text:
Last Updated: Tuesday - 01/04/2011
February 19, 2001
School district to launch native education project
WESTERN CATHOLIC REPORTER
EDMONTON — Aboriginal students have a hard time adapting to city schools, a situation that often translates into low academic achievement, a high dropout rate and low self-esteem.
Statistics show aboriginal students are struggling in the school system. Their high school graduation rate is about 52 per cent in Alberta compared to 72 per cent for non-aboriginal students.
What makes it even harder for aboriginal students is that the curriculum doesn't reflect their cultural heritage.
That's all about to change as Edmonton Catholic Schools plans to address the problem with the help of a $1.6 million grant from Alberta Learning.
The purpose of the ambitious project is to help aboriginal students achieve higher success, said Bob Steele, division principal in aboriginal education.
"What we are trying to do is work on ways that all our schools can be more effective in working with aboriginal students."
The two-year pilot project and research study, beginning in September, will find ways to increase academic achievement among aboriginal students and lower their almost 50 per cent high school dropout rate, explained native education consultant Louise Breland.
"The idea is to make schools more responsive to the needs of aboriginal students."
A study conducted last year shows aboriginal parents and students want a better kindergarten to Grade 12 school program but they don't necessarily want a segregated school, noted Steele.
"About 90 per cent of aboriginal parents and students want to be able to go to their neighbourhood school with their friends and do well."
Six Edmonton Catholic schools, including elementary, junior high and high schools, will be picked for the project from about 15 that have expressed interest in participating. The final cut will be made in mid-March.
Grant money will be used to train teachers and staff in cultural awareness so they become more sensitive to aboriginal students' needs and make them feel more welcome in the schools.
Liaison workers will be hired to work closely with families and increase their involvement in the school life. "Parents want to feel that they can come to school and feel welcomed and wanted there too," Steele said.
Libraries will carry books by aboriginal authors and all classes will include aboriginal culture so students can see themselves reflected in the curriculum.
"For me, this is very much an issue of social justice and it's about time we had the financial support to tackle it," Breland said.
Steele said the project's research study component will be shared with schools across Alberta.
"I guess what the research will do is tell us what works and what doesn't when it comes to having this group of students come to school and do well and feel good about it."
There are about 1,500 aboriginal students in the Edmonton Catholic school system.
Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 -- Western Catholic Reporter
Our mission: To serve our readers by bringing the Gospel to bear on current issues in the Church and in secular culture through accurate news coverage and reflective commentary.


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Click Image to Enlarge
Center-surface winding uses all three of the TNT winding principles. Web tension is controlled by the surface drive connected to the lay-on or pressure roll to optimize slitting and web spreading. Feedback from web-tension load cells trims this drive to control constant web tension during winding. Lay-on roll loading applied to the winding roll controls the nip. Torque from the center drive is programmed to produce the desired in-wound tension for the desired roll-hardness profile.
Center winders can be a gap winder, where only tension is used to control roll hardness. A center winder could also incorporate a lay-on or pressure roll. This winder would use both tension and nip to control the roll's hardness. With a center winding process, the spindle torque through the center of the roll provides the web tension.
Surface-type film winders use a driven winding drum. The winding rolls are loaded against the drum and are surface wound.
A lot of science goes into winding. So-called TNT (tension, winding, torque) winding principles are well established and have been proven and modeled at the Web Handling Research Center at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla.
Yet determining which of these principles, or the proportional amount of each, to use for proper winding of different types of materials under specific sets of conditions is still considered "art." This article is intended to help processors select the best type of winder to use in order to consistently produce high-quality, defect-free rolls of web material. We will discuss the winding principles, how they are used on different types of winders, and present product parameters for which each type of winder is best suited.
Roll hardness is developed in different ways on different types of winders but the basic principles of how to build roll hardness stay the same. To remember these principles, just remember that to consistently wind "dynamite rolls" you need TNT:
-Tension: The winding web tension.
-Nip: The nip of the pressure roll or drum.
-Torque: From the center drive or torque drum.
When winding elastic films, web tension is the dominant principle of winding used to control roll hardness. The more tension pulled and the more stretch put on the web before winding, the harder the wound rolls will ultimately be. The winding web tension is often determined empirically.
However, the maximum amount of web tension can also be determined by using 10% to 25% of the material's elastic limit. When relying only on tension to control roll density, it is important that the winding tension be tapered smoothly as the roll diameter increases. The tension taper should be between 0 and 50%. A tension taper of 25% at full roll is common.
When winding inelastic webs, nip is the dominant principle used to control roll hardness. Web tension is controlled to optimize the slitting and spreading operations. The nip controls the roll hardness by removing the boundary layer of air following the web into the winding roll. The rolling nip also induces in-wound tension into the roll. The harder the nip, the harder the winding roll will be.
The challenge for winding is to have sufficient nip to remove the air and wind hard, straight rolls without introducing too much in-wound tension in order to prevent roll blocking or deformation of the web over the high-caliper area.
Key considerations in applying the nip principle of winding are:
-The nip must be applied where the web enters the winding roll.
-The winding film's weight and the lay-on roll's weight, as well as web tension, should not affect the nip loading.
-The nip pressure should be tapered as the roll winds, to prevent "starring" and "telescoping."
-The larger the roll diameter, the more air is introduced to the nip, producing a tapered nip pressure with a constant nip loading.
Torque winding is the force induced through the center of the winding roll, which is transmitted through the web layers and tightens the inner wraps. This torque is used to produce the web tension when center winding. Therefore, "tension" and "torque" are the same winding principle. However, when the pressure roll is driven to control the web's tension, then the torque induced through the center of the roll can be independently controlled to adjust the winding roll's hardness profile.
Film winding is often referred to as an art. This is because the setting and programming of the TNT will vary depending on:
-The type and design of the winder.
-The type of web material being wound (thick/thin, extensible/non-extensible, slippery/sticky).
-The width of the rolls being wound.
-The speed of the winding operation.
There are three basic winding processes used for web materials: center winding, surface winding, and combination center-surface winding. Each process uses one or more of the TNT winding principles to build roll hardness.
A center winder could be a gap winder where only tension is used to control roll hardness. A center winder could also incorporate a lay-on or pressure roll. This winder would use both tension and nip to control the roll's hardness. In center winding, the spindle torque through the center of the roll provides the web tension.
An advantage of center winding is that this process can wind softer rolls. This type of turret winder can provide quick indexing and fast cycle times. The disadvantage of center winding is the limitation of maximum roll diameter due to the torque applied through the layers of slippery webs. In addition, center winders have a higher probability of generating scrap during roll changes.
Turret center winders are:
-Best for winding soft rolls (i.e. webs with gauge bands).
-Best for winding film with high tack.
-Best for winding small-diameter rolls.
-Easily designed for dual-direction winding.
-Able to provide adhesiveless transfers.
When surface winding elastic materials, web tension is the dominant winding principle. When surface winding inelastic materials, nip is the dominant winding principle. Surface-type film winders use a driven winding drum. The winding rolls are loaded against the drum and are surface wound.
The advantage of surface winding is that web tension is not supplied from torque being applied through the layers of film wrapped into the roll. The disadvantage is that air cannot be wound into the roll to minimize gauge bands and roll blocking problems.
Drum surface winders are:
-Best for winding hard rolls (i.e., protective films).
-Best in utilization of space and horsepower.
-Best for winding very large-diameter rolls.
-Best for minimizing waste during transfers.
-Mechanically simpler, with a single and smaller winding drive.
A center-surface winder uses both center winding and surface winding processes (see Fig. 1). Center-surface winding uses all three of the TNT principles. The web tension is controlled by the surface drive connected to the lay-on or pressure roll to optimize slitting and web spreading. The feedback from the web-tension load cells trims this drive to control constant web tension during the winding operation. The lay-on roll loading applied to the winding roll controls the nip. The torque from the center drive is programmed to produce the desired in-wound tension for the roll hardness profile desired.
The advantage of center-surface winding is that the winding tension can be controlled independently of the web tension. For high-tension applications, center-surface winders can share the tension horsepower requirements to allow small center drives. The disadvantage of center-surface winding is that the winding equipment is more expensive and complex.
Center-surface winders are:
-Best for winding high-slip films to larger diameters.
-Best for slitting and winding extensible films to larger diameters.
-Best to significantly taper in-wound tension without affecting the film width.
-Able to supply in-wound tension without stretching the web over caliper bands.
About the author
R. Duane Smith is product manager of specialty winding at Davis-Standard LLC/Black Clawson Converting Machinery. He has been associated with the company for nearly 40 years and has been awarded two patents in the area of winding. Contact: _PHONE_; email: _EMAIL_; website: davis-standard.com.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


This exercise is part of the first assignment for the computational design studio and
aims to learn decoding the logic of complex facade systems.
The design of the facade that has been made in grasshopper is based on the two facades
shown below.
Parametric facade by Archi Union Architects: Michler, A. (2018). Photo: Inhabitat
Parametric facade by ROB technologies: ROB Technologies. (2018). Photo: ROB Technologies.
Pseudo code for parametric brick facade:
1. make a brick with variable length, width, height;
2. create a open offset within the brick;
3. make sliders for the length, height and depth of the wall;
4. make a serie of points with the length of the wall and randomness in y direction;
5. make a curve from the points;
6. repeat 3 and 4 to create a new curve;
7. move the curve from step 5 to z direction using the slider for the height of the wall;
8. loft the two curves;
9. make contours between the two curves with the height of the bricks as steps;
10. divide contours with points to place bricks;
11. place the brick on all made points in 9;
12. flatten the bricks to open the wall.
Parametric Facade of Bricks is a project of IaaC, Institute for Advanced Architecture
of Catalonia developed at Computational Design in 2018/2019 by:
Student: Axel van der Vegte
Faculty: Rodrigo Aguirre, David Andres Leon


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Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov
Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov (May 1, 1875 – 1960) was a Soviet astronomer who was a pioneer in astrobiology and is considered to be the father of astrobotany. Tikhov worked as an observer at the Pulkovo Observatory from 1906 until 1941. After undertaking an expedition to Alma-Ata (now Almaty) to observe a solar eclipse, he remained and became one of the founders of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences.
He invented the feathering spectrograph by using the commonly occurring chromatic aberration to his advantage. By installing a ring-shaped diaphragm in front of the objective he enabled an observer to deduce the color and spectral class of a star very easily. He was one of the first to use color filters to increase the contrast of surface details on planets. He was appointed head of Astrobotany in Alma-Ata, and investigated the possibility of life on other bodies in the solar system.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


China Aid Association (CAA) confirms that a central government-directed campaign to expel suspected foreign missionaries has been ongoing since February 2007. According to reliable China Aid sources and collaborated reports by at least five different mission agencies, over one hundred foreigners accused of being involved in illegal religious activities in China have been expelled or deported this year between April and June. Sources inside the Chinese government informed CAA that the Chinese government launched a massive expulsion campaign of foreign Christians, encoded Typhoon No. 5, in February 2007. This campaign is believed to be part of the "anti-infiltration" efforts to prevent foreign Christians from engaging in mission activities before the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Most of those expelled are citizens from the United States, South Korea, Singapore, Canada, Australia and Israel. They were expelled when they were either working or visiting in Xinjiang, Beijing, Tibet or Shandong. This is the largest expulsion of foreign missionaries since 1954 when the Chinese Communist government expelled all foreign religious workers after taking power in 1949. (China Aid Association)


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A leading Japanese pharmaceutical player was evaluating launching its cardiology and anti-diabetic range of products in India, which would be sourced from countries like Germany, Brazil, Japan or China, and distributed by the JV Company in India. The top management requested UC Strategy to understand the market perception for its cardiac and anti-diabetic products and the broad economic inputs to decide on the best country for sourcing the products.
UC Strategy undertook the following steps in order to deliver the clients requests:
- Analysed and understood the anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypertensive and anti-diabetic segments in India
- Identified and short-listed cities for conducting primary research
- Prepared discussion guides and finalised respondent list across the 10 cities –
- Cardiac surgeons
- General Physicians
- Pharma stockists
- Met around 90 respondents to understand the following –
- Types of treatment preferred
- Preferences on molecules like statins, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, pioglitazone, etc.
- Usage / non-usage of specific molecules
- Dosage patterns across patient profiles
- Preference for imported vs local drugs
- Factors influencing preferences of doctors for specific brands,
- Preferences for country of imports
UC Strategy delivered to the client a detailed report on the findings of the study.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: We propose in this paper a likelihood-based framework forcointegration analysis in panels of a fixed number of vector errorcorrection models. Maximum likelihood estimators of thecointegrating vectors are constructed using iterated GeneralizedMethod of Moments estimators. Using these estimators we constructlikelihood ratio statistics to test for a common cointegrationrank across the individual vector error correction models, bothwith heterogeneous and homogeneous cointegrating vectors. Thecorresponding limiting distributions are a summation of thelimiting behavior of Johansen (1991) trace statistics. We alsoincorporate both unrestricted and restricted deterministiccomponents which are either homogeneous or heterogeneous. Theproposed framework is applied on a data set of exchange rates andappropriate monetary fundamentals. The test results show strongevidence for the validity of the monetary exchange rate modelwithin a panel of vector error correction models for three majorEuropean countries, whereas the results based on individual vectorerror correction models for each of these countries separately areless supportive.


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Nation-wide charity programme Garden to Table has just released two gorgeous cotton tea towel to raise funds for their important work.
Garden To Table sees kids enthusiastically getting their hands dirty as they learn how to grow, harvest, prepare and share their very own fresh, seasonal food.
The tea towels are $25 each or two for $40 and the sales proceeds will help in the teaching of fundamental life skills to enhance the futures of New Zealand children.
Garden to Table founding trustee Catherine Bell says the curriculum-linked programme "inspires children to grow vegetables at home, to learn about the environment and even career opportunities."
"It helps improve language skills, problem solving and maths, practical skills they can and do take home to the family," Catherine says.
To purchase the tea towels or make a donation to the cause visit _URL_.


How to delete a module from Vtiger CRM (5.0.4. to 6.x)
~ 0 min
12-05-2015 04:54
Here I am showing an example of how to delete a module named as testModule from Vtiger 5.0.4.
Simply deleting the files from modules folder associated with a particular module won't delete it completely. But deleting the files is also required. The best way to realize that is, try to reinstall the module, you will get the message that the module exists. In order to delete a module follow the steps given below.
Create a file named delete_testModule.php and put it in the root directory of Vtiger CRM.
Paste the following code into that file delete_testModule.php:
 $Vtiger_Utils_Log = true;
 $module = Vtiger_Module::getInstance('testModule');
Execute the file delete_testModule.php. Once it is done delete the files associated with the testModule from modules folder in the root directory.
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Last updated on Apr 20, 2023
Summary: The approximate population of Oslo, Norway is 672,061. People describe Oslo as a vibrant, modern city with a rich cultural heritage. Expats love the city's natural beauty, its excellent public transportation system, and its diverse and welcoming population. The weather in Oslo is generally mild, with temperatures ranging from an average high of 59°F (15°C) in the summer to an average low of 28°F (-2°C) in the winter. The average cost of living in Oslo for an expat is estimated to be around $2,500 per month. The cost of a one bedroom apartment in Oslo is estimated to be around $1,500 per month, while a two bedroom apartment is estimated to be around $2,000 per month.
What do I need to know about living in Oslo?
When we asked people what advice they would give someone preparing to move to Oslo, they said:
"Before retiring in Oslo, expats should be aware of the cost of living, which is higher than in many other countries. They should also be aware of the language barrier, as Norwegian is the official language of the country. Additionally, expats should research the healthcare system in Norway, as it is different from many other countries. It is also important to research the tax system in Norway, as taxes can be high. Finally, expats should research the visa requirements for Norway, as they may need to apply for a residence permit in order to stay in the country," remarked one expat living in Oslo, Norway.
"Absolutely take this opportunity... what a beautiful country and great experience. You make what you want out of it... Take advantage of a country that offers incredible outdoor activities/sports. I was never into skiing, hiking, cycling, but I am a convert...at 45 years old and ejoying what the outdoors has to offer here and have yet to see anywhere else like it in the world," wrote one member in Oslo.
What do I need to know before moving to Oslo?
About the Author
Joshua Wood, LPC joined Expat Exchange in 2000 and serves as one of its Co-Presidents. He is also one of the Founders of Digital Nomad Exchange. Prior to Expat Exchange, Joshua worked for NBC Cable (MSNBC and CNBC Primetime). Joshua has a BA from Syracuse and a Master's in Clinical and Counseling Psychology from Fairleigh Dickinson University. Mr. Wood is also a licensed counselor and psychotherapist.


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Power Query: More Haste Less Steps Part 1
20 April 2022
Welcome to our Power Query blog. This week, I look a query with too many steps.
I have created a Dates query:
I have deliberately gone the long way round to create this query! Ignoring the first three steps, it has taken me twelve steps to achieve my goal.
The first task was to create a Month Name column with a short month name. This takes up six steps. First, I duplicate the Date Column, creating a 'Duplicated Column' step:
Then I use the Date transformation on the Transform tab to convert the new column to hold the 'Name of Month', creating an 'Extracted Month Name' step.
Next, I used 'Split Column' on the Transform tab to split the column 'By Positions', creating a 'Split Column by Position' step:
This automatically generated a 'Changed Type1' step. I then had to delete the unwanted column, creating a 'Removed Column' step and rename the one I wanted to keep to 'month', creating a 'Renamed Column1' step:
I then took another five steps to create a 'Quarter' column. I duplicated the Date column again (Duplicated Column1) and used the Date transformation again, this time to get the Quarter, creating a 'Calculated Quarter' step.
I then decided I wanted to have a 'Q' in front of it, so I converted the column to data type text using the dropdown from the data type icon, creating a 'Changed Type2' step:
I then added a 'Custom Column' from the Home tab to add the 'Q' ('Added Custom'):
Then I deleted the Date – Copy column which held the original quarter value ('Removed Column1') and decided to rename the month column to 'Month Name' ('Renamed Column2').
Next time I'll have a look at how this number of steps may be reduced whilst still using the User Interface (UI). How many steps do you think I will need?
Come back next time for more ways to use Power Query!


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Articles 1 - 1 of 1
Full-Text Articles in Engineering Science and Materials
Numerical Simulation Of Multi-Phase Core-Shell Molten Metal Drop Oscillations, Kaushal Sumaria
The surface tension of liquid metals is an important and scientifically interesting parameter which affects many metallurgical processes such as casting, welding and melt spinning. Conventional methods for measuring surface tension are difficult to use for molten metals above temperatures of 1000 K. Containerless methods are can be used to measure the surface tension of molten metals above 1000 K. Oscillating drop method is one such method where a levitated droplet is allowed to undergo damped oscillations. Using the Rayleigh's theory for the oscillation of force-free inviscid spherical droplets, surface tension and viscosity of the sample can be calculated...


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THE ORIGIN OF THE BOTIJO
A botijo is a clay jug that is used for cooling water.
The function of the botijo is very simple: it is based on the
principles of evaporative cooling. The botijo is typically made of
a very porous material. Therefore, as the water within filters through the
pours of the clay, it evaporates once it passes through the miniscule holes
(capillaries) and comes into contact with the supposed dry
Mediterranean-type climate. In order to change into a gaseous state, the
water needs energy which can be taken from the outside environment as
well as from the liquid that remains within, while simultaneously lowering
its temperature. This phenomenon is know as the botijo effect.
Its origin can be traced back to prehistoric times, presumably the Neolithic
era. The first versions of botijos were derived from ostrich eggs
for use by the adults, quail eggs for the children and bird eggs for the
babies. In order to distinguish one from the other, each egg would be
painted differently with the blood of animals they hunted.
The history of the botijo is revisited within the ancient
Mesopotamian cultures where the first remains of the containers similar in
shape to the modern botijo were found. The bronze era in the
Mediterranean and Hellenistic Greece saw the botijo at its greatest
when they were also used as decorative art pieces. Its decadence began at
the second half of the 20th century with the appearance of domestic
refrigerators. In Spain, where it's been used traditionally, the botijo
still remains as an ornamental element.


:"Std_Z",
 values:[-5000]
 }
];
layer.multidimensionalDefinition = dimension;
// get the layer's multidimensionalDefinition and locate the
// Salinity dimension and filter the data by salinity.
const multidimensionalDefinition = layer.multidimensionalDefinition;
const variableName = "Salinity";
// filter the data by salinity dimension
multidimensionalDefinition.forEach((def) => def.variableName = variableName);
layer.multidimensionalDefinition = multidimensionalDefinition;
// update the statistics of the layer's stretch renderer.
const renderer = layer.renderer.clone();
const dimensions = layer.rasterInfo.multidimensionalInfo;
// get the salinity variable's statistics
const salinity = dimensions.variables.find((variable) => variable.name === variableName);
renderer.statistics = salinity.statistics;
layer.renderer = renderer;
opacity Number inherited
The opacity of the layer. This value can range between 1 and 0, where 0 is 100 percent transparent and 1 is completely opaque.
Default Value:1
Example
// Makes the layer 50% transparent
layer.opacity = 0.5;
portalItem PortalItem
The portal item from which the layer is loaded. If the portal item references a Feature Service or Scene Service, then you can specify a single layer to load with the layerId property.
Beginning with version 4.17, it is possible to load tables from feature service items hosted in ArcGIS Online and ArcGIS Enterprise. This only applies to feature layers, and will successfully load if FeatureLayer.isTable returns true.
Examples
// While this example uses FeatureLayer, this same pattern can be
// used for other layers that may be loaded from portalItem ids.
const layer = new FeatureLayer({
 portalItem: { // autocasts as new PortalItem()
 id: "caa9bd9da1f4487cb4989824053bb847"
 } // the first layer in the service is returned
});
// Set hostname when using an on-premise portal (default is ArcGIS Online)
// esriConfig.portalUrl = "_URL_
// While this example uses FeatureLayer, this same pattern can be
// used for SceneLayers.
const layer = new FeatureLayer({
 portalItem: { // autocasts as new PortalItem()
 id: "8d26f04f31f642b6828b7023b84c2188"
 },
 // loads the third item in the given feature service
 layerId: 2
});
// Initialize GeoJSONLayer by referencing a portalItem id pointing to geojson file.
const layer = new GeoJSONLayer({
 portalItem: new PortalItem({
 id: "81e769cd7031482797e1b0768f23c7e1",
 // optionally define the portal, of the item.
 // if not specified, the default portal defined is used.
 // see _URL_
 portal: new Portal({
 url: "_URL_
 })
 }
});
// This snippet loads a table hosted in ArcGIS Online.
const table = new FeatureLayer({
 portalItem: { // autocasts as esri/portal/PortalItem
 id: "123f4410054b43d7a0bacc1533ceb8dc"
 }
});
// Before adding the table to the map, it must first be loaded and confirm it is the right type.
table.load().then(function() {
 if (table.isTable) {
 map.tables.add(table);
 }
});
rasterInfo RasterInforeadonly
Since: ArcGIS API for JavaScript 4.19
Raster information retrieved from data source.
The renderer assigned to the layer. The renderer defines how to visualize pixels in the WCSLayer. Depending on the renderer type, the pixels may be stretched across the color ramp or classified.
See also
timeExtent TimeExtentautocast
Since: ArcGIS API for JavaScript 4.22
The layer's time extent. When the layer's useViewTime is false, the layer instructs the view to show data from the layer based on this time extent. If the useViewTime is true, and both layer and view time extents are set, then features that fall within the intersection of the view and layer time extents will be displayed. For example, if the layer's time extent is set to display features between 1970 and 1975 and the view has a time extent set to _PHONE_, the effective time on the feature layer will be _PHONE_.
Default Value:null
Examples
if (!layer.useViewTime) {
 if (layer.timeExtent) {
 console.log("Current timeExtent:", layer.timeExtent.start, " - ", layer.timeExtent.end}
 } else {
 console.log("The layer will display data within the view's timeExtent.");
 console.log("Current view.timeExtent:", view.timeExtent.start, " - ", view.timeExtent.end}
 }
}
// set the timeExtent on the layer and useViewTime false
// In this case, the layer will honor its timeExtent and ignore
// the view's timeExtent
const layer = new ImageryTileLayer({
 url: "_URL_
 timeExtent: {
 start: new Date(2014, 4, 18),
 end: new Date(2014, 4, 19)
 },
 useViewTime: false
});
// timeExtent is set on the layer and the view
// In this case, the layer will display features that fall
// within the intersection of view and layer time extents
// features within Jan 1, 1976 - Jan 1, 1981 will be displayed
const view = new MapView({
 timeExtent: {
 start: new Date(1976, 0, 1),
 end: new Date(2002, 0, 1)
 }
});
const layer = new FeatureLayer({
 url: myUrl,
 timeExtent: {
 start: new Date(1974, 0, 1),
 end: new Date(1981, 0, 1)
 }
});
timeInfo TimeInfoautocast
Since: ArcGIS API for JavaScript 4.22
TimeInfo provides information such as date fields that store start and end time for each feature and the fullTimeExtent for the layer.
Default Value:null
Since: ArcGIS API for JavaScript 4.22
A temporary offset of the time data based on a certain TimeInterval. This allows users to overlay features from two or more time-aware layers with different time extents. For example, if a layer has data recorded for the year 1970, an offset value of 2 years would temporarily shift the data to 1972. You can then overlay this data with data recorded in 1972. A time offset can be used for display purposes only. The query and selection are not affected by the offset.
Default Value:null
Example
// Offset a CSV Layer containing hurricanes from 2015 so that they appear in 2019 (+4 years).
let layer = new CSVLayer({
 url: 'hurricanes-and-storms-2015.csv',
 timeOffset: {
 value: 4,
 unit: "years"
 },
 timeInfo: {
 startField: "ISO_time"
 },
 renderer: {
 type: "simple",
 symbol: {
 type: "simple-marker",
 size: 6,
 color: "red",
 outline: {
 width: 0.5,
 color: "black"
 }
 }
 }
});
The title of the layer used to identify it in places such as the LayerList widget.
If the layer is loaded from a portal item, the title of the portal item will be used. If a layer is loaded as part of a webmap or a webscene, then the title of the layer as stored in the webmap/webscene will be used.
type Stringreadonly
For WCSLayer the type is always "wcs".
url String
The URL of the WCS service endpoint of the layer.
useViewTime Boolean
Since: ArcGIS API for JavaScript 4.22
Determines if the layer will update its temporal data based on the view's timeExtent. When false, the layer will display its temporal data based on the layer's timeExtent, regardless of changes to the view. If both view and layer time extents are set while this property is true, then the features that fall within the intersection of the view and layer time extents will be displayed. For example, if a layer's time extent is set to display features between 1970 and 1975 and the view


Mathematics and Clinical Concepts, Part V: Using Relations to Organize Clinical Information
We saw in the last post that taking the Cartesian product of two sets results in a collection of ordered pairs. Now, we are going to explore how ordered pairs and larger groupings can be used to organize information using relations.
Here is the definition of a relation taken from Discrete Mathematics with Applications, by Epp:
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B. Given an ordered pair (x, y) in A x B, x is related to y by R, written x R y, if, and only if, (x, y) is in R. The set A is called the domain of R and set B is called its co-domain. (1)
This definition makes it clear that a relation R is a subset of the Cartesian product of two sets. It further clarifies that the subset of ordered pairs contained in the relation is determined by whatever R is. Here is an example. Suppose we have two sets: A= {1, 2, 3}, B = {2,3,4}. The Cartesian product of these two sets is the set of ordered pairs:
A x B = {(1, 2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4)}
From here, we can define a relationship on A x B that selects out the type of ordered pairs we are interested in. Let's say we are interested in a relation x R y where R = x < y. Analyzing A x B, we can see that the ordered pairs that fulfill the x < y relation are:
x R y = {1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4)}
Using relations
Even though relations are defined as a subset of a Cartesian product, there is no requirement that they be generated in that way. Here is a clinical example. Suppose we are building a clinical app and the goal is to track patients and their diagnoses. We can began by defining a relation from the set of patients to the set of diagnoses – specifically that a patient x has diagnosis y. We will call this relation Problem List (PL). (The ellipses indicates that there are many more pairs than are listed.)
PL = {(Doe, headache), (Smith, chest pain), (Green, asthma), …}
This relation could have been created by taking a list of patients and a list of diagnoses, generating the Cartesian product, then checking each pair to see if it actually represents a real situation (i.e., Mr. Doe actually has complained of headaches). However, it could just as easily have been generated by clinicians adding patient problems into our app. The important thing is that relations obey certain mathematical rules, and we can make use of those rules for any relation regardless of how it was created.
Databases and relations
Since we know that relations are derived from sets, we can use a relation to generate a set. For example, we know that ordered pairs in the relation PL have a patient's name for the first value and a diagnosis for the second. With this knowledge, we could reconstruct the set of all known ailments (at least among this patient population) by simply collecting into a set all of the diagnosis elements from the ordered pairs. We could do the same with the patient elements and find everyone who has at least one problem. Assuming the pairs exist in our software as a collection of PL objects, we could generate the list of all ailments using code similar to this:
Add_SecondValue to Ailment_List
Of course, there is no reason to limit the relation to ordered pairs (referred as a binary relation); relations may have an arbitrary number of elements. Such relations are referred to as n-ary relations, and they are the starting point for relational databases.
We can expand our PL relation to contain more elements by adding DOB, diagnosis date and doctor.
Expanded PL = (Name, DOB, Diagnosis, Diagnosis_Date, Doctor)
(Doe, 12/15/1967, headache, 03/15/2013, Jones)
(Smith, 06/07/1949, chest pain, 05/11/2013, Brown)
(Green, 10/09/1988, asthma, 09/25/2013, Smythe)
Using this relation, we can ask more complex questions such as: "How many doctors are there?"; "Who has asthma"; "When was Mr. Doe diagnosed with a headache?" Relational algebra, the mathematical basis of relational databases, provides the formal rules for manipulating n-ary relations (queries, joins, selections, projections, etc.).
Equivalence relations
Thus far, I have discussed relations between two or more sets. However, relations on a single set are interesting and useful as well. Using relations on a single set, we can explore general relation properties such as reflexivity, symmetry, and transivity (1). Let's start with a clinical example. Suppose we have a set of terms for medical ailments.
A = {MI, myocardial infarction, hypertension, HBP, high blood pressure, …}
We will apply the relation: x R y such that R= x is a synonym for y. A set of ordered pairs that meet this requirement is listed below.
x R y = x is a synonym for y = {(MI, MI), (myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction), (MI, myocardial infarction), (myocardial infarction, MI), (hypertension, HBP), (HBP, high blood pressure), (HBP, hypertension), (hypertension, high blood pressure), (high blood pressure, hypertension), high blood pressure, HBP), (HBP, HBP), (hypertension, hypertension), (high blood pressure, high blood pressure) }
Pairs such as (MI, MI) and (high blood pressure, high blood pressure) demonstrate reflexivity because each term is synonymous with itself. This is the same as saying x is a synonym for x.
Symmetry is illustrated by pairs such as (MI, myocardial infarction), (myocardial infarction, MI), which demonstrate that the relation is bi-directional. In other words, it shows that just as x is related to y, y is related to x. In plain English: MI is a synonym for myocardial infarction (MI, myocardial infarction) and myocardial infarction is a synonym for MI (myocardial infarction, MI).
The pairs (hypertension, HBP), (HBP, high blood pressure), (hypertension, high blood pressure) demonstrate the link between terms. Namely, hypertension is a synonym for HBP; HBP is a synonym for high blood pressure; therefore, hypertension is a synonym for high blood pressure.
Any relation that exhibits reflexivity, symmetry, and transivity is referred to as an equivalence relation (1).
If a relation is an equivalence relation, it can be used to generate equivalence classes. An equivalence class is the set of all terms that are related to a specific term in the relation (1). An equivalence class is represented symbolically as [a] (1). Thus the equivalence classes for hypertension and myocardial infarction are represented as:
[hypertension] = {HBP, high blood pressure, hypertension}
[myocardial infarction] = {MI, myocardial infarction}
Equivalence classes can be useful in a number of situations. For example, using the above synonym relation, we could create a thesaurus that could automatically map synonyms to a preferred term. One possible use case would be mapping various terms in an EHR to the preferred SNOMED term for that ailment.
Partial-order relations
Mathematically speaking, partial order relations are relations on a single set that are reflexive, transitive, and anti-symmetric. Partial order relations are useful for organizing things into hierarchies. A good example of a partial order relation for real numbers is "<=". Using this relation, numbers can be sorted in ascending order: 1<=2<=3<=4…
Partial order relations are everywhere. Courses for a college major have prerequisites and must be taken in a specific order. If we say that for a biology degree, the courses that must be completed are the set {101, 102, 115, 201, 202, 234, 267, 301, 305, 410, 421, 431}, and lower-numbered courses must be completed before those with higher numbers, this represents a type of less-than relation.
This prerequisite relation will contain pairs such as (101,101), (202,202), thereby demonstrating reflexivity. (Of course, we can ignore this property when advising students.)
Anti-symmetry enters the picture because pairs such as (101, 201) and (201, 301) are included, indicating that 101 must be taken before 201 and 201 must be taken before 301. However, it is impossible to take 201 before 101 or 301 prior to 201. Therefore, these relations are not symmetric; they go only one way—from lower to higher.
Finally,


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The up-sizing technology of supercritical CO2 extraction of grape seed oil was studied in this paper. The optimizing technical parameters are: extracting pressure at 25 MPa,extracting temperature at 45℃,CO2 flow rate at 40 kg/h. the extraction yield is 8.92%,which is less than the result of lab.
The factors of time, temperature which influence saponification were simply studied. The optimum conditions for saponification: 1h, 60℃. Under these conditions, a fatty acid yield of 93.2% was obtained, and the product contained 5.72% EPA, 10.55% DHA and 4.83% DPA.
Under the optimum reaction conditions(SnCl4·5H2O/C(loaded amount 20%) 0.1 g),ethyl acetoacetate 5 mL,ethylene glycol 6 mL,microwave power 600 W,microwave irradiation time 2.5 min,the yield of ketal was 81.6%.
The results show that microencapsulate yield(MEY) and microencapsulate efficiency (MEE) reach above 98% and 85% respectively at optimum condition as followed: w(SPI) ∶w(MD) is 1 ∶4,mass fraction of corn syrup in emulsion and all shell-materials in emulsion is 38.5% and 16.7% respectively,conjugated linoleic acid in the microencapsulation product is about 16%;
The concentration, production intensity and yield to glucose of pyruvic acid reached 80.51g/L, 1.83g/L·h and 0.69g/g in 7L-jar fermentation, which were 44.36%, 57.48% and 22.78% higher than the control results respectively. The numbers has reached to or even surpassed the best international results ever reported using the similar strains.
Synthesis of isoamyl laurate from lauric acid and isoamyl alcohol with nanometer H3PW12O40 / SiO2 as catalyst is studied, the results showed that nanometer H3PW12O40/ SiO2 was a good catalyst for synthesizing isoamyl laurate, the oplimal conditions were found as follows: molar ratio of lauric acid to isoamyl alcohol was 1∶5, the weight of catalyst was 5%, the reaction time was 2h, yield was about 99.1%.
The optimum conditions were φ(ethanol)=50% ethanol solution as extractant,ratio of materials 1∶13,extraction temperature 70 ℃ and extraction time 4.0 h. The extraction yield of resveratrol could reach 0.34%.
The yield of borneol and isoborneol was 52.93%,and selectivity for borneol was 60.46%at the conditions of programmed temperatures,reaction time 315 min,saponification time 1h,mass part of catalyst 5%,and terpineol:chloroacetic acid 100∶25(mass ratio).
We also prove that some unimodular wavelets yield unconditional bases in Lp(?).
The same technique of proof is also applied to yield an existence result for A-dilation MRA subspace wavelets.
In most applications, it is this overcompleteness that is exploited to yield a decomposition that is more stable, more robust, or more compact than is possible using nonredundant systems.
This article shows that those abstract results yield an array of new implications for irregular Gabor frames.
The base-catalyzed condensation of thioureas (1-3a-i) with acetone was carried out in the presence of bromine to afford the corresponding 1-(isomeric methyl) benzoyl-3-aryl-4-methyl-imidazole-2-thiones (4-6a-i) in good yield.


text:
Merzci Banana Chips has found its way to our kids' picky palate. Find out why this new treat from Merzci Pasalubong is tickling their taste buds.
The Special Merzci Banana Chips
Our daughters mostly prefer snacks made from natural ingredients. For example, they prefer my homemade oatmeal cookies over store-bought ones.
- Read: Oatmeal Cookie Recipe
They also like salted peanuts, sunflower seeds, and boiled sweet corn. Another food item that adds variety to their afternoon snacks or after lunch pica-pica is the Merzci Banana Chips.
Why they Love the Special Banana Chips
I just have to say this — our kids totally love the Merzci Banana Chips! And without guilt, we indulge them in this healthy snack.
Read more why.
It's all natural.
Since this simple snack is made primarily from fresh bananas, it is indeed all natural. It is simply dehyrated to last long and to achieve that crunchy, smooth, and satisfying texture.
Merzci exports their special banana chips to China, which is the reason why it has a very nice packaging. If you will read closely, it has Chinese characters for the locals to understand.
Despite that, this product does not have preservatives. The long shelf life, which is about a year, is attributed to the process, handling, and secure packaging.
Enhanced with sesame seeds.
Without our prodding, our kids prefer healthy food. This is partly in thanks to their voracious appetite for books. They love to read and learn. And they know that eating nutritious food keeps them healthy.
Sesame seeds are a good source of fiber and of plant protein. The banana chips have some sesame seeds but not too much as to make it overpowering. But they make the chips more nutritious.
A delicious and nutritious snack.
The Merzci Banana Chips are so good. They are lightly sweet and crunchy, just enough to be comforting. Additionally, they are easy to chew, even for those who have dentures. A 100-gram pack is very filling and guilt-free, too.
- Related: Bacolod Dentist for Kids
Just make sure to let the kids drink water after eating to protect their teeth.
Easy on the budget.
For budget-conscious mommies, the Merzci Banana Chips is super sulit. At P40 per pack, it is very affordable so it won't hurt your family budget to indulge.
- Related: Mommy Tipid Tips to Beat Inflation
If you have young kids, you don't have to send the entire pack for their baon. You may divide it into two or three servings and put in air tight containers for school.
It seems that food packaging does affect one's appetite. The Merzci Chips come in an attractive green and yellow packaging. It's secure and air tight, too, to keep the product fresh.
About the Merzci Special Banana Chips
The Merzci Special Banana Chips is made from fresh bananas and lightly sweetened with sugar. It is flavored with a little calamansi and enhanced with sesame seeds. No artificial preservatives were added. #MerzciSpecialBananaChips
The Merzci Special Banana Chips are truly "Masarap. Malutong. At Masustansya!"
They come in 100 gram packs and retail at PhP40 each. However, Merzci wholesalers and dealers nationwide can avail for a special bulk discount.
For more information, you may contact these numbers:
Merzci Pasalubong or CM and Sons Inc.
(0917) _PHONE_ | _PHONE_ | _PHONE_ local 140
Banana Chips Promo
The Merzci special banana chips are on introductory price until January 15, 2020. You buy 4 and get 1 pack FREE. These promo packs are bundled for easy purchase and gifting as Bacolod pasalubong. It's P160 per pack of 5.
Other Merzci Pasalubong products
Here are some of the other Merzci Pasalubong products that our kids like. Yes, these kids have actually grown up with Merzi products. Butterscotch and caramel tarts are regular fares. We even bring them when we travel.
Basta sa #Merzci #TananManamit!
Siobe Shane vlogged about how much she loves the Merzci Special Banana Chips. Watch the video below and please give her a thumbs up. Also, please subscribe to the kids' YouTube channel: @SistersActKidsCanTell
Nutritional Benefits of Banana
Bananas have always been known as a nutritious and filling fruit. If you are hungry, a banana or two drives away hunger pangs and also stabilizes blood sugar levels. But more than these, bananas are very nutritious.
- Good source of Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, magnesium, copper, manganese, and potassium. When people experience fainting spells due to low potassium levels, banana is usually given.
- The potassium in bananas is good for heart health and blood pressure.
- Bananas aid in digestion and overcome gastrointestinal issues. Some varieties help in constipation while others curtail loose bowel movement. Related article: Probiotics Help in Healthy Digestion
- Bananas are also a good source of energy without the harmful fats and cholesterol.
- The banana is also great for weight loss because it is filling and nutritious. The body does not go on starvation mode, which is bad for the diet, because of the nutrients that banana contains.
- Banana is a powerful antioxidant.
The best thing is, the process of drying bananas preserves most of these nutrients sans the moisture. So you get all the goodness of this amazing fruit in a pack of the special Merzci Banana Chips.
Nutritional Benefits of Sesame Seeds
Meanwhile, these little sesame seeds should not be ignored. They are packed with vitamins and minerals and may as well be considered a super food. Here are some of the health benefits of taking sesame seeds.
- A good source of fiber.
- May lower levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.
- A nutritious source of plant protein.
- Helps lower blood pressure.
- May reduce inflammation.
- A good source of B Vitamins.
- Aids in controlling the blood sugar levels.
- Rich in antioxidants.
- Boosts the immune system because of the presence of vitamins and minerals.
- Soothes arthritic pain and improves mobility of the knee
- Support thyroid health.
- May aid hormone imbalance during menopause.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Suppose $p = 2^n - 1$ is prime. Show that $n \: | \: 2^n - 2$, or equivalently $n \: | \: p - 1$.
With hint: The order of any element in this field divides $p-1$.
Example: $n=7, \; p=127 \:\Rightarrow\: 7 \: | \: 126$.
I don't have any progress that seems to lead to a proof, but here are some of my ideas:
 - Because $p$ is a Mersenne prime, $n$ must be prime
 - Use Fermat's little theorem
 - Show that $2^n - 2 \equiv 0 \mod n$
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
You have mentioned ingredients that lead to a proof. As you point out, the number $n$ must be prime, so we can use Fermat's Theorem.
There are a couple of different versions of Fermat's Theorem. Each version is not difficult to derive from the other.
Version 1: If $n$ is prime, then for any integer $a$, we have $a^n \equiv a \pmod n$. This says directly that $n$ divides $a^n-a$, which is exactly what you want to show, in the special case $a=2$.
Version 2: If $n$ is prime, and $n$ does not divide $a$, then $a^{n-1} \equiv 1 \pmod n$.
In your case, $n$ is odd, so if $a=2$, then $n$ does not divide $a$. It follows that $n$ divides $2^{n-1}-1$, and therefore $n$ divides twice this number, which is $2^n-2$.
However, you were given a hint which enables us to bypass Fermat's Theorem. So probably you were expected to argue as follows.
Since $p=2^n-1$, certainly $p$ divides $2^n-1$, so $2^n \equiv 1 \pmod p$. That implies that the order of $2$ in the field $\mathbb{Z}_p$ is a divisor of $n$. But the order of $2$ is exactly $n$, since $n$ is prime, and therefore the only divisors of $n$ are $1$ and $n$.
The order of any element of the field $\mathbb{Z}_p$ divides $p-1$. Since the order of $2$ in this field is $n$, we conclude that $n$ divides $p-1$, that is, $n$ divides $2^n-2$.
share|improve this answer
You said "$p$ divides $2^n-1$, so $2^n \equiv 1 \pmod p$". How does this step work? – Nayuki Minase Feb 27 '12 at 6:31
_USER_ Minase: We say that $x\equiv y \pmod m$ if $m$ divides $x-y$. Take $x=2^n$, $y=1$, $m=p$. Since definitely $p$ divides $2^n-1$ (in fact is exactly equal to $2^n-1$), we have $2^n\equiv 1 \pmod p$. – André Nicolas Feb 27 '12 at 6:38
Ohh right, I understand now. I guess I'm not comfortable enough with modular arithmetic that such an elementary fact slipped past me, heh. – Nayuki Minase Feb 27 '12 at 6:40
Alternate explanation: $p$ divides $2^n-1$, so $2^n-1$ divided by $p$ leaves no remainder, thus $2^n-1 \equiv 0 \mod p$. – Nayuki Minase Feb 27 '12 at 6:42
_USER_ Minase: I can see why it is puzzling, in a sense it is *too simple. One expects to have to work a bit to show that a congruence holds. In this case, there was no real work involved. – André Nicolas Feb 27 '12 at 6:44
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Simpler answer:
Let $n \in \mathbb{N}^+$ be arbitrary. Let $p = 2^n-1$.
Clearly, $2^n \equiv 1 \mod {2^n-1}$. Moveover, $n$ is the smallest power where $2^n \equiv 1$. Thus the order of 2 in $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ is $n$.
Now if $p$ is prime, then Fermat's little theorem guarantees that for any $a$ (except 0), $a^{p-1} \equiv 1 \mod p$. Furthermore, the order of $a$ divides $p-1$.
$a=2$ has order $n$, therefore $n$ divides $p-1 = 2^n - 2$, as wanted.
Complicated answer:
Fact: $x^{ab} - 1 = (x^a - 1)(x^{(b-1)a} + \ldots + x^{3a} + x^{2a} + x^a + 1)$. So for the special case of $2^n-1$, if $n$ is composite then $2^n-1$ can be factored. By contrapositive, if $2^n-1$ is prime then $n$ is prime.
Fermat's little theorem: If $q$ is prime, then $\forall a \in \mathbb{Z}, \; a^q \equiv a \mod q$.
Now, $n \: | \: 2^n - 2$ is equivalent to saying that $2^n-2$ is a multiple of $n$, or $2^n-2 \equiv 0 \mod n$.
We established that $n$ must be prime. By applying FLT with $a=2$, we get $2^n \equiv 2 \mod n$, which is easily equivalent to $2^n - 2 \equiv 0 \mod n$.
share|improve this answer
Hint $\rm\: prime\: P,\: A^P\!\! = 1 = A^K\!\Rightarrow A^{(P,\:K)}\!\!=1,$ so $\rm\: P| K\ $ [if $\rm (P,K) = P$]$\:$ or $\rm\: A\! =\! 1\:$ [if $\rm (P,K) = 1$]
For further detail see this question: If the order divides a prime P then the order is P (or 1).
share|improve this answer
Why are all your variables in uppercase? – Nayuki Minase Mar 2 '12 at 5:05
_USER_ It makes expressions in exponents easier to read. – Bill Dubuque Mar 2 '12 at 5:25
Other than that, I'm sorry but I don't understand your argument at all. – Nayuki Minase Mar 2 '12 at 6:34
_USER_ Do you not understand the proof in the hint, or do you not understand how it applies to your case? – Bill Dubuque Mar 3 '12 at 1:08
I didn't understand how your answer fits with my question. Please see the other answers as examples of proofs that I did understand. – Nayuki Minase Mar 3 '12 at 23:33
Your Answer


How Statistics Homework Determines The Photographer's Future
Photographer's Future
Remember the first time your kids took some shots with your camera phone. It was their first time and of course, they are not professional photographers. But guess what these are signs they will make good photographers in the future.
It might sound absurd but statistics does determine the future of the photographer. A good photographer will do well with the sound knowledge of statistics or other subjects involving calculations. This is why people can pay for statistics homework just to see the results. Let's find out how.
 1. Understanding the Rule of the third
A good photographer would obviously need a sound knowledge of statistics to excel. Take a look at the photos you have at home. Aren't they looking great? There is one formula that makes it possible to determine if something is great to the human eye. It is known as the rule of thirds.
The rule in question is simple to understand and also needs some statistical knowledge. You can have a pleasing composition of the image if this rule is applied well. The photographer's duty is to make sure that points of interest are placed along the lines of a grid of nine. This is also the area where the picture is shared into three main parts; vertically and horizontally. The view should also be divided fast.
The complex calculations in statistics are one of the reasons students dump statistics homework. Most of the calculations are abstract and difficult to understand. But if your dream is to become a professional photographer in the future, there is no point in running away from your statistics homework. It is very easy to find online help with statistics no matter how complex the homework is.
Writing service providers like have made things a lot easier for students to pass statistics assignment and broaden their understanding. They are written by experts who have sound knowledge and qualification on statistics.
 1. Making Use of the Camera
Pressing the green circle on the screen of the phone is what is used to take pictures. But there is more a professional photographer need to understand. The Single-lens reflex camera (SLR) is what the professional photographer uses. And to be effective, they need to know a thing or two about the depth of field and shutter speeds which will also involve sound statistical or mathematical knowledge. The shutter speed is used to determine how fast the camera blinks. The aperture, on the other hand, controls the amount of light that comes in.
As a photographer, one also needs to have a basic understanding of geometric sequence to determine the correct shutter speed. Calculations on shutter speed are in fractions of seconds. So photographers should be sound with calculations.
Most statistics homework is complex and difficult to understand. But students can seek statistics online help whenever they encounter challenges with their homework. There are dozens of professionals online who are willing to assist students to get good grades on their statistics assignment. So, if you want to become a professional photographer in the future, embrace statistics.


WindowsSubstitution Logical Evaluation Rule
WindowsSubstitution is a logical evaluation rule (i.e. Rule[LogicalPlan]) that the logical query plan analyzer uses to resolve (aka substitute) WithWindowDefinition unary logical operators with UnresolvedWindowExpression to their corresponding WindowExpression with resolved WindowSpecDefinition.
WindowsSubstitution is part of Substitution fixed-point batch of rules.
Note
It appears that WindowsSubstitution is exclusively used for pure SQL queries because WithWindowDefinition unary logical operator is created exclusively when AstBuilder parses window definitions.
If a window specification is not found, WindowsSubstitution fails analysis with the following error:
Window specification [windowName] is not defined in the WINDOW clause.
Note
The analysis failure is unlikely to happen given AstBuilder builds a lookup table of all the named window specifications defined in a SQL text and reports a ParseException when a WindowSpecReference is not available earlier.
For every WithWindowDefinition, WindowsSubstitution takes the child logical plan and transforms its UnresolvedWindowExpression expressions to be a WindowExpression with a window specification from the WINDOW clause (see WithWindowDefinition Example).
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text:
In case of accident, to avoid a pollutant borrows rainwater networks, gutter cover is the essential product for emergency teams..
Also called obsturateur gutter, the gutter covers allows the stop of the pollution spreading in case of traffic accident or for maintenance work. It may be filled with water or sand.
- Overthrow of a tanker
- Rainwater networks protection against firefighting water
- Networks protection for maintenance work
- Ease and swiftness of implementation
- Reduced footprint


Tag: Simon Chamorro
Simon Chamorro, Valiu: Revolutionizing the Venezuelan Remittance Economy, Ep 98
80% of Venezuelans today depend on remittances to survive. Almost seven million people have left the country since the protests against the Maduro government started, creating a massive diaspora, almost all of whom send money home to family members trapped in the country.
Simon Chamorro was born and raised in Caracas, Venezuela, so he has seen this problem firsthand. He co-founded Valiu to make it easier to transfer money from Colombia to Venezuela by streamlining remittances using cryptocurrency.
In this episode of Crossing Borders, Simon explains how Valiu is using cryptocurrency to solve real-life problems, and how it has the potential to combat inflation in economies across Latin America. Now living in Colombia, Simon also discusses the important lessons he has learned working with four startups in the Colombian ecosystem, his own experience in starting a company, and where Valiu is headed next.
Check out this episode of Crossing Borders to learn more about the current situation in Venezuela and how Valiu is helping streamline the remittance economy from across the Colombian border.


text: The impact of drought on tree water use was investigated in remnant forest in the Liverpool Plains NSW. Tree water use was measured using commercial sap flow testers from December 2002 to September 2004 which corresponded with a period of drought and a period of higher rainfall. Understorey evapotranspiration and soil moisture were also measured. Water use of the stand of trees was a larger proportion of annual total rainfall (87%) during the drought period than during the post-drought period (50% water use) when rainfall was higher. Understorey water use was about 20% of rainfall, suggesting that the understorey evapotranspiration component of the water balance can make a significant contribution to water use and the availability of water for groundwater recharge. The results indicate that the remnant forest was able to survive during the drought because of deep roots. The findings also demonstrate the valuable role forests play in maintaining the hydrological balance and in ameliorating the development of dryland salinity in agricultural areas (A).


PowerLite W16 3D WXGA 3LCD Projector
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
How do __hash__ and __eq__ use in identification in sets? For example some code that should help to solve some domino puzzle:
class foo(object):
 def __init__(self, one, two):
 self.one = one
 self.two = two
 def __eq__(self,other):
 if (self.one == other.one) and (self.two == other.two): return True
 if (self.two == other.one) and (self.one == other.two): return True
 return False
 def __hash__(self):
 return hash(self.one + self.two)
s = set()
for i in range(7):
 for j in range(7):
len(s) // returns 28 Why?
If i use only __eq__() len(s) equals 49. Its ok because as i understand objects (1-2 and 2-1 for example) not same, but represent same domino. So I have added hash function.
Now it works the way i want, but i did not understand one thing: hash of 1-3 and 2-2 should be same so they should counted like same object and shouldn't added to set. But they do! Im stuck.
share|improve this question
add comment
4 Answers
up vote 2 down vote accepted
Equality for dict/set purposes depends on equality as defined by __eq__. However, it is required that objects that compare equal have the same hash value, and that is why you need __hash__. See this question for some similar discussion.
The hash itself does not determine whether two objects count as the same in dictionaries. The hash is like a "shortcut" that only works one way: if two objects have different hashes, they are definitely not equal; but if they have the same hash, they still might not be equal.
In your example, you defined __hash__ and __eq__ to do different things. The hash depends only on the sum of the numbers on the domino, but the equality depends on both individual numbers (in order). This is legal, since it is still the case that equal dominoes have equal hashes. However, like I said above, it doesn't mean that equal-sum dominoes will be considered equal. Some unequal dominoes will still have equal hashes. But equality is still determined by __eq__, and __eq__ still looks at both numbers, in order, so that's what determines whether they are equal.
It seems to me that the appropriate thing to do in your case is to define both __hash__ and __eq__ to depend on the ordered pair --- that is, first compare the greater of the two numbers, then compare the lesser. This will mean that 2-1 and 1-2 will be considered the same.
share|improve this answer
Still not all clear. It stop work if i comment __hash__ or __eq__. And I still dont know why it works now. Is it uses both __eq__ and __hash__ to determin in? I hoped someone can tell me how this comparison works. Something about if hash1 == hash2 and if (eq) and so on... – Александр Зотов Jan 16 '13 at 7:52
_USER_ Зотов: You'll need to be more specific than that. Did you read the question I linked to? What is it that remains unclear? – BrenBarn Jan 16 '13 at 7:53
add comment
The hash is only a hint to help Python arrange the objects. When looking for some object foo in a set, it still has to check each object in the set with the same hash as foo.
It's like having a bookshelf for every letter of the alphabet. Say you want to add a new book to your collection, only if you don't have a copy of it already; you'd first go to the shelf for the appropriate letter. But then you have to look at each book on the shelf and compare it to the one in your hand, to see if it's the same. You wouldn't discard the new book just because there's something already on the shelf.
If you want to use some other value to filter out "duplicates", then use a dict that maps the domino's total value to the first domino you saw. Don't subvert builtin Python behavior to mean something entirely different. (As you've discovered, it doesn't work in this case, anyway.)
share|improve this answer
add comment
You can read about this in the Python data model documentation, but the short answer is that you can rewrite your hash function as:
def __hash__(self):
 return hash(tuple(sorted((self.one, self.two))))
share|improve this answer
this would get him further from what he wants; 1 2 and 2 1 would once again count as the same domino. but he should be doing this anyway, yes. :) – Eevee Jan 16 '13 at 6:35
_USER_ - thanks fixed – Andrew Walker Jan 16 '13 at 6:37
add comment
The requirement for hash functions is that if x == y for two values, then hash(x) == hash(y). The reverse need not be true.
You can easily see why this is the case by considering hashing of strings. Lets say that hash(str) returns a 32-bit number, and we are hashing strings longer than 4 characters long (i.e. contain more than 32 bits). There are more possible strings than there are possible hash values, so some non-equal strings must share the same hash (this is an application of the pigeonhole principle).
Python sets are implemented as hash tables. When checking whether an object is a member of the set, it will call its hash function and use the result to pick a bucket, and then use the equality operator to see if it matches any of the items in the bucket.
With your implementation, the 2-2 and 1-3 dominoes will end up in the hash bucket, but they don't compare equal. Therefore, the both can be added to the set.
share|improve this answer
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text:
Celebrities become popular for different reasons. Some perform in films or television shows while others sing or entertain. Some others are famous for engaging in combats just like Floyd Mayweather who is one of the most popular boxers in the world. At 5 feet 8 inches in height, the self-proclaimed Best Ever wasn't the tallest boxer of his era, but he left a trail of victories, gaining a reputation not only as the most famous but also the richest in boxing history. In his over two-decade-long career, he showed nothing but excellence – winning five weight classes and a lineal championship in four weight classes – an outstanding feat.
Who is Floyd Mayweather Jnr?
Born Floyd Joy on February 24, 1977, Floyd Mayweather Jr. was born into a family of boxers. His father, Floyd Mayweather Sr was a welterweight contender. Also, his two uncles had successful careers in boxing.
Growing up both in New Jersey and Grand Rapids, Michigan, Mayweather, dealt with troubling childhood. His temperamental father was a drug dealer and was always in one problem or the other. He later got jailed on cocaine trafficking charges and his mother also battled substance issues. However, little Mayweather who had always gone to the gym with his father before his jail sentence used boxing to escape from his tumultuous childhood.
Generally known as the greatest boxer of his time, the Ottawa Hills High School dropout began his career as an amateur boxer in 1996 Olympic. He competed from that year to 2007 and retired temporarily. Then, he returned and fought from 2009 to 2015. In 2017, he made a one-fight comeback, obviously his highest-paid matchup which was against McGregor.
The fighter has retired with an undefeated record of 50-0 left and a huge amount of wealth from his boxing activities. It doesn't look like his decline from boxing will affect his wealth, considering that he runs his boxing promotional firm which he opened in 2007 when he became a free agent.
Floyd Mayweather's Net Worth and How He Made His Money
Most of Mayweather's fortune came from accumulated cash earnings from his successful boxing career for engaging in world-class and high-income generating bouts.
The fighter called "Money", Mayweather was part of the three biggest fights from a financial perspective in the history of boxing (Canelo Alvarez, Oscar De La Hoya, and Manny Pacquiao). His fight with De La Hoya in 2007 was the most pay-per-view buys for a match in the sports with 2.7 million households.
Similarly, his highly publicized fight with Pacquiao generated $600 million in revenue and gained him $240 million. It garnered $120 million in revenue with Mayweather scooping $25 million.
Equally, he was paid handsomely, a whopping $32 million when he fought with Cotto and received $41.5 million for fighting Saui Canelo Alvarez. His bout against Marcos Maidana II was also a huge source of income for the champion who earned at least $32 million from it. More high-budget fights he was involved in was a fight against Andre Berto which earned him $32, million, the fight against Tenshin Nasukawa ($9 million), among others. In 2017, when he made a comeback in the boxing ring against McGregor, Mayweather allegedly earned $300 million.
With all these in mind, the twelve-time and five-division world champion has built an incredible net worth throughout his career in boxing. According to Forbes, his net worth is estimated between $760 million and $1 billion. His ability to nab many product endorsement deals has also helped his income significantly. From that source, he earned approximately $105 million between 2013 and 2014.
Considering his hard work so far and his poor background, Mayweather is unapologetic when it comes spending on himself and showcasing his wealth on social media.
From his online displays, his Las vegas mansion has a garage filled with cars estimated at $15 million including a Bugatti Veyron worth $1 million, a $4.8 million Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita Hypercar, and more.
Floyd Mayweather shared with the world his own private jet. In 2017, he paid $3.5 million to pre-order Bugatti Chiron. His mansion measures 22,000 square and worth millions of dollars. He also has a mansion in Miami worth $7.7 million.
Apart from houses, cars and private jet, Mayweather has a special love for expensive jewellery. He spent over $600,000 on a single shopping trip to New York's diamond district in 2015. He also spent $500,000 during his previous trip to the district and owns a $1.1 million Hublot Watch which he bought during his visit to Dubai. In 2017, he bought a medallion worth $275,000 and a Rolex watch that cost $500,000.


How-to: Analyze Twitter Data with Hue
How-to: Analyze Twitter Data with Hue
Hue 2.2 , the open source web-based interface that makes Apache Hadoop easier to use, lets you interact with Hadoop services from within your browser without having to go to a command-line interface. It features different applications like an Apache Hive editor and Apache Oozie dashboard and workflow builder.
This post is based on our "Analyzing Twitter Data with Hadoop" sample app and details how the same results can be achieved through Hue in a simpler way. Moreover, all the code and examples of the previous series have been updated to the recent CDH4.2 release.
Collecting Data
The first step is to create the "flume" user and his home on the HDFS where the data will be stored. This can be done via the User Admin application.
The second step consists of collecting some tweet data from the live Twitter stream.
Apache Flume is an elegant solution for taking care of this. The configuration of Flume is detailed in the readme and previous blog post. However, if you want to skip this step, some data is available on GitHub. Just upload it as a zip file in the home directory of the flume user and the "tweets" directory will show up after a few seconds.
If you are not taking this shortcut, create the tweets directory in the File Browser with the New Folder action.
Then, when the Flume agent is started, the data will start appearing:
Clicking on a file will display its content in the built-in viewer:
Preparing Hive
It is time to prepare the analysis of the tweet data. We'll use Apache Hive, which can query the data with SQL-like syntax in a scalable way. The detailed description of the Hive setup is detailed in the readme.
When Hive is ready, the tweet table can be created in the query editor of Beeswax. Notice that the Hive SerDe (to download or compile here) must be included as a jar in the query. You can read more about Hive SerDe in this previous post.
To do this, just click on "Add" > "File Resources", click on the path chooser button, click on the "Home" button, and upload hive-serdes-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar.
Then just enter the CREATE TABLE statement and execute it:
CREATE EXTERNAL TABLE tweets (
 id BIGINT,
 created_at STRING,
 source STRING,
 favorited BOOLEAN,
 retweet_count INT,
 retweeted_status STRUCT<
 text:STRING,
 user:STRUCT<screen_name:STRING,name:STRING>>,
 entities STRUCT<
 urls:ARRAY<STRUCT<expanded_url:STRING>>,
 user_mentions:ARRAY<STRUCT<screen_name:STRING,name:STRING>>,
 hashtags:ARRAY<STRUCT<text:STRING>>>,
 text STRING,
 user STRUCT<
 screen_name:STRING,
 name:STRING,
 friends_count:INT,
 followers_count:INT,
 statuses_count:INT,
 verified:BOOLEAN,
 utc_offset:INT,
 time_zone:STRING>,
 in_reply_to_screen_name STRING
)
PARTITIONED BY (datehour INT)
ROW FORMAT SERDE 'com.cloudera.hive.serde.JSONSerDe'
LOCATION '/user/flume/tweets'
Now that the table is created, let's insert some data in the table. First, select the table in the "Table" tab and click "Import data". Enter the path "/user/flume/tweets/2013/02/25/17″ and "201302251″ as the key:
Depending on the partition picked, a query similar to this will be generated:
LOAD DATA INPATH '/user/flume/tweets/2013/02/25/16'
INTO TABLE 'default.tweets'
PARTITION (datehour='_PHONE_')
After the query executes, the table 'tweets' will be available.
Beeswax can access the Hive metastore and its list of tables. A description of their schema and partitions with some example of data contained in each table are helpful while designing your queries. Moreover, a wizard can guide you step-by-step to create new tables.
Analysis with Beeswax
It becomes now possible to perform some SELECT queries on the data. Here is an example below but most of interesting ones are described in Parts 1 and 3 of the "Analyzing Twitter with Hadoop" series.
SELECT
 t.retweeted_screen_name,
 sum(retweets) AS total_retweets,
 count(*) AS tweet_count
 FROM (SELECT
 retweeted_status.user.screen_name as retweeted_screen_name,
 retweeted_status.text,
 max(retweet_count) as retweets
 FROM tweets
 GROUP BY retweeted_status.user.screen_name,
 retweeted_status.text) t
 GROUP BY t.retweeted_screen_name
 ORDER BY total_retweets DESC
 LIMIT 10;
Beeswax possesses multiple features for providing a better user experience than the command line shell. For example you can save queries and share them with other users. The result of a query can be exported into a new table or an HDFS file or downloaded to your desktop. Some other good examples are:
 - Ajax refresh of the logs
 - Quick column navigation on the result page
 - MapReduce jobs listing with a direct access to their logs
 - 'Email me on completion' setting
 - Multi-database support
Example of the screen while running query:
Seeing the result of the query:
Note: if your queries are failing and you are seeing an error like below, it means that you forgot to add the '/user/flume/hive-serdes-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar' to the query:
FAILED: Execution Error, return code 2 from org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.MapRedTask
Conclusion
In this post we focused on how the Beeswax application can make it easy to execute Hive queries. New features such as multi-query (HUE-159), autocomplete, and syntax highlighting (HUE-1063) are going to improve the usability even more.
The next article in this series will elaborate on this topic and describe how Hue's Apache Oozie application can be used for scheduling Hive queries in a few clicks.
Thank you for reading and feel free to post comments here or on the hue-user list. We also hope to see you at the firstHue meetup (this Wednesday, March 27)!


Worldwide mobile advertising revenue is expected to reach $11.4 billion in 2013, but small businesses have few tools to fully understand the value of mobile advertising.
Google announced yesterday the launch of Full Value of Mobile Calculator, a free tool that measures how much money mobile advertising actually brings in.
Here's how it works. Businesses upload data from Google's AdWords or from their mobile websites and input them into the step-by-step calculator. The tool goes through five potential outcomes of a mobile advertising campaign: in-store sales, phone calls, app downloads, cross-device purchases, and sales on mobile site. It takes about 30 minutes to complete the calculation, according to Google.
For instance, to calculate the value of in-store sales started on mobile, a user enters the number of clicks, the percentage of visits out of total clicks, the percentage of purchases out of total visits, and the average value of an in-store purchase. (If you do not know the exact data, the calculator provides a list of estimates based on different industries.)
After you input all the data, the tool will automatically calculate two benchmarks: the mobile site value and the value of all mobile advertising conversions.
Google's launch of the Full Value of Mobile Calculator came on the same day when Yelp announced a new feature, which was based on a Boston Consulting Group study, to quantify the site's value to small businesses.


text: In this article, the authors have proposed a novel scheme for the dual combination synchronization among four master systems and two slave systems for the fractional order complex chaotic systems. Dual combination synchronization for the integer order has already been investigated in real space; but for the case of fractional order in complex space, it is the first of its kind. Due to complexity and presence of additional variable, it will be more secure and interesting to transmit and receive signals in communication theory. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, six complex chaotic systems are considered and corresponding controllers are designed to achieve synchronization. The special cases, such as combination synchronization, projective synchronization, complete synchronization, and many more, can be derived from the proposed scheme. The corresponding theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are shown to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed dual combination synchronization scheme.


Untitled Document
Regression models for leaf area estimation of Brazilian species of the genus Tillandsia L. (Bromeliaceae)
The objective of this study was to calculate adequate regression equations for estimation of leaf area of Tillandsia spp. native from Brazil. Leaf length along the central vein (C), maximum leaf width (L) and real leaf area were measured from at least 100 leaves for each species. Leaves were maintained intact at the plants. Relationships between the real leaf area and leaf dimensions C, L and CL (leaf length x leaf maximum width) were calculated with regression models. The linear regression model with intercept was the most adequate, and the recommended equations for each species, being LA= estimated leaf area, were: Tillandsia carminea, LA= 0,281188 + 0,562219 CL (R2= 0,7296);Tillandsia dura, LA= 0,891231 + 0,412457 CL (R2= 0,8432); Tillandsia gardneri, LA= 2,54412 + 0,445525 CL (R2= 0,8662); Tillandsia geminiflora, LA= 0,674484 + 0,444418 CL (R2= 0,8474); Tillandsia globosa, LA= 1,9494 + 0,3804 CL (R2= 0,8178); Tillandsia grazielae, LA= 0,518512 + 0,530259 CL (R2= 0,7608); Tillandsia kautskyi, LA= 0,59338 + 0,374353 CL (R2= 0,6931);Tillandsia reclinata, LA= 0,_PHONE_ + 0,641623 CL (R2= 0,9169); Tillandsia stricta, LA= 0,3937 + 0,4277 C (R2= 0,8661), or LA= 1,21336 + 0,385727 CL (R2= 0,8607); Tillandsia tenuifolia, LA= 0,991226 + 0,402221 CL (R2= 0,7523).
ISSN: 2447-536X
 Creative Commons License


text:
Drawn Together are featured in the 'Joined Up' exhibition in the Vault Gallery, 60-62 Church Street, Lancaster, LA1 1LH, from 27th November- 12th December. This exhibition, which is curated by Katrina Dainton and Michelle Fava, shows work by groups of artists from different disciplines who have created collaborative drawings together. See review here.
To create this work, the group devised a series of methods in which their drawing would be effected or restricted by the presence of the others. The resulting drawings are displayed as a unit of four. The drawings are held by nails so that they are on top of one another, but can still be seen in isolation and flicked through. For Drawn Together, this symbolises the four individuals who came together to create works that have collective authorship. They will be exploring and developing further methods of collaboration at the Centre for Drawing in Wimbledon in January 2010.
Drawn Together drawing together… devising a series of methods for collaborative drawing


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Trivial Tuesday: Turtle That Pees Through His Mouth
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle is not the handsomest creature on the planet, to be sure, but it has its own claim to fame by being able to kind of pee out of its mouth. Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Public Domain Image)Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Public Domain Image)
Scientists noticed that when the turtle had emerged onto dry land it would plunge its head back into the nearest puddle. They found that the turtles will then expand and contract its mouth to expel waste -- something like a rinse and spit for reptiles.
The turtle's digestion gets going it breaks down protein in the liver and it ends up as urea -- just as it does with humans. To expel the urea from the body, humans process it through the kidneys which turn it into urine. The turtles send it the other direction.
The reptile ships the urea north to gill-like studs in its mouth. It is then able to breathe and excrete urea at the same time. This adaptation, which makes us a little woozy to think about, is 15 to 50 times faster than the kidney route. Their kidneys only expel about 6% of the urea that builds up in the digestion process.
Researchers believe that this phenomenon is due to the salt water environment the turtles inhabit. The only other animals that demonstrate such an ability are fish, who are able to exrete urea via their gills.
Source: Discover Magazine
Laurie Kay Olson
Animal News Blogger
PetsLady.com
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text:
IN THIS ARTICLE
Outlines how to configure custom DNS servers and search domains in Qumulo Core
- Cluster running Qumulo Core 2.13.0 or later
- Cloud cluster running Qumulo Core 4.2.3 or later (for Web UI configuration)
NOTE: DNS entries will be automatically created from the node used to add the cluster to Active Directory and can be removed without issue during configuration.
In Qumulo Core 2.13.0 and above, you can configure custom DNS server and search domains even when your cluster is not using a static IP configuration. Once these settings are configured, the set value will replace the one originally configured by DHCP on your cluster.
NOTE FOR GCP CLUSTERS: If you wish to use a custom DNS configuration with a cluster deployed in GCP, we recommend using the Google Internal DNS server (169.254.169.254) to forward requests to your own custom DNS for all GCE instances. If your custom DNS is required to be the DNS server for your GCE instances, ensure forwarding is configured to Google's internal DNS for compatibility with many cloud features. For more information, check out the Best Practices for DNS Forwarding Zones and Internal DNS details in the GCP documentation.
Follow the steps below to configure, verify, or clear custom DNS servers and search domains.
Manage DNS Configuration via the Web UI
NOTE: Custom DNS configuration via the Web UI is only available for cloud clusters (such as those in AWS, GCP, or Azure).
As of Qumulo Core 4.2.3, cloud deployments can manage DNS settings using the Web UI. Follow the steps below:
- Log into the Web UI for your cluster.
- Hover over the Cluster menu and select Network Configuration.
- Click to access the DNS configuration.
- Enter the IP addresses for the DNS servers you wish to use. If you are adding multiple servers, separate the IPs with commas.
- Enter any custom search domains you wish to configure in the Search Domains field.
- Click Save.
Manage DNS Configuration via the QQ CLI
To setup a custom DNS configuration on your network using the QQ CLI, specify the interface, network IDs, and desired DNS information using the following command:
qq network_mod_network --interface-id ID --network-id ID --dns-servers IP1 IP2 --dns-search-domains "DOMAIN1" "DOMAIN2"
NOTE: As shown above, multiple entries can be separated by spaces.
Use the following command to verify your custom DNS configuration:
qq network_get_network --network-id ID
See the following example output:
test:~$ qq network_get_network --network-id 1
Use the following command to clear your custom DNS configuration:
qq network_mod_network --interface-id ID --network-id ID --clear-dns-servers --clear-dns-search-domains
Once you clear the custom configuration using the command above, the settings will revert to those assigned by DHCP on your cluster.
You should now be able to successfully configure custom DNS server and search domains with Qumulo Core
Like what you see? Share this article with your network!


52
I want to make sure I'm using them for the correct occasion and want to know of any subtleties. They seem to function the same way, which is to check to see if a object field has been defined, when I use them via the console and there isn't a whole lot information online when I did a google search. Thanks!
79
To clarify: neither present? nor exists? are "pure" ruby—they're both from Rails-land.
present?
present? is an ActiveSupport extension to Object. It's usually used as a test for an object's general "falsiness". From the documentation:
An object is present if it's not blank?. An object is blank if it's false, empty, or a whitespace string.
So, for example:
[ "", " ", false, nil, [], {} ].any?(&:present?)
# => false
exists?
exists? is from ActiveResource. From its documentation:
Asserts the existence of a resource, returning true if the resource is found.
Note.create(:title => 'Hello, world.', :body => 'Nothing more for now...')
Note.exists?(1) # => true
| improve this answer | |
25
The big difference between the two methods, is that when you call present? it initializes ActiveRecord for each record found(!), while exists? does not
to show this I added after_initialize on User. it prints: 'You have initialized an object!'
User.where(name: 'mike').present?
User Load (8.1ms) SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."name" = $1 ORDER BY users.id ASC [["name", 'mike']]
You have initialized an object!
You have initialized an object!
User.exists?(name: 'mike')
User Exists (2.4ms) SELECT 1 AS one FROM "users" WHERE "users"."name" = $1 ORDER BY users.id ASC LIMIT 1 [["name", 'mike']]
| improve this answer | |
15
There is a huge difference in performance, and .present? can be up to 10x slower then .exists? depending on the relation you are checking.
This article benchmarks .present? vs .any? vs .exists? and explains why they go from slower to faster, in this order.
In a nutshell, .present? (900ms in the example) will load all records returned, .any? (100ms in the example) will use a SQLCount to see if it's > 0 and .exists? (1ms in the example) is the smart kid that uses SQL LIMIT 1 to just check if there's at least one record, without loading them all neither counting them all.
| improve this answer | |
 - Worth noting that in rails 5.1 and up the perf difference between any? and exists? has been fixed and will be somewhat similar as explained in that article. – dft Mar 4 '19 at 20:00
 - @dft do you have a link to this getting fixed in Rails 5.1? – tirdadc Oct 17 '19 at 15:28
8
SELECT COUNT(*) would scan the records to get a count.
SELECT 1 would stop after the first match, so their exec time would be very different.
| improve this answer | |
2
The SQL generated by the two are also different.
present?:
Thing.where(name: "Bob").present?
# => SELECT COUNT(*) FROM things WHERE things.name = "Bob";
exists?:
Thing.exists?(name: "Bob")
# => SELECT 1 AS one from things WHERE name ="Bob" limit 1;
They both seem to run the same speed, but may vary given your situation.
| improve this answer | |
-3
You can avoid database query by using present?:
all_endorsements_11 = ArtworkEndorsement.where(user_id: 11)
ArtworkEndorsement Load (0.3ms) SELECT "artwork_endorsements".* FROM "artwork_endorsements" WHERE "artwork_endorsements"."user_id" = $1 [["user_id", 11]]
all_endorsements_11.present?
=> true
all_endorsements_11.exists?
ArtworkEndorsement Exists (0.4ms) SELECT 1 AS one FROM "artwork_endorsements" WHERE "artwork_endorsements"."user_id" = $1 LIMIT 1 [["user_id", 11]]
=> true
| improve this answer | |
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Altova MapForce 2022 Enterprise Edition
Relative and Absolute Paths
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This topic explains how to use absolute and relative paths of the files referenced by your component. An absolute path shows the full location of a file, starting with the root directory. Examples of absolute paths can be seen in the red frame in the screenshot below. A relative path shows the file location which is relative to the current working directory: e.g., Books.xml.

In the Component Settings dialog box (see example below), you can specify absolute or relative paths for various files which can be referenced by the component. The list of these files is given below:

Input files from which MapForce reads data;
Output files to which MapForce writes data;
Schema files, which are applicable to components with a schema;
Structural files, which are used as input or output parameters of user-defined functions and variables;
StyleVision Power Stylesheet (*.sps) files, which are used to format data for outputs such as PDF, HTML and Word;
Database files in the case of database components (Professional and Enterprise editions).

Copy-paste and relative paths
When you copy a component from a mapping and paste it into another mapping, MapForce checks whether the relative paths of schema files can be resolved against the folder of the destination mapping. If the paths cannot be resolved, you will be prompted to make the relative paths absolute.

Broken paths
When you add or change a file reference in a mapping, and the path cannot be resolved, MapForce displays a warning message. Broken path references may happen in the following cases:

You use relative paths and then move the mapping file to a new directory without moving the schema and instance files.
You use absolute paths to files in the same directory as the mapping file and then move the directory to another location.

When one of these scenarios happens, MapForce highlights the component in red. The solution is to double-click the red component header and update any broken path references in the Component Settings dialog box. See also Change Component Settings.

Example: XML component
The example below shows how file paths are used in an XML component. If you want to save all the mapping-related files relative to the mapping file (.mfd), check the box Save all file paths relative to MFD file at the bottom of the Component Settings dialog box. This is the default and recommended option that affects all the files referenced by the component (shown in the red frame in the image below). If you have not saved your mapping yet, you will see absolute paths to the schema and/or instance files in the Component Settings dialog box. To see relative paths in the Component Settings dialog box, take the following steps:

1.Create a new mapping and add a structural component: e.g., an XML file with an XML schema assigned to it.
2.Double-click the header of the component to open the Component Settings dialog box.
3.Check the box Save all file paths relative to MFD file at the bottom of the Component Settings dialog box.
4.Save your mapping.
5.You can now open Component Settings again to check the relative paths in the relevant text fields.

Note:Paths that reference a non-local drive or use a URL will not be made relative.
MF_MapFund_Components_Paths_RelatAbs1
When the check box Save all file paths relative to MFD file is selected, MapForce will keep track of the files referenced by the component even when you save the mapping to a new folder. If all the files are in the same directory as the mapping, the path references will not be broken when you move the entire directory to a new location on the disk.

The setting Save all file paths relative to MFD file applies to the following files:

Structural files used by complex input or output parameters of user-defined functions and variables of complex type;
Input or output flat files (Professional and Enterprise editions);
Schema files referenced by database components which support XML fields (Professional and Enterprise editions);
Database files (Professional and Enterprise editions);
Input or output XBRL, FlexText, EDI, Excel 2007+, JSON files (Enterprise Edition only).

Example: Database component
When you add a database file such as Microsoft Access or SQLite to the mapping, you can enter a relative path instead of an absolute one in the Select a Database dialog box (see screenshot below). Before entering relative file paths, make sure to save the .mfd file first. If you want to change the path of a database component which is already in the mapping, click Change in the Component Settings dialog box.
MF_MapFund_Components_Paths_RelatAbs2
Note:When you generate program code, compile MapForce Server execution files (.mfx), or deploy the mapping to FlowForce Server, a relative path will be converted to an absolute path if you select the check box Make paths absolute in generated code in the mapping settings. To find out more, see About Paths in Generated Code.

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Fianna Fáil Spokesperson on Education and Skills Thomas Byrne says the failure by Minister Bruton to engage constructively with teaching unions on pay equality could lead to major industrial unrest in schools across Ireland.
Deputy Byrne made the comments after the INTO rejected the new public service pay agreement negotiated last month. The ASTI and TUI are also in the process of balloting members on the pay agreement.
"Currently new entrants to the teaching profession start on much lower salary scales as compared to their established colleagues. The difference in pay scales means that a new teacher will earn up to €100,000 less than their colleagues over the course of their career. This is having a detrimental impact on morale in schools as new teachers are understandably disillusioned.
"We cannot have a situation where schools are closed again in Autumn and Winter. We saw the negative impact that this had last year on students. Students have already suffered enough, and Minister Bruton must work constructively with the teaching unions to avoid a repeat of this.
"The outcome of the INTO ballot clearly demonstrates the level of frustration amongst teaching staff. New teachers understand why separate pay scales were implemented during the economic crisis, but they have been left in the lurch as the Government has not set out a pathway for securing pay equality as the economy recovers.
"Minister Bruton needs to give a firm commitment that he will work constructively with all the teaching unions to avoid any closure of schools later this year is working towards achieving pay equality for new teachers as public finances improve. The current situation is eroding morale in schools and simply cannot be allowed to continue.
"The Minister must also recognise that failure to provide leadership on the pay equality issue could lead to widespread industrial unrest in schools right across the country," concluded Deputy Byrne.


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This paper discusses tetrahedra with rational edges forming a geometric progression, focussing on whether they can have rational volume or rational face areas. We examine the 30 possible configurations of such tetrahedra and show that no face of any of these has rational area. We show that 28 of these configurations cannot have rational volume, and in the remaining two cases there are at most six possible examples, and none have been found.
Journal of Number Theory Vol. 128, Issue 2, p. 251-262