nathan's brother-in laws. The Scott has an identical tomb at Harrison Cemetary, Callaway County. If you look at Martin Van Buren Knipp stone you will see that he has sea shells on his also. Nathan and Martin were half brothers, sons of Edmund Knipp
Children of Nathaniel Knipp and Adra Elizabeth English:
Infant Boy Knipp 1863 – 1863
Adra Elizabeth English Knipp died in 1863 due to complications of childbirth
Children of Nathaniel Knipp and Martha A. Scott:
Margaret J Knipp 1866 – 1972
Sarah Elizabeth Knipp 1867 – 1955
Mary Knipp 1869 –
Nancy Knipp 1869 – 1880


text:
GREEN BAY, Wis. (WTAQ) - Students at Webster Elementary School are celebrating Arbor Day by learning how to properly and safely plant a tree. They got the lesson from Asplundh Tree Expert Company and Wisconsin Public Service.
Greg Kirchmayer with WPS says the 3 donated crab-apple trees were the right size to go under power lines. Kirchmayer says the lessons are to find the right tree, put it in the right spot and do it safely by staying away from concrete, below power lines and calling Diggers Hotline before putting the shovel in the ground.
Listen to News Talk WTAQ's Jeff Flynt report Webster Elementary School celebrating Arbor Day.


"The Dolphins" is a protest against abuse of animals and destruction of nature. Elaborate.
Antriksh asked 3 years ago
How does the poet Carol Ann Duffy raise her voice against destruction of nature and abuse of animals in her poem "The Dolphins"?
Or, The Dolphins by Duffy is a protest against abuse of wildlife and exploitation of animals. Discuss.
28 Votes ⇧ Upvote
2 Answers
Jayanta Kumar Maity Staff answered 2 years ago
In her dramatic monologue 'The Dolphins", Carol Ann Duffy has presented herself as an animal-lover and protested against the exploits of animals and other natural elements by man. Though the poem only speaks of the deplorable condition of the dolphins who are forced to live in a pool to perform tricks in circus, the theme actually goes beyond this. In a broader view, the dolphins are mere representatives of all such creatures receiving ill-treatments in the hands of man.
The poet here expresses the sadness in the dolphins' mind through their own voice using the technique of dramatic monologue. The dolphin says that they are in their 'element' to mean they are still living in water, but they are kept away from their natural habitat, i.e., the ocean. They are not free. Freedom is what the dolphin finds most important to be happy. They are not 'blessed' anymore as their movements are restricted in a pool and are guided by a man. They cannot even move according to their will; they have to perform tricks as the man wishes in order to entertain people. So, the dolphins are now used for the monetary purpose of humans. They have to balance themselves on a coloured ball. The dolphin regrets repeatedly:
We were blessed and now we are not blessed.
The dolphin is sad as it is living a monotonous life in the same space. It is in sharp contrast to what the life was like when they were in the sea. The space is limited. A man is there constantly above them guiding their movements and making them feel guilty. The moon has disappeared for them, not only literally but also metaphorically. They can no longer see the moon as they are not in the open sea, and the cheerfulness of their free life has now turned gloomy.
The dolphin remembers its happy days of the past. It finds its own reflection in the other dolphin's actions. Its heart turns to stone when it hears the "music of loss" from the other dolphin.
… Music of loss forever
from the other's heart which turns my own to stone.
So, there is a sense of loss and there is hopelessness. The only thing they have got to entertain themselves is a plastic toy. That is not the ideal thing they used to use living in the open ocean. The man's whistle makes them sink to the limit of the pool. There is a tone of suppression. Humans are toying with the innocent animals' lives. The very last line has a sarcastic tone:
There is a man and our mind knows we will die here.
It is as if where there is a man, there is impurity, there is distortion, artificiality and destruction of everything natural. In fact, the existence of a man above them has been repeated in every stanza of the poem to highlight the authority of man not only over the dolphins but also over nature and most other natural creatures. The way man is expanding their reach in this universe and trying to use natural elements in their way, they may eventually end up making a mess with the balance of this universe and its natural aspects. We are slowly but surely destructing nature and its purity.
The poet here raises her voice against this destruction through human cruelty towards animals. The dolphin acts as the poet's voice to convey her message towards the readers that we should respect the rights of animals to live in their natural habitat and should not inflict our cruelty on them.
269 Votes ⇧ Upvote
Rono Roy answered 2 years ago
People often fail to understand that the relative brain of a dolphin is only second to that of a modern human being. They live in large complex social groups and swim vast distances in open ocean. But while in captivity they can only swim in circles in tanks and are denied to stay in natural habitat and are forced to perform meaningless tricks and are often taken away from their family.
It is just like a man in a prison blindfolded, the dolphins feel the same way. Accounting to all the years many of the dolphins died while in captivity in touch tanks. By this poem the poetess wants to show us the torture the animals receive in the hands of the people. The poetess expects us to see the world from their perspective too and to protect the life of the innocent animals and demands to stop the exploitation of wildlife in the name of self-entertainment. Most of the countries have already banned the dolphin captivity.
91 Votes ⇧ Upvote
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Definition:Field of Integers Modulo Prime
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Definition
Let $p \in \Bbb P$ be a prime number.
Let $\Z_p$ be the set of integers modulo $p$.
Let $+_p$ and $\times_p$ denote addition modulo $p$ and multiplication modulo $p$ respectively.
The algebraic structure $\struct {\Z_p, +_p, \times_p}$ is the field of integers modulo $p$.
Also denoted as
When the operations are understood to be $+_p$ and $\times_p$, it is usual to use just $\Z_p$ to denote the field of integers modulo $p$.
The notation $\Z / p$ and $\Z / p \Z$ are also seen, deriving from Quotient Ring of Integers by Integer Multiples.
Some sources use the notation $\map {\operatorname {GF} } p$, in light of the fact that $\struct {\Z_p, +_p, \times_p}$ is a Galois field.
Also see
$\struct {\Z_p, +_p, \times_p}$ is a field with unity $\eqclass 1 p$
the zero of $\struct {\Z_p, +_p, \times_p}$ is $\eqclass 0 p$.
Sources


and demand in week 1. We use this formula to calculate revenue for each value of demand in week 1: =UnitPrice*MIN(C29,InitInv) Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 1 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 1 -- continued Given these values we can calculate the mean revenue in week 1 by entering the formula =SUMPRODUCT(Revenues1,Probs1). Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 The revenue in week 2 is the unit price multiplied by the number of units sold in week 2, and this latter quantity is the smaller of the beginning inventory in week 2 and the demand in week 2. The complex portion is that the inventory in week 2 depends on the demand in week1, because this demand determines how much (if any) is left at the end of week 1 and whether an order was placed. The analysis breaks down into three cases in which I0, D1 and RP denote beginning inventory in week 1, the demand in week 1, and the reorder point. Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued One of following occurs: If I0 -D1 < 0, the ending inventory in week 1 is 0, and an order is placed. This brings the beginning inventory in week 2 up to the 400 units (the order quantity). If 0< I0 -D1 < = RP, then positive inventory is on hand at the end of week 1, but demand in week 1 is large enough to trigger an order. Therefore, beginning inventory in week 2 is I0 -D1 plus the order quantity. If I0 -D1 > RP, no order is triggered, so the beginning inventory in week 2 equals the ending inventory in week 1, I0 -D1. Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued Putting all this together we can calculate the revenue in week 2 for each combination of week 1 and week 2 demands. The following formula should be copied into the range C37:G41 =UnitPrice*MIN($B37,IF(InitInv-C$36<=0,OrderQuan, IF(IntiInv-C$36<=ReorderPt,InitInv-C$36+OrderQuan,InitInv-C$36))) This formula is complex but it simply implements the logic on the previous slide with nested IF functions. Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued: Calculating Mean Revenue - Week 2 -- continued Next, we calculate the mean revenue in week 2 in the usual way, as a sum of products of possible revenues and their probabilities with the formula: =SUMPRODUCT(Revenues2,JtProbs) The one advantage to doing all this work is that now we can change any of the inputs in the shaded cells and the mean revenues will be recalculated automatically. Slide81: Weighted Sums of Random Variables INVEST.XLS: INVEST.XLS An investor has $100,000 to invest, and she would like to invest it in a portfolio of eight stocks. She has gathered historical data on the returns of these stocks and has used the data to estimate means, standard deviations and correlations for the stock returns. This file contains summary measures obtained from historical data. She believes they are also relevant for future returns. INVEST.XLS -- continued: INVEST.XLS -- continued The investor would like to analyze a portfolio of these stocks using certain investment amounts. What is the mean annual return from this portfolio? What are its variance and standard deviation? Input Data: Input Data Solution: Solution This is a typical weighted sum model. The random variables, the X's are the annual returns from the stocks; the weights, the a's are the dollar amounts invested in the stocks; and the summary measures of the X's are given in rows 12,13 and 17-24 of the input data. We can obtain the mean return from the portfolio in cell B49 by using the formula =SUMPRODUCT(Weights, Means) Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued We are not quite ready to calculate the variance of the portfolio return. The reason why is because we do not currently know the Var(Y). But these are related to standard deviations and correlation by Var(Xi) = (Stdev(Xi))2 Cov(Xi, Xj) = StDev(Xi) X Stdev(Xj) X Corr(Xi,Xj) Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued To calculate these in Excel, it is useful to create a column of standard deviations in Column L by using Excel's TRANSPOSE function. To do this highlight the range L12:L19 and type the formula =TRANSPOSE(Stedevs) and press Ctrl-Shift-Enter. Next we form a table of variances and covariances of the X's i the range B28:I35, using the formula =$L12*B$13*B17 in cell B28 and copying it to the range. Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued Finally, we need to calculate the portfolio variance in cell B50. To do this we form a table of terms needed and then sum these terms as in the following steps. Row of weights Enter the weights in row 38 by highlighting the range B38:I18 and typing the formula =Weights and pressing Ctrl-Enter. Column of weights Enter these same weights as a column in the range A39:A46 by highlighting the range, typing the formula =TRANSPOSE(Weights) and pressing Ctrl-Shift-Enter. Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued Table of terms Now use these weights and the covariances to fill in the table of terms required for the portfolio variance. To do so, enter the formula =$A39*B28*B$38 in cell B39 and copy it to the range B39:I46. Portfolio variance and standard deviation Calculate the portfolio variance in cell B50 with the formula =SUM(PortVarTerms). Then calculate the standard deviation of the portfolio return in cell B51 as the square root of the varince. The results are shown in the calculation on the next slide. Solution -- continued: Solution -- continued The standard deviation of approximately $11,200 is sizable. The standard deviation is th a measure of the portfolio's risk. Investors always want a large mean return, but they also want low risk. They realize though that often time the only way to obtain high men returns is to assume more risk.
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text:
View Examples Of Diagonal Lines In Interior Design Gif. ✓ free for commercial use ✓ high quality images. However you choose to combine them organize by separating or grouping elements on the page — one prime example being using the a series of diagonal lines with abrupt changes of direction give chaos to the design that puts off a.
The term interior lines is commonly used to illustrate, describe. Graphic designers use this basic tool to divide space, frame images, draw diagonal lines may stand in a horizontal or vertical fashion, but they are slanted. If some feature does not suit the planned.
Read how to make the most of diagonal lines in diagonal lines can be used by photographers to lead the eye to a point in the image.
Diagonal website design is a visually different approach to web design. For example, if the sides are 50 mm long, but they will be drawn in at 25 mm long. For example, if you have a square table but place a rectangle dish in the middle of it, the dish. An artist's line is a sort of signature for them.


Do prescribed fires kill wildlife?
Rarely are wildlife directly killed by a prescribed fire. Most wildlife are able to leave an area before it burns. Fossorial species retreat underground as the fire passes. However, there are some species, such as those that are less mobile, that are more susceptible to direct mortality. Generally, reptiles and amphibians are more at risk than mammals or birds. Fire can indirectly impact wildlife either positively or negatively by changing plant community composition and structure.


Tree Protection & Management Plans (TPMP)
A Tree Protection & Management Plan (TPMP) is a document that is produced if required as a condition of the planning permit. It provides detail on the step-by-step tree protective measures from pre-demolition until the competition of landscape stage. It is fundamentally based on the recommendations in the arboricultural impact assessment however it contains more detail and a chronological timeline for every component of the development.
Root investigation reports
A root investigation report identifies the location of roots within a Tree Protection Zone (TPZ). AS 4970-2009 states that some encroachments into the TPZ of trees being retained are allowable if the project arborist has investigated sufficiently and can prove that despite the encroachment, tree retention is viable. By utilising non-invasive excavation methods that wont damage the root system, the exact location of roots can be determined which often will allow for a significant encroachment into the TPZ.
Depending on the site specifics and the volume or size of vegetation being retained, this exercise could mean the difference between getting 3 dwellings rather than 2 on your development site.


text:
Meaning of observance
Pronunciation: (ub-zûr'vuns), [key]
- an act or instance of following, obeying, or conforming to: the observance of traffic laws.
- a keeping or celebration by appropriate procedure, ceremonies, etc.: the observance of the Sabbath.
- a procedure, ceremony, or rite, as for a particular occasion: patriotic observances.
- a rule or custom to be followed or obeyed; a customary practice.
- a rule or discipline for a religious house or order.
- a house or order observing a rule or discipline.
- an act or instance of watching, noting, or perceiving; observation.
- respectful attention or service.
- courteous attention as to a person; dutiful service.
- observance (Thesaurus)


text:
Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether previously failed glaucoma filtration surgery is a risk factor for filtration failure of subsequent trabeculectomy combined with cataract surgery and to determine the role of adjunctive mitomycin C (MMC) in the secondary glaucoma triple procedure (SGTP) as compared to primary glaucoma triple procedure (PGTP).
Design: A prospective, controlled study that was randomized with respect to assignment to adjunctive MMC and a case-control design with respect to comparisons between SGTP and PGTP was studied.
Participants: The SGTP group consisted of 49 eyes of 49 consecutive patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with a history of glaucoma filtration surgery requiring glaucoma medical therapy and in need of cataract surgery, randomized to adjunctive MMC (SGTP MMC subgroup of 21 eyes) and no adjunctive MMC (SGTP control subgroup of 28 eyes). The PGTP group consisted of 49 PGTP cases closely matched to the SGTP cases with respect to age, race, gender, MMC use, C:D ratio, and systemic diseases.
Intervention: Trabeculectomy combined with phacoemulsification and a small incision (5 x 6 mm), all polymethylmethacrylate posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with or without adjunctive MMC (0.5 mg/ml for 1 minute), was performed.
Main outcome measures: Surgery failure was defined as the need of an additional intraocular procedure or the need of more than one medication to achieve intraocular pressure control to the target level. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were made with respect to filtration outcome among the SGTP and PGTP patients.
Results: Without adjunctive MMC, filtration success was significantly less in SGTP than in PGTP (P = 0.03). Adjunctive MMC significantly increased the success rate of SGTP (P = 0.02) but not that of PGTP (P = 0.89) over the average follow-up period of 2 years.
Conclusions: Previously failed glaucoma filtration surgery is a significant risk factor for the filtration failure of combined surgery. Intraoperative use of adjunctive MMC significantly improves the filtration success rate of SGTP.


text:
Skip to Main Content
A nonlinear circuit model of the GaAs MESFET is developed by extracting circuit parameters from dc and small-signal RF measurements in a systematic manner. The circuit model is then analyzed by an efficient algorithm called the modified multiple-reflection method. For the first time, this method is applied to MESFET circuit analysis. Compared with the original multiple-reflection method, the modified multiple-reflection method shows a dramatic increase in convergence speed. The validity of the nonlinear MESFET model is confirmed by comparing the simulation results with experimental data.


text:
Rare currency notes and coins have always been a favorite of those who collect them. Some serial number, picture, or even a flaw can make an ordinary coin or bill unique, multiplying its value. If you have such an item then you can earn lakhs of rupees from any item whose face value is just a fraction of that amount.
Sell Note Now:
One such feature is that collectors look for the number '786' in the serial numbers on currency notes. These three digits appearing in this particular order can increase the value of the note by up to Rs 3 lakh. The number 786 is considered auspicious among those who believe in Islam.
Putting such bills for online auction can fetch you thousands or lakhs of rupees irrespective of the actual value of the note.
An easy way to do this is to put such notes up for auction on eBay. The popular e-commerce website, among other things, allows people to sell and buy unique currency notes and coins. While there are other platforms, and some even choose to advertise their rare notes on social media, eBay is a preferred platform due to its long-standing legacy as an online marketplace.
Sell Note Now:
Those who wish to sell their unique notes with 786 mentioned in the serial number can do so with a few simple steps:
Step 1: Go to _URL_.
Step 2: On the homepage, click on the registration tab and register yourself as a seller.
Step 3: Take a clear, good quality photo of the note you want to sell and upload it on the platform. eBay will show your listing to buyers looking for these notes.
Step 4: Interested buyers will contact you after viewing your ad. You can finalize the price and sell the note to them.


text:
Insect swarms can generate as much static electricity as a storm cloud
Insects have been known to sense and tap into electric fields, but new research shows that swarms can actually produce atmospheric electric charges. By measuring the extent of this influence, the scientists found that large swarms could produce as much charge as a storm cloud.
Bees have a more intimate relationship with electricity than you might expect. They sense changes in electric fields to navigate to flowers. Static charges play a role in helping pollen stick to them. And they can gain an electric charge as they fly through the air. But what influence bees may have on the atmospheric electric charge hadn't been investigated.
"We always looked at how physics influenced biology, but at some point, we realized that biology might also be influencing physics," said Ellard Hunting, first author of the new study. "We're interested in how different organisms use the static electric fields that are virtually everywhere in the environment."
So, researchers at the University of Bristol and University of Reading measured the electric fields near swarming honeybees. The team placed an electric field monitor near research hives and measured changes when swarming behavior began. And sure enough, swarming honeybees raised the atmospheric electricity by between 100 and 1,000 volts per meter, depending on the density of the insects within the swarm.
From this starting point, the team then developed a model that could extrapolate the influence of other swarming insects on the atmospheric electric charge. Locusts were found to have the most substantial impact, because they can swarm at incredible, "biblical" scales. The researchers measured their charge, and combined it with records of their densities while swarming, and found that they can produce similar atmospheric electric charges as a storm cloud.
The team says that the influence of swarming insects on the atmospheric electric field is a factor that's currently overlooked in climate and weather models. It also suggests that other organisms, like birds and microbes, might have similar effects.
The research was published in the journal iScience.


Dead Money
DEFINITION of 'Dead Money'
A slang term for money invested in a security with minor hopes of appreciation or earning a return. The stock may also be referred as dead money by analysts, as a warning to investors who might purchase the shares.
Funds that are not earning interest or income are known as dead money. Some investors will hold a stock despite recent price drops, hoping that it will turn around and earn back some of the lost value. However, if the investment is dead money, the likelihood of a turnaround is low, and investors should consider selling the shares before incurring additional losses.
 1. Depreciation
 2. Cramer Bounce
 The sudden overnight appreciation of a stock's price after it...
 3. Bear
 An investor who believes that a particular security or market...
 4. Appreciation
 5. Analyst
 A financial professional who has expertise in evaluating investments...
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Optimizer estimates
RUNTIMESTATISTICS show the optimizer estimates for a particular node. They show the optimizer's estimated row count and the optimizer's "estimated cost."
The estimated row count is the query optimizer's estimate of the number of qualifying rows for the table or index for the entire life of the query. If the table is the inner table of a join, the estimated row count will be for all the scans of the table, not just for a single scan of the table.
The estimated cost consists of a number, which is a relative number; it does not correspond directly to any time estimate. It is not, for example, the number of milliseconds or rows. Instead, the optimizer constructs this number for each possible access path. It compares the numbers and chooses the access path with the smallest number.
Related concepts
Statistics timing
Statement execution plan
Optimizer overrides
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text:
Income tax: The deductibility for Queensland school employees of the cost of obtaining a suitability notice for working with children
Please note that the PDF version is the authorised version of this ruling.
FOI status:may be releasedFOI number: I _PHONE_
|What this Class Ruling is about
|Date of effect
|Detailed contents list
|The number, subject heading, and the What this Class Ruling is about (including Tax law(s), Class of persons and Qualifications sections), Date of effect, Arrangement and Ruling parts of this document are a 'public ruling' in terms of Part IVAAA of the Taxation Administration Act 1953. CR 2001/1 explains Class Rulings and Taxation Rulings TR 92/1 and TR 97/16 together explain when a Ruling is a public ruling and how it is binding on the Commissioner.
What this Class Ruling is about
1. This Ruling sets out the Commissioner's opinion on the way in which the 'tax law(s)' identified below apply to the defined class of persons, who take part in the arrangement to which this Ruling relates.
Class of persons
3. The class of persons to whom this Ruling applies are paid employees (other than registered teachers) of a Queensland school who are newly appointed to a permanent, temporary or casual position on or after 1 May 2001 and who are in 'regulated employment' and required to undergo a suitability check under the Commission for Children and Young People Act 2000 (the CCYP Act). It also applies to existing employees of a Queensland school who undergo the suitability check (also known as the 'working with children' check).
- work carried out inside a boarding facility at a school (but not work carried out by a registered teacher),
- work at a school if the usual functions of the employment include, or are likely to include, providing services that are directed mainly towards children, or conducting activities that mainly involve children, but does not include work carried out by a registered teacher;
- work which involves counselling or support services where the usual functions of the employment include providing counselling or support where the employee is physically present with the child while no-one else is present or the employee is not physically present with the child (e.g., providing advice over the telephone).
5. Examples of this class of school employees include people engaged as administrative officers, registrars, janitors, community education counsellors, teacher aides, scientific assistants, cleaners and school-employed trainees.
7. The class of persons defined in this Ruling may rely on its contents provided the arrangement described below at paragraphs 11 to 14 is carried out in accordance with the details of the arrangement provided in this Ruling.
- this Ruling has no binding effect on the Commissioner because the arrangement entered into is not the arrangement on which the Commissioner has ruled, and
- this Ruling may be withdrawn or modified.
9. A Class Ruling may only be reproduced in its entirety. Extracts may not be reproduced. Because each Class Ruling is subject to copyright, except for any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 no Class Ruling may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and enquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be sent to:
Legislative Services, AusInfo
GPO Box 1920
CANBERRA ACT 2601.
Date of effect
11. The CCYP Act came into effect on 1 May 2001. Under the Act an employer who proposes to start employing, or continue employing, another person in regulated employment may apply for a suitability notice for the employee stating whether the employee is a suitable person for child-related employment.
13. Once the principal of a school in Queensland has selected the 'preferred applicant' for an advertised vacancy, the principal (as employer) and the 'preferred applicant' (as prospective employee) complete the appropriate sections of the Application by employer for suitability notice of a prospective paid employee form. The principal lodges the form with the Commission for Children and Young People with the required fee. The fee is to be paid by the preferred applicant.
14. The Act provides a discretion for employers to apply for a suitability notice for existing employees where the employer knows or reasonably suspects that a current employee has a criminal history that may make them unsuitable for child-related employment. This application is also accompanied by an application fee, the cost borne by the employee.
- where the employee is an existing employee of a school and is required to obtain a suitability notice in order to continue to derive assessable income in that position
- where a new employee of a school has recently derived assessable income from being continuously employed within the field of child-related employment.
16. Where a suitability notice is required to be renewed the cost of the renewal is deductible to the employee where the employee is currently employed in a permanent, temporary or casual position at a school and requires a suitability notice to be renewed to continue in that employment.
18. The basic tests for deductibility of work-related expenses are in section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. This states that you can deduct any loss or outgoing to the extent that is incurred in gaining or producing your assessable income. However, you cannot deduct a loss or outgoing if it is of a capital or private or domestic nature.
19. A number of significant court decisions have determined that, for an expense to satisfy the tests in section 8-1, it must have the essential character of an outgoing incurred in gaining assessable income (Lunney v FC of T; Hayley v FC of T (1958) 100 CLR 478; ALR 225; 11 ATD 404) and there must be a nexus between the outgoing and the assessable income so that the outgoing is incidental and relevant to the gaining of assessable income (Ronpibon Tin NL v FC of T (1949) 78 CLR 47; 8 ATD 431).
20. Obtaining a suitability notice under the Act is a requirement for a person to commence child-related employment or, in some cases, to continue such employment in Queensland. For existing employees who are required to obtain the notice and who already have paid employment at a school, either in a temporary, casual or permanent position, the expense is necessary to secure the continuity of the existing income stream. The necessary nexus between the outgoing and the income is therefore established and the cost of obtaining the notice is deductible.
21. For new employees of a particular school who have held previous positions in the field of child-related employment with other employers, the necessary nexus is established if it can be considered that they have been continuously employed in the field of child-related employment and it is necessary for them to obtain the suitability notice to secure the continuity of this income stream. This is a question of fact to be determined for each employee. The existence of a position involving child-related employment with another employer and the period of time since assessable income was last derived from such a position will be taken into account to determine whether any breaks in employment sever the nexus between the outgoing and assessable income.
22. New employees who need to obtain the notice as a prerequisite to starting work in the field of child-related employment incur the expense at a point too soon to be regarded as obtaining assessable income (FC of T v Maddalena 71 ATC 4161; (1971) 2 ATR 541). In these cases, the expense is not deductible. This view is supported by Taxation Ruling TR 98/6 which, in relation to a similar issue, states:
'In nearly all States and Territories, employers require real estate employees to obtain a police clearance certificate when entering the industry. A deduction is not allowable for the cost of obtaining the police clearance certificates. Although the police clearance certificate may be necessary for employment into the industry, the expense if an outgoing that precedes the earnings of assessable income'.
24. A suitability notice is required to be renewed at least every 2 years. The cost of obtaining the renewal of the notice is deductible provided the employee can be said to be continuously employed in the child-related employment industry at the time of renewal. The expense is necessary to preserve the existing income stream.
Example 1: new employee previously employed in child-related employment field
25. Fred derives most of his income in the child-related employment field. For a number of years he has worked at a number of schools as a groundsperson, employed under a series of temporary contracts. His last contract ended in March 2001 and he is offered another contract at a different school in May 2001. In order for Fred to start this new contract the principal of the school is now required to apply for a suitability notice for Fred. Fred pays the application fee.
26. The cost of the notice is deductible to Fred. Although he is a 'new' employee at this particular school it is considered that he is continuously employed in the child-related employment field and the expense is necessary to secure the continuity of this income stream.
Example 2: new employee previously employed in child-related employment
27. Dominique was once employed as a cleaner in a school. However, for some time she has worked in a variety of jobs, none of which involved child-related employment. In June 2001 she is offered another position as a cleaner with a new school and the principal of the school applies for a suitability notice for her. Dominique pays the application fee.
28. Dominique is not entitled to a deduction. Although she has previously been employed in the field of child-related employment the time elapsed since her last position and the fact that she has since had several jobs in other fields of employment severs the nexus between the outgoing and assessable income. The notice is required to allow her to re


What is DCDC?
DCDC stands for Dunlap Community Development Corporation. It was formed in 1991 as a 501(c)(6) organization with the purpose of enhancing the economic environment of Dunlap and improving the quality of life for its citizens. DCDC also works with local government and other institutions in DUnlap to support the development of the Dunlap community in order to sustain and expand business endeavors.
How does DCDC accomplish this?
By being actively involved in the development of Dunlap's current and historical aspects through the use of four committees: Design, Economic Restructuring, Organization, and Promotion.


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I'm looking for an interval tree algorithm similar to the red-black interval tree in CLR but that supports merging of intervals by default so that there are never any overlapping intervals.
In other words if you had a tree containing two intervals [2,3] and [5,6] and you added the interval [4,4], the result would be a tree containing just one interval [2,6].
Thanks
Update: the use case I'm considering is calculating transitive closure. Interval sets are used to store the successor sets because they have been found to be quite compact. But if you represent interval sets just as a linked list I have found that in some situations they can become quite large and hence so does the time required to find the insertion point. Hence my interest in interval trees. Also there may be quite a lot of merging one tree with another (i.e. a set OR operation) - if both trees are large then it may be better to create a new tree using inorder walks of both trees rather than repeated insertions of each interval.
share|improve this question

I've deleted my answer since I stupidly overlooked some cases. It was still possible to fix, but would become a lot more complicated. Anyway, since you updated to say you'll mostly be merging entire trees, the answer doesn't seem useful anymore, as in-order traversal will be faster. – interjay Apr 9 '10 at 12:08

Oh ok. Sometimes I will be merging two large trees when inorder will probably be faster, but more often I will be adding a small tree to a large tree. – Dave Griffiths Apr 9 '10 at 13:15
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The problem I see is that inserting a large interval can wipe out a large chunk of the tree, making it difficult to recover the red-black invariants.
I think it would be easier to use a splay tree, as follows. For simplicity, each tree contains two sentinels, an interval A to the left of all other intervals and an interval Z to the right. When inserting an interval I, splay I's predecessor-to-be H to the root of the tree. The tree looks like
 H
 / \
... X
 / \
 ... ...
Now detach X and splay I's successor-to-be J to the root.
 H J
 / / \
... ... ...
At this point all of the intervals that overlap I are in J's left subtree. Detach that subtree and put all of its nodes on the free list, extending I if necessary. Make I the parent of H and J
 I
 / \
 H J
 / \
... ...
and continue on our merry way. This operation is O(log n) amortized, where n is the number of tree nodes (this can be proved by examining the splay tree potential function and doing a lot of algebra).
I should add that there's a natural recursive tree-to-tree merge by inserting the root of one tree and then merging the left and right subtrees. I don't know how to analyze it off-hand.
share|improve this answer
1
Very interesting, thanks! – Dave Griffiths Apr 19 '10 at 15:36
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text:
Distance from Arzano to Villaricca
Distance between Arzano and Villaricca is 7 kilometers (5 miles).
Driving distance from Arzano to Villaricca is 10 kilometers (6 miles).
Distance Map Between Arzano and Villaricca
Arzano, Napoli, Italy ↔ Villaricca, Napoli, Italy = 5 miles = 7 km.
How far is it between Arzano and Villaricca
Arzano is located in Italy with (40.9135,14.2674) coordinates and Villaricca is located in Italy with (40.9187,14.1811) coordinates. The calculated flying distance from Arzano to Villaricca is equal to 5 miles which is equal to 7 km.
If you want to go by car, the driving distance between Arzano and Villaricca is 10.06 km. If you ride your car with an average speed of 112 kilometers/hour (70 miles/h), travel time will be 00 hours 05 minutes. Please check the avg. speed travel time table on the right for various options.
Difference between fly and go by a car is 3 km.
|City/Place||Latitude and Longitude||GPS Coordinates|
|Arzano||40.9135, 14.2674||40° 54' 48.7080'' N
14° 16' 2.6760'' E
|Villaricca||40.9187, 14.1811||40° 55' 7.1760'' N
14° 10' 51.9240'' E
Estimated Travel Time Between Arzano and Villaricca
|Average Speed||Travel Time|
|30 mph (48 km/h)||00 hours 12 minutes|
|40 mph (64 km/h)||00 hours 09 minutes|
|50 mph (80 km/h)||00 hours 07 minutes|
|60 mph (97 km/h)||00 hours 06 minutes|
|70 mph (112 km/h)||00 hours 05 minutes|
|75 mph (120 km/h)||00 hours 05 minutes|
Related Distances from Arzano
|Arzano to Marcianise||23 km|
|Arzano to Giugliano In Campania||13 km|
|Arzano to Mugnano Di Napoli||8 km|
|Arzano to Castel Volturno||40 km|
|Arzano to Brusciano||19 km|
Related Distances to Villaricca
|Agropoli to Villaricca||126 km|
|San Giuseppe Vesuviano to Villaricca||49 km|
|Battipaglia to Villaricca||94 km|
|Scafati to Villaricca||44 km|
|Ercolano to Villaricca||27 km|


text:
seed germination and fertilizer
bae at oci.utoronto.ca
Wed Feb 1 18:07:08 EST 1995
In article <3gm9hv$777 at newsbf02.news.aol.com> cheesenips at aol.com (CheeseNips) writes:
>hello! I am trying to help a student determine if there is any
>difference in seed germination when fertilizer is used. If anyone can
>help, it would be greatly appreciated. It is science project time.
Pepper (capsicum) seeds are alleged to have faster and better germination
if soaked briefly in a potassium nitrate solution. One idea is that wild
peppers are often eaten by birds and the seeds deposited in a bit of guano,
and the plants are adapted to that.
Your student might want to compare several unrelated species to see which
benefit from a KNO3 soak, and whether this correlates with whether the seed
is borne in a bird-attracting fruit.
Toronto, Ontario Canada
More information about the Plantbio


Home > Research > Publications & Outputs > Soluble iron sulfide species in natural waters:...
View graph of relations
Soluble iron sulfide species in natural waters: reappraisal of their stoichiometry and stability constants.
Research output: Contribution to journalJournal article
Issue number1
Number of pages21
Pages (from-to)23-43
Original languageEnglish
A wide range of stoichiometries has been previously proposed for soluble iron sulfide species and there is no general agreement on their importance in natural waters. The solubility of Fe(II) in 0.1 M NaClO4 equilibrated at 20 - 0.1°C with various partial pressures of H2S (0.1, 0.001, 0.0001, 0.00001 MPa) was measured in the pH range 3.1-7.9. Equilibrium was established within 1-6 h when amorphous FeS was the solid phase. The results could all be fitted using values for the solubility product constant (I = 0) of p*Ks = 3.00 - 0.12 and of the stability constant for a soluble Fe(HS) 2 species (I = 0) of p#2 = -6.45 - 0.12 where *Ks = aFe2+ · aHS-/aH+ and #2 = aFe(HS) 2/aFe2+ · (aHS-)2. Any soluble species of the form Fex (HS) 2x where x = &gif1; would fit the data equally well. Measurements at different partial pressures are inconsistent with labile species of the form FexSx. There was no evidence for a Fe(HS) + species. When a solution is saturated with respect to amorphous FeS, Fe(HS) 2 will only be a significant proportion of Fe(II) when S(-II) is higher than 0.2mmoll-1. The constants for Fe(HS) 2 or Fex (HS) 2x (x S 2) are consistent with all freshwater data where constant values of measured ion activity products provide no evidence for soluble complex formation. For marine waters with high sulfide concentrations (S 6mmol l-1), measured concentrations of Fe(II) are consistent with there being negligible soluble iron sulfide. The data are better fitted if the dissolved species are polymeric as predicted concentrations of the monomer Fe(HS) 2 are significant. These findings suggest that rather than the dissolved species being Fe(HS) 2, it is probably polymeric, that is Fex (HS) 2x (x S 2).