The (Non)Uniqueness of Environmental Law
61 Pages Posted: 22 Apr 2005
See all articles by Jay Wexler
Jay Wexler
Boston University School of Law
In everyday discourse, the label "environmental law" signifies a distinct and unique area of the law. The uniqueness of environmental law stems most obviously from the subject matter of environmental legislation and regulation. But does environmental law also differ from other areas of law with respect to how judges ought to approach deciding cases? Should judges act differently somehow when they are deciding an environmental law case as opposed to, for example, a labor law or banking law case? At least one influential scholar - Richard Lazarus of the Georgetown University Law Center - has argued that the distinctive features of ecological injury justify treating environmental cases differently from other types of cases. This Article critically examines this claim, by identifying and evaluating seven potential paradigms that federal courts could use to relate environmental law to other areas of law, particularly administrative law, when deciding environmental law cases. In sum, the Article argues that when relevant under the appropriate legal standards, courts should consider the distinctive features of ecological injury when applying facts to law, and in some situations they should draw on their knowledge of those distinctive features when fashioning rules of general application. They should not, however, reach pro-environment decisions in a non-principled manner, automatically vote to protect the environment whenever the relevant legal materials prove substantially indeterminate, or otherwise act as though protection of the environment is an inherent aspect of the judicial role. Nor should they fashion completely distinct rules to govern environmental law cases or alter generally applicable rules to apply differently in environmental law cases. The point of the Article is not to suggest that environmental law should not exist as a separate legal category, but rather to suggest that generally judges need not approach environmental law cases differently from how they approach other types of cases.
Keywords: Administrative Law, Environmental Law, Judging, Judicial Role, Judicial Decision-Making
JEL Classification: Q50, Q58, Q59
Suggested Citation
Wexler, Jay, The (Non)Uniqueness of Environmental Law. Available at SSRN:
Jay Wexler (Contact Author)
Boston University School of Law ( email )
765 Commonwealth Avenue
Boston, MA 02215
United States
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text:
SAN MARCOS — Volunteers from across Texas will participate in the fourth annual statewide water sampling initiative to be held in conjunction with Earth Day 2003 on April 22.
Texas Watch, a volunteer environmental monitoring program supported by Southwest Texas State University, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, is launching the effort.
Volunteer monitors across the state will sample surface and ground water to collect important environmental information. Those results will be coupled with professional water quality sampling efforts to realistically portray "A Day In the Life of Texas Waters."
More than 1,000 volunteer monitors are expected to participate, and approximately 200 sites will be surveyed in the sampling. Photos and monitoring results may be viewed online at the Texas Watch web site, _URL_.
Texas Watch facilitates environmental stewardship by empowering a statewide network of concerned volunteers, partners and institutions in a collaborative effort to promote a healthy and safe environment through environmental education, data collection and community action.
Jason Pinchback, who is in charge of volunteer coordination for Texas Watch, said, "Texas' budget deficit of an estimated $9.9 billion could impact funds designated to protect our natural resources. Reduced state funds, coupled with continuing increases in population growth and the resulting nonpoint source water pollution, intensifies the need for increased volunteer water quality monitoring efforts. The volunteers involved in Texas Watch, are taking the responsibility to help preserve a sustainable and viable future for our planet. This is an important effort, and we hope to gather some very significant data in the process."
Earth Day, a global holiday to honor the Earth and increase awareness of the need for its preservation, was first celebrated on April 22, 1970. The statewide sampling event and other Earth Day 2003 activities celebrate 33 years of environmental stewardship promoting a clean future for the planet.
Contact: Jason Pinchback at _PHONE_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
for National Geographic News
A previously unknown population of vampire moths has been found in Siberia. And in a twist worthy of a Halloween horror movie, entomologists say the bloodsuckers may have evolved from a purely fruit-eating species.
Only slight variations in wing patterns distinguish the Russian population from a widely distributed moth species, Calyptra thalictri, in central and southern Europe known to feed only on fruit.
When the Russian moths were experimentally offered human hands this summer, the insects drilled their hook-and-barb-lined tongues under the skin and sucked blood.
Entomologist Jennifer Zaspel at the University of Florida in Gainesville said the discovery suggests the moth population could be on an "evolutionary trajectory" away from other C. thalictri populations. This is the second population of vampire moths Zaspel and her team have found. They discovered the first in Russia in 2006.
Next January, she will compare the Russian population's DNA to that of other populations and other species to confirm her suspicions.
"Based on geography, based on behavior, and based on a phenotypic variation we saw in the wing pattern, we can speculate that this represents something different, something new," Zaspel said.
"But it is really difficult to say without knowing genetic differences between individuals in that population, and among individuals from other populations, how different this group is going to be."
(Zaspel's research is funded in part by a grant from the National Geographic Society's Committee for Research and Exploration. National Geographic owns National Geographic News.)
If it turns out that Zaspel has indeed caught a fruit-eating moth evolving blood-feeding behavior, it could provide clues as to how some moths develop a taste for blood.
(Related: "Vampire Bats Hunt by Sound of Victims' Breath" [June 19, 2006].)
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES


text:
Speed dating bloomington normal il
Definitions "Traffic calming is the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behavior and improve conditions for non-motorized street users." (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Traffic calming improvements typically incorporate any combination of the following features: City staff members have examined many different calming techniques.They recognize that Bloomington's neighborhoods are all unique and require a variety of traffic calming techniques to address differing traffic conditions.Guests are happier about it compared to other properties in the area.Couples in particular like the location – they rated it 8.6 for a two-person trip.They view speeding vehicles, cut-through traffic and associated noise and litter as detrimental to their security, property values, and the livability many have worked so hard to achieve.City staff members from Public Works, Police, and Administration work with residents to find potential answers.Traffic Calming Criteria Traffic calming criteria have been established by the City Administration and may be revised from time to time by City Administration.Streets that (usually) do not qualify for calming Physical traffic calming improvements will not be considered for any street if any of the following conditions exist: Evaluation of Traffic Conditions Traffic calming requests which pass preliminary review will proceed to the evaluation phase.
This property also has one of the top-rated locations in Bloomington!
The City Engineer exercises discretion in resolving requests and complaints and forwards unresolved issues to a staff committee.
Preliminary Review Working as a committee, city staff members review each request or complaint to determine the appropriate response.
Significant traffic issues may be resolved through increased enforcement efforts, traffic control improvements, traffic calming improvements, or a combination thereof.
The person or group making the original request or complaint will be notified in writing of the action the City intends to take regarding the request.
Search for speed dating bloomington normal il:
Transactions must be completed 5 business days prior to your court date or you will be required to appear in court.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


A Brief History of Wood Floors
wood floor
Humans have been building homes for at least 400,000 years, but it was only in the 1600s that we got around to making floors out of wood. Prior to that, the floors of most houses were made of bare dirt or stone.
The first wood floors in Europe were simple. Just a few rough-hewn pine planks supported by joists, or even split logs set into the dirt with the cut side facing up. These early wooden floors were nothing like the elegant, polished interiors we associate with hardwood flooring today. They were unfinished, and smoothing was accomplished through years of regular foot traffic, not by sanding and polishing. Think of how many splinters you might have gotten in your feet after installing a wood floor in your home if you lived in the early 1600s!
Soon artisans began to refine wood flooring. By 1625, wealthy Europeans could pay to have intricate parquet floors installed in their homes. These floors were made by hand-cutting pieces of wood into small shapes that could be arranged together in repeating geometric patterns.
The abundance of timber in the New World made wood floors much more commonplace. But most American settlers and pioneers did not have much use for the impressive, artisan-crafted designs used in wealthy European homes. Early American plank floors were simply the most practical option in a country full of old-growth forests. The floors tended to be simple, with the boards cut at random widths and lengths and no stain or varnish applied.
The innovation of shiplap joinery made wood floors more durable and less prone to developing gaps, through which cold air, moisture, and small objects could pass.
In the 1700s, people began to apply painted designs to their wood floors. These could range in complexity from simple checkerboards to ornate vining or flowering patterns. Stain and varnish did not become common until the late 1800s.
During the Industrial Revolution, the process of making hardwood flooring became much less labor-intensive. Whereas before each plank would have to be sawn individually by no less than two men, now steam-powered lumber mills and woodworking machinery could process more boards in a day than two men could do in an hour. The technology meant wood floors could be produced more cheaply, and the finished product would be more uniform and attractive.
Still, the installation process was much more labor-intensive until the invention of the electric sander. Prior to that, floors had to be hand-scraped or have loose sand rubbed over them.
The 1940s and 50s saw a decline in the use of wood for flooring, as carpets and other flooring materials like linoleum grew in popularity. But nowadays, people are turning back to hardwood flooring for its simplicity, durability, and beauty.
Who knew the history of wood flooring could be so interesting? The history buffs at Five Step Carpet Care aren't just here to regale you with factoids, though. If you live in Western NC and are in need of professional wood floor cleaning services, give us a call at _PHONE_ or drop us a line today!


text:
AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION 555, TITLE 28, DELAWARE CODE, RELATING TO "BREAKAGE" AS TO HARNESS RACING.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Delaware:
Section 1. Amend subsection (a), Section 555, Title 28, Delaware Code, by adding the following sentence immediately after the first sentence thereof ending with the word "wagered and before the next sentence thereof:
If a minus pool is created, the association may break to the lowest multiple of 5.
Approved July 1, 1969.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Format);
And for other thats not support window.clipboardData and swf flash files you can also use control + c button on your keyboard for windows and for mac its command + c
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try creating a memory global variable storing the selection, then the other function can access the variable and do a paste for example..
var memory = '';//outside the functions but within the script tag.
function moz_stringCopy(DOMEle,firstPos,secondPos) {
var copiedString = DOMEle.value.slice(firstPos, secondPos);
memory = copiedString;
function moz_stringPaste(DOMEle, newpos) {
 DOMEle.value = DOMEle.value.slice(0,newpos) + memory + DOMEle.value.slice(newpos);
share|improve this answer
could copy from any where else not considering inside the page alone – Marwan May 2 '11 at 9:12
Your Answer


text:
ROCK SPRINGS, Wyo. — The Wyoming Department of Transportation was awarded the 2022 Environmental Excellence Award by the Federal Highway Administration.
WYDOT won this award in the category of Ecosystems, Habitats, and Wildlife for its efforts in the Snake River Bridge reconstruction and wildlife crossing integration project.
This is one of 14 awards that are given out nationwide in a variety of environmental categories.
The Snake River Bridge project was undertaken by WYDOT in collaboration with Wyoming Game and Fish, Teton County, and other community organizations. The project was designed to replace a bridge on Wyoming Highway 22 and expand it to accommodate local and migrating wildlife within the Greater Yellowstone National Park ecosystem.
The project will extend the bridge in order to accommodate a wildlife underpass and will include three additional wildlife crossings that will facilitate safer wildlife movements, especially for large animals such as moose, elk, and deer.
The Federal Highway Administration cited "WYDOT's exemplary achievement" and "extensive stakeholder collaboration, community engagement, and environmental considerations" in conferring the award.
The Snake River Bridge project will be set to contract this fall and construction could take place as early as spring 2023.


Friday, March 4, 2011
Consuming an ASP.NET Web Service from Salesforce Apex Callouts
Salesforces wsdl2apex can be a bit basic in what is supports (see Supported WSDL Features).
Steps for consuming an ASP.NET web service from Apex.
 1. Add the Web service host to the Remote Sites.
 Adminitraction Setup > Security Controls > Remote Site Settings
 Skipping this step will result in a "System.CalloutException: IO Exception: Unauthorized endpoint, please check Setup->Security->Remote site settings. endpoint ="...
 2. Export the WSDL from the ASP.NET web service
 3. Optionally, you might like to sort the WSDL. The idea is to ensure wsdl2apex produces the same elements in the same order for future code comparisons.
 4. Import the WSDL into Salesforce
 Develop > Apex Classes > Generate from WSDL*
 5. Define a Apex class name
 6. Test the new Apex class using Execute Anonymous in Eclipse. With a ASP.NET generated web service I found the class I defined in the previous step had a nested class corresponding to the binding name from the uploaded WSDL. The nested class had a method that corresponded to the web method (the operation in the WSDL).
 7. Optionally, search the generated class for calls to WebServiceCallout.invoke(...). This will currently cause test cases to abort silently (except for a log message) and you may not notice. Sprinkle the code with a liberal amount of Test.isRunningTest().
*Common WSDL parsing errors:
 1. If the Parse WSDL button produces Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Found more than one wsdl:binding. WSDL with multiple binding not supported Deleting the second element what contains soap12 elements and the corresponding port definition under .
 2. wsdl:import
 Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Unknown element: import
 Locate the import elements in the current WSDL. E.g.. Pull that WSDL down and merge its contents into the parent WSDL.
 3. xsd:import
 Failed to parse wsdl: Found schema import from location External schema import not supported
 These will typically appear under . Copy the contents of the import under and remove the . See also: Discussion Forum: Referencing external schemas in a WSDL
 4. Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Failed to parse WSDL: Unable to find binding {}BasicHttpBinding_IWebService. Found BasicHttpBinding_IWebService instead.
 The had the attribute xmlns:i0="". i0: was being used as the namespace for the binding. Switching it to tns: resolved the issue.
 5. Error: Failed to parse wsdl: schema:targetNamespace can not be null
 In this case I needed to add a targetNamespace attribute and value to the element. E.g. becomes
 6. Apex Generation Failed:
 Unable to find schema for element; {}ArrayOfstring
 Unable to find schema for element; {}ArrayOflong
 In this case I'd initially made a mistake when pulling in the xsd for these complex types. I corrected it by putting the complex type definitions within a element in wsdl:type section.
 7. Error: wwwExampleComApi
 Error: Identifier name is reserved: long at 191:23
 This error was caused by the ArrayOflong type generating the following Apex:
 public class ArrayOflong {
 public Long[] long;
 private String[] long_type_info = new String[]{'long','','long','0','-1','false'};
 private String[] apex_schema_type_info = new String[]{'','false','false'};
 private String[] field_order_type_info = new String[]{'long'};
 Possible fix:
 public class ArrayOflong {
 public Long[] long_x; // Note the _x suffix to avoid the conflict
 // The first parameter here is what will appear in the SOAP message as the element name
 private String[] field_order_type_info = new String[]{'long_x'};
 8. Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Unsupported Schema element found At: 1866:57
 The WSDL had three "attribute" elements:
 -
 -
 -
 Commenting these out of the WSDL allowed into to be used with wsdl2apex. I'm not sure what adverse effects resulted from removing them.
 9. The use of in a complex type won't result in the base class fields appearing in generated Apex class.
 Try copying the fields from Apex class that was being extended into the sub class.
See also:
 1. hi
 i got unable to find schema for element.
 how can i solve this problem
 2. Hello Daniel,
 I am getting the following error, let me know if you have any solution for this
 Error: Failed to parse wsdl: Unable to find schema for element; {}schema
 Thanks in advance!!
 1. Hi Arish,
 Most likely your WSDL contains a "schema" element. Have a look at the Supported WSDL Features of WSDL2Apex.
 3. Thanks for the post. Helped a lot in generating my first apex class from.net wsdl file. I have a query.
 Along with the wsdl file, I have been provided with a dll(Miscrosoft.ServiceBus.dll) file which has some bindings to be used. I haven't used this to generate the code. When I try to get the output, I get the following error:
 Cannot send message because the service endpoint hosted at the specified address uses a binding that cannot be accessed over HTTP.
 So, how do I use this dll file and bind it to the WSDL file to generate the apex class? The binding need to be included in the generated class also.
 Please let me know.
 1. Hi "Man"ish,
 You won't be able to utilise a.NET DLL directly in Salesforce apex.
 If I had to guess from the error message you will probably need to use https rather than http.
 Try changing the endpoint_x in the wsdl2apex generated class.
 Failing that, see if you can get a sample SOAP message from a valid call to the web service and compare that to what Salesforce is generating.
 4. Hi,
 I am getting this error. Can someone tell why is this happening and how to fix this?
 Apex Generation Failed
 Unsupported WSDL. Found more than one part for message setCurrentScopeById
 1. Have a look at The WSDL most likely contains multi-part messages. You may be able to manually manipulate the WSDL to still import it with wsdl2apex.
 5. hey..
 i am getting an error
 Apex Generation Failed
 Unable to find schema for element; {}double
 so cud u plz give ant solution..
 although i have gone thru ol the supported wsdl constructs..yet not able to import even a single external wsdl file...
 here is my document plz have a look
 1. It's hard to day without seeing the schema. The schema link you provided is for a binary download, which I'm not game to try because of the potential security risk. would be a good place to post the question and the problem schema details.
 6. Nice post. what will you advice for a requirement implemented using 'Outbound Messages' which ensures of retrying and delivering the message.
 However how to handle and show the error on SF GUI thats sent by external system, due to some data error (as data is not saved in external system), As this failure is data error, outbound monitor message shall not retry to send.Any advice will help.
 1. When you are processing the outbound message you can get the Salesforce Session ID and ServerURL. You can use these to write data back to Salesforce. This could include any problem records that need manual follow up.


text:
PH10 Trigger Force Gauge (gram gauge)
Probe trigger force is critical to ensure accuracy and reliable operation, this can be easily measured and set using the gram gauge.
It is strongly recommended that the gram gauge is used when adjustments are to be made to probe trigger force.
For further information on the trigger force gauge, please refer to the trigger force gauge guide (Renishaw part number H-_PHONE_).
NOTE: To convert mass in grams to trigger force in Newtons the following equation is used:
Trigger force in Newtons = Mass in grams/100
For example: 8 grams = 0.08 N /100


text:
Conscientiousness Moderates the Relationship Between Perceived Stress and Depressive Symptoms Among U.S. Chinese Older Adults.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2017 Jul 01; 72(suppl_1):S108-S112.JG
The present study examined whether individuals' personality traits, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness, moderated the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among U.S. Chinese older adults.
Data analysis was based on the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE). Three thousand one hundred and fifty-nine Chinese adults aged 60 years and older participated in the PINE study. They completed scales that assessed their personality (ie, Neuroticism and Conscientiousness of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory), perceived stress (the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale), and depressive symptoms (the Patient Health Questionnaire).
Perceived stress was positively related to depressive symptoms among U.S. Chinese older adults. No moderation effects were found for Neuroticism. Conscientiousness significantly moderated the perceived stress-depressive symptom relationship. The positive relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms was weaker for people who were higher in Conscientiousness than those who were lower in Conscientiousness.
Conscientiousness mitigated the stress-depressive symptom relationship among U.S. Chinese older adults. Future research is needed to identify the psychological and sociocultural profiles of individuals who show stress resilience and those who are vulnerable. Social services and psychological interventions are needed to promote health and well-being among U.S. Chinese older adults.


text:
What does EXEC mean in Housing?
This page is about the meanings of the acronym/abbreviation/shorthand EXEC in the Community field in general and in the Housing terminology in particular.
Find a translation for EXEC in other languages:
Select another language:
What does EXEC mean?
- White House, EXEC(noun)
- the chief executive department of the United States government


stricken: Meaning and Definition of
Pronunciation: (strik'un), [key]
— v.
 1. a pp. of
 1. hit or wounded by a weapon, missile, or the like.
 2. beset or afflicted, as with disease, trouble, or sorrow: stricken areas; a stricken family.
 3. deeply affected, as with grief, fear, or other emotions.
 4. characterized by or showing the effects of affliction, trouble, misfortune, a mental blow, etc.: stricken features.
See also:


Creating Grouped Configurations for the SRC 3GPP Gateway (SRC CLI)
Configuration groups allow you to share the SRC 3GPP gateway configuration with different SRC 3GPP gateway instances in the SRC network. You can also set up different configurations for different instances.
You can then create a grouped SRC 3GPP gateway configuration that is shared among multiple SRC 3GPP gateway instances. For example, if you create two different SRC 3GPP gateway groups called config1 and config2 within the shared SRC 3GPP gateway configuration, you could select the SRC 3GPP gateway configuration that should be associated with a particular SRC 3GPP gateway instance.
Use the shared option of the slot number gw-3gpp statement to select the group for an SRC 3GPP gateway instance as part of the local configuration. Use the shared gw-3gpp group name configuration statements to configure the group.
To select and configure a group:
 1. From configuration mode, select a group for an SRC 3GPP gateway instance. For example, to select a group called config1 in the root group:
 [edit]user@host# set slot 0 gw-3gpp shared /config1
 2. Commit the configuration.
 [edit]user@host# commit commit complete.
 3. From configuration mode, configure a group. For example, to configure a group called config1, specify the group as part of the SRC 3GPP gateway configuration.
 [edit]user@host# edit shared gw-3gpp group config1
Related Documentation


text:
The Western Digital NVMe is a type of SSD (solid-state drive). It has a storage capacity of 512 GB and its size ranges from 1.65 inches long, 0.87 inches wide, and 0.09 inches thick. Because it uses NVMe technology, this device can transfer data extremely quickly.
The Western Digital NVMe SSD works normally in temperatures ranging from 0°C to 70°C. It communicates with the computer using the PCIe Gen3 x2 NVMe v1.3 interface standard.


text:
Generating Cubemaps from Spherical Maps using 3ds Max
Written by: Pablo Vezzini, KiSP Technical Services
This guide explains how to generate cube maps from spherical maps with 3DS Max®. You can use these cube maps to make a cubemap or to view in virtual reality with Yulio.
Step 1: In 3ds Max, open the "Environments and Effects" dialog. (Rendering > Environment or shortcut 8)
Step 2: Click and add the spherical map you want to convert as the new "Environment Map"
Step 3: Create any object and make sure it's positioned at the origin of the scene [ 0,0,0 ]
Step 4: Create a new Standard Material
Step 5: Add a Reflect/Refract Map to the diffuse channel
Step 6: Set up the following options for the Reflect/Refract Map:
– Source: From File
– Size: 1536 or other
– Use Environment Map: On
– Blur: Off
– Select Save Path
Step 7: Set up "Default Scanline Renderer" as the Production renderer in the Render Setup Dialog
Step 8: Select "Pick Object and Render Maps" and then click the object in the scene
Step 9: Now you have the maps to create the final image: filename_LEFT, filename_RIGHT, filename_TOP, filename_BOTTOM, filename_FRONT, filename_BACK
Step 10: Assemble the cubemaps in Photoshop in the following format to create a cubemap
Step 11: Assemble a cubemap in Photoshop by duplicating this cube map and stitching them together in the format below. You can view this scene in virtual reality by uploading this cubemap to Yulio.
Sign in to your account at _URL_ to create your VR project using this cubemap. Check out our article on creating VR projects for more information!
Check out our YouTube channel for more info & tutorials.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
What do "parergonal" and "parergon" mean in the following sentence? Can anybody suggest some synonym?
Thus, the figurative signification of structure does not escape but instead confirms the parergonal and supplemental status of ornament. If structure in its metaphorical sense is the fully conceived structured idea of the building, then ornament becomes the parergon that reifies the underlying essential idea, the recessive unseen structure. (Source: "Structure/ornament and the Modern Figuration of Architecture" by Anne-Marie Sankovitch)
I checked them out in American Heritage Online English dictionary and Wikipedia, but I wasn't able to figure it out, and I'm struggling because I'm actually not able to understand what Anne-Marie Sankovitch said.
share|improve this question
closed as general reference by Marthaª, MετάEd, TimLymington, tchrist, Mahnax Aug 27 '12 at 17:18
Did you try "define: parergon" using Google, a method that was suggested to you in the answer to a different question of yours? Also, Wikipedia is not a dictionary, so if you are looking for definitions, it is not a good source. You might try Wiktionary instead. Also, since you are reading academic articles, you should probably consult a more sophisticated dictionary. – KitFox Aug 27 '12 at 17:02
Also, "parergon" is defined earlier in that very article. – KitFox Aug 27 '12 at 17:06
1 Answer 1
From the OED's entry for parergon:
parergon /pəˈrɝːgɒn/.
Pl. parerga (in 7 erron. parergas).
Etymology: L. parergon an extra ornament in art, a. Gr. πάρεργον by-work, subordinate or secondary business, etc., sb. use of neuter of πάρεργος beside or in addition to the main work, f. παρά beside + ἕργον work.
 1. In Painting: Something subordinate or accessory to the main subject; hence, generally and fig., ornamental accessory or addition, grace, embellishment.? Obs.
 2. By-work, subordinate or secondary work or business; work apart from one's main business or ordinary employment. Also a work, composition, etc., that is secondary to or a derivative of a larger or greater work; an opusculum.
 3. † A supplemental work. (As title of a book.)
Note that senses 1 and 3 are both considered obsolete.
I suggest you gain access to an unabridged dictionary. You aren't going to be happy with all the words that these so-called "learners" dictionaries leave out, like oh maybe... opusculum.
share|improve this answer


text:
New report uses same old debunked arguments about immigrants and the economy
A report issued this month by the far-right anti-immigrant organization called FAIR promotes dangerous economic myths about undocumented workers. Far from a drain on resources, studies show that immigrants make substantial economic contributions to North Carolina.
An excerpt from the Justice Center news release (PDF) responding to this study:
"The report, released this month by the far-right Federation for American Immigration Reform, argues that North Carolina spends too much on education, health care and other social services for undocumented workers. But examining only expenditures without economic contributions is unfair, budget analysts say.
"The focus on fiscal or budgetary impacts ignores economic realities – it considers costs without contributions," said John Quinterno, research associate with the NC Justice Center's Budget & Tax Center. "If we applied this standard to other groups, it would look like no group in North Carolina makes a positive economic contribution.""


Creating PDF from TMS WEBCore application
Delphi 10.3 / TMSWebCore 1.5.6.0 / TMSFNC UI Pack 3.2.2.0
Tried the example from the TMS FNC PDF Library doc:
procedure TForm1.GeneratePDF(AFileName: string);
var
 p: TTMSFNCPDFLib;
 s: string;
begin
 p := TTMSFNCPDFLib.Create;
 try
 s := 'Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry. Lorem Ipsum has
been the industry''s standard dummy'+
 'text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to
make a type specimen book. '+
 'It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting,
remaining essentially unchanged. It'+
 ' was popularised in the 1960s with the release of Letraset sheets containing Lorem Ipsum
passages, and more recently with des'+
 'ktop publishing software like Aldus PageMaker including versions of Lorem Ipsum.';
 p.BeginDocument(AFileName);
 p.NewPage;
 p.Graphics.Font.Name := 'Arial';
 p.Graphics.Font.Size := 8;
 p.Graphics.Fill.Color := gcNull;
 p.Graphics.DrawText(s, RectF(10, 50, 500, 400), 3);
 p.EndDocument(True);
 finally
 p.Free;
 end;
end;
In a normal VCL application the content of the created PDF is as expected:
When I execute the same code inside a TMS WebCore application the output is looking like this:
Any idea where this comes from?
Please make sure the font used for PDF generation is loaded by the web app. The PDF engine needs to access font files for information to be embedded in the PDF.
Please look at the guidance at
Where can I download the complete project for "Ate too much candy" ?
In the PDF documenation, on the last page there is a description about Web Support - Font caching. Where to find the
AddFontToCache()
method?
It is all explained in the docs.
For this particular question:
page 19
Please refer to our documentation, it can all be found at
_URL_
I know that font caching is described on page 19 of the documentation, that is my code:
procedure TForm1.WebFormCreate(Sender: TObject);
begin
 Application.OnFontCacheReady:= OnFontCacheReady;
end;
procedure TForm1.OnFontCacheReady(Sender: TObject);
begin
 AddFontToCache ('arial.ttf');
 AddFontToCache('tahoma.ttf');
end;
The example app "Ate too much candy" doesn't say anything about the font caching, at least not in the sample code wich shows only the pdf generation. Do I miss something? Can I download the complete example project somewhere?
The sample is in FNC UI Pack
Demo\Web\PDFLib BMI
You need to enable Pako compression also in your web app, also that is explained in the PDF guide.
Ok, thank you - that was a misunderstanding when you sent me the link for "Ate too much candy" Its part of the TMS FNC UI examples. Got it and found the information I was missing.
procedure TForm1.WebFormCreate(Sender: TObject);
begin
 AddFontToCache('arial.ttf');
 AddFontToCache('tahoma.ttf');
end;
where the two font files are locally part of the project, made it finally work.
Thank you for your patience


Delete rows hidden

Delete hidden records in a database with this practical tool. It is especially hepful when we have grouped our database and hidden repeated records.
Let's see.
The area enclosed in a red polygon hides repeated records in a database.
Use this tool and delete repeated records with just a click.
Answer Yes and the hidden rows will be deleted.


How To Reset A GE Oven [Detailed Guide]
If your oven isn't working, the first thing to do is reset the power to it. In this article, we will show you how to reset a GE oven and more.
How To Reset A GE Stove
To reset your GE stove, follow the steps listed below…
Step 1: Go to the circuit breaker in your house and find the one for your oven.
Step 2: Turn it off and leave for 5 minutes.
Step 3: After 5 minutes, turn the circuit breaker back on.
How To Reset Clock On A GE Oven
To reset the clock of your GE oven, do the following…
Step 1: Unplug the oven and leave for 5 minutes.
Step 2: After 5 minutes, plug the oven back in.
Step 3: Turn the oven on.
Step 4: Hold down the 9 an 0 buttons on the oven control panel till you hear a small sound.
Step 5: Press the numbers on the control panel to set your desired time.
Step 6: Now press the "Start" button.
The video below will show you how to set the time on your GE oven.
How To Reset GE Oven Temperature
To reset the temperature of your GE oven, do the following…
Step 1: Turn the oven on.
Step 2: Hold down the "BAKE" and "BROIL" button at the same time for three seconds.
Step 3: When "SF" or "OFF SET" appears on the oven's display, press the "BAKE" button.
Step 4: Press the "BAKE" button again if the number "0" doesn't appear on the oven's display.
Step 5: Press the number you would like to reset your oven's temperature to. For instance, if you would like to increase your oven's temperature by 10 degrees, press 1 and 0.
Step 6: If you want to decrease the temperature, press the number you would like to decrease from the original temperature.
Step 7: Press the "BAKE" button to change the number to a negative one.
Step 8: Press the "START" button.
The video below will give you a visual of how to reset the temperature of your GE oven.
Check out these articles…
Oven Noise [Problems & Solutions]
Oven Off [Various Problems & Proven Solutions]
GE Oven Self Clean [How To, Problems & Solutions]
GE Oven Light [Issues & Solutions]
GE Oven Door [How To, Issues & Solutions]
GE Oven Heating [How To, Issues & Solutions]
How To Calibrate A GE Oven [Detailed Guide]
How To Reset A GE Oven FAQ
Is There A Reset Button On A GE Oven?
No, there isn't. If you would like to know how to reset a GE oven, read the "How To Reset A GE Stove" section.
What Does "LOC" Mean On GE Oven?
If "LOC" appears on the display of your oven, it means that the control panel has been locked. To unlock it, simply hold down the 9 and 0 buttons on the control panel simultaneously till the "LOC" clears from the display.
How Do I Reset A GE Oven Control Panel?
To reset the control panel of your GE oven, simply unplug the oven for five minutes. After 5 minutes plug the oven back in.
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text:
Home Office seeks software and hardware platform for monitoring those being prosecuted for immigration offences
Credit: Arne Dedert/DPA/PA Images
The government is to spend up to £70m implementing satellite tracking technology to monitor the whereabouts of people prosecuted for immigration offences.
The tracking devices will be worn by people suspected of being in the country illegally, those charged with people-smuggling offences, and anyone else being prosecuted for contravening immigration laws. These people are often restricted by curfews and inclusion or exclusion zones imposed by authorities.
According to a newly issued contract notice from the Home Office, the government is looking for a technology system that will enable it "to use satellite tracking proportionately by matching the type and degree of monitoring to the risk posed by each foreign-national offender". This will entail the deployment of devices designed to be worn and monitored around the clock, as well as "less intrusive devices for lower-harm cases".
- MoJ's bungled tagging project hurt by needless 'all-singing, all-dancing procurement approach', PAC finds
- Sheffield NHS trust to implement electronic baby tagging
- Another delay for MoJ's troubled satellite tagging project
Alongside these will be a software platform through which officials can track the track the devices. This technology will need to deliver alerts when a device needs to be changed, or when a wearer attempts to remove or tamper with their device, the government said. The software must also incorporate an automated response to these alerts.
The supplier of the hardware and software must also provide a nationwide "induction and fitting service", including the replacement or removal of devices, as and when required. The chosen bidder will also be expected to provide "a field service that can respond to alerts". Regular reports that can be easily accessed by officials via a self-service portal must also be provided.
The government expects to spend between £50m and £70m on a contract on that will last for an initial period of three years, with an option to extend by up to a further 24 months.
Potential bidders have until 11 July to register their interest, after which the government expects to ask five firms to bid. A contract is scheduled to be awarded on 1 October.


Document Type
This study examined the correlation between information (content, accuracy, format, and timeliness), system (ease of use) and two additional factors i.e pricing and environment toward user satisfaction in Indonesia's online newspaper based on Doll and Torkzadeh framework. The benefit of this research is to facilitate current online newspaper providers to be more focus on factors that contribute to user satisfaction thus can increase its quality and user satisfaction as well. Furthermore, it is also purposed to endorse newspaper to have online version and facilitate them on what factors contribute to user satisfaction so they can go online with competitive advantage along with the existence online newspaper providers. The study identified three factors that influence Indonesia's online newspaper user satisfaction such as content, ease of use, and pricing.


text:
14th December 2021
The first international review exploring how prisoners and prison staff are included in national vaccination plans has found that Ireland performs well in terms of our prison vaccination rate when compared to many countries. However, the Irish Penal Reform Trust (IPRT) is today (14.12.2021) warning that news of the comparatively high vaccination rate among prisoners in Ireland masks the reality that ongoing COVID-19 restrictions in Irish prisons are having a severely detrimental impact on the mental health, family contact and access to rehabilitative regimes of those imprisoned.
The new report, COVID-19 vaccinations for prison populations and staff: Report on global scan, conducted by Penal Reform International and Harm Reduction International, found that Ireland is one of only 20 countries internationally where more than 80% of the prison population had received at least the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccination by the end of September this year. Despite the high rates of vaccination, the lack of clarity and transparency of prison vaccination plans in Ireland comes under scrutiny in the global review. For example, initial national vaccination plans in Ireland contained no explicit mention of prisons.
Commenting on Ireland's performance in the report, IPRT Executive Director, Fíona Ní Chinnéide stated:
"The rate of vaccination in Irish prisons is comparatively high, thanks to the significant efforts of prison staff working with the Irish Red Cross prisoner members to engage and inform people in prison. However, for the approximately 85% of men and women in prison who have been vaccinated, the "vaccine bonus" is not being felt. Access to out-of-cell time, education and training, family visits and rehabilitative services continues to be limited almost two years into the pandemic.
"The Minister for Justice acknowledged in the Dáil in recent weeks that keeping people in prison under severe lockdown is not the way forward because we must "live with COVID-19". We welcome this. We cannot accept these ongoing restrictions in prison as part of life with COVID-19."
While IPRT welcomes the work that has been done to achieve the high vaccination rate in Irish prisons, vaccination is only one metric by which Ireland's performance can be measured. Favourable vaccination rates should not distract from the need for additional measures to meet the rights of people in prison while managing the risks of COVID-19. Such measures require creative, solution-focused thinking and should include facilitating access to early release mechanisms and progressing people to open prisons where appropriate.
Ms Ní Chinnéide continued:
"The situation in Ireland's prisons was addressed as an emergency early in the pandemic, with considerable efforts applied to safely reduce the prison population. However, it is still an emergency, and the same level of urgency needs to be applied now.
"Yesterday, there were 80 spaces available across Ireland's two open prisons. Open prisons play an important role in rehabilitation, and maximising this resource would improve access to rehabilitative regimes for the people assessed as suitable for the move. It would also make it easier to reduce and manage outbreaks of COVID-19 within closed prisons, and free up resources to facilitate greater access to services in those prisons."
IPRT calls on all criminal justice agencies to place a renewed focus on reducing the prison population to the greatest extent possible. Efforts made in March/April 2020 (when the prison population was reduced by approximately 10% within one month) show that this is possible when the commitment is there.
For all media enquiries or additional comment, contact Pamela: +353 (0) 86 _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_
NOTES TO EDITOR


Quick Answer: How To Dig Up A Tree Stump With A Tractor?
Can you remove stumps with a tractor?
Both John Deere utility tractors and compact utility tractors have powerful backhoe attachments that you can add-on to remove large tree stumps. Once you have the stump and roots exposed, free the roots by loosening up the soil around them with the shovel.
Can a bulldozer remove stumps?
A bulldozer can remove stumps if it has a strong enough motor. Dig a trench that's three feet wide and eight feet deep on all sides of it. Use the bulldozer to push the stump until the roots pull out of the ground. Lift and push the loose stump and grind it down or chop it up to dispose of it.
What machine removes stumps?
Keep reading!
 - What Are Tree Root Removal Machines? Generally, a tree root removal machine is a heavy-duty tool that has a powerful engine, as well as cutting, digging, or pulling mechanism, which is used to remove tree roots.
 - Tractors.
 - Backhoe.
 - Stump Grinder.
 - Shovel & Saws.
 - Shovel.
 - Garden Shears.
 - Backhoe.
Can a skid steer remove stumps?
As a reliable piece of equipment, a skid steer can in fact remove a stump from your job site – it just takes a little more work to get the job done.
You might be interested: Question: How To Bleed A Diesel Tractor?
How do you pull a stump out of the ground?
How do you dig up a large tree stump?
Dig out the soil around the stump. Expose as much of the roots as possible, by removing the surrounding soil using a shovel or spade. Work in a circle around the stump, removing the dirt. You may need to dig fairly deep on each side of the larger roots to really expose them so that you can cut or chop them up.
What size tractor do I need to push over a tree?
How long does Epsom salt take to kill a stump?
Following the directions outlined above, it takes 8 to 10 weeks for the stump to die using the Epsom salt method.
Will bleach kill a tree stump?
If bleaching a tree stump can kill it, then killing tree roots with bleach will work as well. Using a drill is also a good option; just drill holes right into the roots you wish to be rid of. With a paintbrush, paint bleach onto the roots where you have cut into them or fill the holes.
You might be interested: How To Input Fs19 Tractor Models Into Blender?
Do it yourself stump removal?
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text:
- Chemistry is one of those things that just cannot be planned for when casting a film.
- At present, if you draw a company pension you cannot go back to work for that company.
- The workload in Bradford is so great that it cannot take on any new clients at present.
Both the one-word form cannot and the two-word form can not are acceptable, but cannot is more common (in the Oxford English Corpus, three times as common). The two-word form is better only in a construction in which not is part of a set phrase, such as 'not only... but (also)': Paul can not only sing well, but he also paints brilliantly.
Definition of cannot in:
- The British & World English dictionary


Friday, February 22, 2013
How to estimate earthwork construction period.
How to estimate the duration required to complete Earthwork Excavation? Estimation on the numbers of days required to complete the task by utilisation of machinery does not required complex calculation. All it take is simple mathematics and some knowledge on the efficiency of machine capability. Below is an example of the calculation.
1. Quantity of the Earthwork Excavation = 1000 cu.m.
2. The machinery needed = Excavator and Lorries
 Assumption : 1 no. of Excavator and 1 no. of lorry required.
 : Excavator need 3 minutes to make a cycle of excavation works.
 : Excavator Capacity = 1.5 cu.m
 : Lorries capacity = 10 ton
 : Lorry need 5 minutes to make a cycle of transportation.
 : Specific Gravity of the earth = 2.7
Base on the assumption, the calculation is as follows;
 a) Duration required to fill a 10 ton lorry
 : 10 ton lorry bucket capacity = 10/2.7 = 3.7 cu.m
 : cycle require to fill the lorry bucket = 3.7/1.5 = 2.4666 Cycle or 3 cycle.
 : hence, time required for filling the lorry = 3 cycle X 3 minutes = 9 minutes
 b) Duration required for lorry to complete a cycle of transporting and unloading =5 minutes
 : Therefore total time taken for one cycle of earthwork = 9 minutes + 5 minutes = 14 minutes.
 : 14 minutes is required to complete 3.7 cu.m of earthwork.
 c) Duration required to complete 1000 cu.m earthwork;
 : 1000 cu.m / 3.7 cu.m = 270.27 cycle = 271 cycle.
 : hence, time require to complete 1000 cu.m earthwork = 271 cycle X 14 Minutes = 3794 minutes
 d) Number of working hours per day = 8 hours
 e) Convert the Duration in minutes into days;
 : 3794/ (8 X 60) = 7 days.
Therefore total number of days to complete the 1000 cu.m of earthwork (cutting and cart away for a short distance) by utilised 1 number of excavator and 1 number of 10 ton lorry is 7 days. Hence your construction period is only 7 days. However this example is excluding number of unworkable day due to rain.
If the number of lorry is going to be increase to 2 then some correction can be make to the duration required to complete the whole cycle by by 5 minutes. this is because the waiting time for the excavator can be reduce by 2.5 minutes each for both lorry. Therefore the complete cycle can be consider as 9 minutes only.
With this free example hope that you will have nice time to plan for your earthwork construction.
 1. Aero Bina, thanks for the explanation. Can you also show work estimate for formwork & concreting as well. Thanks
 2. Anonymous, Thanks for the comments? How do you rate the information publish on this blog? As per Formwork & Concreting, I will include it in my post As soon as possible.
 I wish if you could state how do you want me to address yourself instead of being appeared as anonymous. Once again Thank you for your support.


text:
The institute of positive education
About the Institute of Positive Education
The Institute of Positive Education (IPE) is a ground-breaking initiative by Geelong Grammar School, the first school to embed the principles of Positive Psychology into all aspects of school life.
The IPE's primary role is to deliver transformational educational programmes to promote wellbeing throughout the world. The IPE aims to teach students valuable life skills on which they can increase their learning capacity and build a successful and happy life.
In 2018, the IPE delivered 124 training courses comprising 208 training days, which were attended by over 6000 participants. The IPE's training team has a combined total of more than 150 years of classroom and school leadership experience and over 50 years of practice implementing Positive Education. The team consists of experienced teachers (primary and secondary) and qualified psychologists and researchers.
The programmes offered by the IPE are designed to have a meaningful impact on the future wellbeing of both educators and young people so that they can flourish and contribute to their world in more positive ways. The IPE's training courses allow participants to explore the key concepts and skills of Positive Education in a practical way and all content is supported by empirical research and are evidence-based.
About Positive Education
The fundamental goal of Positive Education is to promote flourishing within the school community. Around 160,000 young people aged 16 to 24 live with depression each year. While there has been some decline in suicide rates in Australia in the past ten years, suicide continues to be one of the leading causes of death in Australians aged between 15 and 24. With this epidemic of mental health problems, Geelong Grammar School made a commitment to its young people to take positive action to promote wellbeing in schools. Research is now beginning to show that Positive Education programmes decrease stress and anxiety as well as increase self-efficacy, self-esteem and optimism. Evidence-based Positive Education programmes are playing a crucial role in teaching the skills of wellbeing and promoting positive health for students. Positive Education provides strategies to get the best out of life's situations, from exercising resilience when facing adversity to using strengths when striving for future goals. A flourishing student is engaged in their learning, contributes positively to their community and nurtures many healthy relationships. Schools have a prime opportunity to impact the wellbeing of young people by implementing a Positive Education programme.
The Institute of Positive Education presents The Science of Achievement Conference taking place at the National Education Summit on Friday 30 August 2019.


text:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Demat Account
As the trading world has shifted to the online space, it has become more and more accessible to the average investor accompanied by several useful tools and platforms.
A large part in this shift is played by the process of Dematerialisation, which has made it easier than ever for traders to hold and trade in their securities. However, like all concepts associated with trading, Demat accounts necessitate a closer look at its pros and cons.
What is a Demat Account?
Dematerialisation is the process by which physical securities are converted into electronic format. One of the prime benefits of Demat accounts is it serves a similar function to the one that is served by a bank account to store your money. Each Demat account comes with a specific account number and password to ensure security. Each transaction made with the Demat account also comes with its transaction password.
The various advantages of demat accounts are:
- Securities in Demat accounts can be stored in an electronic form, which makes the process of holding and transacting convenient and hassle-free.
- They have greatly reduced the risks associated with holding securities in physical forms like - forgeries, theft, fake securities.
- Demat accounts also allow instant transfer of securities. Hence, as soon as a trader spots a favourable opportunity, a transfer or transaction in securities can be made quickly.
- With Demat accounts, if you should choose so, you can buy or sell even a single share.
- As a trader, not only can you open a demat account online but also update important account information such as a change of address without having to reach out to multiple companies.
- Demat accounts are also a great all-in-one account for holding many different types of securities like - investments in both equity as well as debt instruments, and also use it to hold mutual funds and gold ETFs.
With the advantages, there are some disadvantages too, which include:
- Demat account holders are required to pay an annual maintenance charge. This charge applies to the trader even if there is only a single share held in the Demat account.
- As opposed to dealing with physical securities, trading in electronic securities might seem somewhat difficult and even complex to those new to the world of online trading.
While Demat accounts might seem to present a challenge to certain traders, for the most part, their pros outweigh their cons. If you too would like to make the most of this essential trading tool, consider opening a Demat account online with IIFL, wherein investors and traders can avail an all-in-one account through which you can trade in multiple securities online from anywhere.


Planting a Tree Ceremony.jpg
Planting a Tree Ceremony
The unity tree planting ceremony can be used to symbolize the joining together of two individuals or the joining of two families.
You set up a separate table, on which you will place a potted tree/sapling (something perhaps with special meaning to the couple). If you choose to have the ceremony symbolize the joining together of both families' then upon the entrance of the mothers, each mother goes to the table and scoops in a small amount of dirt. Then they take their seats. During a specific reading or song, the couple will each add the rest of dirt and water the plant together. After the ceremony, the couple should plant the tree in a special location to symbolize the putting down of roots, longevity and strengths in their marriage.


text: Laser nerve stimulation using near-infrared laser irradiation has recently been studied in the peripheral nervous system as an alternative method to conventional electrical nerve stimulation. Bringing this method to the vagus nerve model could leverage this emerging stimulation approach to be tested in broader preclinical applications. Here, we report the capability of the laser nerve stimulation method on the rat vagus nerve bundle with a 1505-nm diode laser operated in continuous-wave mode. Studies of the stimulation threshold and laser-induced acute thermal injury to the nerve bundle were also performed to determine a temperature window for safe, reliable and reproducible laser stimulation of the rat vagus nerve bundle. The results show that laser stimulation of the vagus nerve bundle provides reliable and reproducible nerve stimulation in a rat model. These results also confirm a threshold temperature of >42 degrees C with acute nerve damage observed above 46 degrees C. A strong correlation was obtained between the laser time required to raise the nerve temperature above the stimulation threshold and the mean arterial pressure response. Advantages of the method such as non-contact delivery of external stimulus signals at mm scaled distance in air, enhanced spatial selectivity and electrical artefact-free measurements may indicate its potential to counteract the side effects of conventional electrical vagus nerve stimulation.


text:
Edward Hempstead ( born June 3, 1780 in New London, Connecticut; † August 10, 1817 in St. Louis, Missouri ) was an American politician. Between 1812 and 1814 he represented the Missouri Territory as a delegate in the U.S. House of Representatives.
Edward Hempstead enjoyed an academic education. After a subsequent law degree in 1801 and its recent approval as a lawyer, he started in the state of Rhode Iceland to work in this profession. In 1805 he moved to St. Louis, which was then still part of the 1803 acquired by President Thomas Jefferson in the Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Territory. In the following years Hempstead participated in several campaigns against the Indians north of the Missouri. From 1809 to 1812 he was attorney general in the northern part of the Louisiana district. In 1812 he was Member of Parliament and President of the Territorial House of Representatives.
After the foundation of the Missouri Territory was Hempstead in 1812 as a delegate to Congress in Washington DC selected. This mandate he held between 9 December 1812 and 17 September 1814. In this time the British -American War of 1812. Hempstead Edward fell died on August 10, 1817 in St. Louis at the consequences of a riding accident, he had six days earlier suffered.


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The name Ephraim seems to commonly be given two etymologies, one referring to an "ash heap" and the other referring to "fruitfulness". Example I can understand the fruitfulness etymology linking אֶפְרַיִם back to פָּרָה, but where does the etymology of "ash heap" come from? Are these competing etymological theories, or are they somehow compatible?
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migrated from christianity.stackexchange.com Nov 13 '12 at 15:36
I've added the genesis tag since Joseph gave the name to his second son in Genesis 41:52. The NET Bible explores the meaning of the name, but doesn't mention the "ash heap" definition. +1 for an interesting question. (I hope you'll activate your account here soon and that we'll see you around.) – Jon Ericson Nov 13 '12 at 18:37
4 Answers 4
up vote 6 down vote accepted
I'm not sure this is a answer, certainly if it is, it is speculative. However, it isn't clear why "ash heap" is an option here, because the word clearly derives from the word for fruitfulness. But as we know, words are a lot more than their etymology. They are a network of associations tying together different ideas based on the context in which they are used. Just a a pineapple is neither a pine cone nor an apple, the word stands on its own meaning, and own usage.
However, a couple of points worth considering. First, it is more commonly used of the place name Bethlehem Ephrath. This is the place where Joseph's mother Rachel was buried, Jacob's beloved one. Perhaps the place was named "Fruitful" originally but then became associated with the mourning for Jacob's beloved Rachel -- especially at that time, so close the actual event. Hence the two meanings, originally the literal, later the associated meaning of sadness. Of course ash heap is strongly associated with mourning in the Abrahamic tradition.
The best parallel I can draw is our English word Columbine. The columbine is a beautiful flower found in the woodlands of high altitude states like Colorado. However, now in English when we hear the name we think not of the flower but the tragedy associated with the school of that name. Beauty and terror in one word. Were your name Columbine, what would you think? How would you feel?
Another point that I think is pretty interesting is the context of the verse. The name is given, and its meaning is ambiguous, with the two possible meanings being almost opposites. The name is first given in Gen 41:52, occurring right in the middle of the Egyptian crisis (see the following few verses), seven years of plenty (fruitful), seven years of famine (ash heap.) In the seven years of plenty, and seven years of famine, which did the LORD make Jacob, plentiful or mourning? The fruitful and ash heap ambiguity seems quite poignant in that light I think.
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I was 3 miles from the Columbine school when the incident at the Aurora theatre occurred. – Blessed Geek Nov 14 '12 at 20:05
Pardon me for inserting my less than scholarly conjectures.
Due to the Hebrew words for
 1. Ash
 2. Fruit
In my own words
 1. Ash as an adjectival descriptor
 = Stuff that has been made to be, appear to be like, ash.
 Frequently, in languages including English and Hebrew, we use the adjectival or participle descriptor with an implied object. And then ascribe plural declension to that descriptor. Therefore
 = plurality of such ash-related stuffs.
 Hence, Ephraim
 2. Concoct a 1st person singular hiphil causative to fruit
 = I cause (target) to bear fruit.
 (Is that the way to hiphilize a word ending with yod? I'm not sure).
 And then similarly, ascribe dual or plurality - I doubly/multiply cause (targets) to bear fruit.
Conjecture #2 is less plausible because a pual form might be more appropriate - I am caused to bear fruit - I am fruitful -> I am doubly/multiply fruitful.
Therefore, I vote for conjecture #1 - Plurality of stuffs that have been made into or appear as ash. Which would collide with all the good things biblical/rabbinic scholars have said about the tribe of Ephraim.
Someone with good biblical hebrew could please critique my conjectures.
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BTW, אפר in modern hebrew also mean to put on make-up. Does this come from an ancient source of painting one's face, as I think ancient Egyptians must have practiced. Therefore, the hiphil could imply a make-up artist. – Blessed Geek Nov 14 '12 at 21:09
Ashes for eye shadow? Only a guess. – Bob Jones Nov 27 '12 at 0:48
I looked up אפר in BDB, which led to three references in torah (and more in the rest of tanakh that I didn't chase):
וַיַּעַן אַבְרָהָם, וַיֹּאמַר: הִנֵּה-נָא הוֹאַלְתִּי לְדַבֵּר אֶל-אֲדֹנָי, וְאָנֹכִי עָפָר וָאֵפֶר.
And Abraham answered and said: 'Behold now, I have taken upon me to speak unto the LORD, who am but dust and ashes. (Gen 18:27)
וְאָסַף אִישׁ טָהוֹר, אֵת אֵפֶר הַפָּרָה, וְהִנִּיחַ מִחוּץ לַמַּחֲנֶה...
And a man that is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer... (Num 19:9, see also 19:10)
I think the connection to fruitfulness (פָּרָה) is more likely, but perhaps these verses are what support the alternate "ashes" explanation.
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Both fruit and ash come from the two-letter sub-root פֶר.
Sub-roots are not words, though some are occasionally used as such. They are primarily metaphoric concepts which are narrowed by the intersecting ideas of the letters which are added to them.
פֶר means young bull. As such it is the metaphor of the young bull. It is viril (fruitful) and it is the sacrifice (ash heap).
The aleph (אֵ) represents separation (see the heavens and the earth separated by the firmament), so the separated bull is the ash heap. The yud (י) represents the initial spark of creation and when added to the bull becomes fruitfulness.
It is made plural with the suffix. The metaphoric meaning of doubling is that the thing happens in heaven and on earth.
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I'm not familiar with the notion of "sub-roots" having any meaning (any more than that it's meaningful to say that "Bob" and "job" are related just because they have two letters in common). Can you share sources that support that approach? – Gone Quiet Nov 18 '12 at 4:10
Google "Hebrew subroots" to find Jewish sources. Although it is all over the internet now, it was originally only taught to Jewish men over age 40. It is also suggested by rabbis that individual letters have hieroglyphic meanings and that an unknown Hebrew word can be discerned from the meaning of the letters. – Bob Jones Nov 18 '12 at 4:51
In the case of bull it is a two letter word as well as a subroot. – Bob Jones Nov 18 '12 at 4:51
Oh.. and English is not deeply rooted as is Hebrew, so I agree that your example is nonsense. – Bob Jones Nov 18 '12 at 4:56
Sub-roots is a very midrashaesque concept. Meaning they have expository and gematric value in scholarship but not much evidence linguistically. As you can see my similar attempts at hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/2062/… was voted down. Perhaps, whoever voted me down should consider voting this down too - to be fair to me. – Blessed Geek Nov 21 '12 at 2:23
Your Answer


text:
San Juan is one of the few villages left around Guatemala that dyes its yarn naturally. The natural yarn process is fascinating. It is incredible that such vibrant colours can be achieved in a completely natural way.
Once picked, the natural cotton balls—which are white, khaki or coffee in color—are pulled apart so that the seeds can be removed. (pictured right) The cotton is then stretched and pounded into a rectangle in preparation for spinning it into thread.
The cotton is then handspun on a spool. One hand spins the spool while the other holds the cotton high until long strands begin to form. It is necessary to spin the cotton several times to achieve a very fine cotton thread. (pictured below)
A natural fixator made from banana leaves is used to ensure the finished yarn does not bleed as synthetic dye often does. The cotton is first dipped in the banana water then into the pot containing the boiling water and desired dye – usually depending on the hue desired, you boil the yarn for 2 – 3 hours. The final step is dipping the now naturally dyed yarn in the banana water again to fix the colour. The result; a vibrant colour that does not bleed or stain and is completely environmentally friendly.
Both muted and vivid dye colors can be achieved depending on the boiling time and the plants they are derived from, some of which include avocado, guava, carrots, basil and cinnamon. What is interesting is that often the plant or insect gives an unexpected colour.
Who would have thought that avocado dye equals pink yarn?


text:
A press conference on the outcomes of 2020 and upcoming tasks was held with the participation of the chairman of the State Customs Committee, customs service Colonel-General Safar Mehdiyev on March 4.
Addressing the conference, the chairman of the State Customs Committee Safar Mehdiyev spoke about the historic victory gained by the brave Azerbaijani army in the Patriotic war under the leadership of Victorious Supreme Commander-in-Chief Ilham Aliyev, said that 2020 would go down in Azerbaijan's history as the year of victory.
The chairman of the committee said the customs bodies had taken all necessary steps for successful implementation of the preventive measures taken by President Ilham Aliyev and First Vice-President Mehriban Aliyeva to protect the health of the population and ensure sustainability of import-export operations amid hard socio-economic situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic that started early in 2020. It was underlined that within a short period of time special equipment had been installed at the customs checkpoints to disinfect trucks, and pedestrian crossings had been provided with thermal imagers and necessary disinfectants to check individuals.
Safar Mehdiyev also said that despite the hard situation caused by the pandemic, difficulties in economy had been minimized as a result of the resolute steps taken by the leader of the country. The State Customs Committee built its activity in line with the requirements of the pandemic, took necessary steps to ensure sustainability of import-export operations and the customs bodies had a success in 2020, too.
Then, the chairman of the Committee made a special presentation for the media representatives regarding the customs bodies' activity in 2020.
Speaking about the customs statistics of foreign trade, monthly dynamics of import-export operations in 2020, Safar Mehdiyev said last year the customs bodies collected _PHONE_ billion manats customs payments and transferred to the state budget while forecast was _PHONE_ billion manats.
Giving information about the budget revenues, the role of the State Customs Committee in budget revenues, Safar Mehdiyev underlined that the reforms carried out by the head of state to ensure transparency, eliminate the "shadow economy" had created conditions for the customs bodies to produce successful results.
It was noted that 41% of total imports were taxed last year. The import duty exemptions accounted for 59 percent of total imports, and the VAT exemptions for 26 percent of total imports. The chairman of the committee said that recently some experts had made incorrect calculations based on the statistics of foreign trade turnover, and subsequently the figures had led to the formation of an unrealistic opinion about the activities of customs bodies in the society.
It was said that the customs bodies had built its activity in line with the requirements of the legislation and the public was regularly informed about it.
The chairman of the Committee said that 430 foreign trade participants in import and 235 foreign trade participants in export had been given the right to use the "Green Corridor" gating system launched in 2019, and "Green Corridor" users accounted for 40 percent of total imports and 32.8 percent of total exports.
Then, the questions of the media representatives were answered.


text:
Hauling is the process of bringing an object to its designated place. There are several specific types of hauling, based on the type of item(s) to be hauled and determined by designating the specific labors on indivual dwarves.
Although not a term found in-game, hauler generally refers to a dwarf in fortress mode who has no labors enabled other than hauling. Once the dwarven economy starts, haulers are usually the poorest in the fortress as the hauling task only pays 1☼ per task completed. In large fortresses where there may be great distances for haulers to travel, individual hauling tasks may take a long time to complete, and so very little money is earned. Haulers are good candidates for cross-training to help improve their strength and agility attributes, which are important attributes for moving heavy objects across a fortress quickly.
Many larger fortresses use dedicated dwarves to do much of the hauling so that other, more specialized dwarves will spend more time in their workshops and less time dragging raw materials or finished products to the appropriate stockpile.
 Automatic hauling
Some hauling tasks do not require any hauling labor:
- A dwarf working at a workshop will gather the raw materials needed to produce wanted goods. However, produced goods require the appropriate hauling labor to be moved out of the workshop in order to avoid clutter. Dwarves producing goods at a workshop tend to keep producing them and will not necessarily clear their own workshops of clutter even when they have the appropriate hauling labor enabled.
- All adult civilian dwarves, including nobles, will bring goods to the depot.
- A moody dwarf will gather the raw materials needed for a mysterious construction.
- A dwarf
uilding something will move the needed materials to the construction site.
- Before a dwarf will build something, he will need to have the appropriate labor as specified by the task. If the dwarf is building a chair or similar, the dwarf needs Furniture Hauling; if the dwarf is building a wooden wall, it's Carpentry, and so forth. Workshops are usually constructed by any dwarf that can work in that workshop.
- An herbalist will haul any successfully-gathered plant to a stockpile immediately, if there is space available in one.
- Dwarves in the midst of eating will carry their meal to a table. Military dwarves, however, will eat directly off of the floor.
- Dwarves who have just finished drinking booze will return their barrel to the nearest food stockpile.
- Removing constructed objects will be done by all dwarves.
- Filling pits and ponds will be done by all dwarves.
- If you have the "All dwarves harvest" option turned on, all dwarves will help bring in the harvest, even if they don't have Food Hauling enabled.
 Stone hauling
Note: Dwarves, being the kind fellows they are, practically insist on hauling one of the farthest stones into your stockpiles. They tend to ignore eligible, nearby stones 'for the greater good of the fortress'. This selfless act often results in terribly long journeys, carrying just one stone. See the section on Stone management for tips on combatting this problem.
 Wood hauling
Dwarves with the wood hauling labor enabled will haul wood logs to the corresponding stockpiles.
DeforestationWood production can be sped up a lot by turning off wood hauling on your most skilled woodcutter who will focus exclusively on cutting down trees. This will however expose more of your dwarves as many wood haulers will go outside to retrieve the logs.
 Item hauling
 Food hauling
 Refuse hauling
Dwarves with the refuse hauling labor will haul rotting food, and non-dwarf bodyparts to refuse stockpiles. They will also dump marked items to the appropriate activity zone. Refuse hauling are subject to refuse orders ( : Set Orders and Options -> : Refuse Orders).
 Furniture hauling
 Animal hauling
 Tips and issues
In order to minimize hauling trips, stockpiles should be placed with care.
- Input and ouput stockpiles should be placed near corresponding workshops.
- Spoils of war: dwarves may haul entire bins full of items, or items individually. However, they are not smart enough to bin items in order to carry them, so this may end in numerous needless trips from deceased enemies to your fortress, each dwarf carrying one item at a time. To counter this:
- Place a small bin stockpile and a general purpose stockpile near the battlefield.
- When every spoil has been binned, remove the stockpiles, mark the filled bins for dumping, deactivate your usual garbage zone and create a new one in your fortress.
- When everything has been moved, reclaim your dumped items and restore your garbage zones as usual.
- Construction preparation: when constructing something big away from your fort (e.g. a road), the dwarf assigned to the construction (or architecture) will have to carry each item from your fort to the construction location, which can take a long time. By putting stockpiles near your construction project, many dwarves may participate in the hauling, thus dramatically increasing construction speed. Note that materials are allocated at the time of building, so be sure the stockpile is filled before placing the construction order, otherwise the materials will still have to come from afar.
- Consider specializing your haulers if possible - food haulers that orbit around the kitchen/dining room/farm area, stone haulers that orbit around the mines and furnaces, and (if possible/needed) wood haulers that do likewise with the carpenter shop. Turn off refuse hauling if that dwarf isn't going to be near areas likely to have refuse. This keeps the mine hauler from deciding to walk aaaallll the way over to the kitchens for one load, and then out to the forest for one, and then back to the smelters, and so on.
- Furthermore, you can handpick your specialized hauler, selecting them by their attributes. A wood hauler might be chosen because of his agility, since he might have to walk a lot of tiles to reach the forest, depending on the fortress and map layout. A stone hauler, on the other hand, might be chosen because of his strength so that he can pick up and carry heavy stones (such as gold and platinum) more quickly.
- The Grower profession can have a huge impact on hauling - see farming for a discussion.
To ensure that high-priority hauling tasks (like food, to clean up after get done quickly, you should employ a large number of haulers, and specialize them by having only one or two hauling labors enabled. This is most important for food hauling, where prepared meals in the kitchen often rot while your dwarves are hauling individual seeds left behind after someone eats a plump helmet, or if your hunters bring a herd of animals in for your butchers all at once.
The backlog problem is exacerbated by the fact that the hauling job queue is tied to how many haulers of each type you have; if 100 dwarves have food hauling enabled, up to 100 food hauling tasks can be in the queue, even if those dwarves are busy hauling stone, doing workshop tasks, sleeping, or doing anything else.Verify This is why hauling specialization is so important.
 Two stockpiles are better than one
For stockpiles that use bins or barrels, it is usually better to cut one large stockpile into a handful of smaller ones. This is because dwarves will only load one bin or barrel at a time, and may go idle for long periods while they wait for the next-chosen bin or barrel to actually get hauled to the stockpile before they can load it. By using several smaller stockpiles, haulers can retrieve and fill multiple bins or barrels simultaneously.


text:
Weather in Cologne. Actual conditions and forecast
Week forecast for temperature, rain and cloudiness
Map of wind conditions for Cologne area
Map of Cologne temperature forecast
1. You can zoom in to Cologne using the '+' button, or check temperatures around the globe by the '-' button.
2. Besides this, you can grab the map by your mouse button and move it to see the temperature in other regions.
This temperature map is centered around Cologne. The map is real-time and interactive.
Rain forecast for Cologne area
1. Using the control panel above this map, you can check the rain forecast for Cologne for any period within next 10 days.
2. Via the top control panel, you can check the following weather parameters: Temperature, Cloud cover, Precipitation, Wind and Pressure.
This precipitation forecast map is centered around Cologne. The map is also real-time and interactive.
Climate in Germany and weather forecast - best seasons for visit
Winter in Germany is quite mild, and the temperature rarely drops below 10 degrees below zero. During the first half of winter, the temperature can not fall below zero at all. The weather is overcast, there are incessant rains. A lot of snow falls In the Alps at the southern part of Germany and the ski season opens. In the last winter month, the temperature drops; in some areas it reaches 15 degrees below zero. With the onset of spring, abundant thaws begin. Sunny days come to replace the gloomy overcast. All vegetation starts to turn green, and the air is warm. Although the spring weather in Germany regularly brings surprises like sudden cold rains with snow. Until the middle of April, there are intense snowfalls and large gusts of wind in the area of Munich and Bavaria. The average air temperature is 9 degrees Celsius. Although in the sunniest days, air can warm up to 20 degrees.
Atmosphere of Germany: politics
In different regions, the tax system and the structure of budget can differ. Every German land has the right to create its own law and allocate its own authority. However, all regions develop in one common direction and rhythm, as prescribed by the parliament. The highest judicial instance in the Federation is the Federal Constitutional Court. Both chambers of the parliament have a right to elect eight judges to the board. Each of them is appointed as a judge for twelve years. The Supreme Court is engaged, as a rule, by checking the decisions of other courts and resolving disputable constitutional issues.


text:
2009 Edition Part 9 Figure 9C-9. Shared Lane Marking
Figure 9C-9. Shared Lane Marking
This figure illustrates an example of a lane marked for bicycle shared use.
The figure shows a vertical symbol of a bicycle with a white "v" shaped marking inside a second "v" shape above the symbol. The points of the "v" shaped markings face up. The distance from the top of the topmost "v" shaped marking to the bottom of the bicycle symbol is shown as a dimension of 112 inches. The overall length of the symbol is shown as a dimension of 72 inches. The overall width of the symbol is shown as a dimension of 40 inches.


text:
One of the questions that readers have on the topic of refueling combat aircraft aviation in the air, deals with the theme of a thunderstorm. Can aircraft refueling in the air during a thunderstorm be carried out with numerous discharges of atmospheric electricity - lightning?
This kind of refueling is not a frequent phenomenon, but the air forces of different countries do not refuse it - in cases of emergency. Thus, in the United States, during a night thunderstorm, the F / A-18 tanks were refilled with fuel using the KC-130 air tanker.
The corresponding video was posted on Instagram on the Combat_Learjet page. Such refueling is actively discussed on the net.
In the American information sources, during the discussion, it is assumed that refueling a carrier-based fighter-bomber in such conditions was a necessary measure. The planes were in the air and tried to bypass the thunderstorm front, but in the end the bad weather overtook the aviation facilities during that very refueling.
In fact, the planes could be at a completely safe distance from the storm front.
What do domestic standards say about this?
For example, the Manual on the Technical Operation and Repair of Aviation Equipment in Civil Aviation of Russia (order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of 1994) prescribes:
5.1.10. Open refueling of an aircraft during rain and strong wind with dust, during a thunderstorm (during atmospheric electricity discharges) and closed refueling during lightning discharges is prohibited.
Western regulations: "When observing a thunderstorm front and flashes from atmospheric electrical discharges within a radius of 10 miles (about 16 km) from the immediate place of refueling, the refueling procedure must be stopped."
However, all these are "airfield" standards, and for civil aircraft and precisely for refueling. The conditions for the operation of combat aircraft are different. Although it is quite obvious that refueling in the air during a thunderstorm and discharges of atmospheric electricity is an extremely dangerous action that can lead to negative consequences for both sides - the fuel donor and the acceptor.


text:
Less Than Zero
This elevation map of the Beethoven basin is color-coded to show the height of features on Mercury's surface. Mercury lacks a "sea level", so the zero-point reference elevation is defined to be the mean planetary radius of 2440 km. Blue areas, such as within Bello crater on the floor of Beethoven, have negative elevations. The red and white areas to the southwest are more than 8 km higher than the lowest points in this area.
Date acquired: February 27, 2012
Image Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington


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Quick Performance Triage
By , 3 Nov 2009
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Introduction
Your application performs a task and you feel it is taking too long to run. You step through the code but you don't get a good sense of how long some tasks really take. You need to identify what is slow and where you should focus your attention. You believe that one part of the process is the problem, but do you know that for sure?
The process of surveying the problem to figure out where to focus your attention is called Triage.
A couple definitions for triage:
 1. A process for sorting injured people into groups based on their need for or likely benefit from immediate medical treatment. Triage is used in hospital emergency rooms, on battlefields, and at disaster sites when limited medical resources must be allocated.
 2. A process in which things are ranked in terms of importance or priority.
As developers, we are a limited resource. We only have so much time and attention that we can focus on any given problem. We need to focus our efforts on those areas where the greatest benefit can be derived.
That need is how this solution was born. I needed to identify what pieces of a process were taking the longest to complete so I could focus my efforts on addressing those areas first. I had my suspicions but I wasn't sure.
Example Usage
Let's jump in and see what the result looks like. Accompanying the article is a class that you can take and modify as needed. It is called SimpleTimer.
We can get our timings by just creating a SimpleTimer object in a using block and surround the code we want to time with it. The resulting time is written to the Output window in the Visual Studio IDE.
Simple Sequential Timing
Simple Sequential Timing Code
int i = 0;
using (new SimpleTimer("Counting from 1 to 20,000"))
{
 while (i < 40000)
 {
 i++;
 }
}
using (new SimpleTimer("Sleeping for 1 second"))
{
 Thread.Sleep(1000);
}
Simple Sequential Timing Output
The output information is written to the Output tab of the Visual Studio IDE.
SimpleTimer: Counting from 1 to 20,000 - Start
SimpleTimer: Counting from 1 to 20,000 - End - (1.1459 msec)
SimpleTimer: Sleeping for 1 second - Start
SimpleTimer: Sleeping for 1 second - End - (_PHONE_ msec)
Nested Timing
Nested Timing Code
using (new SimpleTimer("Nested Example level 0"))
{
 using (new SimpleTimer("Sleep 1/4 second - level 1"))
 {
 Thread.Sleep(250);
 }
 using (new SimpleTimer("Perform a loop and time each iteration - level 1"))
 {
 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
 {
 using (new SimpleTimer(String.Format
 ("Loop iteration number {0} - level 2", i)))
 {
 // Sleep 50 msec per iteration
 Thread.Sleep(50);
 }
 }
 }
}
Nested Timing Output
SimpleTimer: Nested Example level 0 - Start
 SimpleTimer: Sleep 1/4 second - level 1 - Start
 SimpleTimer: Sleep 1/4 second - level 1 - End - (_PHONE_ msec)
 SimpleTimer: Perform a loop and time each iteration - level 1 - Start
 SimpleTimer: Loop iteration number 0 - level 2 - Start
 SimpleTimer: Loop iteration number 0 - level 2 - End - (58.2576 msec)
 SimpleTimer: Loop iteration number 1 - level 2 - Start
 SimpleTimer: Loop iteration number 1 - level 2 - End - (59.0108 msec)
 SimpleTimer: Loop iteration number 2 - level 2 - Start
 SimpleTimer: Loop iteration number 2 - level 2 - End - (57.6705 msec)
 SimpleTimer: Perform a loop and time each iteration - level 1 -
 End - (_PHONE_ msec)
SimpleTimer: Nested Example level 0 - End - (_PHONE_ msec)
How It Works
The SimpleTimer class implements the IDisposable interface. A new instance of the class is created at the top of the using block. No reference to the created object is needed. When code execution reaches the closing brace of the using block, SimpleTimer's Dispose() method is called. This signals the end of the block to time. The elapsed time is computed and output.
Internally, SimpleTimer uses the .NET Stopwatch class along with Trace for managing the output. From the MSDN page on the Stopwatch class, we learn that Stopwatch "Provides a set of methods and properties that you can use to accurately measure elapsed time."
Why Don't Nested Times Add Up?
Looking at the previous Nested Timing Output, we see that the three "Loop iteration" steps sum to _PHONE_ msec. The outer "Perform a loop and time each iteration" step clocks in at _PHONE_ msec. That's a difference of 11.9328 msec. Where did that other time go?
This is where nested timings must be taken in context. For an individual timing, the last step of creating the SimpleTimer class is starting the Stopwatch. The first step of the Dispose() is stopping the Stopwatch. When nesting calls to SimpleTimer, we need to remember that we are now also timing the execution of our other timing code!
Nested timings can still be valuable but not for strict performance numbers in the outer layers. Nested timings work really well when trying to get a sense of proportion and relative size. Looking again at the Nested Timing Output, we can see that loop we just examined is about 43% of the total time. More than half the time was spent in the "Sleep 1/4 second" area. Remember, our goal here is triage. We want to identify the slowest areas and get a relative idea of how slow it is so we can determine where our development time is best spent.
Commenting Out Tip
While experimenting with timing different areas of code, you can quickly disable a SimpleTimer call with a single comment-line. Just comment out the using statement and you are left with a perfectly valid scoping block. When you don't have to worry about matching up the Start and End code for the timer, it can be pretty easy to sprinkle them around in your code and remove them as needed.
//using (new SimpleTimer("Testing long process"))
{
 // Some task
}
Custom Logging
Following suggestions in the comments, the class and demo project were updated to allow for custom logging implementations. By default, SimpleTimer still writes output using the Trace class. In the interest of keeping this solution accessible to more users, the changes were implemented using a delegate so it remains .NET 2.0 friendly.
The following example demonstrates customizing the logging output. This uses an anonymous method but a standard method would work as well. Additionally, the handler adds extra logic to only output end times and skips the start notification and the output nesting.
// Log to a memo to demonstrate custom logging ability
CustomLog log = delegate(bool isEnd, string taskName,
 string category, TimeSpan elapsedTime)
{
 // Only log the End times where we have timings.
 if (isEnd)
 {
 txtCustomLog.AppendText(String.Format("{0}:{1} - End - ({2} msec)\r\n",
 category,
 taskName,
 elapsedTime.TotalMilliseconds));
 }
};
// Example using custom logging output
using (new SimpleTimer("Counting Sheep", null, log))
{
 int sheep = 0;
 for (int i = 0; i < 50000; i++)
 {
 sheep++;
 }
}
Some ideas on how this might be used:
 1. Write the information to a file.
 2. Write the information to a database.
 3. Write the information to a custom logging solution in your application.
 4. Keep some SimpleTimer calls in your production code and generate warnings or notifications when times exceed a predetermined threshold.
The addition of custom logging gives you more freedom to time, track, and respond as you see fit.
ASP.NET Web Service Note
SimpleTimer uses the Trace class for writing out the output. For Trace statements to work in an ASP.NET Web Service application, a change must be made to the Web.config file.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
 [...]
 <system.codedom>
 <compilers>
 <compiler language="c#;cs;csharp"
 extension=".cs"
 compilerOptions="/d:TRACE"
 type="Microsoft.CSharp.CSharpCodeProvider, System,
 Version=2.0.3500.0, Culture=neutral,
 PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089" warningLevel="1" />
 </compilers>
 </system.codedom>
 [...]
</configuration>
The Web.config change can be made temporarily while doing the performance investigation and commented out when finished.
NOTE: Make sure to


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It seems like a través de and por medio de can often be used to mean the same thing. What is the difference between them, and in what contexts can you only use one or the other?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
There's little (if any) semantic difference between these two constructs, as they both can express mode:
Hicieron el pago a través de transferencia bancaria.
Hicieron el pago por medio de transferencia bancaria.
and place:
Se hizo paso a través del paseo marítimo.
Se hizo paso por medio del paseo marítimo.
However in the first pair of examples, por medio sounds awkwardly more formal than a través, and in the second one, rather uncultured (if that's the right word in English).
There are cases in which por medio sounds just as acceptable as other options, but as a rule of thumb, always prefer a través de.
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I would translate "a través de" as "through," and "por medio de" as "by means of," or "using." The difference is rather slight.
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+1 I like that. Sometimes you can use through and by means of interchangeably, but you would never say "he drilled a hole by means of the wall" That is more or less when the two terms are different in Spanish as well. – DeStrangis Feb 22 '13 at 12:02
Perhaps you can read "por medio de" almost literally, "through the medium of". – Tony Apr 18 '14 at 22:48
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text:
Arthur Erickson is British Columbia's best-known architect. Among the many fine works he has designed in British Columbia and around the globe is the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia. Erickson was inspired by post-and-beam First Nations architecture and interpreted these designs in concrete.
"In Erickson's mind, one of the most successful aspects of the museum is the way visitors move systematically through the galleries. The ability to bring artifacts from the research collection out of storage, allowing the public to view the full expanse of the museum's collection, was also very important to him. Erickson was very pleased with the way the Native American Indians accepted the museum, or in his words, 'adopted the museum.' Tribes hold events at the museum such as potlatches and salmon bakes. The Haida longhouse outside of the museum is sometimes used as a steam house. This was an unforeseen but welcomed use of the museum and for Erickson a major indicator of success.
Overall, Erickson said he strove for a 'tranquility of space,' where there is a resolution of forces to bring the building into balance."


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Let $N$ be a normal $p$-subgroup of finite centerless group $G$ such that $G/N\cong A_{5}$. Is it possible $G/N\cong \leq $Aut$(Z(N))$?
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Background, origin of problem, ideas, insights, self work...? – DonAntonio Oct 22 '12 at 17:37
Is this really the question you want? Every finite group is a subgroup of Aut(Z(N)) for some p-group N. – Jack Schmidt Oct 22 '12 at 17:42
What does $\cong\le$ mean? – Derek Holt Oct 22 '12 at 18:00
_USER_ "isomorphic to a subgroup" perhaps? – Alexander Gruber Oct 22 '12 at 21:37
_USER_: Isomorphic to a subgroup. This question related to my former question. – Ros Oct 23 '12 at 2:54
1 Answer 1
Let $p$ be a prime number and $Q$ be a finite group with no normal $p$-subgroups.
Define $N$ to be the direct sum of the simple $\mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}[Q]$-modules other than the trivial module. Then $Q$ acts faithfully on $N$, and no nonzero element of $N$ is centralized by all elements of $Q$. Notice $Z(N)=N$. Let $G$ be the semi-direct product of $Q$ acting on $N$.
Then $G$ is a finite centerless group with $G/N \cong Q$, and the map $gN \mapsto ( n \mapsto g^{-1} n g)$ is an injective homomorphism from $G/N$ into $\operatorname{Aut}(Z(N))$.
If $Q$ has normal $p$-subgroups, then $G$ is no-longer centerless, and we may need to choose a more complicated $N$ (still abelian, but possibly including the trivial module, and possibly not semi-simple) in order to embed $G/N$ in $\operatorname{Aut}(Z(N))$.
Of course for $A_5$ we need not worry about normal $p$-subgroups, and we can be pretty explicit about $N$. However, I don't understand what could motivate you to ask this question and suspect you meant to ask something else.
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