Answered
Store Old-New Relations Between Hidden Fields and Answers
 - 25 October 2022
 - 6 replies
 - 96 views
Hey y'all,

I'm using Typeform as a method for our users to update their personal information. Using hidden fields, I am able to display their current (old) information, then users can branch to questions where they can input (new) information, if it has changed. E.g.:
Q1: "Is still your mobile number: {hidden_field_mobile}?"
A1: "No."
Q2: "Please enter your current mobile number."
A2: [a short text input]
In essence, I want to create an old-new relationship between values stored in hidden fields and answers to questions related to the hidden fields.

We have an endpoint that parses the request sent by the webhook; there, using an association between answers and hidden fields, I would like to see the difference between the old and new inputs so we can display it to administrators of the system.
Here are my attempts at creating these associations:
 1. My initial idea was to set variables, with the same names as the hidden field, and assign to them the answer of select questions (within the Typeform), but I haven't found a way to do that. This would allow me to compare the values with identical keys across the "hidden" (old values) and "variables" (new values) objects in the webhook request.

 2. Alternatively, I thought of setting a variable (using the same naming scheme as above) to the question identifier when it is answered, then, through more parsing of the webhook request, I could create an association between the hidden field (old) value and the answer to a question (new) via this variable.

 3. The one solution I have that works (technically, albeit it is absolutely disgusting) is to set a variable (again, named like above) to a static string that's the same as the question name, to use as a pseudo-identifier (within the scope of the form). However, this makes the form much more difficult to maintain, and is a much weaker association.
Is there a precise way to associate hidden fields with answers?
Let me know if anything is unclear! Cheers 🍻
Isaac
Related information:
The guide found here (_URL_ says you can add to or divide by the answer of a question, but I wasn't able to in the Typeform I spun up. Is this a premium feature?
I found this forum post (_URL_ but it's interested in concatenating answers, and provides tools that can perform the concatenation.
There's also this fourm post (_URL_ about storing arbitrary meta-information, which is not possible.
icon
Best answer by john.desborough 26 October 2022, 18:20
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6 replies
Userlevel 7
Badge +5
Oofta! I'm not sure if this would be possible outside of what you've already tried, but @mathio or @john.desborough might have some insight for you.
Userlevel 7
Badge +6
@Liz @robertxisaac - what i have done for other clients is to use it as a confirmation entry rather than ask for any changes.
ie from the crm, attach all the fields i want to have them validate using the name/value structure like this: c_email={{subscriber.email}} and c_cellphone={{subscriber.cellphone}} - your crm may use different structures to append the values but this is an example.
i use the c_ nomenclature here to identify to me that these are the 'current' values
in the typeform i create the corresponding hidden variables as c_ as well.
in the questions: "In order to validate that we have the correct information on file, we ask you to input the current/correct values for the information we have about you"
 - Here is what we have for your current email address: @c_email
 - Please enter your email below to validate or correct the email we have on hand.
 - etc
that way all the fields - current and (potentially) updated - are entered and passed back to the next phase
unfortunately you will have to evaluations of the strings being passed back to you from Typeform and parse and update as necessary.. or just accept that the new data is the correct data to push into the crm record.
ain't perfect but …

des
@Liz@john.desborough - thanks for the replies!
Some further context I could have provided: the "CRM" I'm using is PHP, so I can do just about anything upon receiving the webhook request (except create arbitrary relations between strings, unfortunately).
We're following the "confirm or update" scheme you described @john.desborough, and you're right on: I'm able to parse through the objects for the hidden fields and answers. When you say you push the data into your CRM, how do you assign the answer from "Please enter your email below to validate or correct the email we have on hand" to "subscriber.email", and other answers to your other CRM variables? Or, is it a manual process you have to do yourself?
Another solution I implemented is to parse for questions with free-form text inputs (i.e., where their type is "long_text", "phonenumber", etc.), and pull answers related to those. However, it's still trying to guess what's important and definitely the weakest of the solutions I've attempted.

Cheers 🍻
Isaac
Userlevel 7
Badge +6
@robertxisaac with the native integrations to most CRM systems or by using Zapier or Make you can map your questions to fields in the target platform
if you are working with the APIs and Webhooks, you should review the developer materials if you haven't already..

Hey y'all,

It's been a year. Can anyone give a quick yes/no if a similar feature has been implemented? We'd like to use Typeform for our upcoming rollout, and the current implementation requires a ton of hand-holding.

Cheers 🍻
Isaac
Userlevel 7
Badge +5
Hi @robertxisaac great to see you back here, thanks for checking in!
As far as I'm aware, this hasn't made it into Typeform yet but I can check in with the product team to find out if there are any plans for updates around hidden fields for 2024 and let you know 😊
Reply


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Madara Rider (Madara Horseman) is the undisputed symbol of the Bulgarian people, history and culture, according to a poll conducted across the country. After this vote it was decided that the effigy of the Madara Rider will be carved on the first Bulgarian Euro coin.
The historical monument of the Madara Rider is a relief which is carved into a cliff. The height of the stone figure is about 23 meters from the base of the rock. This most significant Bulgarian symbol is located in northeastern Bulgaria, about 20 kilometers from the town of Shumen, near the village of Madara.
Very close to the Madara Rider are the first two Bulgarian capitals - Pliska and Preslav. Carved in stone the figure is considered to be apart of a various large ancient archeological site, which includes various items with religious, cultural and military use.
On the left side of the Madara Rider there are very steep stairs which leads you 431 meters up to the Madara plateau. Around the figure of the rider, clearly visible are the carved inscriptions in Greek, which give important information on historical events. According to various posts of specialist historians and archaeologists, the inscriptions are related to the founders of the Bulgarian nation - Asparuh, Krum and Omurtag.
The relief of Madara Rider is a fight scene between the rider and an eagle which flew over the rider. Next to them is a figure of a jumping dog that follows the rider who triumphed the lion with his spear. Overall Madara Rider is a symbol of the power of the First Bulgarian Empire. Experts say that it is most likely that Madara Rider was carved sometime in the 8th century and the rider was Khan Tervel, who lived between 701 and 721.
According to two official versions that describe what is depicted on this historic sanctuary in Bulgaria, the relief recreates the hunting scene in which the Bulgarian ruler kills a lion with his spear and whom is followed by his faithful dog.
The second hypothesis explains that the rider is associated with Khan Tervel, who defeated the Byzantines which is depicted symbolically by the lion and the dog. However, there are more posts that suggests, the Madara Rider relief is more than a depicted hunting scene. They take this information mostly from the unusual facts, obe being, that the lion has a raised tail, which means that it was not killed.
On a closer look at the animal under the rider you will see it does not look like a lion, as also once claimed. The lion has a distinctive mane and is significantly larger. The illustrated animal is a tiger or Leopard - the name by which ancient Bulgarians have called this animal.
In his front paws the 'lion' is holding a snake that is quite eroded, but is still distinct. It is a symbol of the Year of the Snake. The historical monument of Madara Rider was of world heritage by UNESCO in 1979 to 29 June 2008 and is also one of 100 national tourist sites.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Surgical Patient Entry and Exit Process Management System
- Use the medical/nursing information automation system to improve the efficiency of resource allocation and management in the operating room.
- Optimize the configuration of the operating room and the scheduling of surgery. Maximize the effectiveness of operating room resources, and be able to automatically grasp the movements of surgical patients in real-time.
- Improve management functions and strengthen patient safety, introduce bar code recognition (Bar code) or radio frequency identification (RF ID) and web-based display database query technology to develop a patient entry and exit process management system in the operating room.
Strengthen medical process control and
improve the accuracy of surgical patient identification

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Estimation of Wiener Diffusion Parameters Using Process Measurements Subject to Error
Most materials and components degrade physically before they fail. Engineering degradation tests are designed to measure these degradation processes. Measurements in the tests reflect the inherent randomness of degradation itself as well as measurement errors created by imperfect instruments, procedures and environments. This paper describes a statistical model for measured degradation data that takes both sources of variation into account. The paper presents inference procedures for the model and discusses some practical issues that must be considered in dealing with the statistical problem.
KeywordsDegradation Process Wiener Process Measurement Error Variance Profile Likelihood Function Inverse Gaussian Process
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
- Cox, D.R. and Miller, H.D. (1965), The Theory of Stochastic Processes,Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
- Doksum, Kjell A. and Hóyland, Arnljot (1992), "Models for Variable-stress AcceleratedGoogle Scholar
- Life Testing Experiments Based on Wiener Processes and the Inverse Gaussian Distribution," Technomeirics,34(1), 74–82.Google Scholar
- Lu, Jin. (1994), "A Reliability Model Based on Degradation and Lifetime Data," Ph.D. thesis, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Learn of life and survival on Niagara Frontier
Old Fort Niagara invites the public to imagine life as a soldier on the Niagara Frontier in the 1700s by attending its annual "Snowshoe Patrol" on Saturday, Feb. 4.
The fort's staff, volunteers and re-enactors will offer programs and hands-on activities about winter survival, the Great Lakes fur trade, historic games and trades. Visitors will also learn about the history of the snowshoe, and march into the woods to witness a skirmish between re-enactors.
The day's activities are scheduled from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. and will be suitable for all ages. Visitors are encouraged to dress for the weather, as most events will happen outdoors. Demonstrations will happen at the following times:
-11 a.m. and noon - Artillery firing demonstration by Schuyler's Company
An artillery re-enactment unit will fire a cannon.
-11 a.m. until 2:30 p.m. - Powder horn engraving demonstration
Learn about the usefulness of horns and antlers in creating tools for soldiers and civilians.
-12:30 p.m. - Staying Warm in a Cold World
How did people survive a Niagara winter before electricity and central heat? This program will examine winter clothing, bedding and heating.
An Old Fort Niagara boulangerie. (Photo by Lee Gugino)
-1:15 p.m. - Great Lakes Trade
Demonstrations and hands-on activities about the workings of the 18th century fur trade on the Great Lakes. Learn about the Great Lakes' earliest business enterprise, the lives of Native Americans and hivernants (winter traders), and examine popular trade goods and furs.
-2-4 p.m. - History of the Snowshoe and Woods Patrol
Join educators from the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation to learn about the history of the snowshoe. After a brief program, visitors will be invited to wear a pair of traditional wooden snowshoes (weather permitting) to accompany a patrol into the woods east of the fort. In the woods, watch a skirmish between re-enactors, then enjoy complimentary hot chocolate prepared over an open fire while mingling with re-enactors.
Snowshoes are provided first-come, first-served, or bring your own.
-Ongoing activities from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. - Learn about the soldier's life (clothing, personal kit, weapons and equipment; storing, preparing and cooking food); enjoy 18th century games; and participate in hands-on demonstrations of quill pens.
All activities and programs are included with regular admission to the fort: ($12 for adults, $8 for children ages 6-12) and free to members of Old Fort Niagara.
Old Fort Niagara recognizes the volunteers who participate in this event and share their knowledge with the public: Brant's Volunteers, Hoisington Rangers, New York Provincials, Schuyler's Company and Shroth's New York Company re-enacting units.
Old Fort Niagara (_URL_) is located in Fort Niagara State Park in Youngstown. The fort is open daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Admissions end 30 minutes before closing.


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January 12, 2013
'Singing penis' sets noise record for water insect
Ella Davies at the BBC:
Scientists from France and Scotland recorded the aquatic animal "singing" at up to 99.2 decibels, the equivalent of listening to a loud orchestra play while sitting in the front row.
The insect makes the sound by rubbing its penis against its abdomen in a process known as "stridulation".
Researchers say the song is a courtship display performed to attract a mate.
Micronecta scholtzi are freshwater insects measuring just 2mm that are common across Europe.
The team of biologists and engineering experts recorded the insects using specialist underwater microphones.
On average, the songs of M. scholtzi reached 78.9 decibels, comparable to a passing freight train.
Posted by S. Abbas Raza at 11:15 PM | Permalink


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Confused about your exam or college applications?
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Ela Foundation's Center for Ornithological Study and Research will commence a basic course in ornithology. It is a certificate course that will focus on topics such as bird identification, feeding habits and migration. The course will be offered in Pune from 10th December 2018.
Ornithology Course Areas of Study
Check out the main study areas that will be included in the ornithology certificate course here:
- Bird identification
- Bird architects
- Technology for conservation
- Evolution, the ecological role of birds, birds as bio-indicators
- Applied ornithological aspects
- Bird photography, bird call recording, avian diseases, first aid
Apart from this, the course will also cover topics such as bird flu, wind-farms, seabirds and others. It will also include field visits so that participants can study the bird habitats closely and observe birds from a scientific perspective.
Till now, more than 1,000 alumni of the certificate course in ornithology have contributed towards the birds' habitat and their conservation under the mentorship of Ela Foundation.
Ela Foundation makes sure that the courses offered to participants are interactive and the certificate course in ornithology will be conducted by eminent ornithologists of the country. Many students, farmers, doctors, lawyers, educationists, defence service personnel, journalists and others.
Ela Foundation has also conducted the same course in the states of Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.


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عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
In this research we have studied Tabriz temperature inversion using radio-sound information, during the 2004-2008 periods in daily, monthly and seasonally scales. Produced data associated with temperature inversion daily of the surface (2 meters) to 700 H.Pa. Several different measures are used, including the height of the base and the height of the top of the inversion, the temperature at the base and at the top of the inversion, the temperature difference across the inversion, the depth of the inversion and pressure of base and top temperature inversion layer. After reviewing the information and data at first days with weak, medium, and intense and very intense temperature inversion conditions were specified.
The results indicate that mean annual temperature inversion phenomenon in Tabriz is equal to 191 days, 87% of which is related to the radiation temperature inversion and the remaining 13% is related to the subsidence temperature inversion. In total, 24 days intensity temperature inversion have seen which occurred 17 in winter particularly 12 days during the month of January and 7 days in autumn season. Very intense inversions occasions have mostly occurred during the cold season are radiation temperature inversion. In addition to 70% two stage temperature inversions occurred in winter season particularly in the month of January. Findings of this research have shown that restless to thickness inversion layer, peaked intense temperature inversion when hence difference temperature layer.


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MESCALERO, N.M. (AP) — Gov. Susana Martinez and Native American leaders are meeting in southern New Mexico for an annual tribal-state summit.
Education, water rights and natural resources, and tribal infrastructure and economic development are among the topics for Friday's meeting at a resort hotel and casino operated by the Mescalero Apache Tribe.
A banquet was held Thursday evening for the governor and leaders of New Mexico's 22 tribes and pueblos.
A 2009 state law requires the governor to meet with tribal leaders each year in a summit to address issues of mutual concern. American Indians account for about 9 percent of New Mexico's population, according to the Census Bureau.
Copyright 2013 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Did you like this article? Vote it up or down! And don't forget to add your comments below!
New Mexico is located in the southwestern region of the U.S. Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of Imperial Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory.


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Other High-Rise Fires
Fires have never collapsed skyscrapers.
The 100+ year history of steel frame high-rise buildings
provides a number of documented examples of
skyscrapers subjected to severe fires.
- 1991 One Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia
- Raged for 18 hours
- Gutted 8 floors of the 38-floor building
- 1988 First Interstate Bank Building fire in Los Angeles
- Burned out of control for 3-1/2 hours
- Gutted 4 floors of the 64-floor tower
- Burned low in building
Both fires exhibited:
- large emergent flames
- extensive ongoing window breakage
- blazes filling entire floors
Neither fire damaged the support columns of these buildings.
Report by Iklim Ltd. describes damage in the Los Angeles fire:
In spite of the total burnout of four and a half floors,
there was no damage to the main structural members
and only minor damage to one secondary beam
and a small number of floor pans.
These fires were much worse than those in the Twin Towers or Building 7.
Neither fire significantly damaged any vertical steel columns.


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Certificate in Election Administration, Technology and Security (CEATS)
The purpose of the Certificate in Election Administration, Technology and Security (CEATS) at Ball State University is to
1) professionalize interest in election administration primarily within the state of Indiana,
2) provide instruction on operations of Direct Record Electronic voting system (DRE), Optical Scan voting system (OPSCAN) and Electronic Poll Book (ePBs),
3) instruct on DRE, OPSCAN and ePB troubleshooting,
4) information technology and security basics,
5) election personnel training and management,
6) election law and
7) election day reporting.
Election Administrators are expected to be proficient in a number of diverse areas including human resources, poll worker training, election and procedural law, budgets, physical space management, organizational communication, public relations, information technology, and cybersecurity. This diversity is not traditionally captured in any one single educational or training program.
A Certificate satisfies an unmet need of being able to house these domains of knowledge in one educational experience. With changes in the laws and technology associated with elections in the United States after 2000, a need has emerged to provide education in the area of Election Administration. The Certificate Program in Election Administration, Technology and Security aims to fill an unmet need within the state of Indiana.
Those who successfully complete the program will receive a certificate suitable for framing signed by the Indiana Secretary of State, the co-directors of the Indiana Election Division, the certificate program directors, and the President of Ball State University.


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Local Supply for Chipped Stone Tools from the Site of Rug Bair
This paper presents the results of the analyses of raw material used in the production of chipped stone tools collected during the excavation of Rug Bair. Through the analyses of the stone artefacts, an attempt was made at constructing a more comprehensive picture of the raw materials and petrologic characteristics of the chipped stone industry at Rug Bair. The stone tools from Neolithic sites in the Republic of Macedonia have not been thoroughly analyzed in terms of raw materials. The absence of this analysis complicates the identification of the raw materials that were used by the inhabitants within the Neolithic settlements in Macedonia, including their provenance, the geographical distribution area in which the residents were moving, as well as the question of interaction with other simultaneous populations.
Reference: DIMITROVSKA. V., Local Supply for Chipped Stone Tools from the Site of Rug Bair, Haemus journal Vol. 1 (2012), Skopje, 11-28.


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TALK: Curlew Recovery Programme
@ Great North Museum – HancockBook Now
03 February 2017
Free for Natural History Society of Northumbria members. Suggested donation £3 for non-members. Drop in
The Curlew is an iconic species of our uplands and coastal estuaries. Its familiar 'curloo-curloo' call has inspired music, poetry and literature for hundreds of years.
Unfortunately, the Curlew has declined dramatically since the mid-1990s and is in urgent need of conservation. As the UK is the third most important country in the world for the breeding population we have a global responsibility to take action.
In this talk we will learn about the Curlew and the Programme, which aims to better understand the land management practices required to reverse Curlew population declines and to adopt a no regrets approach to Curlew recovery across the RSPB.
Sarah is the Curlew Recovery Programme Manager for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, based from their Newcastle office.
Great North Museum - Hancock
Newcastle upon Tyne


How to Make Date Paste
Many of our desserts and baking recipes rely heavily on date paste as a replacement for sugar. Because date paste includes the same nutrients you find in dates, it brings more nutrition to a dish than refined sugars. Date paste, however, is not easily available in most major grocery stores, which might leave you scratching your head. Never fear! Date paste is just date puree, and it's easy to make. Here are some tips for getting good results.
Apple-Date Torte
Apple-Date Torte is a wonderful dessert for trying out date paste because it's very forgiving where consistency is concerned.
1. Choose your dates.
For the best health benefit, look for whole, unsweetened dates. The ingredients label on the package should say only "dates." Some dried or chopped, candied dates contain added sugar, which you don't need.
2. Choose your amount.
Estimating your quantity is tricky, since date sizes vary by type and your ultimate volume will also depend on how much water you add. As a general rule of thumb, however, you will get approximately 1 cup of date paste for 12 Medjool dates.
3. Soak your dates.
Straight up dates will produce a paste thick enough to jam most blenders and getting a smooth consistency can be challenging. Cover your dates with warm water for 1 hour, then drain the liquid off completely, reserving the liquid.
4. Puree the dates.
Using the most powerful blending tool in your kitchen (blender, food processor, whatever you own that's strongest), puree the dates. If you're having trouble getting them to a nice paste consistency (think tomato paste for comparison), add in just enough water to reach a workable consistency.
5. Store the extra.
Because amounts can be challenging to adjust, it's not a bad idea to make date paste in a larger batch than you expect to need. Measure out 1/4 cup increments onto a parchment covered baking sheet and cover loosely with plastic wrap. Freeze for 4-6 hours, then transfer to a freezer bag for later use.


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|Definition - A word, phrase, or clause that both follows a copula and modifies the subject of the sentence.|
The moon was a ghostly galleon.
(In the above, was is a copula which links the subject complement ghostly galleon to the subject moon.)
Oxford English Dictionary - The term's first citation is from 1939:
"A certain number of adverbs may be used as *subject-complements, i.e. as complements to … verbs of incomplete predication."
(H. E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. (ed. 2) ii. 80)


Suvarna Garge (Editor)
Jugulodigastric lymph node
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Dorlands /Elsevier n_09/_PHONE_
Jugulodigastric lymph node
Latin nodus lymphoideus jugulodigastricus
The jugulodigastric lymph node is a large node found in the proximity of where the posterior belly of the digastric muscle crosses the internal jugular vein.
Enlarged tender jugulodigastric nodes, if accompanying exudative pharyngitis, is likely to be of Streptococcal etiology. Enlarged jugulodigastric lymph nodes are also commonly found in tonsillitis.
References
Jugulodigastric lymph node Wikipedia
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2 entries found for shout.
To select an entry, click on it.
Main Entry: 1shout
Function: verb 1: to utter a sudden loud cry 2: to utter in a loud voice - shout·ernoun synonymsSHOUT, SHRIEK, SCREECH mean to utter a loud cry. SHOUT suggests any kind of loud cry that is meant to be heard either far away or above other noise . SHRIEK suggests a high-pitched, shrill cry that is a sign of strong feeling . SCREECH suggests a drawn-out shriek that is usually without words and is very harsh and unpleasant .


text: Oakleigh Mechanics' Institute. First Built on this site in 1886. The Mechanics' Institute movement began in British urban industrial centres in the early 1800s. A "mechanic" was a person applying skills and technology. During the 19th century, most towns in Victoria established a Mechanics' Institute or Athenaeum with a library and meeting hall. Common objects were the "spread of useful knowledge" and provision for "rational recreation" in the community.This plaque, No. 18 in the MIV series, was placed in 2006 to commemorate the centenary of the rebuilding of the Oakleigh Mechanics' Institute and to record its educational, social, cultural and municipal importance to the community including service as Oakleigh Town Hall.


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Karnataka Revised Pay Fixation Methodology as per GO No.FD 6 SRP 2018
FIXATION OF PAY IN THE REVISED SCALES OF PAY: The initial pay of a Government servant shall be fixed in the corresponding revised scale of pay in the following manner:-
(i) An amount representing 30 percent of the basic pay shall be added to the 'existing emoluments' ;
(ii) After the 'existing emoluments' have been so added and increased, the pay shall be fixed in the corresponding revised scale as hereunder:-
(a) Where the amount computed as above is less than the minimum of the revised scale, it shall be fixed at the minimum;
(b) Where the amount computed as above is not less than the minimum but less than the maximum of the revised scale, the pay shall be fixed in the revised scale at the stage next above that amount; and
(c) Where the amount computed as above is equal to or more than the maximum of the revised scale, the pay shall be fixed at the maximum and the amount equal to the difference between the maximum and the stage of pay in the master scale (mentioned in paragraph 2.3) next above the amount shall be allowed as 'personal pay'.
Note: For this purpose, 'existing emoluments' shall include-
(a) the basic pay as defined in clause (c) of rule 3 of the Karnataka Civil Services (Revised Pay) Rules, 2018;
(b) dearness allowance of 45.25% of basic pay admissible as on 01.07.2017.


Andoni - Meaning of Andoni
What does Andoni mean?
[ 3 syll. an-do-ni, and-oni ] The baby boy name Andoni is pronounced AE-NDuwNiy- †. Andoni is of Latin origin and it is predominantly used in the Basque language. Andoni is a form of the English Anthony.
See also the related categories, latin and basque.
Andoni is a rarely used baby name for boys. It is not ranked within the top 1000 names. In 2018, within the group of boy names directly linked to Andoni, Anthony was the most regularly used.
Baby names that sound like Andoni include Amidan (Hebrew), Amitan (East Indian), Andeano, Andeino, Andieno, Andino (Italian), Andyno, Anthoney (English), Anthoni, Anthony (English), Antione (French and English), Antone (Slavic), Antoney, Antoni (Catalan and Polish), Antonia, Antonie (Dutch), Antonije (Slavic), Antono (Esperanto), Antony (English), and António (Portuguese).
Meaning of Andoni Meaning of Anthony
Baby Name Explorer for Andoni
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T.1 Re-specifying the analysis command
When the analysis and design engine executes the member selection operation you specified in the previous step, a new set of properties will end up being assigned to those members. This changes the stiffness distribution for the entire structure. Since the structure is statically indeterminate, it should be analyzed again to determine the correct the nodal displacements, member forces, etc. to reflect this new stiffness distribution.
- Select the Select command in the Analysis - Whole Structure dialog outline of the model commands.
Analysis and Design ribbon tab, select the
Analysis Commands tool in the
Analysis Data group.
- Select the Perform Analysis tab.
- Select the No Print option.
- Check the After Current option. This allows you to specify that where the new command is added. This will place the new Perform Analysis after the command selected in Step 1, instead of in the first valid point within the model file.
- Click Add.
- Click Close.


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Independent review of Flood Awareness Wales 2016
In December 2015 the Flood Awareness Wales (FAW) team at Natural Resources Wales (NRW) commissioned Collingwood Environmental Planning Ltd to carry out a review of the community engagement element of the FAW programme.
The overall aims of the review were:
- To assess the effectiveness of NRW's approaches to date, specifically in relation to the current model of operation - development of flood plans, which are supported and maintained by local flood volunteers
- To provide evidence and recommendations drawing on local, national and international best practice and approaches to date, to inform future practice in increasing community flood resilience across Wales
The FAW programme was developed by Welsh Government and Environment Agency Wales (EAW, now NRW) in 2010 to contribute to the delivery of flood and coastal erosion risk management objectives by raising awareness and increasing the preparedness of communities.
The Executive Summary presents the findings of the evidence review; a survey of flood plan volunteers; interviews with volunteers and professional partners.
If you would like a full copy of the report, or have any queries or comments, please email us directly at:


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KII Assessment and Report
WHAT IF YOU COULD GROW YOUR INFLUENCE?
The KII™ ("kay-two") is the FIRST and ONLY research-based assessment of Influence Potential.
Piloted at Clemson University, the KII™ provides you an accurate benchmark of your aptitudes on the Seven Influence Traits™; each are needed to increase influence. You'll learn which of these traits are already strengths and which need improvement.
The KII™ is the world's only scientifically, validated assessment that accurately measures your capacity to be influential.
The Keller Influence Indicator® delivers a unique, custom report that:
- Explains your K-Factor™ score.
- Defines each trait clearly and reveals how it is currently impacting your influence.
- Shows your K-Factor™ score and each influence trait score in relation to the general population with easy to read graphs.
- Shows strengths--what you are already doing right.
- Reveals the blind spots keeping you from reaching your full potential.
- Suggests growth actions you can make within each trait
- Teaches you how each trait can be applied at home, at work and in your community.
The KII™ dynamically measures your ever-changing scores on each of the Seven Influence Traits™. This allows you to accurately track your influence development over time.
Your ability to influence others is NOT static. You can change minds, shape opinions, and move others to act to:
- Become a more effective leader
- Increase your salary
- Get a promotion or better job
- Move forward an initiative
- Close more deals
- Launch a project
- Help a worthy cause
- Raise more donations
- Grow your business


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Flatten PDF Forms Fields in Flutter
PSPDFKit for Flutter allows you to create a new document with flattened forms. In a document with flattened forms, the form fields and their contents are still visible, but they're no longer editable.
The example below shows how to flatten forms using the
// First open a PDF file using 'present()'. await Pspdfkit.processAnnotations('all', 'flatten', 'PDFs/flattened-form.pdf');
For more details about how to use the
processAnnotations() function, please refer to our Process Annotations guide.


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A transwarp theory or a transwarp equation was the theoretical model of a transwarp application in technology.
A transwarp theory on transwarp beaming was an equation originally postulated by Starfleet officer Montgomery Scott in the mid-23rd century, whereby it was possible to beam an object or person from one planet to an adjacent one, from one star system to another, or even to a starship traveling at high warp. By 2387, Scott had perfected his equations to a functioning technology. (Star Trek; Star Trek Into Darkness)
|aperture • beaming • chamber • coil • computer • conduit • drive • factor • hub • network • probe • signal • signature • space • theory • threshold|


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Planetary nebula or symbiotic Mira? Near infrared colours mark the difference*
Institut für Astrophysik der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria ()
Corresponding author: S. Schmeja, _EMAIL_
Accepted: 17 August 2001
Nebulae around symbiotic Miras look very much like genuine planetary nebulae, although they are formed in a slightly different way. We present near infrared photometry of known and suspected symbiotic nebulae obtained with the Deep Near Infrared Southern Sky Survey (DENIS). We demonstrate that the near infrared colours are an excellent tool to distinguish symbiotic from genuine planetary nebulae. In particular we find that the bipolar planetary nebulae M 2-9 and Mz 3 are in fact symbiotic Miras. Further observations on prototype symbiotic Miras prove that the proposed classification scheme works generally.
Key words: planetary nebulae: general / binaries: symbiotic / stars: AGB and post-AGB / stars: winds, outflows
© ESO, 2001


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Basically that is the question - if we have a DVI file can we get on the base on it the original TeX file?
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no, that is not possible. – Herbert Mar 4 '12 at 17:39
It is comparable to the task of decomposing a once baked cake into its ingredients. – Thorsten Donig Nov 11 '12 at 8:42
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4 Answers
The simple answer is no. If you have a dvi and have lost the TeX there are tools such as dvi2tty which will extract the text and some of the paragraph structure, but in general you will have to add the markup back by hand.
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Somewhat alike to disassembling a compiled executable: Yes, technically it can be done - but you will lose much of the information that was contained in the original TeX source.
For example, the DVI contains the text "see also chapter 11.2".
You might be able to turn this into text again, but the information that this was originally written as see also chapter \ref{sec:FooBar} is irrevocably lost.
Since this is the case, I don't think anyone has ever made the effort to write such a DVI-to-text converter, since the usability of such text would be severly limited.
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No, technically it cannot be done. DVI, PDF and postscript contain text arranged on a page according to instructions in a (La)TeX document. You can extract the text, and you can try to guess at commands that would generate a similar page, and you might even guess well. But you'd be doing it by matching the result. If there is a number in the text, for example, you can never know for sure if it was typed literally or came from a TeX counter. Imagine eating a cake and trying to reconstruct the recipe: If you're good you can identify the ingredients and guess a lot about what was done, but the recipe itself is not in the cake.
Despite what some others said, it's not at all like disassembling: Executable code contains the algorithm, and disassembly just translates it to a human-readable language. Going from dvi to LaTeX is more like trying to reconstruct a C program from its output: Reverse engineering is a better term for it.
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PS files would be tremendously difficult to convert back to TeX.
With DVI files I think it would at least be partially possible. Of course all high-level macros and stuff like that would be lost. Compare the task to recovering, e.g., C++ code from a compiled binary file.
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Home arrow News & Pics arrow Killerglass FAQ's arrow What is Killerglass?
What is Killerglass? Print

 What is Killerglass (borosillicate) Glass?
Thanks to a railroad glass scientist needing to create a lantern that got hot but did not shatter when rain or snow got on it we now have pyres glass. The word Pyrex comes from the Greek Word pyro or fire, and Ex which refers to the type of glass. It does not expand or change shape when heated. This may be why Pyrex glass in the 1960s and '70s was used in the windows of the Apollo and Gemini spacecraft.
Composition of Pyrex Glass:
 Density (g/cm3) = 2.23000E+00 Mean Excitation Energy (eV) = 134.000000
Properties Of Borosilicate (PYREX 7740) Glass Chemical Resistance Borosilicate glass is inert to almost all materials with the exception of hydrofluoric acid, hot phosphoric acid and hot alkalies. Of these, hydrofluoric acid has the most serious effect and, even when a solution contains a few parts per million, attack will occur. Phosphoric acid and caustic solutions cause no problems when cold but at elevated temperatures corrosion occurs. Caustic solutions up to 30% concentration can be handled safely at ambient temperatures. Physical Properties: Composition Low-expansion borosilicate glass has the following approximate chemical composition:
SiO2 81%
Na2O 4.0%
K2O 0.5 B2O3 13.0%
Al2O3 2.0%
For further details please refer to ASTM E 438, "Standard Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus." Linear Coefficient of Expansion: Between 32°F and 572°F [0°C and 300°C], per ASTM Method E 228) 18.1 x 10-7 in/in/7°F 32.5x10-7 cm/cm/°C Annealing: All fittings and all straight lengths are annealed to reduce internal stress. This also makes the pipe easier to field fabricate. Thermal Conductivity: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft2-°F/ft 0.0035 cal/sec-cm2-°C/cm Specific Heat: 0.20 Btu/lb-°F 0.20 cal/gm-°C Dialectric Constant: at 23°C and 1M Hz per ASTM Method D 150: 4.6 ±-0.2 Density: Approximately 139 lb/ft3 (2.23 gm/cm3) Young's Modulus: per ASTM Method C215: in the range of 9 x 106 to 10 x 106 psi. Mechanical Strength: The mechanical properties of glass differ from those of metals. The lack of ductility of glass prevents the equalization of stresses at local irregularities or flaws and the breaking strength varies considerably about a mean value. This latter is commonly found to occur at a tensile strength of about 70 kg/cm2 (1000 psi). The glass should be adequately supported and appropriate allowance should be made for special conditions such as high temperatures, dense liquids, etc. Subject to the above, maximum working pressures are as specified in the following table. Working Temperatures Borosilicate glass retains its mechanical strength and will deform only at temperatures which approach its strain point. The practical upper limit for operating temperatures Is much lower and is controlled by the temperature ditterentials in the glass, which depend on the relative temperatures of the contents of the equipment and the external surroundings. Provided borosilicate glass is not subjected to rapid change in temperature, creating undue thermal shock, it can be operated safely at temperatures up to 450°F (232°C). The normal limiting factor is actually the gasket material. The degree of thermal shock (usually defined as sudden chilling) which it can withstand depends on many factors, for example: stresses due to operating conditions; stresses imposed in supporting the equipment; the wall thickness of the glass, etc. It is therefore undesirable to give an overall figure but, as a general guide, sudden temperature changes of up to about 216°F (120°C) can be accommodated At sub-zero temperatures, the tensile strength of borosilicate glass tends to increase and equipment can be used with safety at cryogenic temperatures.
Chemical Hardening
Killerglass is chemical hardened by our three step hardening process to increase the impact resistance of the borosilicate glass 300-400%
Making this the ideal product for severe duty applications.

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IT SPIRAL is a collaborative project by nine universities and four industries to develop a common curriculum for teaching software engineering. It combines existing foundation educational practices at the individual universities, a shared DVD library on advanced software engineering topics, and common intensive sessions led by industry participants. It aims to develop advanced IT skills in top-level students, shared educational skills and materials among the universities, and practical cooperation with industry to focus and advance masters level software engineering education. IT SPIRAL combines fundamentals, advanced topics, and a practical focus in a scalable approach to developing world-class software engineers.


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Practicing darts while lucid dreaming can improve your game... but only if you're focused.
Seriously, Science?By Seriously ScienceJanuary 30, 2017 5:00 PM
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Image: Flickr/Shannon KringenLike most sports, the more darts you throw, the better you get at hitting the target. But do you *have* to be physically throwing the dart, or is just mentally throwing the dart sufficient? As confusing as that question might be, it's what these scientists studied by having participants throw darts while lucid dreaming, and testing whether these "practice sessions" made them better at darts in real life. And it worked! But (obviously) only if the dreamers weren't distracted while "practicing". Finally, a cheap way to practice for my next speed eating contest!Improvement of darts performance following lucid dream practice depends on the number of distractions while rehearsing within the dream - a sleep laboratory pilot study. "In a lucid dream, the dreamer is aware of the dream state and can deliberately practice motor skills. Two field studies indicated that lucid dream practice can improve waking performance in simple motor tasks. The present pilot study investigated the effect of lucid dream practice in a controlled sleep laboratory setting, using a pre-post design with dart throwing in the evening and morning. The experimental group practiced darts in lucid dreams. Because some participants were distracted during lucid dream practice, the group was divided into lucid dreamers with few (n = 4) and many distractions (n = 5). Change of performance was compared to a physical practice group (n = 9) and a control group (n = 9), showing a significant interaction (P =.013, η2 =.368). Only the lucid dreamers with few distractions improved (18%) significantly over time (P =.005, d = 3.84). Even though these results have to be considered preliminary, the present study indicates that lucid dream practice can be an effective tool in sports practice if lucid dreamers find ways to minimise distractions during lucid dream practice. Moreover, the study emphasises the necessity to investigate lucid dream practice experiences on a qualitative level." Related content: What do Republicans dream about? (Hint: it's not sex.)Are people who dream about murder more likely to kill someone in real life?Want to control your dreams? Shock your brain to induce lucid dreaming!
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A Contrastive Lexicology of Greeting and Food Terms of English and Ogu Language: Its Pedagogical Implications
Keywords:lexical variations, lexical difficulties, structural semantics, contrastive analysis, second language (L2).
This paper is a contrastive study of two semantic fields of English and Ogu language namely greeting terms and food terms with the aim of identifying how lexical variations in the two semantic fields affect the learning of English by Ogu second language (L2) learner. The paper observed that the internal differentiation of human societies is reflected in the two languages, and responsible for some learning difficulties of Ogu English learner, especially in the lexis, which is considered as more culturally generated. The theoretical framework for the study is anchored on structural semantics, Sapir-whorf hypothesis and contrastive analysis principles. Twenty (20) subjects, who are Ogu/English bilinguals were purposively selected and interviewed with specific questions from the two semantic fields under study. The findings revealed that the socio-cultural and geographical realities of each speech community accounts for their vocabulary and naming of words. The paper thus recommended proper understanding of the learner's culture for proper translation of texts, design appropriate module for teaching and learning English, and a practical classroom approach to learning of second language vocabulary as some of the ways of resolving the learning problems confronted by Ogu learners of English.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2022 Taofeek Olanrewaju Alabi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


INSERT Procedure Example
To see an example of an INSERT procedure
 1. Load the example model CICSAccts.model into the Design Tool.
 2. The Main entity appears in the model window.
 3. Select Tables from the Model menu.
 4. Expand the Accounts table by clicking the plus sign (+) next to it.
 5. The procedures for the Accounts table appear below.
 6. Click the InsertAccount procedure.
Evaluate the structure of this procedure in the Procedure Editor and in the Tables dialog box.


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What is OpenStruct used for?
(Scott Hollinshead) #1
I have come accross OpenStruct quite a lot recently as I venture into other peoples code on GitHub or watching a few conferences online.
Can somebody please explain what is is and why you use it?
I have seen Struct also, could someone explain what this is too and also what the difference between OpenStruct and Struct are ?
I saw this recently in a conference @benorenstein did last year at Rocky Mountain Ruby some of the code was this:
class DateRange < Struct.new(:start_date, :end_date)
end
class Order < OpenStruct
 def placed_between?(date_range)
 placed_at >= date_range.start_date &&
 place_at <= date_range.end_date
 end
end
Thanks
(Matthew Sumner) #2
So I believe they are both just convenient ways to bundle a bunch of attributes into a object. The difference between the two is in their initialization, a Struct takes position order arguments while OpenStruct will take a hash and derive attributes from it.
Both are used when a class is too heavy handed but you still need to represent something as an object. It seems like a good practice to use them to represent data over things like arrays of hashes because later on, when/if the code needs to change it is simple enough to swap out the structs for new, more complex objects.
(Geoff Harcourt) #3
@deviousduck is right. If you're building lots of small, non-ActiveRecord classes, and you find yourself setting up a objects where the #initialize method just sets the arguments to instance variables, and then you're referencing those same variables through attr_reader, your class might be a good candidate for a Struct. I often don't use it because by the time I realize I need it I've already done all that work, but it's a nice pattern for simple classes.


Strange things I see frequently
I don't know if they didn't get the memo, but a startlingly large number of people talking on cell phones in Mexico hold the phone in front of their mouth while talking. It is as if they didn't know that the mouthpiece on these things was designed to pick up their voice WHILE the body of the phone is pressed to their ear. This allows for a quite handy full-duplex conversation, a wonderful feature of modern life. I never noticed this type of behavior in other countries I have visited, so what is up with Mexico or its cell phones?


text:
Images Paint for OneNote crop
Because in OneNote, there is no direct function, with the help of which you crop images, you need to to Paint draw:
- Open Paint.
- Insert your image by Drag & Drop or via "file" and "Open".
- At the top, click "Select" and you cut, holding down the right mouse button to your desired area.
- Click with the right mouse button on the selected area and select "cut".
- You delete the entire image ("Select All" and then [Del]) and then paste with "Paste" the cut-out neckline. Save the image and paste it in OneNote.
OneNote has notes of additional functions. You can, for example, a check-list in OneNote, create.


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The Origin of War Driving
- 0 Comments
Why does "war driving" use the term "war?" Admittedly, the practice of war driving is an attempt to obtain information illicitly, but a better term might be something like "Eavesdrop driving."
The term "war chalking" seems to have come along as a Johnny-come-lately term for "war driving." War driving was already firmly entrenched in the Wi-Fi counter-culture, so when the newer grass-roots activity of marking Wi-Fi hotspots came along, perhaps it seemed natural to use the "war" word. But how was "war driving" named in the first place?
The term derives from "war dialing," which was the pre-broadband hacker practice of programming a computer to dial hundreds of dial-up access numbers, hoping to find one that was not protected (or could easily be cracked). It was popularized by the movie War Games (1983).


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Should you visit Australia or Japan?
Australia and Japan are both relatively expensive countries to visit, but Australia is more expensive.
Australia is a large and diverse country both in its landscapes and cultures. On the coasts you'll find great beautiful beaches and big cities. In the north are tropical areas known for wildlife. And in the center is deserts, forests, and geological wonders like no place else on Earth. The Outback, the Great Barrier Reef, the Blue Mountains, Ayers Rock, Surfer's Paradise, and the Sydney Opera House are just a few of the world famous locations to see in Australia.
Japan is a nation of deep history and culture wrapped in a modern technological wonderland. Here you can visit ancient temples and castles and then participate in a sci-fi anime film festival on the same day. Outside of the larger cities, a calm agricultural countryside awaits you. Here you can go biking, hiking, boating, or even relax on a beach.
Which country is cheaper, Japan or Australia?
Should I visit Australia or Japan? This is a popular question for many travelers. By figuring out which country is more expensive, you'll understand where you'll get more bang for your buck. A week in Japan can cost you about $865 (per person), while a week in Australia may cost you around $1,139. These differences become even more noticable if you plan to spend a longer time in the country. 10 days, two weeks, or even one month of travel to Japan or Australia can really add to your travel budget.
Accommodation is often cheaper in Japan compared to Australia ($59 vs. $70). Budget travelers usually stay in less expensive hostels and guest houses, while nicer hotels often appeal to families and upscale travelers.
Compare hotel prices here: Australia Hotel Prices and Japan Hotel Prices.
Or, compare hostel and guesthouse prices between Japan and Australia to find the cheapest accommodation here: Japan hostels and Australia hostels.
When comparing food in Australia vs. Japan they are not just different in cuisine, but also in price. Meal and restaurant costs in Australia ($35) are often cheaper than Japan ($30).
When is the best time to visit Australia and Japan?
Australia, being in the southern hemisphere, experiences warm summer months from November to April, and colder winter months from May to October. However, northern Australia is fairly close to the equator, and experiences warmer weather year-round. At the same time, southern Australia experiences four full seasons (much like the U.S. and Europe), with cold winters and warm, humid summers.
Much of northern Australia can be visited year-round due to the warm tropical climate and mild winters. However, the best time to visit Australia's beaches and big cities of the southeast is in the Spring, Summer, and Fall (avoiding June, July, and August as they are the coldest months). Traveling to Australia in the shoulder seasons can often lead to cheaper prices.
Japan experiences four full seasons, much like Europe and North America. Winters in northern Japan can be quite cold and snowy. The south is generally mild and warmer in the winter, however. Summers are the peak travel time, especially in the larger cities in the central and northern regions of Japan. Visit during the shoulder seasons for mild weather and lower prices.
Why is Australia more expensive than Japan?
Australia is a modern, first world nation with a high cost of living, modern technological and industrial economy, and thriving middle class. All of these factors raise the overall prices for travel in Australia compared to much of the world, especially some of its Pacific and Asian neighbors.
Modern hotels and restaurants can be found everywhere, providing the level of luxury and modern conveniences that western tourists from the U.S. and Europe expect. However, this level of luxury comes at a higher price.
Japan tends to be a little cheaper, not nessasarily because of its cost of living (which is high), but because of its abundance of inexpensive hotels for business travelers and budget tourists. Furthermore, the Japanese islands are easier to traverse than the larger continent of Australia, leading to generally cheaper transportation prices between destinations.
What are the most expensive and cheapest cities and regions in Australia and Japan?
The beach areas of Australia can be fairly expensive, especially in the peak summer months. The east coast beaches in Queensland from Bisbane and the Gold Coast all the way up to Cairns are full of higher-end hotels and restaurants. However, cheaper options can be found as there are also plenty of hostels, budget hotels, and less expensive restaurants. The areas around the Whitsunday Islands and the launching points for the Great Barrier Reef can also be pricey.
The larger cities of Australia, especially those in the southeast, can get expensive as well. While budget options are available, expect prices to be generally higher for most services.
Tours and excursions into the Outback and central areas of Australia can sometimes be expensive due to the great distances that must be traveled as well as the prices for activities such as visiting national parks, hiking and trekking, etc.
The cities in Japan are usually more expensive than the countryside. In larger cities, and tourist destinations, such as Tokyo, Kyoto, and Sapporo, hotels and restaurants have higher prices due to more demand for services. While the countryside is not necessarily cheap, better bargains can be found, especially in rural areas away from heavily touristed areas. Beach and resort destinations are also pricey.
How you can save money when visiting Australia and Japan?
In Australia, booking ahead for hotels and hostels can often save you money and provide the ability to shop around. Also look for budget accommodation in Japan online. This will help with your overall budget, as hotels and hostels tend to be expensive.
Use public transportation in Japan whenever possible. Taxis can be very expensive, and trains and buses go everywhere. Public transportation in Australian cities is cheap and efficient, and sometimes even free. Use it whenever possible. Look for long distance bus routes between major cities if renting a car is too expensive. Also, the train can be an affordable and relaxing option.
Instead of staying at a hotel or hostel, consider alternatives such as camping, couch surfing, or a home stay.
To eat cheaply in Japan, look for one of the many small restaurants that serves up traditional Japanese noodles and soup. Often, these restaurants will have a payment machine that looks like a vending machine. Buy a cheap ticket from the machine, and the cook then prepares your bowl of noodles.


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Mathematics Curriculum Specialist
Mathematics Curriculum Specialist, Durham, NC Office
We are an education company seeking a full-time Mathematics Curriculum Specialist. CASE Assessments provides benchmark assessments and a test item bank for school districts in Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. We are seeking a math specialist to develop Common Core and state standards assessment products for delivery in print and online.
This mathematics curriculum specialist position is a full-time position in our Durham, NC office. At this time, we will not be considering applicants unable to work in the Durham office.
- Bachelor's degree in mathematics and/or education with a focus on mathematics
- Mastery of mathematical content knowledge relevant to teaching experience
- Minimum 2-3 years' experience as a certified classroom teacher
- Strong command of Common Core Standards
- Demonstrated aptitude for writing and reviewing summative assessment items for Common Core content
- Proficiency in Microsoft Office, primarily Word and Excel
- In addition to professional knowledge, the candidate should have:
- The ability to work well in a group
- The ability to be a critical thinker who is able to give and receive constructive feedback on assessment products
- The ability to work under deadlines by prioritizing and organizing work effectively
- The ability to work in a flexible, dynamic environment
- Preference may be given to a candidate with more teaching experience and/or with additional experience writing mathematics items for use in print and online educational platforms.
- Preference may be given to a candidate with strong content knowledge of Elementary through Algebra I/Math I math curriculum.
- Preference may be given to a candidate with additional experience using graphics software (e.g., Microsoft Paint and/or Adobe Illustrator).
- Preference may be given to a candidate with a Master's Degree in mathematics or education or with National Board Certification.


text:
Utilizing measurements on a lanthano-aluminosilicate core optical fiber, the specific effects of lanthana (La2O3) on the Brillouin characteristics of silica-based oxide glass optical fibers are described. Lanthana is an interesting species to investigate since it possesses a wide transparency window covering the common fiber laser and telecom system wavelengths. As might be expected, it is found that the properties of lanthana are very similar to those of ytterbia (Yb2O3), namely, low acoustic velocity, wide Brillouin spectral width, and a negative photoelastic constant, with the latter two properties affording significant reductions to the Brillouin gain coefficient. However, lanthana possesses thermo-acoustic and strain-acoustic coefficients (acoustic velocity versus temperature or strain, TAC and SAC, respectively) with signs that are opposed to those of ytterbia. The lanthanoaluminosilicate (SAL) fiber utilized in this study is Brillouin-athermal (no dependence of the Brillouin frequency on temperature), but not atensic (is dependent upon the strain), which is believed to be, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of such a glass fiber utilizing a compositional engineering approach.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
- Engineering (miscellaneous)
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


Kumi Naidoo: my five lessons in civil disobedience
From anti-apartheid protests, to scaling Arctic oil rigs, the head of Greenpeace shares his experience of peaceful resistance
Kumi Naidoo
Kumi Naidoo is the international executive director of Greenpeace. Photograph: Ted Aljibe/AFP/Getty Images Photograph: TED ALJIBE/AFP/Getty Images
Last modified on Wed 14 Feb 2018 13.08 EST
Civil disobedience is a way of expressing political opposition that pushes beyond what the law allows you to do, in terms of resistance. It is an act that says "we are deliberately breaking an unjust law." We often talk about it as a problem. In fact, I would argue that our problem is civil obedience. People too readily accept governments that do not hold to their promises.
My first brush with civil disobedience was when I was 15 and in the years since, I've learned a few things about its power, and its limitations. Here's a few of my lessons:
1. Nothing important comes without sacrifice
Protesters in Fordsburg, South Africa. Photograph: Getty Images Photograph: Jurgen Schadeberg/Getty Images
I was one of thousands of young people in South Africa that joined the national student protests against inequality in apartheid education. At that age, you don't always understand the wider context of your actions. The slogan at the front of the march was "we want equality", and at the back it was " we want a colour TV".
Despite this, what we were doing was important: we were resisting by refusing to go to classes and challenging the law that legally prohibited more than four people to march in the streets together. It was only here that I discovered that Nelson Mandela actually existed, and learned about the bigger picture of apartheid in South Africa. The media were restricted in how much they could report on him and so I had never seen his picture.
Following this I led a protest in my community with between 3,000-4,000 people, where the police charged at us with tear gas. The experience of participating in these acts early on affected me in a very direct sense. They taught me the important lesson that nothing important will come without sacrifice, commitment and courage.
2. Stay positive: first they will fight you, but then you will win
Mahatma Gandhi leading the Salt March in protest against the government monopoly on salt production. Photograph: Central Press/Getty Images Photograph: Central Press/Getty Images
South Africa has a strong connection to Gandhi. It was during his time there that he learned his politics, and honed his Satyagraha, which means passive resistance or civil disobedience as we now tend to call it.
There was always a photo of Gandhi in my family home and he was an influential figure for me as I was growing up. I developed a strong adherence to his notion of "soul force". For me, this translated as the importance of being willing to take the violence of the state. The moral authority to take this stance means that ultimately you will succeed in your mission.
My favourite quote is from Gandhi and it is one that is so relevant to civil disobedience today: "First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, and then you win". If you look at the situation Greenpeace is in, they are fighting us really hard in the courts, they are invading our privacy and preventing our actions. But Gandhi's philosophy makes me optimistic that this is a positive indication that we are closing in on the changes we are campaigning for.
3. When governments respond with force, they help to grow the movement
Arctic 30
One of the Arctic 30, makes the victory sign as he is released on bail in St Petersburg. Photograph: Olga Maltseva/AFP/Getty Images Photograph: OLGA MALTSEVA/AFP/Getty Images
The power of civil disobedience as a strategy lies in its moral authority. If you have numbers, diversity of voices, and are able to maintain a peaceful event, then it can be immensely powerful. It speaks to the oppressed and the oppressor in different ways. To the oppressed, or the people affected, it gives them strength to continue their struggle. To the oppressors, exceptional acts of moral courage force them to listen.
The recent Arctic 30 campaign and the arrests it incurred on many activists, myself included, is a good example of this. It is clear that when I was up a rig on the oil ship being bombarded with water for 15 hours, I wasn't doing it for selfish reasons, and nor were any of the Arctic 30 doing it for personal gain. It was remarkable how many heads of state then came out and called for the release of the arrested activists. Governments badly miscalculate when they respond to civil disobedience by throwing activists in prison and assuming this will terrify the public. In fact, the effect is always the opposite: it helps to grow the movement. It forces those in power to recalibrate and recognise the democratic intent of what activists are trying to achieve.
4. Be patient, failure is integral to the path to progress
Martin Luther King
Civil rights leader Dr Martin Luther King on the fourth day of their march from Selma to Montgomery. Photograph: Ben Martin/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Image Photograph: Ben Martin/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Image
You could say most acts of civil disobedience fail because they don't get results immediately. In the case of Arctic 30 they failed because oil was eventually drilled and removed from the area. But on the flipside, we now have more than 10 million people campaigning to have the Arctic declared a global sanctuary with no industrial activities. It is important to remember that not everything that counts can be measured.
We can learn from those who have engaged in civil disobedience in the past that it wasn't their first action that delivered their result. For Martin Luther King or Rosa Parks, it was an accumulation of lots of different actions over a long time.
5. Explore the potential of digital civil disobedience
How has technology and social media changed the way civil disobedience is expressed? Photograph: Indranil Mukherjee/AFP/Getty Images Photograph: INDRANIL MUKHERJEE/AFP/Getty Images
Wikileaks and the Edward Snowden NSA revelations created an opportunity for people to know what governments were hiding from them and have changed the whole debate around privacy. These are good examples of digital civil disobedience.
I think the social media space has thrown up a lot of possibilities for civil disobedience, protest and the strengthening of civil society generally. When you look at resistance during the Arab spring, people used Facebook to spread the word, Twitter to tell people where to be when, and YouTube to document and share what they experienced and what they achieved. The question is what laws do you break online in terms of pushing that space? At Greenpeace we are trying to make sense of this new area but the future looks promising.
Today, unlike 50 years ago there are lots of forums for engagement between civil society and those in business and government. This is evident at UN meetings, where national civil society groups are invited to take part of the consultative process. I think we've long chased after some sort of explosion of democracy, and the idea that success would be when governments wanted to talk to us. But I think we should beware of the value of some of these engagements. Sometimes they are more insults than anything else, just a box-ticking exercise. We may need a different measure of meaningful progress.
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Home » pets » Can Diabetic Cats Eat Kale
Can Diabetic Cats Eat Kale
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Kale can only be eaten by dogs—if the dog actually eats the leaf. Adult cats should be fed 1 can of tiki cat per 10 pounds of body weight every day.
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Can diabetic cats eat kale. If you're a fan of kale, you're in luck: Learn how fruit affects your blood sugar and what types of fruits are best for you. Tuna, mackerel or crab broth (depending on flavor), sunflower seed oil, vitamin e, b12, b3, d3 and a supplements and folic acid.
But it's best to keep it small and infrequent. But, can dogs eat quinoa? Getting the blood glucose under control can resolve "glucose toxicity".
According to veterinarian lorraine a. If your cat is overweight, adding some veggies to her diet can help keep her weight down. Try one or more of these serving suggestions for kale:
Can cats eat mustard greens, collard greens, and kale? The answer is yes, cats can eat quinoa in moderation. You can eat lots of it without worrying too much about how it will impact your waistline.
However, kale isn't without benefits and can actually be good in small portions! Vegetables like broccoli, celery, kale, asparagus can be included in a diabetic dog diet. They can also eat tomatoes, carrots, squash, sprouts and broccoli.
Also recommended if your cat is diabetic or suffers from any other chronic health condition. Lycopenes also slow the progression of vision loss with age: Pierson also notes that cats are obligate carnivores.
In fact, lettuce ranks alongside broccoli, cabbage, spinach, and kale among the top vegetables that cats can eat. They are not safe for cats. Beets, collard, parsley, spinach and swiss chard are high in oxalic acid.
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And, so this can cause heinz body anemia. Yes, diabetic cats and cats suffering from various kidney complications can benefit from the high potassium content in the. Quinoa is an extremely healthy food for humans.
So, there are no immediate health concerns to worry about. Foods can also protect you from problems caused by diabetes, like heart disease, obesity, and high blood pressure. Though it definitely should not make up the majority of your cat's caloric intake, it does have some nutrition.
An occasional taste of cooked boneless beef or brown rice can be an ok treat. Spinach is safe for cats. Oxalic acid can lead to kidney stones and a depletion of calcium in the body.
Spinach is considered to be so healthy for us humans that it's sometimes referred to as "superfood", for cats, though, spinach wouldn't make a healthy treat. They also eat grass to assist in digestion (there is a misconception that cats eat grass to help them vomit). Let's take a closer look at kale for rabbits.
Steam or boil kale and serve with a sprinkle of red wine vinegar Can cats with kidney disease eat lettuce? Thank you for your question.
Find out more about how fruits can be part of a healthy meal plan when you have diabetes. Cats don't have a high thirst drive and those on dry food tend to consume less than half the moisture of those on canned food. Pets who suffer from or are at risk for kidney.
Vegetables and fruits (like pumpkin) do provide vitamins, antioxidant support and fiber for cats. Kale is safe for dogs when shared in small portions and occasionally. Corriveau of purdue university teaching hospital, sugar gliders in zoos eat apples, bananas, grapes, kiwi fruit, oranges, pears, melons, pawpaws and papayas.
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Onions (toxic to dogs and cats) chives (toxic to dogs and cats) garlic (toxic to dogs and cats) tomatoes; You should not let your cat eat kale. Glucose toxicity is the negative impact an elevated blood glucose has on the.
Benefits that can come from kale. Carrots and sweet potatoes are also good for your dog's digestion, but only in moderation since they. Buchoff says to be sure to make it mushy if not tiny, or else your cat will not eat it and they won't receive any of the benefits of the food.
Kale will act as an oxidizing agent in the cat. While getting your dog to eat the leafy super food can be a problem, the actual leaf itself is incredibly easy to cook, prepare, and make use of. These plants also may (or may not) trigger heinz body anemia.
Kale is a great source of vitamins a, b, c and k, which help to boost the immune system, help blood clotting and are important for vision and eye health. Diabetic cats everywhere owe dr. Mild hyperglycemia (high glucose) is always better than hypoglycemia (low glucose), so it's extremely important for your diabetic dog to eat.
When you have type 2 diabetes, what you eat can help keep the disease in check. Cats, as they get older, their lens can get cloudy, and lycopenes can help with that. when preparing human food for your cat, dr. They are not recommended because some experts believe they have the potential.
Vegetables sugar gliders eat in zoos include sweet potatoes, lettuce and corn. In the wild, cats consume the predigested veggies from the stomachs of their prey (usually birds and rodents). Talking with your vet about the cat food you provide and following the directions on the label will help ensure your cat's diet is balanced and your cat stays healthy.
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Too much of either/all of the above can be dangerous. There is no poisoning risk associated with eating this grain, so there is no need to panic if you catch your cat eating it off the floor. If you like kale, you'll be happy to know that you can eat lots of it without blowing your diet.
"yes, hamsters can have kale, but only a little at a time, and not all that often." read on for our complete guide to kale for hamsters. The answer is generally yes.the edible seed is actually an. Cats are built to tolerate a certain amount of roughage in their diets.
Cats are carnivores and need meat. It's packed with protein, calcium, and other nutrients. While there's no need to panic if your cat had a little spinach, it's best not to make it a regular part of your cat's diet.
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I have seen often that characters in One Piece have their weird (read: at times irritating) signatures. Is there any specific reason for them?
For example, in the picture below, Vito has rorero as his signature. These suffixes sometimes kill the entire feel of the scene, which is why I was wondering why were they so important to have in the first place.
In One Piece, many characters are known to laugh in unusual ways by either adding to the typical "haha" or using different syllables entirely. These laughter patterns are often unique to individuals and may be based on their personalities or appearances. Some of the especially weird laughs are different in translated versions; for example, Caesar's "shurororo" becomes "shuhohoho" in the English manga. It should be noted that laughing style of "Fufufufu" or "Ufufufufu" is a common Japanese laughing style used for mature women in anime and manga. In addition, the common phrase "Arara" is not a laugh, but rather the Japanese version of "Oh my, oh my, oh my".
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 - While this link may answer the question, it is better to include the essential parts of the answer here and provide the link for reference. Link-only answers can become invalid if the linked page changes. - From Review – Happy Face Jan 25 '17 at 12:02
 - done _USER_ – rahul Jan 25 '17 at 12:15
One Piece does quite a bit across the long franchise to ensure that every plot character is remembered in a different way. In addition to being drawn differently having different suffixes or having a different laugh serves as a tool to help establish that character as a unique identity.
Caesar, Doflamingo,Gekko Moria and numerous others in the show, the manga and the movies all make use of this.
In addition to suffixes and laughs there is also gestures, like Brook asking to see your panties or chopper hiding the wrong way that are also unique to add differentiation to each character.
In summation, the above are all tropes commonly used in anime to add individuality to each character.
I could ask you a similar question. Why do so many characters in One Piece have weird laughter styles?
Well, that's because it's a characteristic of the series. Characters laugh in specific ways (gabababa, dereshishishi, horohorohoeo etc), as well as have certain catchphrases that they repeat, like the zipper-mouth guy of CP9 - Fukuro, as well as many other characters.
It's just how the universe of One Piece operates. You shouldn't question this if you want to keep your sanity intact.
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 This is not an answer to this question – Bálint Jan 19 '17 at 7:59
 - Yes it is. You clearly didn't read the answer you (most likely) downvoted. I advise checking the answer again. It explains the quirks of One Piece -- the catchprases that characters have as well as their laughter styles. It all ties in together. – a25bedc5-3d09-41b8-82fb-ea6c353d75ae Jan 19 '17 at 23:28
 - I didn't downvote – Bálint Jan 20 '17 at 6:23
 - You're speaking about laughter, the question asks about suffixes. They aren't the same. – Bálint Jan 20 '17 at 6:24
 - _USER_ but I mentioned both... I compared thee two (the catch-phrases and laughter styles), as these are both characteristics of the show... – a25bedc5-3d09-41b8-82fb-ea6c353d75ae Jan 20 '17 at 17:40
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NAME Class::C3 - A pragma to use the C3 method resolution order algorithm SYNOPSIS # NOTE - DO NOT USE Class::C3 directly as a user, use MRO::Compat instead! package ClassA; use Class::C3; sub hello { 'A::hello' } package ClassB; use base 'ClassA'; use Class::C3; package ClassC; use base 'ClassA'; use Class::C3; sub hello { 'C::hello' } package ClassD; use base ('ClassB', 'ClassC'); use Class::C3; # Classic Diamond MI pattern # # / \ # # \ / # package main; # initializez the C3 module # (formerly called in INIT) Class::C3::initialize(); print join ','=> Class::C3::calculateMRO('ClassD'); # prints ClassD, ClassB, ClassC, ClassA print ClassD->hello(); # prints 'C::hello' instead of the standard p5 'A::hello' ClassD->can('hello')->(); # can() also works correctly UNIVERSAL::can('ClassD', 'hello'); # as does UNIVERSAL::can() DESCRIPTION This is pragma to change Perl 5's standard method resolution order from depth-first left-to-right (a.k.a - pre-order) to the more sophisticated C3 method resolution order. NOTE: YOU SHOULD NOT USE THIS MODULE DIRECTLY - The feature provided is integrated into perl version >= 5.9.5, and you should use MRO::Compat instead, which will use the core implementation in newer perls, but fallback to using this implementation on older perls. What is C3? C3 is the name of an algorithm which aims to provide a sane method resolution order under multiple inheritance. It was first introduced in the language Dylan (see links in the "SEE ALSO" section), and then later adopted as the preferred MRO (Method Resolution Order) for the new-style classes in Python 2.3. Most recently it has been adopted as the 'canonical' MRO for Perl 6 classes, and the default MRO for Parrot objects as well. How does C3 work. C3 works by always preserving local precedence ordering. This essentially means that no class will appear before any of its subclasses. Take the classic diamond inheritance pattern for instance: / \ \ / The standard Perl 5 MRO would be (D, B, A, C). The result being that A appears before C, even though C is the subclass of A. The C3 MRO algorithm however, produces the following MRO (D, B, C, A), which does not have this same issue. This example is fairly trivial, for more complex examples and a deeper explanation, see the links in the "SEE ALSO" section. How does this module work? This module uses a technique similar to Perl 5's method caching. When "Class::C3::initialize" is called, this module calculates the MRO of all the classes which called "use Class::C3". It then gathers information from the symbol tables of each of those classes, and builds a set of method aliases for the correct dispatch ordering. Once all these C3-based method tables are created, it then adds the method aliases into the local classes symbol table. The end result is actually classes with pre-cached method dispatch. However, this caching does not do well if you start changing your _USER_ or messing with class symbol tables, so you should consider your classes to be effectively closed. See the CAVEATS section for more details. OPTIONAL LOWERCASE PRAGMA This release also includes an optional module c3 in the opt/ folder. I did not include this in the regular install since lowercase module names are considered *"bad"* by some people. However I think that code looks much nicer like this: package MyClass; use c3; This is more clunky: package MyClass; use Class::C3; But hey, it's your choice, that's why it is optional. FUNCTIONS calculateMRO ($class) Given a $class this will return an array of class names in the proper C3 method resolution order. initialize This must be called to initialize the C3 method dispatch tables, this module will not work if you do not do this. It is advised to do this as soon as possible after loading any classes which use C3. Here is a quick code example: package Foo; use Class::C3; #... Foo methods here package Bar; use Class::C3; use base 'Foo'; #... Bar methods here package main; Class::C3::initialize(); # now it is safe to use Foo and Bar This function used to be called automatically for you in the INIT phase of the perl compiler, but that lead to warnings if this module was required at runtime. After discussion with my user base (the DBIx::Class folks), we decided that calling this in INIT was more of an annoyance than a convenience. I apologize to anyone this causes problems for (although I would be very surprised if I had any other users other than the DBIx::Class folks). The simplest solution of course is to define your own INIT method which calls this function. NOTE: If "initialize" detects that "initialize" has already been executed, it will "uninitialize" and clear the MRO cache first. uninitialize Calling this function results in the removal of all cached methods, and the restoration of the old Perl 5 style dispatch order (depth-first, left-to-right). reinitialize This is an alias for "initialize" above. METHOD REDISPATCHING It is always useful to be able to re-dispatch your method call to the "next most applicable method". This module provides a pseudo package along the lines of "SUPER::" or "NEXT::" which will re-dispatch the method along the C3 linearization. This is best shown with an example. # a classic diamond MI pattern... # # / \ # # \ / # package A; use c3; sub foo { 'A::foo' } package B; use base 'A'; use c3; sub foo { 'B::foo => '. (shift)->next::method() } package C; use base 'A'; use c3; sub foo { 'C::foo => '. (shift)->next::method() } package D; use base ('B', 'C'); use c3; sub foo { 'D::foo => '. (shift)->next::method() } print D->foo; # prints out "D::foo => B::foo => C::foo => A::foo" A few things to note. First, we do not require you to add on the method name to the "next::method" call (this is unlike "NEXT::" and "SUPER::" which do require that). This helps to enforce the rule that you cannot dispatch to a method of a different name (this is how "NEXT::" behaves as well). The next thing to keep in mind is that you will need to pass all arguments to "next::method". It can not automatically use the current _USER_. If "next::method" cannot find a next method to re-dispatch the call to, it will throw an exception. You can use "next::can" to see if "next::method" will succeed before you call it like so: $self->next::method(_USER_) if $self->next::can; Additionally, you can use "maybe::next::method" as a shortcut to only call the next method if it exists. The previous example could be simply written as: $self->maybe::next::method(_USER_); There are some caveats about using "next::method", see below for those. CAVEATS This module used to be labeled as *experimental*, however it has now been pretty heavily tested by the good folks over at DBIx::Class and I am confident this module is perfectly usable for whatever your needs might be. But there are still caveats, so here goes... Use of "SUPER::". The idea of "SUPER::" under multiple inheritance is ambiguous, and generally not recommended anyway. However, its use in conjunction with this module is very much not recommended, and in fact very discouraged. The recommended approach is to instead use the supplied "next::method" feature, see more details on its usage above. Changing _USER_. It is the author's opinion that changing _USER_ at runtime is pure insanity anyway. However, people do it, so I must caveat. Any changes to the _USER_ will not be reflected in the MRO calculated by this module, and therefore probably won't even show up. If you do this, you will need to call "reinitialize" in order to recalculate all method dispatch tables. See the "reinitialize" documentation and an example in t/20_reinitialize.t for more information. Adding/deleting methods from class symbol tables. This module calculates the MRO for each requested class by interrogating the symbol tables of said classes. So any symbol table manipulation which takes place after our INIT phase is run will not be reflected in the calculated MRO. Just as with changing the _USER_, you will need to call "reinitialize" for any changes you make to take effect. Calling "next::method" from methods defined outside the class There is an edge case when using "next::method" from within a subroutine which was created in a different module than the one it is called from. It sounds complicated, but it really isn't. Here is an example which will not work correctly: *Foo::foo = sub { (shift)->next::method(_USER_) }; The problem exists because the anonymous subroutine being assigned to the glob *


text: "In 1999 James Brett founded Pomegreat the first commercial pomegranate drink in Europe. In 2004 in a newspaper article James mentions he would like to see things change in Afghanistan and that pomegranates could help. In 2007 James attended a horticulture seminar in Kabul Afghanistan and whilst there ran into a field of opium farmers and convinced a farmer to grow pomegranates. Two months later James returned to Afghanistan and erected a sign on the farmer's land that read "this land has been acquired as an alternative livelihood from poppies to pomegranates. The next day James appeared on national television in Afghanistan and urged farmers to grow lots of pomegranates. So many farmers came forward that James realised something large scale could be achieved and was introduced to some elders in the tribal system in Afghanistan.


text:
Zodiac is a 2007 crime thriller film based on the real-life Zodiac Killer who terrorized San Francisco in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The movie follows the investigation of the case by a cartoonist, a journalist, and a detective, as they try to identify and catch the elusive killer.
Futura Light. font is used for the movie title on the poster. It was developed by the Bauer Type Foundry in 1928, inspired by basic shapes and considered a significant advancement from the Constructivist principles of the Bauhaus movement.


How Do Snails Make Shells – How are They Formed
I was doing a bit of gardening recently when I came across a snail with a chunk of its shell missing. I thought to myself, how do these shells work? I wander if the little guy can grow another one…? I did some further digging, excuse the pun, and this is what I uncovered!
How do snails make shells?
Snails make their shells with a gland called the 'mucous pedal gland'. The function of this gland is to produce a calcium rich mucous which the snail spreads on the outer rim of the original shell. Over time this mucous hardens, at first forming a weak, soft edge that eventually becomes hard like the rest. This process is repeated as necessary to ensure the shell grows along with the snail. Land, garden and sea snails all follow the same shell growth process.
Through my research I also discovered that there are over forty thousand species of snail and some of them only live in water. Can you imagine that?! I also discovered just how important a role the shells play in the life of a snail and how some of their reproductive methods are totally crazy. Check this out!
Do snails have shells when they are born
All snails are born with a basic soft shell called a 'protoconch'. The shells are made of calcium carbonate, which is a chemical compound of calcium and protein also found in rocks, seashells and even dark green vegetables.
Where Do Snail Shells come from & How are Snail Shells Formed
As a snail reaches maturity, their original shell becomes the smallest part of the spiral we see in all snail shells. As the shell grows, it is pushed around the snail like an unwinding spring, this is the reason for the spiral shape. Because of the way the snail forms it's shell it is also capable of repairing it, the mucous excretion acting like glue to seal a wound – so I'm sure my little garden friend will be fine.
Now, given that the shell is made of calcium carbonate, you might have guessed that the main ingredient for the shell is calcium – this means that to grow a shell effectively, snails must consume large quantities of it to fuel their mucous production. All snails hatch from calcium dense eggs and instinct tells them to eat the eggshell after they hatch. This sets them on the path of seeking out calcium – from birth they hunt for anything and everything plant based containing this essential dietary ingredient (snails are omnivores with very few genetically exceptional species that may occasionally eat fish or other snails).
Land snails often look for green vegetables such as spinach and broccoli. Snails that spend their lives in the water have a diet primarily consisting of plants like algae and kelp.
Diet has a large impact on the pattern of the shell too! Snails with a diverse diet tend to have more vibrant and interesting patterned shell, which is why sea snails living in warmer climates tend to be the most eye-catching, due to the larger variety of available foods.
How Do Snails Make Shells
How Do Snails Make Shells
Why do snails have a shell?
The purpose of a snail's shell is very diverse and it's kind of like a little snail house, though it's technically a living part of the snail. Because of the genetic make-up of a snail, like all members of the gastropod family, their entire body is very moist – maintained by their mucous production mentioned earlier – as such, they require a moist environment to survive.
This is why we rarely see snails on the sidewalk when it's sunny and dry, it makes it very difficult and uncomfortable for the snail to move around as it has to produce far more mucous to do so. If it's really hot, then the shell acts as a very necessary sun shield where the snail can retreat into and stay nice and wet. Shells are also very useful as a means of defence against predators such as birds and fish – the strong shell being virtually impenetrable to many species.
They can also hide well as their shells often camouflage well with the environment in which they get their food from – as I mentioned earlier, the shell pattern and colour changes based on diet. If a snail feels threatened it can retract its entire body into the shell so that only very persistent and well-equipped predators can get at them. Birds like the song thrush will clasp a snail in its strong beak and repeatedly smash it against a solid object until they successfully break the hard shell.
Other large predators such as blue jays, ravens, hawks and owls will actually swallow smaller snails whole, in which case the shells are likely only to cause a minor stomach upset for their attackers…hardly a fair trade!
How are snails attached to their shells?
While we might look at the shell as the snail's home, it is attached from birth and cannot be removed. The shell should be considered as an extension of the snail itself, like a human's ribcage.
Can a snail live without its shell or Do Snails Die when their Shells Break?
The short answer is, sadly, no. So, if my little friend's shell was more severely damaged, he probably wouldn't have made it.
Imagine if your rib cage was on the outside of your body. Our ribcage is very important for our survival as it protects our important bits! Without our ribcage we couldn't survive as it supports our ability to breathe and it is the same for the snail. Not only does the snail breathe through a breathing hole in its shell, it simply wouldn't survive the elements without it. Who would have known that a snail's greatest defence mechanism is also one of its most vital organs!
Can snails regrow their shells?
As mentioned earlier, a snail can make minor repairs to their shell as needed, however, to regrow the entire shell would sadly be impossible because to lose the shell means death.
Where do snails come from? Reproduction and more!
One of the most interesting finds I came across in my search for snail information is that the majority of snails don't reproduce like humans, or many other mammals at that. In fact, their reproduction methods are incredibly rare in the sense that most snails are hermaphrodites. This means that the snail is both male and female – possessing all necessary elements required to produce both egg and sperm. This means that a snail can reproduce all by itself, isn't that crazy?! While it is possible for snails to reproduce by themselves, they generally prefer to find a mate, because the chance of survival for a baby snail that is self-fertilised is much lower than if they produce with a sexual partner.
One of the most fascinating discoveries I came across is that some species of snail use a mechanism commonly called a 'love dart'. Love darts are made up of calcium and contain hormones that help to enhance reproductive capability of the party that is 'shot' with the dart. Love darts are typically present in snails who have been sexually mature for a while and reproduced in the past. In the final stages of reproduction snails will shoot these love darts into their sexual partners as a part of the mating ritual.
The only problem is that sometimes these darts that are designed to help with successful reproduction, actually have the potential to pass right through the snail on impact and damage vital organs! It's a good thing these snails don't have thought processes like human beings – they are very instinct oriented beings. Otherwise these particular species would probably die out from fear of reproducing!
Save the snail shell!
What a journey that was – I hope you enjoyed learning about snails as much as I did! Remember that all snails are born with their shell and that it is vital for their survival. So, if you're ever in the garden and you see a snail with a cracked shell, you can help the snail by moving it out of the sun so that it doesn't dry out while it's repairing itself. Some people have been recorded to use glue or sticky tape successfully to help fix snail shells, but that might be a level of commitment you're not looking for with your little garden friends. (Or pests, depending on who you ask!)
Huge snail shell
Huge snail shell