Why Plants Panic When It Rains?
Plant rain panic cover
Our Earth is filled with uncountable species of flora and fauna. While it is fairly easy to recognize animals, plants on the other hand really require a sharp eye to be identified and even more so to understand their properties and how they behave as they cannot exhibit physical actions like animals. Study and analysis of plants have been occurring for thousands of years, however, it was only recently that we became aware of the panic that plants display during the rains. Yes, you read that right, plants panic when it rains. But why? and how do we know that?
Panic in plants during rain
This statement sound even more confusing when we consider that like all living things, plants require water to exist, so naturally, they shouldn't fear the rain, if anything they should be rejoiced by it. But according to the team of international scientists at The University of Western Australia's School of Molecular Sciences plants reaction to rain is similar to one of the panic.
Bacteria rainwater
Bacteria culture in a sample of rainwater.
That is because just like how some things that can sustain life can kill, plants have a similar understanding of the rain. When it rains, a protein known as Myc2 is said to trigger a chemical chain reaction within the plant that enables the defenses of the plant resulting in delayed flowering or overall slowing the growth of the plant. This protein was discovered recently. Still, why do they panic? According to researchers, there are two reasons.
 - Disease potential: As it cannot be determined from where the water was condensed that resulted in the rain, it can carry deadly viruses, fungi, bacteria, and parasites. This can be extremely dangerous to plants, as unlike animals they do not have the ability to seek shelter or move away, and forget about removing these pathogens from themselves. Additionally, when the raindrop falls on the ground it splashes and can spread diseases up to 10 meters in the surroundings and this can infect the newer plants as they are most vulnerable to it. This also explained why many plant diseases spread after heavy rainstorms, as even if the water is clean if the raindrop falls on a contaminated leaf, it can still spread the pathogens to nearby plants. This information is truly amazing, as, by understanding which plants compliments the growth of others and fights off certain pathogens, two species can be planted together for the maximum yielding this can help farmers tremendously.
Disease in plants
A diseased leaf.
 - Warning Signal: It is not a surprise that even plants send signals when a possible threat is present in the area, say an elephant uprooting a small tree, it will send a signal that will allow other plants to defend themselves. Similarly, when it rains plants release the jasmonic acid hormone, which is synthesized by the plants specifically to initiate a chain reaction in the neighboring vegetation. This hormone is also released whenever there is an insect attack. By doing so plants, especially the smaller ones ensure the area is healthier overall, because if their surroundings are healthier and aware of the danger they can defend themselves from the pathogens much better.
Jasmonic acid hormone
The molecular structure of the jasmonic acid hormone.
There might be other factors as well that result in such behavior from flora all over the world, it is just that we have not discovered them yet. This also goes on to show that our understanding of the world is severely limited, not in thousands of years we even had an idea that even these living beings could interact with one another and even exhibit emotions (different from us). Even though it is claimed that plants show "panic" when it rains, perhaps it is a wrong way of looking at the findings. It is obvious that this reaction happens, however, it is uncertain if plants recognize the difference between natural and artificial rain. Additionally, no research has been conducted in regards to if defenses are lowered in plants as we water them or they activate their defenses when we dig the soil near them.
Ultimately, this discovery has been really influential and it can give rise to many new practices in plantations. It will also allow farmers and gardens to develop their unique ways to yield more crops, fruits, and flowers in addition to developing a greater understanding of the plants.
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text:
Definition of jury box in English:
A segregated area in which the jury sits in a court of law.
- Yes, that's correct there, on the judge's right hand and on the judge's left is the jury box, and the witness box.
- Using large video screens placed at either end of the jury box, the prosecutors repeatedly showed an animated simulation of a knife slicing into a human chest.
- Beyond the cold numbers generated by historic fact, McKanna puts people in the jury box, on the witness stand, and on the bench in western courtrooms.
Definition of jury box in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Since genetic algorithm-based optimization methods are computationally expensive for practical use in the field of structural optimization, a resizing technique-based hybrid genetic algorithm for the drift design of multistory steel frame buildings is proposed to increase the convergence speed of genetic algorithms. To reduce the number of structural analyses required for the convergence, a genetic algorithm is combined with a resizing technique that is an efficient optimal technique to control the drift of buildings without the repetitive structural analysis. The resizing technique-based hybrid genetic algorithm proposed in this paper is applied to the minimum weight design of three steel frame buildings. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, optimum weights, computational times, and generation numbers from the proposed algorithm are compared with those from a genetic algorithm. Based on the comparisons, it is concluded that the hybrid genetic algorithm shows clear improvements in convergence properties.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
The deadline is approaching for a PhD studentship from SGSAH as part of the AHRC National Productivity Investment Fund initiative to encourage artificial intelligence research in the arts and humanities. The research is in:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the assessment of data sensitivity in cultural organisations: an exploration of the possibilities and implications in the context of a memory institution, the National Library of Scotland (NLS).
Full details are available at:
_URL_ The deadline for applying is 29 August – the student would be expected to start 1 October 2018.


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How to make pasta fregola sarda
fregola cookedHow to make pasta fregola sarda: When we first opened The Big Dream Factory for business, it was journey into the ancient art of pasta making and we are by no means the experts. Along the way we have found and made many different types of pasta not normally seen at the supermarkets across America. Many of our pasta shapes are readily found in Italy but what would you know … not so pasta fregola sarda!
Anna who has arrived from Italy, is putting us through out pasta paces and is introducing us to the more obscure pasta. We are so excited to be able to bring you pasta fregola sarda because not only is it little known in America, it is little known in Italy too.
cutting the pasta fregola sarda
So what is pasta fregola sarda? Despite its appearance, 'fregula' (which is it's original name) is not a grain, but an ancient form of pasta from the island of Sardinia, where it has been popular since Ligurian navigators imported it from North Africa in the Middle Ages. It has been suggested that the word 'fregula' (or fregola) derives from the Latin word 'fricare', meaning 'to chop up', 'little fragment', 'crumb'. The durum semolina is traditionally formed by hand using the same method for making couscous. However, unlike couscous, the fregola is toasted. As it browns, it dries giving the fregola the appearance of tiny grains, it also imparts a wonderful nutty, wheaty flavour.
drying fregola sarda
Fregola remains a staple in the Sardinian kitchen and is commercially produced. Here at The Big Dream Factory we make them completely from scratch. Since we have experience in making our own couscous from scratch and by hand, we decided that it would be better for us to create fregula using one of our small pasta machines. VOILA!!
fregola cooked
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The Tiger Who Came To Tea Card Game
The Tiger Who Came To Tea Card Game
Quantity Required:
The Tiger Who Came To Tea Memory Card Game
The classic game of pairs with a twist.
To start shuffle the cards and place face down on a large surface. The youngest player goes first and turns over two cards and shows the other players what's on them. If it's a matching pair they keep them, if not the cards are turned back over in their original place. Play continues to the next person on the player's left. The key to success is remembering where the different cards are so you can select a matching pair when it's your turn. Here's the twist - if a player picks up a card with Dad walking in the door shouting 'I'm Home', the player shouts 'I'm Home' and all the cards have to be shuffled around so no-one knows where each of the cards are.
The Tiger Who Came to Tea Memory Card Game features 54 jumbo cards beautifully illustrated with scenes from Judith Kerr's classic children's storybook.
Not Suitable for children under 3 years.


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The injection pressure of the gasoline direct injection vehicle is currently developing from the low pressure to the high pressure, and the increase of the injection pressure has brought various damage problems to the high pressure pump structure. These problems should be solved urgently. In this paper, the damage problem of the high pressure pump unloading valve ball in a gasoline direct injection vehicle under high pressure conditions is studied. The theoretical calculation of the force of the pressure relief valve is carried out. Firstly, the equivalent friction coefficient is obtained by decoupling analysis of the statically indeterminate model. Based on this, a finite element model is established. The equivalent stress is obtained by numerical simulation. The equivalent stress is compared with the yield strength of the valve ball material to determine that the valve ball damage is a non-static damage. At the same time, the s-N curve of the probability of destruction of one-millionth of the material of the valve ball is given. Then, the fatigue numerical simulation is performed. A safety factor of 3.66 is obtained. In summary, the high pressure relief valve ball in the direct injection high pressure pump should not be a traditional structural damage under high pressure conditions. In the theoretical calculation, the tangential displacement and radial displacement of the ball are all on the micrometer level. It can be presumed that the surface damage of the valve ball is microscopic damage, such as fretting wear.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


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Dynamic system settings for SOAP integrations
Updated on April 6, 2022
Pega Platform provides dynamic system settings that you can use to modify SOAP integrations in your system. For example, you can modify the time and number of idle HTTP connections if a high system load negatively affects the performance of SOAP connectors.
For more information about updating dynamic system settings, see Editing a dynamic system setting.
The following table provides the dynamic system settings that you can configure for your SOAP integration:
SOAP integration settings
Owning rulesetNamePurposeValue typeDefault value
Pega-IntegrationEngineAxis2_IdleTimeoutLimits the amount of time that the system holds idle HTTP connections in the requestor-level connection pool before evicting or closing the connections.
Consider changing this value if periods of high system load negatively affect the SOAP connector performance.
Integer (milliseconds)180000
Pega-IntegrationEngineAxis2_Max_ConnectionsLimits the total number of idle HTTP connections that the system holds in the requestor-level connection pool.
Consider changing this value if periods of high system load negatively affect the SOAP connector performance.
Integer100
Pega-IntegrationEngineAxis2_Max_HostConnectionsLimits the number of idle HTTP connections to a particular host that the system holds in the requestor-level connection pool.
Consider changing this value if periods of high system load negatively affect the SOAP connector performance.
Integer1000
Pega-IntegrationEngineDisableEpochDateTimePrevents the inclusion of default date values of the _PHONE_ format when mapping empty date values from the clipboard during XML serialization.
When you set this dynamic system setting to true, the system leaves the serialized XML value blank.
Booleanfalse
Pega-IntegrationEngineDisableMustUnderstandHeaderPrevent run-time failures in SOAP connectors that occur when the SOAP response contains a SOAP header that has a mustUnderstand attribute with a value of true or 1.
When you set this dynamic system setting to true, the SOAP connector run time suppresses the third-party code that returns an exception when the mustUnderstand attribute is present.
Booleanfalse
Pega-IntegrationEngineEnableJCIFSEngineEnables the use of the JCIFS open-source library for SOAP or REST connectors that use NTLMv2 authentication.
When you set this dynamic system setting to true, the connector uses the JCIFS library instead of the default Apache library for authenticating the connection.Note: As licensing restrictions prevent the JCIFS library from being distributed with Pega Platform, install the JCIFS library into the Pega classpath as a separate step.
Booleanfalse
Pega-IntegrationEngineEnableRequestOnlyFaultMappingDetects server-side processing failures in SOAP connectors when the configuration uses the Request only option.
When you set this dynamic system settings to true, the connector waits for the service endpoint to return a SOAP fault message in case the request is not successfully processed. By default, the connector does not wait for a response or detect server-side processing failures.
Booleanfalse
Pega-IntegrationEngineHTTPS/AllowAllHostnamesControls the mechanism to temporarily bypass the SSL/TLS security checks, which can be useful during the development of Pega applications that use SOAP or REST connectors.Important: Do not set this dynamic system setting to true in production environments, as it significantly lowers the level of protection from malicious attacks.Booleanfalse
Pega-IntegrationEngineParseXML/DOM/DoNotConvertBooleanValuesDetermines whether to retain the original Boolean value from the source XML when mapping to a TrueFalue property on the clipboard during XML parsing.
When you set this dynamic system setting to true, the TrueFalse property follows the XML source value, which can be any of the following values:
 - true
 - false
 - 1
 - 0
Otherwise, the value set on the clipboard is either true or false.
Booleanfalse
Pega-IntegrationEngineStreamXML/DetectEmptyPropertiesPrevents the inclusion of unwanted element or attribute tags for properties that contain an empty string or empty list value during XML serialization.
The default behavior during XML serialization is to include these tags depending on the presence or absence of the property on the source clipboard page. This behavior can be an unreliable way to determine whether the application has set the property.Note: Changes to this value require a revalidation and resave of all XML Stream rule instances.
Booleanfalse
Pega-IntSvcsXML/RemoveEmptyPropertiesFromPagePrevents the inclusion of unwanted element or attribute tags for properties that contain an empty string or empty list value during XML serialization.
When you set this dynamic system setting to true, the system purges the source page of empty properties before the XML serialization.Note: This setting is an alternative to the StreamXML/DetectEmptyProperties dynamic system setting that does not require you to resave existing XML Stream rules.
Booleanfalse
Pega-IntegrationEngineSwitchToOldAssemblerControls the run-time implementation of Parse XML rules.
Consider changing this value if slow XML parsing negatively affects the performance of the SOAP connector.Note: Changes to this value take effect immediately and do not alter the values that are mapped to the clipboard from the source XML.
Booleanfalse
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WILDLIFE -- Life in the Wetlands: The Bird Paradise of Rural Lithuania
Synopsis
In the Baltic meadowlands of Lithuania, there remains a land where humans and wildlife live in harmony. During the harsh winter, as the river mouths are clogged with thick ice, the farmlands are flooded with icy water that freezes over. When this melts in spring, the landscape turns into a huge wetland that attracts large flocks of greater white-fronted geese. The farmers begin work when the water recedes and eagles and storks are busy raising their young. This episode reveals the dramatic, natural landscape of Europe.


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Wet and dry sulphur deposition patterns over Europe for the period 13.12.73-29.3.74
MetadataVis full innførsel
- LRTAP (_PHONE_)
On days with precipitation, a relation is established between mean SO4-concentrations measured in precipitation at some LRTAP-stations and mean SO2-concentrations, calculated with an one-layer Lagrangian dispersion model. The time period on which this relation is based is 107 days, 13th December, 1973 to 29th March, 1974. Using this relation, together with model calculations and the amount of precipitation analysed as fields every 12 hours, we have estimated the wet deposition field of SO4 over Europe for the period. Estimating the dry deposition field of SO2 by the same methode as in ref. (1), and assuming the dry deposition of sulphate particles to be small, we have added dry deposition of SO2 and wet deposition of SO4 to give the calculated total deposition of sulphur. We have compared these estimates with the emissions.


How to Make Sugardine Antiseptic
How to Make Sugardine Antiseptic
sugardineSugardine antiseptic is well known to many who deal with horses, however, it is rarely discussed for use in people. Now, read my disclaimer and realize I am not a doctor, so do your own research.
Basically sugardine is an antiseptic that uses the antibacterial properties of both pure sugar and iodine to prevent and kill infections. It is primarily used to treat abscesses and thrush on the hooves of horses, but it can be used in many other ways. As a side benefit to the prepper, it is cheap and easy to make as well as being effective if used properly.
While it is true that a dilute sugar solution will feed bacteria and mold – its how we get all sorts of good alcoholic drinks, when sugar is highly concentrated it sucks the moisture right out of bacteria so that it cannot live. Have you ever had white table sugar grow any bacteria or fungus while it's just sitting out on your counter?
When you add the iodine to make a paste, the iodine provides not only a second line of defense, but holds the sugar together so you can pack it around the wound. Otherwise, just sprinkling sugar on the wound would not hold enough sugar to keep the blood and other fluids from diluting enough so that it would feed the infection instead of killing it.
Basically, if you have a soft tissue would like a cut, abscess, or burn, you would put the sugardine on the wound and cover with a bandage. If the wound is leaking, you want to replace the sugar on a regular basis as if you let it get waterlogged; it will do more harm than good.
When making the sugardine, its best to start with the an amount of sugar close to the amount of finished product you want and slowly add the betadine or Povidone until you get the thick peanut butter texture. Otherwise, you will most likely use too much liquid and have to add sugar repeatedly until you end up with way more sugardine that you intended.
 - Table Sugar
 - 10% povidone iodine (or the more expensive but easier to find betadine)
 1. mix one part 10% povidone iodine to two parts white sugar.
 Add more or less sugar to reach desired consistency.
 It should be like thick honey or peanut butter when all mixed together.
 2. Put the sugardine in a container with a lid.
The mixture will need stirring now and then but it will never go bad.
For more information and as a means to find more resources, please look at the attached article from the American Farriers Journal.
 1. sugardine (0 B)


Selected works by Fitz Henry Lane
Fitz Henry Lane
1804 - 1865
Fitz Henry Lane, also known as Fitz Hugh Lane, was a Cape Ann artist, printmaker and world-renowned American marine painter. With his subtle use of gleaming light, Lane is generally regarded as one of the finest 19th century practitioners of a style known as Luminism.
The Cape Ann Museum's unparalleled collection of Fitz Henry Lane includes 40 paintings, a rare watercolor (his first known work, painted in 1830) and 100 drawings, plus lithographic town views (all three that he did of Gloucester). The archives also include an extensive collection of Lane's letters.


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Published January 19, 2013
CCP has posted the changes to Black Ops that will be implemented in Retribution 1.1. Those changes are:
 - Increase the base jump range of all Black Ops ships to 3.5 light years (equal to that of Titans)
 - Reduce the mass multiplier used for Covert Jump Portal fuel costs from 0.00000018 to 0.000000135 (Reduces the fuel cost of covert bridges by 25%)
 - Increase the fuel bay on all Black Ops to 1250m3 (25% increase)
While these are just numbers, it's important to understand how major some of these changes are.
The Minor Changes
The increase in the fuel bay size equates directly into a 25% buff to fuel capacity, from 6,666 units of isotopes up to 8,333. Meanwhile, the mass multiplier is reduced by 25%. The effects of that are equally straightforward - fuel consumption scales with mass, so a smaller multiplier means less fuel per jump. However, it's not all good news - taking full advantage of the increased bridge range results in an overall higher fuel consumption. For example, take a Hound. With a mass of 1.42 million kilograms (including the added mass from the MWD), it currently costs 207 units of isotopes to bridge the ship to the maximum 4.5 light year range. A bridge to that same range after the changes only costs 155 units, but bridging to the new max range (7.875 light years) costs 271 isotopes. The net effect is actually a reduction in the total number of max-range bridges a Black Ops ship can make, though it's small; if the pilot wanted to strand his ship, he could bridge that Hound to max range 30 times after the patch, as compared to 32 times now.
The Major Change
Enough about the numbers. What does the range buff mean in real terms? For this example, I'm going to use the system Q-CAB in Tribute. The system is a regional gate to Venal, and the distance between the two regions is relatively low.
In the picture below you see the current Black Ops bridge range. Systems with the red squares and circles are within range of Q-CAB. Note how the Venal cannot be reached to the north, and large chunks of Vale of the Silent are inaccessible as well.
Now we're showing the current Titan range, and future Black Ops range. Many systems in Venal are now accessible, as are many more systems in Vale of the Silent.
The net effect is increased force projection for cloaking ships, including bomber gangs, which translates to more small gang opportunities. That's something I believe CCP wants. As the bomber FC for the CFC, I'm eagerly awaiting this change. While I'm sure some people want the ships themselves to be more capable in combat, to be able to warped cloaked, etc, I'll take this as a win.
Kcolor, primary bomber FC of the CFC. _USER_ Did I interest you in EVE? Did I interest you in LoL?
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Solar plants are the most widespread alternative energy source, hence, many development projects are faced with the problem of finding a location for their solar plants.
EOSDA has developed a unique solution to this problem. Connecting the cadastral data with the scheme of electric lines and satellite imagery analysis results, we can utilise the poly-criteria model to avoid unknowns in plant establishment
We provide the simplest means to determine the most suitable location for a solar plant; saving time and money and clarifying the decision-making process by avoiding the need for manual inspections.
Take free satellite images from the biggest online catalog, apply analytics and download!


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Boost Your Productivity with AI Note Taking in Zoom Meetings
Sep 8, 2023
As the world adapts to remote work, virtual meetings have become essential for collaboration and decision-making. However, these meetings pose unique challenges, such as distractions and multitasking, making it difficult to retain all information discussed. To address these challenges, Circleback offers an AI note-taking solution that automates the process of capturing meeting notes and action items, ultimately improving productivity and efficiency in virtual meetings.
The Importance of Effective Note Taking in Zoom Meetings
Effective note-taking during Zoom meetings plays a crucial role in enhancing focus and active listening. By taking comprehensive notes, participants can stay engaged in the conversation and contribute more effectively. Additionally, having accurate documentation serves as a reference for future meetings and helps avoid miscommunications, further streamlining the decision-making process.
Beyond improving individual focus, well-organized notes facilitate better collaboration and decision-making among team members. With quick access to relevant information, participants can easily recall key points from previous discussions. Tracking progress on action items becomes more manageable, ensuring that tasks are completed efficiently and on time. Overall, effective note-taking in Zoom meetings is essential for optimizing productivity and collaboration in remote work environments.
Circleback's AI Note Taking Solution
Circleback offers a powerful AI note-taking solution that automates the process of recording and transcribing Zoom meetings. Its advanced features include automatic identification and summarization of key points and action items, streamlining the note-taking experience. This cutting-edge technology integrates seamlessly with Zoom and other productivity tools, ensuring a cohesive and efficient workflow.
By leveraging Circleback's AI note-taking capabilities, users can save time and effort spent on manual note-taking, freeing up more mental bandwidth to focus on the meeting content. This improved focus leads to a better understanding of the discussion and ultimately enhances productivity. Circleback's AI-driven meeting notes and action items are valuable assets for individuals and teams striving to optimize their virtual meeting experiences.
Testimonials from Satisfied Customers
Circleback's AI note-taking solution has received numerous positive testimonials from satisfied customers across various industries. These success stories highlight how Circleback has improved productivity by streamlining the note-taking process and facilitating better communication among team members.
Customers have shared personal experiences with the convenience and effectiveness of Circleback's AI note-taking. Many users have reported a significant reduction in the time and effort spent on manual note-taking, allowing them to focus more on the meeting content and actively participate in discussions. With Circleback's AI-driven meeting notes and action items, users can enjoy a more efficient and productive virtual meeting experience.
Circleback's AI Note Taking in Upcoming Meetings
To make the most of Circleback's AI-driven meeting notes and action items, users can implement several strategies in their upcoming meetings. Reviewing meeting summaries regularly helps track progress, identify areas for improvement, and ensure that action items are being addressed. Sharing notes with team members fosters collaboration and keeps everyone informed and engaged.
Circleback's AI note-taking solution is versatile and can be used for various meeting purposes, including brainstorming sessions, project updates and status reports, as well as training and workshops. By leveraging Circleback's advanced technology, individuals and teams can enhance their productivity and collaboration in a wide range of virtual meeting scenarios.
AI note-taking in Zoom meetings offers numerous benefits, such as improved focus and active listening, accurate documentation, and better collaboration and decision-making. Circleback's AI-driven meeting notes and action items provide a powerful solution for enhancing productivity and efficiency in virtual meetings across various industries and meeting purposes.
Experience the benefits of Circleback's AI note-taking solution first-hand by incorporating it into your virtual meetings. Discover how Circleback can elevate your productivity and collaboration in the remote work environment. Try Circleback's AI note-taking solution today and witness the transformation in your virtual meetings.
Never take meeting notes again
Circleback provides AI-generated meeting notes and action items you can trust. Get started for free today.


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More Riverside County residents – adults and young people – smoke than in previous years, and residents eat fast food more often than the rest of California.
Those factors might help explain why Riverside County ranks near the bottom in overall health among California counties and why more than 60 percent of early deaths here are caused by heart disease, cancer, lung disease and stroke.
These nuggets and more detailed information can be found in the 2013 Community Health Profile, an 83-page snapshot of the health of county residents.
The report, released by the County of Riverside Department of Public Health, describes the health issues facing Riverside County residents. It illustrates the scope of the chronic disease problem, the behaviors that lead to disease, and suggests opportunities to change behaviors to improve health.
Recent studies ranked Riverside County 32nd among California's 58 counties in overall health.
"We're using data to tell a story; create a roadmap," said Wendy Hetherington, chief epidemiologist for the county. "The report will help guide our public health programs and policies."
The report is also the foundation for the Healthy Riverside County Initiative, an effort being launched in conjunction with the release of the health profile.
Using the findings of the report the initiative has four priority areas: Improving eating habits, increase daily physical activity, reduce tobacco rates and building healthier environments that support walking, biking and exercise.
"It's a new era of community involvement and population health improvement. The profile serves as starting point for community driven change. By making better food and drink choices, building exercise into our day and not smoking, we can make a difference not only for ourselves but for our friends and family," said Dr. Cameron Kaiser, Riverside County interim health officer.
The report, which includes data collected from local, state and federal sources, provides a resource for educational institutions, cities and other municipalities looking for ways to improve the health of their employees and residents.
The 2013 Community Health Profile is available for download at: _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: In this paper, we analyze a game called the lowest unique bid auction (LUBA). It is known that there is no closed form solution for the symmetric mixed strategy equilibria in LUBA. We propose two alternative approaches. We use weak dominance to identify upper bounds for players' bids. Under symmetry, we provide a method to compute a mixed strategy equilibrium by utilizing the recursive structure of the winning chances of the bids under one assumption.


import old database in new schema with mysql and rails
posted by Matthias Frick in Ruby on Rails / 4 Comments
In this tutorial I will show you how you could import an old database into a new schema with mysql and rails. I will explain the process with an example scenario.
Imagine you have an old php project with an old database schema and you want to completely refactor this project. Firstly you want to use rails instead of php and create a new rails project with the standard rails conventions. Secondly you want to restructure the old database into a new scheme without losing data and make it more "railsish". You just have a mysql dump of your old database.
Old database:
You have a mysql database with a few tables:
 - "Person" with: pid (bigint 20), uid (varchar 8), firstname (varchar 40), lastname (varchar (50), mail (varchar 40), isfemale (tinyint 4)
 - "Work" with: wid (bigint 20), headline (varchar 250), text_facts (text), text_long_facts(text), pub_date (date), hyperlink (varchar 200)
Now you want to change this scheme to the following one:
New database:
Your new database contains the following tables:
 - "users" with: id (int 11), first_name ( varchar 255), last_name (varchar 255), email (varchar 255), isfemale (tinyint 1)
 - "projects" with: id (int 11), title (varchar 255), teaser (text), description (text), published_at (date), link (varchar 255)
Now you have good the background information, let us move one step further:
Model creation
You have to create migrations for your new models. Just open a terminal and generate them with the normal rails generators:
rails g model User first_name:string last_name:string email:string isfemale:boolean
rails g model Project title:string teaser:text description:text published_at:date, link:string
Do not forget to migrate your database:
rake db:migrate
Now you have generated your models and you can add some validations. In this scneario I add the "presence: true" validation to every model attribute.
Importer Structure
You have a mysql dump and want to import this dump into the new schema. I will now explain how you can do that through a Raketask.
You need a Importer class and a normal Raketask. For a better structure I will split up the Importer class into different modules. The structure of the whole importer looks like as follows:
 - /lib/tasks/project_name.rake: this file contains the Raketasks
 - /lib/tasks/importer/importer.rb: Importer class which includes the different sub-importer modules and all necessary extension files.
 - /lib/tasks/importer/users_importer.rb: sub-importer module which contains the users importer stuff.
 - /lib/tasks/importer/projects_importer.rb: sub-importer module which contains the projects importer code.
Subsequently I want explain each of this classes and modules. Let's start with the Raketask file
namespace :project_name do
 require Rails.root + "lib/tasks/importer"
 desc "Import old database, usage: rake project_name:import['old_database_name']"
 task :import, :oldDatabase, needs::environment do |t, args|
 args.with_defaults(oldDatabase: "import")
 oldDatabaseName = args.oldDatabse
 newDatabaseName = YAML::load("config/database.yml")))[Rails.env]["database"]
 importer = newDatabaseName, oldDatabaseName
This is the.rake-File and contains just one normal Raketask. This Raketask requires the name of the old database. For example you create a new database called "old_database" with phpmyadmin or a tool like that. After that you have to import the mysql dump from your old database in the currently new created one. The next step is to call the Raketask in your terminal: "rake project_name:import['old_database']. This will trigger the import. At this moment the import will fail, because you do not have neither the Importer class nor the instance method "execute" called at the end of the Raketask. So let's move further to the Importer class.
require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/users_importer"
require File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/projects_importer"
class Importer
 # include sub-modules
 include UsersImporter
 include ProjectsImporter
 # initializer for a new importer
 def initialize new, old
 # feedback for the programmer
 puts "Importing from #{old} to {new}"
 _USER_ = new
 _USER_ = old
 # execute the import
 def execute
 # if you do not like to import data, if the new database
 # already contains data, just a security hint..
 if User.count > 0
 raise "Import aborted! There already are users in the database."
 if Project.count > 0
 ..and so on..
 # call sub-importer modules
 # later in the import process you have to switch beween
 # the old and the new database.
 # use new database (= switch to new database)
 def use_new_database
 ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("use #{_USER_}")
 # use old database (= switch to old database)
 def use_old_database
 ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute("use #{_USER_}")
The importer.rb contains the Importer class with a normal initializer and an execute method. This method just calls all sub-module importer methods to completely start the import. At this moment it will not work, because the sub-modules do not exist yet. But in the end everthing will work together very good :-). Furthermore the Importer class has two helper methods to switch between the old and the new database.
Do not forget to include the different sub-modules in the Importer class, otherwise it will not work and you will get include errors and undefined methods.
For convenience you can write following mysql extensions and put them in the importer.rb File under the Importer class, but not in the Importer class.
# custom mysql row to facilite access
class Row
 def initialize fields, values
 _USER_ = fields
 _USER_ = values
 def get field
# Add get_row method to Mysql2::Result class
class Mysql2::Result
 def get_row index self.fields, self.to_a[index].to_a
Now let's start with the first import script:
module UsersImporter
 # import users
 def import_users
 puts "Importing users..."
 users = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('
 SELECT pid, uid, firstname, lastname, mail, isfemale FROM Person
 for i in 0...users.count do
 row = users.get_row i
 user = User.where(first_name: row.get("firstname"),
 last_name: row.get("lastname"),
 email: row.get("mail"),
 isfemale: row.get("isfemale"))
 unless user
 user = row.get("firstname"),
 last_name: row.get("lastname"),
 email: row.get("mail"),
 isfemale: row.get("isfemale"))
 rescue Exception => e
 puts "Failed to save #{row.get("firstname")} #{row.get("lastname"): #{e.message}"
This sub-module contains the users importer. You can see that you have to use pure Mysql for the queries in the old database. That's because you do not have a model and cannot use the ActiveRecord ORM.
module ProjectsImporter
 # import projects
 def import_projects
 puts "Importing projects..."
 projects = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('
 SELECT wid, headline, text_facts, text_long_facts, pub_date, hyperlink FROM work
 for i in 0...projects.count do
 row = projects.get_row i
 project = Project.where(title: row.get("headline"),
 teaser: row.get("text_facts"),
 published_at: row.get("pub_date"))
 unless project
 project = row.get("headline"),
 teaser: row.get("text_facts"),
 description: row.get("text_long_facts"),
 published_at: row.get("pub_date"),
 link: row.get("hyperlink"))
 rescue Exception => e
 puts "Failed to save #{row.get("title")} #{row.get("published_at"): #{e.message}"
The projects importer works exactly like the users importer. There is one method which handles the import.
Now everything should work and you are done. I know that my example import scripts are not really heavy to program, but I just wanted to explain how you could structure such an importer. If you have a database with a lot of joins and a tricky schema your import script will be much much more complicated. But with this importer-structure you just have to add a new module which handels the import part, call the method from the module in the Importer class and you are done.
You always should keep a very close eye on the topic "Testing". You should test your importer script before starting an import on your production system, that is very important! Otherwise you can destroy your production database and that never is funny ;-)
Feel free to comment on this blogpost, I will be happy about that! If you are interested in a more difficult importer script do not hestitate to ask me.
Simple mysql search with rails and jquery.highlight


EXOMailboxPermission
Parameters
Parameter Attribute DataType Description Allowed Values
Identity Key String The Identity parameter specifies the mailbox where you want to assign permissions to the user. You can use any value that uniquely identifies the mailbox.
AccessRights Required StringArray[] The AccessRights parameter specifies the permission that you want to add for the user on the mailbox. Valid values are: ChangeOwner, ChangePermission, DeleteItem, ExternalAccount, FullAccess and ReadPermission.
User Key String The User parameter specifies who gets the permissions on the mailbox.
InheritanceType Key String The InheritanceType parameter specifies how permissions are inherited by folders in the mailbox. Valid values are: None, All, Children, Descendents, SelfAndChildren. None, All, Children, Descendents, SelfAndChildren
Owner Write String The Owner parameter specifies the owner of the mailbox object.
Deny Write Boolean The Deny switch specifies that the permissions you're adding are Deny permissions.
Ensure Write String Determines wheter or not the permission should exist on the mailbox. Present
Credential Write PSCredential Credentials of the Exchange Global Admin
ApplicationId Write String Id of the Azure Active Directory application to authenticate with.
TenantId Write String Id of the Azure Active Directory tenant used for authentication.
CertificateThumbprint Write String Thumbprint of the Azure Active Directory application's authentication certificate to use for authentication.
CertificatePassword Write PSCredential Username can be made up to anything but password will be used for CertificatePassword
CertificatePath Write String Path to certificate used in service principal usually a PFX file.
ManagedIdentity Write Boolean Managed ID being used for authentication.
Description
Use this resource to modify the permissions of mailbox.
Permissions
Exchange
To authenticate with Microsoft Exchange, this resource required the following permissions:
Roles
 - Unified Messaging, View-Only Recipients, Mail Recipient Creation, Mail Recipients, UM Mailboxes
Role Groups
 - Organization Management
Examples
Example 1
This example is used to test new resources and showcase the usage of new resources being worked on. It is not meant to use as a production baseline.
Configuration Example
{
 param(
 [Parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
 [PSCredential]
 $credsCredential
 )
 Import-DscResource -ModuleName Microsoft365DSC
 node localhost
 {
 EXOMailboxPermission "TestPermission"
 {
 AccessRights = @("FullAccess","ReadPermission");
 Credential = $credsCredential;
 Deny = $False;
 Ensure = "Present";
 Identity = "John.Smith";
 InheritanceType = "All";
 User = "NT AUTHORITY\SELF";
 }
 }
}


text:
ON THIS WIKI
Rune of Superior Capacity
|Rune of Superior Capacity|
|Name||Rune of Superior Capacity|
|Source Mod||Blood Magic|
|ID Name|| |
|Affected by Gravity||No|
With fewer than 15 runes dedicated to capacity, it is more efficient to use Runes of Augmented Capacity. The effects of having both runes of augmented capacity and runes of superior capacity stack, but runes of superior capacity do NOT multiply the 2,000 added by each rune of augmented capacity, only the original 10,000.
The capacity of your altar can be calculated with the formula:
1.1^S * 10,000 + 2,000 * A
Where A is equal to the number of Runes of Augmented Capacity and S is equal to the number of Runes of Superior Capacity are in place. Therefore, with 3 Runes of Augmented Capacity, and 5 Runes of Superior Capacity, you end up with a total capacity of 22,105.1, or (1.1^5 * 10,000 + 2,000 * 3).
Rune of Superior Capacity has no known uses in crafting.
- 1.1.0 — Added.


Degree of Cure
The degree of curing describes the conversion achieved during crosslinking reactions (curing). In macromolecular chemistry, crosslinking refers to reactions in which a large number of individual molecules are linked to form a three-dimensional network. Linkage can be achieved either by direct setup of macromolecules or reaction to the already existing polymers.
This can easily be measured by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
The degree of curing, α, is the amount of heat converted divided by the reaction enthalpy.
α = H/ΔHR
The degree of cure of an already (partially) crosslinked sample can be determined via the residual enthalpy of post-crosslinking, HPC (post-cure). Then, the degree of cure can be calculated as
α = 1-(HPC/ΔHR)
Figure 1: DSC 214 Polyma measurement results; black curve: uncured adhesive; red curve: partially cured adhesive (sample weight: 2.80 mg and 2.77 mg; heating rate 5 K/min)
Figure 1 depicts an example for the calculation of the degree of cure for a partially cured adhesive. The uncured adhesive shows a curing enthalpy of 242.35 J/g, whereas the partially cured sample shows an enthalpy of just 203.92 J/g for the post curing reaction. Therefore, a degree of cure of 15.9 % for the partially cured sample can be calculated.
Related Methods


TRUNCATION ORDER OF FOURIER WAVE THEORY
Rodney J. Sobey
Abstract
Specific consideration is given to the dependence of Fourier wave solutions on both truncation order and the number of free surface nodes. Solution dependence is quantified by a comprehensive set of numerical experiments over a typical range of wave height, water depth, truncation order and overspecification values. Integral error measures include the rms free surface boundary condition errors and a slope error that identifies non-physical positive slope segments in the wave profile between crest and trough. Summary error diagrams are presented as a guide to the adoption of suitable truncation orders and overspecification for Fourier solutions. The truncation order is the crucial parameter but there is measurable advantage is some small overspecification.
Keywords
Fourier Theory; truncation; truncation order
Full Text: PDF
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.


text: In their ceremonial arts, the Sulka people of northern New Britain consciously seek to achieve magnificence, striving to maximize the visual impact on the viewer. Brightly colored and ephemeral, Sulka ritual arts are created for one-time use in dances and ceremonies, during which their fleeting beauty allows the audience to briefly glimpse the divine. Afterward, the objects are destroyed. This work is a headdress worn on top of the head like a helmet. It portrays a praying mantis (kovio), possibly a clan emblem. Although its exact use is uncertain, it was probably a kapurei, a conical headdress that formed the base for a large ceremonial dance wand (rei) as much as nine feet (3 meters) high that was attached to the undecorated projection at the top.


text:
Astronomy - Why Marathons' Skies Are So Special!
Marathon is a Scale 1 on the Bortle Light Pollution Scale. What does that mean? It's dark! As a matter of fact, as dark as it gets without going to space!
Bortle Scale 1 properties:
Title:Excellent dark-sky site
Naked-eye limiting magnitude:7.6 - 8.0
Stellar limiting magnitude (with 12.5" reflector):17.5
- the Zodiacal light (sunlight reflecting off space dust and comet debris after sunset) is visible
- the gegenschein is visible
- the zodiacal band is visible
- M33 is a direct vision naked-eye object
- Scorpius and Sagittarius regions of the Milky Way cast obvious shadows on the ground
- airglow is readily visible
- Jupiter and Venus affect dark adaptation
- surroundings are basically invisible.
Southwest Texas Light Pollution Map:
NOAA Water Vapor (Updated every 30 minutes) - Courtesy of NOAA.GOV:
Marathon Clear Sky Chart:
Current Weather in Marathon, Texas


Saturday, 18 February 2012
The Waiting Period: Graduate Admissions Survival
If you have a philosopher who happens to have applied to graduate schools this year, you are likely in thick of waiting. This waiting period is almost always intensely stressful for both you and your philosopher.
Depression during this waiting period can be exasperated by your philosopher, especially if they persist in checking their email frequently or if they insist on monitoring acceptances/rejections on online forums (such as gradcafe). This is especially dangerous for philosophers who are also working on MA theses (it's the worst kind of distraction from work).
So how can you help alleviate the depressive effects of the application waiting period?
1. Make an alternate plan.
This may seem rather dreadful, but it will help both you and your philosopher if you develop a backup plan (what to do if your philosopher doesn't get in anywhere). If your philosopher knows that they have alternate options—even if these aren't ideal—then it might ease their mind a bit. For sure, having a backup plan can also do wonders for your mental health.
2. Reassure. Reassure. Reassure.
You will find yourself having to do lots of reassuring during this period. Prepare to be patient with your philosopher every time they descend into the slough of despond. Reassure your philosopher that they are really intelligent, they haven't heard from every school yet, just because someone has been accepted on gradcafe doesn't mean that all decisions are final, just because they didn't get in this year doesn't mean that they can never try again, etc. Just because they didn't get into one of their lower-tier schools, doesn't mean that they won't get into an upper-tier school. Remind them. Here are two stories that might help your philosopher:
Story 1: A philosopher thought they had received rejections from every school to which they applied, as they had seen people post on gradcafe about each of their schools. Well guess what? An oversight had led to an acceptance letter—from their first school choice—either not being sent or being lost in the mail.
Story 2: An extremely intelligent philosopher received rejections from every place they applied one year. Instead of giving up, this philosopher applied to exactly the same places the next year and got in to several of them.
3. Bake treats.
This speaks for itself.
4. Distract your philosopher.
This is a good time to ply your philosopher with distractions. Help them train for a marathon; make a goal to watch all of the AFI top 100 movies; encourage them to prepare a paper for publication; refinish some furniture. Distractions are really necessary to keep your philosopher from being despondent sometimes.
When all else fails, direct them to Ph.D. comics.
~The Philosiologist
 1. I work in graduate admissions and I can absolutely verify that some excellent applicants are unlucky one year, reapply the next year, then sail through. For PhDs it can sometimes be the case that there a particular area of research is very oversubscribed one year - often due to considerations of the funding the department has in place, which students it has already admitted, and which staff are able to take on new students - and eases up the next. That said, to next years' applicants, it IS important to apply to a range of different places and to apply early!
 I should also emphasise your point that, in my institution at least, admissions decisions are sent out over a rather long period (weeks to months) and that just because some have already received offers, there's no reason you won't. Sometimes notifications are done in alphabetical batches, sometimes in order of assessment, sometimes randomly.
 2. Thanks for the reassurance! See, philosophers? :-)
 3. I hope you will post new update soon.


text:
This image is for reference purpose only, Photo May Slightly Different From Actual Item in Terms of Color Due to the Lighting During Photo Shooting or the Monitor's Display.
Gurmar is found in dry deciduous forests of India and is also called Madhunasini / Gudmar whereas, in Sanskrit, it is called Mehashringi. The leaves are simple opposite and ovate-elliptic. The flowers are yellow in colour. It grows as a woody climber. It roots at the nodes. Leaves and roots are used medicinally. The name itself signifies as it kills sugar. Hence, popularly Gudmar is known as 'the insulin plant'. The plants are available in nurseries and the tablets of this are prepared by pharmaceutical companies.
Gymnema sylvestre - Gudmar Plant, Madhunashini
- Live plant along with plastic pot
- plants height with pot is 1 feet and pot size is 5 icnhes diameter.
- plants nature is outdoor-semi shade, alternate day watering
- useful for edible Plants, herbs & medicinal plants
- Rare herb plants & medicinal plant


text:
Self-handicapping is a maladaptive behavior which undermines students' achievements, but the antecedents of self-handicapping are not well studied in physical education. The aim was to examine the relations of implicit theory of abilities and self-handicapping in physical education. 264 college students, whose mean age was 20.3 yr. (SD= 1.7), completed the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire-2 and Self-handicapping Scale for Sport. Analysis indicated entity beliefs positively predicted reduced effort and making excuses. Also, incremental beliefs negatively predicted reduced effort. Results are discussed in terms of implicit theory of ability and self-handicapping. Directions for research and implications are stated.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


text:
Lea County, New MexicoEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Revision as of 03:20, 28 February 2013 by Mmsabey
|Lea County, New Mexico|
Location of New Mexico in the U.S.
|Founded||March 7, 1917|
|Address|| [ Lea County Courthouse]|
100 N Main Avenue
PO Box 4C;
Lovington, NM 88260
_URL_ County Website]
- Up until 1821 - New Spain controlled land that later would become New Mexico and Arizona. Some records of early settlers may have been sent to an archives in Seville, Spain, or to archives in Mexico City.
- From 1821 until 1846 - Mexico had jurisdiction over the land that later would become New Mexico and Arizona. Some records of this period may have been sent to archives in Mexico City. Starting in 1846 United States forces occupied New Mexico during the Mexican-American War.
- 1848 - Land that became Lea County formally became a part of the United States when the Mexican-American War ended with ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
- Andrews County, Texas
- Cochran County, Texas
- Gaines County, Texas
- Loving County, Texas
- Winkler County, Texas
- Yoakum County, Texas
For tips on accessing Lea County, New Mexico census records online, see: New Mexico Census.
Societies and Libraries
Family History Centers
- Introduction to LDS Family History Centers
- Hobbs New Mexico Family History Center
- Hobbs, New Mexico.
- USGenWeb project. May have maps, name indexes, history or other information for this county. Select the state, then the county.
- Family History Library Catalog
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Lea County, New Mexico page 474, At various libraries (WorldCat); FHL Book 973 D27e 2002.
|This New Mexico-related article is a stub. You can help by expanding it.
While this page is under construction, may we suggest Cyndi's List.
New to the Research Wiki?
In the FamilySearch Research Wiki, you can learn how to do genealogical research or share your knowledge with others.Learn More


text: Purpose: To describe the development and preliminary evaluation of the Multicontext Sitting Time Questionnaire (MSTQ). Method: During development of the MSTQ, contexts and domains of sitting behavior were utilized as recall cues to improve the accuracy of sitting assessment. The terms "workday" and "nonworkday" were used to disambiguate occupational and discretionary sitting. An expert panel evaluated content validity. Among 25 participants, test-retest reliability of the MSTQ items was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Convergent validity was assessed versus relative and absolute accelerometerestimated sedentary time and activity log using Pearson (r) or Spearman (r) correlation coefficients where appropriate. Results: Pilot testing revealed Web-based MSTQ administration was rapid, scalable, and inexpensive. Most items in the MSTQ demonstrated acceptable reliability (ICCs > .70). Compared with accelerometer-estimated sedentary time relative to total wear time, the MSTQ exhibited a low correlation on workdays (r = .34) and a moderately high correlation on nonworkdays (r = .61). Conclusions: The systematic development of the MSTQ resulted in several improvements over previous tools and may serve as a model for purpose-driven questionnaire design. Additional validation is needed to conclusively determine the utility of the MSTQ. Copyright © AAHPERD.


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This question is a derivative of a previous question: Source control - How to version resources that are shared across projects
I have a project that contains code that is consumed by many other projects. Specifically, one folder in this parent project has been branched to dependent child projects.
We have since made changes in the parent project and checked them in. In Source Control Explorer, I right click on the branched folder in the parent project and select "Merge", intending to push the changes to a dependent project. I select the child project as a destination and then select "Latest Version". The wizard informs me "There are no changes to merge."
From my perspective, this isn't true, since the recently updated files are clearly different.
Is there a fundamental misunderstanding of the merge process in TFS here? What do I need to do differently?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 17 down vote accepted
The TFS merge engine relies almost entirely on history, not file contents. This makes it efficient for very large trees, and flexible for tasks like safely cherry-picking changes -- but it also makes answering your question difficult.
The first step is to understand the diagnostic commands tf history, tf merges, and tf merge /candidate. Here is a good introduction:
If you are new to branching & merging in TFS then your history is probably not very complex. I think it's likely you'll find your answer with one quick call to tf merges. However, tracing merge history can become extremely convoluted in the general case, so if you have trouble feel free to post back with more details.
share|improve this answer
Go to one specific file you know has changed in your "parent" project. Try merging just that file. Don't check anything in; just see what happens.
Something to watch for: The merge tools will not include files that have been added after you branch. You have to branch new files explicitly before you can merge any further changes. If a file is added to both parent and child folders without using a branch operation, the merge tools don't treat them as versions of the same file (and you can't merge changes between them).
share|improve this answer
Corrections: * Newly added files do not have a merge relationship with other branches until they're themselves branched = TRUE. (note: can be a "branch, delete") * The workaround is to merge the specific file = FALSE. Won't work. Correct answer is to merge a parent that does have a relationship. * Files added to both branches in parallel will not merge = FIXED IN 2008. See #1-2 from… - but note that if the contents don't match, you're stuck with a version conflict that has no "base" info; merging will be a pain. – Richard Berg Jun 11 '09 at 23:22
Your Answer


text:
- Is potting soil flammable?
- Can you burn soil?
- Are plants a fire hazard?
- Why is my plant soil so dry?
- Can peat moss spontaneously combust?
- Does fire destroy soil?
- Why does peat burn so well?
- What happens when soil is too dry?
- Can plants spontaneously combust?
- How does human combustion happen?
- How dry should I let my soil get?
- Why is my soil not absorbing water?
- Can you revive dry soil?
- Can you burn sand?
- What plants grow after a fire?
- How do you rehydrate dry soil?
- What is a peat fire?
- How do you revive soil?
Is potting soil flammable?
Potting soil is flammable.
Today's potting soil mixes contain organic materials — think peat moss or shredded wood — that easily catch fire.
That's why you should never extinguish a cigarette or other smoking materials in potting soil, the likes of which you see here..
Can you burn soil?
The minerals are predominantly oxides, so do not burn. The interesting part is that organic matter. Lignin and hemicellulose start to break down between 130 and 190 °C, but these reactions do not give out heat so there is no self-sustaining fire. … The minerals are predominantly oxides, so do not burn.
Are plants a fire hazard?
Highly flammable plants can ignite quickly, releasing lots of heat, even if they are healthy and well-watered. In areas experiencing drought, even moderately flammable plants can become more prone to ignite. Characteristics of highly flammable plants include: Dry and dead leaves or twigs.
Why is my plant soil so dry?
A common reason is that the potting mix has dried out and isn't absorbing the water. Most commercial potting mixes contain peat, which holds water well once it has been moistened, but — as everyone who works with sphagnum peat outdoors knows — is difficult to wet the first time.
Can peat moss spontaneously combust?
The one with moistened peat moss was always a couple of degrees cooler than the dry one. A temperature of 39 °C is a long way from the 260 °C needed to spontaneously combust. Peat Moss can not become hot enough on its own to spontaneously ignite.
Does fire destroy soil?
Wildfires have a significant impact on the properties of the soil. The heat of the fire burns away all of the vegetation and organic matter on the surface of the soil, which makes some nutrients more readily available to the soil while turning others into gases that are lost (chiefly nitrogen).
Why does peat burn so well?
Peat fires Peat has a high carbon content and can burn under low moisture conditions. Once ignited by the presence of a heat source (e.g., a wildfire penetrating the subsurface), it smoulders. … These fires may be responsible for the acceleration in the increase in carbon dioxide levels since 1998.
What happens when soil is too dry?
If the soil is too dry, plants, animals and microorganisms that need more water will not survive in it, and the soil may also become hard and compacted. If soil is too wet, however, it will not contain enough oxygen for some organisms to survive in it either.
Can plants spontaneously combust?
Wills said it's rare, but spontaneous combustion does happen. … "It happens in organic material in the process of decomposition," said Wills. That process lets off heat and with the help of the sun can get hot enough to catch fire.
How does human combustion happen?
The likely explanation for suspected cases of spontaneous human combustion, then, is that there is an external source of ignition—a match, a cigarette, an electrical spark—that sets off the wick effect, but the evidence of it is destroyed by the fire.
How dry should I let my soil get?
For most plants, only water when the soil is dry — not just surface dry, but 2-inches-deep dry. Use your fingers to easily determine soil moisture levels.
Why is my soil not absorbing water?
Hydrophobic Soil & How to Fix It. … Hydrophobic soil occurs when a waxy residue builds up on the soil particles resulting in it repelling water rather than absorbing it. It is most common in sandy soils, dried out potting mix and soils containing unrotted organic matter. You can identify hydrophobic soil by watering it.
Can you revive dry soil?
Rehydrate. Worn out potting soil used over and over again doesn't have many nutrients left for growing plants. Moisten both used and new dried out potting soil by adding water. … If that's the case, put the soil into a watertight container such as bucket or tub.
Can you burn sand?
Sand does not burn. … One has to enrich the sand with highly flammable components to have it burning continuously and hot enough to melt it to glass.
What plants grow after a fire?
Fire-activated Seed Perhaps the most amazing fire adaptation is that some species actually require fire for their seeds to sprout. Some plants, such as the lodgepole pine, Eucalyptus, and Banksia, have serotinous cones or fruits that are completely sealed with resin.
How do you rehydrate dry soil?
Instead of absorbing into the soil, water will run straight through the pot. If your plant is in this situation, use a fork to carefully break up the dry, hardened potting soil, then submerge the entire container in a bucket of lukewarm water. Leave the pot in the water until no air bubbles float to the top.
What is a peat fire?
Peat consists of partially decomposed vegetation and contains varying amounts of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen compounds. When a fire occurs these compounds produce gases that may be very odorous and irritating. Peat smoke also tends to be thicker than the smoke released by other vegetation fires.
How do you revive soil?
To improve sandy soil:Work in 3 to 4 inches of organic matter such as well-rotted manure or finished compost.Mulch around your plants with leaves, wood chips, bark, hay or straw. Mulch retains moisture and cools the soil.Add at least 2 inches of organic matter each year.Grow cover crops or green manures.


text:
Mini how-to "mbed-os-example-blinky"
You can compile the project using mbed compiler online or locally on your PC.
MBED Compiler on-line
The following steps will show you how to compile the project via browser:
1. Go to the Sensor Node page.
2. Click on the + Add to your Mbed Compiler button.
3. From the mbed-os-example-blinky page click on the Import into the Compiler button.
4. From the following form import the project:
5. Once imported check if you selected the right platform, on the right of the screen you should have this:
If there is another platform please click on it and select the Avnet Silica ST Sensor
6. Now you are able to compile the project just clicking on compile button:
7. After the compilation you will download automatically the firmware
8. Copy the binary file mbed-os-example-blinky.bin into the mass-storage TilePlus of the SensorNode board.
The following steps will show you how to compile the project on your PC:
1. Clone this repository with the command:
The cloning process requires few minutes.
2. Enter in the directory and compile the project:
$ cd mbed-os-example-blinky
$ mbed compile -m SILICA_SENSOR_NODE -t GCC_ARM
3. Once compiled copy the binary file mbed-os-example-blinky.bin into the mass-storage TilePlus of the SensorNode board.
You will find the mbed-os-example-blinky.bin file at:
Please close with jumpers the following pins marked as yellow in order to power supply the board via micro-usb cable.
In the red rectangles, with this configuration is not important if you have connected the battery and if the switch is closed or open.


If you would like to spend a year of high school in the United States, YES may be the program for you!
The Kennedy-Lugar Youth Exchange and Study (YES) program provides scholarships for high school students to study for one academic year in the United States. YES students live with a host family, attend an American high school, acquire leadership skills, and engage in activities to learn about U.S. society and values; they also help educate Americans about their home country and culture. The program supports students with disabilities and encourages their participation.
Funded by the U.S. Department of State, the YES program was established by the U.S. Congress in 2003 to improve understanding between countries with significant Muslim populations and the United States. YES students serve as "youth ambassadors" of their home country, forming a cultural bridge of understanding by forming lasting relationships with their host families and communities.
After their year in the United States, YES alumni can look forward to participating in the active Moroccan YES alumni network.
 - Must be born between August 1, 2004 and August 1, 2006;
 - Be entering 10th or 11th grade in Fall 2020;
 - Have the equivalent of a B average or better without failing grades and have a record of high academic achievement;
 - Demonstrate flexibility and commitment to promoting cross-cultural understanding;
 - Meet a minimum English proficiency requirement;
 - Be a citizen of Morocco;
 - Not be a U.S. citizen or permanent resident, and was not born in the U.S.
 - Fill out the Kennedy-Lugar YES application completely.
 - Provide official school grades for the last three years.
 - Provide a passport-sized photo
 - Provide a birth certificate
Applicants can submit the application online to, deliver it in person to AMIDEAST, or mail the application to the following address:
Kennedy-Lugar YES Program
AMIDEAST 35, Rue Oukaimeden, Agdal, Rabat
Deadline has been closed, we are not currently accepting applications.
US FlagState Department logo
YES is sponsored by the U.S. Department of State with funding provided by the U.S. Government and supported in its implementation by AMIDEAST.


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Every Daisy Adventure Is Filled With Giggles, Energy & Excitement!
Daisy troop meetings are easier with Daisy Drop Box, our complimentary program for kindergarten and first grade Daisy troops in Girl Scouts of Western NY. Daisy troop leaders receive a box with the resources needed to hold fun, engaging troop meetings. The boxes include step-by-step scripted meeting instructions plus activity supplies for each registered Daisy.
Who is eligible to participate in our Daisy Dropbox program?
- New Daisy Troops are eligible to participate
- The troop must have two registered co-leaders who have completed their background checks and co-leader training.
- Troop must have 12 or more registered Daisies. Daisies are girls in kindergarten and first grade.
- The troop has their first meeting location, time and date confirmed
New Daisy Troop Leaders can sign up for Daisy Dropbox few steps:
- Register as a Girl Scout troop leader.
- Find a co-leader for the troop and make sure they are also registered.
- Complete your background check and Volunteer Basics training.
- Make sure 12 girls at the Daisy level have registered for the troop.
- Sign up for Daisy Dropbox.
- Pick up your Daisy Dropbox at your nearest Girl Scout Service Center once you have completed the above requirements.
Frequently Asked Questions
What's in a Daisy Drop Box?
- A welcome packet provides an introduction to your first year as a troop leader, and the activity supplies provided to earn the 10 Daisy petal badges.
- Step-by-step scripted instructions for each badge activity.
- Activity supplies for each registered Daisy.
- All petals for up to 12 girls are provided.
- The Daisy Dropbox is free of charge to troops who meet the criteria outlined above.
What if there are more than 12 Daisies in my troop?
Contact us at _EMAIL_
What Are The Daisy Petals?
- Girl Scouts of all ages recite the ideals and values in our Girl Scout Promise and Girl Scout Law, which serve as the foundation of Girl Scouting.
- The Daisy petals are special badges just for Daisies they wear on their uniform.
- They represent the Girl Scout Promise and each petal represents a part of the Girl Scout Law.
Are the badges provided in the Daisy Dropbox?
The badges earned are included in the boxes.
Questions? Reach us at _EMAIL_


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© (Photo: Brian McInnis/The Guardian)
Georgia and Max Bambauer of Cornwall try some haskap berries they picked during a field day in Cornwall, Prince Edward Island June 23.
About 50 people gathered at an open house event held on Linwood Road in Clyde River to pick the blue honey suckle berry, also known as HASKAP. They picked, tasted, and then enjoyed them over vanilla ice cream.
Some said the new berry tasted like a mix between raspberries and blueberries, and others said they thought they tasted like plums. Everybody has a different taste bud, so everybody has a different taste preference, said Marie Sullivan, a lab manager who works for Phytocultures.
Controlling the weeds around the bush is critical. The berries do not appear to be targeted by many insects, but birds are known to enjoy them just as much as people. The berries will likely grow in most regions of Canada and in the northern part of the United States. They excel in better quality soils. However, the plants need two different varieties in one garden in order to successfully pollinate the berries, just like apples.
The plants can grow anywhere from 1.5-2 meters tall and 1.5 meters wide. There are a number of ways to eat these berries such as freshly off the bush, in jams, juices, in wines, pastry fillings, or can be incorporated with ice cream or yogurt.


In our last post, we used the PDT's VMCreator.ps1 script to create all the VMs that are required to setup all System Center components.
Now, we are going to use the Installer.ps1 script to finish the installation.
Installer.PS1 SCRIPT
Start by running PowerShell command prompt as Administrator. Right-click on PowerShell and choose 'Run As Administrator'.
Administrative PowerShell Prompt
In the PowerShell command prompt, change the working directory to where the Installer.ps1 script is located (in my example, in the Downloads folder); for example: cd "C:UsersAdinDownloads".
Before running the script to execute the installation, it is best to run the validation option first, to ensure everything is in place. To do this, run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter, like this: PS C:UsersAdministratorDownloadsPDT2.5.2509>.Installer.ps1 -ValidateOnly. This will initiate the validation, which checks things like the VMs, dependencies, SQL Server installations, and media for installation.
As you can see in my lab example, the Media validation has failed.
You will notice that the Installer.ps1 script is looking for the media in the C:Temp directory. But wait, didn't we download all of the required files by running the Donwloader.ps1 script? Yes we did. Then why is this validation failing?
Simply, the Downloader.ps1 script downloaded all the required files, but rather than placing them into the C:Temp directory, it put them in C:InstallerPrerequisites. If you look at the Variable.xml file, specifically lines #7 and 8, you will see the following:
These lines tell the scripts where path to the source files are, and where (originally) to download those files.
So at this point, we have 2 choices. Either we can move all of the files into C:Temp, or we can change the "SourcePath" directory to match where the files are downloaded to (namely C:InstallerPrerequisites).
In my case, I'll just move the files. But if you want, you could modify the SourcePath variable.
Re-run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter. The validation for the Media should pass now. However, as you can see in my lab example, I am now getting validation failures on the Service Accounts.
So, how do we fix this? Well, first, I should mention that I am running the PowerShell scripts on my HOST machine; which is NOT a part of the domain. This is why the validation of the Service Accounts fails.
So you have 2 choices, either join your HOST to the domain, or copy the Installer.ps1 script and C:Installer directory to the Domain Controller. Since I like to re-build my lab over and over, I don't prefer to add my HOST to the domain. So, in my lab example I opted to copy the files to my Domain Controller VM, and re-run the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter.
Now, when I did this, I am STILL getting validation errors, but this time with the Server and Access validation.
Why is this? Honestly, I don't know. But I do recall reading/hearing somewhere about possibly having to run these scripts from an Administrator's workstation, and NOT from any of the systems that the scripts are designed to work with. Since I was originally running the scripts on my HOST system that was NOT connected to the domain, that was one issue. Then I ran the scripts from the Domain Controller, which resolved the Account validation.
So, I thought that I would try one last thing. I decided to create an Administrator workstation and run the scripts from there. Now, of course I ran the Installer.ps1 script with the "-ValidateOnly" parameter just to see if everything passed prior to actually running the script to perform the installation. And guess what! Everything passed!
So, now that we know everything is green and we won't end up with a partial/incomplete installation, we are now ready to run the Installer.ps1 script, and complete the final part of our installation.
Run the Installer.ps1 script, and the validation will be completed again (as designed), then the installation will be initiated.
Just like the VMMCreator.ps1 script, the display will turn green when each item is completed. Eventually, it will complete all pieces.
Congratulations, you have now successfully used the PowerShell Deployment Toolkit (PDT) to automatically install and configure an entire System Center environment!
One final note. You may not have noticed, but all of the System Center consoles were actually installed onto server RD01. Why is that? It's not the Administrator's workstation. The answer is because that server is the System Center Orchestrator Runbook Designer server, which requires all of the consoles for the interoperability/connectivity to create runbooks, and thus System Center automation.
So, if you are looking for the console for a specific System Center component (i.e. SCOM, SCCM, etc.), you will need to log into the RD01 server and launch it from there. Alternatively, since we had to setup an Administrator workstation, you could install each console on the workstation as well.
I hope this post series on the PowerShell Deployment Toolkit has been helpful. Happy lab-ing.


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Ever greater attention in the rubber industry is being applied to effectively measuring the degree of silica dispersion that has resulted from established factory mixing procedures. This process is particularly complicated because of the rubber phobic nature of silica (compared to carbon black), the required use of an organosilane and required mixing temperatures to be effective, and the need to establish differing degrees of total work history during the mixing process.
Three years ago, a new standard method for measuring the Payne Effect was developed as ASTM D8059 using the RPA. Also, in 2011, a standard method was developed using a reflected light microscope to measure state-of-mix under ASTM D7723.
In this study, a Premier-brand RPA Rubber Process Analyzer was used to measure the differences in rheological behavior by using SBR and TESPT with variation in the applied work history during mixing. Processability characteristics as seen in the Payne Effect were measured for these mixed stocks with varying work histories using the RPA with Extended Dynamic Range Technology. Comparisons also were made with the AlphaView DisperGrader reflected light microscope under special conditions.


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The connected classroom climate centers on supportive student-to-student communication in the classroom, and may provide students enrolled in public speaking courses with a safe and comfortable haven to present speeches.
This study examined student connectedness in public speaking courses and it's affect on students' (N = 368) communication abilities. Results revealed positive perceptions of student connectedness related to decreases in public speaking anxiety and public speaking apprehension, as well as increases in perceptions of communication competence.
These outcomes suggest public speaking instructors should consider the relationships that exist among students and how they may further encourage connectedness in their classrooms.
Sidelinger, Robert J.; Myers, Scott A.; and McMullen, Audra L.
"Students' Communication Predispositions: An Examination of Classroom Connectedness in Public Speaking Courses,"
Basic Communication Course Annual: Vol. 23
, Article 13.
Available at: _URL_


A Raspberry Pi Streaming Camera using MPEG-DASH, HLS or RTSP
This is an improvement on my previous article, Raspberry Pi Hardware Accelerated RTSP Camera, now with the option of using more modern technology, MPEG-DASH and HLS!
First off, if you don't care about the technicalities and just want a script to do everything for you, here you go! If you're still interested in how it all works or want to tweak the settings, read on.
This article will walk you through how to either copy or convert video from your webcam or pi camera, set it up as a systemd service, and finally view it on a webpage or access it remotely.
MPEG-DASH vs HLS vs RSTP
So to clear this up first of all, these are "containers" that wrap around the actual video, which is a particular "codec" (such as h264). DASH and RTSP are fully codec agnostic, meaning they are capable of wrapping around any type of video codec. The big gotcha is what type of videos the viewer supports (and in RTSP's case the middleman server as well.)
So if DASH and RTSP can handle everything, why even bother with HLS? Long story short, Apple, who developed HLS, is a bully, so they don't support the open MPEG-DASH on their devices. Meaning if you are trying to share these video streams with the public or view on an Apple device, you will get the most compatibility with HLS.
So now the difference really comes down to how DASH/HLS are HTTP based protocols that can easily be supported in browser. This makes it super easy to set up an all-in-one device that can host it's own webpage to view a video at.
Whereas RTSP requires additional software, such as VLC or a security system to view it. The real advantage with RTSP is the fact it really is nearly "real time" compared to DASH/HLS. Using my Raspberry Pis DASH/HLS seem to have a 10~20 second delay, compared to about 1 second for RTSP. As I already went over how to set that up, I won't repeat it here and only go over DASH. But I personally use RSTP for my own home setup still.
Setting up required software
The two programs you will need are a file server (nginx, apache, python -m http.server, etc…) to host the DASH/HLS content and ffmpeg. And you don't have to hand compile either!
Super short version:
sudo apt install nginx ffmpeg -y
To better understand why we need them and how to test them to make sure they are working properly, read on. Otherwise, skip ahead to "Gather Camera Details".
File Server
Last time we use RTSP which required a special service of it's own. Now we are using HLS and MPEG-DASH, which produce manifest and accompany stream files on the local system. For example, MPEG-DASH will create a manifest.mpd file that contains links to *.m4s files in the same directory which are the chunked up video files.
That means if we make those files accessible remotely, we can use standard HTTP to transport the video. Hence the need for a basic file server. I personally use nginx for the final setup, as it's fast, easy to use, and has defaults we can use out of the box. So lets install it!
 sudo apt install nginx -y
Now all you need to do is open up a web browser on another computer on that network and connect to http://raspberrypi (If you changed hostname, or having trouble connecting, run hostname -I to see it's IP address and use http://<ip_address> instead.) You should see a simple webpage that says "Welcome to nginx!"
FFmpeg
Since the last article came out, FFmpeg has finally started shipping with hardware acceleration built in! If you still want to compile in some custom libraries or try and optimize it for your needs, check out my Raspberry Pi FFmpeg compile guide. Otherwise, just download it from the distribution repositories.
sudo apt install ffmpeg -y
You can verify it's part of the package by checking the encoders for h264_omx.
ffmpeg -hide_banner -encoders | grep omx
Should produce V….. h264_omx OpenMAX IL H.264 video encoder (codec h264) or similar. If for some reason it doesn't have that or other libraries you are looking for, such as the popular fdk-aac, look into my article onto compiling FFmpeg yourself, or use the helper script with the option --compile-ffmpeg.
Gather camera details
If you have the helper script, simply run it with the option --camera-details and it will print out each device and their formats with their highest resolution for each.
python3 streaming_setup.py --camera-details
# /dev/video0: {'yuyv422': '1280x800', 'mjpeg': '1280x720'}
Under the hood, this is running the following command for every device found.
ffmpeg -hide_banner -f video4linux2 -list_formats all -i /dev/video0
To also see what frame rates are supported per resolution, you will have to run the v4l2-ctl command for that device.
v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0 --list-formats-ext
Create the FFmpeg command
The FFmpeg command is particular about order when talking about input and output details. Ours will be broken down into the following blocks:
ffmpeg <incoming video details> -i <device> <conversion details> <output>
So let's say you are using a raspberry pi camera and want to stream 1080p video without re-encoding it. We first have to tell FFmpeg about the camera details it will pull from.
Applying the Camera Details
In longhand, it would look like this:
-input_format h264 -f video4linux2 -video_size 1920x1080 -framerate 30 -i /dev/video0
Hopefully each of those parts are pretty self explanatory. We can also reduce -video_size, aka the incoming resolution to -s, and -framerate, aka the fps to -r.
Network Bandwidth Considerations
Internet streamers, beware you may not be able to upload directly from the camera's full 1080p at 30fps. I did a quick test using vnstat over a wired connection with a Pi Zero, and found my 5MP OV5647 camera was using almost 20Mbit/s. Keep in mind the official Pi Camera with the sony sensor is 8MP so may be even higher than that.
The following tests were done at two minute averages while the stream was being watched. The averages were recorded, and generally the peaks were 2x the average.
ResolutionfpsAverage Mbit/s
1920×_PHONE_.12
1920×_PHONE_.12
1280×_PHONE_.81
1280×720303.94
1280×720152.75
640×480905.66
640×480604.43
640×480300.93
640×480150.43
Using a Pi Zero with 5MP OV5647 camera over ethernet
Conversion options
Since this already is h264 we don't need anything other than to say copy the incoming stream. So that option is -codec:v copy or shorthand -c:v copy. Which is saying set the codec of v for video tracks to copy aka don't convert.
-c:v copy
If you instead had a webcam that only supported mjpeg input, or if you needed to add text overlay to the video, you would have to recompile FFmpeg. With the Raspberry Pi, you'll want to use the built in hardware encoder, h264_omx. You would then also have to set the bitrate (-b:v) of the outgoing video. That is really camera / network dependent, but my rule of thumb is use video width x hight x 2. So 1920x1080x2 ==4,147,200, so I would set the bitrate to 4M (aka ~4000kb, or ~_PHONE_ bytes).
-c:v h264_omx -b:v 4M
The Raspberry Pi OpenMAX (omx) hardware encoder has very limited options, and doesn't support constant quality or rate factors like libx264 does. So the only way to adjust quality is with the bitrate. As for general quality, it sits between libx264s ultrafast and superfast presets, which is somewhat disappointing but not surprising for a real-time hardware encoder.
MPEG-DASH and HLS output
Personally I would never recommend HLS to a friend, as MPEG-DASH is all around a more open and powerful muxer. But


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Do you enjoy eating oysters on a hot sunny afternoon? Make the most of it – it may not last forever. Research has shown that global warming increases the sensitivity of oysters to metal pollution, causing a deadly threat to populations in polluted areas. Dr. Gisela Lannig from the University of North Carolina, USA, will present her work on cadmium poisoning in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) on Monday 11th July at the Society for Experimental Biology Annual Main Meeting in Barcelona [session C2].
Oysters are cold-blooded organisms so their body temperature changes with environmental temperature. Lannig observed that cadmium levels increased the basic metabolic rate (BMR) of oysters at 20ºC and 24º. For oysters at 28ºC, cadmium did not increase the BMR, but it significantly reduces its chances of survival. "One possible mechanism for this observation is increased damage of mitochondria in cadmium-exposed oysters with increasing temperature", Lannig explains, "these organelles become significantly more sensitive to cadmium as temperature rises, so that cadmium levels which were not damaging to mitochondria at lower temperature become strongly toxic with increasing temperature."
Cadmium circulates continually between air, water and soils. As it moves easily through the food chain, high levels are reported in seals. In humans, cadmium interferes with calcium metabolism and deposition in the bone. Accumulation over time can cause serious illnesses such as itai itai disease. Future research will focus on to what extent cadmium reduces thermal tolerance of cold-blooded species.
From Society for Experimental Biology


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Quaternary care refers to advanced levels of medicine which are highly specialized and not widely used. Experimental medicine, service-oriented surgeries and other less common approaches to treatment and diagnostics consist of the bulk of quaternary care. The term is an extension of tertiary care, which is more common and less specific.
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Growers Ark Root Tonic
Growers Ark Root Tonic will encourage healthy root systems and improve overall plant health. Plants treated with Root Tonic will have a greater resistance to stress from lack of water, heat/cold or transplantation. Root Tonic can be used on it's own or added to your regular feed, it can also be used as a foliar spray. Why/how it works Growers Ark Root Tonic contains three main ingredients, Potassium humate, a seaweed extract and amino acids.


text: my name is Reed Gaddie, a cousin to most of the Gaddies living in Hart County Kentucky USA, and our father was traced back to a descendant William Gaddey (Gaddy,Gadie,Gaddey) family whom left Scotland possibly about _PHONE_, and settled somewhere in New Kent County Virginia. My mother gave me a copy of a land lease in 1732, which stated he was from New Kent County Virginia, most of which parish records were burned in the civil war. Recently, our family travelled to Scotland to find our lost ancestors. We discovered them in the eastern coastal lowland towns of Arbothnott, Kineff, and Bervie. Some of our family at one time lived on the Orkney Island. One interesting fact is these towns were close to Aberdeen. In Aberdeen, there is today a river named "Gadie Burne" located at the back of the Benachie mountains. Additionally, there is a national song written regarding this river or Burne. My question for all those knowledgeable in Scotland's history. What is the source of the name "Gadie Burne." One individual suggested it may have been named after a family of ancient origin whom lived in that area perhaps even earlier than most historial records were recorded. According to another, the Gadie family was in that area even as early as the 4th century a.d. and was involved in some battle which nearly extinguished the family. This family anciently were known to be practice the skills of blacksmithing even perhaps of ancient weapons, and worked with precious ores. An inventory of widow Mary Gaddey in 1752 verified this fact. Back to my question - Does anyone know of the origin of the Gadie family, or Gadie Burne name?