Diagnostics Guide
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Running Diagnostic Commands
Use diagnostic commands to communicate with a running Oracle JRockit JVM process. These commands tell the JRockit JVM to for example print a heap report or a garbage collection activity report, or to turn on or off a specific verbose module. This chapter describes how to run diagnostic commands and lists the available commands. The following sections are included:
Diagnostic Commands Overview
Diagnostic commands help you communicate with a running JRockit JVM process. With these commands you can for example ask for a heap report or enable or disable a verbose module.
You can send diagnostic commands to a running JVM process in several ways:
You can enable or disable any diagnostic command using the system property -Djrockit.ctrlbreak.enable=, where name is the name of the diagnostic command. The following two handlers are disallowed by default and need to be turned on:
For example:
Using jrcmd
jrcmd is a command line tool included with the JRockit JDK you can use to send diagnostic commands to a running JVM process. This section provides a brief overview of jrcmd. It includes information on the following subjects:
How jrcmd Communicates with the JRockit JVM
jrcmd uses the JRIPC library, a small C library, to communicate with a running JRockit JVM process. JRIPC has the following basic functionality
How to Use jrcmd
To use jrcmd, simply enter it at the command line, with the appropriate parameters:
jrcmd [ []] [-l] [-f file] [-p] -h]
If the PID is 0, commands will be sent to all JRockit JVM processes. If no options are given, default is -p.
jrcmd Examples
Here are some examples of using jrcmd for:
Listing JRockit JVM Processes
Do the following to list all JRockit JVM processes running on the machine:
 1. Run jrcmd or jrcmd -p to list the running JRockit JVMs; for example:
 2. > jrcmd -P
 10064 Sleeper
 -Xverbose:memory -Xmx30m
 You will see the PID of the process (10064) and the program it is currently running (Sleeper) as well as the parameters used to start the JVM (-Xverbose:memory -Xmx30m).
Sending a Command to a Process
To send a command to the process you identified in Listing JRockit JVM Processes, do the following:
 1. Find the PID from Listing JRockit JVM Processes (10064)
 2. Enter jrcmd with that PID and the version command; for example:
 3. > jrcmd 10064 version
 This command sends the version command to the JRockit JVM. The response will be:
 Oracle WebLogic JRockit(R) Virtual Machine build 9.9.9-1.5.0-Jun 9 2004-13:52:53-, Native Threads, GC strategy: parallel
Sending Several Commands
You can create a file (just like the ctrlhandler.act file) with several commands and execute all of them. Use this procedure:
 1. Create a file called commands.txt with the following contents:
 - version
 - timestamp
 2. Execute the file with jrcmd; for example:
 3. > jrcmd 10064 -f commands.txt
 The system will respond:
 ==== Timestamp ==== uptime: 0 days, 00:05:04 time: Fri Jun 11 14:28:31 2004
 4. Use the PID 0 to send the commands to all running JRockit JVM processes.
Known Limitations of jrcmd
When using jrcmd, be aware of these limitations:
Ctrl-Break Handler
Another way you can run diagnostic commands is by pressing Ctrl-Break. When you press Ctrl-Break, the JRockit JVM will search for a file named ctrlhandler.act (see Listing 21-1) in your current working directory. If it doesn't find the file there, it will look in the directory containing the JVM. If it does not find this file there either, it will revert to displaying the normal thread dump. If it finds the file, it will read the file searching for command entries, each of which invoke the corresponding diagnostic command.
Listing 21-1 ctrlhandler.act File
set_filename filename=c:\output.txt append=true
print_object_summary increaseonly=true
print_threads nativestack=true
jrarecording filename=c:\myjra.xml time=120 nativesamples=true
verbosity set=memory,memdbg,codegen,opt,sampling filename="c:\output"
# ctrl-break-handler will stop reading the file after it finds
# the stop key-word
# version - print JRockit version
# print_threads - the normal thread dump that lists all the currently
# running threads and there state
# print_class_summary - prints a tree of the currently loaded classes
# print_utf8pool - print the internal utf8 pool
# print_object_summary - display info about how many objects of each
# type that are live currently and how much size
# they use. Also displays points to information
# jvmpi_datadump
# jvmpi_datareset
# jrarecording - starts a jrarecording
# verbosity - changes the verbosity level, not functional in ariane142_04
# start_management_server - starts a management server
# kill_management_server - shuts the management server down
# (the managementserver.jar has to be in the bootclasspath for
# these command to work)
In the ctrlhandler.act file, each command entry starts with a Ctrl-Break Handler name followed by the arguments to be passed to the Ctrl-Break Handler. The arguments should be on the property form (that is, name=value; for example, set_filename filename=c:\output.txt append=true). String, integer or boolean values are acceptable property types.
You can disable Ctrl-Break functionality by setting this command:
Available Diagnostic Commands
Table 21-1 lists the currently available diagnostic commands.
Table 21-1 Existing Ctrl-Break Handlers
set_filename filename= [append=true]
Set the file which all commands following this command will use for printing. You can have several set_filename commands in a file. It takes two arguments: filename and an optional append to specify if you want to append to the file or overwrite it. The default file is stderr, and to overwrite the file.
Prints a timestamp.
Prints the JRockit JVM version
print_threads [nativestack=true] [jvmmonitors=true]
Prints a normal thread dump.
 - nativestack=true will print C-level stacktraces as well as Java traces.
 - jvmmonitors=true will also print the JRockit JVM's internal native locks (those that are registered): status and wait queue, and with -XXnativeLockProfiling=true their profile stats (acquired/contended/tryfailed).
verbosity [args=] [filename=]
Change the verbosity level normally specified with -Xverbose. This handler does not work in R25.
Prints the command line used to start the JRockit JVM.
See the JRockit Memory Leak Detector User Guide (for JRockit Mission Control 1.0) or the Memory Leak Detector built-in help (for Oracle JRockit Mission Control 2.0 and later).
Print all loaded classes.
Print all UTF8 strings.
Print all memory the OS says the JRockit JVM process is holding onto, as well as what each subsystem thinks it is holding onto.
Note: This command applies only to versions of JRockit JVM R26.3 and earlier.
Cause an OutOfMemoryDiagnostics to be printed. If both set_filename and -Djrockit.oomdiagnostics.filename is set, the latter takes precedence.
This command is deprecated in the JRockit JVM R26.4. Use heap_diagnostics instead.
Cause a heap diagnostic to be printed. Output ends up on Ctrl-Break Handler output stream and does not take the property -Djrockit.oomdiagnostics.filename into consideration. This command applies only to versions of JRockit JVM R26.4 and later.
Prints out a report on the JVM's native memory allocation on the C-Heap. This is only supported if you are running with HEAP_TRACE defined.
Prints out a comprehensive summary of garbage collection activity so far during the run. In order to be able to dynamically print out the same information as -XgcReport would provide at the end of an application run, make sure to have the option flag -XgcReport in your start-up configuration, otherwise the correct measurements won't be performed.
jrarecording [filename=] [time=] [nativesamples=true]
Starts a JRA recording. For more information, please refer to Creating a JRA Recording with JRockit Mission Control 1.0
run_optfile [filename=]
Starts the management server. (Actually the listening socket that in turn starts servers whenever a connection is established). managementnserver.jar has to be in the boot classpath for this command to work.
Stops the management server. (Actually shuts down the listening socket.) The only reason it isn't named stop_management_server is that stop is a reserved keyword that stops parsing of the act file


text:
Using Energy2D to simulate Trombe wallsFebruary 26th, 2013 by Charles Xie
A Trombe wall is a sun-facing wall separated from the outdoors by glass and an air space. It consists a solar absorber (such as a dark surface) and two vents for air in the house to circulate through the space and carry the solar heat to warm the house up. In a way, a Trombe wall is like a machine that uses air as a convey belt of thermal energy harvested from the sun. Trombe walls are very simple and easy to make and are sometimes used in passive solar green buildings.
Hiding sophisticated power of computational fluid dynamics behind a simple graphical user interface, our Energy2D software can easily simulate how a Trombe wall works. The two images in this blog post show screenshots of a Trombe wall simulation and its closeup version. You can play the simulation on this page and download the models there. If you open the models using Energy2D, you should be able to see how easy it is to tweak the models and create realistic heat flow simulations.
Solar chimneys operate based on similar principles. Energy2D should be able to simulate solar chimneys as well. Perhaps this would be a good challenge to you. (I will post a solar chimney simulation later if I figure out how to do it.)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Practice using a Paper Cone
Teaching Session 1 - 2 - 3 - 4
The illustrations below show more sophisticated patterns made with
the contact method Beginners should first practice the falling
method before proceeding to more complicated designs. The contact
method is used when you want to vary the thickness of the lines.
Hold the cone as you would hold a pen, with the tip in contact with the surface and at an
angle of about 30 to 45 degrees. Draw lines as though you were drawing on paper with a
pen. Control the thickness of the line by adjusting the pressure of your thumb. Squeezing
harder makes a thicker line.
Introduction | I'm done, lets look at some cake motives
Buy the book: Prestige Des Grands Chefs | Professional
Copyright © PastryWiz TM


Wednesday, January 18, 2012
Top Ten Tuesday
So I'm posting my Top Ten Tuesday on a Wednesday. I really need to remember not to order the second margarita when I go to Pasqual's.
Top Ten Books I'd Recommend to Someone Who Doesn't Read About Africa
1. We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families by Philip Gourevitch. The book is a bit dated; by now I would hope that most people have some familiarity with the Rwandan genocide. And it isn't flawless. But I think it gives one of the better accounts of the events and is a good source for starting to understand how the West both created many of Africa's contemporary struggles and continues to refuse responsibility.
2. This Voice in My Heart by Gilbert Tuhabonye and Gary Brozek. Despite what's been portrayed in the media and by Hollywood, the "Rwandan" genocide wasn't just about Rwanda. As Tuhabonye, an Olympic-level runner and sole survivor of the massacre of his schoolmates in Burundi, shows in his memoir, the violence encompassed a whole region and many of the victims, survivors, and perpetrators continue to be ignored. (See also, Strength in What Remains by Tracy Kidder)
3. What is the What by Dave Eggers. Yes, another book on violence and genocide. Unfortunately, that's a lot of what is published about Africa in the West. Eggers does a solid job of sharing the story of Valentino Achak Deng, one of the "Lost Boys" of Sudan. For me, the real strength of the book isn't in its retelling of the violence that Deng faced in Sudan, but rather in its portrayal of Deng's struggles once he had arrived to the "safety" of the West. So often the story of refugees ends with "They arrived in the West and lived happily ever after," but as Eggers shows, that is far from the reality for many.
4. King Leopold's Ghost by Adam Hochschild. We used this in the introduction to Africa course for which I was a teaching assistant, and the students found it both accessible and eye opening. Hochschild examines the colonization of Africa through the example of the brutal enslavement of the Congo. It's a good introduction to a part of history that most of us never got in school yet is essential for understanding contemporary Africa.
5. Weep Not, Child by James Ngugi (aka, Ngugi wa Thiong'o). The debut novel of one of Africa's foremost writers. Yes, it is also about violence and colonialism (specifically the Mau Mau resistance movement in 1950s Kenya), but it is also a beautifully rendered coming-of-age story about a young man struggling to find his place in the world.
6. Africa Since 1940 by Frederick Cooper. Much more academic than the previous books, but still a very readable and accessible primer on African history and the forces that have shaped contemporary Africa. Should be required reading for anyone engaging in humanitarian or voluntary work in Africa.
7. Global Shadows by James Ferguson. Again, a rather academic book, although written at a level that's accessible to your average undergraduate and doesn't require more than a cursory background on Africa (although I would strongly recommend reading the Cooper book first). Ignore the god-awful ugly cover and the boring title. Taking a more contemporary and broad approach to Africa, Ferguson considers Africa's place in the global community and, in the process, challenges simplistic models for understanding a complex continent.
8. A Heart for the Work by Claire Wendland. I promise: I'm not just recommending this book because it was written by my advisor (she doesn't even know about this blog---I hope---so I'm not actually earning any brownie points for this). Or because it's about Malawi. This is an extremely well-written book, and although its focus is on medical training in Malawi, I think it has a lot to say more generally about why so many African countries are so intractably mired in persistent, severe poverty.
9. Half of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie. Like Ngugi, Adichie both depicts a specific historical moment---in this case, the Biafran war---and weaves a beautiful, timeless epic that transcends its setting.
10. TBD. I'm not sure how to interpret that I can't come up with a tenth book to recommend for people who don't normally read about Africa. Have I just not read sufficiently myself? Certainly that's true, particularly for fiction and creative works. Or is there a lack of good books about Africa that are accessible to general readers? I think that's also true, especially for nonfiction books. I have pages and pages of African Studies references, but most of the books are (1) dead boring, (2) deeply flawed, or (3) both. There just aren't a lot of books out there---at least, that I know of---that are both well written and rigorously researched.
A few that I thought about recommending include Compassion Fatigue by Susan Moeller; The Road to Hell by Michael Maren; and The Lords of Poverty by Graham Hancock. These are all highly readable, provocative books that reframe much of what we think we know about contemporary Africa and particularly about humanitarism. But they are also very polemical---and are quickly becoming outdated---so I wouldn't put them on a top-ten list. (Although I would definitely recommend reading any of them once you've finished the top ten or if you have a solid background in African Studies and can approach them with a more critical eye.)
Anything you would add/remove/qualify?
Tuesday, January 10, 2012
Top Ten Tuesday
10 Authors I Wish Would Write Another Book
I (almost) always enjoy writing about books, but this week's Top Ten Tuesday from The Broke and the Bookish was more fun than usual. In trying to narrow down the list to just ten, I looked up various authors' bibliographies and was reminded of the many, many books that some of my favorite authors have written but I haven't yet read (despite having a good number of those titles in my home library). And I found a few that having upcoming novels that I didn't know about (New Toni Morrison! Yay!).
So now I have an even longer list of To Be Read Books to keep me occupied while I wait for the following authors to produce new works:
1. Margaret Atwood. Based on her Twitter updates, Atwood is working on a new novel, and I CANNOT WAIT.
2. Madeleine L'Engle. In particular, I wish she would have written a fifth installment in her Crosswicks Journal before leaving us.
3. Jonathan Kozol. One of the best writers on education and poverty. We desperately need his perspective on the current policy environment.
4. Bonnie Jo Campbell. Loved Once Upon a River. LOVED American Salvage. Campbell needs to write more, right now.
5. Joanna Kavenna. Like Campbell, Kavenna has a gift for devestatingly bleak realism. More please!
6. Marjane Satrapi. Persepolis is one of my all-time favorite books, and I think it's been time enough for her to add Vol. 3.
7. Michael Pollan. As much as I love his writing on food systems, I'd really like for him to apply his enthusiasm and engaging writing to a new topic.
8. Jeffrey Eugenides. So including Eugenides is a bit unfair because he did just release The Marriage Plot a couple of months ago. But I'm already itching for his next one. Please don't make us wait another nine years!
9. Muriel Barbery. Her fantastically absurb and whimsical novels are a nice antidote to aforementioned bleak realism.
10. Tim Gunn. Because we can never have enough Gunn in our lives.


text: The application of the time reversal method in pipe-like structures based on finite element method (FEM) is investigated. A steel pipe model measuring 70 mm × 3.5 mm is used to analyze the reflection coefficient of the (0,2) mode with the time reversal process. Simulation results show that the time reversal array method is beneficial to the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of a guided wave inspection system. As the intercepting window is widened, more energy is included in re-emitted signals, which leads to a large reflection coefficient of the (0,2) mode. In parallel, a circumferential locating method based on the time reversal method is described. The time reversal process used for guided wave inspection leads to the temporal and spatial focusing. When the time reversal signals are re-emitted, the angular profile obtained at the axial location of the defect can be used to determine the circumferential location of the defect. Except for a pipe with one defect, the circumferential locating method has been verified on another pipe model with two defects. Meanwhile, the elements number of the time reversal array has been discussed for enhancing the discrimination of the defect circumferential location.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Use of aerial photographs in the study of watershed characteristics
- 18 Downloads
Watershed characteristics are studied using aerial photographs for two streams (choes) in the KANDI area of Punjab. Characteristic mapped include, soil erosion, landuse, drainage, topography. The photointerpretation was supplemented with field checks of the interpreted data. The interpreted data shows large areas of soil eroded and the development of bad land due to large scale cutting of the vegetation both in the Siwalik Hills and KANDI area.
KeywordsSoil Erosion Aerial Photograph Fallow Land Cropland Area Flood Plain Area
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
- Proceeding of Agricultural Resources, organised by NRSA, India, 1978.Google Scholar
- Rao, B.N. "Watershed Management Problems", Lecture delivered in Summer Institute Remote Sensing (Dept. of Soil & Water Engg. PAU Ludhiana, June, 1985.)Google Scholar
- Sharma, J.K. "Use of Remotely Sensed data for studies of land and water resources management" Agricultural Engineering Today, Vol.4, No. 3, May-June, 1980.Google Scholar


Out of the box, FluentValidation provides translations for the default validation messages in several languages. By default, the language specified in the.NET's framework's Current UI Culture will be used (CultureInfo.CurrentUICulture) when translating messages.
You can also use the WithMessage and WithLocalizedMessage methods to specify a localized error message for a single validation rule.
If you are using Visual Studio's built in support for resx files and their strongly-typed wrappers, then you can localize a message by calling the overload of WithMessage that accepts a lambda expression:
RuleFor(x => x.Surname).NotNull().WithMessage(x => MyLocalizedMessages.SurnameRequired);
You could also use the same approach if you need to obtain the localized message from another source (such as a database) by obtaining the string from within the lambda.
The above 2 examples assume you're using a strongly-typed wrapper around a resource file, where each static property on the class corresponds to a key within the resourece file. This is the "old" way of working with resources prior to ASP.NET Core, but is not relevant if you're using ASP.NET Core's IStringLocalizer.
If you are using IStringLocalizer to handle localization then all you need to do is inject your localizer into your validator, and use it within a WithMessage callback, for example:
public class PersonValidator : AbstractValidator {
 public PersonValidator(IStringLocalizer localizer) {
 RuleFor(x => x.Surname).NotNull().WithMessage(x => localizer["Surname is required"]);
Default Messages
If you want to replace all (or some) of FluentValidation's default messages then you can do this by implementing a custom version of the ILanguageManager interface.
For example, the default message for the NotNull validator is '{PropertyName}' must not be empty.. If you wanted to replace this message for all uses of the NotNull validator in your application, you could write a custom Language Manager:
public class CustomLanguageManager : FluentValidation.Resources.LanguageManager {
 public CustomLanguageManager() {
 AddTranslation("en", "NotNullValidator", "'{PropertyName}' is required.");
Here we have a custom class that inherits from the base LanguageManager. In its constructor we call the AddTranslation method passing in the language we're using, the name of the validator we want to override, and the new message.
Once this is done, we can replace the default LanguageManager by setting the LanaguageManager property in the static ValidatorOptions class during your application's startup routine:
ValidatorOptions.Global.LanguageManager = new CustomLanguageManager();
This is a simple example that only replaces one validator's message in English only, but could be extended to replace the messages for all languages. Instead of inheriting from the default LanguageManager, you could also implement the ILanguageManager interface directly if you want to load the messages from a completely different location other than the FluentValidation default (for example, if you wanted to store FluentValidation's default messages in a database).
Of course, if all you want to do is replace this message for a single use of a validator, then you could just use WithMessage("'{PropertyName}' is required");
Contributing Languages
If you'd like to contribute a translation of FluentValidation's default messages, then I'd be very grateful! Please open a pull request that adds a language file to the project and I'll happily merge it in. The current language files are located in the GitHub repository.
The default English messages are stored here
Disabling Localization
You can completely disable FluentValidation's support for localization, which will force the default English messages to be used, regardless of the thread's CurrentUICulture. This can be done in your application's startup routine by calling into the static ValidatorOptions class:
ValidatorOptions.Global.LanguageManager.Enabled = false;
You can could also force the default messages to always be displayed in a specific language:
ValidatorOptions.Global.LanguageManager.Culture = new CultureInfo("fr");


You are here: Home » Law » Sample Test Questions in Politics, Government, and Constitution
Sample Test Questions in Politics, Government, and Constitution
Multiple Choices. Write the letter of answer on the space provided before each number. Do not encircle. Erasures or change of answers are considered wrong in all items of this exam. Encircled letter is likewise wrong.
______ 1) It is the power inherent in the sovereign State to levy or impose charges upon persons, property, occupation, and others, to defray the expenses of the government and to enable it to fully discharge its functions.
 a.) police power b.) taxation c.) constitution d.) power of eminent domain
______ 2) It is the fundamental law of the land.
 a.) civil code b.) constitution c.) penal code d.) statutes
______ 3) It is a term which refers to the registered voter of the State.
a.) citizen b.) electorate c.) resident d.) constituent
______ 4) It is a prelude to the written Constitution.
 a.) national territory b.) preamble c.) state d.) constitutional convention
______ 5) The House of Representatives in the Philippines belongs to what branch of government as stated in Article VI of the 1987 Constitution?
 a.) executive branch b.) legislative branch c.) judicial branch d.) independent branch
______ 6) It refers to the automatic adoption of international law as part of the domestic law of the country.
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text:
Quality Assurance in Education, Vol. 26 No. 2, pp. 243-262
Surveys that include skill measures may suffer from additional sources of error compared to those containing questionnaires alone. Examples are distractions such as noise or interruptions of testing sessions, as well as fatigue or lack of motivation to succeed. This paper aims to provide a review of statistical tools based on latent variable modeling approaches extended by explanatory variables that allow detection of survey errors in skill surveys.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Which LoadRunner protocol supports "Run Vuser as a process"?
Problem:
How to identify which protocol of LoadRunner supports "Run Vuser as a process" and which protocol supports multi-threading or "Run Vuser as a thread"?
Solution:
Although you have understood the difference between "Run Vuser as a thread" and "Run Vuser as a process" in the previous post, now the next question comes to mind how to identify which protocol of LoadRunner supports the multithreading and which does not? Here is the solution. You can follow the below steps and easily identify the protocol that does not support the multithreading feature and executes only in "Run Vuser as a Process" mode.
Note: This is a tip to identify the supportive mode of execution for LoadRunner protocols. There are some exceptional protocols too which do not follow the below rule.
 1. Go to
 C:\Program Files (x86)\HPE\LoadRunner\dat\protocols
 The highlighted folder path could be different in your system
 2. You can see the list of protocol files (.lrp). Choose the respective protocol file e.g. TUXEDO.lrp
 3. Open the .lrp file in Notepad (or Notepad++)
 4. Search for "EnableThreads"
 5. If the value is 1 then you can run the respective protocol script in "Run Vuser as a thread" mode. If it is 0 (zero) then you have to run the test of the respective protocol script using "Run Vuser as a process" mode.
Refer to the below screenshot, TUXEDO protocol has "EnableThreads=0" which means it does not support multithreading. Therefore Tuxedo protocol script needs to be run with "Run Vuser as a process".
How to identify "Thread Run as a process"
Figure 01: TUXEDO.lrp File
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An introduction to mechanized reasoning
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Colleges, School and Institutes
Mechanized reasoning uses computers to verify proofs and to help discover new theorems. Computer scientists have applied mechanized reasoning to economic problems but–to date–this work has not yet been properly presented in economics journals. We introduce mechanized reasoning to economists in three ways. First, we introduce mechanized reasoning in general, describing both the techniques and their successful applications. Second, we explain how mechanized reasoning has been applied to economic problems, concentrating on the two domains that have attracted the most attention: social choice theory and auction theory. Finally, we present a detailed example of mechanized reasoning in practice by means of a proof of Vickrey's familiar theorem on second-price auctions.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)26-39
Number of pages14
JournalJournal of Mathematical Economics
Early online date18 Jul 2016
Publication statusPublished - Oct 2016
 - mechanized reasoning, formal methods, social choice theory, auction theory


text: The snap-through analysis of shallow doubly hinged sinusoidal nano-arches subjected to sinusoidal load, considering the nonlocal effects, by using the stress-driven nonlocal model is concerned. The problem is formulated within the framework of Bernoulli–Euler beam theory including geometrical nonlinearity. Numerical simulations are made to investigate the effects of the geometry of the arch, and the nonlocal parameter on the buckling load and on the buckling deflection. Insights and conclusions regarding the effects of various stages of deformation on the stress resultants, and on the buckling including prebuckling and postbuckling are presented. Variations of the stress resultants along the arch are shown.


4
I am trying to find overlapping lines using ST_EQUALS on two tables
This query returns 0 rows:
SELECT * FROM geom1 c, geom2 h WHERE st_equals(c.simple_geom, h.simple_geom);
This query runs correctly and returns overlapping lines:
SELECT * FROM geom1 c, geom2 h WHERE st_astext(c.simple_geom)=st_astext(h.simple_geom);
I am not sure why ST_equals fails. Both colums are indexed, I thought it was due to geom being multilinestring, but after converting to simple_geom with just LineString (using St_geometryN(geom,1)) it is still giving unexpected results.
So it is not indexes, and neither MultiLineString column.
What are other possible sources of this behaviour?
5
 - 2
 Can you post an example of geom1 and geom2? Mar 28 '13 at 0:15
 - Please define what you mean by "overlapping". A straight line A-B-C-D overlaps straight line B-C-D, but the lines are not equal in a way that ST_equals will catch.
 – L_Holcombe
 Mar 28 '13 at 5:00
 - 1
 As mentioned in second code snippet geometries are exactly the same when converted with ST_AsText Mar 28 '13 at 8:42
 - An example would help a lot, but I'm guessing you don't have a spatial reference identifier set (e.g. its 0 or -1) for the geometry.
 – BradHards
 Mar 28 '13 at 10:19
 - both columns are 31275 Mar 28 '13 at 10:27
5
You probably have a single-bit difference between the coordinates, small enough it doesn't show up in the text output, but large enough that it causes the ordinates to actually differ.
SELECT * FROM geom1 c, geom2 h WHERE
 st_equals(
 ST_SnapToGrid(c.simple_geom, 0.01),
 ST_SnapToGrid(h.simple_geom, 0.01)
 );
If you force them to be identical, it should work.
2
 - Ok, I'll try that. It seems that this is most probably the answer since the input data was first hand drawn in Autocad and then imported in PostGIS. Mar 28 '13 at 14:00
 - Yup, this does the trick. I think I will update geometry columns to be snapped to grid. Sub-centimeter precision in geometry isn't really needed and it just produces such weird errors. Mar 28 '13 at 18:14
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text:
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQ
Friend of the Sea is currently a project of the World Sustainability Organization, an international NGO whose mission is to promote environmental conservation. Friend of the Sea has become the leading certification standard for sustainable seafood products and services which respect and protect the marine environment.
Friend of the Sea works globally with the nation states, seafood and shipping industries, scientists, NGOs and the public and their certification awards sustainable practices in order to maintain the integrity of sustainable seafood. These certification schemes encompass both aquaculture (fish farm) certification to include key farmed fish species eligible for certification and fisheries to promote the sustainable use of the ocean and aquatic habitat and prevent overfishing and the use of fishmeal and Omega 3 Fish Oil.
Friend of the Sea also promotes pilot projects related to restaurants, sustainable shipping, whale and dolphin-watching, aquaria, ornamental fish, UV creams and others.
Below are a list of frequently asked sustainable seafood questions.


text:
Definitions of why
adv. - For what cause, reason, or purpose; on what account; wherefore; -- used interrogatively. See the Note under What, pron., 1. 2
adv. - For which; on account of which; -- used relatively. 2
adv. - The reason or cause for which; that on account of which; on what account; as, I know not why he left town so suddenly; -- used as a compound relative. 2
n. - A young heifer. 2
The word "why" uses 3 letters: H W Y.
No direct anagrams for why found in this word list.
All words formed from why by changing one letter
Browse words starting with why by next letter


text:
The Benefits of blue corn in pinole
organic and vegan friendly ingredients and protein added
USDA organic blue corn - Blue corn originated in Mexico and continues to be popular in the Southwestern part of the U.S. Studies show that blue corn has 20% more protein content than regular yellow or white corn and contains anthocyanins which are found in blueberries.
Our Protein mixes contain organic cassia cinnamon powder, organic cane sugar, organic cacao powder and organic rice protein powder. Cinnamon is known for being one of the healthiest spices in the world and for lowering heart disease. Organic cane sugar is less processed than traditional sweeteners that are common in other supplemental drink mixes.
Our organic cacao powder contains healthy minerals such as iron, manganese, magnesium and zinc. Organic brown rice protein powder provides amino acids, carbohydrates, and protein that lacks fat and cholesterol. Rice protein is known to being one of the easiest protein powders to digest while being vegan and vegetarian friendly.


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Content Rating
 Reacts to touch! light up eyes communicate how they feel!
 - Update! Pomsies Wave 2 with three additional Pomsies are in stores, now!
 Skyrocket's Pomsies are adorable, interactive, fashionable plush pets for kids to nurture, designed to travel with a child, either wrapped stylishly around a wrist or on a backpack. The pompom-inspired kitties have one mode for social play with friends, and another mode to encourage nurturing. When the Pomsie is happy, sleepy or hungry, it will let a child know by changing its eye color and making cute kitty sounds.
 Pomsies can help a young child develop nurturing skills. When the toy feels cared for over time, it even rewards its owner by developing rainbow-colored eyes.
 Many Pomsies to choose from!


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NORFOLK (AP) -- The Navy has finished construction on the largest solar energy project in Virginia.
The Virginian-Pilot reports the 10-acre solar farm just outside of Naval Station Norfolk contains more than 8,600 panels.
Michelle Perry, project manager for Naval Facilities Engineering Command, says the panels can generate up to 2.1 megawatts of electricity, which is enough to power about 200 homes. That's about 2 percent of the electricity required to run Naval Station Norfolk, the world's largest naval base.
Although construction was completed in November, the photovoltaic panels are not yet connected to the electricity grid that feeds the base. Perry says that connection is expected by Christmas.
Information from: The Virginian-Pilot, _URL_


A protégé is a person who receives special protection and promotion from someone more established in a field. If your boss introduces you as his newest protégé, you're off to a good start in your career.
Essentially, a protégé is a teacher's pet, someone who is given special status or favors. Often, the word is used for someone who has special standout talent and is taken up as an upcoming star or powerhouse. The word's original associations, however, have nothing to do with talent and everything to do with how a person treats the protégé — the source of the word means "protection."
Definitions of protege
n a person who receives support and protection from an influential patron who furthers the protege's career
a woman protege
Type of:
receiver, recipient
a person who receives something


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Specialization in Gerontology
The Specialization in Gerontology is available for students currently enrolled in the MSW program. The National Institute on Aging estimates the need for 70,000 social workers in older adult services by 2020. Given these statistics, social work professionals require current knowledge about a broad range of fundamental issues that encompass the older adult experience. The Specialization in Gerontology Program (SGP) in the LSU MSW Program, in cooperation with the LSU Life Course and Aging Center (LCAC), addresses the educational needs of full time and part time students who aspire to be engaged in planning, administration, and/or provision of services for older adults. Goals of the SGP are the following:
- to prepare students to practice in the field of gerontological social work - to carry out professional roles and responsibilities consistent with the values and ethics of social work as they relate to practice with older adults;
- to prepare students to understand the biopsychosocial, economic, administrative, service delivery, and social policy contexts of aging within the parameters of social work practice in a health care setting;
- to provide students with an interdisciplinary, educational experience and raise awareness of perspective and skills from a health or human service discipline additional to social work; and
- to provide students with a gerontological field experience that enhances understanding of social work practice relationships based on empowerment and respect for the values of human dignity and worth, cultural diversity, self-determination, and social justice.
Admission to the SGP requires students to meet all general admission requirements for SSW graduate certificate programs. The SGP encourages its students to complete the introductory, summer course, Introduction to Gerontological Social Work, which can count toward the course curriculum requirements.
The SGP curriculum requires either option A or B:
Option A: Non-thesis option. Completion of nine (9) credit hours of graduate coursework that focus primarily on aging and older adult issues: minimum of three (3) hours in Social Work* and three (3) hours interdisciplinary**. These courses qualify as electives for the MSW curriculum.
Option B: Thesis-option. Thesis work replaces six (6) of the aforementioned credit hours requirement. The thesis topic must be gerontology related and confirmed by the SGP coordinator as germane to older adults.


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21 November 2021
The Andrews Labor Government is preserving Victoria's past with the Local History Grants program, making the state's rich history and the lived stories behind it more accessible to all Victorians.
Minister for Government Services Danny Pearson today announced $350,000 for the program which will support projects that preserve, record and share Victoria's history.
Managed by Public Record Office Victoria, the program is now accepting applications for funding up to $15,000 per project, for local historians and community organisations across the state.
The Local History Grants have seen the diverse tapestry of Victoria's local history enshrined, with last year's fund attracting 52 community groups who explored their unique stories across multiple mediums. Museum of Chinese Australian History delivered Chinese Australian family stories in a podcast series, while Forum on Australia's Islamic Relations created video stories depicting challenges faced by Turkish migrants in regional Victoria from 1968 to 1974. Palais Arts Fund captured oral histories in a series of events held at Geelong's Palais, setting the stories against a backdrop of the city's evolution into a multicultural metropolis. Other successful projects have helped reach more Victorians by capturing the state's history in new ways, including interactive online exhibitions, e-books and apps.
Community groups can apply for funding at _URL_.
Quotes attributable to Minister for Government Services Danny Pearson
"Capturing Victoria's diverse history allows us to celebrate, reflect and learn – which is why we're supporting the innovative and creative work to keep our history alive through the Local History Grants program."
"This funding for community and history groups will help to preserve and share Victoria's rich local history for generations to come."
Quote attributable to Public Record Office Victoria Director and Keeper of Public Records Justine Heazlewood
"From sports club and school anniversary projects, to historical society and museum collection preservation works, we encourage all groups committed to sharing Victoria's history to apply for the Local History Grants Program."


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Bone Tree (3.5e Environment)
From D&D Wiki
This environment is typically a forest, an evil, skeleton-filled, dangerous forest with flesh craving trees. The wood from these trees is highly sought after by necromancers, death-cults, sentient undead, and others who deal with death on a regular basis. Surprisingly, the tree loses all true-evil connotations once it is cut down and the stump is destroyed; this means that the wood can be used by anyone. See below for bone wood crafts.
 Bone Tree
A bone tree is the result of a seed being infused with necromantic energy either deliberately, as the result of some traumatic event, or from the seed of a greater bone tree. If it is deliberately made the creator must have a hefty supply of bones on hand to feed the tree as it grows. Most non-deliberate bone trees grow in soil that has been drenched in the blood from a massive battle where the bodies were left to rot and the bones eventually became part of the earth.
- Bone Seeds are hefty balls about the size of a coconut that sprout into a bone tree. Lesser bone tree status is achieved within 6 months of sprouting. Greater Bone tree status is achieved in 50 years
- Lesser: Undead within 30' gain a +2 Profane bonus vs turn attempts, corporeal undead gain fast healing 1. Animates anything dead within 50' into a skeleton within 1d4 hours. These effects do not stack no matter how many trees are together.
- Greater: Same as lesser plus the following - anything dead within 30' of the tree is animated as a skeleton in 1d4 rounds. Corporeal Undead within 50' gain a +1 Profane bonus to attack and damage when doing unarmed/natural attacks. Fast healing is increased to 5
Any species of tree can be a bone tree as long as it was affected by one of the processes described above. Some trees have no outward appearance betraying their status (the bones are around the roots or deep within the trunk), most have obvious bits of bone sticking from the bark, the most profane trees seem to be sheathed in a bony coating. Bone trees that grow from the seed of a greater bone tree resemble the original tree but with a malignant, evil twist to the orignal form.
 Bone Tree Skeletons
The first thing a skeleton does when created by a Bone Tree is tear any flesh left on its body and place it around the trees roots as fertilizer. Skeletons created by Bone Trees typically stay within 300' of the tree and retreat to the tree for healing if injured. When not defending the tree from a threat, the skeletons tend to the tree and maintain the grounds around it. Part of this maintenance is that the skeleton brings any fragments of bone it can find to the tree for integration into the tree. The trees skeletons are also responsible for the spread of the bone tree forest and they do this by taking bone seeds out 40 to 60 feet away from the tree for planting. Most trees only maintain a force of 10 to 20 skeletons, more useful skeletons are kept and other skeletons are integrated into the tree.
 Bone Wood Crafts
Some versions of the crepitus crutch are created using wood and bone from bone trees. Crepitus crutches made completely from materials gathered from a bone tree grant their created skeletons a +2 profane bonus versus turn attempts.
It is possible that the profane bone or wood from a Bone Wood Tree is useable in other crafted items. This would be at the DM's discretion.
 The Forest
A bone tree forest is a thing of beauty, the skeletal minions of the trees keep the grounds around their tree in pristine condition. The trees, while not truly intelligent, seem to be aware that a pleasant environment is more likely to attract good-aligned intelligent species. To this end, when the skeletons are not actively working they are directed to hide from sight however possible. They typically hide either in nearby large trees, ready to leap down on unsuspecting victims, or buried in the ground ready to rise up on unsuspecting victims.
You can generally assume that no tree is within 50 feet of each other and calculate how many trees can be in any one forest based on this assumption.


Could not find point within a radius of 350.0 meters
for the following coordinats
lng1= -82.83134351407003
when i tried to send them to the backend via a url includes the api-key, i received the following error message
Could not find point 0: 9._PHONE_ 43._PHONE_ within a radius of 350.0 meters.
the coordinates provided are in the following order
please let me know how to fix this issue
distance between two points on earth can be calculated using the Haversine Formula.
Aside from that, please do as the "New Topic"-Button in this forum requests:
 - search the forum for similar topics
If there are none, please
 - describe the problem precisely and include full request URLs / bodies and responses in code format (three backticks)
 - make sure your API key is replaced by xxx or api-key or any other placeholder
This will make sure our staff doesn't answer every question thrice and makes it easier for them to actually investigate your problem.
Best regards,
1 Like
the distance is included in the json file which is the response from the backend
i modified the question
The coordinates you provided as lng1,lat1,lng2,lat2 don't seem to have anything in common with the coordinate that is giving you the error, as they are vastly different.
Thus, as stated above, please provide the complete request you sent, along with the complete answer you got.
Best regards,
thanks for the reply
the coordinates were obtained from the map via mouse clicks so each time the user clicks the mouse the coordinates are taken and sent to the backend.
would you please tell me what do you mean by vastly different?
moreover, distance it self is not that important, the most important to me is to receive the response from openrouteservice
there are basically two ways to use openrouteservice:
1 - create an application that uses openrouteservice API.
You have to develop something that will run a request and get some response.
2 - use our maps client (that internally uses openrouteservice API) to find places, calculate directions and isochrones.
So, what is the method you are using?
To be able to help you, it is important that you tell us, step-by-step, how to reproduce your case (if you are using the maps client) or the request code if you are using the API directly.
You can use also our Interactive documentation (API playground) to get technical details about the API Dashboard | ORS
1 Like
_USER_ _USER_ i modified my reply a bit.
i am using openrouteservice for the purpose you mentioned in point 1"for getting directions".mainly I am looking for the direction and it is included in the geojson response with full data profile.
i just send a url with the api key and the start and end coordinates and i receive a json file with various info about the route between the start and end coordinates specified in the url
would you please provide a solution to this issue? why i receive such a message from the backend?
without the actual URL you send and the response you get, we can only speculate about the reason why you are receiving this error, as we cannot reproduce your problem.
What I meant by the coordinates being vastly different is, that the coordinates you send to the backend (lng1,lat1,lng2,lat2) are somewhere in North America, while the coordinate that the backend is sending back (point 0) is somewhere in Europe.
This leads me to believe that some error happened when copy-pasting
That is why it is important for us to get the actual request you send (full URL, without api-key), so we can reproduce the problem and see what's going on.
hi _USER_ _USER_
thank you for the reply. as you requested, here is the error i get:,51.55067242637449&end=-92.46758236101581,44.28117641093738
other falsey coordinates:
thanks for posting the complete request.
I'm sorry if my last reply was unclearly formulated - by stating
I didn't mean to ask for two different URLs, one containing the api-key and one not, but for a single one that contains a placeholder instead of the key or no key at all, as stated here:
As to not have your api-key exposed to the public, I have edited your reply and hidden the revision so that it no longer contains your key. As the second URL got redundant by doing so, I have removed it as well.
On to your question:
This is a common issue with rural or under-mapped regions:
I'd recommend actually choosing points that are routable to, that have some kind of path leading to them.
Best regards,
_USER_ _USER_
would you please tell me how to expand the search radius?
kind regards
as stated above, you can use the radiuses-parameter to expand your search radius.
However, this is not possible using a GET-request like the one you provided earlier.
You'll have to issue a POST-request to do so.
You can find all the information about this in our API-documentation.
For more information about the different body-parameters, click on the?-icon at the right.
If you scroll down after having selected your desired endpoint, you can look at example code in various languages.
Best regards,
I also have the same issue. My params are as follows
{"coordinates":[[11.174931120562666, 75.83476320423199],[11.171264605659482, 75.84032574630943]],"radiuses":[8000, 8000]}
but I am getting the error message
"error": {
"code": 2010,
"message": "Could not find point 0: 11._PHONE_ 75._PHONE_ within a radius of 8000.0 meters.; Could not find point 1: 11._PHONE_ 75._PHONE_ within a radius of 8000.0 meters."
I am posting data to
Could you please tell me what I am doing wrong
You are using the wrong coordinate order. Our API takes Lon,Lat.
1 Like
Thank you :slight_smile:
It worked!!


text:
The United States Postal Service announced in mid-March that it will issue the Protect Pollinators commemorative forever stamps August 3 in Richmond, Virginia. The ceremony for the stamps will take place during the American Philatelic Society's StampShow. An exact time for the ceremony has not been determined.
The five stamps, to debut nationwide the same day, will be sold in a pane of 20 format with decorative selvage. Nearby is a preliminary image of the pane layout.
Here are some additional details about the stamp issue from the U.S. Postal Service:
This stamp pays tribute to the beauty and importance of pollinators with stamps depicting two of our continent's most iconic, the monarch butterfly and the western honeybee, each shown industriously pollinating a variety of plants native to North America. These particular species exemplify the ecological service provided by all pollinators, which include other insects, birds, and bats. Crop pollination by insects contributes approximately $15 billion of produce to the U.S. economy each year. Trending declines in their populations alert us that pollinators are helped by planting pollinator gardens with native flowers or heirloom varieties of fruits and vegetables. Art director Derry Noyes designed this stamp pane with existing photographs.


text:
Learn how to say Erector correctly in English with this tutorial pronunciation video.
Oxford dictionary definition of the word erector:
a person or thing that erects something.
a muscle which maintains an erect state of a part of the body or an erect posture of the body:
a spinal erector
(Erector) North American trademark a construction toy consisting of components for making model buildings and vehicles:
an Erector set


text:
What is the best way to create satay sauce?
- Directions. In a medium-sized saucepan, boil the coconut milk, peanut butter, onion, soy sauce, brown sugar, and pepper flakes until the coconut milk is hot. Bring the mixture to a boil, stirring constantly. Remove from the heat and cover with a towel to keep warm. Learn how to make classic Indonesian chicken satay with a peanut dipping sauce by watching the video below. See how to prepare a simple cheese sauce in the manner of a ballpark
- 1 Is satay sauce same as peanut sauce?
- 2 What is satay served with?
- 3 What does satay sauce taste like?
- 4 What is special about satay?
- 5 Is satay sauce good for you?
- 6 Is satay sauce meant to be spicy?
- 7 Is satay a traditional food?
- 8 What country is satay from?
- 9 Can you freeze satay sauce?
- 10 What's satay sauce made of?
- 11 Does satay always have peanuts?
- 12 What does satay smell like?
Is satay sauce same as peanut sauce?
Even while peanut sauce is most generally associated with Thai food, it was really developed in Indonesia (source). Despite the fact that it's popularly known as peanut sauce in the United States, it's known as satay sauce (or bumbu kacang) in Indonesia, where it's most frequently served with the popular Indonesian meal satay (skewered, grilled meats).
What is satay served with?
A spicy peanut sauce dip or peanut gravy may be served with satay, which is garnished with a sprinkle of bawang goreng (crisp fried shallot) and accompanied by acar (pickles), which are slivers of onions, carrots, and cucumbers marinated in a vinegar, salt, and sugar solution and served with rice cakes or lontong (rice cakes).
What does satay sauce taste like?
So, what does Chicken Satay taste like, you ask? When chicken satay is roasted, it has a wonderful smokey taste. A syrupy soy sauce, kecap manis, is used to flavor Indonesian chicken satay, which gives the dish its distinctive salty-sweet flavor.
What is special about satay?
Satay is a grilled beef dish that is well-known in Southeast-Asian countries. Once the meat has been impaled onto wooden sticks (known as satay sticks), it is cooked over charcoal or on your own backyard barbecue fire. When eaten with satay, the sauce is usually made from fresh peanuts, and it is considered to be a must-have for any real satay connoisseur.
Is satay sauce good for you?
Because it is mostly composed of meat, satay has a high protein content. It also contains a lot of fat, particularly saturated fat, thanks to the combination of vegetable oil and fatty animal pieces that are employed in its preparation. In light of these considerations, satay may not be a smart choice for a high-protein, moderately fatty meal.
Is satay sauce meant to be spicy?
Sate does not truly refer to a spicy peanut sauce, however we tend to use the name incorrectly in this context, and other meals have been developed that use this accompanying sauce. This informs you of where the emphasis should be placed: on succulent, seasoned, and expertly cooked meat and poultry.
Is satay a traditional food?
Cooking cubed meat or vegetables on skewers (bamboo sticks) over an open fire is a classic Asian culinary dish that involves marinating the meat or vegetables before grilling, broiled, or roasting them over an open fire. Meats such as chicken, beef, lamb, hog, fish, and shellfish are frequently utilized as the primary component in baked goods and desserts.
What country is satay from?
One of Indonesia's most well-known cuisines, sate (also known as Satay) is without a doubt one of the country's most well-known dishes. Besides that, it's one of those meals that almost every country in South East Asia claims as their own.
Can you freeze satay sauce?
Freeze. This recipe creates a lot of satay sauce, so it's best to make it in bulk and store it in tiny bags. Label the containers and place them in the freezer flat.
What's satay sauce made of?
In a small mixing bowl, combine the lime juice, honey, soy sauce, curry powder, and peanut butter. If the mixture is too stiff, add a dash of water. Transfer to a small saucepan with the coconut milk and boil slowly for 5 minutes, stirring constantly, until the ingredients are thoroughly blended.
Does satay always have peanuts?
Because satay almost always contains peanuts and/or tree nuts, they must understand that satay is not a safe food for them, and that you have made THIS satay sauce safe for them by substituting other ingredients (we understand that some people would not want to consider this peanut/tree nut free satay, but others will think it is a fantastic idea).
What does satay smell like?
Throughout the area around the satay booth, the perfume of hissing smoke emanating from seasoned grilled pork fills the air. A satay stand may be identified by its cloud of white smoke from a mile away, and you can smell it when you are half way there. Satay is typically served with a rich dipping sauce on the side.


The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs FeaturelessThis is a featured page
Gasless and featureless abdominal plain films have a 'look of the abnormal'. This page examines the difference between gasless and featureless patterns and their significance.
A gasless abdominal plain film refers to an absence or minimum of gas in the gastrointestinal tract.
A featureless abdominal plain film is one in which there is little or no visualisation of the normal abdominal viscera.
The Gasless Abdominal Plain Film
Gas in the gastrointestinal tract can commonly accumulate from two sources. Firstly, gas in the stomach and small bowel can be ingested with food. Some patients habitually air swallow or may air-swallow when in pain. Gas in the large bowel can be endogenous, resulting from fermentation processes of faecal material.
An absence of gastrointestinal gas on abdominal plain film is not specifically abnormal (but is suspect). However, consideration should be given to the possibility of a gasless obstruction. Equally, a check of the patient history may reveal relevant information such as total colectomy.
-A gasless abdomen could indicate
-Patient is not an 'air-swallower'
-Mesenteric ischaemia
-Obstruction of the stomach or oesophagus
-Persistent vomiting from conditions such as pancreatitis or gastroenteritis
Stephen R. Baker
The Abdominal Plain Film
1990, p161
Normal Gasless Small Bowel
The Abdominal Plain FilmDifferentiating Large and Small Bowel - wikiRadiography This patient appears to have a gasless small bowel. Fluid-filled loops of small bowel are present but are never as well visualised as air-filled loops.
There is debate regarding what is a normal amount of small bowel gas. Gas enters the small bowel during eating and drinking. Some people habitually air-swallow while others air-swallow at times of stress or when they are in pain. If the patient is air-swallowing at a higher rate than the small bowel can absorb the air, it will be visualised in the bowel. Some texts will claim that up to seven fluid levels in the small bowel on an erect abdominal film can be normal. Most texts quote a more conservative figure (2 is common).
Don't confuse gasless with featureless. A featureless abdomen can be a result of tumour or ascites. This patient has a gasless rather than featureless abdomen. Note that the renal, liver, psoas muscles and urinary bladder outlines are visualised
Note also that this abdominal film is not guaranteed to be normal. It could represent an early gasless small bowel obstruction. Clinical correlation is required.
Gasless Small Bowel Obstruction
The Abdominal Plain FilmDifferentiating Large and Small Bowel - wikiRadiography You could be forgiven for thinking that this patient has been drinking dilute gastrografin. This appearance is a gasless small bowel obstruction and the opaque looking small bowel loops (white arrow) are filled with normal succus entericus, and/or ingested fluid, rather than gastrografin. If you compare this image with the gasless small bowel image above you can see that this small bowel is significantly more prominent.
There can be difficulty in distinguishing an early gasless small bowel obstruction from a normal appearance of the small bowel in someone who has just eaten a large meal.
Clinical correlation and follow-up imaging will usually provide confidence in the diagnosis.
The large bowel is not clearly visualised suggesting that it may be collapsed.
The Abdominal Plain Film in Clinical Context - wikiRadiography This patient has Crohn's disease and has had a previous colectomy. Note the absence of the large bowel. Note also a faint suggestion of a stoma in the left iliac fossa.
The Featureless Abdominal Plain Film
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography This patient has prominent loops of gas-filled small and large bowel. The normal abdominal viscera are not demonstrated. Apart from the prominent bowel, the abdomen is featureless. The cause of this appearance is a large quantity of ascites. Note that the liver, spleen, kidneys, psoas and urinary bladder outlines are not seen. The reason that the bowel is somewhat centrally located is that it is floating in the ascites.
If you are suspicious that the patient has air-filled bowel floating in ascites, it can be useful to perform an erect or decubitus view. This left lateral decubitus view demonstrates that the air-filled bowel floats up to the right flank which is the least dependant part of the abdominal cavity in the left lateral decubitus position.
Note that this is not a "right decubitus"- The 'right' annotation refers to the right side of the abdomen and the "decubitus" annotation refers to the patient position.
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This is more likely to be tumour than blood or ascites
Bowel loops look more like they are pushed down by tumour(s) rather than floating in fluid
Mass Effect
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This patient has a rounded mass (arrowed) which appears to be displacing bowel. Note that the psoas shadows are preserved suggesting that the mass is not adjacent to the psoas muscles.
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
The CT abdomen shows the mass (arrowed) sited anterior to the psoas muscles.
BloodAAA
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This patient presented to the Emergency Department with a known history of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA).
The aneurysmal abdominal aorta is visible (arrow) because of its calcified wall. The abdominal viscera are not well visualised. The psoas, renal and kidney outlines are not well demonstrated. This raises the question of whether the AAA is leaking blood into the peritoneal cavity.
BloodRuptured Viscus
The Abdominal Plain FilmGasless vs Featureless - wikiRadiography
This patient presented to the Emergency Department after a car accident. He looked pale. He had a falling blood pressure which stopped falling spontaneously (sign of retroperitoneal bleed with self-tamponade).
The supine abdominal plain film demonstrates a featureless pattern. There are no clearly defined psoas, kidneys or spleen. A CT abdominal scan revealed extensive laceration of his left kidney and spleen.
Artifact is external to patient
Gasless and featureless plain abdominal films often strike the observer as having an unusual appearance. It is useful to be able to distinguish between those images that are likely to be normal from those that are not. As with all abdominal plain film imaging, the appearance of the abdomen on plain film can have greater meaning when placed in the context of patient history, clinical presentation and other test results.
back to the applied radiography home page
Latest page update: made by AndyC, Feb 8 2010, 1:36 AM EST (about this update About This Update AndyC Moved from: Large Bowel Obstruction - AndyC
No content added or deleted.
- complete history)
More Info: links to this page
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text:
Linguistic Corpora at the HZSK Repository
Corpus type1general corpus
Audio recordings (semi-spontaneous interviews) with German/Italian and German/French bilingual speakers aged approx. 15-55 years at the recording sessions. The simultaneous bilinguals with German and French/Italian as L1s have been recorded twice, i.e. once for each language. The successive bilinguals with German as L1 and French/Italian as L2, or French/Italian as L1 and German as L1 all have AOAs between 11 and 38 years and have been recorded using their L2.
Language: German, French, Italian
License: HZSK-RES (restricted)


Condition builder - multiple conditions at once
Is there a workaround for having a condition that has both "satisfy all" and "satisfy any" ? i.e
Case 1.
Satisfy any of the following:
state of panel X equals Y
state of panel X equals Y
state of panel X equals Y
state of panel X equals Y
together with
Satisfy all of the following:
state of panel W equals Z
state of panel W equals Z
state of panel W equals Z
state of panel W equals Z
Then:
Hi AntonMircea ,
At the top of the condition builder there's a menu that says "all," but you can change it to "any" to get the OR operator.
Thanks,
Vikram
Hi Anton -
Do you want to test a condition that ANDs together both an AND condition and an OR condition like the following?
if (a equals b [b]AND[/b] c equals d) [b]AND[/b] (e equals f [b]OR[/b] g equals h)
If so, the condition builder doesn't provide any such logical grouping or nesting.
You could accomplish this by breaking it into two different satisfy ALL conditions with an intervening else:
if a equals b and c equals d and e equals f
– code goes here
else if a equals b and c equals d and g equals h
– very same code goes here
Yes, yuck! - but it works.
If you are using global variables or values that can be acquired using temporary variables (in the fx box), you could accomplish the above using Boolean operators:
if value [[ (a == b && c == d) && (e == f || g==h) ]] equals value TRUE
Sometimes you can simplify your logic if you reframe
1 AND 2 AND 3 AND 4
as
NOT (1 OR 2 OR 3 OR 4)
and start there. Example attached.
Jeff
any and all.rp (61.6 KB)
Thanks josephxbrick!
Thanks Jeff_Harrison!


Monday, September 25, 2023
HomeHow to Revitalize Your Hyde: Recharge and Refresh Your Life
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How to Revitalize Your Hyde: Recharge and Refresh Your Life
To recharge a hyde, connect it to a charging cable and plug it into a power source. If you want to keep your hyde ready to use, you need to charge it from time to time.
The process is straightforward; however, it's critical to ensure the hyde is charging correctly. In this article, we will guide you through the steps of recharging a hyde, so you can enjoy it anytime, anywhere. Whether you are new to using a hyde or have experience, you will find helpful tips and information to get the most out of your device.
Additionally, we'll discuss how long it takes to fully charge a hyde, what to do if it's not charging, and how to know when it's time to recharge. Keep reading to learn more!
How to Revitalize Your Hyde: Recharge and Refresh Your Life
Credit: issuu.com
Understanding Your Energy Levels: Exploring The Importance Of Mental And Physical Energy
Understanding your energy levels: exploring the importance of mental and physical energy
In this fast-paced world, we all have a long list of tasks that demand our attention. As a result, we often find ourselves feeling drained and unproductive. However, understanding and managing your energy levels can help you become more productive and efficient in achieving your goals.
In this section, we will explore the importance of mental and physical energy, its link to productivity, and ways to assess your current energy levels.
The Link Between Energy And Productivity
Energy is the fuel that drives our bodies and minds. Mental and physical energy are interconnected, and one affects the other. When we feel good physically, we tend to feel good mentally, and vice versa. The amount of energy we have can also impact our level of productivity.
Here are some ways energy levels are linked to productivity:
 - Higher energy levels can lead to better concentration and focus, allowing us to complete tasks more efficiently.
 - Being well-rested and refreshed can improve our creativity, leading to innovative ideas and solutions.
 - High energy levels can increase our motivation, encourage us to take on challenging tasks, and help us feel accomplished at the end of the day.
The Effects Of Neglecting Energy
Neglecting your energy levels can have adverse effects on your productivity, physical health, and mental well-being. Here are some ways that neglecting energy can impact you:
 - Physical exhaustion and fatigue can make it challenging to focus and complete tasks, leading to decreased productivity.
 - Chronic neglect of energy can lead to burnout or even serious health issues such as heart disease, obesity, and diabetes.
 - Mental exhaustion can result in poor decision-making skills and decreased creativity.
Ways To Assess Your Current Energy Levels
Assessing your energy levels is an essential step in managing your productivity. Here are some ways to assess your current energy levels:
 - Evaluate how you feel throughout the day. Try to identify times when your energy levels are high, low, or erratic.
 - Use a fitbit or any other device that can monitor physical activity and sleep quality. Such devices can provide insight into how much rest you are getting and how it affects your energy levels.
 - Keep a journal and track your mood, energy levels, and productivity. Over time, you will notice patterns that can help you adjust your schedule and habits for maximum productivity.
Understanding the importance of mental and physical energy, the connection between energy and productivity, and evaluating the current energy levels can significantly impact productivity positively, improve physical health, and enhance mental well-being. Taking care of yourself by managing your energy levels can lead you to achieve success both personally and professionally.
Managing Your Mental Energy: Uncovering The Impact Of Thoughts And Emotions
Managing your mental energy: uncovering the impact of thoughts and emotions
When it comes to recharging yourself, it's not just physical energy that matters, but mental energy as well. The way we think and feel has a significant impact on our mental energy levels. Negative thoughts and emotions can drain us, while positive ones have the opposite effect.
In this section, we'll explore how to manage our mental energy by uncovering the impact of thoughts and emotions.
The Power Of Positive Thinking
Positive thinking has been proven to boost mental energy and improve overall wellbeing. Here are some key points to keep in mind:
 - Focus on what you can control: It's easy to get caught up in worries about things we cannot change. Instead, focus on taking action on the things you can control.
 - Practice gratitude: Make it a habit to reflect on things you're grateful for, no matter how small they may seem. This can boost your mood and help you stay positive.
 - Visualize success: Envisioning a positive outcome can help you feel more confident and motivated. Visualize yourself succeeding in your goals to build mental resilience.
Techniques To Improve Mental Resilience
Mental resilience is crucial for managing your mental energy and staying motivated. Here are some effective techniques to build mental resilience:
 - Accept failure: Failure is a part of any learning process. Embrace it as an opportunity to learn and grow, rather than giving up.
 - Cultivate realistic optimism: Chasing impossibly high goals can lead to frustration and burnout. Set realistic expectations for yourself and approach challenges with optimism.
 - Connect with others: Social support plays a crucial role in building mental resilience. Surround yourself with positive people who lift you up and help you stay motivated.
Mindfulness Exercises For Improved Clarity
Mindfulness exercises can help you improve mental clarity and focus. Here are some techniques to try:
 - Deep breathing: Close your eyes and take slow, deep breaths. This can help you relax and clear your mind.
 - Body scan: Start at the top of your head and slowly scan down your body, focusing on each individual body part. This can help you become more aware of your body and reduce stress.
 - Loving-kindness meditation: Visualize yourself sending loving kindness to yourself and others. This can help cultivate a sense of compassion and reduce negative thoughts and emotions.
By incorporating these techniques into your daily routine, you'll be able to manage your mental energy more effectively and feel more motivated and focused. Remember to cultivate positivity, build mental resilience, and practice mindfulness to achieve optimal results.
Reinvigorating Your Physical Energy: Exploring The Connections Between Nutrition, Exercise, And Health
Reinvigorating your physical energy: exploring the connections between nutrition, exercise, and health
Sometimes, we all feel like our energy levels are running low, and we're in desperate need of a recharge. When this happens, it's important to focus on the link between nutrition, exercise, and health. We'll explore the benefits of a balanced diet, the advantages of regular exercise, and guidelines for establishing an active lifestyle.
The Importance Of A Balanced Diet
A balanced diet is crucial when it comes to maintaining a healthy and energetic lifestyle. Here are the key points related to this topic:
 - A balanced diet should consist of a variety of nutrients, including protein, carbohydrates, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals.
 - Eating whole foods, like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can give you more energy than heavily processed or packaged foods.
 - Avoiding sugary or caffeinated drinks, like soda or energy drinks, can help you maintain stable energy levels throughout the day.
Benefits Of Regular Exercise
Regular exercise is essential for one's physical and mental health. Here's what you need to know:
 - Exercise can help reduce stress levels and improve mood.
 - It can also enhance cardiovascular health, bone density, and strengthen muscles.
 - People who exercise regularly often report feeling more energized and focused throughout the day.
Guidelines For Establishing An Active Lifestyle
Establishing an active lifestyle means making consistent choices that prioritize health and wellbeing. Here are some guidelines to follow:
 - Start small and gradually increase activity levels over time.
 - Find physical activities that you enjoy, such as walking, biking or yoga.
 - Incorporate movement into your daily routine, like taking the stairs instead of the elevator.
 - Aim for at least 30 minutes of activity a day.
By prioritizing a balanced diet, regular exercise, and an active lifestyle, you can make changes that support your long-term health and well-being. Remember, improving your physical energy takes time, so be patient with yourself and focus on making small, sustainable changes.
Prioritizing Rest And Recovery: Understanding The Importance Of Sleep And Downtime
Prioritizing rest and recovery: understanding the importance of sleep and downtime
At times, it might seem like everyone is moving non-stop, cramming their schedules with tasks, errands, and entertainment. It's easy to get caught up in the hustle and bustle and neglect the importance of rest and recovery. But, recharging your batteries is essential to your overall health and well-being.
We'll cover the basics of rest and recovery, more specifically sleep and downtime, and how you can incorporate them into your routine.
The Benefits Of Restorative Sleep
When we sleep, our bodies have the chance to recover and replenish, repairing any cellular damage and rejuvenating our muscles and tissues. But, it's not just our body that benefits from a good night's sleep. Our minds also benefit from restoring mental and emotional balance.
Here are some of the benefits of restorative sleep:
 - Boosts immune system function
 - Improves cognitive function
 - Increases creativity and problem-solving skills
 - Reduces stress and anxiety
 - Aids in weight management
Tips For Better Sleep Hygiene
To attain the benefits of restorative sleep,


verify that WinRM is running on your Windows instance, run the command:
winrm e winrm/config/listener
The successful output will be something like this:
C:\Windows\system32>winrm e winrm/config/listener
Listener
Address = *
Transport = HTTP
Port = 5985
Hostname
Enabled = true
URLPrefix = wsman
CertificateThumbprint
ListeningOn = 127.0.0.1, ....
Listener
Address = *
Transport = HTTPS
Port = 5986
Hostname = EC2AMAZ-Q0MO0AP
Enabled = true
URLPrefix = wsman
CertificateThumbprint = 1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1
ListeningOn = 127.0.0.1, ...
For more information about EC2 and WinRM, see the following:
If the default methods for setting up WinRM in your Windows instances is not working, try the script listed here: Configure a Windows host for remote management with Ansible.
Set Up the WinRM Connection in Harness
Add a WinRM connection in Harness to execute deployment steps on the remote Windows servers.
 1. Mouseover Continuous Security, and then click Secrets Management. The Secrets Management page appears.
 2. Under Executions Credentials, click WinRM Connection. The WinRM Connection Attributes dialog appears.
 3. Fill out the WinRM Connection Attributes dialog and click SUBMIT. The WinRM Connection Attributes dialog has the following fields.
Field
Description
Name
Name to identify the connection. You will use this name to identify this connection when setting up the Connection Attributes in the environment Service Infrastructure.
Auth Scheme
Specifies the mechanism used to authenticate the credentials used in this connection. Currently only NTLM is supported.
Domain
The Active Directory domain name where the user account in the credentials is registered. This can be left blank when using a local user.
User Name / Password
The user account credentials for this connection. The user must belong to the same Active Directory domain as the Windows instances that this connection uses. These are the same user account credentials you would use to log into the VM using a remote connection such as Microsoft Remote Desktop.
Use SSL
Enables an HTTPS connection instead of an HTTP connection. SSL is recommended.
Skip Cert Check
When connected over HTTPS (Use SSL in enabled), the client does not validate server certificate.
WinRM Port
Specifies the network port on the remote computer to use.
To connect to a remote computer, the remote computer must be listening on the port that the connection uses. The default ports are 5985, which is the WinRM port for HTTP, and 5986, which is the WinRM port for HTTPS.
To determine what ports WinRM is listening on, use the command:
winrm e winrm/config/listener
Cloud Provider Connection
Add a connection to the Cloud Provider where the IIS website, application, or virtual directory will be deployed.
 1. Click Setup, and then click Cloud Providers. The Cloud Providers page appears.
 2. Click Add Cloud Provider. The Cloud Provider dialog appears.
 3. In Type, select the type of cloud provider you want to add, such as Amazon Web Services or Microsoft Azure. The dialog settings will change for each cloud provider.
 4. Enter the cloud provider account information, and then click SUBMIT. For account details and Harness permission requirements for the different providers, see Add Cloud Providers (AWS, Azure).
 Once you have created Harness applications and environments, you can return to this dialog and add Usage Scope on which applications and environments may use this provider.
For certain Cloud Providers, such as AWS, instead of using account information to set up the Cloud Provider, you can install a Harness Delegate in your VPC and use its credentials for your Cloud Provider. After you install the Delegate, you add a Tag to the Delegate, and then simply select that Tag in the Cloud Provider dialog. For an example, see Installation Example: Amazon Web Services and ECS.
Artifact Server Connection
Add a connection to the Artifact Server where Harness can pull the IIS website, application, or virtual directory artifact.
If you are using the same Cloud Provider as artifact server, then you can skip this step. For example, if you added AWS EC2 as a Cloud Provider and you are using AWS S3 as an artifact server, you do not need to add AWS S3 as an artifact server. You can simply use the same AWS connection.
 1. Click Setup, and then click Connectors. The Connectors page appears.
 2. Click Artifact Server, and then click Add Artifact Server. The artifact server dialog appears.
 3. In Type, click the artifact source you want to use. The dialog settings will change for each server.
 4. Enter the artifact server information and click SUBMIT. For account details and Harness permission requirements for the different servers, such as SMB and SFTP, see Add Artifact Servers.
 Once you have created Harness applications and environments, you can return to this dialog and add Usage Scope on which applications and environments may use this server.
Now that you have connected the IIS artifact server and a cloud provider, and configured a WinRM connection to execute deployment steps on the remote Windows servers, you can add your Harness application.
Azure Storage is not currently supported as an Artifact Source. Azure Container Registry is supported for Docker and Kubernetes deployments.
IIS Deployment Overview
The following procedures pull IIS website, application, and virtual directory metadata from AWS S3 and deploy them to a Windows instance in AWS EC2 or a Microsoft Azure VM. Both deployment environments are explained. To deploy an IIS website, application, and virtual directory, follow the procedures below.
Add Harness Application
A Harness application is a logical grouping of the services, environments, and workflows for your IIS website deployment.
To add the IIS application, do the following:
 1. Click Setup, and then click Add Application. The Application dialog appears.
 2. Enter the name for your application, such as IIS-Example, and click SUBMIT. Your new application appears.
 3. Click your application's name. The application entities appear. These are the tools you will use to define and execute your deployment.
Add IIS Website Service
Services include artifact sources, deployment specifications, and configuration variables. For more information, see Add a Service.
In this procedure you will define which artifact(s) to use for your IIS Website. Harness will then create a Deployment Specification using PowerShell.
To add a service for your IIS Website, do the following:
 1. In your application, Click Services, and then click Add Server. The Service dialog appears.
 2. Give the service a name, such as IIS-website.
 3. In Artifact Type, select IIS Website.
 4. Click SUBMIT. The service is displayed. In Service Overview you can see the name and type of your service.
 5. To add the artifact source for your IIS website, click Add Artifact Source. A list of artifact source types appears.
 6. Click the artifact source type. The artifact sources consist of the cloud providers and build servers you added earlier. For this guide, we will use Amazon S3. Harness also supports other popular Windows protocols such as SMB and SFTP.
 7. For the Amazon S3 example, in Cloud Provider, select the S3 provider you added earlier. Harness connects to the provider automatically
 8. In Bucket, select one of the buckets in the S3. The list is automatically populated by Harness.
 9. In Artifact Path, select the file(s) for your IIS website. The list is automatically populated by Harness. For this guide, we will use a zip file.
 For WinRM connections, Harness does not use direct artifact copy when you set up the Service. Metadata is supported and is used to download the artifact directly on to the Windows Host during deployment runtime. For this reason, ensure that the target host has connectivity to the Artifact Server before deploying.
 When you are finished, the Artifact Source will look something like this:
 10. Click SUBMIT. Harness builds the service, including the Deployment Specification.
 The Deployment Specification section is automatically filled the Install IIS Website template, which pulls the artifact, expands it, creates the Application Pool (AppPool) and creates the website. Later you will create the environment where the scripts will be executed.
 To add more scripts, mouseover anywhere in the script and click the plus icon:
By default the Install IIS Website Template is linked to the template in the Template Library and its scripts cannot be edited in the Service (although its variables may be edited). To modify its scripts, you must copy the template instead of linking to it. To do this, in the Deployment Specification, click Add Command, select From Template Library, select the Install IIS Website Template, and choose Copy instead of Link.
The template is copied to the Service and you can modify its scripts.
Install IIS Website Template
When you create a Service of type IIS Website, a link to the Install IIS Website template is added to the Service. The template contains the following script steps:
 - Download Artifacts - As noted earlier, for WinRM connections, Harness does not use direct artifact copy when you set up the Service. Meta-data is supported and is used to download the artifact directly on to the Windows Host during deployment runtime. Ensure the target host has connectivity to your Artifact Server.
 - Expand Artifacts - PowerShell script runs to expand the artifact.
 - Create App Pool - See Application Pools below.
 - Create Website - PowerShell script to create the IIS Website.
For more information on templates, see Use Templates.
Template Variables
To edit the variables used in the Install IIS Website Template


Soil Erosion by Water/Soil Detachment by Interrill Overland Flow
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Soil Detachment by Interrill Overland Flow[edit | edit source]
Soil detachment by interrill overland flow[edit | edit source]
Interrill erosion
Interrill erosion
Interrill overland flow on a soil surface is a mass of anastomosing or braided water courses with no pronounced channels rather than a sheet of water of uniform depth. The flow is broken up by stones and cobbles and by the vegetation cover, often swirling around tufts of grass and small shrubs.
Shear Stress of Flow[edit | edit source]
The important factor in the basic hydraulic relationships of Reynolds, and Froude numbers is the flow velocity, commonly expressed by the Manning equation:
 (1.7)
where is the hydraulic radius, is the slope and is Manning's coefficient of roughness. The equation assumes fully turbulet flow moving over a rough surface.
Because of an inherent resistance of the soil, velocity must attain a threshold value before erosion commences. Basically, the detachment of an individual soil particle from the soil mass occurs when the forces exerted by the flo exceed the forces keeping the particle at rest. The processes involved and the forces at work when particle movement over relatively gentle slopes in rivers is initiated are controlled by critical conditions of the dimensionless shear stress of the flow , and the particle roughness Reynolds number , respectively, defined by:
 (1.8)
 (1.9)
where is the Shields (1936) number[1], and are the densities of water and soil respectively, is the acceleration of gravity, is the diameter of the respective soil particle and is the shear velocity of the flow, expressed as:
 (1.10)
When the value of is greater than 40 (turbulent flow), the critical value of for particle movement assumes a constant value of 0.05. Unfortunately, this value does not hold when the particles are not fully submerged or the flow has Reynolds numbers in the laminar range, as it is the case with overland flow. Studies with rock fragments in shallow flows suggest that is about 0.01 in value (Poesen, 1987[2]; Torri and Poesen, 1988[3]).
Figure 1.2: Critical shear velocity for soil particle detachment in turbulent water flow as function of particle size (Savat, 1982)
Figure 1.2: Critical shear velocity for soil particle detachment in turbulent water flow as function of particle size[4]
Other research (Govers, 1987[5]; Guy and Dickinson, 1990[6]; Torri and Borselli, 1991[7]) indicates that Shields number consistently overpredicts the hydraulic requirements of particle movement. This implies that the initiation of particle movement is not solely a phenomenon of fluid shear stress but is enhanced by further factors:
 - Effects of raindrop impact on the flow,
 - Angle of repose of the particle in relation to ground slope,
 - Strong influence of gravity as slope steepness increases,
 - Cohesion of the soil,
 - Changes in density of the fluid as sediment concentration in the flow increases,
 - Abrasion between particles moving in the flow and the soil beneath.
Since the above approach has not proved satisfactory, empirical procedures have been adopted by Savat (1982)[8], based on a critical value of the flow's shear velocity for initiating particle movement (fig. 1.2). Once the critical conditions for particle movement are exceeded, soil partilces may be detached from the soil mass at a rate that is dependent on the shear velocity of the flow and the unit discharge (Govers and Rauws, 1986)[9].
However this is only valid, if the shear velocity is exerted solely on the soil particles, which implies that the resistance to the flow wold entirely be due to grain resistance. This situation is only true for completely smooth bare soil surfaces. In practice, resistance due to the microtopographic form of the soil surface and the plant cover is usually more important and grain resistance may be as little as 5 % of the total resistance offered to the flow (Abrahams et al., 1992)[10].
Soil Detachment[edit | edit source]
Since it is difficult to determine the level of grain resistance, only very generalized relationships can be developed for describing detachment rate , depending on a simplified relationship between detachment and flow velocity. Integrating the continuity and Manning's velocity equations, Meyer (1965)[11] showed that:
 (1.11)
for constant roughness conditions, where is discharge or flow rate. Assuming that the detachment rate varies with the square of the velocity Meyer and Wishmeier (1969)[12] showed that:
 (1.12)
with , and . Quansah (1985)[13] obtained more accurate exponent values of f = 1.5 and j = 1.44 experimentally for a range of soil types from clay to sand. Both versions relate only to the action of water flow over the soil surface. When flow is accompanied by rainfall, he found that the exponents decreased in value to f = 1.12 and j = 0.64 indicating that raindrop impact inhibits the ability of flow to detach soil particles.
However, detachment depends on the amount of sediment already suspended in the flow (Meyer and Monke, 1965)[14], in eqn. 1.12 applies to the detachment capacity that only occurs when the flow is clear. Unter other conditions, depends on the difference between the actual sediment concentration in the flow and the maximum concentration that the flow can hold (Foster and Meyer, 1972)[15]:
 (1.13)
This implies that in theory the detachment rate declines as sediment concentration in the flow increases and that when the maximum sediment concentration is reached, the detachment rate becomes zero.
Flanagan and Nearing (1995)[16] describe the interrill detachment rate as explicit function of baseline interrill erodibility , effective rainfall intensity , interrill runoff rate , canopy, ground cover and interrill slope adjustment factors , and , spacing and width of rills and , and a sediment delivery ratio :
 (1.14)
with
 (1.15)
 (1.16)
 (1.17)
where is the fraction of the soil protected by canopy cover, is the effective canopy height, is the fraction of interrill surface covered by plant residue, and is the interrill slope angle. According to Foster (1982)[17] may be estimated as function of soil surface random roughness, interrill slope and interrill sediment particle size distribution.
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Bibliography[edit | edit source]
 1. Shields, A. (1936). Anwendung der Aehnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzfoschung auf die Geschiebebewegung, volume 26 of Mitteilungen der Preussischen Anstalt Wasserbau und Schiffbau.
 2. Poesen, J. (1987). Transport of rock fragments by rill flow: a field study. Catena Supplement, 8:35–54.
 3. Torri, D. and Poesen, J. (1988). Incipient motion conditions for single rock fragments in simulated rill flow. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 13:225–237.
 4. Savat, J. (1982). Common and uncommon selectivity in the process of fluid transportation: field observations and laboratory experiments on bare surfaces. Catena Supplement, 1:139–160.
 5. Govers, G. (1987). Initiation of motion in overland flow. Sedimentology, 34:1157–1164.
 6. Guy, B. and Dickinson, W. (1990). Inception of sediemnt transport in shallow overland flow. Catena Supplement, 17:91–109.
 7. Torri, D. and Borselli, L. (1991). Overland flow and soil erosion: some processes and their interactions. Catena Supplement, 19:129–137.
 8. Savat, J. (1979). Laboratory experiments on erosion and deposition of loess by laminar sheet flow and turbulent rill flow. In Vogt, H. and Vogt, T., editors, Colloque sur l'erosion agricole des sols en milieu tempere non Mediterraneen, pages 139–143. L'Universite Lois Pasteur, Strasbourg.
 9. Govers, G. and Rauws, G. (1986). Transporting capacity of overladn flow on a plane and on irregular beds. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 11:515–524.
 10. Abrahams, A., Parsons, A., and Hirsch, P. (1992). Field and laboratory studies of resistance to interrill overland flow on semi-arid hillslopes, southern arizona. In Parsons, A. and Abrahams, A., editors, Overland flow: hydraulics and erosion mechanics, pages 1–23. UCL Press, London.
 11. Meyer, L. (1965). Mathematical relationships governing soil erosion by water. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 20:149–150.
 12. Meyer, L. and Wishmeier, W. (1969). Mathematical simulation of the process of soil erosion by water. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 12:754–758,762.
 13. Quansah, C. (1985). Rate of soil detached by overland flow, with and without rain, and its relationship with discharge, slope steepness and soil type. In El-Swaify, S., Moldenhauer,


text: 11. There are plans for future development to enhance tourism, including hotels and a cable railway line to Mt. 12. The construction of a cable railway between Ligerz and Pr�les in 1912 turned it into a minor tourist destination. 13. When the Brake was again closed in 1986, it was the last standard gauge cable railway operating in the UK. 14. Numerous streetcar Hoboken Inclined Cable Railway, originated / terminated at the station until bustitution was completed on August 7, 1949. 15. An old cable railway constructed by Stanko Bloudek is also part of Slovene culture heritage and was completely restored in 2014. 16. Built in 1974, the cable railway was one of the first of its kind with a tunnel passing through a mountainside. 17. The, referred to as, is a cable railway line owned and operated by the Kintetsu Railway, a Japanese major private railway. 18. Two cars on a historic cable railway in downtown Los Angeles collided Thursday, killing one person and injuring seven, authorities said. 19. A specific type of cable railway is the funicular, which is a cable railway with the cars permanently fixed to the cable. 20. Two cars on a historic cable railway in downtown Los Angeles collided Thursday, injuring eight people, three of them critically, authorities said.